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THE 
A.  H.  U.  COLQUHOUN 

LIBRARY 
OF  CANADIAN  HISTORY 


HANDBOUND 
AT  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF 


HISTORY  OF  THE  COUNTY  OF  ANNAPOLIS. 


FORT  ANNE 


Scale  2ceft-=/7n 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 

18. 


Officers'  quarters  (standing). 

Barracks,  burnt  1830. 

Site  of  block-house. 

Site  of  bomb-proof  and 
brick  barracks. 

Powder  magazine. 

Entrance  of  Black  Hole. 

Sally-port. 

Site  of  old  prison. 

Old  well. 

Queen's  Wharf. 

Armoury. 

Places  for  heating  shot. 

Bridge  over  moat. 

Site  of  old  French  wharf. 

Cemetery. 

Magazine  well. 

Site  of  old  French  barracks 
and  mess-room. 

House  built  by  Benj.  M. 
Goldsmith,  and  long  oc- 
cupied by  Andrew  Gil- 
mor,  an  old  soldier  of 
the  fort. 


Zouis  WJnunan.fYindJ 


HISTORY 


OF  THE 


COUNTY  OF  ANNAPOLIS 


INCLUDING   OLD    PORT   ROYAL   AND   ACADIA, 


WITH 


MEMOIRS    OF    ITS    REPRESENTATIVES    IN    THE    PROVINCIAL    PARLIAMENT, 

AND    BIOGRAPHICAL    AND    GENEALOGICAL    SKETCHES    OF    ITS 

EARLY   ENGLISH  SETTLERS   AND   THEIR   FAMILIES. 


V..4VBY    THE    LATE 
M  J(     \\ 

W.    ArCALNEK 

Member  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society. 
EDITED   AND  COMPLETED   BY 

A.   W.    SAVARY,    M.A. 

AUTHOR  OF  TUB  "  8AVBRY  GKHKALOOY," 

Judge  of  the  County  Courts  of  Nova  Scotia,  Member  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society,  the 
Wiltshire  (England)  Archaeological  Society,  and  the  American  Historical  Association. 


portraits  anb  |IInstrations. 


Salve,  magna  parens  frugum,  Saturnia  tellw, 
Magna  vir&m. 

— VIROIL,  Georg.  Lib.  ii.  173. 


TORONTO : 

WILLIAM      BRIQQS, 

MONTREAL:  C.  W.  COATES.  HALIFAX:  S.  F.  HUESTIS. 

LONDON : 

PHILLIMORE  &  CO.,  36  ESSEX  ST.,  STRAND. 
1897 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  the  Parliament  of  Canada,  in  the  year  one- 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  by  A.  W.  SAVARY,  at  the 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


EDITOR'S   PREFACE. 


FROM  a  draft  prospectus  of  a  "  History  of  the  County  of  Annapolis, 
its  Townships  and  other  Settlements  from  1604  to  1867"  among  the 
papers  of  the  late  Mr.  Calnek,  I  gather  that  he  was  led  to  attempt  this 
work  as  an  "  historical  essay  "  by  the  persuasion  of  the  late  T.  B.  Akins, 
Esq.,  D.C.L.,  Record  Commissioner  of  Nova  Scotia,  who  gave  him  free 
^access  to  the  "  valuable  collection  of  historical  material  in  manuscript 
known  as  the  Nova  Scotia  archives."  He  also  consulted  Champlain  and 
L'Escarbot,  and  other  early  French  writers,  for  the  translation  of  which 
he  expressed  obligations  to  the  late  P.  S.  Hamilton,  Esq.  He  soon 
became  convinced  that  justice  could  not  be  done  to  the  subject  in  a  mere 
•essay,  and  the  work  "  gradually  grew  into  the  dimensions  of  a  good-sized 
volume." 

As  far  as  the  work  had  then  advanced  toward  completion,  he  sub- 
mitted it  in  1875  to  the  governors  of  King's  College,  Windsor,  and 
received  for  it  the  "Akins  prize"  for  county  histories.  It  then  consisted 
•of  Chapters  I.  to  VIII.,  as  here  arranged,  and  what  was  intended  for  the 
first  chapters  of  the  histories  of  the  townships  of  Annapolis,  Granville, 
Wilmot  and  Clements,  now  forming  Chapters  X.,  XII.,  XIII.  and  XIV., 
with  the  histories  of  the  other  settlements,  here  embraced  in  Chapter  XV., 
and  about  a  third  of  the  biographical  memoirs.  His  plan  embraced  every 
township  and  settlement  in  what  is  now  the  County  of  Digby,  down  to 
the  division  of  the  county  in  1837,  and  the  memoirs  of  the  members  from 
that  county  down  to  1867.  After  1875  he  proceeded  quite  far  in  the 
completion  of  the  remaining  memoirs,  leaving  only  about  seven  of  those 
prior  to  1837  untouched.  The  memoirs  he  afterwards  determined  to 
publish  in  a  separate  volume.  He,  later  still,  postponed  indefinitely  the 
•completion  of  the  history  and  memoirs,  and  proceeded  to  collect  and  put 
in  order  materials  for  a  volume  to  be  entitled  "  Biographical  and  Genea- 
logical Sketches  of  Early  English  Settlers  in  the  County  of  Annapolis 
and  their  Descendants,"  which  was  nevertheless  to  be  in  form  a  "  sequel 
to  the  history."  For  this  book  he  took  up  a  large  subscription  list. 
Previous  to  his  death  it  was  generally  understood  that  this  last  work 
•was  near  completion  ;  but  it  had  evidently  expanded  on  his  hands  to 


VI  EDITOR  S  PREFACE. 

very  unexpected  dimensions,  and  I  found  that  a  very  large  amount  of 
research  and  labour  was  yet  to  be  devoted  to  it.  To  bring  the  male 
descendants  of  each  ancestor  and  their  children  down  to  the  present 
generation,  including  every  family  that  came  before  1784,  and  remained 
and  multiplied  here,  would  have  produced  a  volume  of  great  bulk.  I  am 
quite  sure  that  it  was  his  intention  to  include  sketches  of  the  following 
families,  besides  those  given :  Amberman,  Dunn,  Felch,  Merry,  Pierce, 
and  probably  others.  The  biographical  notes  of  each  pioneer  settler  were, 
as  a  rule,  quite  extended,  and  in  almost  every  case  very  interesting, 
especially  to  his  descendants ;  but  in  no  one  instance  was  the  genealogy 
of  a  family  complete. 

When  he  died,  I  not  only  felt  the  loss  of  a  gentleman  with  whom  I 
was  on  the  most  agreeable  terms,  and  with  whom  it  was  to  me  always  a 
great  delight  to  discuss  the  interesting  story  of  old  Annapolis;  but  I  was 
also  keenly  sensible  of  the  misfortune  the  county  and  the  reading  public 
everywhere  had  sustained  by  the  untoward  interruption  of  the  important 
work  to  which  he  had  devoted  so  much  time  and  labour. 

Not  long  after  his  death,  the  late  Mr.  R.  S.  McCormick,  whose  sudden 
and  untimely  death  also  the  community  has  had  lately  to  deplore,  and 
who,  in  the  press  under  his  control,  had  done  much  to  encourage  and 
assist  the  lamented  author,  called  011  me  to  inquire  if  I  would  undertake 
to  complete  the  work,  or  assist  him  and  the  deceased  author's  son,  Mr. 
F.  H.  S.  Calnek,  of  Westville,  Pictou  County,  in  trying  to  discover  some 
one  who  would.  Conscious  of  my  inability  to  do  it  justice,  and  doubtful 
if  I  could  spare  the  time  from  the  imperative  claims  of  official  duty,  I 
declined;  and  it  was  not  until  two  years  or  more  had  elapsed,  and  neither 
of  us  could  think  of  any  one  who  was  willing  or  might  be  persuaded  to 
assume  the  task,  and  I  felt  that  the  early  publication  of  the  work  had 
become  a  necessity,  that  I  communicated  to  the  gentleman  named  my 
tardy  and  reluctant  consent.  On  receiving  the  manuscripts  and  carefully 
examining  them,  I  came  near  laying  by  the  genealogies  in  utter  despair; 
but  soon  found  that  to  do  so  would  grievously  disappoint  very  many,  for 
it  was  in  them  rather  than  in  the  history  and  memoirs  that  the  local 
interest  had  mainly  centred. 

I  therefore  resolved  to  include  all  the  material  intended  for  the  three 
books  in  one,  completing  the  history  and  memoirs,  but  compressing  the 
biographical  sketches,  and  curtailing  the  genealogies  by  confining  them 
to  the  first  two  or  three  generations.  To  procure  the  material  to  fill  up 
the  blanks  in  the  genealogies,  and  to  correct  the  numerous  errors  unavoid- 
able in  the  original  draft  of  such  a  work,  and  to  rearrange  and  rewrite 
this  matter  so  as  to  make  it  convenient  for  publication  as  a  supplement 
to  the  history,  involved  enormous  correspondence  and  the  closest  possible 
application  for  many  months.  This  portion  I  was  obliged  to  entirely 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE.  vii 

recast  and  remodel.  I  should  say  here  that  the  etymology  of  the  sur- 
names is  almost  always  my  own  ;  and  so  in  the  great  majority  of  cases 
is  the  line  of  descent  given  from  the  immigrant  ancestor,  derived  from 
genealogical  publications  recently  issued.  In  the  memoirs  I  have 
endeavoured  to  strike  out  anything  already  given  in  the  earlier  por- 
tions, intended  for  a  separate  book,  but  I  regret  to  find  that,  in  one 
instance,  through  an  oversight,  I  have  partially  failed  to  do  so.  In 
other  respects,  except  in  the  slight  changes  necessary  to  avoid  an 
apparent  anachronism,  all  Mr.  Calnek's  work  is  just  as  he  left  it.  The 
result  of  my  later  discoveries  in  connection  with  early  events  is  found 
in  footnotes  or  appendix,  and  in  "  Additions  and  Corrections "  in  the 
concluding  pages.  The  memoir  of  Judge  Johnstone  is  an  abbreviation. 
of  the  one  published  by  Mr.  Calnek  in  pamphlet  form  in  1884. 

Voluminous  notes  of  the  author,  from  which  he  intended  to  com- 
plete the  history,  came  into  my  hands,  a  rudis  indigestaque  moles, 
much  of  it  only  capable  of  intelligent  use  by  its  compiler ;  and  I  have 
been  obliged  to  make  continual  application  to  old  records  of  various 
kinds  at  Halifax  in  order  to  bring  down  to  date  the  history  from  the 
point  where  Mr.  Calnek  had  left  it.  In  this  I  have  received  the  most 
cheerful  and  industrious  assistance  from  Mr.  Harry  Piers,  of  the 
Legislative  Library.  In  the  genealogies  I  am  equally  indebted  to  Mr. 
William  E.  Chute,  whose  knowledge  of  Annapolis  County  family  history 
is  prodigious.  To  those  two  gentlemen  I  am  under  a  very  great 
obligation.  To  the  following  gentlemen  also  I  am  indebted  :  Rev.  Dr, 
Willetts,  President,  and  Rev.  Professor  Vroom,  Librarian,  of  King's 
College,  for  placing  the  essay  in  the  library  at  my  disposal ;  Dr.  Charles 
Gray,  of  Mahone  Bay,  for  some  notes  of  his  own,  and  a  good  deal  of  the 
matter  recorded  on  page  180  ;  Mr.  Isaiah  Wilson,  author  of  a  history  of 
the  County  of  Digby  ;  that  most  valuable  institution,  the  N.  E.  Historic- 
Genealogical  Society  of  Boston,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Parks,  its  assistant 
Librarian;  Mr.  W.  H.  Roach  of  this  town,  for  accurate  information 
always  cheerfully  afforded ;  Mr.  G.  S.  Brown,  of  Boston,  author  of  a 
history  of  Yarmouth  ;  Rev.  Anson  Titus,  of  Tufts  College,  Massachusetts  ; 
the  military  authorities  in  Halifax,  for  permission  to  search  the  military 
records  there,  and  to  Sergeant-Major  Thomas,  for  making  the  searches ; 
Rev.  Dr.  Patterson,  of  New  Glasgow,  for  important  matter  recently  com- 
municated ;  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York,  for  permission  to 
use  the  illustration  of  Champlain's  fort,  from  Bourinot's  "  Story  of 
Canada" ;  and  Mr.  Louis  Whitman,  C.E.,  for  the  plan  of  Fort  Anne  in  the 
frontispiece.  Nor  must  I  omit  the  press  of  Annapolis  and  Digby  counties, 
especially  the  Bridgetown  Monitor.  I  further  acknowledge  substantial 
pecuniary  assistance  toward  the  cost  of  publication  from  Dr.  Maurice 
Calnek,  of  Costa  Rica,  and  the  offer  of  similar  aid,  if  necessary,  from 
Hon.  J.  W.  Longley  and  C.  D.  Cory,  Esq.,  of  Halifax. 


Vlll  EDITORS   PREFACE. 

The  books  to  which  I  am  indebted  are  for  the  most  part  mentioned  in 
the  footnotes ;  but  I  should  especially  add  the  "  Chute  Genealogies," 
"The  Transactions  of  the  N.  S.  Historical  Society,"  "The  N.  E. 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,"  Parkman's  works,  Archbishop 
O'Brien's  "Life  of  Bishop  Burke,"  Bill's  "Fifty  Years  with  the 
Baptists,"  Smith's  "History  of  Methodism  in  Eastern  British  America," 
and  Eaton's  "  History  of  the  Church  of  England  in  Nova  Scotia." 

I  feel  I  have  but  imperfectly  accomplished  a  task  that  should  have 
fallen  into  abler  and  more  practised  hands  ;  but  I  venture  to  hope  that 
the  result  of  my  labour  may  not  be  without  interest  and  utility  to  the 
people  of  this  county,  and  to  the  readers  and  students  of  history 
generally. 


W.  A.  CALNEK. 

The  birth  and  ancestry  of  Mr.  Calnek  appears  in  the  Calnek 
genealogy,  page  485.  He  was  educated  at  the  Collegiate  School, 
Windsor,  N.S.,  but  did  not  matriculate  for  the  university.  His  pre- 
paratory education  was  excellent,  but  he  had  no  knowledge  of  French. 
In  early  life  he  taught  school,  but  later  adopted  land-surveying  as  a 
profession,  and  afterwards  was  for  a  number  of  years  editor  of  county 
newspapers.  Later,  he  resumed  the  work  of  land-surveying,  and  was,  in 
1872  and  1873,  employed  by  the  "Anticosti  Colonization  Company,"  in 
a  responsible  position  on  an  exploratory  survey  of  the  Island  of  Anticosti. 
History,  biography  and  genealogy  had  for  him  irresistible  charms,  and  he 
was  early  a  valued  member  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society. 
Intelligent  application  to  authorities,  the  faculty  of  critical  analysis,  and 
a  retentive  memory  were  qualifications  in  which  he  was  conspicuous,  and 
which  well  fitted  him  for  the  task  he  had  undertaken. 

I  have  no  doubt  completion  of  the  work  was  in  later  years  delayed  by 
his  failing  health,  as  well  as  by  the  necessity  of  attending  to  his  regular 
avocations.  He  was  a  man  of  genial  and  kindly  exposition,  and  while  of 
strong  political  convictions,  moderate  and  considerate  in  his  expression  of 
them,'  a  loyalist  and  patriot  to  his  heart's  core,  and  a  gentleman  at  all 
times  and  everywhere.  The  circumstances  attending  his  death  are  stated 
in  the  following  obituary  notice  from  the  Bridgetown  Monitor,  of 
Wednesday,  June  15,  1892  : 

"  This  community  was  greatly  shocked  on  Monday  evening  by  the  announcement 
that  Mr.  Wm.  A.  Calnek,  well  and  favourably  known  throughout  the  entire  county 
and  province  at  large,  had  suddenly  fallen  from  a  chair  in  the  store  of  John'Lockett, 
Esq.,  and  almost  instantly  expired.  During  the  afternoon  Mr.  Calnek  had  been 
driven  to  town  by  a  friend  from  Clarence,  at  whose  residence  he  had  passed  the 
preceding  night,  and  intended  taking  the  afternoon  express  for  Paradise,  at  which 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE.  ix 

point  he  had  been  engaged  to  do  some  land-surveying.  Not  arriving  in  time  to 
make  the  connection  he  decided  to  remain  until  the  following  day,  and  spent  the 
remainder  of  the  afternoon  in  calling  on  his  intimate  friends  about  town,  repairing 
to  the  Revere  House  at  six  o'clock,  where  he  partook  of  tea.  To  all  appearances  he 
was  in  his  usual  health,  though  he  had  informed  one  or  two  parties  with  whom  he 
had  conversation,  that  he  rather  over-exerted  himself  on  Saturday,  and  as  he  ex- 
pressed it,  thought  he  was  threatened  on  Sunday  night  with  an  attack  of  pneu- 
monia, as  he  had  laid  on  his  bed  in  a  state  of  great  restlessness  which  was  attended 
by  considerable  pain  about  the  chest. 

"After  tea  he  proceeded  to  Medical  Hall  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  a  bottle 
•of  medicine,  but  finding  it  closed,  stepped  across  the  street  into  the  store  of  John 
Lockett,  Esq.,  with  whom  he  was  enjoying  a  social  chat,  when  his  eyes  suddenly 
became  fixed,  and  an  instant  afterwards  he  fell  to  the  floor.  Mr.  Lockett  at  once 
•called  J.  G.  H.  Parker,  Esq.,  who  happened  to  be  passing,  into  the  store,  and  he 
was  followed  by  his  brother-in-law,  James  Primrose,  D.D.S.,  when  the  unfortunate 
man  was  laid  on  the  counter,  and  everything  done  for  his  comfort  and  relief.  Dr. 
DeBlois  was  soon  on  the  spot,  and  every  possible  effort  made  to  restore  life,  all  of 
which  proved  fruitless.  Throngs  of  people  had  in  the  meantime  gathered  about  the 
head  of  the  street,  and  many  were  the  expressions  of  deep  regret  and  sympathy 
when  it  was  found  that  life  was  extinct. 

"  Mr.  Calnek,  as  stated,  was  widely  known,  greatly  respected,  and  was  looked 
upon  by  all  who  had  the  pleasure  of  his  acquaintance  as  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
•and  intellectual  Nova  Scotians  of  the  day.  A  large  portion  of  his  early  life  was 
;spent  in  the  publication  of  newspapers,  and  we  believe  he  was  the  first  to  establish 
a  newspaper — the  Western  New* — in  this,  his  native  county.  As  a  poet  he  has 
gained  for  himself  many  flattering  encomiums,  and  as  a  writer,  historian  and 
.scholar,  he  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  clever  men  of  the  period.  His  facile  pen 
has  contributed  many  articles  to  some  of  the  leading  magazines  and  other  prominent 
publications  now  being  issued,  all  of  which  have  displayed  rare  literary  ability." 

Mr.  Murdoch,  the  accomplished  author  of  the  well-known  "  History 
of  Nova  Scotia,"  deemed  the  "  In  memoriam  stanzas"  written  by  Mr. 
Calnek,  "  to  the  memory  of  Henry  Godfrey,  commander  of  the  privateer 
Rover,  who  died  in  Jamaica  in  1803,"  worthy  of  being  perpetuated  in 
Jhis  book,  where  they  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix  to  Chapter  XVI.  of 
Vol.  III.,  page  200. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I.— 1604-1613. 

PAGE 

Voyage  and  explorations  of  Demonts — His  resolve  to  settle  at  Port  Royal- 
Joined  by  Pontgrave  with  more  colonists — His  return  to  France— Comes 
back  with  the  lawyer  and  poet  L'Escarbot  and  more  emigrants— Life 
at  the  fort— First  ship  and  mill  built — The  Indian  Chief  Membertou 
— Poutrincourt  goes  to  Paris  and  returns  to  Port  Royal — Conversion 
and  baptism  of  Indians — Destruction  of  the  fort  and  settlement  by 
Argall  .............  1 

CHAPTER  II.— 1613-1686. 

Biencourt  and  some  colonists  remain — Sir  W.  Alexander  and  the  Scotch  fort 
— The  De  la  Tours — Razilli— D'Aulnay  de  Charnisay — Quarrels  and  war 
between  him  and  Latour — Takes  Latour's  fort — His  death — Le  Borgne 
— Capture  of  Port  Royal  and  its  restoration — La  Valliere — Perrot — 
Census — Names  of  French  colonists  .  .  .  .  .  .  .16 

CHAPTER  III.— 1686-1705. 

Menneval  appointed  Governor — Capture  of  Port  Royal  by  Phipps — Piratical 
raid — Villebon  returns  and  takes  possession  —  His  death  —  Brouillan 
Governor — Discords,  jealousies  and  scandals — Seigniory  of  Port  Royal 
granted  to  Latour's  heirs  —  Colonel  Church's  invasion  —  Death  of 
Brouillan  .............  37 

CHAPTER  IV.— 1705-1710. 

Subercase  Governor — Attack  from  Massachusetts  under  Colonel  March — 
Events  and  vicissitudes  of  the  siege — The  English  withdraw  with  heavy 
loss — Ordered  to  return — The  struggle  renewed — English  again  discom- 
fited— They  retire — Diary  of  the  expedition  by  a  Chaplain — Bomb- 
proof powder  magazine  built  and  barracks  finished — Final  capture  of 
Port  Royal  by  Nicholson  .........  47 

CHAPTER  V.— 1710-1732. 

Vetch  the  first  English  Governor — Acadians  complain  of  his  treatment  of 
them — Seek  aid  from  the  Governor  of  Canada  to  leave — Bloodv  Creek 
— Nicholson  Governor — Queen  Anne's  letter — Census  of  1714 — Phillipps 
Governor — Council  appointed — Mascarene's  description  of  the  town — 


Xll  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Attacks  by  Indians  —  Civil  court  established — A  clerical  scandal — 
Treaty  with  the  Indians —Armstrong  Lieut. -Governor — Doucet's  death 
— French  take  qualified  oath — Commission  of  the  Peace— Cosby  Lieut. - 
Governor — Phillipps  returns  to  the  seat  of  Government — Again  leaves 
— Armstrong  Lieut.  -Governor — Land  grants  ......  63 

CHAPTER  VI.— 1732-1742. 

Acadians  troublesome — Petty  crimes  in  the  town — Police  established — Arm- 
strong's hostility  to  Winniett— He  discusses  the  claim  of  Latour's  family 
—  Mrs.  Buckler's  strange  story  —  Grant  of  township  of  Norwich  — 
Suicide  of  Armstrong — Mascarene  returns — Cold  and  scarcity — Death 
of  Winniett  and  Cosby  ..........  82 

CHAPTER  VII.— 1742-1746. 

Mascarene's  description  of  town  and  fort — He  becomes  Governor  of  both — 
War  with  France — Le  Loutre  leads  the  Indians  in  an  attack — Invests 
the  town — Du  Vivier's  formidable  attack — He  fails  to  terrify  the 
neutrals  into  joining  him— Skirmishes  and  proposals  for  capitulation — 
He  raises  the  siege — Marin's  weaker  attempt — Position  and  conduct  of 
Acadians — Naval  defensive  measures  .......  97 

CHAPTER  VIII.— 1746-1756. 

Ramezay  invests  Annapolis— Mascarene  reinforced — Noble's  force  at  Grand 
Pre  surprised  and  cut  to  pieces — Arrest  of  twelve  French  traitors 
wanted  —  Morris'  proposal  to  settle  English  families  between  the 
Acadian  settlements— Peace — Halifax  founded  by  Cornwallis — Becomes 
the  capital — Acadians  refuse  to  take  unqualified  oath— Ask  leave  to 
depart — Leave  refused — How's  treacherous  murder — Lawrence  Gov- 
ernor— French  at  Annapolis  again  ask  leave  to  retire — Their  sudden 
seizure  and  dispersion 109 

CHAPTER  IX. 
The  seizure  and  dispersion  of  the  Acadians  reviewed  and  considered          .         .     123 

CHAPTER  X.— THE  TOWNSHIP  OF  ANNAPOLIS.— 1755-1775. 

Description  of  the  township — Evans'  journal — Passengers  by  the  Charming 
Molly — Census  of  1768  and  1770 — State  of  township  in  1763— Social 
aspects,  1770-80— Appendix — Names  of  grantees  in  grant  of  1759  .  .  145 

CHAPTER  XL— TOWNSHIP  OF  ANNAPOLIS,  CONCLUDED. 

Loyalist  refugees  arrive — Invasion  of  the  town  in  1781 — The  Loyalists — A  plot 
to  rob  and  murder  in  1785— Capitation  tax  list  of  1792— Court-house 
and  jail — Town  officers,  1797 — Description  of  the  town  in  1804— The 
same  in  1826— Its  antiquity — The  fort— Churches — Old  buildings — The 
fire  record — Revived  prosperity — Appendix — A  remarkable  prayer — 
Verses— Relics— The  Goldsmiths— The  "Rising  Village"  .  .  .161 


CONTENTS.  X11I 

CHAPTER  XII.— THE  TOWNSHIP  OF  GRANVILLE. 

PAGE 

Description — Grants  issued — Settlers  arrive — Names  of  grantees — Census  of 
1767  and  1770— Names  of  early  settlers  and  their  families — The  Patten- 
Farnsworth  feud — Representation  of  the  county— River  fisheries — The 
Shaw  embroglio — Names  of  militiamen — Arrival  of  Loyalists — Roads  to 
Bay  of  Fundy — Shaw  and  Millidge  election — Disputes  about  the  fisheries 
— Bridgetown '.  192. 

CHAPTER  XIII. —THE  TOWNSHIP  OF  WILMOT. 

Description — Grant  to  Philip  Richardson — General  Ruggles — Grant  of  1777 — 
Loyalists  and  settlers  from  Granville — Capitation  taxpayers,  1792-94 — 
New  Grants — Letters  of  Surveyor-General  Morris — Colonel  Bayard — 
Melancholy  event  at  Reagh's  Cove — Fires — New  Roads — Bridges — 
Returns  of  cultivated  land  under  Bounty  Act,  1806-7 — Petition  for 
union  with  Aylesford  in  a  new  county — Middleton — Torbrook  and  Tor- 
brook  mines — Margaretsville  .........  225- 

CHAPTER  XIV.— THE  TOWNSHIP  OF  CLEMENTS. 

Grant  of  the  township — Villages — Names  and  notices  of  grantees  and  settlers 
— Capitation  tax  list  of  1791 — New  families — The  herring  fishery — 
Allain's  River  bridge— Bear  River,  past  and  present — Notes  by  the 
Editor  on  the  place  names  .........  243 

CHAPTER  XV. -LATER  SETTLEMENTS. 

Dalhousie — Lots  granted- — Return  of  settlers  in  1820 — Fatal  quarrel — Families 
of  early  settlers — A  foul  murder — Maitland — The  Kemptons  —  Early 
grantees  —  Northfield  —  Delong  settlement — Perrott  settlement — Rox- 
bury — Bloomington  —  New  Albany — First  grantees  of — Statement  of 
settlement,  1817— Springfield— Falkland— Lake  Pleasant  .  .  .  260> 

CHAPTER  XVI.— HISTORY  OF  THE  COUNTY  AT  LARGE,  CONTINUED. 

Roads  and  bridges — Mail  communications  and  facilities  for  travel  improving 
— War  of  1812 — Sundry  events  —  Election  of  1836  — Division  of  the 
county  —  Politics  of  the  county  —  Responsible  government  —  J.  W. 
Johnstone — The  college  question — Recent  politics — Appendix — W.  H. 
Ray — Remarkable  storms  and  weather — Executions  in  the  county — 
A  sad  event 282' 

CHAPTER  XVII.— RELIGION  AND  THE  CHURCHES  IN  THE  COUNTY. 

Roman  Catholic — Church  of  England — Congregationalist — Baptist — Methodist 

— Presbyterian — Adventists      .........     295- 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

Lists  of  public  officers — Justices  of  the  Peace — Members  of  the  Legislature, 

etc. — Census  statistics — The  apple  trade          -.        ,        .         .         .         .     309» 


XIV  CONTENTS. 

BIOGRAPHICAL   MEMOIRS 

PAOB 

Of  members  of  the  Provincial  Parliament  for  the  county  of  Annapolis  and  its 

several  townships,  from  the  year  1759  to  the  year  1867   ....     323 


BIOGRAPHICAL  AND  GENEALOGICAL  SKETCHES 

Of  the  families  of  the  early  English  settlers  and  grantees  of  the  county  of 

Annapolis,  arranged  alphabetically,  Armstrong  to  Young        .         .         .     465 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

Full  names  of  Demonts  and  others — More  about  the  Masonic  stone — Biencourt's 
alleged  death  in  Acadie  discussed— Further  account  of  Mascarene — 
Proscription  of  Loyalist  women — List  of  loyal  companies  at  Annapolis 
—  Grand  jury,  1797  —  Demolition  of  block-house  —  First  responsible 
Executive — Further  particulars  of  the  political  strife,  1843  to  1847,  in 
Annapolis  county — Further  list  of  magistrates — Phineas  and  James  R. 
Lovett,  M.P.Ps. — Moody's  sword  —  Further  notes  on  Barclay,  the 
Ritchies,  and  Bass,  Berteaux,  Chipman  and  Clark  families  .  .  .  641 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


OPPOSITE 
PAGB 

FORT  ANNE,  ANNAPOLIS  ROYAL     ....        Frontispiece 

CHAMPLAIN'S  PLAN  OF  POET  ROYAL,  1605  (from  Bourinot's  "Story 

of  Canada"  by  permission  of  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York)         6 

PAUL  MASCARENE  .         . 93 

SIR  WILLIAM  FENWICK  WILLIAMS          .         .       •.         .         .         .159 

SIR  WILLIAM  J.  RITCHIE      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .177 

FORT  AND  PART  OF  THE  TOWN  IN  1829         .         .         .         .         .183 

THE  OLD  COURT-HOUSE          ........     286 

JUDGE  JAMES  W.  JOHNSTONE        .         .         .         .         .         .         .     289 

REV.  JAMES  ROBERTSON 299 

REV.  ROBERT  A.  CHESLEY    .         .         ...         .         .         .         .     306 

COL.  JAMES  DE  LANCEY        .  ......     342 

JUDGE  THOMAS  RITCHIE 394 

JUDGE  T.  C.  HALIBURTON 418 

* 

REV.  JAMES  J.  RITCHIE        ........     576 

REV.  ABRAHAM  SPURR  HUNT        .         .         .         .  .         .     606 

THE  OLD  "WILLIAMS  HOUSE"  629 


ERRATA. 


Page  82,  4th  line  of  the  title,  for  "  Mascarene  "  read  "  Cosby." 
"      164,  line  25,  for  "officers  "  read  "officer." 
"      180,  line  12,  for  "this  "  read  "  their." 
"      183,  line  33,  for  "1878  "read  "1881."     (See  page  646.) 
"      307,  line  11,  for  "Wm.  M."  read  "Charles  M." 
"      311,  between  lines  4th  and  5th  from  the  bottom,  read  "  1816. 

County,  Cereno  U.  Jones,  in  place  of  Pel  eg  Wiswall." 
"      315,  line  29,  opposite  "Perkins,  Rev.  Cyrus/'  for  "Immigrant" 

read  "  Loyalist." 

"      396,  line  30  (15th  from  bottom),  for  "  10th  "  read  "  13th." 
"      480,  line  17,  for  "  Elizabeth  "  read  "  Martha." 
"      490,  line  34,  strike  out  here  the  words  "  by  second  wife,"  and 

read   them   between  8th  and   9th   lines  from  the  bottom, 

before  "  xii.  Thomas  Holmes." 
"      580,  line  8,  after  "  Mayberry  "  read  "  nee  Bruce." 


HISTORY  OF  ANNAPOLIS. 


CHAPTER   I. 

1604-1613. 

Voyage  and  explorations  of  Demonts — His  resolve  to  settle  at  Port  Royal — Joined 
by  Pontgrave  with  more  colonists — His  return  to  France — Comes  back  with 
the  lawyer  and  poet  L'Escarbot  and  more  emigrants — Life  at  the  fort — First 
ship  and  mill  built — The  Indian  Chief  Membertou — Poutrincourt  goes  to 

Paris .  and   returns   to  Port   Royal — Conversion  and  baptism   of  Indians 

Destruction  of  the  fort  and  settlement  by  Argall, 

WHAT  memories  cluster  around  the  basin  of  old  Port  Royal ! 
What  visions  of  brave  hearts  and  strong  hands,  of  adventurous 
enterprise  and  religious  zeal,  of  toil  and  hardship,  and  of  alternate  suc- 
cess and  failure  rise  before  the  mind  at  the  mention  of  its  name  !  It 
was  beside  its  waters  that  the  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  by 
European  immigrants  in  this  great  Canadian  dominion.  Three  years 
before  a  white  man's  hut  had  been  built  on  the  site  of  Quebec,  a  fort  and 
village  were  to  be  found  upon  its  shores,  and  the  problem  of  the  cultiva- 
tion of  Acadian  soil  had  been  successfully  solved  by  the  production  of 
both  cereal  and  root  crops.  Its  waters  also  received  on  their  smiling 
bosom  the  first  vessel  built  on  the  Continent,  and  the  first  mill  con- 
structed in  North  America  was  built  on  a  stream  whose  limpid  waters 
found  their  way  into  its  hill-surrounded  and  protected  reservoir.  Its 
shores,  too,  witnessed  the  first  conquest  made  by  Christianity,  in  the 
conversion  of  the  brave  and  friendly  old  Indian  sachem,  Membertou, 
and  there  also  echoed  the  first  notes  of  poetic  song  heard  in  British 
America — sung  in  honour  of  the  founder  of  the  French  dominion  in  the 
New  World.  Its  shores  formed,  for  more  than  one  hundred  years,  the 
centre  of  civilization  and  progress  in  Acadie — a  civilization  that  was  to 
extend  to  the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and  its 
waters  were  reddened  by  the  first  blood  shed  in  the  long  and  fiercely 
contested  struggle  between  France  and  England  for  the  possession  of  the 
Continent.  These  and  many  other  facts  and  incidents  connected  with 
its  early  days  and  history,  make  this  locality  of  especial  interest  to  every 
1 


"2  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Canadian,  no  matter  to  what  province  he  may  belong,  or  from  what 
lineage  he  may  have  descended. 

According  to  the  most  reliable  accounts  it  was  probably  about  the 
middle  of  June,  1604,  that  Demonts  and  his  associates  with  their  vessels 
entered  the  Annapolis  Basin,  and  it  is  more  than  likely  they  were  the 
first  Europeans  whose  eyes  had  rested  on  the  glorious  picture  presented 
by  the  natural  features  of  that  delightful  locality. 

The  ships  which  conveyed  the  adventurers  to  the  scene  of  their  future 
settlement,  sailed  from  Havre-de-Grace,  on  the  7th  of  March,  1604,  and 
reached  Lahave  after  a  voyage  of  one  month's  duration.  From  this 
place  they  proceeded  to  the  harbour  of  Liverpool,  from  which,  after 
having  confiscated  the  vessel  of  a  trader — whose  name,  Rosignol,  is  still 
perpetuated  in  the  name  of  one  of  the  lakes  in  Queens  County — they 
sailed  onward  to  Port  Mouton,  where  they  landed  and  remained  nearly 
a  month,  awaiting  the  arrival  of  another  ship  of  the  expedition  laden 
with  supplies.  During  this  interval  Demonts*  and  his  secretary,  Rallieu, 
accompanied  by  Champlain  and  a  few  others,  among  whom  was  D' Aubrey, 
a  priest,  proceeded  in  a  boat,  or  patache,  along  the  coast  westwardly 
to  Cape  Sable,  thence  northwardly  through  St.  Mary's  Bay  and  Petite 
Passage,  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  thence  eastwardly  to  the  strait 
leading  into  Port  Royal  Basin,  through  which  they  passed  into  it,  though 
it  does  not  appear  that  they  then  explored  its  extent.  It  was  during 
this  little  exploratory  voyage  that  the  priest  managed  to  lose  himself  in 
the  forest  of  Meteghan.f  Having  seen  enough  of  the  beauties  of  the 
basin  to  induce  them  to  pay  it  another  visit,  they  hastened  their  return 
to  the  ship  at  Port  Mouton,  from  which — the  storeship  having  arrived — 
they  set  sail  again  and  made  for  St.  Mary's  Bay,  and  on  their  arrival  in 
its  waters,  they  were  rejoiced  at  discovering  the  priest  who  had  strayed 
from  his  friends  seventeen  days  before.  The  joy  felt  by  the  Huguenots 
of  the  party  was  most  animated,  as  they  had  been  charged,  tacitly  at 
least,  with  having  murdered  him.  They  then  proceeded  through  the 
strait  before  named  into  the  bay,  and  thence  to  Port  Royal  Basin, 
which  it  had  been  determined  to  explore  more  fully. 

*"0n  the  19th  of  May,  1604,  Demonts,  with  Rallieu,  his  secretary,  and  ten 
others  left  Port  Mouton  while  he  awaited  the  arrival  of  Morel's  ship,  sailed  along 
the  coasts  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  into  Annapolis  Basin,  and  returned  to  Port 
Mouton  about  the  middle  of  June,  and  on  the  next  day  the  expedition  sailed 
towards  the  bay. "  —  Maine  Hist.  Society  Coll.,  Vol.  VIII.,  1876. 

fl  do  not  know  our  author's  authority  for  the  statement  that  this  happened  at 
Meteghan.  According  to  Murdoch  and  Haliburton  it  was  while  they  were  search- 
ing for  ores  that  the  missing  priest  was  found,  and  therefore  it  must  have  been  on 
Digby  Neck  or  Long  Island  that  he  was  lost,  for  it  was  there  that  they  had  seen 
traces  of  the  iron  known  to  exist,  especially  on  the  Neck.  According  to  Halibur- 
ton, they  only  sailed  from  the  east  to  the  west  side  of  the  peninsula  during  the 
seventeen  days  between  the  time  of  his  loss  and  his  discovery,  filling  up  most  of  the 
time  in  searches  for  their  missing  companion. — [Eo.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  3 

Taking  the  above  dates  and  delays  into  consideration,  it  will  appear 
that  Demonts  reached  the  site  of  Port  Royal,  on  the  second  visit,  about 
the  middle  of  June,  when  the  forest  buds  were  about  bursting  into 
full  leaf,  and  the  white  blossoms  of  the  Amelanchier,  or  Indian  plum, 
exhibited  their  showy  petals  with  pride,  as  the  earliest  gift  of  Flora 
to  the  newly  born  summer.  It  was,  indeed,  a  beautiful  view  which 
presented  itself  to  the  eyes  of  these  adventurous  Europeans.  As  they 
passed  up  the  basin,  on  the  left  hand  they  beheld  a  range  of  hills,  rising 
somewhat  abruptly  to  an  average  height  of  from  four  to  six  hundred 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  river,  and  separating  its  valley  from  the  Bay 
of  Fundy.  These  hills  were  then  densely  clad  with  primeval  forest 
trees.  The  beech  and  the  birch — two  varieties  of  the  former  and  three 
of  the  latter — six  species  of  maples,  two  of  elm,  two  of  ash,  with  a  great 
variety  of  evergreens,  embracing  pines,  spruces,  firs  and  larches,  in  one 
unbroken  wilderness  exhibited  their  various  forms  over  a  vast  extent  of 
landscape.  On  their  right  they  saw  another  range  of  hills  extending  in 
a  generally  parallel  direction,  but  less  abrupt  in  appearance,  sloping 
gradually  upward  as  far  as  their  sight  could  reach,  with  here  and  there 
a  depression,  through  which  streams  of  greater  or  lesser  magnitude  flowed 
northwardly  into  the  waters  over  which  they  were  sailing.  These 
heights  and  slopes  were  also  crowned  and  clothed  with  a  similar  forest, 
and  as  entirely  unbroken.  Looking  to  the  westward,  the  strait  or 
channel  through  which  they  had  entered  this  charming  basin  being 
entirely  hidden  from  their  view,  they  saw  another  range  of  hills  separat- 
ing it  from  the  head  waters  of  St.  Mary's  Bay,  also  covered  with  a 
continuous  forest,  and  on  the  eastern  face  of  which,  just  one  hundred 
and  eighty  years  afterwards,  the  ill-starred  American  Loyalists  founded 
the  beautiful  town  of  Digby.  In  the  direction  in  which  they  were 
moving,  a  forest,  situated  on  level  and  less  elevated  land,  bounded  their 
view  and  seemed  to  bar  their  further  progress. 

On  landing  they  soon  learned  that  they  had  cast  anchor  before  a  cape 
or  headland,  formed  by  a  spur  of  the  south  mountain,  which,  at  this 
point,  protrudes  itself  into  the  head  of  the  basin  and  compresses  the 
river — to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  L'Equille — into  very  narrow 
limits — limits  so  contracted,  indeed,  that  this  part  of  the  stream  is  to 
this  day  emphatically  termed  "The  Narrows."  They  seemed  to  have 
remained  in  the  basin  for  a  very  few  days  only,  long  enough,  however, 
to  gain  a  very  favourable  impression  of  the  place  as  possessing  many  of 
the  desirable  requisites  for  a  permanent  settlement.  Having  made  these 
observations  they  sailed  into  the  bay  again,  along  the  shores  of  which 
they  coasted  eastwardly  as  far  as  Minas  Basin,  where  they  tarried  a  few 
days  to  examine  its  extent,  coasts  and  surroundings.  From  this  place 
they  directed  their  course  to  the  northern  shores  of  the  bay,  and  thence 


4  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

westwardly  to  the  mouth  of  the  great  river  which  discharged  its  waters 
at  a  point  nearly  due  north  from  the  strait  leading  into  the  basin  of  Port 
Royal,  where  they  arrived  on  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  June,  on  the 
festival  of  St.  John,  on  which  account  the  river  received  its  name. 

After  a  little  delay  they  pursued  their  course  westward  to  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay,  where,  on  a  small  island,  which  they  named  St.  Croix, 
they  fixed  their  winter-quarters.  This  island  seems  to  have  been  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  now  bearing  the  same  name,  and  to  have  been 
separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  narrow  channel  only ;  and  it  must 
have  been  a  very  small  one,  for  L'Escarbot  says,  that  among  the  "  three 
special  discommodities  "  suffered  by  Demonts  and  his  friends  during  the 
ensuing  winter,  was  a  "  want  of  wood,  for  that  which  was  in  the  said  isle 
was  spent  in  building,"  which  could  not  have  been  said  if  the  island  had 
been  of  considerable  size. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  detain  the  reader  by  reciting  the  doings  or 
sufferings  of  Dements  and  his  party  during  the  long  and  inclement  winter 
of  1604-5.  In  the  spring,  Champlain*  tells  us  : 

"Sieur  Demonts  decided  upon  a  change  of  place,  and  upon  making  another 
habitation  in  order  to  escape  the  rigours  of  climate  which  we,  had  experienced  at  Isle 
St.  Croix.  Having  found  no  other  fulfilling  these  requirements,  and  there  being 
little  time  remaining  for  us  to  build  suitable  residences,  two  vessels  were  equipped 
and  fitted  out  with  the  woodwork  of  the  houses  at  St.  Croix,  to  take  the  same  to 
Port  Royal,  at  twenty-five  leagues  distance,  which  was  considered  a  milder  and 
much  more  pleasant  place  of  residence.  Le  Pontgrav6  and  I  set  out  to  go  there, 
where,  having  arrived,  we  sought  a  spot  suitable  as  a  place  to  build  and  sheltered 
from  the  north-west  wind,  with  which  we  considered  that  we  had  been  already 
too  much  tormented." 

Before  proceeding  to  relate  the  events  which  followed  the  resolution 
to  remove  to  Port  Eoyal,  I  will  let  Champlain  describe  that  basin  as  he 
saw  it  in  1 604.  He  says  : 

"  We  entered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  ports  which  I  had  seen  on  these  coasts, 
where  two  thousand  vessels  could  be  anchored  in  safety.  The  entrance  is  eight 
hundred  paces  in  width.  Then  we  entered  a  harbour  which  is  two  leagues  in  length 
and  one  in  breadth,  which  I  have  named  Port  Royal,  into  which  descend  three 
rivers,  one  of  which  is  large,  flowing  from  the  east,  called  the  River  L'Equille,  that 
being  the  name  of  a  fish  of  the  size  of  a  smelt,  which  is  fished  there  in  quantity,  as 
they  also  do  herring  and  many  other  kinds  of  fish  which  abound  in  their  season. 
That  river  is  near  a  quarter  of  a  league  wide  at  its  entrance,  where  there  is  an 
island,  which  may  compass  near  a  league  in  circuit,  covered  with  wood  as  is  all  the 
rest  of  the  land — as  pines,  firs,  spruces,  birches,  aspens  and  some  oaks,  which  mix 
in  small  numbers  with  the  other  timber.  There  are  two  entrances  to  the  river, 
one  north  and  one  south  of  the  island.  That  to  the  north  is  the  best,  and  vessels 

*  Champlain  accompanied  Demonts  in  this  expedition  as  "Royal  Geographer," 
and  was  an  eye-witness  of  what  he  relates.  This  and  a  few  succeeding  extracts  are 
taken  from  Lavidiere's  "Champlain,"  Chapter  X. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  0 

can  there  anchor  under  shelter  of  the  island  at  five,  six,  seven,  eight  and  nine 
fathoms  of  water,  but  one  must  take  care  of  the  flats  which  extend  from  the 
island." 

Nearly  every  writer  who  has  described  the  events  of  the  initial  period 
of  our  history,  has  fallen  into  the  error  of  representing  them  as  having 
transpired  on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Annapolis  ;  but  a  reference 
to  the  writings  of  Champlain  and  L'Escarbot,  and  to  the  maps  they  made 
of  the  basin  and  its  surroundings,  makes  it  very  evident  that  the  spot 
selected  for  the  first  settlement  was  on  the  Granville  shore,  and  a  little 
to  the  eastward  of  Goat  Island,  which  is  still  known  as  the  locus  of  the 
old  Scotch  fort  of  1621-31.  In  Champlain's  map  of  the  fort  or  stockade, 
and  basin  of  Port  Royal,  the  River  Imbert — now  absurdly  called  Bear 
River — is  named  St.  Antoine  ;  what  is  intended  for  Riviere  d'Orignal — 
now  Moose  River — is  called  Ruisseau  de  la  Roche  or  Rock  Brook  ;  and 
the  now  miscalled  Lequille  is  simply  called  Mill  Brook.  In  L'Escarbot's 
map  what  is  now  known  as  Goat  Island — not  named  in  Champlain's  map 
— is  called  Biencourtville,  in  honour  of  Poutrincourt's  son  Biencourt. 
Both  maps  represent  the  fort  on  the  spot  above  named,  and  both  writers 
affirm  the  same  thing.  Champlain  says  : 

"  After  having  searched  from  side  to  side  we  could  find  no  spot  more  suitable 
and  better  situated  than  a  slightly  isolated  place  around  which  are  some  marshes 
and  good  springs.  This  place  is  opposite  the  island,  which  is  at  the  entrance  of 
the  River  L'Equille.  To  the  north,  at  the  distance  of  a  league,  there  is  a  range  of 
mountains  which  extend  nearly  ten  leagues  north-east  and  south-west.  The  whole 
country  is  filled  with  very  dense  forests,  except  a  point  which  is  a  league  and  a  half 
up  the  river  where  there  are  scattered  oaks,  and  a  quantity  of  a  species  of  wild 
vine,  which  place  could  be  easily  cleared  and  put  under  tillage,  although  the  soil  is 
poor  and  sandy.*  We  had  almost  resolved  to  build  at  this  place,  but  we  considered 
that  we  should  have  been  too  far  within  the  port,t  and  up  the  river,  which  caused 
us  to  change  our  opinion. 

"  Having  recognized  the  site  of  our  habitation  as  a  good  one,  we  commenced  to 
clear  the  land,  which  was  covered  with  trees,  and  to  put  up  the  houses  as  rapidly 
as  possible — every  one  was  thus  employed.  After  everything  was  put  in  order,  and 
the  greater  part  of  the  buildings  done,  Sieur  Demonts  thought  of  returning  to 
France  in  order  to  represent  to  His  Majesty  what  was  needful  to  be  done  for  the 
enterprise.  To  command  in  his  place  in  his  absence  he  would  have  left  Pierre 
d'Orville  ;  but  home-sickness,  with  which  he  was  troubled,  would  not  allow  him 
to  satisfy  Sieur  Demonts'  desire,  which  was  how  it  happened  that  Pontgrave  was 
spoken  to,  and  he  was  given  in  charge,  which  was  agreeable  to  him,  and  he  under- 
took the  work-of  completing  the  buildings.  I,  at  the  same  time,  resolved  to  remain 
there  too,  in  the  hope  that  I  should  be  able  to  make  some  discoveries  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Florida,  Sieur  Demonts  agreeing  thereto." 

*  This  was  undoubtedly  the  "  cape,"  or  present  site  of  Annapolis. 

1 1  should  prefer  the  word  "  harbour  "  for  "  port"  where  it  occurs  in  the  trans- 
lation of  this  document. — [ED.] 


b  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

L'Escarbot  (Div.  IV.,  Chap.  VIII.)  says  : 

"  They  chose  their  dwelling  place  opposite  an  island,  which  is  at  the  entrance 
of  the  River  L'Equille,  now  called  the  River  Dauphin.  It  was  called  L'Equille 
because  the  first  fish  they  caught  there  was  an  equille." 

Pontgrave,  who  had  spent  the  winter  in  France,  returned  to  St.  Croix 
about  the  time  Demerits  had  resolved  to  make  Port  Royal  the  scene  of 
his  contemplated  settlement,  with  an  addition  of  forty  men  to  join  the 
new  colony,  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  supplies.  Soon  after  his 
arrival  he  was  ordered  to  superintend  the  removal  of  the  colonists  and 
their  effects,  a  work  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Champlain,  who  accom- 
panied him  to  the  basin,  in  advance  of  the  ships  bearing  the  woodwork 
of  the  dwellings  they  had  used  the  past  winter,  to  aid  him  in  the  selec- 
tion of  a  site  for  their  re-erection.  They  finally  determined  upon  a  spot 
near  what  they  called  the  mouth  of  the  river,  opposite  Goat  Island,  in 
G-ranville  ;  and  when  the  vessels  reached  -the  port  they  were  ordered  to 
that  point  to  discharge  their  cargoes,  and  the  work  of  founding  a  per- 
manent settlement  was  immediately  begun  and  rapidly  carried  forward. 
When  the  work  of  building  was  fairly  advanced,  Demonts  announced 
his  intention  to  return  to  France  to  make  further  arrangements  for  the 
safety  and  welfare  of  his  enterprise.  He  appointed  Pontgrave  to  be  his 
deputy  during  his  absence,  and,  accompanied  by  his  friends  Poutrincourt 
and  D'Orville,  Rallieu,  his  secretary,  and  a  few  others,  he  sailed  for 
France,  promising  to  return  in  the  spring  with  additional  men  and 
supplies.  Champlain  and  Champdore,  the  former  of  whom  was  three 
years  later  to  become  the  founder  of  Quebec,  remained  to  aid  and  assist 
Pontgrave  in  finishing  the  preparations  necessary  for  the  coming  winter, 
which  was  now  near  at  hand.  Friendly  relations  were  soon  established 
with  the  Indians,  who  readily  parted  with  their  furs,  game,  and  other 
articles  of  trade  for  such  commodities  as  they  were  offered  in  exchange. 
The  winter,  no  doubt,  seemed  long  and  dreary  enough  to  the  adventurers, 
who  remembered  with  a  shudder  the  miseries  which  some  of  them 
endured  at  St.  Croix  a  year  before,  but  by  comparison  there  was  less 
suffering  now  than  then,  a  fact  that  was  not  without  its  consolations. 
Only  six  of  their  number  died  before  the  spring  had  fully  opened.  The 
labour  of  grinding  their  corn  in  hand-mills,  insufficient  surface  drainage, 
and  the  drinking  of  snow  water  may  be  assigned  as  the  predisposing 
causes  of  this  mortality.  To  these  may  perhaps  be  added  the  fact  that 
their  huts  had  been  hastily  erected,  and  proved  inadequate  as  a  defence 
against  the  severity  and  changefulness  of  the  winter. 

In  the  spring  of  1606,  Pontgrave  fitted  out  a  vessel  which  had  been 
kept  at  Port  Royal  during  the  preceding  winter,  with  the  intention  of 
exploring  the  coasts  southward  in  order  to  find  a  better  site  for  settle- 
ment—a situation  where  the  winters  would  be  less  long  and  severe ;  but 


CHAMPLAIN'S  PLAN  OF  PORT  ROYAL  IN  ACADIA  IN 


ho 

L,  The  river;  M,  Moat;  N,  Dwelling  of  Demonts  ;  and  O,  Ships'  storehouse. 
(From  "  The  Story  of  Canada."    New  York:  0.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  7 

having  been  frustrated  in  his  attempts  by  a  long  continuance  of  adverse 
winds,  he  relinquished  his  designs,  and  the  supplies  which  Demonts  had 
promised  to  send  out  early  this  summer  not  having  come  to  hand,  nor  any 
tidings  concerning  them  having  been  received,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
shipbuilding.  He  constructed  two  small  vessels,  "a  barque  and  a  shal- 
lop," which  were  intended  to  be  used  in  conveying  the  colonists  to  Canseau 
or  Isle  Royale,  where  it  was  possible  he  would  fall  in  with  French  ships, 
in  which  to  transport  the  settlers  back  to  France  if,  in  consequence  of  the 
non-arrival  of  the  required  supplies,  he  should  find  it  necessary  to  abandon 
the  settlement.  His  was  the  first  shipyard  established  in  North  America, 
and  the  vessels  which  he  launched  from  it  were  the  first  built  on  this 
continent. 

Poutrincourt,  who  had  gone  home  with  Demonts  in  the  autumn  of  the 
preceding  year,  induced  Marc  L'Escarbot,  an  advocate  of  Paris,  to  join  the 
adventurers  at  Port  Royal,  and  from  his  writings  we  glean  very  much  of 
our  knowledge  of  the  events  which  occurred  there  at  this  period.  These, 
in  conjunction  with  some  merchants  of  Rochelle,  procured  a  ship  named 
the  Jonas,  in  which  they  sailed  for  Acadie,  on  the  13th  of  May,  1606. 
After  a  long  and  tedious  voyage,  on  the  27th  of  July  they  reached  their 
destination,  where  they  found  only  two  men,  who  had  been  placed  in 
charge  of  the  buildings  and  property  left  by  Pontgrave  on  his  departure 
homeward,  with  the  remainder  of  the  inhabitants  some  weeks  before,  in 
the  new  vessels  he  had  built.  He  returned,  however,  a  short  time  after 
the  arrival  of  the  Jonas,  having  been  accidentally  informed  by  some 
fishermen  whom  he  met,  that  that  ship  had  passed  Canseau  on  her  way 
out.  Soon  after  the  arrival  of  Poutrincourt,  he  made  active  preparations 
for  clearing  away  the  forests,  with  a  view  to  agricultural  operations, 
and  at  the  same  time  commenced  repairing  the  buildings  on  the  site  of 
the  new  town.  The  Jonas  brought  out  a  number  of  new  immigrants 
and  considerable  fresh  supplies,  which  was  a  matter  .of  much  rejoicing. 
L'Escarbot  was  delighted  with  Port  Royal,  "  its  fair  distances  and  the 
largeness  of  it,  and  the  mountains  and  hills  that  environ  it,"  and  his 
admiration  afterwards  found  vent  in  verses  written  in  their  honour. 

The  priests  who  had  come  out  with  the  expedition  of  1604  having 
returned  to  France,  and  Poutrincourt  having,  in  the  haste  of  departure, 
neglected  or  failed  to  secure  the  services  of  others,  the  settlers  were 
without  religious  guides.  In  their  absence  L'Escarbot  assumed  the 
duties  of  catechist  and  teacher,  and  as  such  strove  successfully  to  impart 
to  the  Indians  in  the  neighbourhood  a  knowledge  of  the  Christian 
religion;  and  his  efforts  paved  the  way  for  their  ultimate  conversion. 
During  this  summer  Poutrincourt  made  an  exploratory  voyage  down  the 
American  coast,  as  far  as  Cape  Cod.  He  was  accompanied  by  his  son 
Biencourt,  Dupont  Grave,  Daniel  Hay,  an  apothecary,  and  several  others. 


8  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Five  young  men,  having  landed,  were  attacked  by  the  Indians,  when 
three  of  them  were  killed  and  the  others  wounded.  One  of  the  latter 
died  from  the  effects  of  his  wounds,  but  not  until  after  his  return  to  Port 
Royal,  on  the  14th  of  November.  The  survivors  were  greeted  on  their 
arrival  with  much  enthusiasm  and  great  rejoicing.  L'Escarbot,  who,  as 
we  have  already  seen,  was  a  poet  as  well  as  an  advocate,  wrote  verses 
in  honour  of  the  occasion.  These  verses  were  the  first  uttered  in  this 
Dominion  in  any  European  language.  The  rejoicings  over,  the  chiefs 
paid  a  visit  to  the  corn-fields  which  they  had  previously  sown  on  lands 
situated  on  the  peninsular  cape  on  which  the  town  of  Annapolis  now 
stands.  This  visit  was  productive  of  great  pleasure  to  them,  as  the 
growth  of  the  grain  since  the  period  of  being  sown  pointed  to  a  future, 
not  far  distant,  when  they  would  be  relieved  from  the  necessity  of  seek- 
ing their  food  supplies  from  the  Mother-land.  This  was  the  initial  step 
made  in  farming  in  North  America.  This  year  (1606)  also  witnessed  the 
construction  of  the  first  limekiln,  and  the  erection  of  the  first  smith's 
forge,  and  charcoal  for  the  use  of  it  was  first  manufactured  at  this  time 
also.  The  first  efforts  at  road-making  were  also  put  forth  in  this  year. 

The  winter  of  1606-7  seems  to  have  been  passed  very  pleasantly  and 
agreeably  by  the  denizens  of  the  fort  on  the  Granville  shore.  The  chiefs 
formed  themselves  into  a  sort  of  club  to  which  they  gave  the  title, 
"  Order  of  Good  Times."  This  Order  consisted  of  fifteen  members  who 
were  furnished  with  regalia  and  other  insignia  of  office,  and  forms  of 
observance  were  instituted  for  the  guidance  of  its  proceedings.  Each 
member  in  turn  became  the  caterer  to  his  brethren,  a  plan  which  excited 
so  much  emulation  among  them  that  each  endeavoured  to  excel  his  pre- 
decessor in  office,  in  the  variety,  profusion  and  quality  of  the  viands  pro- 
cured for  the  table  during  his  term  of  office.  Game  was  captured  in  the 
surrounding  country  by  their  own  efforts  or  bought  from  the  friendly 
Indians  who  had  killed  it.  Parkman*  says  : 

"  Thus  did  Poutrincourt's  table  groan  beneath  the  luxuries  of  the  winter  forests, 
flesh  of  moose,  caribou  and  deer,  beaver,  otter  and  hare,  bears  and  wild-cats,  with 
ducks,  geese,  grouse  and  plover  ;  sturgeon,  too,  and  trout  and  fish  innumerable, 
speared  through  the  ice  of  the  Equille,  or  drawn  from  the  depths  of  the  neigh- 
bouring sea." 

Quoting  L'Escarbot,  he  adds  : 

"  And  whatever  our  gourmands  at  home  may  think  we  found  as  good  cheer  at 
Port  Royal  as  they  in  Paris,  and  that,  too,  at  a  cheaper  rate." 

Parkman  continues : 

"  The  brotherhood  followed  the  Grand  Master,  each  carrying  a  dish.  The 
invited  guests  were  Indian  chiefs,  of  whom  old  Membertou  was  daily  present  at 

*  See  Volume  I.,  pp.  243,  244. 


HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLIS. 

table  with  the  French,  who  took  pleasure  in  the  red-skin  companionship  ;  those  of 
humbler  degree,  warriors,  squaws  and  children,  sat  on  the  floor  or  crouched  together 
in  the  corners  of  the  hall  eagerly  awaiting  their  portion  of  biscuit  or  of  bread,  a  novel 
and  much  coveted  luxury." 

This  little  Round  Table  band  included  several  distinguished  names  in 
its  membership.  Poutrincourt,  now  the  lord  of  the  Manor  of  Port  Royal, 
its  real  founder,  occupied  the  first  place.  Champlain,  the  founder  of 
Quebec  two  years  later,  and  the  historian  of  many  of  the  events  we  have 
before  recorded ;  Biencourt,  the  unfortunate  son  and  successor  of  Poutrin- 
court ;  L'Escarbot,  advocate,  poet  and  historian  of  this  early  period  in 
the  history  of  Acadie ;  Louis  Hebert,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Quebec  a 
few  years  later  ;  Robert  Grave,  Champdore,  and  Daniel  Hay,  the  surgeon- 
apothecary — the  first  of  his  profession  who  had  a  medical  practice  in  the 
Dominion  of  Canada — are  all  known  to  have  spent  this  winter  on  the 
shores  of  Port  Royal,  and  to  have  been  members  of  this,  the  first  social 
club  organized  in  North  America. 

Though  the  winter  had  been  a  mild  one  four  of  the  settlers  died 
toward  the  spring,  and  were  buried  near  the  graves  of  those  who  had 
succumbed  to  the  severity  of  the  preceding  winter.  When  the  spring 
opened  the  settlers  resumed  their  agricultural  labours  on  the  cape  ;  and 
Poutrincourt  built  a  grist-mill,  the  first  erected  in  the  Dominion  or  on 
the  Continent.  The  site  of  this  mill  is  traditionally  fixed  near  the  head 
of  the  tide,  on  what  they  named,  in  consequence,  Mill  Brook,  and  which 
was  afterwards  known  as  the  Allain,*  now  miscalled  the  Lequille  River, 
in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  Lockwood's  mills,  f  That  tradition 
tells  a  true  story  is  evident  from  the  remains  still  visible  of  the  fort 
built  near  it,  a  few  years  later,  for  its  protection  in  case  of  assault  by  an 
enemy. 

It  was  early  in  the  summer  of  1607  that  Membertou,  the  Micmac 
sachem,  then  nearly  one  hundred  years  old,  undertook  a  war  against  the 
Armouchiquois  Indians,  a  tribe  of  aborigines  inhabiting  the  coasts  of 
what  was  afterwards  called  the  Province  of  Maine.  He  was  joined  in 
the  expedition  by  the  Indians  of  the  St.  John  River,  and  scored  a  victory 
over  his  warlike  enemies.  He  was  much  esteemed  by  the  French,  to 
whom  he,  in  return,  gave  proofs  of  a  sincere  friendship.  He  is  said  to 
have  encouraged  the  raising  of  tobacco  by  his  tribe,  a  statement  which, 
if  true,  assures  us  that  these  aborigines  were  not  without  a  rude  notion, 
at  least,  of  the  art  of  agriculture.  He  has  been  described  as  tall  in 
stature,  possessed  of  a  noble  presence,  and  as  wearing  a  beard. 

Early  in  the  year  a  vessel  arrived  in  Port  Royal  from  France,  bearing 

*  Louis  Allain  at  one  time  owned  land  at  the  head  of  the  tide,  recently  part  of 
the  Easson  estate. — [ED.] 

t  Now  Dargie's  factory. — [Eo.  ] 


10  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

ill  news  to  Poutrincourt.  Her  commander,  Chevalier,  delivered  letters 
to  him,  in  which  he  was  informed  that  the  promoters  of  the  new  Acadian 
colony  could  no  longer  defray  the  expenses  necessary  to  its  further  con- 
tinuance, and  nothing  seemed  left  but  to  abandon  it  and  return  to 
France.  This  news  came  at  a  most  inopportune  time,  for  the  settlers 
had  begun  to  form  an  attachment  to  their  new  home,  and  were  then 
busily  engaged  in  exploring  some  of  its  remote  surroundings.  L'Escarbot, 
Champlain  and  others  were  employed  in  examining  the  river  to  the  head 
of  the  tide,  and  perhaps  farther,  while  others  were  employed  in  enlarging 
the  clearing  at  the  cape,  or  in  gardening  at  their  fort  near  Goat  Island, 
and  all  were  animated  by  a  spirit  of  hope  for  the  success  of  their  adven- 
ture. It  was  with  sad  hearts  therefore  that  the  colonists  received  the 
news  now  communicated  by  their  leader,  Poutrincourt,  who,  however, 
informed  them  of  his  determination  to  return  as  soon  as  he  could 
succeed  in  making  the  arrangements  necessary  for  the  continuance  of 
his  enterprise. 

On  July  30th,  L'Escarbot,  with  all  the  inhabitants,  except  eight  souls, 
left  Port  Royal  in  the  "  shallop  and  patache,"  which  had  been  built  at 
their  fort  the  year  before,  to  proceed  to  Canseau,  where  the  Jonas  was 
awaiting  their  arrival  (having  reached  that  place  in  May),  in  order  to 
convey  them  to  France.  On  their  way  they  put  into  Lahave  for  a 
short  time,  and  probably  at  other  points  along  the  coast.  Poutrincourt, 
however,  delayed  his  departure  until  the  grain  at  the  cape  had  ripened, 
that  he  might  be  able  to  carry  samples  of  it  to  Paris ;  and  as  we  are 
informed  that  he  left  the  basin  on  the  llth  of  August,  it  might  reason- 
ably be  inferred  that  rye  was  the  grain  to  which  reference  has  been 
made,  though  it  is  possible  that  winter  wheat  had  been  sown  there 
during  the  previous  autumn,  in  which  case  the  crop  might  have  reached 
maturity  at  the  time  named. 

The  voyage  to  Canso  was  successfully  made  by  both  the  parties,  and 
they  set  sail  on  the  3rd  of  September,  1607,  reaching  their  destination 
after  a  quick  voyage,  about  the  beginning  of  October.  The  desertion 
of  the  colony  was  complete ;  not  a  European  was  left  in  the  hamlet  or  the 
fort,  or  in  their  vicinity.  Great  was  the  grief  of  Membertou  and  his 
people.  He  had  been  an  honoured  guest  of  the  Knights  of  the  Port  Royal 
Order  of  Good  Times.  His  people  had  been  the  recipients  of  many 
favours  at  their  hands.  He  had  been  filled  with  admiration  at  their 
mode  of  living,  and  won  over  by  the  wise  kindness  shown  to  himself 
and  those  over  whom  he  ruled ;  and  although  Poutrincourt  had  made 
him  a  present  of  the  supplies  remaining  after  his  departure,  the  gift  gave 
but  slight  consolation  for  the  grief  caused  by  the  absence  of  those  whom 
he  had  learned  to  regard  as  the  true  friends  of  himself  and  his  tribe. 

On  his  arrival  at  Paris,  Poutrincourt  applied  to  the  king,  Henry  IV.r 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  II 

for  a  confirmation  of  the  grant  of  the  seigniory  of  Port  Royal,  which 
Demon ts  had  given  him  in  1605.  The  request  was  complied  with;  but 
it  does  not  appear  that  he  visited  Acadie  again  before  1610,  though  it 
seems  certain  that  somebody  did  visit  the  abandoned  fort  in  1609  ;  for  in 
1827  a  stone  was  discovered  on  or  very  near  the  site  of  the  old  fort,  on 
which  were  engraved  the  Freemasons'  arms  and  the  date  1609.  This 
stone,  which  I  saw  many  years  ago  in  the  office  of  the  late  Samuel  Cow- 
ling, was  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Judge  Thomas  C.  Haliburton, 
and  is  now  the  property  of  his  son,  Robert  Grant  Haliburton.*  It  is  a 
silent  but  sure  witness  that  some  person  or  persons  visited  the  fort  in 
that  year,  and  it  is  also  the  oldest  masonic  memorial  in  the  Dominion, 
and  probably  in  North  America. 

It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  an  easy  matter  for  Poutrincourt  to 
perfect  his  arrangements  for  a  speedy  return  to  Acadie ;  but  whatever 
were  the  difficulties  with  which  he  had  to  contend,  he  finally  overcame 
them  all,  and  opened  the  way  for  his  return  to  Port  Royal  with  a  con- 
siderable number  of  emigrants.  In  February,  1610,  he  set  sail  from 
France,  and  reached  the  site  of  the  settlement  about  the  1st  of  June,  the 
passage  having  been  prolonged  by  unexpected  delays  in  various  harbours 
along  the  coasts.  The  arrival  of  the  new  settlers  was,  however,  early 
enough  to  enable  them  to  sow  the  seeds  they  had  brought  out  with 
them,  a  work  which  was  immediately  commenced  by  the  farm  labourers, 
whom  he  had  brought  with  him ;  and  the  mechanics  were  employed  in 
repairing  the  houses  which  had  been  left  vacant  more  than  two  years 
before.  The  king  had  coupled  with  his  confirmation  of  Poutrincourt's 
grant  the  condition  that  he  should  take  out  with  him  on  this  occasion  a 
Jesuit  priest  or  priests,  with  a  view  to  the  conversion  of  the  aborigines 
of  the  country.  In  consequence  of  this  condition  he  was  accompanied  by 
Father  Flesche,  who,  on  the  24th  of  June,  baptized  a  number  of  Micmacs, 
among  whom  was  their  honoured  sachem,  our  old  friend  Membertou.  I 
believe  that  this  was  the  first  instance  of  the  administration  of  this  rite 
in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  that  Membertou  was  the  first  convert 
to  the  Christian  faith  among  the  Indians  of  North  America.  Soon  after 
the  interesting  ceremony  took  place,  Biencourt  was  despatched  to  France 
to  convey  the  welcome  tidings  to  the  French  king,  and  was  directed  by 
his  father  to  bring  out  with  him,  on  his  return,  fresh  supplies  for  the 
sustenance  and  comfort  of  the  new  colony  during  the  coming  winter. 
He  did  not  complete  his  arrangements,  however,  until  January,  1611. 

*  It  is  now  in  the  custody  of  the  Royal  Canadian  Institute,  Toronto.  It' was 
discovered  by  the  late  Dr.  Charles  Jackson,  of  Boston,  the  celebrated  chemist 
and  geologist,  and  his  companion,  Francis  Alger,  while  on  a  geological  survey  of 
the  Province.  Dr.  Jackson,  in  a  letter  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Historic 
Genealogical  Society  of  Boston,  says  they  found  it  on  the  shore  of  Goat  Island. — 
Proceedings  of  Grand  Lodge  of  Mass.,  1891,  pp.  19,  20. — [Eo.] 


12  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

On  the  26th  of  that  month  he  set  sail,  taking  with  him  two  additional 
priests — Fathers  Biard  and  Masse" — but  did  not  reach  Port  Royal  until 
the  22nd  of  June,  which  was  Whitsunday.  The  vessel  used  on  this 
voyage  was  of  sixty  tons  burthen  only,  and  her  crew  and  passengers 
numbered  in  all  only  thirty-six  souls. 

Poutrincourt  must  have  felt  unmingled  satisfaction  as  he  beheld  this 
vessel  coming  safely  into  port.  Twenty-three  persons  had  been  depending 
on  him  for  maintenance  during  the  long  winter,  and  the  food  had 
diminished  to  such  a  degree  that  he  had  been  compelled  to  rely  on  his 
Indian  neighbours  to  supplement  his  stores  with  such  products  as  they 
were  able  to  furnish.  The  vessel  having,  however,  brought  but  small 
additional  supplies,  it  was  thought  necessary  to  obtain  an  immediate 
augmentation  of  them,  for  he  now  had  fifty-nine  mouths  to  feed,  instead 
of  twenty-three.  With  this  intention,  he  made  a  voyage  to  the  coasts 
of  what  has  since  been  called  New  England,  where  he  fell  in  with  four 
French  vessels,  from  which  he  obtained  what  he  sought ;  and  having 
induced  their  captains  to  acknowledge  his  son  as  vice-admiral,  he 
returned  to  Port  Royal,  where  he  announced  his  intention  to  revisit 
France.  His  object  was  to  secure  further  advantages  for  his  infant 
settlement.  All  the  inhabitants,  except  Biard  and  Masse*  and  twenty 
others,  whom  he  left  under  the  command  of  Biencourt,  accompanied  him 
on  the  homeward  voyage. 

In  this  year  (1611)  the  recently  converted  Micmac  chieftain,  Mem- 
bertou,  died,  and  received  Christian  burial.  From  him  and  his  family  it 
is  more  than  probable  that  Biard  and  Masse  obtained  much  of  their 
knowledge  of  the  Indian  language,  and  it  was,  no  doubt,  with  feelings 
of  considerable  regret  that  they  performed  the  rites  of  sepulture  over 
the  remains  of  the  aged  and  esteemed  sachem.  His  body  was  buried 
:near  the  fort,  and  probably  in  lands  now  owned  by  the  Robblee  family, 
in  Granville.* 

Poutrincourt,  who,  we  have  seen,  left  Port  Royal  in  July,  reached 
France  in  August,  but  did  not  succeed  in  accomplishing  the  object  of  his 
visit  till  near  the  close  of  the  year.  It  was  not,  indeed,  until  the  last  day 
of  December  that  he  was  able  to  despatch  a  vessel  from  Dieppe  with 
provisions  and  other  necessaries  to  the  colonists  whom  he  had  left  in 
Acadie.  The  vessel  arrived  at  Port  Royal  on  January  23rd,  1612,  not  a 
moment  too  soon  for  the  relief  of  its  inhabitants,  who  had  been  placed 
on  .allowance  some  weeks  before,  in  order  to  make  the  most  of  their 
scanty  provisions.  This  ship  was  commanded  by  Simon  Imbert,  whose 
name  was  given  afterwards  to  the  stream  which  we  now  call  by  the 

*  In  the  author's  imperfect  MS.  in  the  library  of  King's  College  it  is  said  he  was 
interred  by  his  own  consent  in  the  burial-ground  which  had  been  recently  conse- 
. crated  for  that  purpose. — [ED.] 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  13 

corrupted,  commonplace  and  falsely  distinctive  name  of  Bear  River.  In 
this  vessel  came  Gilbert  du  Thet,  a  priest  of  the  Order  of  Jesus,  to  take 
the  place  of  Father  Masse,  who  had  gone  to  the  St.  John  River  with 
a  son  of  Membertou,  having  adopted  the  Indian  mode  of  life,  the  better 
to  enable  him  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  aboriginal  languages.  During 
the  summer  Poutrincourt  paid  a  visit  to  Chiegnecto  and  Minas,  and 
came  near  being  wrecked  on  the  homeward  voyage,  which  induced  him 
on  his  return  to  order  another  barge  or  shallop  to  be  built  at  Port  Royal, 
which  when  completed  was  used  by  Biard,  Jean  Baptiste,  charpentier,  and 
a  servant  in  continuing  the  exploration  of  the  river  and  in  fishing. 

The  winter  of  1612-13  is  reported  to  have  been  one  of  considerable 
want  and  hardship  to  the  settlers.  Biencourt,  who  began  to  distrust 
the  priests,  for  whom  he  does  not  seem  to  have  had  much  regard,  had 
been  informed  of  the  purchase  of  the  rights  of  Demonts  in  Acadie,  by 
Madame  de  Guercherville,  and  he  fancied  he  had  cause  to  fear  that  plans 
were  being  secretly  matured,  which,  if  carried  out,  would  endanger  his 
father's  rights  in  Port  Royal,  and  a  general  feeling  of  uneasiness  and 
distrust  crept  into  the  little  community,  which  tended  to  increase  their 
difficulties  and  depress  their  hopes. 

The  lady  above  named  having  purchased  Acadie,  except  Port  Royal, 
determined  to  send  out  fresh  emigrants  and  ample  supplies  to  that  country. 
In  March,  1613,  she  therefore  despatched  a  vessel  from  Honfleur  with 
forty-eight  persons,  including  her  crew,  together  with  horses  and  goats 
and  a  year's  allowance  of  food,  which  arrived  at  Port  Royal  late  in  May. 
On  her  arrival,  five  souls  only  were  found  in  the  town,  Biencourt  and  his 
men  being  absent  on  exploring  expeditions  in  various  directions. 
Hebert,  the  apothecary,  acted  as  governor  in  the  absence  of  Biencourt, 
and  to  him  were  delivered  the  letters  from  the  Queen  of  France  authoriz- 
ing the  return  of  Fathers  Biard  and  Masse*  by  the  vessel  of  Madame 
de  Guercherville.  The  ship  having  discharged  her  freight  and  received 
these  gentlemen  on  board,  together  with  Du  Thet,  the  new  priest  who 
had  accompanied  Poutrincourt  on  his  return  thither,  sailed  to  the  island 
of  Mont  Desert  and  made  a  landing  on  the  mainland  nearly  opposite  to 
it,  perhaps  with  a  view  to  forming  a  new  settlement  there  ;  but  whatever 
may  have  been  their  object,  it  was  suddenly  and  rudely  interrupted  and 
frustrated  by  the  occurrence  of  an  unexpected  and  undesirable  event. 
The  English,  who  had  recently  formed  a  settlement  at  Jamestown  in 
Virginia,  began  to  look  with  jealousy,  not  perhaps  unmixed  with  fear,  at 
the  establishment  of  a  fort  and  settlement  in  Acadie  by  France,  and 
commands  had  been  sent  to  the  Governor  of  that  colony  to  compass  the 
destruction,  by  capture  or  otherwise,  of  the  town  and  works  at  Port 
Royal.  In  agreement  with  these  orders,  Captain  Samuel  Argall  was 
despatched  with  several  vessels  and  a  number  of  men  to  carry  out  this 


14  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

object,  and  while  on  his  voyage  thither  he  accidentally  fell  in  with  the 
French  ship  and  party  at  Mont  Desert,  and  made  a  prize  of  the  one  and 
prisoners  of  the  others,  but  not  till  after  a  sharp  fight,  in  which  Du  Thet 
was  killed  while  gallantly  defending  his  countrymen.  These  Argall  sent 
to  Virginia  by  one  of  his  ships,  and  with  the  remainder  proceeded  to  Port 
Royal,  where  he  arrived  about  the  time  of  the  return  of  Biencourt,  with 
whom  it  is  said  that  he  held  an  interview  in  a  meadow  or  marsh  near  the 
town,  which  was  already  in  the  hands  of  Argall.  It  is  supposed  that 
this  conference  was  solicited  by  the  former  with  a  view  to  some  com- 
promise which  might  save  the  place  from  utter  destruction.  During  its 
continuance,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  urged  his  own  right  to  the 
settlements,  his  desire  to  live  at  peace  with  the  English,  his  helplessness 
to  injure  them,  even  if  he  desired  to  do  so,  and  the  ruin  that  would  ensue 
to  innocent  and  harmless  people  on  the  destruction  of  their  dwellings 
and  improvements  ;  but  the  English  commander  was  deaf  alike  to  the 
eloquence  and  the  logic  of  the  Frenchman,  and  he  proceeded  to  execute 
his  orders  to  the  letter.  Murdoch  (Yol.  I.,  page  58)  says  : 

"  Argall  destroyed  the  fort  and  all  mormments  and  marks  of  French  power  at 
Port  Royal.  He  even  caused  the  names  of  Demonts  and  other  captains,  and  the 
fleurs  de  Us  to  be  effaced  with  pick  and  chisel  from  a  massive  stone  on  which 
they  had  been  engraved,  but  he  is  said  to  have  spared  the  mill  and  the  barns  up 
the  river." 

It  was,  indeed,  a  sad  sight  for  Biencourt  and  his  friends  to  witness  so 
melancholy  a  conclusion  to  an  enterprise  that  had  already  cost  more 
than  one  hundred  thousand  crowns,  and  that  had  in  some  degree,  at 
least,  given  promise  of  a  happier  and  more  desirable  result. 

When  the  wretched  news  of  this  disaster  reached  Poutrincourt,  he 
gave  up  forever  all  connection  with  Acadie,  and  returning  to  the  service 
of  the  king,  was  killed  at  the  storming  of  Mery  sur  Seine,  in  December, 
1615.  It  has  been  stated  that  an  epitaph  to  his  memory  was  cut  "into 
the  marble  and  trees,  at  Port  Royal,  by  order  of  his  son  Biencourt,"  but 
no  remains  of  any  description  have  been  discovered  to  verify  the  statement. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  15 


APPENDIX   TO   CHAPTER    I. 

The  first  mill  was  built  on  the  easternmost  mouth  of  the  Lequille, 
where  it  discharges  its  waters  fresh  from  Grand  Lake  into  the  tideway 
at  the  head  of  the  marsh.  The  remains  of  the  old  dam  are  plainly  visible 
to-day,  having  been  composed  of  stones  and  earth,  and  may  be  viewed  by 
walking  a  few  rods  down  the  stream  from  Dargie's  mills.  The  structure, 
it  will  be  seen,  stood  at  the  foot  of  a  steep  hill  of  considerable  elevation, 
and  the  visitor,  if  he  choose  to  climb  to  the  summit  of  that  portion  of  it 
which  is  in  the  north-western  direction  from  the  dam,  will  be  rewarded 
by  seeing  the  remains  of  the  works  once  erected  by  the  French  settlers 
for  the  defence  of  the  mill  in  case  of  attack.  The  remains  of  the  breast- 
works, which  formed  a  shelter  to  their  musketeers,  may  be  traced  many 
rods,  in  an  irregular  curve,  from  where  the  chief  battery  was  fixed,  in  a 
north  and  westerly  direction,  following  the  summits  of  "the  heights  ;  and 
the  ditch  which  was  made  in  excavating  the  material  to  form  this  work 
is  still  visible  in  many  places.  The  main  battery  commanded  the  head 
of  the  marsh  so  as  to  render  an  attack  by  way  of  the  river  by  boats  both 
dangerous  and  difficult.  It  also  covered  the  mill,  and  commanded  the 
high  lands  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stream.  These  remains  are  well 
worthy  the  notice  of  tourists,  and  should  be  better  known  to  our  own 
people. 


CHAPTEK    II. 

1613-1686. 

Biencourt  and  some  colonists  remain — Sir  W.  Alexander  and  the  Scotch  fort — The 
De  la  Tours — Razilli — D'Aulnay  de  Charnisay — Quarrels  and  war  between  him 
and  Latour — Takes  Latour's  fort — His  death — Le  Borgne — Capture  of  Port 
Royal  and  its  restoration — La  Valliere — Perrot — Census — Names  of  French 
colonists. 

A  LTHOUGH  the  dwellings  at  Port  Royal  had  been  destroyed,  it  is 
./\.  certain  that  some  of  the  inhabitants,  who  were  absent  during 
Argall's  visit,  probably  at  their  barns  and  cornfields,  or  mill,  or  who 
had  otherwise  escaped  him,  either  returned  and  rebuilt  their  houses, 
or  built  others  amidst  their  cornfields,  on  the  present  site  of  the  town, 
and  continued  to  inhabit  the  country  until  the  advent  of  Sir  William 
Alexander's  colony  in  1621.  Biencourt  is  known  to  have  resided  there 
in  1617,  and  it  is  also  known  that  a  company  of  French  adventurers, 
connected  with  the  peltry  trade  of  Acadie,  sent  out  some  Recollet  mis- 
sionaries in  1619,  who,  among  other  duties,  were  charged  "to  undertake 
the  care  of  some  old  inhabitants  of  the  district  who  had  remained  there 
with  Monsieur  Biencourt."  The  little  community  supported  themselves 
as  best  they  could  by  means  of  the  produce  of  their  flocks  and  gardens, 
and  of  the  fishery  and  the  chase,  until  the  arrival  of  the  British  colony  in 
Granville,  when  they  thought  it  unsafe  to  remain  longer,  and  sought  a 
temporary  asylum  at  Cape  Sable,  where,  under  the  leadership  of  Charles 
Amador  de  la  Tour,  they  built  a  fort  which  they  called  St.  Louis,  and 
obtained  protection  and  a  home  for  several  years.  Biencourt  attached 
himself  to  the  fortunes  of  Latour  soon  after  the  Argall  conquest,  and 
became  his  friend  and  lieutenant.  The  anxieties,  perplexities  and  hard- 
ships which  attended  his  life  during  the  interval  of  1613-22,  had  a 
fatal  effect  upon  his  constitution,  and  death  closed  the  scene  of  his  mis- 
fortunes in  1623.  He  left  all  his  possessions  and  command  at  Port 
Royal,  by  will,  to  Latour,  whose  name  and  that  of  his  father,  Claude 
de  la  Tour,  were  destined  to  become  from  this  time  so  intimately  and 
interestingly  connected  with  the  history  of  Acadie. 

In  1621   Sir  William  Alexander  became  the  possessor  of  the  country 
under  a  patent  from  James  I.,  and  sent  over  a  number  of  Scotch  colonists 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  17 

under  the  command  of  his  son,  who,  on  their  arrival,  made  a  settlement 
and  rebuilt  the  French  fort  in  Granville  on  a  site  nearly  opposite  the 
eastern  extremity  of  Goat  Island.  This  fort — commonly  called  the  Scotch 
Fort — was  situated  about  four  miles  in  a  direct  line  from  the  site  of  the 
second  French  fort,  and  commanded  the  northern  or  main  channel  of  the 
river.  Some  of  these  new  settlers  probably  took  possession  of  the  vacated 
houses  and  gardens  of  the  French  on  the  cape,  for  it  is  certain  that  Sir 
David  Kirk  left  an  addition  to  their  number  on  the  occasion  of  his  visit 
there  in  1628.  On  his  return  voyage  to  Quebec,  Kirk  captured  a  French 
ship  bound  to  that  port,  on  board  of  which  was  Claude  de  la  Tour,  whom 
he  made  prisoner  and  conveyed  to  England.  This  Claude  de  la  Tour,  or 
Latour,  had  been  connected  with  Acadie  and  New  France  for  a  period  of 
nineteen  years  before  this  event.  His  first  visit  appears  to  have  been  to 
Port  Royal  in  1609,  as  will  be  shown  further  on,  and  seems  to  be  associ- 
ated with  the  oldest  remaining  memorial  of  the  French  dominion  on  this 
continent.  It  was  at  this  eventful  period  of  his  life  that  Latour  made 
the  acquaintance  of  the  new  proprietor  of  Acadie,  from  whom  he  obtained 
large  grant  of  lands  in  that  country  for  himself  and  son,  on  condition  of 
a  change  of  allegiance  on  their  part.  Before  leaving  England  he  married 
a  maid  of  honour  to  Henrietta,  the  English  queen,  and  was  created  a 
knight-baronet  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  lands,  of  which  he  had  accepted  a 
grant  as  the  price  of  his  treason  toward  his  sovereign,  included  within 
their  limits  the  settlement  and  fort  of  his  son  Charles  at  Cape  Sable, 
embracing  all  that  part  of  the  Province  lying  between  Cape  Forchu  and 
Lunenburg,  and  extending  forty  miles  in  a  northwardly  direction.  The 
condition  of  this  grant  was  that  the  fiefs  thus  conveyed  should  be  held 
under  the  Crown  of  England.  Its  acceptance,  therefore,  involved  a  total 
change  of  allegiance,  which  was  made  on  the  spot  by  Claude,  who  also 
pledged  himself  to  obtain  the  like  change  on  the  part  of  his  son  Charles, 
when  he  should  arrive  at  Cape  Sable-,  a  pledge  he  was  unable  to  redeem 
owing  to  the  inflexible  determination  of  his  son  to  remain  faithful  to  the 
French  king,  his  sovereign. 

These  events  took  place  in  1629,  during  the  summer  of  which  Latour, 
accompanied  by  his  bride,  sailed  for  Cape  Sable,  and  on  his  arrival  com- 
municated his  plans  to  his  son,  who,  on  hearing  that  the  advantages 
gained  had  been  purchased  at  the  price  of  treason,  refused  to  listen  to  his 
father's  proposals.  Finding  that  persuasions  and  threats  were  alike  use- 
less, he  repaired  to  Port  Royal,  where  he  remained  with  the  English  till 
near  the  close  of  the  following  year ;  when,  having  received  a  letter  from 
his  son  informing  him  that  he — the  son — had  been  appointed  lieutenant- 
general  for  the  French  king,  and  that  men,  arms,  ammunition  and  other 
supplies  had  been  sent  out  to  him,  Claude  determined  to  commit  a  second 
treason.  He  was  strongly  urged  to  this  course  by  his  son ;  and  on  the 
2 


18  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

promise  of  being  protected  and  provided  for,  he  and  his  wife  left  Annapolis 
and  went  to  live  at  Cape  Sable,  where  his  son  built  a  house  for  them. 
The  accounts  that  have  come  down  to  us  concerning  affairs  at  this  time 
are  scanty  and  fragmentary,  and  it  is  almost  impossible  to  weave  them 
into  a  readable  and  trustworthy  narrative.  That  Latour  on  finding  his 
negotiations  with  his  son  a  failure,  sought  refuge  in  Port  Royal  (then  in 
English  possession),  there  is  no  doubt.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know 
how  his  wife  regarded  the  change  from  an  honourable  position  and  life  in 
the  Court  of  Charles  I.  to  life  in  an  Acadian  wilderness ;  to  be  informed 
how  they  amused  themselves  during  the  days  of  the  dreary  winter  months 
of  1629-30,  and  to  learn  what  plans  for  the  future  were  discussed.  But 
of  these  things  we  can  now  glean  no  positive  information.  It  is  much  to 
be  regretted  that  his  wife  drops  entirely  out  of  sight  after  her  removal  to 
Cape  Sable. 

Before  passing  from  this  period  of  the  history  of  Port  Royal,  it  may 
be  well  to  suggest  to  the  reader  that  during  the  twenty-eight  years  since 
the  first  landing  of  Demonts,  very  considerable  changes  had  taken  place 
there.  Besides  those  that  existed  on  the  site  of  the  first  settlement, 
opposite  Goat  Island,  clearings  had  also  been  made  at  the  cape  and  in  its 
neighbourhood,  especially  toward  the  mill,  which,  as  I  have  already  said, 
stood  near  the  head  of  the  tide  on  Mill  Brook,  now  miscalled  Lequille. 
Gardens  had  been  cultivated  and  farms  commenced  in  all  these  districts, 
and  meadows  had  been  reclaimed,  and  domestic  animals  introduced, 
which  now,  no  doubt,  began  to  be  quite  numerous.  In  the  letter  of 
King  Charles  I.  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  dated  in  July,  1631,  he 
•charges  him  "to  demolish  the  fort  that  was  builded  there  by  your  son 
and  to  remove  all  the  people,  goods,  ordnance,  ammunition,  cattle  and 
other  things  belonging  to  that  colony."  This  statement  makes  it  certain 
that  the  Scotch  settlers  were  possessed  of  live  stock,  and  in  order  to  its 
sustenance  the  soil  must  have  been  cultivated.  Now,  as  this  settlement 
contained  seventy  families,  and  they  were  about  ten  years  settled  there, 
the  improvements  made  must  have  been  very  considerable.  It  is  a 
matter  of  regret  that  we  know  so  little  of  the  sayings  and  doings,  and 
the  wants,  wishes  and  hopes  of  these  first  British  settlers ;  of  their 
relations  to  the  Indians,  of  their  mode  of  living  and  pursuits,  and  more 
•especially  of  the  particulars  which  attended  their  ultimate  extinction. 
From  a  statement  made  by  the  elder  Latour  to  his  son  after  his 
removal  to  Cape  Sable,  we  learn  that  seventy  settlers  wintered  on  the 
shores  of  the  basin  of  Port  Royal  in  1629-30,  and  that  out  of  that 
number  not  less  than  thirty  died  of  scurvy  and  other  diseases.  The 
remainder  of  them,  unprotected  by  the  presence  of  Latour  and  receiving 
no  aid  from  home,  were  attacked  by  the  Indians  and  fell  victims  to  the 
scalping-knife  and  the  ravages  of  want  and  sickness,  with  the  exception 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  19 

of  one  family  only,  two  members  of  which  were  living  in  1635,  having 
become  Roman  Catholics  and  married  French  wives.  Thus  ended  the 
first  attempt  at  colonization  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain  in  Nova  Scotia. 

By  the  Treaty  of  St.  Germain-en-Laye,  Port  Royal,  with  the  whole  of 
Acadie,  passed  again  into  the  hands  of  France  (March,  1632),  and  Isaac 
de  Razilli  was  sent  out  to  take  formal  possession  of  the  country  from  the 
English.  With  him  came  again  the  Recollet  missionaries,  who  had  been 
banished  from  the  Province  by  the  English  during  their  occupancy,  and 
resumed  their  cures.  With  him  also  came  Charles  de  Menou,  Seigneur 
D'Aulnay  de  Charnisay,  as  one  of  his  lieutenants,  Charles  Amador  de  la 
Tour,  of  Cape  Sable,  being  the  other,  each  for  a  separate  section  of 
Acadie,  D'Aulnay's  the  western  and  Latour's  the  eastern.  De  Razilli, 
who  acted  as  governor,  or  lieutenant-general  for  the  French  king,  made 
his  headquarters  at  Lahave,  where  he  settled  forty  families,  but  after  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1633  or  1634,  D'Aulnay  removed  these  settlers 
to  Port  Royal,  located  them  with  twenty  more  whom  he  brought  from 
France  on  the  site  of  the  present  town,  and  built  a  new  fort  for  their 
protection.  In  1634,  Claude  de  Razilli,  the  brother  of  Isaac,  received  a 
grant  of  Port  Royal  from  the  company  of  New  France.  In  1635  the 
same  company  granted  the  "fort  and  habitation  of  Latour,"  on  the 
St.  John  River,  to  Charles  Latour.  This  fort  was  situated  where  the 
town  of  Carleton  now  stands,  and  became  the  theatre  of  stirring  events 
subsequently.  Isaac  de  Razilli  had  left  all  his  rights  and  property  in 
Acadie  to  his  brother  Claude,  who,  in  1642,  conveyed  them  to  D'Aulnay. 

Difficulties  and  differences  soon  occurred  between  D'Aulnay  and 
Charles  Latour  (1635-50).  D'Aulnay's  headquarters  were  first  at  Pen- 
tagoe't,  and  Latour's  were  at  Fort  Latour,  on  the  St.  John  River  ;  but 
Port  Royal  was  occupied  by  the  former  some  years  before  its  transfer  to 
him  by  Claude  de  Razilli,  and  as  early  as  1638  King  Louis  XIII.  urged 
them  to  preserve  a  good  understanding,  and  avoid  quarrels  about  their 
respective  jurisdictions,  confirming  D'Aulnay  at  Lahave  and  Port  Royal, 
and  Latour  in  his  more  advantageous  trading  post  at  St.  John.  But  in 
February,  1641  or  1642,  D'Aulnay,  by  his  influence  with  Richelieu, 
secured  an  order  to  Latour  to  proceed  to  France  to  answer  certain  grave 
but  groundless  charges  against  him,  and  authority  to  arrest  him  in  case 
of  refusal,  which  edicts  were  soon  followed  by  an  entire  revocation  of  his 
authority.  In  the  next  year  a  new  order  for  his  arrest  was  issued,  and 
in  1643  open  war  resulted.  D'Aulnay  attacked  Fort  Latour  with  a  fleet 
of  four  vessels  and  five  hundred  men,  and  brought  Latour  and  his  small 
garrison  into  great  straits.  He  succeeded,  however,  in  escaping  from  his 
fort,  with  his  wife,  on  the  night  of  June  12th,  1643,  to  a  storeship  that 
had  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  a  day  or  two  previous,  but  dared 
not  come  further,  having  received  information  of  D'Aulnay's  presence 


20  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

inside.  In  this  ship  he  proceeded  to  Boston,  where  he  sought  aid  against 
his  adversary  from  the  civil  authorities.  He  succeeded  in  securing  the 
official  permission  of  Governor  Winthi'op  to  charter  vessels,  engage  men 
and  purchase  cannon,  and  he  lost  no  time  in  chartering  four  vessels, 
enlisting  fifty  men  and  purchasing  thirty-eight  pieces  of  cannon,  together 
with  ninety-two  soldiers,  the  whole  being  armed  and  victualled  by  him- 
self. The  cost  of  this  expedition  was  secured  by  mortgage  on  his  real 
and  personal  property  in  Acadie.  With  this  little  fleet  he  sailed  for 
Fort  Latour  on  the  14th  of  July,  and  immediately  on  his  arrival 
attacked  D'Aulnay — who  had  not  succeeded  in  capturing  the  place 
during  his  absence — who,  taken  by  surprise,  took  to  flight  with  a  view 
to  shelter  himself  under  the  guns  of  his  fort  of  Port  Royal.  Latour, 
determined  not  to  let  him  escape  so  easily,  pursued  across  the  bay  and 
up  the  basin  to  the  very  walls  of  the  fort,  and  finally  forced  him  to  an 
engagement  near  a  mill  on  the  banks  of  the  Lequille  River.  The  spot 
where  this  fight  is  said  to  have  occurred  is  about  a  third  of  a  mile  north 
of  Dargie's  mills,*  and  near  the  place  where  tradition  affirms  a  mill  ha& 
not  been  absent  since  Poutrincourt  erected  the  first  one  built  in  the 
Dominion  in  1607.  Several  persons  were  killed  on  both  sides  in  this 
affair,  but  victory  declared  itself  on  the  side  of  Latour. 

D'Aulnay,  soon  after  his  defeat,  took  his  departure  for  France  to 
invoke  aid  to  enable  him  to  recover  his  lost  ground  in  Acadie. 

Murdoch  (Vol.  I.,  page  103)  thus  justly  summarizes  the  conduct  of 
Latour  on  this  occasion  : 

"  One  cannot  help  admiring  the  activity  and  capacity  displayed  by  Charles  de  la 
Tour  in  this  instance.  Hemmed  in  by  superior  forces,  he  sees  and  seizes  on  a 
mode  of  extrication  which  calls  into  play  his  eloquence,  reasoning  and  persuasion. 
Preserving  a  calm  and  dignified  attitude  in  a  foreign  town,  amid  conflicting  senti- 
ments and  interests,  he  overrides  the  scruples,  distrust  and  caiition  of  the  English 
of  Boston,  and  obtains  powerful  reinforcements  there  ;  and  having  so  far  succeeded, 
his  rapid  movements  as  the  soldier  and  the  man  of  business  enable  him  to  turn  his 
forces  to  account  without  dangerous  delays.  But  a  month  had  elapsed  from  his 
arrival  in  Boston  with  but  one  vessel,  until  he  leaves  it  with  an  armament  of  five  and 
a  valuable  land  force  besides.  His  removing  his  lady  from  the  beleaguered  fort, 
where  her  presence  woidd  probably  have  been  of  no  avail  to  the  defenders,  and  where 
she  would  have  been  exposed  to  many  dangers,  and  transferring  her  to  Boston, 
where  she  could  exercise  an  influence  most  favourable  to  his  projects,  is  also 
deserving  of  great  commendation." 

D'Aulnay  returned  from  France  in  1644,  and  immediately  repaired  to 
Boston  with  the  object  of  changing  the  good  feeling  which  the  people 
and  the  authorities  there  had  manifested  toward  his  rival,  and  for  this 
purpose  he  exhibited  an  order  from  the  French  king  for  the  arrest  of 

*  D'Aulnay's  vessel  had  stranded  near  the  mouth  of  the  stream,  which  he 
probably  ascended  in  order  to  cross  it  to  reach  his  fort. — [Eo.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  21 

Latour  and  his  wife  on  charges  of  treason.     In  this  attempt  he,  for  the 
time  at  least,  succeeded. 

The  nature  of  the  contest  between  these  rivals,  the  causes  which 
operated  to  produce  it,  and  the  particulars  of  their  negotiations  with  the 
Massachusetts  authorities  have  been  matters  of  mere  conjecture  until 
recent  years ;  indeed,  until  the  text  of  their  correspondence,  including 
an  account  of  their  negotiations  during  that  period,  was  discovered  in 
the  archives  at  Boston  about  the  year  1838,  and  which  has  since  been 
printed  in  the  collections  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  for  that 
year.  We  shall  devote  a  few  pages  to  the  contents  of  these  valuable 
papers. 

On  October  21st,  1644,  D'Aulnay  addressed  a  long  letter  to  Endicott,  then 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  in  which  he  set  forth  that  a  subject  of  his  master,  the 
king  of  France,  Latour,  had  been  countenanced  and  aided  in  his  rebellion  against 
his  king,  and  reminds  that  gentleman  that  he  had  conveyed  to  him  and  his  brother 
magistrates  in  Boston  the  desire  of  his  master  that  they  would  not  be  guilty  of  the 
impropriety  of  aiding  his  rebel  subject  at  a  time  when  the  two  nations  were  at 
peace.  He  now  sends  his  personal  friend,  Monsieur  Marie,  to  Boston  to  "  demand 
justice  and  due  reason  in  all  kind,  for  certain  grievances,  wrongs  and  injuries  which 
mine  and  myself  have  received  from  yours."  He  is  very  desirous  to  secure  and 
maintain  peaceful  relations  with  his  English  neighbours,  and  Marie  has  been 
instructed  and  authorized  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  secure  this  end.  As  to  the 
charges*  that  had  been  preferred  by  them  against  him,  they  were  easily  refuted. 
"  To  the  first,"  he  says,  "  I  reply  that  Captain  John  Rose  only  hath  lost  the  goods 
of  Monsieur  Richard  Salstonstal,  making  shipwreck  upon  the  Isle  of  Sables,  where - 
unto  neither  the  deceased  monsieur,  the  commander  of  Razilli,  then  lieutenant- 
general  for  the  king  in  all  the  extent  of  New  France,  nor  myself  did  in  any  measure 
contribute,  seeing  that  we  were  so  far  asunder,  and  that  the  said  Captain  Rose, 
being  through  storm  of  wind  by  hazard  put  into  the  harbour  of  Lahave,  where 
then  he  was  unacquainted,  was  kindly  received  and  entertained  by  the  said  sieur 
in  the  said  place  :  the  ship  being  then  returned  to  France,  the  year  ensuing  all  his 
company  were  delivered  unto  him,  and  a  thousand  crowns  which  he  had  in  his 
coffer  ;  and  for  certain  cables  and  sails  which  he  had  saved  of  the  wreck  of  his  ship, 
the  said  sieur,  the  commander  of  Razilli,  gave  him  in  payment  wren  or  eu/ht  hundred 
buttons  of  maxtive  gold,  which  he  caused  to  be  taken  off  from  one  of  hi*  M-nitx,  draminy 
bill*  upon  me,  which  I  accepted,  and  two  days  after  paid  him  hi*  money."  "  To  the 
second,"  he  says,  "  I  answer  that  when  the  said  deceased  commander  of  Razilli 
came  into  this  country,  he  had  order  by  his  commission  to  withdraw  Port  Royal  out 
of  the  hand  of  the  Scots,  and  that  by  an  article  contained  in  the  treaty  of  peace 
made  between  the  French  and  English  after  the  taking  of  Rochelle.  You  have  but 
little  knowledge  of  the  letter  drawn  upon  De  Boulemeky  for  satisfaction  of  certain 
Indian  corn,  cattle  and  ordnance  which  the  said  Scots  left  with  us.  The  like  com- 
mand also  he  had  to  clear.the  coast  unto  Pemaquid  and  Kennebek  of  all  persons 
whatever,  and  to  cause  them  to  withdraw,  if  there  were  any  habitation  seated  on 
this  side.  It  was  myself  who  received  orders  to  execute  the  total,  and  met  with 
Thomas  Willett,  placed  at  Pemptagoitt.  I  prayed  him  to  be  gone,  giving  him  to 
understand  with  as  much  civility  as  I  could,  that  it  was  not  a  place  for  him  to 

*  These  charges  can  only  be  inferred  from  his  answers. 


22  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

inhabit.  He  carried  away  what  he  could,  and  of  what  remained  there  was  an 
inventory  made,  which  he  and  I  signed  unto,  and  in  the  upshot  I  gave  him  a  bill  to 
make  him  payment  upon  demand.  A  month  after  he  came  to  the  said  place  with 
a  ship  and  pinnace  to  fire  ordnance  upon  them  who  were  there  without  asking  what 
was  due  unto  him.  ...  I  did  him  no  wrong  to  force  him  to  depart,  seeing  he 
possessed  another's  right." 

As  to  the  third  and  fourth  charges  he  continues  thus  : 

"  I  think  I  have  answered  your  third  article  by  the  end  of  this  second.  For  the 
fourth  I  might  go  for  a  senseless  brute,  if,  after  all  those  acts  of  hostility  received 
from  yours,  without  giving  them  the  least  occasion  myself  or  those  whom  I  have 
left  this  winter  to  command  in  my  absence  in  those  places,  we  should  not  have 
given  the  like  commission.  You  are  so  well  versed  in  warlike  design,  and  under- 
stand as  well  points  of  State  and  that  which  concerneth  justice,  as  to  judge  therein, 
behold  the  truth  in  his  brightness  as  I  have  known  it." 

Having  thus  far  defended  his  government  against  the  complaints  of 
the  English  colonists,  he  now  comes  to  the  real  object  of  his  letter,  that 
is  to  say,  to  endeavour  to  detach  Endicott  and  his  people  from  the 
interests  of  Latour.  He  says  in  conclusion  : 

"  Moreover,  with  your  favour  I  should  crave  answer  to  the  articles  which  Marie 
shall  propound  unto  you  about  those  things  which  do  concern  me  ;  but,  above  all, 
how  you  desire  to  act  for  the  future  toward  the  said  Sieur  Latour.  ...  If  I 
can  but  obtain  from  you  this  request  as  to  desist  from  fomenting  the  rebellion  of 
the  said  Sieur  de  la  Tour,  I  engage  my  word  from  this  hour  by  these  that  whatever 
troubles  may  fall  out,  yea,  between  the  two  crowns  of  France  and  England,  to  keep 
inviolably  with  you  and  those  which  are  under  your  authority,  that  peace  and 
intelligence  which  are  requisite  in  these  beginnings." 

The  letter  from  which  these  extracts  have  been  made  was  signed 
D'Aulnay,  "  Governor  and  Lieutenant-General  for  the  king  in  all  the 
coasts  of  Acadie,  country  of  New  France,"  and  was  written  at  Port 
Royal. 

Six  days  after  its  date,  namely,  on  the  27th  of  October,  and  without 
any  knowledge  of  its  contents,  Latour  addressed  a  letter  to  the  same 
parties  in  Boston,  from  which  we  cull  the  following  excerpta  : 

"  I  could  not  know  how  to  divest  myself  of  the  deep  feelings  with  which  your 
kindness  has  filled  me,  nor  to  deprive  myself  of  the  confidence  with  which  your 
generosity  has  furnished  me,  nor  do  I  believe  that,  however  my  enemy  may  have 
gone  to  Boston  to  deceive  you  and  make  me  pass  for  a  traitor,  you  will  condemn 
me  without  a  hearing  or  abandon  me  because  he  would  invade  my  interest.  He  is 
a  man  of  artifice,  who,  knowing  that  you  esteem  good  men,  will  assume  all  the 
grimaces  and  similarities  of  piety,  and  strive  to  give  you  the  impression  that  you 
ought  to  abandon  me ;  but  he  will  not  tell  you  that  it  is  to  fortify  himself  by  my 
disaster  and  afterwards  make  you  difficulty,  as  he  has  already  shown  by  the  injustice 
and  perfidy  committed  in  the  affair  at  Penobscot.  He  supposes,  so  very  vain  is  he, 
that  your  opinion  will  be  swayed  by  his,  and,  provided  that  he  shows  you  some 
decrees,  that  you  will  give  me  up.  .  .  .  For  that  which  concerns  his  decrees, 
I  could  not  better  enable  you  to  perceive  the  injustice  of  them  than  to  place  in 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  23 

your  hands  that  which  contains  the  crimes  that  they  impute  to  me.  You  will  see 
them  in  this,  as  if  I  prevented  by  my  bad  deportment  the  progress  of  the  service  of 
God  and  of  the  king,  and  of  the  advancement  of  the  colony.  And  when  it  is  asked 
of  them,  whether  they  are  not  his  evil  deeds,  they  say,  instead  of  alleging  the  course 
of  my  vicious  life,  that  I  have  done  nothing  in  the  country.  But  mark  the  false 
testimony,  which  consists  in  its  not  being  able  to  prove  that  I  impede  by  my  vicious 
conduct  the  progress  of  the  service  of  God  among  the  savages  ;  and  instead  of 
proving  it,  he  goes  to  allege  that  I  have  done  nothing  in  the  country,  which  is  an 
irrelevant  point  and  still  false,  for  I  have  built  two  forts,  and  he  himself  has  burnt 
one  of  mine,  and  he  has  not  built  another  for  it,  nor  cleared  up  only  seven  or  eight 
acres  of  land.  He  has  also  burnt  the  Monastery  Church  contrary  to  the  tenor  of 
the  decree  which  ordered  him  to  put  in  those  places  men  who  were  able  to  answer 
for  them,  and  by  consequence  to  preserve  them.  And  this  wretch,  to  justify  his 
atheism,  alleges  that  the  Indian  females  have  been  corrupted  in  the  church,  which  is 
as  false  as  it  is  true  that  he  burnt  the  wigwam  of  a  savage  at  Cape  Sables  to  carry 
off  his  wife  from  him  ;  and  that  the  Commander  de  Razilli,  his  late  master,  held 
him  a  long  time  in  prison  for  this  cause  ;  and  that  this  last  winter  Father  Vincent 
de  Paris,  a  Capuchin,  did  all  in  his  power  to  be  heard  against  him  in  Council  to 
prove  his  atheistical  hypocrisy,  showing  that  for  six  months  he  had  criminal  con- 
nection in  Port  Royal  with  a  woman  being  a  communicant.  But,  gentlemen,  to 
prove  his  perfidy,  consider  only  the  capture  of  Penobscot,  and  the  payment  of 
Thomas  Ouillet  (Willett),  and  you  will  see,  at  the  same  time,  his  destitution  of  faith 
and  his  rage  against  the  English  nation.  Whatever  relates  to  myself,  do  not 
account  me  so  unprincipled  a  man  nor  such  an  enemy  as  he  until  I  have  as  much 
deceived  and  offended  you  as  he  has  ;  but  especially  consider  my  inclinations  by  my 
obligations. " 

Some  time  after  the  receipt  of  the  foregoing  letter  from  Latour, 
Endicott  and  his  Council  sent  a  reply  to  D'Aulnay's  former  communica- 
tion, from  which  we  cull  the  following  extracts,  which  show  the  feelings 
which  animated  the  English  at  Boston  in  this  affair  : 

"  SIR,— Upon  the  request  lately  presented  to  us  by  the  Sieur  de  la  Tour,  to  yield 
him  assistance  of  men  and  ammunition  against  your  forces,  which  he  was  in  fear  of, 
we  have  had  occasion  to  consider  how  matters  have  passed  between  you  and  us,  and 
among  other  things  many  injuries  which  sundry  of  our  people  have,  at  several  times, 
suffered  from  you  and  yours  since  your  coming  into  these  parts,  and  particularly 
certain  commissions  lately  given  forth  to  Captain  Le  Bceuf  to  take  our  vessels  and 
goods,  which  might  have  given  us  occasion  to  have  yielded  unto  the  request  of  the 
said  sieur,  and  to  have  sought  for  satisfaction  in  another  way.  .  .  .  But  to  the 
end  that  you  and  all  the  world  may  know  the  delight  which  we  take  to  live  in 
peace  with  all  and  to  avoid  all  occasions  of  difference  and  contention,  we  have  taken 
this  present  opportunity  to  write  unto  you,  that  we  may  truly  understand  one 
another,  .  .  .  and  for  time  to  come  that  rules  of  love  and  peace  may  be  care- 
fully attended  to.  As  for  that  which  was  done  the  last  year  by  our  people  in  the 
design  wherein  they  were  employed  by  the  said  Sieur  de  la  Tour,  that  it  may  not 
be  misconstrued,  we  do  hereby  in  words  of  truth  assure  you  that  they  did  not  act 
either  by  command,  counsel  or  permission  of  the  Government  here  established. 
They  went  volunteers  without  any  commission  from  it,  and  as  we  are  in  part  igno- 
rant of  what  they  did  so  it  was  done  without  our  advice  ;  and  for  any  unlawful 
action  which  any  amongst  them  might  possibly  commit  we  do  not  approve  of  and 


24  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

shall  be  facile  and  ready  to  our  power  so  to  demean  ourselves,  as  due  satisfaction 
shall  be  rendered  unto  you  ;  for  as  we  are  not  willing  to  bear  injuries  whilst  we 
have  in  our  hands  to  right  ourselves,  so  we  conscientiously  desire  not  to  offer  any 
ourselves,  nor  to  approve  of  it  in  any  of  ours. 

"  For  the  present,  the  particulars  wherein  we  conceive  ourselves,  friends  and 
confederates,  to  be  by  you  injured,  and  for  the  which  we  never  yet  received  satis- 
faction, are  :  First,  your  taking  the  goods  of  Sir  Richard  Salstonstal,  knight,  and 
the  imprisoning  his  men,  who  suffered  shipwreck  upon  the  Isle  of  Sables,  eight  years 
past.  Second,  your  taking  of  Penobscot  from  those  of  our  nation  and  League  of 
Plymouth.  Third,  your  refusal  to  traffic  with  us  at  Port  Royal,  and  threatening  to 
take  our  vessels,  which  should  go  beyond  Pemptagoitt,  and  accordingly  your  staying 
of  one  of  our  vessels,  though  afterwards  you  released  her.  Lastly,  your  granting  of 
commissions  to  take  our  vessels  and  goods  this  last  autumn,  as  is  above  mentioned. 

"  To  the  above  said  particulars  we  desire  and  expect  your  clear  and  speedy 
answer,  that  so  we  may  understand  how  you  are  at  present  disposed,  whether  to 
war  or  peace,  and  accordingly  steer  our  course  as  God  shall  direct,  and  as  for  the 
present  we  have  not  granted  the  said  request  of  the  said  Sieur  de  la  Tour,  but  on 
the  contrary,  upon  this  occasion  we  have  expressly  prohibited  all  our  people  to 
exercise  any  act  of  hostility,  either  by  land  or  by  sea,  against  you,  unless  it  be  in 
their  own  defence,  until  such  time  as  they  shall  have  further  commission.  A  copy 
of  the  present  we  have  sent  \\nto  you  here  enclosed.  Also,  upon  the  reception  of 
these  presents  we  desire  and  expect  that  all  such  commissions  shall  be  without  delay 
called  in  which  have  been  given  forth  by  you  or  any  of  yours  against  us  and  our 
people  ;  and  forasmuch  as  our  merchants  are  entered  into  a  way  and  form  of  com- 
merce with  said  De  la  Tour,  which  firstly  they  tendered  to  yourself,  but,  according 
us  we  have  been  informed,  you  refused;  nevertheless,  we  see  not  just  reason  to 
hinder  them  in  their  just  and  lawful  callings,  nor  to  hinder  their  own  defence,  in 
case  they  shall  be  assaulted  either  by  you  or  yours,  during  their  trade  with  the  said 
sieur.  We  leave  them  to  Divine  Providence  and  to  the  dictates  of  their  own 
conscience  to  regulate  them  according  to  right,  reason  in  such  a  case." 

This  determination  of  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  Bay  was  very 
annoying  to  D'Aulnay,  as  it  assured  him  that  his  diplomacy  was  a  com- 
plete failure  and  that  his  rival  had  been  more  than  a  match  in  that 
delicate  science.  In  his  next  communication  he  therefore  throws  off  its 
mask,  and  tells  the  colonists  what  he  thinks  of  them  in  very  plain 
language.  Under  date  of  Port  Royal,  August  31st,  1645,  he  says  : 

"  Upon  this  occasion  I  will  candidly  tell  that  Monsieur  Marie  had  assured  me 
that  none  of  yours  should  undertake  the  affair's  of  Sieur  de  la  Tour  until  you  had 
returned  me  an  answer  by  the  last  resolution,  to  know  whether  you  would  be  at 
peace  or  war  with  me  ;  and  in  the  meantime,  I  understood  by  Mr.  Allen,  the  last 
autumn,  that  you  were  to  convoy  the  wife  of  the  said  De  la  Tour,  with  three  ships, 
into  the  river  of  St.  John.  I  know  not  how  you  will  name  such  kind  of  dealing. 
As  for  me,  I  should  rather  perish  than  to  promise  that  which  I  would  not  perform. 
To  say,  as  Mr.  Hawthorne,  that  they  were  merchants  of  London  whom  you  cannot 
hinder  from  trading  with  whom  they  please,  this  were  good,  if  we  did  not  well  know 
that  Latour,  being  worth  nothing  and  altogether  unknown  to  your  said  merchants, 
they  would  never  trust  such  persons  if  you  or  other  gentlemen  were  not  his  security ; 
moreover,  that  persons  who  desire  peace  with  their  neighbours,  as  you  say  you  do, 
would  have  hindered  such  proceedings  if  they  had  pleased,  it  being  easily  done  in 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  25 

such  places  as  we  are  in.  For  the  second,  that  you  are  not  accustomed  to  meet 
until  the  month  of  September  ;  that  doth  not  concern  me.  I  shall  constantly  wait 
until  the  said  time  according  to  your  desire,  although  Mr.  Marie  did  believe  that 
you  would  have  answered  me  in  the  spring,  as  he  did  apprehend  you.  Once  more, 
I  engage  you  my  word  that  I  will  not  stir  nor  give  answer  to  my  king  in  France 
until  I  have  yours,  or  that  you  make  it  appear  that  you  despise  the  amity  of 
France.  For  the  third,*  that  you  did  believe  that  you  had  given  satisfaction  to  the 
demand  which  Marie  made  unto  you  on  my  behalf  by  the  answers  given  in  writing 
by  yourselves,  which  are  the  very  same  with  those  which  newly  you  sent  me.  If 
you  call  that  satisfaction  unto  a  governor  for  a  king,  after  sending  with  strength  of 
arms  even  unto  his  port  without  declaration  of  war,  or  giving  any  other  reason  than 
by  lively  force  to  kill  his  men,  burn  one  mill,  slay  cattle,  and  to  carry  away  a 
barque  laden  with  peltry  and  other  goods  ;  to  say  that  your  English,  who  have 
done  such  acts  of  hostility,  were  not  sent  by  you — pardon  me,  sir,  if  you  please,  if  I 
tell  you  this  is  the  mocking  of  a  gentleman  to  render  such  answers.  ...  If 
you  love  better  not  to  say  than  so  to  act  in  like  case,  it  is  to  make  use  of  tricks  of 
sleight ;  for  it  is  evident  that  if  you  would  meddle  with  that  that  doth  not  concern 
you,  at  least  in  justice  you  were  bound  to  give  as  much  credit  to  the  amicable, 
voluntary  and  true  answers  which  I  returned  unto  you  as  unto  the  falsehoods  of  the 
said  Sieur  de  la  Tour  and  his  folks.  But  I  will  tell  you,  that  is  not  the  winding-up 
of  the  business.  The  truth  is,  you  thought  by  surprising  me  to  have  swallowed  me 
up  without  justice  or  any  reason  on  your  part,  but  pretended  and  coloured  over. 
Believe  it,  sir,  that  if  you  had  come  to  the  end  of  your  designs,  you  have  to  do 
with  a  king  who  would  not  let  you  so  easily  digest  the  morsel  as  you  might  be 
given  to  understand.  The  example  of  Qubeck  and  of  the  same  Port  Royal  whei'e  I 
am,  taken  by  the  English  from  the  French  in  the  time  of  lawful  war,  and  afterward 
surrendered  to  the  same  French,  joining  thereunto  what  is  passed  between  the 
French  and  English  in  St.  Christopher's  Island,  is  sufficient  to  assure  you  of  this 
truth,  if  you  will.  It  is  true  that  I  shall  die,  but  the  kings  of  France  die  not,  and 
their  hands  are  always  long  enough  to  maintain  their  subjects  in  their  right,  in 
which  part  soever  they  be.  .  .  .  Furthermore,  sir,  I  know  not  whether  this 
honest  [fellow]  who  delivered  me  yours  did  well  understand  the  apprehensions  of 
your  assembly  whereunto  he  hath  told  me  he  did  assist  ;  but  his  reasons  are  very 
weak — to  make  believe  that  Sieur  de  la  Tour  had  any  appearance  of  justice  by 
saying  that  one  might  have  such  arrests  t  for  twenty  crowns  in  France.  So  to  speak 
is  to  testify  slender  understanding  of  affairs.  ...  I  should  have  been  very  glad 
that  those  to  whom  you  had  sent  them  had  caused  them  to  be  presented  to  Monsieur 
Sabran,  embassador-extraordinary  for  our  king  in  England.  You  should  have  been 
fully  satisfied,  and  then  you  would  have  known  that  I  am  a  man  of  truth  and 
without  fraud  in  my  proceedings." 

These  extracts  will  enable  the  reader  to  understand,  in  some  degree, 
the  motives  which  animated  the  several  parties  in  this  contest,  which  for 
several  years  embroiled  all  Acadie  in  a  sort  of  civil  war,  alike  destruc- 
tive to  her  interests  and  her  progress.  D'Aulnay  having  thus  far  succeeded 
in  his  diplomacy  at  Boston,  Latour  had  henceforth  to  contend  at  fearful 

*  His  replies  here  seem  to  refer  to  statements  made  to  him  by  or  through  Haw- 
thorne, the  bearer  of  Endicott's  letter. 

fThe  reference  here  is  to  the  documents  under  which  he  claimed  the  right  to 
send  Latour  to  France  as  a  prisoner  to  answer  to  the  charge  of  treason. 


26  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

odds  and  alone  against  his  relentless  enemy.  He  had  been  made 
Lieutenant-General  of  Acadie  in  1631,  and  was  recalled  after  ten  years' 
service  in  that  capacity,  in  1641,  to  answer  certain  charges  or  complaints 
that  had  been  made  against  him  by  the  inhabitants  of  Port  Royal, 
through  Matthew  Capon,  a  civil  officer  in  the  French  service  at  that 
place.  He  refused  to  obey  the  order,  and  in  1642  D'Aulnay  is  styled, 
"  Lieutenant  for  the  King  in  all  Acadie."  In  the  latter  year  he  became 
possessed  of  the  rights  of  the  brothers  Razilli,  and  having  a  powerful 
friend  at  the  French  Court  in  the  person  of  his  father,  he  seems  to 
have  exercised  almost  supreme  authority  in  all  Acadian  matters,  saving 
those  only  which  were  connected  with  Fort  Latour,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
River  St.  John,  where  Charles  Latour  and  his  wife  resided.  Latour 
was  not,  however,  entirely  without  friends  of  considerable  influence  in 
France,  for  we  have  seen  that  during  the  attack  on  his  fort,  a  ship  with 
emigrants  and  stores  for  his  use  arrived  there  from  that  country. 

D'Aulnay  now  resolved  to  resume  operations  against  his  foe.  In 
1645,  during  the  absence  of  Latour  from  his  fort,  which  was  left  in 
charge  of  his  wife  with  fifty  men  only  for  its  defence,  he  seized  the 
opportunity  to  make  another  attempt  to  capture  it.  Arriving  at  St. 
John  he  anchored  his  ship  near  the  fort  and  commenced  to  cannonade  it. 
It  was  defended  with  great  valour  by  Madame  Latour  and  her  little 
garrison,  who  compelled  their  assailant  to  desist  from  his  efforts,  after 
having  killed  twenty  and  wounded  thirteen  of  his  men  and  disabled  his 
ship.  The  defeated  D'Aulnay,  chagrined  and  disappointed  at  the  result 
of  his  attack,  determined  to  visit  France  and  provide  himself  with  addi- 
tional means  to  carry  on  the  strife.  He  left  Port  Royal  early  in  the 
summer  and  returned  again  in  the  autumn,  and  exerted  the  remainder 
of  this  year  and  the  whole  of  1646  in  making  preparations  for  a  signal 
and  final  blow  against  his  valiant  and  able  adversary;  and  in  April, 
1647,  with  a  very  considerable  armament  of  ships,  guns  and  men,  he 
renewed  his  attack.  Fort  Latour,  as  on  a  former  occasion,  owing  to  the 
temporary  absence  of  her  husband,  was  defended  by  Madame  Latour. 
Murdoch  (Vol.  L,  pp.  110,  111)  says  : 

' '  Though  surprised  and  having  but  a  small  number  of  soldiers,  she  resolved  to 
defend  herself  and  the  fort  to  the  last  extremity  ;  which  she  did  with  so  much 
courage  during  three  days,  that  she  compelled  the  besiegers  to  draw  off  their 
forces  ;  but  on  the  fourth  day,  which  was  Easter  Sunday,  she  was  betrayed  by  a 
Swiss  soldier  of  the  garrison  who  stood  sentry,  and  whom  D'Aulnay  had  found 
means  to  corrupt.  She  did  not  give  up  ;  but  when  she  learned  that  the  enemy  was 
scaling  the  wall,  she  came  forward  to  defend  it  at  the  head  of  her  little  garrison. 
D'Aulnay  imagining  that  the  number  of  men  within  the  fort  was  greater  than  he 
at  first  supposed,  and  fearing  the  disgrace  of  a  repulse,  proposed  to  the  lady  that 
she  should  capitulate,  and  she  agreed  on  it  to  save  the  lives  of  the  handful  of  brave 
men  who  had  supported  her  so  courageously." 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  27 

D'Aulnay,  however,  as  soon  as  he  entered  the  fort  was  ashamed  of 
having  made  terms  with  a  woman  who  had  nothing  but  her  own 
courage  and  so  few  men  to  oppose  him,  and  in  a  very  cowardly  manner 
ignored  the  terms  of  the  capitulation  and  put  the  whole  of  the  brave 
garrison  to  death  except  one  man,  to  whom  he  gave  his  life  on  condition 
that  he  would  act  as  executioner  of  his  brethren  in  arms,  and  with  a 
shameless  disregard  of  all  decency  and  feelings  of  humanity  compelled 
the  noble  and  brave  Madame  Latour  to  be  present  at  the  horrible 
butchery  with  a  halter  around  her  neck.  The  value  of  the  plunder  taken 
in  the  fort  is  said  to  have  exceeded  ten  thousand  pounds.  The  loss 
to  Latour  was  irreparable ;  but  he  suffered  a  still  greater  misfortune  a 
few  days  afterwards  in  the  death  of  his  heroic  wife  who  had  so  coura- 
geously defended  his  interests  and  shared  with  him  the  hardships  and 
vicissitudes  of  his  colonial  life.  Once  more  I  quote  from  Murdoch,  who 
says  of  her  : 

"  The  mental  and  physical  energies  displayed  by  this  lady  on  repeated  occasions, 
while  they  so  often  carried  her  beyond  the  usual  boundaries  which  nature  and  custom 
seem  to  have  prescribed  for  the  fair  sex,  do  not  seem  in  her  character  to  indicate 
anything  unfeminine.  She  was  not  like  the  fabled  Amazons,  fascinated  by  the 
savage  joys  of  combat,  or  like  Joan  of  Arc,  or  the  Maid  of  Saragossa,  infatuated 
by  fanaticism  or  vengeance.  The  love  of  her  husband  and  a  desire  to  protect  him 
and  her  family,  and  even  the  humbler  soldiers  and  settlers  who  followed  their 
fortunes,  inspired  her  with  resolution  and  heroic  fortitude  ;  and  the  same  feelings 
must  have  rendered  the  destruction  of  her  home  and  downfall  of  her  hopes  doubly 
bitter." 

The  subjoined  paragraphs  are  culled  from  the  Commission  of  the  King 
of  France  to  D'Aulnay,  dated  in  February,  1647,  and  consequently  after 
his  capture  of  Fort  Latour  and  the  death  of  Frances  Marie  Jacqnelins,* 
the  brave  and  noble  Madame  Latour.  They  definitely  state  some  of  the 
charges  which  had  been  made  against  Latour,  and  which  had  excited  the 
king  to  authorize  his  arrest  and  deprive  him  of  the  powers  formerly 
conferred  upon  him. 

"Being  well  informed  and  assured  of  the  laudable  and  commendable  affection, 
trouble  and  diligence  that  our  dear  and  well-beloved  Charles  de  Menou,  Knight, 
Lord  D'Aulnay  Charnizay,  appointed  by  the  late  king  of  blessed  memory,  our 
most  honoured  Lord  and  father  (whom  God  absolve)  Governour  and  our  Lieutenant- 
General  in  the  country  and  coasts  of  L'Acadie  in  New  France,  hath  used  both 
to  the  conversion  of  the  savages  in  the  said  country  to  the  Christian  religion  and 
faith  ;  and  the  establishment  of  our  authority  in  all  the  extent  of  the  said  country, 
having  built  a  seminary  under  the  direction  of  a  good  number  of  Capuchin  Friars, 
for  the  instruction  of  the  said  savages'  children,  and  by  his  care  and  courage  driven 
the  foreign  Protestants  out  of  the  Pentagoitt  Fort,  which  they  had  seized  to  the 

*  After  many  researches  in  the  hope  of  finding  this  admirable  woman's  name 
before  marriage,  I  have  at  length  been  rewarded  by  seeing  it  stated  in  these 
documents. 


28  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

prejudice  of  the  rights  and  authority  of  our  Crown,  and  by  our  express  command- 
ment taken  again  by  force  of  arms  and  put  again  under  our  power  the  fort  of  the 
River  St.  John,  which  Charles  of  St.  Etienne,  Lord  de  la  Tour,  was  possessed  of, 
and  by  open  rebellion  endeavoured  to  keep  against  our  will,  and  to  the  great 
contempt  of  the  declarations  of  our  Council  by  the  help  and  countenance  of  foreign 
Protestants,  with  whom  he  had  made  a  confederacy  for  that  purjose  ;  and  that, 
moreover,  the  said  Lord  D'Aulnay  Charnizay  hath  happily  begun  to  form  and 
settle  a  French  colony  in  the  said  country,  cleared  and  improved  great  parcels  of 
land,  and  for  the  defence  and  conservation  of  the  said  country  under  our  authority 
and  power,  built  and  strenuously  kept  against  the  endeavour  and  assaults  of  the 
said  foreign  Protestants,  four  forts  in  the  most  necessary  places,  and  furnished  them 
with  a  sufficient  number  of  soldiers,  sixty  great  guns  and  other  things  requisite." 

The  boundaries  of  Acadia  are  stated  in  this  commission  to  be  "  from 
the  brink  of  the  great  River  St.  Lawrence,  both  along  the  sea-coasts  and 
adjacent  islands  and  inner  part  of  the  mainland,  and  in  that  extent,  as 
much  and  as  far  as  can  be  as  far  as  the  Virginias,"  by  which  is  meant 
to  the  northern  bounds  of  the  English  colonies  in  Maine.  The  powers 
granted  to  D'Aulnay  in  this  document  were  very  extensive.  He  could 
make  peace  or  war  with  the  natives  at  will,  and  confer  upon  the  Acadian 
-settlers,  or  other  French  subjects,  "  lands,  honours,  privileges,  places  and 
dignities."  He  was  to  possess  the  sole  right  to  trade  or  traffic  with  the 
-savages,  and  all  merchants,  masters  and  captains  of  ships  and  others 
were  forbidden  "to  trade  in  the  said  furs  with  the  said  Indians  without 
his  special  permission  on  pain  of  entire  confiscation  of  their  vessels, 
victuals,  arms,  munitions  and  goods,  and  thirty  thousand  livres  fine." 

Latour  being  now  unable  to  resist  his  rival,  went  first  to  Boston  and 
afterwards  to  Newfoundland,  where  Sir  David  Kirk  was  Governor,  who 
received  him  with  much  kindness  and  courtesy,  but  declined  to  grant 
him  any  assistance  in  his  present  misfortunes.  He  therefore  went  soon 
after  to  Boston,  where  he  obtained  and  fitted  out  a  vessel  for  a  trading 
voyage  on  the  south  shores  of  the  Province,  and  in  the  following  year 
(1648),  not  having  been  successful  in  his  trading  schemes,  or  having 
formed  other  plans  for  the  advancement  of  his  interests,  he  went  to 
Quebec,  where  he  seems  to  have  lived  until  1650  or  1651.  Some  writers 
affirm  that  he  visited  Hudson's  Bay  during  this  interval,  and  it  is  more 
than  probable  that  he  did  so. 

Port  Royal,  in  the  meantime,  remained  in  the  possession  of  his  active 
and  unscrupulous  enemy,  and  no  event  of  importance  took  place  there 
until  the  death  of  D'Aulnay,  by  being  accidentally  drowned  in  the 
Annapolis  River.  This  event  is  said  to  have  occurred  at  a  point  just 
below  the  "upper  narrows  "  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat.  It  has  been  said 
and  believed  that  the  accident  was  the  result  of  design.  It  will  be  readily 
credited  that  D'Aulnay  was  of  a  cruel  and  harsh  disposition,  and  the 
story  told  is  that  he  had  employed  an  Indian,  whom  he  had  some  months 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  29 

before  brutally  ill-treated  and  abused,  to  carry  him  up  the  river  in  a 
canoe ;  that  the  Indian  had  not  forgotten  the  incident  though  his 
employer  had  ;  that  the  redskin  had  determined  on  revenge ;  that  he 
purposely  capsized  the  canoe  below  the  narrows  and  swam  ashore,  leaving 
his  master,  who  could  not  swim,  to  drown. 

The  decease  of  D'Aulnay  was  destined  to  effect  a  great  and  beneficial 
change  in  the  affairs  of  Latour,  as  the  sequel  will  show.  Early  in  1651, 
namely,  on  the  25th  of  February,  the  King  of  France,  Louis  XIV.,  having 
become  convinced  of  the  untruthfulness  of  many  of  the  charges  made 
against  him,  by  letters  patent  appointed  him  to  be  his  lieutenant-general 
in  Acadie,  and  in  September  in  the  same  year  Madame  D'Aulnay  restored 
to  him  his  old  fortress  at  Carleton.  In  the  beginning  of  the  next  year 
all  rivalries  and  disputes  were  forever  settled  by  her  giving  him  her  hand 
in  marriage.  The  patent  by  which  he  again  became  chief  ruler  in  this 
country  recites  the  fact  that  he  had  been  for  "forty -two  years  there  (in 
Acadie)  devoted  and  usefully  employing  all  his  cares  in  establishing  the 
authority "  of  the  kings  of  France ;  a  fact  which  is  particularly  noticed 
here,  because  it  fixes  the  date  of  his  arrival  in  America  in  1609,  and,  as 
we  are  elsewhere  incidentally  told  that  he  was  fourteen  years  old,  we 
ascertain  his  age  to  have  been  fifty-eight  on  his  second  marriage,  the 
contract  for  which  was  signed  and  duly  witnessed  at  Port  Royal,  on  the 
24th  of  February,  1653.  Soon  after  this  marriage  he  removed  with  his 
bride  to  his  old,  favourite  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John  River. 

In  1654,  Emanuel  le  Borgne,  a  merchant  of  Rochelle,  who  was  a 
creditor  of  D'Aulnay  to  a  very  large  amount,  having  first  armed  himself 
with  legal  authority,  came  to  Acadie  to  seize  the  estate  of  his  late  debtor. 
On  his  arrival  at  Canseau  he  immediately  commenced  to  wrest  the  country 
from  the  possession  of  Denys  and  Latour.  He  succeeded  in  making  a 
prisoner  of  the  former,  whom  he  carried  to  Port  Royal  and  confined  in 
a  dungeon  "with  his  feet  in  irons."  Here  he  intended  to  live  while 
he  matured  his  plans  for  the  seizure  of  Latour  and  the  capture  of  his 
fort,  but  he  was  not  destined  to  succeed  in  these  efforts,  for  Colonel 
Sedgwick  appeared  before  Port  Royal  in  August,  after  having  first  made 
himself  master  of  the  stronghold  of  Latour,  and  demanded  its  surrender. 
To  this  demand  Le  Borgne  at  once  gave  a  stout  denial,  and  the  English 
having  landed  three  hundred  men  in  order  to  make  an  attack,  he  sent 
out  a  detachment  from  the  garrison  under  the  command  of  a  subaltern 
officer  to  oppose  them,  when  an  engagement  took  place,  in  which  the 
officer  was  killed  and  his  men  fled  in  haste  and  disorder  to  the  fort, 
whereupon  Le  Borgne  determined  to  give  up  the  town  and  fort.  The 
terms  of  this  capitulation  are  given  below.  The  surrender  took  place  on 
the  16th  of  August,  and  conditions  were  negotiated  by  La  Verdure,  the 
military  commandant  of  the  place,  and  also  the  tutor  and  guardian  of 


30  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

the   children  of  D'Aulnay,  who  were  minors  and  who  since  their  father's 
death  had  resided  at  Port  Royal. 

ARTICLES  OF  CAPITULATION.     (Abridged.) 

.1.  That  La  Verdure,  with  the  soldiers  and  domestics,  should  leave  the  fort  with 
their  arms,  drums  beating,  flags  displayed,  fusil  on  shoulder,  ball  in  mouth,  etc.,  to 
take  their  baggage,  and  to  have  passage  provided  to  France. 

2.  The  property  of    D'Aulnay's    minor    children   to    be   left   in   charge   of   La 
Verdure  for  their  use.  * 

3.  Liberty  to  the  inhabitants  to  remain  or  not  as  they  pleased.      Liberty  of 
conscience  to  the  clergy  and  to  retain  their  houses  if  they  remain. 

4.  Le  Borgne's  vessel  and  goods  to  be   left  to   the   generosity  of  the  English 
General. 

It  was  concluded  on  board  the  Admiral's  ship,  the  Auguatin,  anchored  in  the 
river  and  before  the  fort  of  Port  Royal,  "  and  for  the  greater  security  of  the  contents 
of  the  above  articles  the  said  Sieur  de  la  Verdure  has  left  for  hostage  Jacques 
Bourgeois,  his  brother-in-law  and  lieutenant  of  the  place,  bearer  of  his  procuration 
for  the  present  treaty,  and  the  Sieur  Emanuel  le  Borgne,  the  son,  until  the  com- 
pletion of  the  present  agreement,  which  was  begun  at  the  first  sitting  held  yesterday 
and  concluded  to-day,  August  16th,  1654. 

(Signed),  BOURGEOIS. 

ROBERT  SEDGWICK. 

ROBERT  SALEM. 

MARK  HARRISON. 

RICHARD  MORS. 

Since  the  present  treaty  the  same  has  been  read  over  to  the  Rev.  Father  Leonard 
<le  Chartres,  vice-prefect  and  custos  of  the  mission  for  the  interests  of  the  mission  ; 
Mre.  Guillaume  Troun,  sindic  of  the  inhabitants  and  for  their  interests,  and  the 
Sieur  le  Borgne  for  his  own  interests,  all  of  whom  have  agreed  to  and  approved  the 
said  treaty  done  and  passed  the  year  above. 

(Signed),  EMANUEL  LE  BORGNE. 

GUILLAUME  TROUN. 
fr.  LEONARD  DE  CHARTRES. 

Cromwell,  under  whose  orders  Sedgwick  had  undertaken  and  effected 
the  conquest  of  Acadie,  granted  it  to  Latour,  Sir  Thomas  Temple  and 
Crowne  in  1656.  The  limits  of  this  grant  extended  from  Merliguesche, 
Lunenburg,  to  New  England,  and  Temple  was  duly  commissioned  as 
Governor,  the  commission  being  confirmed  unto  him  again  by  Charles  II. 
after  the  Restoration.  France  continued  to  exhibit  her  claims  to  the 
Province  by  the  appointment  of  Le  Borgne,  lieutenant-general  in  Acadie 
in  1658,  who,  on  his  arrival  at  Lahave  to  exercise  his  functions  as  such, 
was  made  prisoner  by  the  English,  who  then  occupied  that  place  as  well 
as  the  whole  coast  from  Canseau  to  the  Penobscot. 

The  trade  in  furs  seems  to  have  been  the  object  chiefly  contended  for 

*  This  property  was  probably  of  a  personal  kind  only,  which  had  been  removed 
from  the  fort  at  St.  John,  on  the  occasion  of  the  restoration  of  the  fort  there  to 
Latour  by  their  mother  a  year  before. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  31 

by  all  those  who  were  now  or  had  formerly  been  connected  with  this 
country.  La  Verdure  states,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  a  daughter  of 
D'Aulnay,  in  1660,  that  the  value  of  that  article  shipped  from  Acadie 
on  account  of  Emanuel  le  Borgne  was  not  less  than  387,000  livres.  In 
1667  the  Treaty  of  Breda  once  more  transferred  the  whole  of  the  country 
to  France,  and  from  this  period  the  name  of  Charles  Amador  de  St. 
Etienne,  Sieur  de  la  Tour,  vanishes  from  our  history,  he  having  died 
about  this  time  at  the  age  of  seventy-two  years.  He  came  to  Acadie 
with  his  father  Claude  in  1609,  as  we  have  seen,  and  it  is  more  than 
probable  that  the  memorial  we  have  before  referred  to  as  consisting  of 
a  slab  of  stone  with  the  Masonic  arms  and  the  date  1609  engraved  upon 
it,  was  intended  to  commemorate  their  first  visit  to  Port  Royal.  He  was 
then  fourteen  years  old,  which  makes  his  birth  to  have  occurred  in  1595, 
or  ten  years  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  which  is 
certainly  the  true  date,  if  the  statement  made  in  his  patent  of  1651  be 
correct,  namely,  that  he  had  then  been  forty-two  years  in  the  country. 

It  is  said  that  he  sold  all  his  rights  and  interests  to  Temple  shortly 
after  the  issue  of  Cromwell's  patent,  which  was  very  likely  to  have 
been  the  case,  as  he  was  then  well  advanced  in  age  and  needed  rest 
and  quiet  after  a  life  of  so  great  and  varied  activity  and  vicissitude. 
His  children  and  grandchildren  we  shall  henceforth  occasionally  see  as 
sub-actors  in  the  drama  of  Acadian  events  down  to  the  date  of  the  final 
conquest  in  1710. 

Le  Borgne  (Sieur  de  Bellisle,  son  of  Emanuel  [?]  )  was  left  in  command 
at  Port  Royal  by  Du  Bourg,  who  had  been  sent  from  France  by  Louis 
XIV.  to  receive  formal  possession  of  Acadie,  under  the  late  treaty,  from 
Sir  Thomas  Temple.  The  act  of  surrender  was  not  completed,  however, 
until  the  2nd  of  September,  1670 — three  years  after  the  signing  of  the 
treaty.  Le  Borgne,  having  been  meanwhile  duly  commissioned  by  the 
King  of  France  as  his  lieutenant,  assumed  the  direction  of  affairs  from 
this  time.  The  Chevalier  de  Grandfontaine  succeeded  him  as  governor, 
however,  after  a  short  time,  as  it  appears  that  Le  Borgne  had  the  ill- 
fortune  to  have  forfeited  the  good  opinion  of  those  over  whom  his 
immediate  rule  extended.  Many  complaints  jhad  been  urged  against 
him.  Among  other  things,  he  was  accused  of  having  killed  an  Indian  ; 
of  having  hung  a  negro  without  trial,  and  of  having  banished  three  of 
the  inhabitants.  Grandfontaine  forbade  the  people  to  acknowledge  the 
person  called  Le  Borgne  on  account  of  these  charges.  In  1671  he  caused 
a  census  of  the  country  to  be  taken  for  the  information  of  the  French 
king,  from  which  it  appears  that  Port  Royal  had  a  population  of  361 
souls,  who  were  possessed  of  580  horned  cattle,  406  sheep  and  364  acres 
of  land  under  cultivation,  or  about  an  acre  for  each  inhabitant.  The 
trade  or  calling  of  each  male  individual  is  given  in  this  census,  and  from 


32  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

it  we  learn  there  were  "  a  surgeon,  a  weaver,  four  coopers,  two  armourers, 
a  farrier,  a  mason,  and  a  maker  of  edge  tools."  There  were  only  sixty-six 
families  in  the  settlements.  The  surnames  of  these  were  :  Aucoin,  Babin, 
Belon,  Belliveau,*  Baiols,  Blanchard,  Boure,  Boudrot,  Bertrand,  Bour- 
geois, Brot,  Brun,  Comeaux,  Connie,  Corperon,  D'Aigre,  Doucet,  Dupeux, 
De  Foret,  Gaudet,  Gauterot,f  Grange,  Guillebaut,  Gougeon,  Hebert, 
Knessy,  Labathe,  Landry,  Lebland,  Lanoue,  Martin,  Melanson,  Morin, 
Pelerin,  Petipas,  Poirie,  Pitre,  Richard,  Rimbault,  Robichau,  Sire, 
Scavoye,  Terriau,  Thibideau,  Trahan,  Vincent.  Among  these,  Jean 
Gaudet  was  the  eldest,  being  ninety-six  years  of  age,  and  the  largest 
family  was  that  of  Francis  Gauterot,  which  numbered  thirteen.  Martin 
was  thirty-five  years  old,  a  weaver  by  trade  and  the  owner  of  four  horned 
cattle  and  three  sheep.  The  descendants  of  this  man  are  said  to  reside 
in  Rimouski,  in  the  Province  of  Quebec.  J 

Murdoch  (Vol.  I.,  page  152),  speaking  of  a  work  then  recently  pub- 
lished by  M.  Rameau,  says  : 

"  Rameau  proves  that  this  small  population  was  of  an  old  date  in  the  country  by 
the  intermarriages  which  had  taken  place  among  them  before  1671,  specifying  that 
Michael  Boudroit  and  Francis  Girouard  had  each  married  a  daughter  of  the  Aucoins 
twenty-five  or  thirty  years  previously." 

And  he  justly  adds  : 

"  There  appears  no  mention  in  this  census  of  Le  Borgne  or  any  of  his  family,  or 
of  any  of  the  Latours,  or  of  any  governor,  nobleman  or  priest;  except  the  cordelier 
friar,  as  resident  at  Port  Royal  at  this  time." 

M.  de  Chambly  succeeded  Grandfontaine  in  1673,  and  he  was  replaced 
as  chief  in  command  in  1678  by  Monsieur  de  la  Valliere.  To  this  date 
seventy-four  years  had  elapsed  since  the  Sieur  de  Monts  first  came  to 
Prot  Royal,  and  the  reader  may  feel  disposed  to  express  surprise  at  the 
slow  growth  of  the  settlements  on  the  Annapolis  River.  Only  sixty-six 
families  were  permanently  located  there,  and  only  364  acres  of  land  had 
been  cleared  and  placed  under  cultivation  !  When  we  consider,  however, 
that  this  place,  being  the  capital,  had  been  made  the  shuttlecock  of  con- 
tending nations  ;  that  it  had  been  the  prey  of  savage  factions  ;  that  the 
inhabitants  had  been  robbed  by  its  friends  as  well  as  rifled  by  its  enemies, 
and  that  there  was  but  scant  security  for  the  enjoyment  of  life  or  pro- 
perty, our  surprise  will  be  rather  at  the  fact  that  any  settlement  survived 
to  have  a  history  to  relate. 

*  The  italics  indicate  the  families  whose  descendants  still  survive. 

t  There  are  a  very  few  now  in  Clare  of  this  name,  now  spelt  Gautreaux.  Breau 
(Brot)  is  said  to  be  the  real  name  of  a  family  now  called  Comeau,  distinguished  as 
the  Breau  Comeaus.  There  are  very  many  Le  Blancs  (Le  Blands)  and  quite  a  number 
of  Trahans.— [KD.] 

J  There  are  many  Martins  at  Salmon  River,  Clare. — [ED.] 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  33 

We  are  enabled  at  this  period  (1679)  to  prove  that  some  of  the 
inhabitants  had  erected  dwellings  and  cultivated  the  lands  at  Bellisle, 
in  Granville,  The  French  had  heretofore  called  this  marsh  "the  great 
meadow."  It  was  a  part  of  the  seigniory  of  Port  Royal  belonging  to 
D'Aulnay,  and  had  been  seized  by  Le  Borgne,  his  creditor,  whose  son  . 
Alexander  assumed  the  title  of  Sieur  de  Bellisle,  and  from  this  title  it 
takes  the  name  by  which  it  is  commonly  known  to  this  day.  Peter 
(Pierre)  and  Matthew  (Matthieu)  Martin  owned  a  piece  of  land  which 
was  conveyed  to  them  by  the  Sieur  de  Bellisle  in  that  year.  The 
description  of  this  property  is  as  follows  : 

"  To  wit, — It  is  a  piece  of  land  and  meadow,  by  them  in  part  improved  and  on 
which  they  re-tide,  bounding  on  the  great  meadow,  on  the  west  side  by  the  brook 
Domanchin,  on  the  south  side  by  the  River  Dauphin  (Annapolis),  and  on  the  north 
side  by  the  mountain,  for  the  said  Matthew,  father  and  son,  their  heirs  and  assigns, 
to  enjoy  and  dispose  of  the  said  land  as  belonging  to  their  own  property." 

This  conveyance  concludes  thus  : 

"  Done  at  Port  Royal  at  the  domicile  of  the  said  lord,  the  ninth  day  of  August, 
one  thousand  six  hundred  and  seventy-nine. 

' '  Present,  Jacques  Latour  and  Pierre  Melanson. 

"  (Signed),        BELLISLE. 

MATTHIEU  MARTIN. 
JACQUES  DE  LA  TOUR. 
PIERRE  MELANSON. 
et  COURAND. 
"  COURAND,  procurateur  fiscal  et  notaire." 

The  brook  "  Domanchin  "  is  undoubtedly  the  stream  now  known  as 
the  "  Parker  Brook,"  and  the  block  of  land  then  sold  to  the  Martins  by 
the  Sieur  de  Bellisle  is  evidently  that  comprising  the  real  estate  of  the 
late  John  Wade,  Esq.,  and  Messieurs  Abraham  Young,  Levose  Bent, 
Jesse  Dodge  and  William  H.  Young.  Many  of  the  meadows  or  marshes 
bore  the  names  of  the  original  French  proprietors  or  cultivators,  as  the 
Dugas,  below  Annapolis  ;  the  Bellisle,  in  Granville,  and  the  Beaupre  and 
Rosette,  above  Annapolis,  and  some  others. 

In  1680  there  was  quite  a  little  village  on  "The  Cape,"  the  inhabitants 
having  extended  their  holdings  north-eastwardly  from  the  fort  along  St. 
Anthony  Street  toward  the  "land's  end,"  and  particularly  near  to  where 
the  railway  station  now  stands.  To  the  southward,  on  the  rising  ground 
over  which  the  present  highway  runs  toward  the  village  of  Lequille,  other 
of  the  habitans  had  begun  to  form  a  hamlet  which  was  called  the  "  upper 
town,"  but  the  major  part  of  the  village  was  built  around  and  in  the 
immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  fort.  Settlements  had  also  been  estab- 
lished at  various  points  in  Granville,  as  at  Bellisle  and  Goat  Island,  and 
probably,  too,  at  Rosette,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river. 
3 


34  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

In  this  year  (1680)  Port  Royal  had  again  to  succumb  to  British  arms. 
We  have  no  particulars  of  this  transaction,  as  no  fighting  attended  it. 
Monsieur  de  la  Valliere,  who  was  there  at  the  time,  but  without  full 
powers  to  act  in  such  an  emergency,  could  not  prevent  the  inhabitants 
.  from  yielding  submission  to  the  first  demand  for  surrender ;  but  it  is 
certain  that  the  continuance  of  the  English  occupation  did  not  last  long, 
for  La  Valliere  is  styled  by  Frontenac,  in  1682,  as  "commandant  of  Port 
Royal."  It  is  more  than  probable  that  no  force  was  lodged  in  the  place 
to  secure  the  benefits  of  the  peaceful  capitulation,  and  that  the  French, 
in  consequence,  resumed  their  possession  as  soon  as  their  conquerors  had 
taken  their  departure. 

In  1683  the  whole  of  Acadie  contained  only  six  hundred  souls.  In 
1684  La  Valliere  was  Governor  of  the  country  by  royal  command,  at  a 
salary  of  1,800  livres  per  annum.  In  1680  the  King  of  France  had 
granted  certain  fishing  and  trading  privileges  to  one  Bergier  and  associates 
on  the  coasts,  and  La  Valliere  having  licensed  an  English  fisherman  from 
Salem,  in  Massachusetts,  to  fish  on  the  same  coasts,  he  (the  Englishman) 
is  said  to  have  ungenerously  instigated  several  of  his  countrymen  to 
capture  the  little  fishing  fleet  of  Port  Royal,  which  consisted  of  six 
vessels,  and  which  the  owners  had  been  encouraged  to  fit  out  by  Bergier. 
This  outrage  was  made  the  subject  of  formal  complaint  to  the  authorities 
at  Boston,  but  whether  redress  was  obtained  or  not  does  not  appear. 

Bergier  had  no  good  opinion  of  La  Valliere,  whom  he  represented  to 
his  Government  as  a  "  poor  man  who  had  a  settlement  of  eight  or  ten 
persons,  and  who  gave  up  the  country  to  the  English  for  wherewithal 
to  subsist  on,"  affirming  also  that  "  he  took  five  piastres  per  yacht  from 
the  English  for  license  to  fish."  The  effect  of  these  charges  and  others  of 
a  similar  nature  was  the  issue  of  a  royal  order  by  the  King  of  France  to 
Bergier  (who  had  gone  to  France  in  1683)  forbidding  La  Valliere  "to 
act  as  commandant  of  Acadie"  any  longer,  or  "to  grant  fishing  licenses 
to  foreigners,"  and  Bergier  was  at  the  same  time  commissioned  as  lieu- 
tenant under  Perrot,  who  was  made,  governor-in-chief.  At  this  period 
Michael  Boudroit  was  civil  judge,  Claude  Petipas  was  secretary,  and  the 
Sieur  D'Entremont  (Jacques  Mius)  was  attorney-general  at  Port  Royal. 
Des  Goutins  succeeded  Boudroit  as  judge  in  November,  1684. 

Perrot,  who  had  been  Governor  of  Montreal  for  fourteen  years,  now 
(1685)  came  to  Port  Royal  as  chief  in  command,  with  Bergier  as  his 
lieutenant.  The  fort  seemed  to  have  been  in  a  very  dilapidated  state 
at  this  time,  and  its  garrison  to  have  been  very  small.*  Perrot,  therefore, 
asked  his  Government  for  soldiers,  seamen,  cannon,  ammunition  and 

*  Thirty  soldiers,  ill  clad  and  provided,  constituted  the  force  under  his  command. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  35 

other  commodities  of  war,  and  also  for  tools  with  which  to  rebuild  the 
rapidly  decaying  fortifications. 

In  the  following  year  (1686)  a  very  full  census  of  the  country  was 
taken,  from  which  we  glean  the  following  particulars  concerning  the 
population  of  Port  Royal,  which  consisted  of  ninety-five  families,  com- 
prising 197  adult  persons,  218  boys  and  177  girls — in  all  592  souls; 
and  if  to  these  we  add  the  thirty  soldiers  of  the  garrison  we  have  a  grand 
total  of  622.  Among  these  families  was  that  of  the  lord  of  the  manor, 
or  seigniory,  the  Sieur  Alexander  le  Borgne  de  Bellisle,  the  son  of 
Emanuel  le  Borgne  who  surrendered  the  town  to  Sedgwick,  in  1654. 
He  was  then  forty-three  years  old,  having  been  born  in  1643.  His 
wife,  who  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Charles  Latour  by  Madame 
D'Aulnay,  his  second  wife,  was  thirty-two  years  old,  having  been  born 
in  the  fort  at  Carleton  in  1654.  Their  children  were,  (1)  Emanuel,  aged 
eleven  years,  born  in  1675;  (2)  Marie,  aged  nine,  born  in  1677;  (3) 
Alexander,  aged  seven,  born  in  1679;  and  (4)  Jeanne,  aged  five,  born 
in  1681.  A  domestic  servant,  Etienne  Aucher,  was  seventy-three  years 
of  age,  having  been  born  in  France  in  1613. 

Claude  Petipas,  Sieur  de  la  Fleur,  the  secretary,  was  sixty  years  of  age 
— born  in  France  in  1626.  His  wife,  Catharine  Bugaret,  -was  forty-six 
years  old  (born  in  1640),  and  was  probably  of  Acadian  birth.  Their 
children  were,  (1)  Claude,  aged  twenty-three,  having  been  born  in  1663  ; 
(2)  Jacques,  aged  nineteen,  born  in  1667  ;  (3)  Marie,  aged  eighteen,  born 
in  1668;  (4)  Henriette,  aged  twelve,  born  in  1674;  (5)  Paul,  aged 
eleven,  born  in  1675;  (6)  Charles,  aged  ten,  born  in  1676  :  (7)  Martin, 
aged  nine,  born  in  1677;  (8)  Pierre,  aged  five,  born  in  1681;  and  (9) 
Anne,  aged  two,  born  in  1684. 

.  Michael  Boudroit,  the  judge,  was  eighty-five  years  old,  having  been 
born  in  France  in  1601.  His  wife  Michelle  Aucoin,  who  was  an  Acadian, 
was  sixty-five  years  old — born  in  1621.  Their  children  were,  (1) 
Michael,  twenty-six  years  of  age,  born  in  1660;  (2)  FranQois,  aged 
twenty,  born  in  1666. 

Philip  Mius,  Sieur  D'Entremont,  attorney-general,  a  Norman  by  birth, 
was  seventy-seven  years  old — born  in  1609.  His  children  were,  (1) 
Philippe,  aged  twenty-four,  born  in  1662  ;  and  (2)  Madeleine,  aged 
sixteen,  born  in  1670. 

The  following  are  the  surnames  of  the  inhabitants  of  Port  Royal  as 
furnished  by  this  census  :  Arsenault,  Babin,  Barilost,  Basterache,  Bertran, 
Benoit,  Broissard,  Brun,  Boure,  Blanchard,  Le  Blanc,  Le  Borgne, 
Bourgeois,  Boudroit,  Brien,  Bellivault,  Comeaux,  Colson,  Coino,* 

*  The  same  name  as  Comeaux. — [ED.] 


36  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Corberon,  Dupeaux,  Douaron,  Dugas,  Doucet,  De  Foret,  Fardel,  Gaudetr 
Garault,  Guilbault,  Gillaume,  Goho,  Girouard,  Godet,  Godin,  Grainger, 
Hebert,  Henry,  Lavoye,  Landry,  Lort,  Leuron,  Martin,  Margery,  Melan- 
son,  Mius,  Pitre,  Peltiet,  Prijean,  Pelerin,  Le  Prince,  La  Perriere, 
Petipas,  Rembault,  Richard,  Robichau,  Marie  Sale  (eighty-six  years  old),. 
Scavoye,  Terio,  Toan,  Torangeau,  Thibedeau  and  Vincent. 

These  people  possessed  75  guns,  643  head  of  horned  cattle,  627  sheep 
and  351  swine.  They  also  had  377  acres  of  land  under  cultivation, 
being  at  the  rate  of  a  little  more  than  half  an  acre  to  each  inhabitant, 
or  about  four  acres  to  a  family.  By  comparing  this  census  with  that  of 
1671,  we  find  the  population  to  have  increased  72  per  cent,  in  fifteen 
years,  equal  to  nearly  15  per  cent,  per  annum — a  very  respectable  growth. 
The  increase  in  horned  cattle  for  the  same  period  was  not  quite  10  per 
cent.,  while  the  increase  in  sheep  was  equal  to  54|  per  cent. ;  but  the 
increase  in  cultivated  land  was  but  a  trifle  over  3  per  cent. 

Summing  up  the  state  of  Acadian  affairs  at  the  close  of  Perrot'& 
administration  in  1686,  Murdoch  says  : 

"  It  had  been  urged  on  the  French  Government  to  build  a  tower  and  redoubt  at 
the  entrance  of  Port  Royal  basin,  the  cost  being  estimated  at  two  thousand  crowns  ; 
to  put  up  a  redoubt  with  palisades  at  Port  Royal  itself,  and  to  enclose  the  Governor's 
lodgings,  part  of  the  barracks,  storehouses,  etc.  Port  Royal  seems  to  have  been 
now  the  only  place  in  Acadie  having  the  shadow  of  defence,  the  Governor  and  thirty 
soldiers  being  resident  there." 


CHAPTER    III. 

1686-1705. 

Menneval  appointed  Governor — Capture  of  Port  Royal  by  Phipps — Piratical  raid — 
Villebon  returns  and  takes  possession — His  death — Brouillan  Governor — 
Discords,  jealousies  and  scandals  —  Seigniory  of  Port  Royal  granted  to 
Latour's  heirs — Colonel  Church's  invasion — Death  of  Brouillan. 

MONSIEUR  DE  MENNEVAL  became  Governor  of  Acadie  in 
1687,  vice  Perrot.  With  the  instructions  sent  to  him  was  a 
blank  commission,  which  he  was  to  fill  in  with  the  name  of  some  person 
to  act  as  judge  or  lieutenant-general  in  the  place  of  M.  Boudroit,  whose 
age  had  rendered  a  change  desirable  ;  and  power  was  also  given  him  to 
appoint  an  attorney-general  and  a  secretary  for  similar  reasons.  Under 
these  instructions,  he  was  to  reside  at  Port  Royal  and  to  rebuild  the 
dilapidated  fort.  In  1688,  the  old  manor  of  Port  Royal,  including  the 
town,  was  made  a  gift  to  the  brothers  and  sisters  of  Marie  de  Menou, 
the  daughter  of  D'Aulnay,  which  she  confirmed  in  her  last  will  made  in 
the  following  year.  The  brothers  and  sisters  here  mentioned  were  the 
children  of  her  mother  by  her  second  husband,  Latour. 

On  the  5th  of  October,  1689,  two  ships  laden  with  goods  and  provisions 
arrived  at  Port  Royal,  having  on  their  way  captured  a  number  of  English 
fishing  and  trading  vessels  on  the  coast,  which  they  brought  in  as  prizes. 
During  the  next  year,  De  Menneval  applied  to  the  King  of  France  for 
more  soldiers  for  the  garrison,  it  having  only  seventy  men  to  defend  the 
town.  In  his  application  he  says,  with  considerable  humour,  that  he 
"  has  the  (/out,  but  neither  officers  nor  cannon  ;  that  his  provisions  had 
been  captured  by  privateers  and  pirates."  Villebon  still  lived  at  Port 
Royal,  and  seems  to  have  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  Governor,  which 
had  been  withheld  from  nearly  all  the  other  leading  inhabitants,  among 
whom  were  Boudroit,  the  late  judge,  and  D'Entremorit,  the  late  attorney- 
general. 

The  year  1690  witnessed  the  capture  of  Port  Royal  once  more  by  the 
English.  This  event  was  effected  by  Sir  William  Phipps  in  May  of  that 
_year.  The  expedition  intended  for  this  service  had  been  fitted  out  in 
Boston  by  the  English  colonists  there,  and  consisted  of  a  vessel  of  forty 


38  HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLIS. 

guns,  two  sloops  (one  of  sixteen  and  the  other  of  eight  guns),  and  four 
ketches,  manned  in  all  by  seven  hundred  men.  The  events  which  endued 
are  so  graphically  described  by  Murdoch  that  I  reproduce  his  account  of 
them  : 

"  At  the  time  that  the  squadron  commanded  by  Sir  William  Phipps  was  sent  to 
Port  Royal — that  is,  in  April  and  May,  1690 — De  Menneval,  the  Governor  of  Acadie, 
was  resident  there,  having  with  him  a  garrison  of  eighty-six  men.  There  were  also 
eighteen  cannon,  but  they  were  not  placed  in  battery.  The  fortifications  were 
insignificant  and  unfinished,  and  the  place  was  wanting  in  almost  everything  requi- 
site to  its  defence.  Perrot,  the  late  Governor,  was  yet  in  the  country  attending  to 
his  private  affairs.  A  soldier  and  two  inhabitants,  who  were  on  guard  at  the 
entrance  of  the  basin  of  Port  Royal,  saw  the  English  vessels  under  full  sail  making 
in.  They  immediately  fired  off  a  small  mortar,  which  was  the  appointed  signal  to 
apprise  the  Governor,  and  they  then  embarked  in  a  canoe.  They  arrived  at  the 
fort  about  eleven  o'clock  at  night,  and  upon  hearing  their  report  De  Menneval  at 
once  ordered  a  cannon  to  be  discharged  to  notify  the  inhabitants  that  they  were  to 
come  in  to  his  aid.  On  the  20th  of  May  the  English  squadron  anchored  within  half 
a  league  of  Port  Royal,  and  Phipps  sent  one  of  his  sloops  to  the  fort  with  a 
trumpeter  to  summon  the  Governor  to  surrender  the  place  to  him,  with  all  that 
was  in  it,  without  any  capitulation.  Menneval  detained  the  trumpeter,  and,  from 
want  of  an  officer,  sent  Petit,  a  priest  of  the  Seminary  of  Quebec,  who  acted  as  his 
almoner,  to  the  English  commander,  to  endeavour  to  obtain  at  least  tolerable  condi- 
tions, for  he  at  once  understood  how  useless  it  would  be  to  attempt  a  defence  with 
so  small  a  garrison  without  a  single  officer,  and  not  being  able  to  depend  upon  the 
inhabitants,  three  of  whom  only  had  come  in  at  his  signal.  Besides,  he  had  abso- 
lutely no  one  to  mount  his  guns  or  to  work  them.  He  had  himself  been  for  two 
months  past  severely  afflicted  with  gout,  and  he  was  assured  that  the  enemy  had 
eight  hundred  men  they  could  land. 

"  Sir  William  Phipps  at  first  insisted  that  the  Governor,  garrison  and  inhabitants 
should  yield  at  his  discretion,  and  Petit  replied  that  De  Menneval  would  rather  die 
than  so  act  the  coward." 

The  terms  ultimately  agreed  upon  were  :  (1)  That  the  Governor  and 
soldiers  should  go  out  with  their  arms  and  baggage,  and  be  sent  ta 
Quebec  by  water  ;  (2)  that  the  inhabitants  should  remain  in  the  peace- 
able possession  of  their  property,  and  that  the  honour  of  the  females 
should  be  protected  ;  and  (3)  that  the  inhabitants  should  have  the  free 
exercise  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  and  that  the  church  should  not 
be  injured.  On  the  ground  that  he  had  been  deceived  by  Petit,  the 
priest,  and  after  he  had  entered  the  fort  and  saw  for  himself  that  the 
place  could  not  have  been  defended  against  his  forces  for  a  single  hour, 
he  did  not  hesitate  to  set  aside  the  terms  which  he  had  before  granted. 
Murdoch  adds  : 

"  He  began  by  disarming  the  French  soldiers,  whom  he  shut  up  in  the  church. 
He  even  demanded  their  swords  from  De  Menneval  and  Des  Goutins,  which,  how- 
ever, he  returned  to  them,  giving  them  notice  that  they  were  prisoners  of  war. 
Next  he  allowed  the  pillage  of  the  settlement.  .  .  .  Even  the  priest's  dwelling 
and  the  church  were  not  spared." 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  39 

He  remained  long  enough  to  appoint  Sergeant  Cheyalier  commandant 
of  the  place  and  to  nominate  six  of  the  principal  inhabitants  as  a  council 
to  aid  in  the  administration  of  affairs.  The  Governor,  one  sergeant, 
Petit  and  Trouve,  the  priests,  and  thirty-eight  soldiers  he  carried  away 
with  him  as  prisoners  of  war  to  Boston.  Perrot,  the  predecessor  of  De 
Menneval  in  the  governorship,  had  a  narrow  escape  from  capture  at  this 
time.  After  his  supercession  as  a  ruler  he  had  remained  in  the  country 
as  a  trader,  and  was  probably  on  the  southern  coast  thus  engaged  when 
Phipps  appeared  before  Port  Royal.  He  returned  while  the  English 
vessels  were  still  in  the  basin. 

"  Missing  the  sentinel,"  says  Murdoch,  "  usually  posted  there  (at  the  strait)  he 
felt  doubts  if  all  were  right,  and  got  into  a  canoe  with  I)' Amours,  a  Canadian, 
having  an  Indian  with  them,  in  order  to  learn  what  had  occurred.  After  going 
three  leagues  up  he  got  sight  of  an  English  ship  anchored  in  the  river  on  which  the 
town  is  built,  and  heard  the  firing  of  a  cannon  and  musketry.  Perrot  thought  there 
must  be  fighting  going  on,  so  he  concealed  the  canoe  in  the  woods  and  went  by  land 
to  the  nearest  house,  and  found  it  abandoned.  Withdrawing  promptly,  he  got  into 
the  canoe  again  to  reach  his  ketch,  which  he  met  in  the  basin.  Two  Englishmen 
had  been  sent  to  watch  this  vessel,  as  her  return  had  been  expected,  and  they 
caught  sight  of  her  and  went  in  chase  of  her  in  a  shallop  ;  but  as  it  was  ebb-tide 
the  shallop,  being  too  close  in  shore,  grounded,  and  Perrot,  though  pursued  again 
by  another  canoe,  succeeded  in  reaching  his  ketch  in  safety,  and  setting  her  sails  got 
out  of  the  basin,  and  reached  Minas  in  safety." 

Villebon  arrived  from  France  with  stores,  and  brought  out  with  him 
one  Saccardie,  an  engineer,  on  the  1 4th  of  June ;  but  being  afraid  that 
Phipps,  who  was  known  to  have  been  then  at  Lahave,  might  return,  he 
held  a  council  with  Perrot  and  Des  Goutins,  at  which  it  was  resolved  to 
be  the  most  prudent  course  to  remove  the  stores  and  goods  to  Jemseg,  on 
the  St.  John  River,  which  was  accordingly  done. 

A  little  later  on  in  the  year  1690,  the  unfortunate  town  was  attacked 
by  two  piratical  vessels  and  pillaged.  All  the  houses  near  the  fort  were 
destroyed  by  them,  and  many  of  the  cattle  of  the  habitans  were  killed. 
They  were  also  said  to  have  hung  two  of  the  people,  and  to  have  burned 
a  woman  and  her  children  in  her  house. 

Villebon  returned  to  Port  Royal  in  November  and  found  the  English 
flag  flying  over  the  fort,  but  not  an  Englishman  was  to  be  found  in  the 
town.  He  brought  with  him  fifty  soldiers  and  two  guns,  and  immediately 
summoned  the  inhabitants  from  the  out-settlements,  in  whose  presence  he 
soon  afterwards  took  formal  possession  of  the  place  and  fort,  and,  indeed, 
of  all  Acadie,  in  the  name  of  the  French  king.  Des  Goutins  resumed 
the  exercise  of  his  duties  as  judge  and  commissary,  and  exhumed  the 
1,300  livres  which  he  had  buried  on  the  approach  of  Phipps  in  the  spring. 
Thus  was  the  capital  of  Acadie  once  more  in  the  possession  of  France. 

In  a  paper  sent  from  Acadie  to  the  French  Government  in  1691,  it  is 


40  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

stated  that  the  English  had  burned  twenty-eight  houses  at  Port  Royal 
in  1690.  This,  no  doubt,  included  those  destroyed  by  the  pirates.  It 
also  informs  us  that  the  church  was  burnt  but  that  the  mill  and  many 
houses  escaped.  It  also  contains  a  recommendation  that  the  fort  be 
rebuilt  at,  or  removed  to,  la  pre  Jtonde,  two  leagues  farther  up  the  river 
at  the  head  of  all  the  settlements.  This  statement  seems  to  prove  that,  up 
to  this  period,  no  settlements  had  been  made  above  this  point,  though  at 
a  later  date  we  shall  be  able  to  point  out  places  many  miles  farther  east- 
ward where  hamlets  nourished  years  before  the  expulsion  in  1755.  By 
la  pre  Ronde  the  writer  probably  had  reference  to  Bellisle  marsh,  and  the 
site  for  the  fort  would  have  been  Round  Hill,  which,  from  its  position 
and  surroundings,  was  admirably  situated  for  defence. 

Lahoutan  thus,  and  not  very  favourably,  describes  the  Acadian  capital 
at  this  period,  of  which  he  says  :  "  Port  Royal,  the  capital,  or  the  only 
city  in  Acadie,  is,  in  effect,  no  more  than  a  little  paltry  town,  that  is 
somewhat  enlarged  since  the  war  broke  out  in  1689." 

From  Villebon's  rehabitation  of  it,  the  little  town  appears  to  have 
been  left  to  recruit  its  dilapidated  condition  as  best  it  might.  In  1696 
Monsieur  Dugue  arrived  with  a  detachment  of  thirty  men  for  the  garrison. 
Father  Baudoin  came  with  him  to  have  the  opportunity  of  renewing  his 
acquaintance  with  De  Mandoux  who  had  taken  the  place  of  Petit,  the 
old  cure.  Among  other  things  he  tells  us  that  he  pitied  the  inhabitants 
of  the  place,  for  "  they  were  forbidden  to  deal  with  the  English,  while 
the  French  did  not  supply  one-quarter  of  the  articles  they  stood  in 
need  of."* 

Villebon,  in  a  communication  to  the  French  minister,  in  1696,  says: 
"  I  had  last  fall  commissioned  le  sieur  Dubreuil,  a  settler  at  Port  Royal, 
to  have  six  thousand  feet  of  thick  plank  made  at  a  sawmill,  and  this  as 
if  on  his  own  account." 

These  planks  were  intended  to  be  used  at  the  old  fort  at  Carleton,  but 
had  been  burned  by  order  of  the  English.  It  is  believed  the  site  of 
the  sawmill  in  which  Dubreuil  had  this  work  done,  was  that  on  which 
Poutrincourt's  old  mill  stood,  namely,  on  the  Lequille  River  near  Dargie's 
mills.  In  1697  Villebon  resided  at  Fort  Nashwaak,  on  the  St.  John 
River,  which  he  had  strongly  fortified.  Monsieur  de  Falaise  commanded 
at  Port  Royal.  In  the  following  year  (1698)  a  famine  occurred  in 
Acadie,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants,  including  those  at  Port  Royal, 
were  compelled  to  subsist  on  shell  fish.  Indian  corn  and  meal  were 
supplied  to  Villebon  from  Boston.  Some  years  before  one  Basset  (who 
is  called  a  dangerous  man)  with  his  family  had  settled  in  Port  Royal. 

*  John  Alden,  of  Boston,  visited  the  town  during  this  year  on  a  trading  voyage. 
For  many  years  he  was  engaged  in  such  voyages  up  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  the  famous  Jolln  Alden,  of  the  Mayflower,  the  Plymouth  magistrate, 
by  his  wife  Priscilla,  the  Puritan  maiden  immortalized  by  Longfellow.— [Eo  ] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  41 

He  was  said  to  have  been  with  Phipps  in  1690,  and  assisted  in  the 
capture  of  the  town,  but  he  alleged  that  he  had  been  forced  to  take 
an  unwilling  part  in  that  adventure.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  sort  of 
outlaw,  ravishing  the  coasts  of  the  Province  with  relentless  cruelty,  and 
treating  the  subjects  of  both  countries  in  turn  with  impartial  severity. 
About  this  time  he  asked  and  obtained  leave  to  go  to  Boston,  an  event 
which  gave  much  pleasure  to  his  countrymen. 

Le  Borgne  was  still  seigneur  of  Port  Royal,  and  his  brother-in-law, 
Abraham  Mius,  resided  there  also.  They  were  both  married  to  daughters 
of  Charles  Latour  by  Madame  D'Aulnay,  his  second  wife.  Falaise  was 
commandant  and  by  no  means  friendly  to  the  Governor,  Villebon,  who, 
in  his  journal  of  this  period,  thus  speaks  of  the  people  of  the  settlements 
in  and  around  the  old  town  : 

"  They  feed  themselves  and  have  surplus  to  sell.  Hemp  and  flax  prosper. 
Some  use  no  other  cloth  but  homespun.  Fruits,  pulse  and  garden  stuff  are 
excellent,  and  provisions  are  cheap.  The  wool  is  good,  and  most  of  the  inhabitants 
are  dressed  in  their  own  woollen  cloth.  The  founders  of  Port  Royal  knew  the 
country  well  before  they  selected  it  as  their  fortress.  It  is  the  general  store  of  the 
country,  and  fortifying  it  also  protects  Minas,  where  corn  is  now  raised  and  cattle." 

The  writer  of  the  above  description  died  suddenly  on  July  5th,  1700. 
A  Canadian  by  birth,  his  father  was  Charles  Lemoine,  seigneur  of 
Longueuil,  near  Montreal.  Monsieur  de  Brouillan  was  his  successor  in 
the  governorship,  and  a  vigorous  effort  was  made  early  in  this  year  to 
put  the  fort  in  a  better  condition.  Villieu,  who  undertook  the  direction 
of  affairs  until  the  coming  of  Brouillan,  assembled  the  people  and  ordered 
them  to  furnish  a  quantity  of  palisades,  and  to  have  them  ready  on  the 
Governor's  arrival  from  Placentia,  his  former  command,  and  from  which 
he  might  now  be  daily  expected.  This,  however,  they  neglected  to  do. 
On  his  way  hither  Brouillan  was  driven  by  adverse  winds  into  Chebucto, 
now  Halifax  harbour,  and  the  winds  still  continuing  unfavourable,  he 
determined  to  make  his  way  to  Port  Royal  overland,  "  visiting  Lahave 
and  Minas  by  the  way,"  a  feat  which  he  successfully  accomplished,  being 
most  probably  the  first  white  man  to  make  the  journey.  He  arrived 
at  headquarters  on  the  twentieth  day  of  June,  and  two  days  afterwards 
he  summoned  the  inhabitants  to  witness  his  installation  as  their  future 
ruler,  and  to  receive  his  commands  to  provide  the  palisades  which  they 
had  promised  Villieu  to  furnish — a  promise  which  they  had  neglected 
to  perform. 

It  is  evident  from  some  of  the  statements  made  to  Brouillan  that  the 
habitans  of  the  Annapolis  River  regarded  the  English  with  very  con- 
siderable favour.  They  affirmed  as  a  cause  of  their  reluctance  to  aid 
him  with  materials  for  revesting  and  restoring  the  fort  that  they  feared 
they  would  be  put  under  the  control  of  a  "trading  company";  a  fact 


42  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

which  certainly  proves  they  had  learned  to  fear  such  control  as  disad- 
vantageous to  their  interests,  and  it  is  certain  the  companies  or  the 
individuals  who  from  time  to  time  administered  the  affairs  of  Acadie 
sought  to  enrich  themselves  at  the  expense  of  the  colonists,  who,  while 
they  were  prevented  from  dealing  with  the  English,  from  whom  they 
could  obtain  their  supplies  at  cheaper  rates  and  with  greater  regularity 
and  certainty,  were  compelled  to  buy  from  their  own  countrymen  at 
dearer  rates  and  forced  to  take  a  minimum  value  for  the  commodities 
they  gave  in  exchange  ;  and  this,  too,  while  the  English  charged  less  for 
the  same  description  of  supplies  and  gave  a  greater  price  for  the  articles 
taken  in  exchange.  It  was  no  wonder,  therefore,  they  should  prove  luke- 
warm in  their  conduct  toward  their  rulers. 

The  Governor  says  of  the  fort,  which  he  wished  to  make  a  stronghold 
worthy  of  French  power  : 

"  It  is  scarcely  possible  that  the  enemy  could  make  a  descent,  except  at  the  foot 
of  the  glacis,  under  the  fire  of  cannon,  or  in  places  where  one  could  dispute  with 
them  foot  by  foot,  even  with  the  small  force  kept  here,  all  the  environs  of  the  fort 
being  marshy  and  cut  by  good  trenches  of  earth  and  ditches  quite  impracticable. 
I  might  have  made  a  more  regular  fortification  had  I  not  thought  it  more  advan- 
tageous to  avail  myself  of  the  ground  as  it  is,  which,  without  adding  much  to 
nature,  forms  a  fine  glacis  around  two-thirds  of  the  place,  elevated  thirty -five  feet 
from  the  level  of  the  rivers  which  wash  its  foot  to  the  palisades  of  the  covered  way, 
so  that  in  raising,  as  I  have  done,  the  ground  of  the  covered  way  four  feet  and  a 
half,  I  find,  by  means  of  the  declivity,  a  terrace  of  more  than  a  fathom  at  the  foot 
of  the  ramparts,  which  will  thus  be  raised  more  than  eighteen  feet  by  casting  there 
the  earth  taken  out  of  the  covered  way." 

A  limekiln  and  brickyard  were  constructed  by  his  order  this  year. 
For  the  latter,  he  says,  "the  clay  at  hand  is  excellent";  for  the  former, 
he  would  supply  the  limestone  from  the  St.  John  River,  and  he  recom- 
mended that  ships  bound  to  Port  Royal  should  ballast  with  that  material. 
The  garrison,  consisting  of  two  companies  of  thirty  men  each,  he  desired 
should  be  augmented  by  two  or  more  additional  companies  of  fifty  men 
each,  and  he  asked  to  have  a  redoubt  built  at  the  entrance  to  the  basin, 
believing  that  fortifying  Goat  Island  would  be  of  little  use.  The  militia, 
which  consisted  of  about  150  men,  were  badly  armed  and  almost  without 
ammunition.  In  another  of  his  reports  he  says,  "  The  Port  Royal  people 
are  more  afraid  of  a  company  than  of  the  English  ;"  and  he  hopes  to 
secure  the  Indian  interest  by  liberality  in  presents.  The  Merchants' 
Company  had  an  agent  at  this  time  in  Port  Royal,  which  explains  the 
reference  made  above. 

Madame  de  Frenouse  (Louise  Guyon),  whose  husband,  Matthieu 
D'Armours,  had  died  shortly  after  the  fall  of  Fort  Nashwaak,  leaving 
her  with  the  care  of  a  large  family,  seems  to  have  resided  at  Port  Royal 
at  this  date  (1700-1),  and  to  have  applied  to  Governor  Brouillan  to  use 
his  influence  with  the  French  king  to  obtain  for  her  a  small  pension, 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  43 

alleging  that  such  a  charity  would  not  be  likely  to  extend  further  as  she 
was  the  only  widow  then  in  the  country.  Two  of  her  sons  were  cadets  in 
the  companies  then  forming  the  garrison.  • 

In  1702  the  earthworks  of  the  fort  were  completed,  and  a  house  for  a 
hospital  constructed,  which  was  to  be  under  the  management  of  the  two 
surgeons  of  the  garrison.  In  this  year  'the  little  community  of  Port 
Royal  began  to  suffer  sadly  from  a  spirit  of  mutual  distrust  and  jealousy 
among  its  members.  This  spirit  extended  from  Brouillan  down  to  the 
lowest  employe  under  the  Government.  I  cannot  do  better  than  quote 
from  Murdoch's  work,  in  which  he  crowds  into  a  small  space  many  facts 
which  illustrate  the  prevailing  feelings,  besides  affording  some  matter  of 
interest  not  immediately  connected  with  it.  He  says  : 

"  There  is  an  incessant  reiteration  of  complaints  against  the  governors  beginning 
with  Villebon,  but  culminating  in  the  administration  of  Brouillan.  Some  of  the 
charges  are  seriously  proffered,  but  very  many  of  them  degenerate  into  petty 
slanders  and  garrison  gossip.  Villebon  kept  a  journal  of  all  occurrences,  from  which 
facts  of  importance  can  be  easily  selected  and  arranged  in  narrative  form.  Brouillan, 
though  full  of  details  and  remarks,  does  not  seem  to  attend  to  dates  or  the  order  of 
events.  Brouillan  is  charged  by  De  la  Touche  with  ruling  harshly.  He  says: 
'  Everybody  trembles  and  no  one  dares  to  speak — even  those  who  write  dare  not 
sign  their  names,  because  they  would  be  ruined  inevitably  if  known — thus  they  say 
one  to  another  in  a  low  voice.'  He  charges  him  with  coveting  a  piece  of  land  for  a 
poultry-yard,  and  using  intrigues,  menaces,  and  coercion  to  obtain  deeds  from  the 
owners,  who  considered  its  sale  a  great  injury  to  them.  This  acquisition  of  Brouillan 
is  called  L'Isle  aux  cochons — (Hog  Island).  In  a  deed  of  forty  years  ago,  or  upwards, 
from  the  late  M.  D'Aulnay  to  Jacob  Bourgeois  it  is  bounded  by  the  road  and  the 
River  Dauphin  ;  the  number  of  feet  in  width  being  left  in  blank.  The  road  did  not 
suit  Brouillan,  who  wished  to  erect  a  building  which  he  could  see  from  the  fort  in 
perspective.  To  effect  this  he  proposed  to  continue  the  Rue  St.  Antoine  and  lay  out 
a  town  in  that  direction.  'Three  or  four  owners  whose  land  would  be  severed  by 
continuing  this  street,  opposed  the  notion  ;  but  he  got  Bonaveiiture  and  Goutins  to 
take  a  title  of  the  opposite  lands  from  the  lady  of  the  manor. 

"Charges  of  immoral  conduct  were  made  against  Brouillan  and  Bonaventure. 
The  former  is  accused  of  affronts  to  officers,  and  of  meddling  for  private  gain  with 
the  trade  in  provisions.  Bonaventure  is  charged  with  sending  one  hundred  and  ten 
quarts  of  brandy  for  sale  to  Boston  in  1700  ;  of  trading  with  Indians  and  miscon- 
duct with  tauvagesses.  The  Indians  are  said  to  have  made  songs  on  the  subject, 
which  they  sing  in  the  woods.  There  are  many  other  petty  charges  in  La  Tone-he's 
letter. 

"  In  another  memoir  of  this  year,  supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Mandoux, 
the  cure',  it  is  said  that  '  he  took  possession,  at  his  coming,  of  the  land  of  an  indi- 
vidual to  build  on,  which  land  the  owner  did  not  wish  to  part  with,  as  it  served  to 
support  a  large  family. '  The  other  charges  made  by  La  Touche  are  reiterated  as 
well  against  Brouillan  as  Bonaventure.  Villieu  mentions  his  having  undergone  two 
years'  imprisonment  and  suffered  much  from  fatigue  in  command  of  war  parties 
both  in  Canada  and  Acadie,  where  he  slept  six  months  in  the  woods,  without  any 
other  nourishment  but  some  corn  and  tish,  which  failed  him  often  when  needed. 
Owing  to  all  this  he  had  now  a  very  severe  asthma,  that  had  confined  him  to  an 
arm  chair  for  more  than  three  months  in  the  summer  of  1701,  and  as  long  as  that  in 


44  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

1702.  .  .  .  Ues  Goutins  says  he  '  has  to  work  on  Sundays  and  holidays  at  the 
king's  stores,  five  or  six  hours  in  a  place,  without  fire,  in  the  coldest  severity  of 
winter.'" 

This  man  was  Judge,  and  as  such  presided  in  the  settlement  of  all 
civil  suits  and  disputes.  His  wife  was  a  Miss  Thibedeau,  an  Acadian  by 
birth.  The  Jacob  Bourgeois  before  mentioned  as  the  purchaser  of  Hog 
Island  from  D'Aulnay  (about  1660)  was  many  years  afterward  a  pioneer 
in  the  settlement  of  Petitcodiac,  though  it  is  uncertain  whether  he  ever 
removed  his  family  to  that  place. 

In  1703,  the  King  of  France  granted  the  seigniory  of  Port  Royal  to 
begin  at  two  thousand  paces  from  the  fort,  and  to  extend  five  leagues 
{twelve  and  one-half  miles)  up  the  river,  and  two  leagues  (five  miles)  in 
width  on  both  sides,  enclosing  a  district  of  about  sixty  square  miles  of 
the  cream  of  the  county.  This  grant  included  mines  and  minerals,  and 
was  to  be  divided  into  seven  equal  shares,  each  share  to  become  the 
property  of  one  of  the  following  persons  :  Charles  Latour ;  Mary  Latour, 
the  widow  of  Le  Borgne  de  Bellisle ;  Madame  D'Entremont ;  Anne 
Latour ;  Madame  Melanson,  the  widow  of  Jacques  Latour ;  Marguerite 
Latour,  the  widow  Pleinmaris,  and  the  remaining  two  shares  to  the 
children  of  Madame  Bellisle.  These  persons  were  the  children  and 
grandchildren  of  Charles  Amador  de  la  Tour  by  Jeanne  Motier  (Madame 
D'Aulnay),  his  second  wife. 

More  repairs  were  made  on  the  fort  during  this  year,  in  reference  to 
which  Brouillan  says  that  the  inhabitants  work  cheerfully,  and  he  pays 
a  small  allowance  to  the  soldiers  for  their  work.  The  people  of  Port 
Royal  at  this  time  subscribed  800  livres  toward  building  a  new  church, 
to  replace  that  which  was  destroyed  in  1690,  and  a  portion  of  the 
garrison  was  sent  to  Minas  to  awe  the  inhabitants  of  that  place  into 
submission,  as  some  of  them  had  been  heard  to  say  publicly  that  "  if  the 
English  should  appear  they  would  join  them."  This  detachment  was 
commanded  by  Boularderie,  and  its  presence  had  the  desired  effect,  as 
we  are  informed  that  the  Minas  people  sent  a  party  to  assist  in  renewing 
the  fort  at  headquarters.  Early  in  the  autumn  one  Jouin,  a  Bordeaux 
speculator,  took  several  vessels  from  the  English  on  the  coast,  and  sent 
them  as  prizes  into  Port  Royal.  Two  of  these  arrived  safely,  but  the 
third,  in  which  Jouin  himself  was  a  passenger,  was  recaptured  by  her 
crew,  who  put  the  Frenchman  to  death. 

Among  other  accusations,  the  Governor  was  this  year  charged  with 
having  tortured  two  soldiers,  with  having  interfered  with  the  engineer, 
with  having  exacted  fees  from  the  prisoners  in  the  guard-house,  with  a 
liaison  with  Madame  Barrat,  who  it  was  said  had  followed  him  from 
France  to  Acadie,  with  disturbing  the  wedding  festivities  of  Pontif,  the 
surgeon,  and  many  more  equally  mean  and  annoying  actions.  It  is  more 
than  probable  that  most  of  them  were  without  foundation  in  fact,  and 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  45 

were  circulated  from  motives  of  jealousy  and  pique.  Bonaventure, 
formerly  of  the  French  navy,  but  at  this  period  an  officer  of  the  garrison, 
was  charged  with  an  illicit  intercourse  with  Madame  Frenouse,  whom  we 
have  already  seen  was  "  the  only  widow  in  Acadie."  The  fruit  of  this 
amour  was  a  child  born  in  September,  as  appears  by  the  parish  register. 
This  scandal  made  a  great  noise  throughout  Acadie,  and  formed  an 
additional  element  of  discord  to  the  distracted  social  relations  of  the 
community  then  domiciled  in  and  near  the  Acadian  capital. 

Charles  Latour  now  claimed  the  ownership  of  the  two  thousand  paces 
lying  between  the  fort  and  the  recently  created  seigniory,  and  demanded 
rent  from  the  Government  for  the  lands  occupied  by  them,  but  it  does 
not  clearly  appear  whether  his  demand  was  complied  with  or  refused. 

The  Massachusetts  colonists  determined  to  make  an  attack  on  Port 
Royal  early  in  1704.  An  expedition  was  fitted  out  at  Boston,  and  placed 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  Benjamin  Church,  and  sent  into  the  Bay 
of  Fundy.  It  consisted  of  several  armed  vessels  and  boats,  the  latter  of 
which  proceeded  with  the  smaller  vessels  to  Minas,  where  the  dykes  were 
cut  by  the  soldiers,  with  a  view  to  the  destruction  of  the  marsh  lands 
there  ;  they  also  did  what  other  damage  they  could  to  the  cultivated  corn 
grounds.  During  the  time  these  events  were  transpiring  there,  the  larger 
vessels  remained  in  the  lower  basin  of  the  Annapolis  River  awaiting  the 
return  of  the  others,  by  whom  they  were  soon  rejoined,  when  a  council 
of  officers  was  held,  at  which  it  was  decided  not  to  be  prudent  to  attack 
the  fort  up  the  river  at  this  juncture.  Previous  to  coming  to  this  con- 
clusion they  had  seized  the  guards  at  the  strait,  and  landed  some  of  their 
troops,  who  approached  within  two  or  three  miles  of  the  town,  carrying 
off  one  family  and  committing  more  or  less  pillage  upon  others,  while  at 
the  same  time  the  fleet,  consisting  of  ten  ships,  anchored  near  Goat  Island, 
where  they  remained  for  some  days.  The  French  were  much  alarmed  at 
this  threatened  attack,  and  were  much  rejoiced  when  they  saw  the  enemy 
re-embark  his  troops  and  take  his  departure.  These  events  took  place 
between  the  second  and  twentieth  of  July.  The  shipyard  of  Port  Royal 
during  its  centenary  year  witnessed  the  launching  of  a  vessel  of  twelve  or 
fourteen  guns,  intended  for  the  public  service,  and  the  year  was  further 
marked  by  the  imprisonment  of  Charles  Latour.  We  learn  from  this 
episode  in  his  history  that  he  resided  in  the  town  and  owned  a  dwelling 
there,  for  special  mention  is  made  of  his  having  been  put  under  arrest 
by  the  Governor  and  kept  "  a  prisoner  in  his  own  house."  The  cause 
leading  to  this  event  is  probably  to  be  sought  in  his  conduct  regarding 
his  claims  to  the  disputed  two  thousand  paces  of  land  between  the  fort 
and  the  new  seigniory. 

In  December,  Brouillan  sailed  for  France,  leaving  Bonaventure  to 
command  in  his  place.  At  the  time  of  his  departure  there  were  not  less 
than  two  hundred  men  in  the  garrison,  of  whom  one-fourth  were  too 


46  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

weak  and  infirm  to  be  of  use.  These  Bonaventure  directed  to  be  released 
from  duty  and  billeted  among  the  inhabitants,  that  they  might  be  fed, 
warmed  and  otherwise  cared  for.  Under  this  treatment  they  were 
restored  to  health  and  fitted  for  the  efficient  discharge  of  their  duties  in 
the  spring. 

In  the  early  days  of  1705,  a  marriage  took  place  in  Port  Royal  which 
excited  considerable  interest  amongst  the  gossips  at  the  time.  FranQois 
du  Pont  du  Vivier,  a  captain  in  the  garrison,  had  for  some  months  pre- 
viously been  guilty  of  improper  intimacy  with  a  dashing  young  belle  of 
the  place,  a  descendant  of  Charles  Latour,  the  hero  of  Acadie,  which 
rendered  marriage  necessary.  This  denouement  was  forbidden  by  Bona- 
venture, the  acting  commandant,  and  by  Du  Vivier's  relatives.  It  is  only 
reasonable  to  believe  that  their  opposition  would  have  been  withdrawn  if 
they  had  been  aware  of  the  critical  circumstances  which  environed  the 
parties.  The  priest,  Father  Justinien  Durand,  to  whom  the  facts  had 
become  known,  insisted  on  the  necessary  rites,  and  performed  them 
secretly,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  the  authorities.  The  ceremony 
took  place  on  the  12th  January,  and  on  the  25th  April  following,  this 
entry  was  made  in  the  registry  book  of  the  mission  :  "  Born  to  Fra^ois 
du  Pont  du  Vivier  arid  Marie  Mius  de  Poubomcoup,  a  daughter,  baptized 
the  same  day."  Such  an  event,  the  reader  will  easily  conceive,  did  not 
tend  to  lessen  the  discords  in  the  community  in  which  it  occurred.  The 
witnesses  to  this  marriage  were  M.  Bellisle,  the  old  seigneur  of  Port 
Royal,  Charles  Latour,  uncle  to  the  bride,  and  Des  Goutins,  the  Judge. 
Bonaventure  after  this  refused  to  acknowledge  the  claims  of  her  uncle 
to  the  rents  of  the  lands  within  the  two  thousand  paces,  and  ordered 
them  to  be  paid  to  Des  Goutins,  as  King's  Receiver,  declaring  that  the 
money  ought  to  be  given  to  the  hospital.  This  action  of  Bonaventure 
may  be  attributed  to  the  annoyance  he  had  experienced  from  the  con- 
duct of  Latour  in  the  marriage  of  his  niece  to  Du  Vivier.  A  period 
now  approached  when  the  heart-burnings  and  jealousies  which  had  so 
long  consumed  the  peace  of  Port  Royal,  were  to  have  an  end.  Brouillan 
died  on  his  outward  voyage  from  France,  in  the  mouth  of  Halifax  (then 
Chebucto)  harbour,  in  September,  1705.  His  body  was  consigned  to  the 
waves  of  the  Atlantic,  but  his  heart  was  taken  out  and  conveyed  by 
the  Profond,  Captain  Cauvet,  to  Port  Royal,  where  it  was  buried  by 
Bonaventure  with  proper  ceremonies,  "  near  a  cross  where  it  was 
intended  to  build  a  chapel."  It  is  believed  that  his  death  was  not 
regarded  as  a  public  calamity ;  indeed,  Des  Goutins  says,  "  The  public 
were  unable  to  conceal  their  joy  at  his  loss."  Shipbuilding  continued  to 
be  prosecuted.  A  frigate  named  La  Biche  was  launched  toward  the 
close  of  1705,  making  at  least  two  vessels  set  afloat  within  three  years. 
It  is  impossible  at  this  day  to  determine  the  exact  locality  in  which  these 
vessels  were  built. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

1705-1710. 

Subercaae  Governor — Attack  from  Massachusetts  under  Colonel*  March — Events  and 
vicissitudes  of  the  siege — The  English  withdraw  with  heavy  loss — Ordered 
to  return — The  struggle  renewed — English  again  discomfited— They  retire 
— Diary  of  the  expedition  by  a  Chaplain  — Bomb-proof  powder  magazine  built 
and  barracks  finished — Final  capture  of  Port  Royal  by  Nicholson. 

£*  UBERCASE  succeeded  Brouillan  as  governor  in  1706.  In  this  year 
»^3  fifty-one  prisoners*  arrived  at  Port  Royal  from  Boston,  many  of 
whom  were  in  very  indigent  circumstances  and  required  aid  from  the 
settlers.  Toward  the  end  of  the  year  Des  Goutins  wrote  the  minister  : 

"  There  has  not  yet  been  so  much  wheat  collected  in  this  country  as  during  this 
year.  The  inhabitants  see  more  than  ever  the  necessity  there  is  of  attending  to  the 
uplands;  and  that  if  they  had  done  so  at  first  and  worked  as  much  on  them  as  they 
have  done  on  the  marshes  they  would  have  been  incomparably  more  advanced,  and 
would  not  have  been  subject  to  the  inconveniences  that  happen  to  the  marshes. 
The  tide  was  so  great  on  the  5th  of  November  last  (1705)  that  it  overflowed  all  the 
marshes  of  this  country  without  exception,  an  occurrence  that  had  not  taken  place 
within  the  memory  of  man.  This  determined*  them  to  think  of  the  high  lands. 
They  know  now  that  the  marshes,  when  abandoned,  will  yet  produce  hay,  whereby 
they  may  increase  the  number  of  their  cattle  and  obtain  manure  for  their  uplands." 

Subercase,  the  new  governor,  by  his  urbane  and  pleasing  demeanour, 
soon  won  the  confidence  of  those  over  whom  he  ruled.  Bonaventure, 
who  administered  the  affairs  of  the  colony  till  his  arrival,  still  continued 
to  reside  at  Port  Royal.  In  a  report  to  the  French  home  authorities, 
dated  Christmas  Day,  1706,  Subercase  says,  in  answer  to  charges  of 
dishonesty  against  Des  Goutins  : 

"  That  which  concerns  the  Sieur  des  Goutins,  on  the  subject  of  the  pillage  of 
treasure  in  1690  ;  Port  Royal  having  been  taken  in  that  year  by  a  species  of  capitu- 
lation, they  surrendered  with  the  fort  and  agreed  to  give  account  to  the  English, 
and  deliver  to  them  everything  as  it  stood.  M.  des  Goutins,  as  he  was  treasurer  and 
foresaw  that  he  would  be  called  to  account — as  he  was,  in  fact — entrusted  the 
king's  money  that  was  in  his  possession  into  the  hands  of  a  habitant,  who  con- 
cealed it  in  a  pot  in  a  corner  of  his  garden,  without  the  English  having  any 

*  Probably  French  prisoners  exchanged. — [Eo.] 


48  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

knowledge  of  it.  The  English  called  on  M.  des  Goutins  to  show  the  expenditure 
of  the  money  which  the  king  had  sent  out  that  year.  He  gave  them  an  account, 
with  which  they  were  contented.  In  the  year  following,  Des  Goutins,  having 
returned  to  Acadie  with  the  Sieur  de  Villebon,  they  proceeded  in  company  to  the 
habitant's  house,  who  dug  up  the  pot  in  their  presence  and  the  money  was  counted. 
Out  of  this  sum  enovigh  was  taken  fo  pay  the  salary  of  the  Sieur  de  Portneuf, 
lieutenant,  and  the  balance  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Sieur  de  Bona venture, 
who  carried  it  to  France,  and,  by  order  of  the  Council,  paid  it  over  to  M.  de 
Lubert. " 

He  also  defended  Bonaventure  from  some  charges  which  had  been 
made  against  him,  and  said  that  the  zeal  of  the  clergy  "  had  engendered 
disrespect  to  men  in  office,"  and  that  "the  Church  for  a  long  time  past 
has  held  here  the  right  of  commanding,  or  at  least  of  sharing,  the 
temporal  authority." 

A  vigorous  but  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  upon  Port  I^oyal  in 
1707.  The  English  colonists  of  Massachusetts — enterprising,  restless 
and  daring — determined  upon  its  capture,  and  early  in  the  year  (May 
24th)  embarked  about  twelve  hundred  men  on  board  twenty-three 
transports,  which  had  been  previously  provided  and  sent  to  Nantasket,  in 
Boston  Bay.  These  transports  were  convoyed  to  the  scene  of  operations 
by  H.  M.  S.  Deptford,  a  vessel  of  fifty  guns,  commanded  by  Captain 
Stukeley,  and  the  provincial  galley,  Captain  Southack,  and  arrived  in 
the  basin  on  the  6th  of  June.  At  the  strait  which  forms  the  entrance  to 
this  beautiful  sheet  of  water  the  French  kept  a  guard  constantly  posted, 
with  a  view  of  obtaining  news  of  the  arrival  of  an  enemy  at  the  earliest 
possible  moment.  The  guard  at  this  time  consisted  of  fifteen  men,  who 
reached  the  fort  but  a  short  time  in  advance  of  the  invader's  flotilla. 
Colonel  March,  who  commanded  the  military  wing  of  the  expedition, 
immediately  landed  with  seven  hundred  men  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river  at  a  distance  about  two  miles  below  the  fort,  and  ordered  Colonel 
Appleton  to  land  with  three  hundred  men  on  the  opposite,  or  Granville 
shore.  The  French,  who  appear  to  have  had  no  information  that  they 
were  likely  to  be  attacked,  were  taken  by  surprise  and  much  alarmed 
at  the  sudden  appearance  of  so  formidable  a  foe  ;  but  Subercase  proved 
himself  equal  to  the  occasion.  He  immediately  summoned  the  militia 
from  the  surrounding  settlements  to  come  in  to  his  assistance.  The 
first  of  these  arrived  on  the  same  day  on  which  the  English  landed 
their  forces,  and  he  at  once  sent  them  forward  to  skirmish  with,  and 
as  far  as  possible  retard,  the  advance  of  the  attacking  battalions  until 
further  detachments  arrived,  who,  as  fast  as  they  came  in,  were  sent  to 
the  front  to  reinforce  their  comrades  already  there.  This  conduct  was 
exceedingly  wise  on  the  part  of  the  French  commander,  as  the  regulars 
comprising  the  garrison  were  by  these  means  kept  fresh  to  defend  the 
fort  if  it  should  become  necessary  to  do  so.  On  the  8th  of  June  his 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  49 

forces  had  been  augmented  by  all  the  available  militia  within  fifteen 
miles  of  the  town,  who  rendered  most  valuable  services  in  the  defence 
made  by  their  countrymen.  General  orders  were  given  them  not  to 
advance  so  far  as  to  suffer  themselves  to  be  cut  off  from  the  fort.  They 
were  soon  attacked  and  driven  back  by  their  adversaries,  but  not  before 
they  had  inflicted  considerable  injury  upon  them.  On  the  north  side  of 
the  river,  the  division  under  Appleton  soon  drove  their  foes  in  to  a 
point  nearly  opposite  to  the  town.  Here  Subercase  had  sent  boats  and 
canoes  to  carry  them  across  the  river,  with  a  view  to  sending  them  to 
the  support  of  their  comrades,  who  were  engaged  in  disputing  the  advance 
of  Colonel  March,  on  the  south  side.  These  were  placed  under  the  com- 
mand of  Denys  de  la  Ronde,  a  brother  of  Bonaventure,  who  was  unable 
to  take  an  active  part  in  these  operations  owing  to  sickness.  Later  on, 
on  this  day  (June  8th),  Subercase  joined  De  la  Ronde,  and  in  an  engage- 
ment which  immediately  followed  had  his  horse  shot  under  him.  In 
this  encounter  one  Frenchman  was  killed  and  another  wounded  ;  the 
English  loss  was  considerably  greater.  The  superiority  of  the  numbers 
of  the  invading  force  compelled  Subercase  to  retreat,  which  he  did  in 
good  order,  the  enemy  not  making  any  pursuit  of  a  pressing  character. 
In  fact,  they  made  no  further  hostile  movement  until  the  third  day 
after  the  conflict,  when  they  drew  near  to  the  fort  and  prepared  to 
assault  it.  At  this  crisis  Subercase  ordered  a  number  of  buildings 
which  stood  near  the  fort  to  be  torn  down,  lest  they  should  afford 
shelter  to  the  besiegers  during  the  attack,  and  which  from  the  small- 
ness  of  the  garrison  he  could  neither  occupy  nor  defend  with  advantage, 
nor  hope  to  preserve  with  any  certainty  of  success.  He  then  detached 
eighty  men,  mostly  militia,  with  orders  to  harass  the  English  parties  who 
had  been  ordered  to  kill  the  cattle  of  the  habitans  in  the  neighbouring 
settlements.  A  part  of  these  ambushed  in  the  forests  on  each  side  of 
the  river,  where  they  knew  the  English  must  pass  in  order  to  effect 
their  purpose.  St.  Castine  is  said  to  have  commanded  one  of  these 
parties,  and  to  have  killed  six .  of  the  English  in  a  skirmish,  and  after- 
wards to  have  attacked  their  full  force  with  such  impetuosity  as  to 
compel  them,  in  disorder,  to  fall  back  to  their  camp. 

On  the  evening  of  the  16th  of  June,  the  besiegers  being  ready  to 
assault  the  fort  began  their  attack  by  a  heavy  and  repeated  discharge 
of  musketry,  under  cover  of  which  March  sent  four  or  five  hundred  men 
to  force  the  breaches,  which  he  supposed  to  be  easily  assailable.  The 
cannon  of  the  fort,  however,  played  so  furiously  upon  the  assailants  that 
they  were  soon  compelled  to  abandon  their  attempt ;  in  fact  they  were 
forced  to  retire  before  the  vigorous  cannonade  and  musketry  fire  under 
which  they  found  themselves.  Colonel  March,  though  thus  repulsed, 
did  not  become  disheartened  ;  and  near  midnight  Subercase  found  his 
4 


50  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

citadel  closely  invested  on  every  side,  every  valley  and  ravine  in  its 
vicinity  swarming  with  armed  foes,  and  it  was  his  turn  to  become  appre- 
hensive for  the  result  of  the  apparent  determination  of  the  besieging 
soldiery.  An  attempt  was  now  made  by  them  to  destroy  a  French 
frigate,  and  some  other  vessels,  which  were  lying  at  anchor  under  the 
guns  of  the  fort ;  but  in  this  they  were  foiled  by  the  vigorous  resistance 
offered  by  the  besieged.  Something  like  a  panic  appears  to  have  seized 
the  English  when  their  failure  became  apparent.  A  report  gained 
credence  that  the  works  of  the  French  were  mined,  and  that  an  assault, 
even  if  made  successfully,  would  only  terminate  in  the  destruction  of 
the  captors ;  they  therefore  retired,  first  to  their  trenches,  and  at  day- 
light in  the  morning  to  the  camp  at  first  occupied  by  them.  Having 
sustained  a  loss  of  about  one  hundred  men  in  their  various  skirmishes 
and  abortive  attempts  to  capture  the  fort,  on  the  17th  of  June  they 
re-embarked  on  board  their  transports,  and  abandoned  further  proceed- 
ings. They  had,  however,  succeeded  in  doing  much  damage,  having 
burned  all  the  dwellings  in  the  lower  town  and  many  of  those  in  the 
upper,  besides  driving  away  and  destroying  the  cattle  of  the  surrounding 
farms. 

The  English,  thus  defeated  in  the  main  object  of  their  expedition, 
sailed  to  Casco  Bay,  from  which  place  Colonel  March  reported  to 
Governor  Dudley,  and  asked  for  further  orders.  He  declared  that  his 
officers  and  the  troops  refused  to  assault  Port  Royal,  and  laid  all  the 
blame  of  failure  on  them.  The  Bostonians  arid  the  Governor  gave  but 
little  credit  to  the  statement,  and  blamed  March  himself  and  Appleton 
and  Wainwright  for  the  want  of  success.  Captain  Stukeley,  of  the 
Deptford,  defended  the  conduct  of  the  soldiery. 

When  the  news  of  the  defeat  of  the  expedition  reached  Massachusetts, 
Dudley,  the  Governor,  determined  to  have  the  effort  to  capture  the 
place  renewed,  and  with  this  object  in  view,  he  sent  one  hundred  recruits 
to  Casco  Bay,  to  make  good  the  losses  recently  sustained,  and,  thus 
reinforced,  the  armament  was  ordered  to  return  and  renew  its  attempt 
upon  Port  Royal.  Of  the  750  men  who  had  returned  with  their 
commander,  many  had  become,  from  various  causes,  unfit  for  service, 
and  all  were  dispirited  by  their  recent  failure,  so  that  the  prospect 
of  a  second  attack  did  not  promise  very  favourable  results.  However, 
as  their  orders  to  return  were  peremptory,  nothing  remained  but  to  obey, 
and  they  found  themselves  before  the  old  town  again  on  the  morning 
of  the  24th  of  August,  when  March,  either  being  ill,  or  feigning  illness, 
refused  to  act  as  commander-in-chief,  and  gave  that  position  to  Wain- 
wright, the  next  senior  officer,  who  ordered  the  troops  to  land  on  the 
shores  of  Granville,  not  far  from  where  Appleton  had,  two  months 
before,  landed  his  division  of  the  forces. 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS.  51 

A  renewal  of  the  struggle  had  not  been  anticipated  by  Subercase,  and 
it  excited  considerable  alarm.  His  little  garrison  had  been  reinforced  in 
the  interim  by  the  crew  of  a  French  frigate,  but  this  did  not  add  very 
materially  to  his  means  of  defence,  and  it  is  very  likely  the  English 
would  have  met  with  entire  success  had  they  pushed  forward  their 
attack  without  delay,  as  the  militia  could  not  have  been  brought  into 
the  fort,  owing  to  the  distance  at  which  the  greater  number  of  them 
resided,  and  without  their  co-operation  and  assistance,  Subercase  knew 
that  defence  could  not  be  prolonged  for  any  protracted  period.  The 
invaders,  however,  acted  very  deliberately,  and  by  their  delay  enabled 
the  French  to  assemble  their  militia  and  place  the  fort  in  a  posture  of 
defence.  As  the  English  troops  had  been  landed  on  the  side  of  the  river 
opposite  to  and  below  the  fort,  and  Subercase  was  uncertain  what  their 
plan  and  object  might  be,  instead  of  sending  out  men  to  oppose  their 
advance,  he  kept  his  forces  in  the  fort,  ready  to  be  used  as  emergency 
might  require.  The  enemy  after  landing,  pushed  forward  up  the  river, 
past  the  fort  and  "  narrows,"  and  formed  an  encampment  on  what  has 
long  since  been  known  as  "  Troop's  Point,"  which  is  situated  to  the 
eastward  of  the  village  of  Granville  Ferry,*  and  not  far  from  it.  The 
French  commander,  ever  vigilant  and  active,  supposing  their  intention 
to  be  to  destroy  the  dwellings  and  other  property  of  the  hamlets  above 
the  town,  immediately  sent  out  a  party  of  eighty  Indians  and  thirty  of 
the  militia,  with  orders  to  ascend  the  river  on  the  fort  or  south  side 
sufficiently  far  before  crossing  it  to  enable  them  to  ambuscade  themselves 
at  a  point  where  their  foes  would  be  sure  to  pass  in  order  to  accomplish 
their  purpose,  and  where  they  could  be  suddenly  attacked  and  easily 
defeated. 

While  the  invaders  were  yet  engaged  in  fortifying  their  camp,  their 
commander  sent  a  detachment  of  his  men,  probably  amounting  to  about 
one  hundred  and  twenty,  pioneered  by  a  guard  of  ten  others,  under  the 
command  of  a  lieutenant,  to  distress  the  settlements  to  the  eastward  and 
cut  off  the  supplies  of  the  garrison  in  that  direction.  The  guard,  being 
in  advance,  were  surprised,  and  its  officers  and  eight  of  its  men  were 
killed,  and  the  two  remaining  ones  taken  prisoners.  From  these  captives 
the  French  were  made  acquainted  with  the  plan  of  Wainwright,  which 
was  to  take  his  cannon  and  vessels  through  the  "  narrows  "  on  the  flood- 
tide  the  next  evening,  and  then  by  crossing  his  men  to  the  fort  side 
of  the  river,  to  make  his  advance  toward  the  fort  from  the  east  side  of 
the  cape.  In  order  to  frustrate  this  scheme,  the  French  were  ordered  to 
build  fires  along  the  stream  at  this  point  during  the  night.  The  detach- 
ment above  referred  to,  immediately  after  the  disaster  to  the  guard, 

*  The  author  wrote  "New  Caledonia,"  a  name  once  given  to  the  village,  but 
now  happily  fallen  into  disuse. — [Eo.] 


52  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

returned  to  camp,  where  for  some  time  they  were  kept  in  continual  alarm 
by  the  movements  of  the  garrison.  So  fearful  did  they  become  about 
sending  out  scouts  in  any  direction,  that  March  says,  "  he  judged  it 
unsafe  to  proceed  on  any  service  without  a  company  of  at  least  one 
hundred  men."  In  proof  of  this  statement  he  adds  : 

"About  four  in  the  afternoon  I  suffered  a  number  of  men,  about  fifty  or  sixty, 
to  go  down  to  the  bank  of  the  river  to  cut  thatch  to  cover  the  tents.  All  returned 
well,  except  nine  of  Captain  Dimmick's  men,  who  were  led  away  by  one  Mansfield, 
a  mad  fellow,  to  the  next  plantation  to  get  cabbages  in  a  garden,  without  the  leave 
and  against  the  will  of  his  officer.  They  were  no  sooner  at  their  plunder  than  they 
were  surrounded  by  at  least  a  hundred  French  and  Indians,  who  in  a  few  minutes 
killed  every  one  of  them,  their  bodies  being  mangled  in  a  fearful  manner. " 

It  is  quite  certain  that  the  British  encampment  was  on  the  point 
forming  the  north-east  side  of  the  "  narrows,"  for  it  is  known  that  its 
occupants  were  driven  from  it  by  the  artillery  of  the  fort,  which  could 
not  have  been  the  case  if  their  camp  had  been  higher  up  the  river.  On 
the  25th,  being  unable  to  remain  there  any  longer,  they  removed  to  a 
position  nearly  opposite  the  fort,  probably  at  some  distance  to  the  west- 
ward of  the  present  village  of  Granville  Ferry,  but  here  they  soon  found 
themselves  as  much,  if  not  more,  exposed  to  the  guns  of  the  fortress,  and 
Subercase  soon  compelled  them  to  retire  from  the  position  to  one  nearly 
a  mile  farther  west,  which  they  did  on  the  26th;  but  even  here  they  were 
not  allowed  to  rest,  for  detachments  of  the  French  militia  were  sent  across 
the  river  to  harass  them  and  endeavour  to  force  them  to  still  farther 
retreat.  These  tactics  proved  entirely  successful,  for  after  suffering 
several  casualties,  they  were  compelled  to  retire  to  a  point  still  nearer 
to  their  ships. 

This  state  of  things  continued  until  the  30th  of  August,  when  the 
English  took  to  their  vessels,  leaving  Granville  in  the  undisputed  posses- 
sion of  their  adversary.  The  French  governor  saw  in  this  movement 
a  change  in  the  design  of  the  invading  forces,  and  took  immediate  steps 
to  prevent  its  successful  issue.  The  Baron  de  St.  Castine  was  ordered 
to  ambush  150  men  in  the  forest,  near  the  spot  where  they  believed  their 
foe  would  land  on  the  fort  side,  to  renew  their  attack.  St.  Castine  and 
his  party  awaited  the  approach  of  the  English  in  silence,  and  allowed  ' 
them  to  come  very  near  before  they  discovered  themselves  at  a  given 
signal,  when  they  poured  three  several  and  successive  volleys  of  musketry 
into  the  surprised  enemy's  ranks,  doing  so  much  damage  as  to  cause  them 
to  retreat,  after  making  a  brave  but  short  resistance.  Subercase,  being 
informed  of  this  success,  sent  Boularderie  with  150  additional  men  to 
reinforce  St.  Castine  ;  and  soon  after,  leaving  the  fort  under  the  command 
of  Bonaventure,  he  followed  in  person,  with  another  reinforcement  of 
120  men,  thus  having  in  hand  420  combatants  with  which  to  meet  the 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  53 

invaders.  On  his  arrival  at  the  front  he  saw  the  enemy  retiring  toward 
their  boats,  as  if  to  regain  their  ships,  and  ordered  Boularderie  to  advance 
and  attack  them.  Murdoch  thus  graphically  describes  what  follows  : 

"This  officer,  burning  with  impatience  to  engage  his  opponents,  marched  too 
fast,  and  began  the  attack  with  only  sixty  or  eighty  of  his  men.  He  jumped  into  one 
of  their  entrenchments,  carried  it  and  killed  some  of  the  English.  Excited  by 
his  first  success,  he  cast  himself  into  a  second  entrenchment,  when  he  received  a 
sabre  cut  in  the  body  and  another  in  the  hand.  St.  Castine  and  Saillant  took 
his  place  ;  a  severe  hand-to-hand  conflict  with  hatchets  and  the  butt-ends  of 
muskets  ensued,  and  the  enemy  to  the  number  of  1,400  or  1,500  men  (as  stated 
by  Charlevoix)  retreated  at  least  1,500  paces  toward  their  shallops.  Meanwhile 
some  of  the  English  officers,  ashamed  of  the  retreat  of  their  men  before  inferior 
numbers,  rallied  them  and  brought  them  back  on  the  French,  who  were  then  retiring 
toward  the  woods,*  because  St.  Castine  and  Saillant  had  both  been  wounded. 
The  French  seeing  the  enemy  coming  back,  faced  round  and  showed  so  much 
resolution  that  the  English  did  not  venture  to  come  to  close  quarters,  but  fired 
several  volleys  at  them  and  withdrew  again.  Subercase  availed  himself  of  this 
opportunity  to  withdraw  his  wounded,  and  rest  his  troops." 

Grainger,  a  native  militiaman,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  Boularderie's 
band  to  renew  the  attack,  but  the  English  had  made  their  final  effort ; 
they  returned  to  their  ships,  and  lost  no  time  in  leaving  the  basin.  This 
siege  lasted  fifteen  days,  and  cost  the  English  (by  their  own  account)  only 
sixteen  men  killed  and  as  many  wounded ;  while  the  assailed  French 
reported  a  loss  of  but  three  men  killed,  and  a  number  wounded.  Among 
the  latter  was  the  brave  De  Saillant,  who  but  six  weeks  before  had  been 
married  to  Anne  Mius  de  Poubomcoup,  a  descendant  of  the  Latours ;  he 
died  of  his  wounds  eight  days  after  the  departure  of  the  English. 

In  reviewing  the  incidents  and  events  connected  with  the  double 
attack  of  the  English  colonists  in  1707  upon  the  old  Acadian  capital,  the 
reader  cannot  but  wonder  at  its  want  of  success.  In  point  of  numbers 
they  were  more  than  equal  to  the  French,  and  the  men,  when  engaged, 
behaved  bravely  and  fought  well ;  yet,  on  both  occasions,  when  victory 
was  on  the  point  of  being  achieved,  they  were  suddenly  withdrawn  to 
their  ships,  with  all  the  odium  of  disaster  and  defeat.  This  conduct  can 
only  be  accounted  for  by  assuming  that  there  were  distractions  in  the 
councils  of  their  commanders,  and  a  want  of  true  leadership  for  the 
soldiery.  In  the  last  expedition  the  landing  of  all  their  forces  in  Gran- 
ville  was  a  great  mistake  on  the  part  of  Wainwright,  and  contributed 
much  toward  the  demoralization  that  is  known  to  have  existed  among 
his  men. 

We  cannot,  however,  but  admire  the  generalship  of  the  French  com- 
mander, Subercase ;  the  management  of  his  small  force  was  admirable, 

*From  this  statement,  I  think  the  scene  of  these  conflicts  may  be  fixed  at  the 
western  extremity  of  the  Dugas  marsh. 


54  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

and  he  was  ably  and  bravely  seconded  by  De  Saillant,  St.  Castine,  and 
Boularderie,  whose  activity  and  vigilance  were  deserving  of  all  praise. 
The  personal  courage  and  calm  demeanour  of  Subercase  contributed 
largely  toward  the  creation  of  an  esprit  de  corps  among  his  men  and 
officers,  which  tended  much  to  assure  to  him  the  success  he  so  well 
merited,  and  which  has  made  his  defence  so  memorable. 

There  is  a  relation  of  the  events  which  attended  this  expedition  done 
by  an  eye-witness,  which  is  of  so  interesting  a  character  that  copious 
extracts  from  it  should  find  a  place  in  this  history,  especially  as  I  believe 
that  neither  Haliburton  nor  Murdoch  had  seen  it.  It  will  therefore  be 
entirely  new  to  our  readers.  It  is  to  be  found  in  the  autobiography  of 
the  Rev.  John  Barnard,  who  was  born  at  Boston  in  1681,  and  who  was 
therefore  twenty-six  years  of  age  in  1707.* 

"  In  the  spring  of  1707  I  was  appointed  by  Governor  Dudley  one  of  the  chap- 
lains to  the  army  which  was  sent  to  Port  Royal  (now  Annapolis)  to  reduce  that  fort, 
and  with  it  Acadie,  or  Nova  Scotia,  to  obedience  to  the  Crown  of  England,  under 
the  command  of  Col.  John  March,  of  Newbury,  as  General ;  having  under  him 
two  regiments,  the  first  red :  Colonel,  Francis  Wainwright ;  lieut.  -colonel,  Samuel 
Appleton,  both  of  Ipswich  ;  major,  Shadrach  Walton,  of  Piscataqua,  with  nine  com- 
panies ;  Capt.  Holmes,  of  the  Grenadiers,  of  Boston  ;  1st,  Capt.  Gridley,  of  Boston  ; 
2nd,  Capt.  Boyenton,  of  Topsfield  ;  3rd,  Capt.  Burrill,  of  Lynn;  4th,  Capt.  Putnam, 
of  Salem;  5th,  Capt.  March,  of  Newbury;  6th,  Capt.  Freeman,  of  Harwich  ;  7th, 
Capt.  Kent,  of  Newbury  ;  8th,  Capt.  Williamson.  The  other  regiment,  the  blue  : 
Colonel,  Winthrop  Hilton,  of  Exmouth  ;  lieut. -colonel,  William  Wanton,  of  Rhode 

Island  ;  major,  Spurr,  of  Dorchester  ;  captain, Otis,  of  Scituate.     The 

Grenadiers :  1st,  Capt.  Nichols,  of  Reading ;  2nd,  Capt.  Frothingham,  of  Charles- 
town  ;  3rd,  Capt.  Tileston,  of  Dorchester  ;  4th,  Capt.  Hunt,  of  Weymouth  ;  5th, 
Capt.  Talbot,  of  Taimton  ;  6th,  Capt.  Cook  ;  7th,  Capt.  Church,  of  Freetown  :  with 
1,076  soldiers  under  them.  There  were  five  chaplains  to  the  army,  viz.,  Mr.  Daniel 
Epps,  of  Salem ;  Mr.  Samuel  Moody,  of  York  ;  Mr.  Samuel  Hunt,  itinerant,  of 
Dunstable  ;  Mr.  John  Barnard,  itinerant  at  Boston  ;  Mr.  William  Allen,  itinerant 
at  Greenwich.  The  fleet  consisted  of  the  Deptford,  man-of-war,  Capt.  Charles 
Stukeley,  of  50  guns,  280  men  ;  the  province  galley,  Capt.  Cyprian  Southack,  24 
guns,  104  men ;  transports,  Success,  galley,  the  storeship,  Capt.  Ebenezer  Wentworth, 
14  guns,  28  men  ;  Friendship,  Capt.  Jarvis,  4  guns,  10  men  ;  the  Hannah  and  Mary, 
Capt.  Gallop;  the  Randolph,  Capt.  Zach.  Fowls,  9  men;  the  Abigail,  'Capt. 
Deering,  10  men  ;  the  Friendship,  Capt.  Isa.  Fowls,  9  men ;  a  brig,  Capt.  Waters  ; 
sloops,  the  Richard  and  Sarah,  Capt.  Carr,  7  men ;  the  Bathsheba,  Capt.  Cranson, 
of  Rhode  Island,  8  guns,  26  men;  the  Mary  and  Abigail,  Capt.  Newman,  5  men  ; 
the  Henrietta,  Capt.  Phillips,  6  men  ;  the  Mary,  Capt.  Saunders,  5  men  ;  the  Sarah 
and  Hannah,  Capt.  Winsley,  7  men  ;  the  Bonnetta,  Capt.  Sacomb,  5  men  ;  the 
man-of-war's  tender,  Capt.  Cunningham,  decked  sloop ;  open  sloops,  tenders,  the 
Success,  Capt.  Hilton,  2  men;  the  Charity,  Capt.  Hill,  2  men;  the  Adventure, 
Capt.  Atkins,  2  men  ;  the  Speedwell,  Capt.  Carney,  3  men  ;  the  Success,  Capt. 
Gardner,  3  men  ;  the  Endeavour,  Capt.  Lowell,  4  men  :  about  450  sailors.  Besides 

*  Not  discovered  by  the  author  until  after  the  preceding  was  written,  it 
strongly  confirms  the  conclusions  just  expressed.  Parkman  in  his  ' '  Half  Century 
of  Conflict,"  Vol.  I.,  page  124,  refers  to  it.— [Eo.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  55 

these  there  were  Colonel  Redknap,  engineer;  bombardiers  and  cannoneers,  14; 
William  Dudley,  Secretary  of  War  ;  Capt.  Lawrence  and  two  tenders  ;  doctors  and 
mates,  7  ;  commissaries,  Arthur  Jeffries  and  two  under  him;  field-marshals,  2; 
armourers,  2;  the  general's  trumpeter  and  boy,  2;  so  that  the  whole  number  of 
forces  consisted  of  about  1,150  men. 

"  The  thirteenth  day  of  May  the  fleet  came  to  sail,  by  sunrise,  from  Nantasket 
with  an  easy  south-west  wind.  In  our  passage  we  met  with  contrary  winds  and 
calms.  May  17th,  a  council  of  war  held  on  board  the  Deptford  ordered  that  Col. 
Appleton  should  land  on  the  north  side  Port  Royal  Basin,  with  his  own  company 
and  Major  Spurr's,  and  Capt.  Talbot's  and  Burrill's,  and  Putnam's  and  Hunt's,  and 
Capt.  Freeman's  company  of  Indians  chiefly,  about  three  hundred  men  ;  while  the 
General  and  the  rest  of  the  forces,  about  750,  should  land  on  the  south  side.  The 
26th  of  May  we  came  to  anchor  in  the  basin,  landed  our  men  that  afternoon  between 
four  and  five  o'clock,  under  Col.  Appleton,  with  whom  I  was,  on  the  north  side. 
It  being  so  late  ere  we  landed,  we  could  not  reach  the  place  of  our  designed  encamp- 
ment, but  after  several  hours'  travel,  partly  through  hideous  woods  and  fallen  trees 
across  our  way,  which  sometimes  we  climbed  over,  at  other  times  crept  under,  at 
length  we  arrived  where  were  two  or  three  houses  and  barns,  and  at  nine  at  night 
took  up  our  quarters  there.  There  also  Capt.  Freeman  and  his  company  of  Indians 
who  flanked  our  left  as  we  marched  along,  who  also  had  a  sharp  skirmish  with 
forty  or  fifty  French,  came  to  us  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  The  27th,  early  in 
the  morning  began  our  march  ;  came  to  a  deep  gully  where  we  were  ambushed 
by  about  sixty  French  ;  lost  two  of  our  men  ;  marching  a  little  farther  we  took 
two  prisoners,  and  by  noon  came  to  a  spot  where  we  fixed  our  camp,  almost  north 
of  the  fort,  little  more  than  a  musket-shot  over  the  north  river.*  About  half  an 
hour  after  Col.  Appleton  landed  on  the  north,  General  March  with  about  750  men 
landed  on  the  south  shore,  but  so  far  distant  from  the  fort,  by  reason  of  the 
wind  blowing  in  their  teeth,  that  they  were  forced  to  encamp  that  night  by  the 
way.  Early  the  27th,  in  the  morning,  they  set  forward,  were  ambushed  (at  a  place 
called  Allen's  Creek)  by  the  French  Governor,  Subercas,  with  nearly  three  hundred 
men,  who  lay  hid  in  the  thick  brush  on  the  other  side  of  the  creek.  Our  army 
marched  with  trumpets  sounding,  drums  beating  and  colours  flying,  on  upon  the 
marsh  between  them  and  the  creek  ;  gave  three  huzzas.  Then  the  enemy  dis- 
charged, from  their  covert,  their  whole  volley  upon  our  naked  men.  Our  men 
pressed  forward,  and  after  a  warm  dispute  the  enemy  retreated  up  a  hill  which 
lay  behind  them.  Our  men  passed  the  creek  and  ascended  the  hill  after  them,  the 
enemy  all  the  while  firing  briskly  upon  them  till  we  had  gained  pretty  near  them, 
and  then  they  turned  their  backs  and  fled  down  the  other  side  of  the  hill  to  the 
foot.  By  all  the  fire  from  the  ambush,  and  while  we  were  gaining  the  hill,  which 
lasted  above  an  hour,  through  divine  favor  we  lost  not  so  much  as  one  man,  and 
had  but  five  men  wounded.  Our  army  was  too  much  fatigued  to  pursue  them  to 
the  fort,  but  encamped  in  some  houses  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  ;  set  a  strong  guard 
near  the  fort  to  prevent  any  surprise. 

"By  some  deserters  who  came  from  the  fort  to  us,  we  learned  that  there  were 
about  five  hundred  men  in  the  fort,  and  220  women  and  children,  which  rendered 
it  likely,  that  upon  a  few  bombs  thrown  into  the  fort,  the  cries  of  their  wives  and 
children  would  oblige  them  to  surrender.  The  artillery  therefore  were  ordered  up 
to  us.  Redknap  promised  to  see  them  sent  next  day,  but  none  came.  Upon  inquiry 
it  was  found  that  the  engineer  and  captain  of  the  man-of-war  and  province  galley 

*  The  river  northward  from  the  fort. 


56  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

had  agreed  in  their  sentiments  that  it  was  morally  impossible  to  send  the  artillery 
up  to  us,  which  must  pass  within  command  of  the  fort. 

"May  31st.  A  council  of  war  was  held,  in  which  it  was  unhappily  agreed  not 
to  stay  to  break  ground  ;  but  was  dissented  to  by  Col.  Appleton,  Capt.  Otis  and 
Boyenton.  The  reasons  given  were — the  fort  mounted  forty-two  giins,  some  of 
36-pounders,  five  hundred  men  in  it,  our  men  unacquainted  with  attacking  a  fort, 
and  no  prospect  of  getting  up  the  artillery;  and  therefore  the  army  should  decamp, 
and  go  to  Menis  and  Seconnecto  and  try  what  they  could  do  there.  But  before 
they  decamped  they  concluded  by  the  movement  of  Col.  Hilton  and  brave  *Col. 
Wanton  to  burn  the  church,  the  storehouse,  and  all  the  houses  close  by  the  north 
bastion  of  the  fort. 

"  When  Col.  Appleton  went  over  to  Col.  March's  camp,  he  took  me  along  with 
him.  After  the  council  of  war  was  over,  General  March  meeting  me,  took  me  aside 
and  said  to  me,  '  Don't  you  smell  a  rat?'  I,  who  knew  not  what  he  intended, 
answered,  '  No,  sir.'  '  Why,'  said  he,  'Col.  Appleton  is  for  staying  to  break  ground 
only  to  have  his  wages  increased.'  I  said,  '  Sir,  I  am  a  stranger  to  Col.  Appleton's 
intentions  and  designs.'  He  then  said  to  me  (somewhat  roughly),  'I  have  heard 
you  should  say  the  artillery  might  be  brought ' — and  indeed  I  had  said  so  to  Col. 
Appleton,  and  projected  a  safe  method  for  it — and  I  said  to  him,  'Sir,  I  think  it 
may.'  '  Well,  then,'  said  he,  '  if  it  should  be  attempted,  you  shall  be  one  that  shall 
bring  it  up.'  I  replied,  'Sir,  that  is  not  my  business,  as  you  well  know  ;  however, 
if  it  will  be  of  public  service,  and  you  please  to  command  me  to  it,  I  will  readily 
venture  myself  in  it,  and  find  a  way  to  do  it.'  'Very  well,'  said  he.  I  then  took 
the  opportunity  of  being  alone  with  him,  and  said,  '  Sir,  will  you  please  to  give 
me  leave  to  observe  some  things  to  you,  in  which  it  seems  to  me  you  are  greatly 
concerned?'  He  replied,  'Yes,  sir.'  I  then  said,  'Sir,  you  are  perfectly  well 
acquainted  with  the  design  you  came  hither  upon  ;  you  know  how  much  the 
welfare  of  your  country  and  your  own  honour  lays  at  stake.  I  am  afraid  some 
you  are  connected  with  are  not  so  much  concerned  for  either  of  them  as  I  could 
wish.  I  beseech  you,  sir,  to  consider,  if  you  return  with  the  forces  (somewhat  of 
whose  vigour  and  bravery  you  have  seen)  without  doing  anything  further,  whether 
all  the  fault  will  not  be  thrown  upon  you  as  the  head  of  all  ?  As  for  those  gentle- 
men, who  seem  to  me  to  oppose  your  measures,  they  will  feel  little  or  nothing,  while 
I  fear  your  name  and  honour  will  be  exposed  in  such  a  manner  as  I  shall  be  exceed- 
ingly sorry  to  hear  of.'  He  listened  to  me,  hugged  me  in  his  arms,  and  thanked 
me  ;  and  said  he  would  immediately  call  another  council.  He  did  so  ;  and  employed 
my  hand  in  writing  letters  to  the  gentlemen  that  were  on  board  the  vessels. 

"  June  3rd.  The  Council  sat,  and  then  concluded  to  stay,  get  up  the  artillery, 
and  attack  the  fort.  The  next  day  I  went  on  board  our  ship  to  get  me  such 
accommodations  as  I  wanted,  concluding  we  should  remain  here  at  least  a  month 
longer.  But  lo  !  I  was  sadly  disappointed  and  surprised  by  the  commissary's 
knocking  at  the  cabin  door,  before  sunrise,  and  informing  me  the  army  was  come 
down  in  order  to  embark.  For  it  seems  they  held  another  council  in  the  evening, 
and  concluded  to  burn  the  houses  and  march  to  the  fleet,  and .  they  did  so  ;  and 
upon  June  5th  the  whole  army  embarked. 

"  While  we  lay  at  Port  Royal,  I  experienced  signal  deliverances  ;  one,  as  I  was 
crossing  over  the  river  to  the  General's  camp,  the  fort  fired  a  cannon  at  me,  the  ball 
of  which  struck  pretty  near  to  the  canoe.  The  other  was,  in  order  to  take  a  plan 
of  the  fort,  and  avenues  to  it,  I  marched  alone,  well  dressed,  with  a  large  pistol 
stuck  in  my  girdle,  and  pen,  ink  and  paper  in  my  hands.  I  marched  till  I  came 

*  William  Wanton,  born  1670,  was  Governor  of  Rhode  Island  in  1732,  died  1733. 
-[Eo.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  57 

to  the  entrance  of  a  straight,  narrow  lane  leading  to  the  fort,  it  may  be  more  than 
a  musket-shot  off.  The  French,  supposing  me  to  be  the  engineer,  fired  a  cannon 
at  me,  the  ball  of  which  struck  the  ground  so  near  me,  a  little  to  the  right,  as 
threw  some  dirt  upon  me.  I  thought  with  myself,  that  I  had  no  business  here, 
and  retreated  slowly  backward  out  of  danger ;  and,  thank  God,  I  escaped  what  was 
designed  against  me. 

"The  fleet  sailed  away,  having  sent  away  a  packet  to  the  Governor,  and  June 
5th,  came  to  anchor  in  the  spacious  harbour  of  Casco  Bay.  While  we  lay  there, 
letters  came  from  the  Governor  to  General  March,  ordering  him  at  his  peril  to 
return  to  Port  Royal,  and  telling  him  the  Government  were  raising  forces  to  send 
to  us. 

"July  7th.  Arrived  to  us  at  Casco  Bay  the  Ruth,  frigate  of  twenty-four  guns, 
Capt.  Alden,  commander,  and  two  companies,  Capt.  Ephraim  Savage  with  his  fifty 
men,  and  Capt.  Buckminster,  with  his  fifty  men,  which  did  not  near  make  up  the 
number  of  our  deserters  since  we  lay  at  Casco.  With  them  also  came  three  gentle- 
men, Col.  Elisha  Hutchinson,  Col.  Penn  Townshend  and  Mr.  John  Leverett,  and 
the  Reverend  Mr.  Bridge,  their  chaplain.  The  said  three  gentlemen  were  deputies 
from  the  Government  and  superintending  counsellors  to  General  March,  without 
whose  advice  he  was  to  do  nothing. 

"July  llth.  A  number  of  boats  went  out  this  morning  to  catch  lobsters  and 
plaice  among  the  islands,  which  are  many.  I  went  among  the  rest.  One  of  the 
boats  went  near  to  the  shore  of  one  island,  and  we,  who  were  next  to  them,  were 
suddenly  alarmed  with  the  firing  of  about  twenty  small  arms,  and  looking  to  the 
island  whence  the  noise  came,  we  saw  about  forty  of  the  Indians  scalping  three  of 
the  men  ;  the  other  two  men  that  were  in  the  boat  they  took  prisoners.  We  were 
so  near  to  the  enemy  that  their  shot  would  have  reached  us ;  but  they  all  immedi- 
ately betook  themselves  to  their  canoes  (being  about  150  that  lay  hid  in  the  bushes), 
and  paddled  away  for  life.  The  army  took  the  alarm,  and  in  a  few  minutes  the 
ships'  boats,  with  several  hundred  men,  and  General  March  at  the  head  of  them, 
were  upon  the  full  chase  after  the  Indians,  but  could  not  come  up  with  them. 

' '  July  24th.  An  express  from  His  Excellency  to  the  three  commissioners, 
ordering  the  forces  to  sail  for  Port  Royal ;  but  the  mutinous  disposition  of  the 
men,  too  much  encouraged  by  officers,  with  the  jealousies  and  bickerings  of  the 
field-officers  (excepting  Col.  Hilton  and  Col.  Wanton)  among  themselves,  foreboded 
no  good  by  going. 

' '  July  25th.  The  fleet  came  to  sail.  Upon  our  passage,  General  March  told 
me  (upon  a  signal  made  by  the  man-of-war  to  bear  away  for  Passamaquoddy  Bay, 
and  my  asking  him  where  we  were  bound),  he  '  knew  nothing  of  the  matter,  nor 
of  our  coming  to  sail,  nor  where  we  were  bound  ;  the  three  commissioners,  instead 
of  being  a  council  to  him,  did  what  they  pleased,  gave  him  their  positive  orders, 
which  he  should  always  obey. 

"30th  July.  Came  to  anchor  in  Passamaquoddy  with  a  fine  north-west  wind, 
which  we  lost. 

"  So  far  my  journal  goes,  which  I  have  made  some  short  extracts  from.  I  shall 
only  add  what  I  well  remember.  We  went  to  Port  Royal,  landed  in  an  orchard,* 
were  ambushed,  and  lost  about  fourteen  men,  drove  the  enemy  before  us,  returned  to 
the  orchard,  spent  a  few  days  there,  and  then  embarked  our  men  ;  but  about  110 
men  of  the  French,  mostly  privateers,  with  their  captain  at  their  head  (who  arrived 
in  our  absence),  came  and  lay  hid  in  the  thicket  of  the  woods  and  underbrush,  just 
without  a  log  fence,  where  Capt.  Talbot  with  forty  men  were  placed  as  a  guard, 

*  Where  was  this  orchard  ? 


58  HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLIS. 

and  observed  till  our  men  were  mostly  embarked  and  the  boats  ashore  for  the  last 
freight,  and  Capt.  Talbot  called  off  from  the  guard,  and  then  they  broke  in  upon  the 
orchard,  where  were  only  some  of  the  officers,  beside  Talbot's  guard  and  a  few  others, 
with  myself,  and  poured  in  their  shot  upon  us  and  killed  us  seven  men.  I  had  a 
shot  brushed  my  wig,  and  was  mercifully  preserved.  A  few  boat-loads  of  men 
going  off  immediately  returned,  and  we  soon  drove  them  out  of  the  orchard,  killed 
a  few  of  them,  desperately  wounded  the  privateer  captain,  and  after  that  we  all 
embarked  and  returned  for  Boston  as  fast  as  we  could.  When  we  came  home, 
the  General  found  it  to  be  sadly  true,  what  I  suggested  to  him  at  Port  Royal. 
Not  only  was  he  reprimanded  and  slighted  by  the  Government,  but  despised  and 
insulted  as  he  walked  the  streets  by  the  populace  ;  the  very  children,  at  the  sight  of 
him,  crying  out,  '  Wooden  swords  !'  Though  in  himself  a  valiant  man,  yet  I  think 
his  capacity  was  below  the  post  he  sustained." 

Early  in  1708  the  Loire,  a  French  man-of-war,  arrived  at  Port  Royal, 
but  she  brought  110  goods  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants,  who  appear  to 
,  have  been  in  want  of  iron  and  earthenwares.  During  the  summer, 
Subercase  built  a  bomb-proof  powder  magazine,  capable  of  holding  a  large 
quantity  of  powder,  and  a  large  building,  part  of  which  was  to  be  used 
as  a  chapel,  and  part  as  lodgings  for  the  almoner,  the  surgeon  and  Des 
Goutins.  The  barracks  were  finished  at  this  time  also.  In  one  of  his 
despatches  to  the  French  minister,  he  tells  him  : 

"  The  land  is  good  and  fertile,  and  produces  everything  that  France  does 
except  olives.  There  is  abundance  of  grain  and  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  wood 
of  all  sizes  for  building.  All  along  the  coast  are  fine  harbours,  easy  of  entrance. 
The  people  here  are  excellent  workmen  with  the  axe  and  the  adze." 

Very  considerable  damage  was  done  to  the  English  colonists  of  Boston 
and  elsewhere  by  French  privateers  during  the  early  summer  of  1709; 
One  Morpain,  who  was  present  and  assisted  in  the  defence  of  Port  Royal 
in  1707,  commanded  one  of  these,  and  succeeded  in  capturing  a  coast- 
guard ship,  which  had  been  sent  from  Massachusetts  Bay  for  the  purpose 
of  making  a  prize  of  him.  Morpain  brought  his  prize  to  Port  Royal. 
The  fight  which  preceded  this  event,  and  which  resulted  so  badly  for  the 
English,  seems  to  have  been  a  very  severe  one.  It  is  said  that  while 
the  Frenchman  had  only  five  killed  and  less  than  a  dozen  wounded,  the 
loss  of  the  former  amounted  to  one  hundred  men,  the  captain  being 
among  the  killed.  Many  captures  of  colonial  vessels  had  been  made  by 
Morpain  a  few  weeks  previous  to  this  affair.  The  commander  of  another 
privateer  was  about  the  same  time  shot  dead  in  the  streets  of  the  town 
by  a  soldier  whom  he  had  insulted  some  time  before.  The  soldier  was 
tried  by  court-martial  for  the  crime,  convicted  and  executed.  In  relation 
to  the  success  of  the  French  corsairs,  Subercase  informs  his  Government 
that  "  they  (the  corsairs)  have  desolated  Boston,  having  captured  and 
destroyed  thirty-five  vessels."  No  less  than  470  prisoners  had  been 
made  from  the  English  by  the  French  during  1709,  and  were  sent  to 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  59 

New  England  before  the  winter  set  in.  .Toward  the  end  of  this  year 
Subercase  ordered  the  inhabitants  to  "cut  down  the  woods  which  were 
too  near  us  on  both  sides  of  the  river."  Of  these  people  he  observes  : 

"  They  have  more  facilities  than  any  people  in  the  world — flax  and  hemp 
growing  there  almost  to  a  marvel.  I  look  upon  them,  and  they  are  really  the  most 
happy  people  upon  the  earth.  They  are  wholly  relieved  of  the  mischiefs  which  the 
English  inflicted  on  them  two  years  ago." 

The  precaution,  named  in  the  first  quotation,  seems  to  have  been  taken 
on  account  of  the  rumour  which  had  reached  the  fort  that  urgent  efforts 
were  being  made  in  Massachusetts  for  the  reduction  of  French  power  in 
Acadie  by  the  capture  and  conquest  of  Port  Royal  in  the. coming  year; 
nor  was  the  rumour  ill-founded. 

Colonel  Francis  Nicholson,*  who  had,  even  at  this  date,  an  exten- 
sive experience  as  a  colonial  governor,  and  who  was  therefore  well 
acquainted  with  colonial  affairs,  was  the  leading  spirit  of  the  enter- 
prise which  was  henceforth  to  make  the  year  1710  remarkable  in  the 
annals  of  this  province.  Colonel  Vetch,  who  had  assisted  Nicholson 
while  in  England  to  impress  upon  the  British  Government  the  neces- 
sity of  renewing  the  endeavour  to  wrest  from  the  French  Crown  its 
colonies  in  North  America,  came  over  to  Boston  in  May,  1710. 
Nicholson,  who  had  obtained  assistance  in  England,  arrived  a  little 
later  in  the  season  in  H.M.S.  Dragon,  which  was  accompanied  by  the 
Falmouth  and  two  smaller  vessels.  These  were  to  be  added  to  a 
squadron  to  be  provided  by  New  England.  Besides  these  H.M.S. 
Chester,  Leostaffe  and  FeversJiam,  already  on  this  station,  were  ordered  to 
join  the  expedition.  The  transports  were  furnished  by  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  New  Hampshire  and  Rhode  Island,  and  they  were  twenty- 
four  in  number,  which,  with  those  before  named  and  some  others,  made 
a  grand  total  of  thirty-six  vessels  connected  with  the  expedition,  which 
was  placed  under  the  command  of  Nicholson,  with  Vetch  as  adjutant- 
general.  The  military  portion  of  the  armament  consisted  of  one  regiment 
of  marines,  two  regiments  from  Massachusetts,  one  from  Connecticut, 
and  one  from  New  Hampshire  and  Rhode  Island.  The  grenadiers  of 
the  New  Hampshire  regiment  were  commanded  by  Paul  Mascarene,  a 
gentleman  whose  name,  from  this  time  for  nearly  half  a  century  after- 
wards, is  to  be  continuously  and  honourably  connected  with  the  history 
of  this  province.  The  expedition  sailed  from  Nantasket,  in  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  on  the  18th  September,  and  six  days  afterwards  it  safely 

*  Born  in  England  ;  Lieutenant-Governor  of  New  York  under  Andros,  1687-89  ; 
Governor  of  Virginia  1690-92,  and  1699-1705 ;  and  of  Maryland  1694-99.  After 
serving  as  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia  he  was  knighted  in  1720,  and  was  Governor 
of  South  Carolina  in  1721-25,  and  died  in  1728.— [Eo.] 


60  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

entered  the  lower  basin  of  Port  Royal,  where  it  remained  until  after  the 
first  day  of  October.  Two  days  later  Nicholson  sent  the  following 
summons  to  Subercase : 

"  You  are  hereby  required  and  commanded  to  deliver  up  to  me  for  the  Queen  of 
Great  Britain  the  fort  at  present  under  your  control,  which  by  right  belongs  to  Her 
said  Majesty,  together  with  all  the  territories  which  are  under  your  command  by 
virtue  of  the  undoubted  right  of  her  royal  predecessors,  and  also  with  all  the  guns, 
mortars,  magazines  of  war,  and  troops  likewise  under  your  command,  otherwise  I 
shall  exert  myself  with  diligence  to  reduce  them  by  force  of  Her  Majesty's  arms. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  seal-at-arms,  the  third  day  of  October,  in  the  ninth 
year  of  the  reign  of  our  Sovereign  Lady  Queen  Anne,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  annoque  Domini,  1710. 

"(Signed),  F.  J.  NICHOLSON. 

"October  3rd,  1710." 

This  summons  was  sent  while  the  fleet  was  still  in  the  lower  basin,  and 
it  was  not  till  the  5th  that  it  came  to  anchor  a  little  below  the  fort.  On 
the  next  day  the  troops  were  landed — the  major  part  of  them  on  the 
south  side  the  river,  and  the  remainder  on  the  Granville  or  north  side,  as 
had  been  done  by  March  in  the  first  siege  in  1707.  The  condition  of  the 
fort  and  the  feelings  of  its  defenders,  especially  of  the  militia,  made  the 
defence  a  subject  of  uneasiness  to  Subercase.  The  conduct  of  France 
toward  its  subjects  in  this  place  had  always  been  unwise  and  impolitic, 
and  since  the  siege  so  recently  raised  no  supplies  had  arrived  at  Port 
Royal,  though  the  colony  then  stood  in  sore  need  of  them.  During  the 
three  years  since  that  event  everything  which  reached  them  had  been 
taken  from  the  enemy  by  the  activity  and  daring  of  the  privateers  who 
appear  to  have  made  this  part  of  Acadie  their  headquarters.  The  almost 
studied  neglect  with  which  the  colonial  inhabitants  were  continually 
treated  by  their  countrymen  at  home,  had,  in  some  measure,  alienated 
their  affections  from  the  French  monarch,  while  the  comparative  cheapness 
of  English  goods  acted  as  a  bribe  to  their  cupidity,  and  led  them  to  view 
a  conquest  as  not  the  greatest  calamity  that  could  befall  them.  Even  the 
supply  of  clothing  to  the  garrison  was  dealt  out  with  a  niggardly  parsi- 
mony, or  entirely  withheld,  and  no  one  knew  better  than  Subercase 
the  feelings  which  animated  the  people  around  him,  in  consequence  of 
these  things ;  indeed,  it  may  be  fairly  said  that  his  only  object  on  this 
trying  occasion  was  to  obtain  as  favourable  terms  as  possible  from  his 
formidable  enemy. 

Nicholson  having  summoned  the  garrison  to  surrender  did  not  long 
remain  idle,  but  as  we  have  seen  immediately  landed  his  forces  and  pre- 
pared for  an  attack.  He  had  determined  if  possible  to  assail  the  fort  on 
the  two  sides  at  the  same  time.  The  portion  of  his  forces  which  had  been 
landed  in  Granville,  were  to  proceed  to  a  point  above  the  town  to  be 
transported  thence  to  the  opposite  shore,  where  they  would  be  enabled 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  61 

to  approach  the  fort  toward  its  eastern  glacis,  while  those  who  had 
landed  on  the  Clements  shore  should  proceed  to  invest  it  on  the  western 
and  southern  sides,  and  it  is  quite  certain  this  plan  was  carried  into 
operation.  Murdoch  (Vol.  L,  p.  313)  says: 

' '  There  is  a  tradition  that  Nicholson  passed  his  troops  by  night  in  small  vessels 
by  the  fort,  and  round  Hog  Island,  up  the  narrow  part  of  the  river,  landing  some- 
where in  the  rear  of  the  spot  where  the  late  Judge  Thomas  Ritchie's  mansion 
is  built,  and  gradually  made  his  approaches  in  front  of  the  site  of  the  court-house  of 
Annapolis." 

I  think  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  artillery  and  part  of 
the  men  were  so  conveyed,  arid  that  the  boats  used  for  that  purpose  were 
afterwards  employed  to  bring  over  the  Granville  detachment.  An  attack 
made  from  the  south-west,  on  the  6th,  having  been  repelled  with  loss  to 
the  besiegers,  they,  on  the  next  day,  followed  the  western  bank  of  Allain's 
(now  Lequille)  river  upwards  to  what  was  long  afterwards — in  fact,  even 
to  this  day — called  the  "General's  Bridge,"  where  they  crossed  the  stream 
without  opposition,  and  were  thus  able  to  reach  the  fort  from  the  south, 
and  unite  their  operations  with  those  of  their  brethren,  who  had  already 
landed  on  the  south-eastern  side.  This  manreuvre  was  covered  by  a  can- 
nonade from  the  north  and  west — the  river  side  of  the  fort — from  the 
vessels  which  were  anchored  there.  While  the  cannonade  from  this 
quarter  continued,  the  remaining  artillery  and  ammunition  of  the  English 
were  successfully  sent  through  the  narrows  to  the  camp  already  formed 
in  that  direction,  or  to  speak  more  correctly,  which  was  then  being  formed. 

On  the  8th  Subercase  ordered  a  violent  cannonade  upon  this  camp, 
with  the  immediate  object  of  preventing  them  from  erecting  batteries,  and 
he  was  so  successful  that  they  were  obliged  to  abandon  their  intention 
for  the  time,  and  to  select  another  spot  for  that  purpose.  The  French 
artillery  continued  to  throw  bombs  and  other  missiles  into  the  English 
camp  during  the  earlier  part  of  the  9th,  but  ceased  in  the  afternoon  owing 
to  heavy  rain.  On  this  day  some  of  the  English  ships  approached  the 
town  and  bombarded  the  fort,  discharging  forty-two  bombs  of  two  hun- 
dred pounds'  weight,  but  without  serious  effect  upon  the  besieged,  who 
endeavoured  in  return  to  bombard  the  ships,  but  failed  through  the 
bursting  of  their  mortars. 

On  the  10th  of  October,  having  enlarged  their  batteries  and  more 
thoroughly  entrenched  themselves,  the  English  renewed  the  bombard- 
ment, and  continued  it  during  the  night  of  that  day  and  the  morning  of 
the  next.  During  the  night  several  soldiers  and  about  fifty  of  the 
inhabitants  deserted  from  the  French,  and  Charles  Latour  was  wounded 
by  a  fragment  of  one  of  the  bomb-shells  which  exploded  in  the  fort,  into 
which  it  had  been  thrown  from  one  of  the  invaders'  batteries.  On  the 
llth  the  inhabitants  petitioned  Subercase  to  ask  for  terms,  alleging  if 


62  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

the  place  was  held  any  longer  against  the  enemy  no  quarter  would  be 
given  them.  The  English  batteries,  on  the  12th,  had  been  pushed  for- 
ward to  a  point  within  a  very  short  distance  of  the  works  of  the  besieged, 
and  a  furious  cannonade  was  commenced,  which,  for  a  time,  was  as  hotly 
returned  by  the  French,  but  the  Governor  finding  that  the  spirit  of  the 
garrison  was  completely  broken,  and  that  further  effort  could  not  long 
prevent  the  fort  being  taken  by  assault,  sent  an  officer  to  Nicholson  to 
propose  a  capitulation.  The  terms  of  surrender  were  soon  agreed  upon 
etween  the  parties,  and  the  fort  was  delivered  up  to  the  English  on  the 
16th,  when  the  garrison,  to  the  number  of  over  two  hundred  men,  were 
found  to  have  been  reduced  to  a  miserable  condition,  being  left  without 
either  food  or  clothing.  So  great  was  the  scarcity  of  provisions  that  the 
British  commander  found  it  necessary  to  distribute  food  from  his  own 
stores  to  the  starving  sufferers.  Four  hundred  and  eighty  persons, 
including  the  garrison,  were  afterwards  shipped  to  Rochelle,  in  France, 
in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  capitulation.  By  another  clause  in  the 
terms  it  was  agreed,  "  that  the  inhabitants  within  cannon-shot  of  the  fort 
should  remain  upon  their  estates,  with  their  corn,  cattle,  and  furniture, 
during  two  years,  in  case  they  are  not  desirous  to  go  before — they  taking 
the  oath  of  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  Her  sacred  Majesty  of  Great 
Britain ; "  and,  by  a  memorandum  appended,  it  was  stated  and  agreed 
that  a  ' '  cannon-shot "  should  be  held  to  be  equal  to  a  distance  of  three 
English  miles  in  all  directions  from  the  fort.  This  district  was  known  as 
the  banlieue,*  and  was  quite  populous.  Thus,  for  the  sixth  time,  Port 
Royal,  105  years  after  its  foundation,  became  by  conquest  a  possession 
of  the  English  Crown,  but  not,  as  ever  before,  to  pass  from  its  rule 
again  either  by  treaty  or  conquest. 

*  French  word  for  the  "  outskirts  "  of  a  place. — [Ei>.] 


CHAPTER    V. 

1710-1732. 

• 

Vetch  the  first  English  Governor — Acadians  complain  of  his  treatment  of  them  — 
Seek  aid  from  the  Governor  of  Canada  to  leave — Blood}'  Creek — Nicholson 
Governor — Queen  Anne's  letter  —  Census  of  1714 — Phillipps  Governor — 
Council  appointed — Mascarene's  description  of  the  town — Attacks  by  Indians 
— Civil  court  established — A  clerical  scandal — Treaty  with  the  Indians — 
Armstrong  Lieut. -Governor — Doucet's  death — French  take  qualified  oath — 
Commission  of  the  Peace — Cosby  Lieut. -Governor — Phillipps'  return  to  the 
seat  of  Government  —  Again  leaves  —  Armstrong  Lieut. -Governor — Land 
grants. 

IN  1711,  the  French  inhabitants  of  the  Annapolis  valley  sent  a  letter 
to  the  Governor  of  Canada  (Vaudreuil),  praying  him  to  commiserate 
their  condition  and  furnish  them  with  the  means  of  leaving  the  country. 
In  this  document  they  complain  of  Governor  Vetch,  saying  that  he 
"  treats  them  like  negroes,"  and  that  he  asserts  that  they  should  be 
grateful  that  he  did  not  treat  them  worse.  Provisions  being  scarce,  Mr. 
Capon,  the  commissary  of  the  fort,  with  five  or  six  friendly  French,  went 
up  the  river  about  nine  miles  to  arrange  for  a  supply,  and  while  in  the 
house  of  one  Le  Blanc  he  was  made  prisoner  by  an  armed  party  and 
carried  some  distance,  but  Le  Blanc  followed  and  redeemed  him  with  his 
own  money.  One  Sunday  morning  Vetch  sent  up  the  river  a  force  of 
fifty  men  under  Captain  Abercrombie,  who  arrested  the  cure,  Father 
Justinien,  and  four  of  the  principal  inhabitants  and  brought  them  to  the 
fort,  where  the  Governor  told  them  they  should  remain  in  custody  until 
the  people  delivered  up  the  abductors ;  and  shortly  after  went  to  Boston, 
taking  the  cure  and  an  Indian  with  him  as  hostages.  The  town  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  deficient  in  the  means  of  punishment  by  way  of 
imprisonment,  as  the  Governor  confined  Louis  Allain  and  his  son  in  a 
dungeon,  where  he  put  them  in  irons.  They  were  charged  with  encourag- 
ing desertion  among  the  troops  of  the  garrison,  which  then  consisted  of 
five  hundred  men,  some  of  whom  were  regulars,  and  others  New  England 
volunteers.  Murdoch  (Vol.  I.,  p.  323),  says : 

"It  is  stated  that  of  this  number  more  than  three  hundred  and  forty  had  died 
of  sickness  and  in  sorties  up  to  the  first  day  of  June,  1711,  that  is,  within  seven 
months  of  the  surrender  of  the  place." 


64  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Christopher  Cahouet  describes  the  condition  of  the  fort  at  this  period 
as  being  anything  but  good  ;  it  was  in  a  "  tumble-down  "  state  and  the 
English  had  repaired  the  breaches  in  the  walls  by  means  of  chevaux-de- 
frise  and  stockades  only.  He  also  informed  his  French  master  that  the 
inhabitants  and  Indians,  to  the  number  of  five  or  six  hundred,  meditated 
an  attack  upon  it  at  an  early  day. 

It  was  during  this  year  that  a  massacre  occurred,  which  has  given  a 
name  to  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Annapolis  River,  which  it  still  bears. 
I  refer  to  the  "  Bloody  Creek  "  brook,  near  Bridgetown.  *  Such  of  the 
French  in  this  locality  as  were  willing  to  supply  wood  and  timber  for  the 
fort  were  harassed  and  prevented  by  the  Indians,  incited  to  ever-recur- 
ring acts  of  hostility  to  the  English  by  Gaulin,  a  missionary  priest.  Men 
cutting  wood  were  sometimes  shot  by  enemies  in  ambush,  and  rafts  were 
often  cut  adrift.  To  guard  the  inhabitants  thus  employed  from  such 
molestations,  and  show  the  Indians  that  the  French  were  performing 
such  services  under  compulsion,  as  well  as  to  overawe  the  unruly  among 
the  latter,  the  Governor,  at  the  request  of  Major  Forbes,  the  engineer, 
sent  an  expedition  of  eighty  men,  the  elite  of  the  garrison,  up  the  river  in 
two  flat-boats  and  one  whale-boat,  under  command  of  Captain  Pidgeon. 
Having  lost  a  tide  on  the  way,  the  Indians  got  news  of  their  approach, 
and  not  anticipating  danger,  the  whale-boat  was  nearly  a  mile  ahead  of 
the  others,  when  its  occupants  were  surprised  by  a  party  of  Indians  con- 
cealed in  the  woods,  which  everywhere  then  lined  the  banks  of  the 
stream.  They  had  reached  the  mouth  of  the  creek  in  safety,  and  were 
proceeding  up  the  winding  channel  when  the  attack  was  made.  It  is 
probable  that  the  Indians  allowed  them  to  pass  quietly  up  to  the  head  of 
the  tide  and  to  effect  a  partial  landing,  before  they  discovered  themselves 
by  making  their  murderous  onslaught.  This  seems  the  more  certain, 
because  tradition  points  to  a  spot  on  the  left  bank  of  the  stream,  and 
a  little  to  the  southward  of  the  present  highway,  as  the  scene  of  this 
disaster.  The  men  in  the  other  boats,  hastening  at  the  sound  of  firing 
to  the  help  of  their  comrades,  were  speedily  caught  in  the  same  ambush. 
Thirty  of  the  English  were  killed  and  the  remainder  made  prisoners, 
although  the  attacking  party  consisted  of  only  forty-two  men.  The  fort 
major  and  the  engineer,  and  all  the  boats'  crews  were  killed,  and  two 
captains,  two  lieutenants  and  an  ensign,  with  the  remainder  of  the 
soldiers,  were  compelled  to  surrender  at  discretion. 

The  immediate  effect  of  this  affair  was  to  encourage  the  French  and 
their  Indian  allies  to  carry  out  their  design  of  attempting  to  recover  the 
possession  of  Port  Royal.  Gaulin,  the  Jesuit  missionary,  instantly  on 
the  receipt  of  the  news,  assembled  two  hundred  men,  and  with  them 
marched  to  Annapolis.  The  inhabitants  of  the  banlieue,  as  well  as 
those  of  the  river  settlements,  joined  the  besieging  force,  the  former 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  65 

alleging  as  a  justification  of  their  traitorous  conduct,  a  violation  of  the 
articles  of  capitulation  in  the  preceding  year,  whereby  they  were  freed 
from  the  oaths  they  had  then  taken.  The  garrison  was  thus  confined  to 
the  limits  of  the  fort.  Gaulin  having  caged  his  foes  in  this  manner,  left 
the  investing  battalions  and  went  to  Placentia  to  secure  additional  aid 
from  Costabelle,  the  Governor  of  that  place,  from  whom  he  obtained 
twelve  hundred  pounds  of  powder,  blankets,  guns  and  other  necessary 
materials  ;  but  at  this  juncture,  and  shortly  after  he  had  sailed  to  return, 
startling  news  reached  Placentia.  A  large  fleet  of  sixty  sail  of  ships  had 
been  seen  making  their  way  toward  Quebec,  and  Gaulin's  vessel  had 
been  captured  by  one  of  these  after  making  a  very  courageous  defence. 
Vaudreuil,  the  Governor  at  Quebec,  had  received  the  inspiriting  news 
of  the  battle  of  "  Bloody  Creek,"  and  had  without  delay  fitted  out  an 
expedition  intended  to  be  sent  to  Annapolis  Royal  to  assist  in  its  reduc- 
tion ;  but  before  its  departure,  the  intelligence  that  measures  had  been 
taken  both  at  New  York  and  Boston  to  send  forces  for  its  defence,  was 
received  by  him,  and  he  abandoned  his  project.  Vetch  had  indeed  left 
Annapolis  for  Boston,  leaving  Sir  Charles  Hobby  in  command,  and  had 
obtained  reinforcements  to  the  number  of  four  hundred  men  for  its 
defence,  thus  for  the  time  effectually  securing  it  against  further  danger 
from  its  assailants. 

The  reader  must  not  forget  that  France  ardently  desired  and  con- 
fidently looked  forward  to  the  repossession  of  Port  Royal.  With  this 
end  in  view  Vaudreuil  had,  at  the  beginning  of  1711,  appointed  Anselm, 
Baron  St.  Castine,  whose  wife  was  a  Port  Royal  woman,  to  be  his  lieu- 
tenant in  Acadie.  In  1707,  he  had  married  Charlotte  D'Amours,  and 
was  present  and  assisted  in  the  defence  of  the  town  during  the  sieges  of 
that  year,  and  was  wounded  in  repelling  one  of  the  attacks  then  made 
upon  it.  These  acts  of  the  French  colonial  authorities  show  that  they 
looked  upon  the  recent  conquest  as  one  that  was  not  to  be  of  long  con- 
tinuance, and  even  after  the  distinct  cession  of  Nova  Scotia  by  the 
Treaty  of  Utrecht,  they  did  not  give  up  their  hope  of  its  recovery  by 
reconquest. 

In  June,  1713,  the  Queen  of  Great  Britain,  in  whose  honour  the  name 
of  Port  Royal  was  changed  to  Annapolis  (the  City  of  Anne),  sent  the 
following  letter  to  Francis  Nicholson,  then  Governor-in- chief  of  this  pro- 
vince, which,  as  it  relates  to  the  French  settlers  here,  I  transcribe  in  full  : 

"  Anne  R.  Trusty  and  well  beloved  :  we  greet  you  well.  Whereas  our  good 
brother  the  most  Christian  King,  hath  at  our  desire,  released  from  imprisonment  on 
board  his  galleys,  such  of  his  subjects  as  were  detained  there  on  account  of  their 
professing  the  Protestant  religion;  we  being  willing  to  show  by  some  mark  of  our 
favour  toward  his  subjects  how  kind  we  take  his  compliance  .therein,  we  have  there- 
fore thought  fit  hereby  to  signify  our  will  and  pleasure  to  you,  that  you  permit  such 

5 


66  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

of  them  as  have  any  lands  or  tenements  in  the  places  under  your  Government  in 
Acadie  and  Newfoundland,  that  have  been  or  are  willing  to  continue  our  subjects, 
to  retain  and  enjoy  their  said  lands  and  tenements  without  any  molestation,  as  fully 
and  freely  as  other  our  subjects  do,  or  may  possess  their  lands  or  estates,  or  to  sell 
the  same  if  they  shall  rather  choose  to  remove  elsewhere.  And  for  so  doing,  this 
shall  be  your  warrant,  and  so  we  heartily  bid  you  farewell. 

"  Given  at  our  Court  at  Kensington,  the  twenty-third  day  of  June,  1713,  in 
the  twelfth  year  of  our  reign. 

"  (Signed),  DARTMOUTH. 

"F.  NICHOLSON,  ESQ.,  Governor." 

The  history  of  Annapolis,  and  of  the  whole  Province,  from  this  period 
to  1755,  will  consist  chiefly  of  a  relation  of  the  struggles  made  by  the 
French  to  prevent  the  permanent  settlement  of  the  country  by  the 
English,  and  of  the  efforts  of  the  latter  to  bring  the  inhabitants  to 
become  true  and  loyal  subjects  of  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain. 

In  1714,  a  census  of  Port  Royal — or  Annapolis  Royal,  as  it  must 
henceforth  be  called — that  is,  of  all  the  hamlets  on  the  Annapolis  River, 
was  made,  in  which  the  surnames  of  the  families  are  given.  The  total 
number  of  inhabitants  was  637. 

The  names  are  as  follows  :  Abraham,  Alain,  Barnabe,  Beliveau, 
Beaumont,  Beaupre,  Bernard,  Blanchard,  Blondin,  Bonappetit,  Boudrot, 
Bourg,  Bourgeois,  Breau,  Brossard,  Cadet,  Crane,  Champagne,  Cle- 
menceau,  Commeau,  Cosse,  D'amboise,  Debert,  Dubois,  Denis,  Doucet, 
Dugas,  Dumont,  Dupuis,  Emmanuel,  L'Etoile,  Forest,  Gentil,  Girouard, 
Godet,  Gouselle,  Grange,  Guillebeau,  Hebert,  Jean,  Labaune,  Langlois, 
La  Liberte,  Laurier,  Landry,  La  Rosette,  Lafont,  La  Montagne,  Lapierre ; 
Lanoue,  Lavergne,  Le  Basque,  L'Esperance,  Le  Breton,  Leblanc,  Le- 
marquis,  (2)  L'Etoile,  Lionnais,  Maillard,  Martin,  Melanson,  Michel, 
Moire,  Nantois,  Olivier,  Paris,  Parisien,  Piltre,  Pellerin,  Petitpas,  Potier, 
Poubomcoup,  Raimond,  Richard,  Robichau,  (2)  La  Rosette,  Samson, 
Savary,  Savoie,  Sellan,  Surette,  St.  Louis,  St.  Scenne,  Thibodeau, 
Tourangeois,  La  Verdure,  Villate,  Vincent,  Yvon. 

The  Beaupres  probably  had  their  dwelling  on  the  farm  lately  occupied 
by  Mr.  William  Carty,  as  the  marsh  adjoining  it  still  bears  their  name. 
The  Beliveaus  lived  on  the  Bell  Farm  (Fitz-Randolph's),  near  Bridge- 
town, as  may  be  proved  by  an  old  deed  of  those  lands,  in  which  it  is 
called  Beliveau's  farm,  the  prefix  "Bell,"  by  which  it  is  still  known, 
being  a  contraction  of  the  name  Beliveau.  The  Dugas  lived  a  short 
distance  below  the  town  of  Annapolis,  and  gave  their  name  to  the 
marsh  in  that  district.  The  La  Rosettes  gave  their  name  to  the  marsh 
and  beautiful  district  to  the  eastward  of  the  town,  which  it  bears  to 
this  day,  and  the  Oliviers  owned  a  house  and  lot  in  the  town,  which  was 
on  the  east  side  of  the  old  Cooper  lot  so  called,  a  fact  which  may  be 
verified  by  an  old  deed  of  1717,  now  or  recently  in  the  possession  of 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  67 

Mrs.  Samuel  Bayard,  of  St.  John,  N.B.  Mr.  Olivier  was  buried  in  the 
old  graveyard  near  the  fort,  where  a  stone  with  an  inscription  still 
marks  his  grave.  He  died  in  1731.  There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt 
of  the  accuracy  of  this  statement.  In  the  document  referred  to  he  is 
called  Antoine  Olivier,  and  in  the  inscription  he  is  called  Mr.  Anthony 
Oliver.  The  Pellerins  had  a  house  near,  if  not  precisely  on,  the  present 
site  of  the  Cowling  House,  now  standing  in  the  old  capital. 

In  this  year  I  find  the  first  mention  made  of  Lieutenant-Governor 
Armstrong,  who  for  so  many  years  resided  in  Annapolis,  and  conducted 
the  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  who  unfortunately  ended  his  faithful 
services  and  useful  life  by  committing  suicide.  In  1711  he  was  sent 
to  England  by  Vetch,  who  then  commanded  at  Annapolis,  to  solicit  the 
aid  of  the  Board  of  Trade  in  procuring  the  means  to  strengthen  and 
repair  the  defences  of  the  town,  and  to  urge  upon  them  the  value  and 
resources  of  the  country,  and  the  wisdom  of  taking  active  and  immediate 
measures  to  preserve  it  to  the  Crown.  He  informed  the  Board  that  the 
garrison  was  dependent  on  the  merchants  of  New  England  for  supplies, 
and  that  they  demanded  extravagant  prices  for  what  they  furnished, 
and  recommended  settling  a  sufficient  number  of  English  people  here  to 
produce  the  food  required,  and  suggested  that  the  town  should  be  made 
a  free  port.  Concerning  the  fortifications  he  says  : 

' '  As  to  the  fortifications,  they  are  in  form  a  regular  square,  with  four  bastions 
made  up  of  earth  and  sod- work ;  the  earth,  a  loose  gravel  or  sand,  subject  to  damage 
by  every  thaw,  and  to  great  breaches  which  happened  by  the  fall  of  the  walls 
into  the  ditch  till  a  method  was  found  to  revest  the  works  with  timber  from  the 
bottom  of  the  ditch  to  the  friezes,  eighteen  feet,  and  above  that  with  four  feet  of 
sod,  the  greatest  part  of  which  being  done  while  General  Nicholson  was  last  here. 
The  houses  and  barracks  where  the  officers  and  soldiers  lodge,  with  the  storehouses 
and  magazines,  are  in  a  ruinous  condition,  and  not  like  to  stand  three  years  without 
thorough  repair." 

This  description  was  written  in  1716.  Vetch,  in  1715,  was  appointed 
governor  a  second  time  (this  time  succeeding  Nicholson  whom  he  had 
preceded),  but  in  1716  Colonel  Richard  Phillipps  was  appointed  Gov- 
ernor-in-chief  of  the  Province.  It  seems  strange  to  us  at  this  day  that 
no  earnest  attempt  had  been  made  to  colonise  Nova  Scotia  with  English 
settlers,  as  one  of  the  first  acts  of  the  new  governor  was  to  advise  such 
a  course,  giving  it  as  his  opinion  that  "  Government  should  give  all 
encouragement  to  the  settlement  of  British  subjects  here,  as  a  means  of 
securing  the  fidelity  of  the  conquered  French  habitans."  If  this  wise 
advice  had  been  followed,  it  would  have  entirely  changed  the  complexion 
of  Acadian  history  from  the  time  of  the  conquest.  The  expulsion  of 
1755  would  not  have  been  necessary,  and  an  event  that  cannot  be 
regarded  but  as  a  sad  one,  nor  justified  by  any  plea  but  that  of  necessity, 


68  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

would  not  have  occurred  to  blot  and  disfigure  its  pages ;  nor  would  the 
advancement  of  the  country  and  the  development  of  its  resources  have 
been  retarded  for  nearly  half  a  century,  as  they  manifestly  were. 

Phillipps  did  not  arrive  at  Annapolis  till  the  spring  of  1720.     He  had 
previously    recommended  that    place    for    the  seat  of  government,    and 
asked  that  means   should  be   provided    him  to  make  a    survey    of   the 
adjacent  coasts.       On   his   arrival  he    reviewed  the   garrison   which    he 
found  in  a  tolerably  good  condition,  but  the   fortifications  were  wretch- 
edly out  of  repair.     A  few  days  after  he  was  visited  by  the  priest  of 
the  settlements,   who  was  accompanied  by  about  one  hundred  and    fifty 
"  lusty  young   men."       This    demonstration  was    probably   intended    ta 
impress  the  mind  of  the  new  governor  with  an  idea  of  his  importance ; 
but  he  seems  to  have  failed  in  his  object,  for  he  was  ordered  by  Phillipps 
to  read  to   his  followers  and  the  other  inhabitants  assembled,  a  procla- 
mation which  had  been  previously  prepared  announcing  His  Majesty's 
intentions   concerning  them.     Having  produced  a  salutary  effect  by  his 
firmness,  he  proceeded  to  form  a  council  to  aid  him  in  the  administration 
of  the  public  affairs.     This  council,  which  was  the  first  formed  in  this 
province,   consisted   of    the  following  persons,   most  of   whom   took  the 
prescribed  oaths  on  the  6th  of  May,  1720  :     (1)  John  Doucet,  lieutenant- 
governor,    captain    in    the    40th    regiment;    (2)    Lawrence    Armstrong, 
major    in  the  40th    regiment ;  (3)   Paul  Mascarene,   major  in  the   40th 
regiment;    (4)    Rev.  John    Harrison,   chaplain  in    the    40th   regiment; 
(5)    Cyprian  Southack,    sea-captain ;     (6)    Arthur  Savage ;    (7)   Hibbert 
Newton,  collector  of  customs;  (8)    William   Shirreff;  (9)  Peter  Boudre, 
captain  of  the  sloop  Charlemont ;    (10)  John  Adams,  sworn  in  May  9th, 
and  (11)  Gillam  Phillipps,  who  was  not  sworn  in  until  the  16th  of  August. 
Of  these  Mr.    Doucet    remained    lieutenant-governor   until   his   decease. 
It  was  he  who  three  years  before  sold  his  house  and  lot  to  Olivier  (see 
ante,  p.  66).     Arthur  Savage  was  made  naval  officer  of  the  port,  and  all 
sea-captains  were   required  to  report  their  vessels  at  his  office  on  their 
arrival  or  departure,  as  well  as  at  the  office  of   the  collector  of  customs. 
He  was  also  the  first  provincial  secretary  of  Nova  Scotia,  having  been 
chosen  to  fill  that  office  immediately  after  the  formation  of  the  Council. 
Hibbert    Newton  was  the   first  collector  of   customs  appointed    in  the 
Province.     Very  little  is  known  of  Mr.   Adams,    who  was  a    native  of 
Massachusetts,  to  which  province  he  retired,  when  infirm  with  age  and 
blind,  to  die.       He  was  probably  employed  in  trade  from  the  time  he 
settled  in  the  country. 

During  this  year  (1720)  it  was  ordered  that  the  French  inhabitants  on 
the  Annapolis  River  should  elect  from  among  themselves  six  deputies, 
whose  duty  it  should  be  to  promulgate  the  orders  and  proclamations 
of  the  Government,  and  to  see  that  their  directions  were  carried  into 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  69 

•execution.  The  names  of  the  first  deputies  thus  chosen  were  :  Alex- 
ander Robichau,  Prudent  Robichau,  Nicholas  Gautier,  Bernard  Goudet, 
•Charles  Landry  and  Pierre  Goudet.  Phillipps  then  gave  notice  that 
he  would  give  the  inhabitants  four  months  in  which  to  come  in  and 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king,  at  the  end  of  which,  if  they 
failed  to  comply,  he  informed  them  they  would  be  required  to  leave  the 
country  and  the  property  they  possessed  would  be  confiscated.  This 
course  was  rendered  imperative  upon  him  by  the  royal  instructions, 
though  he  felt  that  he  "  had  not  sufficient  power  to  drive  them  out  of 
the  Province,"  or  to  prevent  them  from  doing  as  they  pleased  in  the 
premises,  much  less  to  punish  them  for  refusal  or  disobedience.  Before 
the  expiration  of  the  time  named  the  priests  had  convinced  their  people 
that  it  would  be  the  height  of  folly  for  them  to  take  the  oath  required, 
the  chief  argument  used  being  that  the  promise  to  grant  the  free  exercise 
of  their  religion  was  only  a  sham  and  a  delusion.  The  proclamation 
therefore  became  a  dead  letter ;  the  habitans  did  not  come  in  and  take 
the  oath,  but  continued  to  make  improvements  on  their  lands  as  they 
had  hitherto  done,  and  in  many  other  ways  began  to  manifest  contempt 
for  their  new  rulers.  The  Governor  and  Council  now  applied  to  Eng- 
land to  establish  garrisons  at  Minas  and  at  Chiegnecto,  with  a  view  to 
compel  respect  for  their  authority,  and  suggested  the  propriety  of  send- 
ing over  a  ship  of  war  of  fifty  guns  and  a  couple  of  sloops  to  be 
employed  as  occasion  might  require. 

The  year  1721  was  marked  by  the  establishment  of  a  Court  of  Judica- 
ture at  Annapolis.  At  a  meeting  of  Council  held  on  the  tenth  day  of 
April  it  was  resolved,  "That  the  Governor  and  Council  do  sit  as  a 
General  Court  or  Court  of  Judicature  four  times  a  year,"  and  they 
appointed  the  first  Tuesdays  in  February,  May,  August  and  November 
for  the  sittings  of  the  court. 

Peter  Boudre,  one  of  the  Council,  who  commanded  the  sloop  Charle- 
mont,  was  employed  in  conveying  stores  from  the  magazine  in  Annapolis 
to  the  garrison  which  had  been  established  in  Can  so,  and  which  had 
been  placed  under  the  command  of  Armstrong.  A  vessel  had  been  built 
at  Boston  for  the  Nova  Scotia  Government  which,  when  not  otherwise 
employed,  was  to  be  used  in  a  survey  of  the  southern  and  eastern  coasts. 
This  vessel,  sometimes  known  as  the  "  provincial  galley,"  was  named  the 
William  Augustus,  and  was  ordered  to  convey  the  Governor  to  Canso  in 
August,  which  she  did,  arriving  there  in  safety  on  the  5th  of  September. 
On  the  13th  of  the  same  month  the  schooner  Hannah,  William  Souden, 
master,  with  supplies  for  the  garrison,  was  cast  away  at  the  Tuskets,  and 
became  a  total  wreck,  to  the  great  regret  of  those  for  whom  her  cargo 
was  intended.  On  the  26th,  the  sloop  of  Captain  Alden,  who  was  a 
trader  between  Boston,  Annapolis  and  Minas,  was  placed  in  quarantine 


70  HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 

for  fear  the  infection  of  small-pox  might  be  on  board,  as  that  disease  was 
prevalent  in  the  former  city  at  the  time  of  her  leaving  it.  She  brought 
a  cargo  of  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  probably  for  Winniett  and  other 
merchants  then  of  Annapolis. 

I  transcribe  the  following  description  of  the  town  as  given  by  Major 
Mascarene  in  1721,  eleven  years  after  the  conquest : 

"  Two  leagues  above  Goat  Island  is  the  fort,  seated  on  a  sandy,  rising  ground 
on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  on  a  point  formed  by  the  British  River  and  another 
small  one,  called  the  Jenny  River.  The  lower  town  lies  along  the  first,  and  is 
commanded  by  the  fort.  The  upper  town  stretches  in  scattering  houses  a  mile 
and  a  half  south-east  from  the  fort  on  the  rising  ground  between  the  two  rivers. 
From  this  rising  ground  to  the  banks  of  each  river,  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  less 
one  lie  large  flats  or  meadows,  etc.  On  both  sides  of  the  British  River  are  a  great 
many  fine  farms,  inhabited  by  about  two  hundred  families. " 

From  the  last  statement  here  made,  allowing  the  families  to  average 
five  members  each,  the  population  outside  the  town  would  amount  to  one 
thousand  souls,  which  would  be  an  increase  in  the  country  settlements  of 
over  100  per  cent,  since  the  last  census — a  very  respectable  increase. 

At  a  council  held  at  Annapolis  Royal  on  Tuesday,  October  llth, 
1720:  Present:  General  Phillipps,  the  Hon.  President  (Armstrong), 
Mascarene,  Savage,  Adams,  Newton,  Skene  and  Shirreff : 

"A  complaint  of  the  Honourable  Lieu  tenant-Governor  in  writing,  of  the  10th 
instant,  to  His  Excellency,  relating  to  his  public  orders  for  the^  Province,  given  out 
before  the  arrival  here  of  His  Excellency,  was  read  and  advised  on.  On  which  Mr. 
Wroth  was  sent  for  before  the  Board  and  examined  in  relation  to  some  reflections 
that  were  cast  upon  the  Lieutenant-Governor  by  giving  out  some  of  these  orders, 
who  said  that  he  had  heard  some  words  by  William  Shirreff,  Esq.,  tending  to  that 
purpose.  .  .  .  Mr.  William  Winniett,  being  in  company  at  the  same  time  when 
the  aforesaid  reflections  were  cast,  was  sent  for  in  before  the  Council,  and  asked  by 
the  Honourable  Lieutenant-Governor  whether  he  had  any  objections  to  make  against 
his  administration  while  he  had  the  honour  thereof  to  be  within  the  chair  of  the 
Government  before  His  Excellency's  arrival,  who  answered  he  had  none." 

"Mr.  William  Winniett,  desiring  leave  of  His  Excellency  to  go  up  the  Bay  of 
Fundy  with  his  sloop  to  trade,  His  Excellency  declared  he  has  leave,  qualifying 
himself  according  to  law."  . 

"  It  is  also  further  resolved,  and  ordered  nem.  con.,  That  William  Winniett, 
haveing  behaved  himself  before  His  Excellency  and  Council  in  an  insolent,  disre- 
spectful, audacious,  contemptuous  aoid  undutiful  manner,  as  is  believed  to  be  without 
president  (sic)  or  example,  he  shall  be  obliged  to  ask  pardon,  and  make  his  humble 
submission  in  writeing  to  His  Excellency  and  Council  acknowledging  his  offence  in 
the  most  submissive  manner,  and  in  particular  to  two  of  the  members  of  this  His 
Majesty's  Council,  viz.,  Major  Paul  Mascarene  and  John  Adams,  Esq.,  having 
reflected  in  the  vilest  manner  on  the  character  of  the  latter  in  council,  and  deliver 
in  the  same,  signed  by  himself,  to  His  Excellency  and  Council  to-morrow  at  the 
hour  of  twelve,  who  will  then  sit  at  the  place  aforesaid.  And  that  the  said  William 
Winniett  be  served  this  day  with  the  copy  of  this  Order  in  Council. 

"  (Signed),         RICHARD  PHILLIPPS." 


HISTORY    OB'   ANNAPOLIS.  71 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  cause  of  Winniett's  conduct  toward  the 
Council  on  this  occasion,  and  especially  to  Mascarene  and  Adams,  it  had 
no  influence  to  prevent  the  future  good  offices  and  friendship  of  the 
estimable  Mascarene  toward  Mr.  Winniett's  family  after  his  decease — 
nor,  in  fact,  to  himself  long  before  that  event  occurred,  for  the  records 
of  the  same  Council  show  that  within  six  months  after  the  occurrence  of 
this  event  it  employed  him  in  the  discharge  of  duties  involving  delicate 
handling  and  only  to  be  entrusted  to  a  person  of  loyal  sentiments.  It 
is  more  than  probable  that  some  hasty  expressions  escaped  him  in  rela- 
tion to  some  order  of  the  Council  touching  the  manner  in  which  the 
trade  with  Minas  should  be  conducted,  and  which  he  thought  interfered 
with  his  interests  in  that  place. 

Early  in  1722,  the  collector  of  customs,  Newton,  and  a  son  of  Councillor 
Adams  were  made  prisoners  by  a  body  of  hostile  Indians  in  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay,  while  on  their  way  home  to  Annapolis  from  Boston,  where 
it  is  probable  they  had  spent  the  previous  winter.  They  were  passen- 
gers in  a  vessel  owned  and  commanded  by  Captain  Blinn,  a  New  England 
trader,  and  had  gone  on  shore  with  a  party  for  water,  when  they  were 
ambushed  and  seized.  They  were,  however,  shortly  afterwards  ransomed 
and  returned  to  Annapolis.  The  Indians  were  very  active  in  their 
hostility  to  the  English  colonists  during  this  year.  They  captured  several 
vessels,  among  them  one  which  had  been  despatched  by  the  Government 
from  Canso  with  supplies  to  the  garrison  at  headquarters.  Flushed 
with  their  success,  and  believing  the  fort  would  be  without  food  for 
its  defenders,  they  contemplated  a  blockade  of  it,  and  hoped  to  be  able 
to  reduce  it  by  famine ;  but  their  scheme  was  happily  frustrated  by 
the  timely  arrival  of  succours  in  food  and  other  materials  necessary  to 
sustenance  and  defence.  Soon  afterwards  Lieutenant-Governor  Doucet 
succeeded  in  making  captives  of  about  twenty  of  their  number  who 
had  encamped  in  the  neighbourhood  with  the  hope  of  soon  being  able  to 
carry  out  their  wicked  designs.  This  ,event  tended  to  intimidate  them 
and  their  associates,  and  soon  all  danger  from  that  quarter  disappeared, 
to  the  great  relief  of  the  garrison  and  inhabitants.  The  Governor-in- 
chief,  Phillipps,  returned  to  England  in  the  autumn  of  this  year,  leaving 
the  administration  of  affairs  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Doucet. 

Among  the  officers  stationed  in  Annapolis  in  1720  was  a  lieutenant, 
John  Jephson,  a/id  Phillipps,  in  a  letter  to  Major  Armstrong,  then 
commanding  at  Canso,  and  bearing  date  October  24th,  speaks  of  him 
as  "having  a  large  family  of  small  children  in  a  starving  condition," 
and  adds  that  "  his  subsistence  is  engaged  for  the  payment  of  debts," 
and  that  he  has  not  sufficient  officers  to  try  him  by  court-martial,  but 
gives  permission  for  him  and  his  family  to  be  removed  to  Canso,  on 
condition  that  he  should  be  sent  back  to  Annapolis  for  trial  whenever 
such  a  demand  should  be  made. 


72  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Councillor  Adams  was  at  this  time  the  owner  of  a  vessel  which  was 
employed  in  the  fishery  at  Canso,  and  Mr.  Winniett  was  about  the  same 
time  sent  to  that  place  to  appraise  the  value  of  the  stores  there. 

Major  Alexander  Cosby  succeeded  Armstrong  in  the  command  at 
Canso  in  1723.  This  gentleman  was  the  son-in-law  of  Winniett,  whose 
eldest  daughter,  Anne,  he  had  shortly  before  married.  Phillipps  stated 
in  a  report  to  the  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations  this  year  that  the 
garrison  consisted  of  five  companies,  comprising  in  all  two  hundred  men, 
exclusive  of  officers  ;  that  there  were  about  a  dozen  families  of  English 
who  lived  under  cover  of  the  fort  in  a  suburb  having  no  foreigners 
in  it,  and  that  the  fort  itself  had  gone  much  to  decay,  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  work  having  tumbled  down. 

In  1724  an  attack  was  made  upon  the  town  by  a  party  of  fifty  or 
sixty  Indians,  one-half  of  whom  are  said  to  have  been  Malicetes  from 
the  north  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  They  shot  and  scalped  a 
sergeant,  McNeil,  of  the  garrison,  and  killed  a  private  soldier,  besides 
wounding  an  officer  and  several  men.  These  events  took  place  in  a 
sally  made  by  the  garrison  against  the  besiegers,  who  successfully 
repulsed  the  attack,  forcing  the  troops  back  into  the  fort.  Having 
burnt  a  dwelling-house  belonging  to  an  Englishman  and  killed  the 
sheep  of  the  people  in  the  vicinity,  they  suddenly  disappeared,  carrying 
away  with  them  several  captives,  among  whom  were  two  men,  a  woman 
and  two  children  belonging  to  the  garrison.  These  were  ransomed  soon 
afterwards  and  returned  to  their  home.  Lieutenant-Governor  Doucet, 
in  order  to  avenge  the  death  of  McNeil,  ordered  an  Indian  prisoner  to 
be  put  to  death  on  .the  same  spot  where  the  sergeant  had  been  killed. 
He  was  shot  and  scalped.  On  this  affair,  Murdoch  very  properly  says  : 

"  The  execution  of  the  hostage  or  prisoner  I  cannot  but  regard  as  a  blot  on 
the  fair  fame  of  our  people  ;  while  great  allowance  should  be  made  for  the  feelings 
of  the  English,  exasperated  as  they  doubtless  were  by  the  barbarous  cruelties 
exercised  on  their  countrymen  in  New  England  and  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  treachery 
they  found  at  work  everywhere.  However  this  execution  may  be  palliated,  I  see 
no  grounds  on  which  in  any  way  it  can  be  justified." 

A  clerical  scandal  occurred  at  Annapolis  in  September,  1724,  which 
may  be  best  stated  in  the  words  of  a  minute  of  Council  made  on  the 
22nd  of  that  month  : 

"The  Board  unanimously  agree,  that  whereas  it  appears  that  the  Revd.  Mr. 
Robert  Cuthbert  hath  obstinately  persisted  in  keeping  company  with  Margaret 
Douglass,  contrary  to  all  reproofs  and  admonitions  of  Alexander  Douglass,  her 
husband,  and  contrary  to  his  own  promises  and  the  good  advice  of  His  Honour  the 
Lieutenant-Governor  ; 

' '  That  he,  the  said  Mr.  Robert  Cuthbert,  should  be  kept  in  the  garrison  without 
port  liberty  ;  and  that  his  scandalous  affair  and  the  satisfaction  demanded  by  the 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  73 

injured  husband  be  transmitted  in  order  to  be  determined  at  home,  a/id  that  the 
Honourable  Lieutenant-Governor  may  write  for  another  minister  in  his  place. 

' '  Then  the  Revd.  Mr.  Cuthbert,  being  sent  for  to  give  his  reasons  for  stopping 
Alexander  Douglass'  goods,  etc.,  as  is  represented  in  said  Douglass'  petition,  who, 
having  come  and  being  asked,  made  answer,  '  No,'  that  he  did  not  ;  he  might  have 
them  when  he  liked,  and  that  he  did  not  insist  upon  anything  from  him,  his  wife, 
or  child." 

Mr.  Cuthbert  was  the  successor  of  Mr.  Harrison  as  chaplain  to  the 
garrison.  Early  in  1725  he  came  and  took  possession  of  a  house  in  the 
lower  town,  belonging  to  Samuel  Douglass,*  alleging  that  it  was  church 
property.  Douglass  had  bought  it  in  1715  from  Lieutenant  Jephson, 
who  became  its  owner  by  purchase  from  Governor  Vetch.  The  matter 
was  referred  to  the  Council,  who  gave  Douglass  leave  to  remove  it. 

Armstrong,  who  had  been  in  England  from  the  time  he  was  relieved 
by  Cosby  in  the  command  of  the  garrison  at  Canso,  was  made  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  Province  in  1725.  He  did  not  come  to  Annapolis, 
however,  until  1726,  though  he  arrived  at  Canso  early  in  the  following 
year.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  summoned  the  Councillors,  Mascarene, 
Newton,  Skene  and  Shirreff  to  meet  him  at  that  place.  This  year 
witnessed  the  first  expression  of  opinion  in  favour  of  constituting  a 
House  of  Assembly  to  assist  in  making  laws  for  the  government  of  the 
colony.  Mr.  Armstrong  thought  that  an  assembly  to  consist  of  twenty 
members  should  be  elected  for  this  purpose,  and  asserted  his  belief  that 
otherwise  it  would  be  impossible  to  govern  it  satisfactorily.  There 
were  at  this  period  forty -nine  English  families  settled  in  Canso — being 
the  largest  English  settlement  in  the  country.  They  were  chiefly 
engaged  in  the  fisheries,  and  were  generally  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

Shortly  before  his  arrival  at  Annapolis,  in  1726,  he  wrote  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  that  without  a  speedy  and  thorough  repair  the  garrison 
of  the  capital  would  be  "  without  lodgments,  provisions  or  defence." 
On  the  15th  of  June  an  interesting  occurrence  took  place  in  the  town 
in  the  form  of  the  ratification  of  a  treaty  with  the  Indians.  At  the  flag 
bastion  of  the  fort  Mr.  Doucet — in  the  place  of  Armstrong,  who  had 
not  yet  reached  headquarters — met  the  Indians  and  French  deputies, 
where  the  text  of  the  treaty  was  read  first  in  English  and  then  by 
sworn  interpreters  to  the  parties  concerned,  Prudent  Robichau  and 
Abraham  Bourg  being  the  interpreters  employed.  The  Indians  having 
assented  to  the  terms,  the  articles  were  duly  signed,  after  which  an 
entertainment  was  given  and  presents  distributed  to  the  chiefs  and 
their  hostages  released.  The  Board  of  Trade  were  afterwards  informed 
by  Mr.  Doucet  that  the  treaty  had  cost  him  about  three  hundred  pounds 

*  This  gentleman  was  twice  married,  and  the  stone  erected  over  his  first  wife's 
grave  is  the  oldest  grave  monument  existing  in  the  Dominion. 


74  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

in  presents  and  feasting,  a  fact  which  seems  to  indicate  that  feasting 
was  not  furnished  by  niggardly  hands,  or  that  the  presents  lacked 
substantial  value.  Captain  Doucet  did  not  long  survive  this  event, 
having  died  in  the  fort  on  the  19th  of  November.  He  was  buried  in 
the  graveyard  near  the  scene  of  his  death,  but  no  memorial  exists  to 
indicate  the  spot  where  his  remains  rest. 

In  the  December  of  1725,  three  Frenchmen,  named  respectively  Paul 
Francis  du  Pont  de  Villieu,  Saint  Joly  de  Pardeithau,  and  Alexandre 
Poupart  de  Barbour,  came  to  Annapolis  from  Quebec  and  applied  to 
Governor  Doucet  for  protection  against  the  Indians,  alleging  that  they 
had  killed  two  of  them  whom  they  had  employed  as  guides  to  pilot 
them  hither,  and  whom  they  had  liberally  paid  for  the  service.  Having 
detected  them  in  an  attempt  to  deceive  them  a  quarrel  had  ensued,  and 
that  they  had  been  killed  in  the  scuffle  which  then  took  place.  Doucet 
had  them  separately  examined  touching  this  story,  and  found  each  to 
state  the  same  particulars  concerning  it,  upon  which  the  Council  advised 
that  they  should  be  kept  in  custody  until  the  truth  or  falsity  of  their 
statements  could  be  confirmed,  a  course  which  the  Frenchmen  themselves 
suggested,  as  they  feared  to  live  with  the  inhabitants  or  to  make  the 
attempt  to  leave  the  Province,  lest  their  act  being  known,  they  should 
become  the  victims  of  their  revenge.  They  were  kept  in  custody  until 
the  12th  of  May  following  (1726)  when  Winniett,  in  a  letter  from 
Minas,  confirmed  the  tale  of  these  strangers,  and  the  Council  resolved 
it  would  be  cruel  to  detain  them  any  longer,  and  therefore  found  them 
a  passage  in  a  vessel  bound  to  Boston,  from  whence  they  could  obtain 
the  means  of  conveyance  to  their  own  country. 

On  the  17th  of  December,  1726,  Armstrong  arrived  at  the  Govern- 
ment House  in  Annapolis.  He  at  once  summoned  the  Council  and 
produced  his  commission  as  lieutenant-governor,  and  a  copy  of  that  of 
the  Governor-in-chief  (Phillipps),  and  of  the  royal  instructions.  The 
French  deputies  who  had  also  been  summoned  for  the  occasion,  were 
shown  a  copy  of  the  oath  of  allegiance  which  the  inhabitants  would  be 
required  to  take  if  they  would  retain  their  possessions  in  the  colony, 
and  they  were  given  till  the  25th  of  the  month  to  return  an  answer 
from  their  constituents  as  to  whether  they  would  comply  with  the 
wishes  of  the  Government  or  not.  As  this  council  was  held  on  the  21st, 
only  four  days  were  allowed  them  to  make  the  required  reply.  On  the 
day  appointed,  however,  they  assembled  at  the  "  flag  bastion "  in  the 
fort,  and  a  translation  of  the  oath  into  French  having  been  read  to  them, 
the  deputies  requested  that  a  clause  should  be  inserted  exempting  them 
from  bearing  arms,  and  some  words  to  that  effect  having  been  written 
on  the  margin  they  took  the  oath,  and  "  having  drank  His  Majesty's 
health,  and  several  other  loyal  healths,"  they  bade  the  Governor  "good 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  75 

night "  and  departed  to  their  homes.  A  little  after  this  time  Captain 
Joseph  Bennett  and  Ensign  Erasmus  James  Phillips,  of  the  garrison, 
were  sent  to  Minas  to  administer  the  same  oath  to  the  people  of  that 
place.  Owing  to  the  prevalence  of  unfavourable  weather  they  failed  to 
reach  the  settlements  there,  and  the  matter  was  postponed  to  a  future 
day. 

Lieutenant  Millidge,  an  officer  of  the  Board  of  Ordnance,  was  directed 
to  place  pickets  around  the  fort  for  security  against  an  apprehended 
attack  on  it  by  the  Indians  later  in  the  year;  "it  being  impossible,"  in 
the  opinion  of  Armstrong,  "  to  repair  the  breaches  in  the  walls  this 
winter." 

It  was  in  this  year  also  that  a  council  was  held  in  the  house  of 
John  Adams  to  consider  a  complaint  made  by  Governor  Armstrong 
against  Robert  Nicholes,  his  servant,  for  an  assault  upon  him  made  at 
Canso,  nearly  a  year  before.  He  was  found  guilty  and  sentenced  as 
follows : 

"You,  Robert  Nicholes,  being  found  guilty  of  the  crime  wherewith  thou  art 
charged  by  the  Honourable  Lawrence  Armstrong,  Lieutenant-Governor  and  Com- 
mander-in-chief of  this  His  Majesty's  Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  punishment 
therefor  inflicted  on  thee  is  to  sit  upon  a  gallows  three  days,  half  an  hour  each  day, 
with  a  rope  about  thy  neck  and  a  paper  on  your  breast  whereon  shall  be  wrote  in 
capital  letters  AUDACIOUS  VILLAIN  ;  and  afterwards  thou  art  to  be  whipped  at  a 
cart's  tail  from  the  prison  to  the  uppermost  house  on  the  cape,  and  from  thence 
back  again  to  the  prison  house,  receiving  each  hundred  paces  five  stripes  \ipon  your 
bare  back  with  a  cat-o'-nine-tails,  and  then  thou  art  to  be  turned  over  for  a 
soldier."* 

As  the  distance  to  be  walked  was  not  less  than  half  a  mile,  this  poor 
wretch  must  have  received  as  many  as  ninety  lashes  before  he  suffered 
the  crowning  penalty  of  his  offence — that  of  being  turned  over  as  a 
soldier  ! 

Charles  La  tour,  who  had  retired  to  Louisburg  soon  after  the  conquest, 
visited  his  old  home — the  scene  of  his  childhood — in  the  autumn  of 
1726,  with  his  vessel,  which  he  got  permission  to  lay  up  for  the  winter. 
He  also  obtained  leave  to  remain  till  the  next  spring.  He  had  been  sent 
by  St.  Ovide,  the  Governor  of  Cape  Breton — or  Isle  Royale,  as  it  was 
then  called — to  purchase  certain  provisions  and  goods  which  were  required 
for  the  officers  there. 

The  first  formal  commission  of  the  peace  for  this  province  seems  to 
have  been  issued  in  March,  1727 — a  hundred  and  seventy  years  ago 
— when  Adams,  Skene  and  Shirreff  were  appointed  justices  of  the  peace 
to  form  a  civil  court,  their  judgments  to  be  reported  to  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  for  confirmation.  Francis  Richard,  a  habitant,  was  made  high 
constable,  or  sheriff,  on  the  5th  of  April  (1727),  and  on  the  same  day 

*See  Minutes  of  Council  in  M.S.,  Archives,  1726-27. 


76  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Prudent  Robichau  was  made  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  Rene  Martin,  con- 
stable. In  this  year  Lieutenant  Otho  Hamilton  took  the  place  of  William 
Shirreff,  as  secretary  to  the  Council,  the  latter  having  sent  in  his  resigna- 
tion of  that  office.  A  dispute  arose  at  this  time  between  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  and  Messieurs  Winniett,  Blinn  and  Bissel,  who  were  the  chief 
traders  or  merchants  of  the  town,  and  the  subject  having  been  brought 
before  the  Council,  Blinn  was  proved  to  have  used  disrespectful  language 
to  Armstrong,  and  it  was  ordered  that  "the  aforesaid  Blinn  be  com- 
mitted to  prison  for  said  offence." 

Edward  How's  vessel  was  chartered  by  the  Government  to  visit  the 
French  settlements  with  a  view  to  administer  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
those  of  the  people  who  had  not  yet  taken  it.  Ensign  Wroth,  adjutant 
of  Phillipps'  regiment — the  40th — was  sent  in  her  to  Minas  to  that  end. 
This  is  the  first  mention  made  of  Mr.  How,  who  afterwards  acted  so  con- 
spicuous a  part  in  Nova  Scotia  affairs. 

At  the  close  of  the  previous  year  there  were  but  three  members  of  the 
Council  residing  at  Annapolis,  in  consequence  of  which,  and  in  order  to 
secure  a  quorum,  the  following  gentlemen  were  sworn  in  on  the  13th 
of  May  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Adams,  namely,  Capt.  Joseph  Bennett, 
Capt.  Christopher  Aldridge,  Major  Alexander  Cosby  and  Capt.  John 
Blower,  all  of  the  regiment  stationed  in  the  capital.  Of  these,  Major 
Cosby,  having  received  a  commission  constituting  him  "  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  town  and  fort  of  Annapolis,"  was  not  sworn  in  until  the 
30th  of  October,  1727.  He  was,  as  we  have  before  said,  a  son-in-law  of 
Winniett,  and  from  this  time  Armstrong  regarded  him  with  jealousy  and 
distrust. 

The  Governor-in-chief,  Phillipps,  paid  a  visit  to  the  Province  in  1729, 
having  arrived  at  Canso  in  June,  and  at  the  seat  of  his  Government  on 
the  20th  of  November.  One  of  the  objects  of  his  visit  was  to  endeavour 
to  reconcile  differences  and  disputes  which  had  for  some  time  distracted 
the  community,  including  the  members  of  Council  and  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  and  he  had  the  satisfaction  to  find  his  efforts  attended  with 
considerable  success.  The  following  extracts  from  a  letter  of  Armstrong 
addressed  to  the  Board  of  Trade  in  June,  1728,  will  explain  the  nature 
of  some  of  these  distractions.  He  complains  against  Breslay,  the  cure, 
whom  he  accuses  of  "  usurping  to  himself  the  authority  of  a  judge  in 
civil  matters,"  and  charges  Cosby  with  having  "sympathized  with  and 
defended  him  in  his  insolence."  He  complains  also  of  Cosby  having 
acted  violently  towards  Mr.  Maugeant,  "a  French  gentleman  who  had 
been  employed  to  read  and  translate  a  Government  proclamation  to  the 
habitans"  and  adds  that  "his  insulting  conduct  had  its  motive  in  dislike 
to  himself."  He  concludes  by  informing  the  Board  that  "  it  is  impossible 
His  Majesty's  service  can  be  advanced  or  promoted  while  he  remains  in 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  77 

the  station  he  is  in,  for  the  Province  will  be  rent  and  torn  by  parties  and 
factions." 

Phillipps  met  with  a  joyful  reception  on  his  arrival  at  Annapolis,  and 
was  specially  welcomed  by  the  French.  His  first  official  act  was  to 
appoint  Major  Henry  Cope  to  a  seat  in  the  Council.  Two  others  were 
needed,  and  on  the  next  day  he  selected  Mr.  Winniett  to  fill  one  of  these 
vacancies.  He  calls  Winniett  "  the  most  considerable  merchant  and  one 
of  the  first  British  inhabitants  of  this  place  and  eminent  in  his  zeal  for 
H.  M.  service."  Before  his  presence  much  of  the  discords  and  jealousies 
which  had  previously  existed  faded  out  of  sight,  and  general  joy  and 
satisfaction  appear  to  have  prevailed  among  the  people. 

The  first  Surveyor-General  appointed  for  this  province  was  David 
Dunbar,  in  1730.  On  the  18th  of  May,  in  that  year,  Major  Cosby  was 
made  President  of  the  Council,  and  a  new  provincial  seal  was  sent  out  to 
the  Governor.  Captain  Bissel  was  ordered  to  call,  with  his  vessel,  at 
Pemiquid,  on  his  return  from  Boston,  to  bring  Dunbar  to  Annapolis 
where  he  was  to  make  arrangements  to  commence  a  survey  of  the  lands 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  that  place.  Erasmus  James  Phillips,  of  the  40th 
regiment,  was  sworn  in  as  a  member  of  the  Council,  at  the  request  of  the 
Governor,  on  the  7th  of  December,  and  a  proclamation  was  issued  on  the 
24th  calling  upon  the  Acadians  to  bring  in  their  deeds,  leases  and  grants 
to  the  Secretary's  office  by  the  end  of  February  ensuing,  in  order  to  receive 
new  grants  under  the  great  seal  of  the  Province. 

Mr.  Armstrong,  who  had  visited  England  after  Phillipps  had  per- 
sonally resumed  the  government,  returned  in  1731,  arriving  at  Annapolis 
in  July,  and  was  the  bearer  of  orders  for  the  return  of  the  Governor, 
who,  in  a  letter  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  on  that  occasion,  expressed 
his  fears  that  things  would  not  prosper  in  Nova  Scotia  under  the 
administration  of  his  lieutenant,  Mr.  Araastrong,  whom  he  seems  to  have 
regarded  as  an  enemy.  On  August  27th,  1731,  Phillipps  left  the  Pro- 
vince never  to  return,  though  he  continued  to  hold  the  place  and  take  the 
pay  of  Governor-in-chief  for  several  years  thereafter.  From  this  time  to 
that  of  his  melancholy  death,  in  1739,  Mr.  Armstrong  found  his  position 
as  administrator  of  the  public  affairs  to  be  anything  but  an  enviable  one. 
The  councillors  soon  became  divided  on  questions  of  precedency,  and  the 
French  inhabitants,  who  appear  to  have  always  distrusted  and  disliked 
him,  continued  to  oppose  and  thwart  his  wishes  as  often  as  circum- 
stances gave  them  opportunity  ;  while  he,  on  his  part,  seems  to  have 
regarded  them  with  much  ill-will.  He  frequently  speaks  of  them  in  his 
despatches  as  "perfidious,"  "headstrong,"  "  obstinate  "  and  "conceited," 
and  suggests  to  the  Board  of  Trade  that  an  Assembly  appeared  to  be  the 
only  cure  for  existing  troubles. 

In   1731,    several  small  grants  of  land  were  made  at  Annapolis.     One 


78  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

of  these,  of  a  small  piece  on  the  water  side  near  the  fort,  where  a  limekiln 
stood,  was  to  John  Dyson,  "sergeant  and  storekeeper";  another  to  Ensign 
Handfield  (whose  name,  long  honourable  and  conspicuous  in  the  affairs 
of  Annapolis,  was  here  for  the  first  time  mentioned)  of  a  "  plott  of  ground 
behind  his  house  " — a  piece  of  land  that  was  claimed  by  the  heirs  of  Sir 
Charles  Hobby  and  others ;  and  another,  of  eight  acres  on  the  Cape 
Road,  to  Paul  Mascarene,  who,  having  obtained  leave  to  visit  Boston, 
had  his  place  in  the  Council  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Lieutenant  Otho 
Hamilton.  The  name  of  Edward  Amhurst  appears  as  one  of  the 
witnesses  to  the  subscription  of  the  oath  of  allegiance  of  1730.  This 
gentleman's  daughter  afterwards  became  the  grandmother  of  Sir  W.  F. 
Williams,  of  Kars.  Mr.  Amhurst  was  an  officer  in  Phillipps'  regiment. 

The  quarrels  and  litigations  among  the  French  people  kept  the 
Council,  as  a  Court  of  Judicature,  busy  during  a  great  part  of  1732. 
During  this  year,  Mr.  Winniett,  one  of  the  Council,  was  frequently  out 
of  the  Province  on  private  business.  Cosby,  his  son-in-law,  the  President 
of  the  Council,  had  withdrawn  his  attendance,  and  Phillipps  was  employed 
elsewhere ;  the  Council,  therefore,  virtually  consisted  of  Mascarene, 
Adams,  Skene,  Shirreff  and  Hamilton. 

Armstrong,  in  one  of  his  letters  of  this  year,  speaks  of  the  death  of 
Charles  Latour,  and  his  leaving  issue  in  Annapolis.  He  also  says  that 
Alexander  Le  Borgne,  son  of  Madame  Bellisle,  had  married  an  Indian 
woman,  and  lived  among  the  tribe.  About  this  time  the  authorities  at 
Annapolis  published,  in  the  New  England  newspapers,  an  advertisement 
offering  grants  of  land  in  this  province,  in  fee  simple,  to  all  Protestant 
settlers  who  might  come  from  those  colonies ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that 
it  had  any  effect  in  augmenting  the  settlement  of  the  country. 

In  September  new  deputies  were  chosen,  in  the  persons  of  Prudent 
Robichau,  Nicholas  Gautier,  Alexander  Hebert,  Joseph  Bourgeois,  Peter 
Lanoue,  Claude  Girard,  William  Blanchard  and  Prudent  Robichau,  jun., 
and  the  llth  of  October  in  each  year  was  fixed  for  their  election  there- 
after. George  Mitchell,  a  surveyor — a  deputy  of  Dunbar — who  arrived 
at  Annapolis  at  this  time,  was  directed  to  make  a  survey  of  the  lands 
surrounding  the  basin. 

The  dispute  between  Mascarene  and  Cosby  as  to  precedence  at  the 
Council  Board  was  settled  by  the  direction  of  the  Lords  of  Trade,  who 
declared  that  seniority  should  be  the  principle  followed — the  senior 
councillor  to  act  on  all  occasions  as  president,  and  to  be  administrator  in 
the  absence  of  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant-Go  vernor.  The  same 
authority  forbade  the  appointment  of  the  French  inhabitants  to  be 
Justices  of  the  Peace,  as  they,  being  Romanists,  could  not  take  the 
required  oaths. 

St.    Ponce   was  accepted  as  officiating  priest  for  the  settlers  on  the 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  79 

Annapolis  River,  and  under  his  advice,  his  parishioners  were  induced  to 
petition  the  Government  for  permission  to  remove  their  church  from  the 
town  "  to  the  midst  of  their  settlements  up  the  river."  This  request  was 
refused,  on  the  ground  that  the  church  had  been  removed  to  Annapolis  on 
account  of  "  a  massacre  contrived  by  the  priest  Charlemagne,  and  Felix 
of  Minas,  and  some  of  the  people,  to  be  perpetrated  by  the  Indians." 
Armstrong  tells  them  :  "  There  are  none  of  you  but  know  how  barbarously 
some  of  His  Majesty's  subjects  were  murdered  and  wounded  by  these 
unthinking  and  infatuated  people."  In  order  to  revenge  themselves 
for  this  decided  refusal  of  compliance  with  their  wishes,  the  inhabitants 
raised  the  prices  of  all  articles  which  they  usually  furnished  for  the  use 
of  the  garrison. 

Further  grants  of  land  were  made  at  this  time.  Samuel  Douglass 
received  a  grant  covering  a  piece  of  land  which  reached  from  the  street 
now  called  St.  George  eastwardly  to  William  Street,  and  lying  between 
the  lands  of  Adams  and  James  Horlock  in  the  lower  town.  I  think 
this  lot  could  be  now  identified  from  the  measures  stated  in  the  grant, 
which  were  230  feet  from  St.  George  (Dauphin)  Street  to  William;  and  as 
these  streets  are  not  parallel,  and  still  occupy  the  sites  they  did  then,  that 
line  could  be  determined.  Its  breadth  was  120  feet  on  St.  George  Street. 
In  a  grant  to  James  Horlock,  we  find  mentioned  "  Frederick  Street,  for- 
merly called  St.  Anthony  Street."  John  Hanshole  and  Francis  Wetherby 
also  received  grants  of  lots  in  the  same  neighbourhood.  Captain  John 
Jephson  had  two  acres  and  upwards  granted  to  him,  which  were  near 
the  hospital.  Charles  Yane  received  a  grant  of  nearly  five  acres,  bounded 
as  follows :  "  On  the  north-west  side,  by  the  road  leading  to  the  cape, 
and  running  along  by  said  road  from  the  churchyard  to  a  garden  formerly 
belonging  to  M.  de  Falais,  at  present  in  the  possession  of  Major  Alex- 
ander Cosby,  as  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  fort ;  and  along  by  said 
garden  from  the  road  S.S.  W.  to  the  swamp  or  marsh,  and  from  thence,  or 
the  foot  of  Captain  John  Jephson's  garden,  along  the  said  marsh  N.W. 
to  the  glassee  (glacis);  and  from  thence  along  the  S.E.  side  of  the 
churchyard  N".,  and  by  E.  to  the  aforesaid  road."  This  piece  of  land  had 
been  sold  years  before  by  Margaret  and  Anne  Latour  to  John  Adams, 
and  now  by  him  to  Vane,  and  is  easily  identified  by  the  given  bounds 
to  be  the  land  on  which  the  present  court-house,  Wesleyan  chapel  and 
manse,  and  the  residence  of  the  Rev.  J.  J.  Ritchie*  now  stand.  The 
Rev.  Mr.  Harrison  obtained  a  grant  of  about  five  acres  in  the  lower 
town,  for  a  glebe.  This  piece  of  land  is  that  adjoining  the  railway 
station  on  the  north-east.  Another  grant  was  made  of  a  lot  of  four 
acres,  in  the  upper  town,  to  one  William  Haw,  a  tayleur,  who,  in  1733, 

*  Now  (1897)  owned  and  occupied  by  Rev.  H.  How. — [En.] 


80  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

having  been  charged  with  selling  liquor,  contrary  to  an  ordinance  of  the 
Council,  in  a  fit  of  chagrin  returned  his  patent,  declaring  that  he  would 
not  stay  in  the  country,  and  his  grant  was  cancelled. 

It  was  also  in  1732  that  the  case  of  Joseph  Jennings  against  William 
Winniett  was  tried  before  the  Council,  Winniett  absenting  himself  from 
his  seat  at  the  Board  during  the  trial.  Jennings  appears  to  have  been 
living  in  Annapolis  since  1711,  and  the  house  which  was  the  subject  of 
dispute,  was  said  to  have  been  bought  by  him  from  Cahouet  in  that 
year.  It  was  proved  before  the  Council  that  the  plaintiff  had  "  bought, 
paid  for,  and  improved  the  premises,  by  building  a  useful  and  expensive 
wharf."  Winniett  was,  therefore,  forced  to  give  up  possession,  and  to 
pay  the  costs.  A  lawyer  named  Ross  lived  in  the  town  at  this  period, 
and  was  Jennings'  attorney.  Winniett  was  displeased  at  the  decision, 
and  incurred  the  censure  of  the  Council  for  some  language  used  by  him 
in  relation  to  it. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHAPTER  V. 

By  tht   Editor. 

An  admirable  account  of  Samuel  Vetch,  the  first  English  Governor, 
from  the  able  and  erudite  pen  of  Rev.  George  Patterson,  D.D., 
appears  in  Vol.  IV.,  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society  Collection,  1884. 
He  was  not  only  able  as  a  military  commander  and  adviser,  but  as  a 
civil  governor,  and  entitled  to  rank  with  Mascarene  as  the  wisest  and 
most  worthy  of  our  colonial  governors  during  the  first  fifty  or  sixty 
years  of  British  occupancy.  He  assumed,  by  royal  instructions,  the  office 
of  Governor  of  the  fort  and  country,  on  its  surrender  to  Nicholson,  who 
on  the  28th  of  the  same  month  left  him  in  command  of  the  garrison. 
The  Indians  were  not  only  troublesome  in  open  war,  but  threatened, 
interfered  with,  and  harassed  the  French  when  they  undertook  to  supply 
wood  and  necessaries  to  the  fort.  The  French  showed  a  disposition  to 
become  reconciled  to  the  English  rule  under  his  administration.  Against 
the  Indians  he,  with  the  aid  of  his  brother-in-law,  Major  Livingstone, 
of  New  York,  recruited  a  company  of  one  hundred  of  the  Iroquois 
Indians,  and  sent  them  to  Annapolis,  where  their  services  were  very 
valuable  in  many  ways.  He  reported  them  as  "of  wonderful  use," 
and  "  worth  three  times  the  number  of  white  men."  With  their  labour 
he  built  a  fort,  afterwards  known  as  the  Mohawk  Fort,  which  is  described 
as  "  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  grand  fort,"  and  "  a  long  square, 
composed  of  a  dry  stone  wall  of  a  reasonable  thickness  about  six  feet 
high,  heaped  with  sods,  with  a  ditch  before  it  about  four  feet  deep,  and 
between  five  and  six  feet  high,  having  at  each  angle  the  form  of  a 
bastion,  except  toward  the  river,  where  it  is  in  a  direct  line  having  a 
breast-work  or  parapet  of  sods,  with  embrasure  for  a  cannon,  capable  to 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  81 

be  made  use  of  for  a  battery  and  commands  the  river  very  well  there- 
abouts." He  says,  "  It  may  prove  of  very  great  service  to  those  of  Her 
Majesty's  subjects  who  inhabit  the  town  betwixt  the  two  forts,  as  well  as 
a  barrier  betwixt  this  fort  and  the  enemy  upon  that  side,  and  more 
particularly  by  more  immediately  commanding  the  passage  up  the  river, 
and  the  preventing  the  carrying  up  of  ammunition  and  artillery  above 
the  fort  as  was  practised  at  the  reduction  of  the  place."  It  was  prob- 
ably at  this  fort,  near  the  Acadia  S.  S.  Co.  pier,  that  the  block-house 
stood  which  in  1749  was  taken  down  and  removed  to  Minas.  Vetch 
involved  himself  in  irretrievable  debt  in  the  support  -of  his  garrison  and 
in  carrying  out  his  designs  in  the  interests  of  the  nation,  while  the 
British  Government  neglected  to  pay  his  bills,  and  left  him  and  his 
garrison  in  a  most  distressed  state.  Meanwhile,  Nicholson,  whom  he 
trusted  as  a  friend,  was  treacherously  undermining  his  influence  with 
the  authorities  in  London,  and  in  1714  succeeded  in  superseding  him  in 
the  government  of  the  Province,  but  himself  spent  but  little  time  in  it, 
and  that  to  its  disadvantage.  To  vindicate  himself  and  his  administra- 
tion Vetch  repaired  to  London,  and  was  restored  to  the  governorship, 
which  he  held  for  nearly  two  years,  until  the  appointment  of  Phillipps 
in  1717,  but  probably  did  not  return  to  Nova  Scotia,  the  lieutenant- 
governors  discharging  the  functions  in  the  absence  of  their  superiors. 
The  saddest  thing  of  all  to  relate  about  him  is  that,  financially  ruined 
in  the  service  of  the  country,  and  neglected  by  the  administration  who 
continually  promised  him  a  position  which  would  afford  a  competency, 
he  died  in  a  debtor's  prison,  April  30th,  1732.  He  planned  an  expedi- 
tion for  the  reduction  of  Quebec  in  1711,  which  would  have  been  assuredly 
successful  had  it  not  been  for  the  gross  ignorance  and  incompetency  of 
the  English  Admiral.  Had  he  remained  Governor  at  Annapolis,  as  he 
would  have  been  but  for  the  intrigues  of  Nicholson,  and  been  properly 
supported  at  home,  the  subsequent  difficulties  with  the  Acadians  would 
probably  not  have  occurred  and  Nova  Scotia  would  have  been  spared  a 
dark  page  in  her  history.  His  daughter  Alida,  born  Christmas  Day, 
1701,  married  Samuel  Bayard,  of  New  York,  and  was  the  mother  of 
William  Bayard,  the  father  of  Samuel  Vetch  Bayard,  of  Wilmot,  to  be 
hereafter  mentioned.  Governor  Vetch  was  through  her  an  ancestor  of 
the  celebrated  Bayard  family  of  St.  John,  N.  B. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

1732-1742. 

Acadians  troublesome  —  Petty  crimes  in  the  town  —  Police  established  —  Armstrong's 
hostility  to  Winniett—  He  discusses  the  claim  of  Latour's  family  —  Mrs.  Buck- 
ler's strange  story—  Grant  of  township  of  Norwich—  Suicide  of  Armstrong  — 
Mascarene  returns  —  Cold  and  scarcity  —  Death  of  Winniett  and  Mascarene. 


E  years  which  intervene  between  the  date  of  the  events  just 
_1_  related  and  the  year  1755,  are  filled  with  incidents  of  consider- 
able historical  interest,  and  reveal  many  facts  which,  when  dispassion- 
ately considered,  constrain  us  to  modify  our  opinions  regarding  the  super- 
excellence  of  the  character  of  the  Acadians.  The  alleged  entire  and 
ready  obedience  to  their  rulers,  their  freedom  from  disputes,  controversies 
and  litigations,  and  the  absence  of  crime  in  their  communities,  become 
extremely  doubtful  if  not  entirely  mythical  statements  when  illustrated 
by  an  appeal  to  facts.  The  Abbe  Raynal's  description  of  their  habits 
and  characteristics  generally  has  long  been  received  as  true  and  adopted 
as  a  faithful  picture;  but  it  would  seem  that  his  estimate  was  formed 
from  insufficient  data  or  from  incorrect  information,  for  the  records  of 
the  Council  abound  with  memoranda  of  their  quarrels  and  disagree- 
ments in  relation  to  their  lands,  their  rights  as  neutrals  and  their 
privileges  as  religionists.  Even  their  domestic  infelicities  are  sometimes 
referred  to  the  English  authorities  for  a  hearing  and  adjustment.  In 
fact,  during  the  long  period  when  their  affairs  were  administered  by  their 
own  countrymen,  it  was  their  common  custom  to  appeal  from  their 
decisions  to  their  superiors  at  Quebec,  and  that,  too,  at  an  expense 
ruinous  to  their  own  and  their  families'  interests. 

In  June,  1733,  Goat  Island  —  then  called  Armstrong's  Island  —  was 
granted  to  Charles  Vane,  who  was  at  the  time  in  the  employ  of  the 
Board  of  Ordnance.  In  the  grant  it  is  said  to  be  near  to  a  place  called 
the  "Scotch  Fort."  It  was  for  several  years  afterwards  known  as  Vane's 
Island.  In  this  year,  also,  Alexander  Le  Borgne,  Sieur  de  Bellisle,* 

*  This  Le  Borgne's  mother  was  Marie,  a  daughter  of  James  Latour,  one  of  the 
co-seigneurs  of  Port  Royal.  His  uncle  Charles  had  retired  to  Isle  Royale  at  the 
time  of  the  conquest  ;  but  he  remained  in  the  country. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  83 

came  forward  voluntarily  and  took  the  oaths  of  allegiance.  He  had 
been  married  to  an  Indian  woman,  and  had  hitherto  been  inimical  to 
English  rule.  He  soon  after  asked  to  be  restored  to  his  seigniorial 
rights,  or  those  of  his  late  father,  and  his  petition  was  forwarded  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  who  refused  to  grant  its  prayer. 

A  ship  from  the  Tower  (London)  freighted  with  cannon,  ammunition 
and  other  ordnance  stores,  and  clothing  for  the  soldiery,  arrived  at 
Annapolis  on  the  21st  of  September  of  this  year,  and  great  rejoicings 
attended  the  event.  Armstrong  in  one  of  his  despatches  to  the  Lords  of 
Trade  says  : 

"The  ship  from  the  Board  of  Ordnance  which  is  to  carry  home  all  the  cannon, 
mortars,  etc.,  hath  much  revived  us;  they  having  also  sent  some  artificers,  with 
directions  to  their  storekeeper  to  put  the  garrison  and  outworks  in  repair,  which 
at  present  it  wants  much.  We  have  ever  since  the  spring  been  employed  in 
patching  and  repairing  the  roofs  and  the  foundations  of  the  houses  to  prevent  their 
falling,  and  I  hope  that  in  a  few  years  the  whole  garrison  will  be  in  a  tolerably 
good  condition ;  and  I  heartily  wish  our  storehouses  and  magazines  were  likewise 
ordered  to  be  made  bomb-proof. " 

An  exact  plan  of  British  (Annapolis)  River  from  surveys  made  by 
Mitchell  during  the  preceding  year  was  forwarded  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
in  November,  with  a  request  that  provision  should  be  made  for  the 
payment  of  the  surveyor  and  his  assistants  for  their  services.  This 
demand  was  recommended  as  reasonable,  as  Mr.  Mitchell  had  found  it 
necessary  to  hire  a  boat  and  an  interpreter,  in  addition  to  his  usual 
staff,  in  the  prosecution  of  this  work.  In  December,  Prudent  Robichau 
was  commissioned  as  "  Receiver  of  Quitrents  and  Fines  of  Alienation," 
for  the  district  of  the  banlieue.  About  this  time  the  Council  sentenced 
one  Francis  Raymond  to  be  "  whipped  at  the  cart's  tail,"  at  the  block- 
house, at  the  fort  gate,  at  the  cape  and  at  Mr.  Gautier's ;  and  at  each  of 
those  places  "  to  receive  five  stripes  on  his  bare  back  with  a  cat-o'-nine- 
tails;" and  Francis  Meuse  "to  receive  forty  stripes  at  the  fort  gate  on 
his  bare  back  with  a  cat-o'-nine-tails."  The  former  had  been  convicted 
of  theft,  and  the  latter  of  having  obstructed  the  highway  by  felling  trees 
across  to  prevent  the  garrison  from  receiving  its  necessary  supplies  of 
fire- wood.* 

Early  in  1734,  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  whose  quarrel  with  Winnie tt 
had  not  been  healed,  suspended  that  gentleman's  functions  as  a  member 
of  the  Council,  alleging  as  a  reason  his  refusal  to  attend  the  meetings  of 
that  body.  In  March  he  appointed  John  Hamilton,  gentleman,  to  be 
"naval  officer"  for  the  port  of  Annapolis.  On  the  10th  of  April  the 
officers  of  the  garrison  petitioned  the  Council  for  the  use  of  a  piece  of 
ground  for  a  "  bowling  green,"  and  their  request  was  readily  granted ; 
the  lot  of  land  conceded  was  a  portion  of  the  White  House  Field,  or 

*  Murdoch,  Vol.  II.,  Appendix,  page  493. 


84  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Governor's  garden,  and  was  probably  that  on  a  part  of  which  the  late 
Andrew  Henderson  built  the  shop  in  which  the  post-office  was  for  some 
time  kept.* 

In  a  communication  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  dated  August  3rd  of 
this  year,  Phillipps,  the  Governor-in-chief,  says  of  the  habitans  of  the 
Annapolis  Valley  that  "  they  raise  both  corn  and  cattle  on  the  marsh 
lands  that  want  no  clearing ;  but  have  not  in  almost  a  century  cleared 
the  quantity  of  three  hundred  acres  of  woodland."  He  also  says  they 
are  "  a  pest  and  incumbrance  to  the  country,  being  proud,  lazy,  obstinate 
and  untractable,  unskilful  in  their  methods  of  agriculture,  and  disaffected 
to  the  Government."  Their  "being  Roman  Catholics,"  he  alleges,  puts 
their  disaffection  "  beyond  all  doubt,"  and  he  proves  their  bad  husbandry 
by  a  statement  so  incredible  that  it  seems  to  have  been  the  result  of 
prejudice  and  false  information — that  when  the  manure  near  their  barns 
becomes  too  troublesome,  "  they,  instead  of  laying  it  on  their  lands,  get 
rid  of  it  by  removing  their  barns  to  another  spot  !"  His  reports,  like  those 
of  Armstrong,  are  very  unfavourable  to  the  Acadians. 

In  August,  1734,  Mary  Davis  made  complaint  before  the  Council  that 
Jane  Picot,  the  wife  of  Louis  Thibald,  had  falsely  accused  her  of  having 
murdered  her  two  children,  and  after  a  patient  and  full  investigation  of 
the  charge,  they  declared  the  report  to  be  "a  vile,  malicious,  groundless 
and  scandalous  "  one,  and  ordered  by  way  of  punishment  that  the  said 
"Jeanne  Picot  be  ducked  on  Saturday  next,  the  10th  instant,  at  high- 
water."  She  was  also  required,  with  her  witness,  Cecil  Thompson,  to  be 
bound  over  to  prevent  the  recurrence  of  such  slanderous  reports.  The 
generous-hearted  complainant,  however,  shocked  at  the  severity  of  the 
sentence,  applied  to  the  Council  to  change  it  by  requiring  the  defendant 
to  ask  her  pardon  publicly  at  the  door  of  the  church.  To  this  the  court 
consented  and  the  apology  was  given  and  received  as  a  sufficient  atonement. 
Cecil  Thompson,  was,  I  think,  the  daughter  of  James  Thompson,  a  sergeant 
in  the  40th  regiment,  from  whom,  about  this  time,  one  Matthew  Hurry  had 
stolen  five  pounds,  for  which  theft  he  was  sentenced  to  receive  "  fifty 
lashes  on  his  bare  back  and  to  return  the  money."  So  frequent  had  petty 
thefts  and  robberies  become  that  in  September,  1734,  the  Council  author- 
ized the  establishment  of  a  night  police  for  the  town's  protection,  the 
members  of  which  received  orders  to  fire  on  all  those  who  refused  to 
answer  after  being  three  times  challenged.  This  was  the  first  police  force 
organized  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Mr.  Adams,  who  had  served  as  a  member  of  the  Council  for  fourteen 
years,  obtained  leave  of  absence  to  visit  England,  with  a  view  to  obtain- 
ing some  remuneration  for  his  long,  loyal  and  faithful  services.  The 

*  Henderson's  store  and  post-office  were  on  or  near  the  site  of  the  brick  building 
built  by  Aug.  Harris  and  now  owned  by  the  Union  Bank. — [Eo.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  85 

Lords  of  Trade,  to  whom  the  suspension  of  Winniett  had  been  referred, 
declared  they  were  "  unable  to  form  any  judgment  on  that  matter,  as  the 
charges  made  were  not  sufficiently  explicit  to  enable  them  to  do  so ; " 
but  they  reminded  Armstrong  that  "a  councillor  should  have  full  freedom 
of  debate  and  vote,"  and  that  "when  there  were  so  few  civil  inhabitants  " 
he  "  should  not  too  lightly  part  with  one  of  them  out  of  the  Council." 
To  this,  Armstrong  replied  some  months  later  as  follows  :  "I  am  entirely 
of  opinion  that  there  being  so  few  British  subjects  in  this  place  that 
they  ought  to  be  used  with  tenderness  and  not  rigour  upon  every  slight 
occasion  (which  is  contrary  to  my  nature),  but  I  hope  your  lordships 
will  agree  that  a  vacancy  is  preferable  to  a  deceitful  member,  and  that  is 
my  reason  why  (for  the  good  of  His  Majesty's  subjects)  I  suspended 
William  Winniett,  Esq.,  from  his  seat,  upon  information  laid  against 
him,  and  his  other  disrespectful  and  contemptuous  behaviour,  not  only  in 
Council,  but  likewise  abroad,  to  the  overthrow  and  prejudice  of  every- 
thing proposed  for  the  good  of  His  Majesty's  service."  The  causes, 
whatever  they  may  have  been,  or  the  differences,  whatever  they  were, 
which  resulted  in  the  suspension  of  Mr.  Winniett,  were  shortly  after 
this  removed  or  reconciled,  for  it  is  certain  that  he  again  took  his  seat 
at  the  Board,  and  that  the  Lieutenant-Governor  treated  him  with 
marked  consideration,  and  frequently  spoke  of  him  and  his  conduct  in 
terms  of  approbation. 

In  November,  Mr.  Armstrong  addressed  a  lengthy  despatch  to  their 
lordships  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  in  which  he  discussed  the  claims  of 
certain  of  the  Latour  family  to  the  seigniory  of  Annapolis  or  Port  Royal. 
The  extreme  length  of  this  document,  though  it  is  full  of  interest, 
prevents  my  giving  it  in  extenso,  but  the  reader  will  find  both  pleasure 
and  profit  in  the  perusal  of  the  subjoined  extracts  from  its  contents  : 

' '  I  heartily  thank  your  lordships  for  a  copy  of  your  report  of  Mrs.  Campbell's 
petition,  which,  being  sent  for  my  guidance  in  relation  to  the  seigneurs  and  French 
titles,  I  must  beg  leave  to  present  your  lordships — though  I  wish  her  good  success— 
that  she  hath  set  forth  in  her  petition  several  things  prejudicial  to  truth,  and  the 
interests  of  her  aunt  and  cousins,  who  have  all  along  remained  in  the  Province,  and 
pretend  to  an  equal  share  with  her  in  these  demesnes,  which  she  claims.  And 
therefore,  first,  I  think  myself  obliged  to  contradict  her  assertion  (which,  I  suppose, 
was  intended  only  to  move  compassion)  that  her  first  husband,  Lieutenant  Broad- 
street,  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  it  being  so  notoriously  known  that  after  a  long, 
lingering  illness  he  died  on  his  bed,  I  think  in  December,  1718,  and  that  we  had  no 
disturbances  from  the  Indians  till  the  year  1722,  and  these  orders  which  she  mentions 
were  only  given  her  in  charity,  as  an  officer's  widow,  during  pleasure,  and  not  as 
any  right  she  ever  claimed,  which  is  well  known  in  this  place.  And  I  must  observe 
to  your  lordships  that  Cobequid  and  Chiegnecto  were  allwise  distinct  from  any  claim 
of  the  Latours,  they  being  given  by  the  French  king  to  one  Matthieu  Martin,  who 
is  but  lately  dead  ;  and  as  to  the  other  I  never  heard  that  Monsieur  Latour,  or 
any  of  his  heirs,  ever  laid  claim. 


86  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

"  Her  assertion  that  her  several  brothers  and  sisters,  her  co-heirs  of  the  lands 
and  premises  in  question,  returned  soon  after  the  publication  of  Her  late  Majesty's 
letter,  into  the  neighbouring  provinces  under  the  dominion  of  France,  and  left  her* 
by  conveyance,  sole  proprietor,  is  almost  of  equal  force  with  the  former,  for  she 
never  had  but  one  brother,  and  her  elder  sister  married  a  French  officer,  and  retired 
with  her  Uncle  Charles  immediately  upon  the  reduction  of  the  Province ;  and  her 
said  Uncle  Charles  committed,  or  endeavoured  to  commit,  hostilities  on  board 
a  privateer,  upon  His  Majesty's  subjects,  from  that  time  to  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht, 
and  her  youngest  sister  is  still  here  and  never  retired  from  the  Province  ;  and 
her  brother  being  at  that  time  a  minor,  I  humbly  submit  whether  any  conveyance 
from  such  a  person  can  be  of  force,  or  agreeable  to  the  purport  of  Her  Majesty's 
aforesaid  letter. 

' '  I  only  beg  leave  to  say  that  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as  a  forfeiture  in  this 
province,  for  all  those  that  did  retire  as  in  manner  aforesaid  hath  equal  right  to 
dispose  of  their  estates  to  such  of  their  friends  and  acquaintances  as  remained,  which 
will  be  a  continual  bar  to  His  Majesty's  British  subjects.  I  must  therefore  observe 
to  your  lordships  that  her  claim  by  conveyance  from  her  brother  can  be  of  no  force, 
because  he  was  then  a  minor  ;  and  had  he  been  of  age  could  only  dispose  of  his  own 
part ;  so  that,  according  to  my  conception  of  your  lordships'  opinion,  she  can  only 
be  entitled  to  her  own  share  as  a  parcener. 

"  I  can  noways  contradict  her  grandfather's  patent  letter's  from  the  French  king 
further  than  this,  that  I  must  remark  to  your  lordships,  that  according  to  the  best 
information  I  have  met  with  here  (having  no  other  records  of  advice  to  apply  to 
than  tradition),  that  during  the  life  of  the  Marquis  D'Axiney,  he  ( Latour)  was 
entitled  by  patent  to  that  part  of  the  Province,  reaching  westerly  on  St.  John*s 
River,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  after  Monsieur  D'Auney's  death, 
Monsieur  Latour  having  married  his  widow,  he  was  through  her  interest  absolved 
from  the  crimes  of  mal-administration  alleged  against  him  by  her  former  husband, 
who  had  been  Viceroy  of  the  Province,  and  his  power  was  then  enlarged,  but  being 
unable  to  answer  His  Majesty,  the  French  king's  intentions  in  settling  of  the  Pro- 
vince, he  applied  himself  to  one  Le  Borgne,  Sieur  de  Bellisle,  for  assistance,  who 
supplied  him  with  money  and  other  effects  to  a  very  great  sum,  in  order  to  enable 
him  to  prosecute  his  design,  whereupon  the  said  Sieur  le  Borgne  sent  over  his  son 
to  seize  and  take  care  of  his  interest  according  to  the  agreement  made  between 
them  two,  and  as  things  went  cross  with  Monsieur  Latour,  he  put  the  son  in  posses- 
sion of  most,  if  not  all  his  estate,  as  a  security  for  the  debt,  which  not  being  as  yet 
paid,  the  son's  widow,  one  of  the  daughters  of  the  said  Latour,  by  Madame 
D'Auney,  holds  part  of  it  to  this  day  (1731). 

"I  must  again  by  the  same  report  observe  to  your  lordships  that  Madame 
D'Auney,  after  the  death  of  her  husband  Latour,  considering  the  low  estate  she 
and  her  five  children  were  reduced  to,  the  estate  being  disposed  of  as  aforesaid, 
applied  to  the  French  king  for  relief.  That  it  was  ordered  upon  her  petition  that 
Bellisle,  as  a  valuable  consideration  of  the  money  advanced  should  be  seigneur  and 
receive  the  rents  and  profits  for  seven  years,  and  that  the  siegneurial  estate  should 
be  divided  share  and  share  alike  among  her  five  children.  This  is  asserted  by 
the  ancient  people  in  this  place  and  is  affirmed  to  be  contained  in  a  book  called 
"Arrets  de  Court,"  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  get  sight  of. 

"  So  my  lords,  supposing  the  conveyance  from  her  brother  and  one  of  her  sisters 

*Mrs.  Campbell  (Agatha  Latour)  was  a  daughter  of  Jacques  Latour,  the  eldest 
son  of  Charles  Amador  Latour  by  Madame  D'Aulnay.  Her  mother  was  Anne 
Melanson.  Her  first  husband  was  Edmund  Broadstreet. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  87 

is  good,  she  can  only,  in  my  humble  opinion,  be  entitled  to  one-fifth  part,  and 
those  of  the  other  branches  who  are  now,  and  allwise  have  remained  in  the  Province 
(the  remainder).  I  must  also  with  submission  to  your  lordships,  in  some  measure 
oppose  her  assertion  of  the  amounts  of  the  rents,  for  as  I  am  informed  those  of 
Menas  do  not  amount  to  a  greater  value  than  those  of  this  river,  of  which  having 
sent  you  an  account  I  presume  to  refer  to  your  lordships'  consideration. 

"  Upon  the  whole,  I  hope  your  lordships  will  pardon  my  freedom  ;  I  am  of 
opinion  that  no  government,  at  that  time,  could  give  away  to  any  person  whatever, 
that  which  was  then  and  allwise  hath  been  judged  to  be  His  M.  's  property,  without 
special  directions  from  His  M.'s  Government,  communicated  to  the  Council  for  that 
purpose.  And  further  I  presume  to  signify  to  your  lordships  that  unless  she  is 
limited  in  her  demands,  your  honourable  Board  will  be  eternally  troubled  with  con- 
tinual claims  by  the  other  co-heirs,  her  heirs  and  cousins,  who  upon  thoughts  of 
retiring  at  the  publication  of  Her  late  Majesty's  letter,  made  the  aforesaid  convey- 
ances, and  not  her  brother  and  sister  upon  which  she  founds  her  claims,  and  as  I 
am  informed  only  conditionally. "  * 

In  another  despatch,  written  this  year,  Armstrong  states  of  the  French 
inhabitants  that  they  have  declined  or  neglected  to  take  out  new  grants 
of  their  lands,  and  that  "most  of  them  have  a  mile  of  frontage  and  a 
league  in  depth,"  being  dimensions  that  would  enclose  1,600  acres. 
Samuel  Cottnam,  ensign  in  the  40th  regiment,  was  sent  to  Minas  to 
enforce  the  ordinances  of  the  Council  regulating  the  customs,  it  having 
been  reported  to  the  Board  that  much  clandestine  trade  was  being 
carried  on  in  that  district.  He  received  orders  to  seize  the  vessels  and 
the  traders  engaged  in  it.  John  Hamilton  (naval  officer  at  Annapolis) 
and  Peter  Blinn  were  likewise  empowered  to  make  similar  seizures.  It 
is  probable  that  Mr.  Cottnam  was  an  ancestor,  in  a  maternal  line,  of 
the  late  William  Cottnam  Tonge,  who  became  in  later  years  one  of  the 
ablest  debaters  in  the  Assembly  of  Nova  Scotia. 

So  great  had  become  the  desire  of  the  French  population  to  annoy  and 
distress  the  garrison  of  the  old  capital  that  they  refused  to  bring  in  wood 
to  supply  it  with  fuel  except  at  extravagant  prices,  and  the  Council  were, 
in  consequence,  compelled  to  fix  a  price  which  should  be  accepted  by 
them.  The  sum  thus  stated  was  about  equal  to  fifty  cents  of  our  money 
per  cord.  The  Council,  in  its  capacity  of  a  Court  of  Judicature,  held  a 
session  in  Minas  this  year  (1735).  The  causes  tried  had  their  origin  in 
disputes  among  the  Acadians  in  that  settlement,  breaches  of  the  customs, 
ordinances,  and  other  matters. 

About  this  time,  Captain  Aldridge,  40th  regiment,  who  had  been  civil 
and  military  commandant  at  Canso,  was  superseded  by  the  appointment 
of  Major  Paul  Mascarene,  of  the  same  regiment,  who  was  expected  to  be 
— as,  indeed,  he  proved  to  be — a  more  popular  and  successful  administrator 
of  affairs  than  his  predecessor  had  been,  who  from  his  arbitrary,  and 


*  Mrs.  Campbell's  second  husband — Ensign  James  Campbell  of  the  40th  regiment 
— died  before  her.     She  died  at  Killarney,  in  Ireland. 


88  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

sometimes  unjust,  conduct,  had  been  very  unpopular.  In  December, 
Guion,  Doucet  and  Pino  were  punished  for  offences  committed  by  them ; 
the  first,  for  theft,  was  sentenced  to  receive  fifty  lashes  from  the  mass- 
house  to  the  cape,  and  to  serve  Stephen  Jones,*  from  whom  he  had 
stolen,  for  three  years  "in  recompense ; "  the  second  was  doomed  to  suffer 
"  twenty -five  stripes  at  the  cart-tail,  and  fined  four-fold  the  value  of  the 
goods  stolen  ; "  and  the  last,  who  was  a  boy,  was  sentenced  to  restore 
four  times  the  value  of  what  he  had  stolen,  and  "  to  whip  the  two  others."! 

In  June,  1736,  a  derelict  vessel,  the  brigantine  Baltimore,  was  brought 
into  Annapolis  in  charge  of  George  Mitchell,  the  surveyor,  and  Monsieur 
Charles  D'Entremont.  She  had  been  found  in  Jebogue  harbour  about 
the  beginning  of  the  year,  at  which  place  eight  dead  bodies  were  dis- 
covered on  the  shore,  and  a  Mrs.  Buckler  among  the  Indians  of  that 
district,  who  affirmed  that  she  was  the  only  survivor  of  those  who  had 
embarked  on  the  ship,  and  that  she  was  the  sole  owner  of  it  and  the 
cargo,  and  had  been  robbed  of  great  "treasures  in  gold,  silver  and 
merchandise,"  by  the  Indians.  The  mystery  by  which  the  affair  was 
surrounded  caused  considerable  excitement  in  the  communities  on  the 
Annapolis  River,  and  was  never  wholly  explained.  No  treasures  were 
ever  recovered  from  the  Indians  though  every  effort  was  made  to  that 
end.  Mrs.  Buckler  soon  afterward  found  her  way  to  Boston,  where  she 
was  lost  sight  of.  Mr.  Armstrong,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle,  dated  November  23rd,  1736,  speaks  of  this  affair  as  follows  : 
"  The  brigantine  Baltimore,  of  which  I  wrote  to  your  Grace  before,  I 
have  now  brought  into  this  port ;  and  as  to  the  person  who  called  herself 
Mrs.  Buckler,  I  have  now  sufficient  reasons  not  only  to  suspect  her  rela- 
tion, but  likewise  herself.  It  is  reported  that  the  vessel  aforesaid  sailed 
from  Dublin  last  fall,  with  about  sixty  or  seventy  passengers,  most  of 
them  convicts,  who,  it  is  supposed,  rose  upon  the  owner,  Mr.  Buckler,  the 
master,  and  company,  and  committed  a  most  barbarous  massacre,  and 
afterwards,  not  knowing  their  course,  or  afraid  to  enter  into  any  place 
where  they  might  be  known,  put  into  a  most  unfrequented  harbour  in 
this  bay,  where  they  all  perished — God  knows  how — -except  that  miserable 
woman,  who,  perhaps,  was  too  deeply  involved  in  the  guilt  to  discover 
the  true  story  of  their  misfortunes."  { 

In  May,  St.  Ponce,  the  local  priest,  and  another,  named  De  Chevreaux, 
having  deported  themselves  in  a  very  insolent  way  before  the  Council, 
their  functions  were  suspended,  and  they  were  ordered  to  leave  the  Pro- 
vince. A  new  chapel  had  been  recently  built  "  up  the  river,"  which  is 
said  to  have  been  better  furnished  than  that  in  the  capital.  It  is 

*An  English  marine  trader  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

+  Records  of  Council  for  1735. 

£  Murdoch,  Vol.  I.,  p.  318,  in  an  appendix. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  89 

probable  that  this  church  was  situated  in  Granville,  not  far  from  Bell- 
isle.*  Mr.  Shirreff,  secretary  to  the  Council,  having  obtained  leave  of 
absence  to  visit  England,  Mr.  Otho  Hamilton  was  made  secretary  pro 
tern,  in  his  place ;  and  Edward  How,  f  who  was  henceforth  to  act  so 
worthy  a  part  in  the  events  of  the  next  twenty  years,  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Board.  He  had  for  several  years  been  employed  as  com- 
missary of  musters  at  Canso.  The  40th  (Phillipps')  regiment  at  this  time 
consisted  of  nine  companies,  stationed  in  Annapolis,  and  one  in  Placentia, 
in  Newfoundland.  Several  changes  took  place  in  it  this  year.  James 
Harrison  and  George  Ingram  were  made  captains  in  it,  and  John  Morris 
was  appointed  Captain,  vice  Gledhill,  who  had  been  promoted  and  made 
Governor  of  Placentia. 

A  grant  of  fifty  thousand  acres  of  land  was  passed  in  1736,  in  August, 
to  the  persons  named  hereunder.  It  was  described  in  the  patent  by  the 
name  of  (the  township  of)  "  Norwich,  in  the  County  of  Norfolk,  in  Nova 
Scotia."  This  tract  of  land  was  situated  in  or  near  Chiegnecto,  in 
what  is  now  Cumberland  County,  and  was  escheated  and  revested  in 
the  Crown  in  1760.  The  grantees  were  Richard  Phillipps,  colonel 
of  the  40th  regiment ;  Lawrence  Armstrong,  lieutenant-governor,  and 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  same  regiment ;  John  Adams,  merchant  and 
member  of  the  Council,  a  native  of  Massachusetts ;  William  Shirreff,  \ 
a  member  of  the  Council  and  provincial  secretary;  Henry  Cope,  a 
member  of  the  Council  and  major  in  the  40th  regiment ;  Erasmus  James 
Phillips,  a  member  of  the  Council,  a  captain  in  the  40th  regiment  and 
afterwards  the  first  representative  of  the  county  in  the  Assembly ;  Otho 
Hamilton,  a  member  of  the  Council  and  a  lieutenant  in  the  40th 
regiment;  Edward  How,  a  member  of  the  Council  and  commissary  of 
musters  (afterwards  murdered  by  the  French  or  Indians  at  Fort  Cum- 
berland) ;  King  Gould,  agent  of  Major-General  Phillipps ;  Alured  Popple, 
sometime  secretary  to  the  Board  of  Trade  and  afterwards  Governor  of 
the  Bermuda  Islands,  where  he  died ;  Henry  Popple,  his  son,  or,  perhaps, 
brother ;  Andrew  Robinson,  a  captain  in  the  foot-guards,  one  of  the 
heirs  of  Armstrong  under  his  will ;  Henry  Daniel,  a  captain  in  the  40th 
regiment ;  John  Handfield,  a  lieutenant  in  the  40th  regiment,  afterwards 
a  member  of  Council  (he  lived  for  forty  years  in  Annapolis  and  was  com- 
mandant there  at  the  period  of  the  expulsion  in  1755) ;  Donald  McQueen, 
40th  regiment ;  Edward  Amhurst,  a  lieutenant  in  the  40th  regiment, 
deputy  surveyor  under  Colonel  Dunbar,  successor  to  George  Mitchell, 
and  great-grandfather  of  General  Williams;  Thomas  Armstrong,  40th 

*  A  tradition  exists  to  that  effect  to  this  day  ;  besides,  if  I  mistake  not,  some 
remains  have  been  found  indicating  the  fact. 

t  For  full  particulars  of  this  gentleman's  services,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
article  in  the  genealogical  part  of  this  work. 

£  Mr.  Shirreff  was  a  descendant  of  James,  Marquis  of  Hamilton. 


90  HISTOKY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

regiment ;  Rowland  Phillips  (probably  a  brother  of  E.  J.  Phillips,  perhaps 
a  son) ;  James  Gibson >  Charles  Vane,  an  ensign  in  the  40th  regiment, 
grantee  of  Goat  Island,  and  either  a  direct  or  collateral  descendant  of 
Sir  Harry  Vane  of  historical  note;  Samuel  Cottnam,  an  officer  in  the 
40th  regiment ;  John  Hamilton,  of  the  40th  regiment,  probably  a  son  of 
Otho  Hamilton  ;  John  Slater,  a  captain  in  the  40th  regiment  (a  sub- 
scribing witness  to  Armstrong's  will) ;  John  Dyson,  a  sergeant  in  the 
40th  regiment  and  storekeeper  to  the  Board  of  Ordnance  at  Annapolis ; 
George  Mitchell,  first  deputy  surveyor  of  lands  under  Dunbar ;  William 
Winniett,  a  member  of  the  Council,  then  the  leading  merchant  in  the 
Province ;  Nathaniel  Dounell,  merchant  of  Boston,  and  long  connected 
with  the  trade  of  the  Province ;  Peter  Blinn,  a  sea-captain  and  marine 
trader  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy ;  George  Craddock,  Robert  Babin  and  John 
Forrest. 

A  case  of  arson  occurred  in  Annapolis  in  1737,  being  the  first  crime 
of  that  name  committed  there.  The  Council  had,  under  the  royal 
instructions,  exercised  the  powers  of  a  court  of  judicature  in  all  cases 
except  capital  felonies,  in  regard  to  which  those  instructions  were  silent. 
They  were,  therefore,  unable  to  bring  the  offender  to  trial.  He  was  an 
indentured  servant  of  Lieutenant  Amhurst,  and  had  maliciously  set  fire 
to  his  master's  dwelling  house,  which,  with  its  contents,  was  entirely 
destroyed. 

A  commission  met  this  year  at  Hampton,  in  ^ew  Hampshire,  to 
define  and  settle  the  boundary  line  between  that  province  and  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  commissioners  were  selected  from  Rhode  Island  and 
Nova  Scotia,  of  which  the  former  furnished  four  and  the  latter  three 
members,  namely,  Dr.  William  Skene,  Erasmus  James  Phillips,  and 
Otho  Hamilton.  Major  Alex.  Cosby,  who  had  recently  succeeded  Mr. 
Mascarene  in  the  command  at  Canso,  arrested  captains  John  Jephson  and 
Patrick  Heron  of  his  regiment  on  some  charges  that  do  not  clearly 
appear,  though  they  were  tried  by  court-martial  at  Annapolis  several 
months  afterwards  and  were  acquitted.  It  was  in  this  year  also  that 
Mrs.  Campbell  (Agatha  Latour),  by  indenture  dated  December  10th, 
conveyed  to  King  Gould,  of  London,  her  house  in  Annapolis.  In  this 
document  she  styles  herself  as  "  of  the  City  of  Kilkenny,  in  the  Kingdom 
of  Ireland,  widow,"  and  by  it  she  conveyed  all  her  "right,  title,  and 
interest  in  and  to  one  house  and  garden,  together  with  all  outhouses 
thereunto  belonging,"  for  the  sum  of  ten  guineas.  The  site  of  this 
dwelling  was,  probably,  near  the  homestead  of  the  Rev.  Jas.  J.  Ritchie,* 
Rector  of  Annapolis,  as  the  land  in  that  section  of  the  town  is  known  to 
have  belonged  to  the  Latours. 

In  April,  1738,  Armstrong,  in  a  letter  to  Cosby,  at  Canso,  tells  him 

*  Now  of  Rev.  Henry  How.— [ED.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  91 

that  the  winter  had  been  unusally  mild  and  the  spring  was  very  early, 
adding  Mrs.  Cosby  was  well,  and  that  her  father  (Winniett)  had  sailed 
a  few  days  before  up  the  bay  in  one  of  his  vessels.  He  concludes  by 
counselling  unity  among  the  officers  stationed  there,  in  allusion,  perhaps, 
to  the  differences  which  had  resulted  in  the  arrest  of  Jephson  and  Heron, 
who  had  not  at  the  date  of  writing  been  brought  to  trial.  In  June 
the  Council  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Governor-in-chief,  Phillipps,  who 
still  continued  to  live  in  England,  in  which,  among  other  things,  they 
affirm  that  the  establishment  of  civil  government  here  was  impossible, 
as  the  inhabitants  being  Roman  Catholics  were  not  eligible  to  election  as 
representatives;  that  as  they  are  permitted  to  hold  the  best  lands,  and 
the  Government  demands  two  pence  an  acre  quitrent  on  other  lands, 
settlement  is  greatly  retarded,  if  not  completely  prevented,  especially  as 
immigrants  into  the  other  colonies  can  obtain  lands  free  from  quitrents ; 
that  the  military  force  in  the  Province  should  be  augmented  in  order  to 
enable  them  to  gain  control  over  the  French  settlements  at  the  head  of 
the  bay ;  and  they  alleged  that  members  of  Council  have  of  necessity  to  be 
selected  from  the  officers  of  the  garrison  as  there  are  no  other  British 
subjects  (fit)  to  choose  from ;  and  they  conclude  by  stating  that  they 
had  never  had  fee  or  reward  for  their  services  as  councillors,  and  had 
ever  discharged  their  duties  to  the  best  of  their  ability,  *'  with  a  due 
regard  to  the  liberty  of  the  subject  and  the  peace  and  well-being  of  the 
Province." 

Grants  of  lots  of  marsh  lands  on  Allain's  River — now  Lequille — 
were  made  to  Erasmus  James  Phillips,  to  Captain  Heron  and  to  Otho 
Hamilton ;  and  Bear  (Imbert)  Island  was  patented  on  the  10th  of 
November  to  Captain  Henry  Daniel.  This  island  contained  twenty-five 
and  one-quarter  acres  and  one  rood,  as  shown  by  a  survey  made  by 
Lieutenant  Amhurst. 

In  1739  Mr.  Armstrong  sent  an  officer  of  the  garrison,  Captain  John 
Slater,  to  Minas  to  enforce  the  payment  of  quitrents  due  by  the  settlers 
there.  In  his  instructions  to  Slater  he  says  :  "  As  you  are  also  one  of 
His  Majesty's  Council,  (you  are)  to  proceed  thither  with  a  sergeant, 
corporal  and  eight  men  under  your  command,  and  there  with  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Province,  to  inquire  into  the  behaviour  of  these  people,  and 
report  to  the  Lieutenant- Governor  for  further  directions."  On  the 
25th  May  he  ordered  Shirreff  to  proceed  to  Minas  to  aid  Slater  in 
performing  the  work  assigned  him. 

During  this  summer  Lieutenant  Amhurst,  a  deputy  surveyor  of 
Dunbar,  received  instructions  from  his  superior  to  prepare  a  patent  for 
a  township  on  the  Strait  of  Canso  in  favour  of  Edward  How  and  Com- 
pany ;  but  this  grant  was  opposed  by  Mr.  Shirreff  who  alleged  it  would 
be  contrary  to  the  royal  instructions  to  make  such  a  conveyance,  and, 


92  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

in  consequence,  the  project  was  abandoned,  although  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  was  known  to  be  in  favour  of  it.  Five  only  of  the  ten 
companies  forming  the  40th  regiment  were  stationed  at  Annapolis  at 
this  time,  and  each  company  consisted  of  forty-one  men  only ;  the 
garrison,  therefore,  comprised  but  little  more  than  150  men  exclusive 
of  officers,  and  many  of  them  are  said  to  have  been  raw  recruits.  The 
fort  itself  was  in  a  state  of  great  dilapidation. 

Toward  the  close  of  1739  an  event  occurred  in  the  old  capital  of  a 
startling  and  horrifying  character.  Mr.  Armstrong's  health  had  been 
for  some  time  in  a  declining  condition,  and  many  circumstances  had 
happened,  during  his  long  administration  of  affairs,  to  harass  and  annoy 
him  and  render  his  life  anything  but  a  pleasurable  one.  He  seems  to 
have  been  possessed  of  a  very  sensitive  nature,  and  to  have  been  of  a 
very  excitable  disposition.  Small  matters — what  to  others  would  appear 
as  trifles — were  often  magnified  in  his  morbid  imagination  into  objects 
of  great  concern  and  disquietude;  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
his  recent  differences  with  Mascarene,  Shirreff  and  others  tended  to 
produce  the  melancholy  condition  of  mind  which  resulted  in  the  rash  act 
of  suicide  by  which  his  life  was  terminated.  He  had  executed  a  will  on 
the  14th  of  November,  and  ended  his  existence  on  the  6th  of  December 
by  stabbing  himself  in  the  breast  five  times  with  his  sword,  which  was 
found  near  his  dead  body.  By  his  will  he  devised  his  property  equally 
between  Captain  Robinson,  of  the  foot-guards,  George  Armstrong,  of 
the  Ordnance  office,  and  Ensign  Charles  Vane,  of  the  40th  regiment. 
The  witnesses  to  this  document  were  Archibald  Rennie  and  John  Slater, 
officers  of  the  garrison,  and  Walter  Ross,  an  attorney,  the  first  attorney 
of  whom  any  mention  is  made  as  being  a  resident  in  Annapolis. 

Mr.  Armstrong's  official  acts  seem,  generally,  to  have  been  character- 
ized by  a  strict  sense  of  justice  and  love  of  fair-play,  and  to  have  been 
tempered  by  due  consideration  for  the  wishes  and  feelings  of  those  whom 
they  were  to  affect ;  and  when  not  excited  by  opposition,  or  other 
influence,  his  conduct  toward  those  with  whom  he  associated  was 
marked  by  much  gentleness  and  urbanity  of  manner,  and,  on  most 
occasions,  he  was  inclined  to  counsel  moderation,  often  using  his  best 
efforts  to  modify  the  acerbities  and  conciliate  the  disputes  which  at 
times  disturbed  the  peace  of  the  communities  over  which  he  presided. 
An  inquest  was  held  in  consequence  of  his  sad  death  on  the  following 
day  and  a  verdict  of  "lunacy"  returned,  and  on  the  same  day  John 
Adams,  as  senior  councillor  and  acting  president,  assumed  the  com- 
mand of  the  Province.  On  the  8th  of  December  he  wrote  an  account 
of  the  tragic  event  to  the  Governor-in-chief  and  to  Governor  Belcher. 
His  command,  however,  was  of  short  duration,  the  position  of  right 


HON.  COL.  JEAN  PAUL  MASCARENE, 

Governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  Annapoli 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  93 

belonging  to  Mascarene,  who  was  the  senior  of  Mr.  Adams  at  the 
Council  Board,  and  was  only  prevented  from  assuming  it  on  account 
of  his  absence  from  the  capital  when  the  death  of  Armstrong  took  place. 

In  January,  1740,  Mr.  Adams  issued  an  order  to  attach  the  estate  of 
his 'deceased  predecessor,  and  to  forbid  the  executors,  John  Handfield 
and  Edward  Amhurst,  from  disposing  of  it,  or  any  part  of  it,  until  the 
seigneurial  rents  and  other  crown  dues,  which  had  been  received  by  the 
deceased,  should  be  accounted  for  to  the  King's  Receiver  for  America. 

Mascarene,  who  was  absent  in  Massachusetts  on  leave  at  the  time  of 
Armstrong's  death,  on  hearing  of  that  event  hastened  to  return,  and 
arrived  at  Annapolis  on  the  20th  of  March  ;  and  on  the  22nd  called  a 
meeting  of  the  Council,  over  which  he  claimed  the  right  to  preside. 
This  being  opposed  by  Adams  it  was  agreed  to  leave  the  question  to 
the  other  members  of  the  Board  to  determine;  whereupon,  after  consul- 
tation, they  unanimously  decided  in  favour  of  the  claims  of  Mascarene, 
who  was  accordingly  sworn  into  office,  and  immediately  issued  a 
proclamation  giving  notice  that  he  had  assumed  the  government  of  the 
Province,  and  commanding  all  persons  whom  it  concerned  to  govern 
themselves  accordingly.  Mr.  Adams  appealed  from  the  decision  of 
the  Council,  and  asked  leave  to  absent  himself  from  its  sittings  till 
his  remonstrance  should  be  determined  in  England.  His  request  was 
granted,  but  his  appeal  did  not  result  in  his  restoration  to  office.* 

Major  Cosby,  on  the  demise  of  Armstrong,  became  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  40th  regiment;  and  Mascarene  became  major,  vice  Cosby.  Mr. 
Winniett  was  despatched  to  Chiegnecto  with  Mascarene's  proclamation 
announcing  his  assumption  of  the  administration  of  the  Government,  and 
with  instructions  to  report  upon  the  condition  of  the  settlements  in  that 
district.  In  a  letter  which  he  wrote  to  Mr.  Bergereau,  the  President 
requests  him  to  show  every  suitable  attention  to  Winniett,  who  was  a 
gentleman  for  whom  and  whose  family  he  affirms  he  had  a  high  esteem. 
In  his  initial  despatch  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  dated  in  November, 
1740,  he  states  the  following  facts  concerning  himself:  "I  entered  this 
place  a  captain  at  its  surrendering  to  the  English  Government,  and  had 
the  honour  to  take  possession  of  it  in  mounting  the  first  guard,  and 
was  brevetted  major  by  Mr.  Nicholson,  the  commander-in-chief  of  that 
expedition.  I  was  put  down  the  third  on  the  list  of  councillors  when 
Governor  Phillipps  called  a  Council  to  manage  the  affairs  of  this  pro- 
vince, and  have  served  in  the  military,  being  now  major  to  Major-General 
Phillipps'  regiment,  and  in  the  civil  capacity,  ever  since,  having  been 
employed  in  several  transactions  with  the  neighbouring  governments, 

*  Mr.  Adams  was  at  this  time  sixty-seven  years  old,  having  been  born  in  1673. 
In  his  memorial  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  he  calls  himself  "poor,  helpless,  and 
blind." 


94  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

especially  as  a  commissioner  in  behalf  of  this  Government  to  settle  the 
peace  with  the  Indians."  In  his  first  despatch  to  the  Lords  of  Trade, 
he  tells  them,  as  his  predecessor  Armstrong  had  often  told  them  before, 
that  it  was  impossible  to  form  a  civil  government  owing  to  the  paucity 
of  English-speaking  Protestant  inhabitants,  "  there  being  only  two  or 
three  English  families  besides  those  of  the  garrison." 

Early  in  1741  Alexander  Bourg  was  commissioned  as  Notary  and 
Receiver  of  the  king's  dues.  The  rapidity  with  which  news  is  now 
disseminated  will  appear  the  more  wonderful  when  contrasted  with  the 
slowness  of  movement  of  a  century  and  a  half  ago.  Mascarene,  writing 
on  the  14th  of  March,  1741,  to  England,  informs  his  correspondent  that 
the  latest  news  received  in  the  colony  from  Europe  arrived  in  the  pre- 
ceding July;  and  the  latest  advices  from  New  England  reached  Annapplis 
during  the  previous  October.  Minutes  now  perform  the  feats  which  then 
required  months  for  their  accomplishment. 

The  winter  of  1740-41  was  a  severely  cold  one  ;  and  to  augment  the 
evil  a  scarcity  of  food  prevailed,  rendering  the  condition  of  the  inhabi- 
tants most  distressing  and  deplorable.  In  consequence  of  this  calamity, 
orders  were  sent  to  the  king's  receivers,  at  Chiegnecto,  Minas  and 
Piziquid,  in  April,  to  forward  the  value  of  the  money  collected  by 
them  in  grain  and  peas  to  be  distributed  to  the  starving  families  in  the 
Annapolis  settlements.  This  scarcity  was  not  confined  to  Nova  Scotia, 
but  extended  to  Europe  and  the  West  Indies.  In  England  it  was  so 
great  that  the  exportation  of  food  was  strictly  prohibited.  During 
the  same  month,  Shirreff,  the  secretary,  Skene  and  Erasmus  James 
Phillips  left  Annapolis  to  go  to  New  England,  to  meet  the  other  com- 
missioners appointed  to  make  an  adjustment  of  the  boundary  disputes 
between  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island. 

The  early  months  of  this  year  witnessed  the  death  of  Mr.  Winniett, 
who  had  for  many  years  been  the  leading  merchant  and  ship-owner  of 
the  Province,  and  for  several  years  a  member  of  the  Council,  and  whose 
decease  was  felt  as  a  calamity  by  the  whole  community.  He  left  a  will 
which  was  dated  February,  1726,  in  which  he  bequeathed  his  whole 
estate,  which  was  no  inconsiderable  one  for  that  period,  to  his  wife, 
Magdelaine  Winniett,.  whom  he  appointed  sole  executrix.  This  docu- 
ment was  proved  before  the  Council  in  August,  1741.  One  clause  of  it 
had  special  relation  to  one  of  his  daughters  (Margaret),  who,  it  appears, 
was  afflicted  with  some  personal  deformity  or  infirmity  which  rendered 
a  special  provision  necessary  in  her  case,  should  she  survive  her  parents. 
She  did  not,  however,  outlive  them ;  and  it  is  a  somewhat  singular  fact 
that  the  tombstone  of  this  child  is  the  only  existing  memorial  of  the 
family  to  be  found  in  the  ancient  graveyard  at  Annapolis.  Mr.  Winniett 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  95 

was  survived  by,  at  least,  four  of  his  children:  (1)  Anne,  who  married 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Cosby,  of  the  40th  regiment,  and  who  died  without 
issue ;  (2)  Elizabeth,  of  whom  I  have  not  been  able  to  recover  any 
particulars ;  (3)  Joseph,  of  whom  the  reader  will  find  a  full  notice  in 
the  "  Biographical  Memoirs  "  which  form  a  portion  of  this  work  ;  and 
(4)  Matthew,  who  died  without  leaving  issue. 

The  officiating  priest  at  Annapolis,  in  1742,  was  named  Nicholas 
Vauxlin,  or  Vaquelin,  who  came  there  in  1739.  He  seems  to  have 
urged  upon  the  French  inhabitants  the  duty  of  submission  and  obedience 
to  the  English  authorities,  and  to  have  received  the  approbation  of 
Mascarene.  There  had  been  no  chaplain  to  the  garrison  since  1738,  and 
the  want  of  one  was  much  felt,  and  his  absence  deplored  by  those  of  the 
people  who  needed  his  services. 

A  vessel  arrived  at  the  port  near  the  beginning  of  the  year,  without 
anchors  ;  and  her  captain,  Trefry,  applied  to  the  administrator  of  the 
Government  for  the  loan  of  those  belonging  to  the  brig  Baltimore,  of 
Mrs.  Buckler  notoriety,  which,  since  1738  had  been  laid  up  near  the  fort, 
waiting  for  the  appearance  of  an  owner,  and  his  request  was  referred 
to  Erasmus  Phillips,  who  held  the  commission  of  King's  Advocate  in 
the  Court  of  Vice-Admiralty,  whose  decision  in  the  matter  does  not 
appear. 

Des  Enclaves  now  succeeded  Vaquelin  as  priest.  These  missionaries 
were  required  to  obtain  leave  from  the  Council  before  they  were  permitted 
to  exercise  their  functions  in  any  part  of  the  Province ;  nor  were  they 
allowed  to  move  from  one  parish  or  place  to  another  without  permission 
from  the  same  authority.  This  course  on  the  part  of  the  Government 
was  necessary  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  priests  who  were  known, 
or  supposed  to  be  inimical  to  English  interests,  and  was  the  means  of 
keeping  them,  in  some  degree,  in  subjection  or  under  control.  On  this 
subject,  Mr.  Mascarene,  in  a  despatch  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  tells 
that  nobleman  that  it  would  prove  most  injurious  to  the  well-being  of 
the  Province  to  permit  the  Bishop  of  Quebec  to  send  missionaries  into  it 
at  will,  and  that  such  a  course  would  render  it  impossible  to  bring  the 
French  inhabitants  into  due  obedience  to  the  Government. 

As  the  beginning  of  1742  was  clouded  by  the  death  of  Winniett,  so 
the  close  of  1742  was  darkened  by  the  decease  of  his  son-in-law,  Cosby, 
which  took  place  on  the  27th  of  December.  He  had  served  for  several 
years  as  commandant  at  Canso,  and  had  long  held  the  honourable  posi- 
tion of  Lieu  tenant-Governor  of  the  town  of  Annapolis;  and  besides  being 
an  active  and  intelligent  officer,  he  was  generally  respected  by  the 
inhabitants  of  all  parts  of  the  country.  His  popularity  among  the  French 
was  perhaps  traceable,  in  part,  at  least,  to  his  marriage  with  Anne 


96  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Winniett,  who  was  a  native  of  the  Province,  and  esteemed  by  the  French 
people  as  —  through  her  mother  —  a  scion  of  their  race.  Her  father, 
as  the  reader  already  knows,  had  been  a  prominent  member  of  the 
community  from  the  conquest,  in  1710,  to  the  day  of  his  death  in  1742. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHAPTER  VI. 

The  first  Masonic  Lodge  in  Nova  Scotia  was  organized  at  Annapolis 
Royal,  in  1738.  It  was  fourth  in  the  order  of  precedence  of  lodges 
chartered  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts.  It  was  called  the 
Annapolis  Royal  Lodge,  and  Erasmus  James  Phillips  was  its  first 
worshipful  master. — [Eo.] 


CHAPTER    VII. 

1742-1746. 

Mascarene's  description  of  town  and  fort — He  becomes  Governor  of  both — War  with 
France — Le  Loutre  leads  the  Indians  in  an  attack — Invests  the  town — 
Du  Vivier's  formidable  attack — He  fails  to  terrify  the  neutrals  into  joining 
him — Skirmishes  and  proposals  for  capitulation — He  raises  the  siege — Marin's 
weaker  attempt — Position  and  conduct  of  Acadians — Naval  defensive 
measures. 

IN  a  despatch  of  Mascarene  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  dated  December 
1st,  1743,  he  refers  to  the  condition  of  the  fort  at  Annapolis,  which, 
he  says,  "  is  apt  to  tumble  down  in  heavy  rains  or  in  thaws  after  frosty 
weather,  as  it  is  formed  of  earth  of  a  sandy  and  friable  nature.  To 
prevent  this  a  revestment  of  timbers  had  been  made  use  of,  which  soon 
decaying  remedies  the  evil  but  for  a  short  time,  so  that  for  these  many 
years  past  there  has  been  only  a  continual  patching.  The  Board  of 
Ordnance  has  sent  engineers  and  artificers  in  order  to  build  the  fort  with 
brick  and  stone,  but  little  more  could  be  done  for  these  two  summers  past 
than  providing  part  of  the  materials,  and  making  conveniences  for  land- 
ing them ;  so  that  when  I  received  the  above-mentioned  directions  there 
were  several  breaches  of  easy  access  to  an  enemy,  which  I  immediately 
directed  to  be  repaired,  in  which  the  season  has  favoured  us  beyond 
expectation."  After  stating  that  an  increase  was  required  in  the  num- 
bers of  the  garrison,  he  thus  writes  of  the  town :  "It  consists  of  two 
streets,  the  one  extending  along  the  river  side  and  the  other  along  the 
neck  of  land  the  extremities  whereof  are  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant 
from  the  fort,  has  no  defence  against  a  surprise  from  the  Indians.  The 
materials  for  the  new  building  and  the  artificers  are  lodged  there,  as  well 
as  several  families  belonging  to  the  garrison,  who,  for  want  of  conveniency 
in  the  fort,  are  obliged  to  quarter  there." 

A  French-Canadian,  named  Vannier,  who  was  accused  of  having 
obtained  money  under  false  pretences  from  the  inhabitants  of  Minas,  was 
arrested  in  Annapolis  about  this  time  and  confined  in  prison  for  some 
weeks.  The  Council  finally  ordered  that  he  should  be  sent  out  of  the 
Province ;  an  order,  however,  which  was  never  carried  into  effect,  as  he 
7 


98  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

saved  them  the  trouble  by  making  his  escape  from  gaol  and  leaving  the 
country  voluntarily. 

In  1744  Mascarene  was  made  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  fort  and 
town,  thus  uniting  in  his  own  person  the  functions  of  two  offices,  or 
commands,  the  holding  of  which  by  different  individuals  had  so  often  led 
to  difficulties  and  disputes  injurious  to  the  peace  and  harmony  of  the 
people  and  the  garrison,  as  well  as  of  the  public  interests.  The  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  Province  'was  supreme  in  the  administration  of  purely 
civil  affairs,  and  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  fort  controlled  and 
directed  the  military  duties.  This  system  had  been  the  means  of  making 
enemies  of  men  who  otherwise  would  have  been  friends ;  and  the  heart- 
burnings and  jealousies  which  had  separated  Armstrong  and  Cosby  and 
Mascarene  were  directly  traceable  to  this  dual  system  of  administration, 
and  would  not  have  occurred  if  this  system  had  not  existed.  The  union 
of  these  offices  in  one  individual,  therefore,  may  be  regarded  as  a  fortunate 
circumstance  for  the  colony. 

War  having  been  declared  against  the  French  by  England,  the  com- 
paratively peaceful  complexion  of  colonial  affairs  in  America  became 
suddenly  changed.  The  Indians  were  excited  into  acts  of  open  hostility 
by  the  French  priests  of  Acadie,  and  the  French  peasantry  were  but 
little  inclined  to  render  assistance  to  the  Government  to  which  they 
owed  the  continued  possession  of  their  lands,  and  the  protection  of  their 
lives  and  property. 

A  knowledge  of  the  declaration  of  war  having  reached  Du  Quesnal, 
the  Governor  of  Cape  Breton,  before  anything  of  it  was  known  at  Port 
Royal  or  Boston,  the  French  had  ample  time  to  fit  out  a  formidable 
expedition  at  Louisburg  for  the  capture  of  Canso.  This  armament, 
which  consisted  of  several  vessels  and  nine  hundred  men  of  all  arms, 
burned  the  village  ;  took  the  companies  of  the  40th  regiment  then 
stationed  there  prisoners  of  war,  and  captured  the  tender  of  a  ship  of  war 
which  chanced  to  be  in  that  port.  These  events  happened  on  the  13th 
of  May,  and  it  was  not  known  at  Annapolis  that  war  had  been  declared 
until  the  18th  of  June,  on  which  day  a  proclamation  of  it  was  published. 
Just  a  month  before  the  date  of  this  event  the  good  people  of  the  old 
capital  suffered  a  great  scare,  from  a  false  report  which  had  gained 
circulation  and  credence  at  the  same  time.  It  was  stated  that  Morpain, 
the  commander  of  a  privateer  during  the  last  war,  was  up  the  river  at 
the  head  of  five  hundred  French  and  Indians,  and  intended  an  immediate 
attack  upon  the  town. 

The  wives  and  children  of  many  of  the  officers  were  placed  on  board 
the  vessels  then  in  the  port  to  be  transferred  to  Boston  as  a  place  of 
safety ;  and  the  families  of  those  officers  who  resided  outside  the  fort 
were  at  once  placed  within  it  as  a  sanctuary ;  and  all  articles  of  value, 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  99 

not  already  there,  also  found  a  place  of  deposit  within  its  walls.  It  is 
said  the  fort  contained  more  than  seventy  women  and  children  after  all 
these  arrangements  had  been  effected.  Immediate  orders  were  given  to 
the  chief  engineer  to  repair  and  strengthen  the  works  of  the  fort,  and 
the  French  inhabitants  were  commanded  to  furnish  the  timber  required 
for  that  purpose  and  to  assist  in  the  work.*  These  precautionary  measures 
for  defence  were  not  undertaken  a  moment  too  soon,  for  on  the  first  day 
•of  July  a  party  of  three  hundred  Indians  suddenly  made  their  appearance 
before  the  fort.  They  were  commanded  and  led  by  that  accomplished 
arch-enemy  of  English  rule,  the  priest  Le  Loutre.  As  soon  as  it  was 
known  they  had  arrived  in  the  up-river  settlements,  the  French  inhabi- 
tants, who  had  been  employed  on  the  works,  or  in  other  ways,  left  the 
town  and  returned  to  their  abodes  that  they  might  not  be  engaged  in 
its  defence  against  the  attacks  of  their  friends.  The  position  of  affairs 
was  anything  but  assuring.  The  repairs  on  the  fortifications  had  only 
been  begun,  the  five  companies  of  the  40th  regiment  in  the  garrison  did 
not  number  one  hundred  men,  and  the  workmen  who  had  been  sent 
from  Massachusetts  to  assist  in  restoring  the  fort,  were  more  or  less 
unwilling  to  act  the  part  of  a  soldier,  as  they  had  not  been  originally 
employed  for  that  purpose.  Their  leader  had  collected  his  forces  and 
formed  a  sort  of  camp  on  the  south-eastern  side  of  the  cape  and  might  at 
any  moment  be  moved  to  the  attack.  The  first  bloodshed  occurred  in 
this  way.  Two  soldiers,  who  against  orders  to  the  contrary,  had  ventured 
a  short  distance  from  the  town,  perhaps  to  reconnoitre  the  invading  forces, 
were  shot  by  a  skulking  party  of  Indians.  On  the  next  day  Mascarene 
sent  a  missive  to  the  besieging  party.  It  has  the  ring  of  the  true  metal, 
and  reads  thus  : 

"  ANNAPOLIS  ROYAL,  July  3rd,  1744. 

"GENTLEMEN, — The  first  shot  you  heard  fired  from  the  fort  was  according  to 
our  custom  when  we  think  we  have  enemies.  Afterwards  your  people  killed  two  of 
our  soldiers  who  were  in  the  gardens  without  arms.  I'm  resolved  to  defend  this 
fort  until  the  last  drop  of  my  blood  against  all  the  enemies  of  the  King  of  Great 
Britain,  my  master  ;  whereupon  you  can  take  your  course.  So  I  sign  my  name. 

"(Signed),          P.  MASCARENE. 
* '  To  the  Indians  who  are  at,  the  Cape. " 

Emboldened  by  the  success  of  their  initial  attempt,  the  savages  deter- 
mined to  attack  the  fort  in  force.  The  physiognomy  of  the  grounds 
surrounding  the  fortifications  was  considerably  different  in  those  old 
times  from  what  it  is  now.  A  ravine,  or  hollow,  then  extended  across 
the  highway  or  street  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  court-house,  and  ran 
north-westwardly  to  the  foot  of  the  glacis,  on  the  south  or  south-west  side 

*  See  despatches  and  letters  of  Mascarene  on  this  subject  quoted  in  Chapter 
IX. -[ED.] 


100  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

of  the  fort.  This  ravine  then  offered  great  facilities  to  all  assailants  of 
the  place.  Permission  appears  to  have  been  given  to  the  inhabitants, 
from  time  to  time,  to  build  huts,  barns  and  stables  in  that  vicinity, 
and  quite  a  number  of  them  existed  there  at  this  period,  affording  at 
once  shelter  to  an  enemy  and  a  basis  of  attack.  It  was  from  this 
point  that  Le  Loutre  commanded  his  Indians  to  make  their  attempt, 
which  they  inaugurated  by  a  sharp,  but  not  protracted  discharge  of  fire- 
arms ;  but  the  guns  of  the  fort  having  been  turned  upon  them,  they 
were  soon  dislodged  from  their  cover  and  compelled  to  desist  from  their 
operations  from  this  quarter.  They  then  turned  their  attention  to  the 
lower  town,  which  they  soon  set  on  fire.  Between  the  fort  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  town  stood  a  block-house  in  the  middle  of  the  street — 
probably  not  far  south  of  the  Mohawk  Fort  already  referred  to.  A  guard, 
under  command  of  a  sergeant,  occupied  it,  and  finding  the  conflagration 
extending  rapidly  toward  them,  and  fearing  that  his  men  and  himself 
might  perish  in  the  flames,  he  sent  to  Mascai-ene  asking  leave  to  abandon 
it,  which  was  granted,  as  it  seems  that  his  fears  were  well  founded.  At 
this  juncture  the  engineer  proposed  to  place  an  additional  force  on  board 
the  ordnance  tender,  with  instruction  to  get  the  vessel  into  a  position 
from  which  she  would  be  able  to  sweep  the  street  with  her  cannon.  This 
scheme  was  adopted,  and  a  company  of  artificers  and  other  volunteers 
formed  and  placed  under  the  orders  of  the  captain,  who  was  joined  by 
Edward  How  as  a  volunteer.  Directions  were  now  given  to  replace 
the  guard  in  the  abandoned  block-house  so  that  it  might  be  used  as  a 
point  d'appui  for  the  double  purpose  of  driving  back  the  assailants  and 
arresting  the  progress  of  the  flames.  These  plans  succeeded  admirably  ; 
the  Indians  were  driven  out ;  the  wooden  fences  near  the  block-house 
were  removed,  and  some  houses  in  its  near  vicinity  demolished,  as  they 
would  otherwise  afford  shelter  to  the  foe  in  another  attack.  At  the 
same  time  Mascarene  ordered  the  houses  and  other  buildings  south  of  the 
fort  to  be  pulled  down,  together  with  those  within  half  a  gun-shot  from 
the  fort.  In  giving  these  commands  the  house  of  Captain  Daniel — which 
had  been  recently  built,  and  which  stood  somewhat  farther  away  than 
the  others — was  made  an  exception,  though  it  did  not  escape  destruction, 
for  the  Indians  rifled  it,  and  the  shot  from  the  guns  of  the  fort,  used 
to  dislodge  them,  riddled  it  so  much  as  to  render  it  useless  without 
very  considerable  and  expensive  repair.  The  assailants,  who  now  found 
it  dangerous  to  approach  the  glacis  of  the  fort,  fell  back  to  their  camp 
on  the  cape  and  contented  themselves  with  stealing  some  sheep,  swine 
and  cattle. 

A  vessel  from  Massachusetts  arrived  on  the  5th,  having  on  board 
seventy  men,  a  captain  and  an  ensign  to  reinforce  the  garrison.  When 
this  became  known  to  Le  Loutre,  he  and  his  Micmac  and  Malicete 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  101 

warriors  retreated  to  the  settlements,  near  to  where  Bridgetown  now 
stands ;  and  when  they  had  sufficiently  rested  themselves  they 
proceeded  to  Minas,  there  to  await  the  development  of  events  at 
Louisburg,  from  which  place  they  expected  reinforcements,  and  the 
co-operation  of  a  naval  force  to  act  in  conjunction  with  them  in  case 
they  should  be  ordered  to  make  another  attempt. 

Scarcely  two  months  had  passed  away  before  a  fresh  attack  was  made 
with  largely  increased  forces  under  the  command  of  Du  Vivier.*  This 
interval  had  been  devoted  by  the  English  commander  to  a  repair  of 
arms,  the  drilling  of  the  auxiliaries  sent  from  Massachusetts,  and  the 
sending  away  of  the  women  and  children  to  a  place  of  safety.  Du  Vivier 
had  landed  the  reinforcements  he  brought  with  him,  and  which  consisted 
of  a  company  of  regulars  and  two  or  three  hundred  militia,  on  the 
isthmus  at  the  head  of.  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  made  his  way  thence  to 
Minas  by  land,  where  he  halted  a  day  or  two,  uniting  with  his  troops 
those  which  had  so  recently  and  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  drive  the 
English  from  their  beloved  Acadie.  Du  Vivier  now  issued  a  proclamation 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Minas,  Piziquid,  Cobequid  and  River  Canard,  in 
which  he  ordered  them  "  to  acknowledge  the  obedience  they  owed  to 
the  King  of  France,"  and  called  upon  them  to  furnish  him  with  horses 
and  men,  threatening  those  who  refused  compliance  with  his  demands 
with  being  punished  by  delivering  them  "  into  the  hands  of  the  savages 
as  enemies  of  the  State,  as  we  cannot  refuse  the  demands  which  the 
savages  make  for  all  those  who  will  not  submit  themselves."  This 
formal  document  was  dated  August  27th,  1744.  He  then  ordered  an 
immediate  march  of  all  his  forces  toward  Annapolis ;  but  having  again 
rested  his  men  near  Round  Hill,  he  did  not  reach  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  fort  until  the  first  days  of  September.  On  the  morning 
after  their  arrival,  flushed  with  the  hope  and  the  promise  of  victory,  they 
marched  boldly  toward  the  fortifications,  with  their  colours  displayed, 
keeping  as  much  as  possible,  however,  under  the  cover  of  hedges  and 
fences  in  order  to  avoid  the  effects  of  the  discharges  of  artillery,  to 
which  they  looked  forward  as  a  necessary  consequence  of  their  approach. 
But  it  was  not  until  they  had  got  well  up  toward  the  foot  of  the  glacis, 
that  a  gun  sent  a  ball,  aimed  at  their  colours,  which,  it  is  said,  passed  so 
near  to  Du  Vivier  and  his  brother  as  to  give  them  a  very  unpleasant 
apprehension  of  a  too  warm  reception  if  they  made  a  nearer  approach, 
and,  in  consequence,  they  at  once  retraced  their  steps  to  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  hills  at  the  end  of  the  cape,  whence  they  determined  to 
make  their  future  onsets  by  night,  thus  hoping  to  avoid,  at  least  to  some 
extent,  the  effects  of  the  English  artillery.  Night  after  night  they 

*  Francis  du  Pont  du  Vivier,  a  descendant  of  the  Latours,  and  a  native  of  Port 
Royal. 


102  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

marched  up  under  cover  of  the  darkness,  following  the  course  of  the 
ravine  before  named,  to  the  parapet  of  the  walls  near  the  covered  way. 
These  attacks  were  exceedingly  annoying  and  embarrassing  to  the  garri- 
son, keeping  them  constantly  on  the  qui  vive  during  the  whole  night. 
They  were  continued  for  some  time  but  without  any  gain  to  the  besiegers 
or  material  loss  to  the  besieged,  when  Du  Vivier  determined  upon  a 
change  of  tactics.  It  was  believed  that  a  considerable  fleet  had  been 
ordered  to  act  in  concert  with  the  assailants,  and  the  French  commander, 
therefore,  sent  his  brother  under  a  flag  of  truce  to  Mascarene,  with  a 
letter  to  him,  in  which  he  assured  him  he  expected  daily  the  arrival  of 
three  ships  of  war  of  seventy,  sixty  and  forty  guns  respectively,  all  of 
them  manned  one- third  above  the  usual  complement,  and  a  transport 
vessel  having  on  board  two  hundred  regular  troops,  with  cannon,  mortars 
and  other  engines  of  war ;  and  declared  that  it  would  be  impossible  for 
the  English  to  successfully  withstand  such  a  force,  and  that  he  would, 
without  doubt,  be  compelled  to  surrender  the  fort  with  its  munitions 
and  garrison  as  soon  as  they  should  arrive ;  and  concluded  by  suggesting 
that  Mascarene  should  now  enter  into  conditional  articles  of  surrender, 
in  which  he  promised  very  favourable  terms,  and  affirmed,  in  case  such 
a  course  should  be  entertained,  that  the  articles  should  not  be  carried 
into  effect  nor  be  considered  in  any  way  binding  until  statements  con- 
cerning the  expected  naval  reinforcement  should  be  verified  by  its  arrival 
before  the  town ;  and  also  if  succours  should  arrive  in  the  meantime  for 
the  garrison,  they  should  be  looked  upon  as  of  no  effect.  He  concluded 
his  communication  by  stating  that  he  now  had  a  sufficient  force  to  take 
the  place  by  assault,  having  in  possession  and  at  hand  a  full  supply  of 
scaling  ladders  and  combustibles  sufficient  to  ensure  success  should  he 
make  the  trial.  He  also  declared  that  this  overture  and  the  agreement, 
if  entered  into,  should  be  regarded  as  a  secret  between  them  as  com- 
manders. Du  Vivier's  object  in  this  bit  of  diplomacy  was,  no  doubt,  to 
create  dissensions  among  the  officers  of  the  garrison,  a  result  which 
came  very  near  being  realized,  as  the  sequel  will  show. 

Mascarene  sent  the  bearer  of  this  letter  back,  telling  him  to  say  to 
Du  Vivier  that  he  would  forward  a  reply  on  the  following  day  at  noon. 
He  then  called  the  officers  of  the  garrison  together  and  submitted  the 
contents  of  the  communication  to  them,  and  at  the  time  specified  he 
despatched  an  answer  to  the  effect  that  >he  did  not  fear  the  result  of  an 
assault,  being  prepared  to  meet  and  repel  it,  and  that  it  would  be  suffi- 
ciently early  to  determine  what  course  he  should  pursue  when  the  ships 
and  soldiers  referred  to  should  have  arrived.  This  reply  does  not  seem  to 
have  pleased  Du  Vivier,  who  sent  again  to  Mascarene,  proposing  a  truce 
to  active  hostilities  until  the  fleet  should  have  put  in  an  appearance,  but 
on  the  condition  that  the  terms  he  had  offered  should  be  conditionally 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS.  103 

accepted,  urging  that  the  besieged  would  run  no  risk  in  complying  with 
this  request. 

This  proposal  found  considerable  favour  with  the  officers,  who,  in  case 
of  its  acceptance,  would  be  relieved  from  the  hardships  of  night  vigilance 
and  other  disagreeable  duties  incident  to  a  state  of  siege  ;  and  all  of 
them  but  three  or  four  advised  concession  to  the  Frenchman's  demands. 
They  urged  the  ill-condition  of  the  fort,  the  dread  of  being  made  prisoners 
of  war  after  an  assault,  the  uncertainty  of  the  arrival  of  succours,  and 
above  all  that  no  risk  was  to  be  run  by  the  proposed  arrangements,  as 
,  reason  for  their  advice.  Mascarene  was  filled  with  apprehensions  at  the 
results  of  a  distinct  refusal,  and  determined,  while  he  appeared  to  give  a 
reluctant  consent,  not  to  sign  any  terms  of  capitulation  unless  forced  to 
do  so  by  other  circumstances.  He  therefore  appointed  three  of  his  officers 
as  commissioners  to  wait  on  Du  Vivier  and  obtain  a  draft  of  the  terms  of 
the  proposed  conditional  surrender,  that  he  might  have  them  in  writing. 
This  was  done,  the  draft  was  obtained,  and  its  provisions  were  found 
to  be  all  that  had  been  promised  —  very  favourable  to  the  garrison. 
Mascarene  was  solicited  to  sign  it  at  once,  but  he  declined  to  do  so,  and 
suggested  that  the  commissioners  might  themselves  sign  it,  taking  due 
care  that  the  act  should  be  considered  as  a  preliminary  only  ;  and  they 
were  sent  back  to  the  enemy's  camp  to  inquire  if  such  a  course  would  be 
agreeable  to  Du  Vivier  ;  but  the  Frenchman,  losing  all  patience — or 
professing  to  do  so — at  the  reluctance  of  his  adversary,  refused  to  accede 
to  this  half-way  proposition,  and  demanded  an  unconditional  surrender, 
handing  them,  at  the  same  time,  a  draft  so  different  in  terms  from  the 
former  that  they  at  once  refused  even  to  carry  it  to  their  chief,  who  was 
much  gratified  at  this  termination  of  the  negotiations,  and  decided  to 
renew  hostilities  on  the  next  day. 

It  is  stated  that  a  few  hours  before  the  renewal  of  hostilities,  Masca- 
rene was  informed  that  the  men  under  his  command,  not  understanding 
the  object  of  so  long  a  truce  and  parley  with  the  enemy,  threatened  to 
seize  their  officers  and  carry  on  the  defence  of  the  fort  without  them, 
being  apprehensive  that  they  desired  to  surrender  the  town  without 
further  struggle.  This  was  a  very  reassuring  fact  to  their  commander, 
who  now  made  them  fully  acquainted  with  all  that  had  taken  place  and 
of  his  intention  to  renew  the  defence,  upon  which  they  gave  him  three 
hearty  cheers  to  mark  their  confidence  in  him  as  a  leader. 

From  this  time  to  the  raising  of  the  siege  the  daily  skirmishes  and 
nightly  attacks  continued  for  two  or  three  weeks,  but  without  any  issue 
of  consequence.  Toward  the  end  of  September  a  brig  and  sloop  arrived 
from  Boston,  with  a  detachment  of  Goreham's  (Indian)  rangers,  which 
were  intended  to  be  used  as  scouts.  This  corps  afterwards  proved  of 
very  considerable  service  to  the  garrison  at  Annapolis  and  elsewhere  in 


104  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

the  Province.  Shortly  after  their  arrival,  one  of  their  number  having 
straggled  too  far  from  his  friends,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  besiegers,  and 
Mascarene  sent  out  a  number  of  his  men  with  a  view  to  his  rescue,  when 
a  skirmish  ensued  in  which  the  garrison  had  a  sergeant  killed  and  one 
private  wounded ;  not,  however,  without  having  inflicted  as  much  or 
more  injury  on  the  enemy. 

Du  Vivier,  finding  that  reinforcements  had  been  thrown  into  the  fort, 
and  the  fleet  and  succours  promised  him  having  failed  to  arrive,  began  to 
fear  that  his  expedition  was  to  prove  a  failure.  The  autumn  was  rapidly 
passing  away,  and  the  winter  as  rapidly  advancing,  when  it  would  be. 
impossible  for  him  to  continue  the  siege,  owing  to  want  of  provisions 
and  shelter  for  his  men ;  he  therefore  determined  to  abandon  his  opera- 
tions and  retire  homeward,  which  he  did  immediately  after  the  occurrence 
of  the  skirmish  above  mentioned.  In  an  account  of  these  events, 
Mascarene  informed  Governor  Shirley,  of  Massachusetts,  that  he  had,  on 
the  day  previous  to  this  affair,  said  in  the  presence  of  the  scout  who  had 
been  captured,  that  he  intended  to  pay  a  personal  visit  to  the  enemy's 
camp  as  soon  as  the  rangers  had  returned  from  the  basin — whither  he 
had  sent  them  after  wood — and  he  naively  concluded  his  narrative  by 
saying  :  "  Monsieur  Du  Vivier  did  not  care  to  stay  for  it,  for  he  decamped 
the  next  morning,  in  very  rainy  weather,  toward  Manis,  to  which  place 
he  had  a  very  wet  and  fatiguing  journey,"  and  assigns  his  threatened  visit 
as  one  of  the  causes  of  his  hasty  departure.*  Murdoch  (Vol.  I.,  page  37) 
informs  us  that  "  tradition  says  that  the  French  and  Indians  entrenched 
themselves  for  six  weeks,  living  on  venison,  as  they  brought  no  supplies 
with  them ;  that  the  French  flag  was  shot  away,  and  an  Indian,  who 
was  making  himself  very  conspicuous  on  a  rock  still  remaining,  was  killed 
by  the  fire  from  the  fort." 

The  conduct  of  Du  Vivier  toward  the  French  inhabitants  during  this 
expedition  was  so  manifestly  impolitic,  unwise  and  unjust  as  to  excite  at 
once  feelings  of  anger  and  wonder.  He  certainly  knew  that  the  treatment 
of  his  countrymen  by  their  Conquerors  had  been  marked  by  much  kindness 
and  generosity.  None  knew  better  than  he  that  it  was  to  their  interests 
to  be  faithful  to  the  English,  who  had  permitted  them  to  occupy  their 
lands,  notwithstanding  their  forfeiture  under  the  provision  of  the  articles 
of  capitulation,  made  at  the  surrender  of  Port  Royal ;  that  they  had  been 
allowed  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion,  and  exempted  from  taking 
arms  in  defence  of  the  Province  against  the  attacks  of  France,  and  that 
generally  they  were  freer  and  happier  under  British,  than  they  had  ever 
been  under  French,  rule.  It  was  therefore  certain  that  if  he  desired 
their  good  wishes  and  assistance  on  this  occasion,  he  should  have  con- 
ciliated them  by  a  course  of  conduct  marked  by  a  desire  for  their  good, 

*  Printed  Archives,  page  147. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  105 

and  should  have  pledged  the  fullest  security  of  their  property,  and 
immunity  from  the  consequences  of  their  adhesion  to  his  cause.  But  if 
we  may  believe  the  statements  so  abundantly  and  circumstantially  made 
in  the  records  preserved  to  us,  he  adopted  an  entirely  opposite  course,  in 
which  he  only  succeeded  in  arousing  feelings  of  alienation  and  distrust, 
and  that,  too,  to  so  great  a  degree  that  not  a  dozen  of  them  volunteered 
to  serve  under  his  standard  in  this  memorable  siege.  Mascarene  says  : 
"  As  soon  as  the  French  and  Indians  left  our  river,  the  deputies  of  the 
inhabitants  came  before  me  in  council,  and  represented  the  dread  they 
had  been  kept  in  by  the  French  commander  producing  his  written  orders, 
threatening  with  death  those  who  should  disobey.  They  assured  me, 
however,  that  notwithstanding  the  entreaties  and  threats  of  Monsieur 
Du  Vivier,  none  of  the  inhabitants  could  be  persuaded  to  take  up  arms 
and  join  the  enemy."  The  same  fact  was  also  affirmed  by  the  deputies  of 
the  banlieue  or  Annapolis  District. 

Scarcely  had  the  retreating  foe  reached  Minas,  when  two  ships  of  war, 
with  a  number  of  officers  and  men,  arrived  in  the  basin,  and  seized  two 
vessels  which  came  in  during  the  same  tide,  from  Boston,  being  laden 
with  stores  for  the  Massachusetts'  auxiliaries,  then  in  the  Annapolis 
garrison.  The  commander  of  the  French  ships,  finding  that  the  siege  had 
been  raised,  did  not  make  any  hostile  demonstration  against  the  town, 
though  he  was  joined  on  the  day  after  his  arrival  by  a  sloop  of  war 
having  on  board  mortars,  cannons  and  other  warlike  stores,  but  con- 
tented him  with  the  captures  he  had  made  and  quietly  sailed  away. 
"Thus,"  continues  Mascarene  in  the  despatch  already  quoted  above, 
"  were  the  French  with  their  clans  of  Indians,  obliged  to  leave  us  for 
this  year,  after  making  three  several  attempts,  in  which,  though  their 
measures  had  been  well  taken  at  first,  yet  were  baffled  at  last,  for  we 
have  heard  since  that  the  men-of-war  mentioned  by  Monsieur  Du  Vivier 
had  everything  ready  to  come  to  reduce  us,  but  at  some  intelligence  of  an 
English  squadron  bound  to  these  northern  parts,  they  dropped  their 
enterprise,  and  sent  the  shipping  above  mentioned."  The  safety  of  the 
fort,  he  ascribes  "  to  the  breaking  of  the  French  measures,  the  timely 
succours  received  from  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  our  French 
inhabitants  refusing  to  take  up  arms  against  us. 

"The  first  had  prepared  such  a  force  as,  in  the  opinion  of  all,  con- 
sidering the  ill  condition  of  this  fort,  we  should  not  have  been  able  to 
resist ;  by  the  second  our  men  were  eased  in  the  constant  duty  in  the 
many  ruinous  places  in  our  ramparts  required  to  attend ;  and  if  the 
inhabitants  had  taken  up  arms  they  might  have  brought  three  or  four 
thousand  men  against  it,  who  would  have  kept  us  still  on  harder  duty, 
and  by  keeping  the  enemy  a  long  time  about  us,  made  it  impracticable  to 
repair  our  breaches,  or  to  get  our  firewood  and  other  things  of  absolute 
necessity." 


106  HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLIS. 

Mascarene  fully  expected  a  renewal  of  the  attack  in  the  coming  spring 
and  therefore  devoted  the  short  days  of  the  intervening  winter,  which 
happened  to  prove  very  favourable,  to  repairing  the  fortifications  and 
strengthening  their  defences.  But  the  events  which  were  about  to 
develop  themselves  at  Louisburg  were  such  as  to  render  his  position  more 
hopeful  than  it  otherwise  would  have  been.  The  neighbouring  colonies 
had  determined  to  attempt  to  capture  this  stronghold  of  France  in  Isle 
Royale,  and  the  knowledge  of  this  fact  made  it  necessary  for  the  Gover- 
nor of  that  island  to  prepare  to  defend  himself  instead  of  making  pre- 
parations to  attack  others.  Annapolis,  however,  did  not  entirely  escape 
invasion  ;  for  in  the  month  of  May,  1745,  Marin,  a  young  Canadian  officer, 
commanding  a  mixed  body  of  French  and  Indians  numbering  about  six 
hundred  souls,  made  a  short  and  futile  demonstration  against  it.  He 
succeeded  in  taking  two  small  vessels,  and  made  prisoner  of  a  woman  ;  but 
having  received  orders  to  hasten  with  his  forces  to  assist  in  the  defence 
of  Louisburg,  he  soon  left  the  town  free  from  further  inconvenience.  It 
was  at  the  time  of  his  approach  that  Mr.  Bastide,  the  Engineer-in-chief, 
advised  the  pulling  down  of  several  houses  which  stood  too  near  the 
block-house.  One  of  these  buildings  belonged  to  a  Sergeant  Davis,  and 
the  others  to  Olivier,  Adams,  Ross  and  Hutchinson.  These  buildings 
were  situated  to  the  north-east  of  the  block-house,  and  as  the  wind  blew 
strongly  from  that  direction,  this  course  was  deemed  necessary  for  the 
safety  of  the  town  and  fort.  The  house  of  Olivier,  or  as  he  was  called 
by  the  English  "  Oliver,"  was  located  in  what  is  still  known  as  the 
"  Cooper  lot,"  in  Annapolis,  adjoining  the  grounds  of  the  railway  station. 
Governor  Vetch  was  the  original  owner  of  this  house.  He  sold  it  in 
1717,  and  as  I  have  said  elsewhere  the  deed  of  conveyance  is  still  extant. 

Part  of  Marin's  forces  embarked  on  board  a  vessel  with  a  view  to 
reaching  Louisburg  as  soon  as  possible,  but  they  were  so  closely  watched 
and  pursued  by  provincial  armed  sloops  that  they  were  hindered  from 
reaching  their  destination  until  too  late.  Marin  seems  to  have  adopted 
the  harsh  and  threatening  policy  of  Du  Vivier  toward  the  French  inhabi- 
tants. This  is  apparent  from  the  written  orders  issued  by  him  and  which 
are  still  in  existence.  Murdoch  informs  us  (Vol.  II.,  p.  74),  "  The 
deputies  stated  that  the  behaviour  of  the  enemy  toward  the  inhabitants 
had  been  very  harsh.  That  coming  in  the  night  they  sent  men  to  every 
house  whilst  the  dwellers  were  buried  in  sleep,  and  threatened  to  put  to 
death  any  that  should  stir  out  or  come  near  the  fort.  That  they  had 
been  ordered  to  furnish  weekly  a  certain  quantity  of  cattle,  and  to  bring 
their  carts  and  teams,  the  orders  being,  most  of  them,  on  pain  of  death." 

In  the  autumn  of  1745,  the  supplies  of  live  stock  for  the  use  of  the 
garrison  at  Annapolis,  while  on  their  way  from  Minas  were  cut  off  by  a 
party  of  Indians,  who  were  supposed  to  have  been  encouraged  by  the 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  107 

inhabitants  of  that  place  ;  and  a  few  of  Goreham's  rangers  were  surprised 
on  Goat  Island,  where  they  were  stationed,  information  of  their  where- 
abouts having  been  probably  furnished  to  the  enemy  by  some  of  the 
adjacent  settlers.  While  the  siege  and  capture  of  Louisburg  renders 
this  year  memorable  in  the  annals  of  Acadian  history,  it  made  the  two 
following  years  periods  of  comparative  repose  for  Annapolis. 

Mascarene's  correspondence  with  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  about  this  time 
expressed  a  fear  that  the  French  inhabitants  of  the  Province  would  join 
the  enemy  in  case  France  should  send  a  sufficiently  large  and  well- 
organized  expedition  to  attempt  the  recovery  of  Nova  Scotia.  He 
believed  their  religion,  their  patriotism  and  the  ties  of  race  alike  urged 
them  to  such  a  course ;  and  he  seems  to  have  been  justified  in  coming  to 
this  conclusion,  for  it  had  been  affirmed  by  the  Governor  of  Canada  in  a 
despatch  to  the  French  minister  that  "the  attachment  of  the  Acadians 
to  the  Crown  of  France  could  not  be  doubted."  This  despatch  was 
written  by  the  Marquis  de  Beauharnois,  then  governor,  in  September, 
1745.  He  writes: 

"  As  regards  the  disposition  of  the  inhabitants  toward  us,  all  with  a  very  small 
exception,  are  desirous  of  returning  under  French  dominion.  Sieur  Marin  and 
the  officers  of  his  detachment  as  well  as  the  missionaries  have  assured  us  of  this  ; 
they  will  not  hesitate  to  take  up  arms  as  soon  as  they  see  themselves  at  liberty  to  do 
so ;  that  is,  as  soon  as  we  shall  have  become  masters  of  Port  Royal ,  or  they  have 
powder  and  other  munition  of  war,  and  will  be  backed  by  some  sedentary  troops 
for  their  protection  against  the  resentment  of  the  English.  .  .  .  The  reduction  of 
Louisburg  has,  however,  disconcerted  them.  Monsieur  Marin  has  reported  to  us 
that  the  day  he  left  Port  Royal  all  the  inhabitants  were  overpowered  with  grief. 
This  arose  only  from  their  apprehension  of  remaining  at  the  disposition  of  the 
enemy,  of  losing  their  property,  and  of  being  deprived  of  their  missionaries." 

This  despatch  is  so  filled  with  interesting  particulars  that  I  cannot  but 
transcribe  a  few  more  of  them.  He  adds  : 

"The  Acadians  have  not  extended  their  plantations  since  they  have  come  under 
English  rule ;  their  houses  are  wretched  wooden  boxes,  without  conveniences,  and 
without  ornaments,  and  scarcely  containing  the  most  necessary  furniture  ;  but  they 
are  extremely  covetous  of  specie.  Since  the  settlement  of  Isle  Royale  they  have 
drawn  from  Louisburg,  by  means  of  their  trade  in  cattle,  and  all  the  other  pro- 
visions, almost  all  the  specie  the  king  annually  sent  out ;  it  never  makes  its  appear- 
ance again ;  they  are  particularly  careful  to  conceal  it.  .  .  .  The  enemy  will  not 
fail  to  stock  the  place — Annapolis — abundantly  with  all  the  stores  necessary  for  its 
defence,  and  to  strengthen  its  garrison.  This  consisted  of  three  hundred  men  when 
Sieur  Marin  left  the  place  in  the  beginning  of  June.  There  were  then  six  24- 
pounders  pointed  toward  the  river ;  one  twelve-inch  mortar  and  thirty  pieces  of 
cannon  on  the  ramparts.  The  fort  is  square  with  four  bastions,  being  about  180 
toises — 360  yards — from  one  bastion  to  the  other.  The  wall  is  of  earth  faced  with 
squared  timber  ten  to  twelve  inches  in  breadth  and  eighteen  feet  long,  joined 
together  and  set  up  perpendicularly ;  the  embrasures  of  the  parapets  are  very  open  ; 
the  top  of  the  parapets  is  set  off  with  round  sticks,  twelve  inches  in  diameter, 


108  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

fastened  with  rope  ends,  these  sticks  being  so  disposed  as  to  admit  of  being 
opened  and  slipped  over  the  talus  of  the  parapet  with  a  view  to  break  the  ladders 
which  would  be  employed  in  scaling.  The  ditch  may  be  ten  or  twelve  toises — 
twenty  or  twenty-four  yards — -wide  and  half  as  much  deep ;  in  its  centre  is  a 
cunette  with  a  palisade ;  the  covert  way  is  nothing  else  than  the  counter-scarpe. 
The  glacis,  with  well-defined,  salient  and  entering  angle,  may  be  fifteen  toises 
— thirty  yards.  The  outworks  consist  of  the  three  block-houses  ;  one  situated 
between  the  mouth  of  the  little  river  and  the  fort,  and  defends  the  plain  ;  the 
other  two  E.N.E.  of  said  fort  defend  the  approach  of  the  lower  town.  'Tis  to 
be  observed  that  during  Marin's  sojourn  all  the  houses  in  the  lower  town  were 
abandoned.  The  most  part  belong  to  the  officers  of  the  garrison. 

"  You  will  see,  my  lord,  by  the  annexed  journal,  that  Mr.  Mascarene  had  com- 
menced in  May  to  have  the  north  side  of  Goat  Island  cleared,  either  with  a  view  to 
discover  at  a  greater  distance  the  ships  that  enter  the  narrow  mouth  of  the  harbour, 
the  view  of  which  is  intercepted  by  trees,  or  rather  to  erect  a  battery  upon  it,  to 
defend  the  only  ship  channel  between  that  island  and  the  mainland,  and  by  that 
means  prevent  vessels  going  up  so  far  as  the  fort.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the 
English  have  now  erected  that  battery,  and  that  they  will,  on  receipt  of  the  first 
news  of  preparation  against  Acadie,  construct  another  battery  at  the  entrance  of 
the  strait.  Should  they  erect  one  on  Goat  Island,  it  will  not  prevent  ships  enter- 
ing and  anchoring  in  the  basin,  nor  troops  landing  on  the  south  shore  opposite  the 
anchorage  grounds.  'Twill  be  very  easy  to  render  the  road  from  that  point  to 
Port  Royal  passable  for  artillery  destined  for  the  attack  ;  the  distance  is  about  three 
leagues. " 

In  the  spring  of  1746  Mascarene  detained  His  Majesty's  ship  Dover 
for  the  protection  of  the  town  against  a  possible  attack,  though  he  had  a 
few  months  before  commissioned  a  vessel  called  the  Ordnance  Packet  in 
the  public  service.  She  was,  however,  chiefly  employed  in  carrying  pro- 
visions and  stores  from  Boston  to  Louisburg  and  Annapolis.  In  April 
the  river  deputies  were  ordered  to  furnish  men  to  assist  in  building  a 
new  wharf  near  the  fort,  probably  the  one  in  late  years  known  as  the 
Queen's,  or  "  Government  wharf,"  the  ruins  of  which  have  long  been 
conspicuous.  They  were  required  to  send  at  least  forty  for  that  purpose. 
It  was  during  this  summer  that  Mascarene  commanded  that  three  guns 
should  be  fired  from  one  of  the  bastions,  whenever  any  of  the  soldiers 
should  be  found  to  have  deserted,  and  the  inhabitants  were  required, 
when  they  heard  the  signal,  to  guard  the  various  roads  and  other 
avenues  of  escape,  and  if  possible  to  seize  the  runaways.  About  the 
same  time  the  schooner  Fame  was  sent  to  Louisburg  with  despatches, 
and  the  Ordnance  Packet  ordered  up  the  bay  to  procure  intelligence 
concerning  the  movements  of  Le  Loutre  and  his  people  in  that  quarter. 
The  same  vessel,  later  in  the  season,  was  ordered  to  cruise  in  the  mouth 
of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  order  to  destroy  the  enemy's  ships  which  should 
approach  the  basin  from  that  direction,  or  to  convoy  friendly  vessels 
inward  bound,  into  port,  as  circumstances  or  occasion  required.  She 
carried  a  small  armament,  and  a  sergeant  and  ten  men  from  the  garrison 
in  addition  to  her  crew. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

1746-1756. 

Ramezay  invests  Annapolis — Mascarene  reinforced — Noble's  force  at  Grand  Pre 
surprised  and  cut  to  pieces — Arrest  of  twelve  French  traitors  wanted — 
Morris'  proposal  to  settle  English  families  between  the  Acadian  settlements 
— Peace — Halifax  founded  by  Cornwallis — Becomes  the  capital — Acadians 
refuse  to  take  unqualified  oath — Ask  leave  to  depart — Leave  refused — How's 
treacherous  murder — Lawrence  Governor — French  at  Annapolis  again  ask 
leave  to  retire — Their  sudden  seizure  and  dispersion. 

THE  loss  of  Louisburg  had  filled  France  with  chagrin  and  mortifica- 
tion, and  she  determined  to  attempt  its  recovery,  and  restore  her 
dominion  over  the  whole  of  Acadie.  To  effect  this  purpose  she  fitted  out 
an  expedition,  consisting  of  fifty  ships  of  war,  and  a  land  force  of  three 
or  four  thousand  men,  under  the  command  of  the  Due  d'Anville.  This 
great  armament  threatened  to  restore  and  perpetuate  the  supremacy 
of  France  in  that  part  of  America,  and  its  commander  was  specially 
instructed  to  reduce  Annapolis  as  well  as  Louisburg;  and  but  for  what 
appears  to  have  been  an  interposition  of  Providence,  the  old  fortress  of 
Port  Royal  would  probably  have  passed  once  more  into  the  hands  of  its 
ancient  masters.  A  succession  of  storms  assailed  this  ill-starred  fleet, 
and  disease  and  pestilence  completed  the  disasters  that  were  begun  by 
the  elements.  A  Canadian  force,  under  the  command  of  the  Chevalier 
de  Ramezay,  with  Coulon  de  Villiers  and  La  Corne,  as  lieutenants,  had 
been  organized  to  aid  and  support  D'Anville  in  his  intended  conquests. 
The  Canadian  commander  received  orders  to  invest  the  works  at  Anna- 
polis, and  act  in  concert  with  a  division  of  the  fleet,  which  was  to  be 
sent  into  the  basin  to  attack  it  from  that  side.  He,  therefore,  with 
a  detachment  of  seven  hundred  men,  toward  the  close  of  September, 
appeared  at  the  cape,  and  encamped  his  men.  He  made  no  attempt  on 
the  town,  however,  but  waited  for  the  arrival  of  a  naval  force  before 
he  should  commence  active  operations  against  it. 

Mascarene,  in  the  meantime,  had  received  reinforcements  from  Massa- 
chusetts to  the  number  of  250  men,  which,  with  His  Majesty's  ship 
Chester,  of  fifty  guns,  the  Shirley,  of  thirty  guns,  and  the  Ordnance 
Packet  in  the  harbour,  made  him  not  entirely  unprepared  to  make  a 


110  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

vigorous,  if  not  a  successful,  defence  against  any  attack  that  might  be 
made,  either  on  the  land  or  the  seaward  side.  De  Ramezay  had  not 
been  long  at  the  cape,  however,  before  he  received  information  of  the 
complete  withdrawal  of  the  broken  and  crippled  armament  of  D'Anville 
from  the  shores  of  the  Province,  and  he,  without  delay,  evacuated  his 
camp,  retiring  first  to  Minas,  and  afterwards  to  Chiegnecto,  where  he 
intended  to  pass  the  winter,  and  prepare  for  a  new  campaign  in  the 
spring. 

The  other  colonies  had  been  stirred  from  centre  to  circumference  by 
the  efforts  of  France  to  recover  the  possession  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  in 
consequence  they  voted  men,  vessels  and  money  to  aid  in  her  defence. 
Mascarene  advised  the  military  occupation  of  Grand  Pre,  by  a  garrison  of 
New  England  troops— a  plan  which  would  be  equivalent  to  removing  the 
scene  of  spring  operations  from  the  seat  of  Government  to  that  point, 
while  its  possession  would  deprive  the  enemy  of  a  convenient  basis  of 
attack  and  depot  of  supplies.*  He  therefore  directed  that  a  detachment 
of  470  men  of  the  Massachusetts  contingent  should  be  sent  to  that  point, 
and  quartered  upon  the  inhabitants.  This  force  was  placed  under  the 
command  of  Colonel  Arthur  Noble  and  Major  Erasmus  James  Phillips, 
and  Edward  How  accompanied  them  as  commissioner  in  charge  of  the 
administration  of  civil  affairs,  and  as  commissary.  The  disembarkation 
of  these  troops  took  place  on  the  day  before  Christmas,  1746,  and  news 
of  the  event  reached  De  Ramezay  on  the  8th  of  January,  1747,  at 
Chiegnecto,  who,  without  hesitation,  decided  to  attempt  their  dislodge- 
ment,  or  destruction,  if  possible,  before  the  spring.  He  had  every  reason 
for  believing  that  his  enemies  would  not  anticipate  his  intentions,  and  he 
therefore  quietly  and  secretly  organized  a  body  of  about  three  hundred 
men  whom  he  despatched  overland,  via  Windsor,  under  the  command  of 
Coulon  de  Villiers,  who  commenced  the  journey  on  the  23rd  of  January, 
and  reached  Piziquid  (Windsor)  on  the  9th  of  February  ;  and  at  three 
o'clock,  on  the  morning  of  the  llth,  arrived  at  Grand  Pre",  on  which 
they  commenced  their  attack  while  the  English  were  reposing  in  the 
security  of  a  profound  sleep.  A  blinding  snow-storm  prevailed,  and  the 
French  were  enabled  to  enter  the  village  without  being  observed.  They 
at  once  assailed  the  quarters  in  which  they  knew  the  British  officers 
were  sleeping,  and  a  violent  fight  ensued,  during  which  Colonel  Noble 
and  his  brother  were  killed,  and  Edward  How  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner.  After  the  death  of  Noble,  the  command  was  assumed  by 
Captain  Benjamin  Goldthwaite,  who  continued  the  resistance  several 
hours,  though  he  was  finally  compelled  to  surrender  on  terms.  These 

*  The  Acadians  refused  to  supply  Ramezay  with  provisions  while  among  them 
with  his  troops  without  immediate  specie  payment,  which  they  knew  he  could  not 
make.  See  "  Wolfe  and  Montcalm,"  Vol.  II.,  pp.  189,  199,  200.— [Eo.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  Ill 

were,  however,  honourable,  both  to  the  English  and  the  French.  The 
former  were  allowed  to  march  out  of  the  village  with  the  honours  of  war, 
and  were  furnished  with  rations,  and  permitted  to  retire  to  the  fort  at 
Annapolis,  on  making  a  declaration  that  they  would  not  bear  arms  against 
the  French  at  Beaubassin,  Chiegnecto  or  Oobequid,  for  six  months.  How 
was  soon  afterwards  exchanged  for  a  Frenchman — one  Lacroix — who  had 
been  made  a  prisoner  by  the  English  in  July,  1745,  in  Cape  Breton.  Five 
other  prisoners  were  thrown  in  with  Lacroix,  as  an  equivalent  for  the 
commissary,  who  was  held  in  high  estimation  by  Mascarene  and  the 
whole  Council. 

The  battle  of  Grand  Pre  was,  perhaps,  the  most  stubbornly  contested 
fight  that  ever  took  place  in  Acadie.  The  success  of  the  French  was 
entirely  due  to  the  suddenness  of  the  assault,  and  the  circumstance  of 
their  having  been  provided  with  snow-shoes,  to  the  use  of  which  they 
had  become  so  accustomed  during  their  recent  marvellously  rapid  march, 
that  they  could  use  their  weapons  with  as  great  facility  with  them  on 
their  feet  as  they  could  have  done  without  them,  while  their  power  to 
move  with  freedom  over  the  mounds  of  snow  which  encumbered  the 
streets  gave  them  a  marked  advantage  over  the  English,  who,  not 
dreaming  of  danger,  and  all  of  them,  save  the  solitary  sentinel,  being  in 
their  bed  and  asleep,  were  compelled  to  fly  to  their  arms  in  their  shirts 
and  defend  themselves  as  best  they  could.  The  gallant  Nobles  were 
killed  in  their  night-dresses,  and  How  was  made  a  prisoner  while  in  a 
similar  costume.  The  howlings  of  the  storm ;  the  blinding,  drifting 
snow ;  the  darkness ;  the  uncertainty  as  to  who  the  enemy  were ;  the 
want  of  knowledge  of  their  numbers ;  the  flashing  of  discharging  fire- 
arms ;  the  sharp  and  rapid  reports  of  fusils  and  musquets,  and  the  cries 
of  the  wounded  rendered  the  scene  as  picturesque  as  it  was  awful ;  yet 
the  Massachusetts  men  disputed  foot  by  foot  the  possession  of  the  points 
held  by  them,  till  daylight  brought  them  a  better  knowledge  of  the 
enemy,  who  then  began  to  redouble  their  efforts  for  victory.  Goldthwaite, 
by  his  bold  and  intrepid  bearing,  inspired  his  followers  with  a  like  spirit, 
and  a  hand-to-hand  conflict  ensued,  in  which  the  latter,  after  some  hours 
of  exhausting  conflict,  found  their  movements  so  clogged  and  hindered 
by  the  accumulated  snow,  into  which  they  sunk  deeply  at  every  step, 
while  their  racquetted  foe  moved  freely  on  its  surface,  that  it  became 
necessary  to  offer  a  capitulation.* 

*It  is  noteworthy  that  the  later  the  period  of  Parkman's  writings,  the  more  favour- 
able is  he  to  the  Acadians.  In  Vol.  II.  of  his  "Half  Century  of  Conflict,"  Chap. 
XXII. ,  he  gives  an  account  of  the  affair  at  Grand  Pre  from  trustworthy  sources 
(the  journal  of  Beaujeu,  and  Goldthwaite's  letters  to  Governor  Shirley),  and  without 
any  partial  colouring.  Coulon's  arrival  was  a  surprise  to  the  habitans  as  well  as  to 
the  English,  but  he  made  his  way  to  a  house  where  he  saw  light,  and  found  it  to  be 
the  scene  of  wedding  festivities.  He  impressed  some  of  the  guests  into  his  service 
to  conduct  him  to  the  English  officers'  quarters,  that  he  might  make  himself  master 


112  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Ordinances  regulating  the  price  of  cord-wood  were  revived  by  the 
Council,  and  owing  to  its  scarcity  its  exportation  was  prohibited. 
Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  were  issued  to  the  sloop  Marigold,  of 
eighty  tons  burthen,  William  Knox,  master ;  and  at  the  same  time  a 
proclamation  by  Governor  Shirley,  of  Massachusetts,  was  published  at 
Annapolis  offering  a  reward  for  the  apprehension  of  certain  persons  of 
this  province  who  were  accused  of  treason.  Fifty  pounds  was  the 
amount  of  reward,  and  the  names  of  the  traitors  given  were  those  of 
Louis  Gautier,  and  his  sons  Joseph  and  Pierre,  Amand  Bugeau,  Joseph 
Leblanc,  Charles  and  Francis  Raymond,  Charles  Le  Roy,  Joseph"  Brouis- 
sard,  Pierre  Guidry,  and  Louis  Hebert ;  the  latter  of  whom  had  been  a 
servant  to  Captain  Handfield,  of  the  40th  regiment.  They  were  charged 
with  having  aided  and  assisted  the  French  and  Indian  invaders  of  the 
Province  contrary  to  their  oaths  of  fealty  to  the  King  of  England. 

As  early  as  February,  1748,  Charles  Morris,  afterwards  the  first 
Surveyor-General  of  the  Province  appointed  after  the  founding  of  Hali- 
fax, recommended  Mascarene  to  form  settlements  in  various  sections 
of  the  county  by  importing  Protestant  settlers  from  the  various  New 
England  colonies.  1.  Between  the  basin  and  St.  Mary's  Bay,  he  says, 
eighty  to  one  hundred  settlers  might  be  located.  He  speaks  of  the 
Joggin  near  where  Digby  now  stands,  as  a  place  where  all  the  people,  at 
certain  seasons  of  the  year,  could  catch  as  many  shad  as  they  pleased, 
and  says  that  "no  French  live  in  this  district."  2.  From  the  gut  to  the 
Scotch  Fort — "a  place  of  importance" — the  French  possess  all  the  salt- 
marsh  lands.  3.  From  the  Scotch  Fort  to  what  is  now  called  Granville 
Ferry  is  occupied  by  twenty  French  families.  He  adds  that  the  marshes 
in  this  district  should  be  equally  divided  between  them  and  an  equal 
number  of  English  settlers.  4.  From  Annapolis  Royal  to  Moose  River 
only  eight  French  households  were  then  settled.  He  thinks  that  eighty 
English  families  should  be  settled  there.  He  says  there  are  two  large 
marshes  in  that  locality.  5  and  6.  From  Annapolis  eastward  and  up  the 

of  them  first,  but  they  led  him  to  the  wrong  place,  and  he  complains  that  the  guides 
would  not  give  him  any  assistance  in  the  attack.  Immediately  after  the  attack 
Ramezay  plied  the  Acadians  with  threats  of  the  severest  punishment  if  they  should 
decline  to  actively  aid  him,  declaring  that  France  had  now  reconquered  the  country. 
They  replied  in  pathetic  terms  assuring  him  of  their  "  good  heart,"  their  sympathy 
as  Frenchmen,  but  imploring  him  to  consider  their  position — exposed  to  ruin  if 
they  failed  in  strict  loyalty  to  their  masters  with  whom  they  had  been  in  close  contact 
for  so  many  years.  At  the  same  time  they  sent  to  Mascarene  a  copy  of  Ramezay's 
letter,  begging  him  to  consider  that  they  could  not  avoid  answering  it  as  they  did, 
but  assuring  him  of  their  unfaltering  loyalty  to  King  George.  After  this  Ramezay 
issued  another  proclamation  invoking  the  death  penalty  upon  any  Acadians  who 
might  refuse  to  take  up  arms  against  the  English,  and  asserting  that  the  Bishop  of 
Quebec  had  absolved  them  from  their  oaths.  Thus  were  they  threatened  on  one  side 
with  death,  and  on  the  other  with  confiscation  and  banishment ;  and  Shirley  boldly 
reproaches  the  English  Government  for  not  protecting  them  with  an  adequate  force 
from  this  constant  and  cruel  pressure  from  the  French,  to  which  he  ascribes  their 
"  fluctuating  state. "— [ ED.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  113 

river,  he  states  there  are  two«mall  settlements  of  thirty  French  families 
each,  within  six  miles  of  the  former  place,  where  English  should  be  settled. 

Twelve  years  afterwards  this  advice  culminated  in  fruition  under 
proclamation  of  Governor  Lawrence,  but  not  until  after  the  expulsion 
of  the  habitans — an  act  which  might  not  have  been  necessary  if  Morris' 
plan  had  been  at  once  adopted. 

On  the  first  day  of  June,  1748,  His  Majesty's  ship  Mahon  and  two 
armed  schooners  arrived  at  Annapolis  with  stores  for  the  garrison,  and 
were  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Government.  They  were,  shortly 
afterwards,  employed  in  convoying  a  vessel,  laden  with  merchandise, 
to  Minas,  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  which  were  to  be  paid  to  those 
persons  who  had  supplied  provisions  to  Colonel  Noble's  troops  stationed 
at  Grand  Pre  in  1746-47.  The  two  armed  schooners  referred  to  were, 
probably,  the  Anson,  commanded  by  Captain  John  Beare,  and  the 
Warren,  of  seventy  tons,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Jonathan 
Davis.  They  proved  of  great  service  in  assisting  to  keep  the  French 
inhabitants  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  under  some  sort  of  control. 

The  war  which  had  existed  between  France  and  England  during 
the  preceding  four  years  was  terminated  this  year  by  the  Treaty 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  by  which  the  Island  of  Cape  Breton  was  again 
restored  to  the  Crown  of  France.  In  the  autumn  several  vessels  loaded 
with  warlike  stores  came  to  Annapolis  from  Louisburg,  and  the  Anson 
and  Warren  returned  to  Boston,  carrying  with  them  a  portion  of  the 
auxiliary  troops  which  had  been  furnished  by  New  England  for  the 
defence  of  the  Province  during  the  continuance  of  the  late  war. 

Peace  brought  comparative  rest  to  the  garrison  of  the  old  capital,  and 
the  inauguration  of  a  new  condition  of  affairs  in  Nova  Scotia  generally. 
During  the  several  recent  investments  of  Annapolis,  many  private 
houses  and  other  buildings  had  been  torn  down  by  the  orders  of  the 
commander-in-chief,  to  secure  the  safety  of  the  fort;  and  early  in  1749 
several  persons  put  in  claims  for  compensation  for  the  losses  which  they 
had  sustained  in  consequence.  Among  the  claimants  are  to  be  found  the 
names  of  Skene,  E.  J.  Phillips,  William  Shirreff  and  John  Hamilton. 
They  were  instructed  to  make  oath  to  the  amounts  of  their  respective 
losses,  and  were  assured  by  Mascarene  that  he  would  apply  to  the  parent 
Government  for  their  payment.  The  proclamation  of  the  peace  was 
formally  published  at  Annapolis  in  June,  and  it  now  only  remained  to 
obtain  the  submission  of  the  Indians,  who,  for  a  time,  seemed  inclined 
to  continue  the  strife  on  their  own  account. 

I  have  already  hinted  that  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  colony  was 

about  to  undergo  a  considerable  change,  a  change  which  was  destined 

to  affect  the  interests  of  the  old  capital  in  a  very  marked  manner,  and 

that  allusion  had  reference  to  the  foundation  of  Halifax,  which  was 

8 


114  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

thenceforward  ta  be  the  seat  of  government.  Soon  after  the  arrival  of 
Cornwallis  at  Chebucto,  Colonel  Mascarene,  no  longer  the  administrator 
of  the  Government,  and  five  members  of  the  Council  were  summoned  to 
wait  upon  the  new  governor  at  Chebucto  Bay,  on  the  shores  of  which 
the  new  capital  was  proposed  to  be  built.  On  the  14th  of  July,  1749, 
Cornwallis  appointed  a  new  Council,  among  whose  names  we  find  that 
of  Mascarene.  The  first  act  of  this  Board  was  to  advise  the  Governor  to 
summon  all  the  house-joiners,  masons,  and  other  mechanics  from  Annapolis, 
and  to  employ  them  in  the  construction  of  the  dwellings  required  for 
the  numerous  settlers  whom  he  had  brought  out  from  England  with  him. 

The  French,  having  undertaken  to  build  a  fort  near  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  John  River,  the  ship  Albany,  Captain  John  Rous,  and  another 
armed  vessel  called  the  Boston,  of  Massachusetts,  were  ordered  to 
Annapolis,  where  the  commanding  officer  in  charge  was  required  to 
furnish  the  soldiers  necessary  to  complete  the  expedition,  which  was  then 
to  proceed  to  the  St.  John,  and  drive  out  the  French  if  they  should  be 
found  there,  and  destroy  their  works.  Major  Erasmus  James  Phillips 
now  resigned  his  commission  as  King's  Advocate  in  the  Court  of  Vice- 
Admiralty,  an  office  which  he  had  held  for  twenty  years,  having  been 
appointed  in  1729. 

The  deputies  from  the  French  settlements  having  been  ordered  to 
proceed  to  the  new  headquarters  to  take  an  unqualified  oath  of  allegiance, 
arrived  at  Halifax  on  the  9th  August.  Those  sent  from  the  Annapolis 
inhabitants  were  Alexandre  Hebert  and  Joseph  Dugas.  On  the  24th 
August  Edward  How,  who  had  been  absent  from  the  Province  on  service, 
was  resworn  as  member  of  the  new  Council,  and  sent  as  a  civil  commis- 
sioner with  Rous'  expedition  to  the  River  St.  John,  to  which  he  was  of 
great  use  in  negotiating  with  the  Indians  in  that  quarter,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  inducing  to  renew  their  old  treaty  of  amity  with  the 
English.  This  renewal  took  place  in  Halifax,  and  Mr.  How  was  sent 
back  with  the  Indian  delegates,  the  bearer  of  presents  for  the  sachems 
who  should  formally  ratify  the  treaty  made  on  their  behalf.  Mascarene 
returned  to  Annapolis  to  resume  the  command  there  on  the  4th  of  Sep- 
tember, and  immediately  sent  a  detachment  of  the  garrison  consisting  of 
one  hundred  men,  a  captain,  and  two  subalterns,  to  Grand  Pre.  This 
act  was  in  obedience  to  the  order  of  Cornwallis,  who  also  directed  that 
the  bjock -house  on  Dauphin  Street  should  be  taken  down  and  removed 
fco  Horton,  there  to  be  re-erected,  and,  with  the  buildings  used  as  barracks, 
to  be  thoroughly  palisaded  as  a  protection  against  possible  Indian  attacks. 

Two  vessels,  owned  respectively  by  the  estate  of  VVinniett*  and  a  Mr. 
Donnell,  of  Annapolis,  were  attacked  at  Chiegnecto  by  the  Indians, 

*  Represented  by  Joseph  Winniett,  son  of  the  late  councillor,  William  Winniett, 
His  brother  Matthew's  name  appears  as  a  witness  to  the  Indian  treat}-  of  1749. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  115 

and  in  the  conflict  that  ensued  seven  of  the  latter  and  three  of  the 
crews  were  killed.  The  savages  were,  therefore,  defeated  in  their  pur- 
pose and  the  vessels  saved  to  their  owners.  It  was  supposed  that  the 
Indians  were  incited  to  this  outrage  by  Le  Loutre,  whose  hatred  of  the 
English  knew  no  bounds,  and  seized  every  possible  occasion  to  manifest 
itself. 

Early  in  June,  1750,  the  French  of  the  Annapolis  River  sent  two  of 
their  number — Jacques  Michel  and  Charles  Prejean — with  a  petition  to 
Cornwallis,  asking  leave  to  retire  from  the  Province,  but  their  request  was 
refused.  The  memorialists  alleged  that  they  "never  had  considered 
themselves  subjects  of  the  King  of  New  England." 

Major  Charles  Lawrence  now  became  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the 
regiment,  and  was  made  Lieu  tenant-Governor  of  the  town  of  Annapolis, 
though  it  is  not  certain  that  he  ever  became  a  resident  there.  H.M.S. 
Hound,  Captain  Dove,  while  on  her  way  to  the  northern  shores  of  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  had  a  number  of  her  crew  captured  while  on  shore  by  hostile 
Indians,  and  about  the  same  time  Captain  Rous  arrived  at  Annapolis  in 
command  of  six  sloops  which,  after  taking  on  board  cargoes  of  supplies 
from  the  storehouses,  then  proceeded  to  Minas  and  Chiegnecto  for  the  use 
of  the  garrisons  at  those  places.  A  little  later  on  in  the  season  Rous, 
who  was  master  of  the  ship  Albany,  had  a  spirited  fight  with  an  armed 
French  brigantine  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  which  he  had  one  midship- 
•man  and  two  seamen  killed  ;  the  enemy  lost  five.  The  action  lasted  some 
time  and  was  bravely  fought,  but  resulted  in  a  victory  for  the  gallant 
Rous,  who  captured  his  antagonist  and  took  her  into  Halifax  as  a 
prize — probably  the  first  brought  into  that  place. 

It  was  in  this  year  also  that  Edward  How,  so  long  and  conspicuously 
eminent  in  this  period  of  our  provincial  history,  met  with  his  unmerited 
and  melancholy  death.  This  lamented  event  occurred  at  Chiegnecto  on 
the  15th  of  October,  1750.  It  appears  that  La  Corne,  who  commanded 
on  the  north  or  French  side  of  the  Missiguash  River,  sent  an  officer  with 
a  flag  of  truce  to  the  river's  bank,  and  asked  for  a  parley  with  How,  who, 
from  the  opposite  shore,  held  a  conference  of  some  length.  At  its  close, 
and  without  the  slightest  warning,  a  volley  of  fire-arms  from  a  party  of 
French  and  Indians,  or  of  Indians  alone,  was  heard,  and  he  was  seen  to 
fall  pierced  through  the  heart.  The  infamy  of  this  cowardly  act  rests 
mainly  on  the  priest  Le  Loutre.*  In  his  despatch  to  the  Lords  of  Trade 
and  Plantations,  Cornwallis  calls  it  "an  act  of  treachery  and  barbarity 
not  to  be  paralleled  in  history,"  while  Murdoch  in  his  work,  Vol.  II.,  pp. 
193,  194,  says: 

*Parkman  who  was  very  hostile  to  Le  Loutre,  says  this  charge  against  him, 
universally  believed,  "has  not  been  proved."  ("A  Half  Century  of  Conflict,"  p. 
197.)  Most  authorities  agree  that  no  French  were  directly  concerned. — [Eo.] 


116  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

"The  esteem  he  won  while  living,  the  general  usefulness  of  his  conduct  as  an 
early  founder  of  our  colony,  and  the  cruel  circumstances  of  his  death  commend 
his  memory  to  us,  who  enjoy  peaceful,  prosperous  homes,  for  the  security  and 
comfort  of  which  we  are  bound  to  be  grateful  to  those  who  pioneered  the  way  in, 
the  earlier  periods  under  many  and  serious  disadvantages. " 

In  July  the  sloop  New  Casco,  Captain  Taggart,  was  sent  to  Annapolis 
with  provisions  and  other  stores,  which  were  to  be  forwarded  to  Chieg- 
necto  by  another  ship,  while  the  former  was  to  convey  Colonel  Mascarene 
to  Boston,  to  which  place  he  had  been  ordered  to  assist  Governor  Shirley 
in  a  negotiation  with  the  hostile  Indians  for  the  renewal  of  a  general 
peace.  Returning  in  September,  the  Neiv  Casco,  the  Ulysses  and  Law- 
rence were  employed  in  the  transport  of  the  needful  supplies  to  the 
garrisons  up  the  bay. 

Fort  Lawrence  was  now  (1752)  directed  to  be  repaired,  for  which 
purpose  palisades  and  all  necessary  materials  and  implements  were 
ordered  to  be  forwarded  from  Annapolis,  which  seems  to  have  been 
used  as  a  convenient  depot  from  which  to  supply  the  wants  of  the 
forts  and  garrisons  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  districts.  This  summer  wit- 
nessed a  fashionable  wedding  in  the  old  capital.  Owing  to  the  absence 
of  a  clergyman,  the  Governor  granted  a  license  to  John  Handfield, 
the  military  commander  of  the  fort  and  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
Province,  to  perform  the  marital  rites  for  his  daughter  Mary  Handfield, 
and  John  Hamilton,  a  lieutenant  in  the  40th,  now  Cornwallis'  regiment,* 
who  had  some  time  before  been  made  a  prisoner  by  the  Indians  and 
carried  to  Quebec,  and  who  had  recently  been  ransomed  from  his 
captivity.  The  garrison  had  no  chaplain  at  this  time,  and  there  was- 
no  Protestant  clergyman  in  the  county.  Des  Enclaves  was  the  priest 
of  the  French  people,  and  continued  to  be  their  spiritual  adviser  until 
their  forcible  expulsion  in  1755. 

In  November,  1753,  Captain  Handfield  was  notified  that  the  admin- 
istration of  the  public  affairs  had  devolved  upon  the  Honourable  Charles 
Lawrence,  in  the  absence  of  Governor  Hopson,  who  had  gone  to  England, 
being  in  ill  health,  and  in  consequence  unable  longer  to  remain  at  his 
post.  Erasmus  J.  Phillips  continued  to  live  at  Annapolis,  where  he 
acted  as  Commissary  of  Musters.  The  town  was  now  often  visited  by 
the  sloops,  which  were  employed  by  the  Government  in  carrying  pro- 
visions and  munitions  of  war  to  the  various  garrisons,  and  in  convey- 
ing the  officers  of  the  garrison  and  their  families  from  and  to  the  fort 
as  necessity  or  occasion  required.  The  Indians,  excited  by  Le  Loutre, 
still  remained  hostile,  and  continued  their  depredations  upon  the  English 
inhabitants,  keeping  them  in  a  continual  state  of  alarm  and  anxiety. 

In  the  following  year  Monsieur  du  Chambon  du  Verger  became 
commandant  at  Beau  Sejour.  He  was  the  son  of  Du  Chambon,  who- 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  117 

conducted  the  defence  of  Louisburg,  in  1745,  and  was  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Anne  Latour,  that  lady  having  been  his  grandmother.  His  father 
was  married  at  Port  Royal  in  1709 — the  year  before  its  surrender  to 
Nicholson.  Some  of  the  French  settlers  of  the  Annapolis  valley  went 
to  aid  Du  Chambon  in  completing  the  fort  above  named,  contrary  to 
the  orders  of  the  Council,  and  the  deputies  of  the  district  were  ordered 
to  furnish  the  names  of  those  who  had  done  so. 

The  grand  event  in  the  history  of  these  unfortunate  people  is  now  at 
hand;  its  shadow  has  even  fallen  upon  them;  a  few  months  more  and 
their  sad  fate  will  have  overtaken  them,  and  the  homesteads,  which 
they  had  loved  so  well,  will  have  passed  from  their  proprietorship  and 
occupancy  forever.  It  had  been  resolved  by  Cornwallis  that  as  soon  as 
proper  provisions  were  made  for  the  safety,  comfort  and  government 
of  the  people  of  the  new  colony  at  Halifax,  the  French  should  be 
called  upon  to  subscribe  an  unqualified  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Crown 
of  England.  He  accordingly  required  them  to  send  deputies  to  meet 
him  and  his  Council,  in  July,  1749,  when  he  told  them  His  Majesty's 
pleasure  concerning  them  should  be  made  known.  Alexandre  Hebert 
and  Joseph  Dugas,  having  been  chosen  by  the  Annapolis  kabitans,  met 
the  Council  on  the  31st  July,  and  stated,  in  conjunction  with  the  deputies 
from  the  other  settlements,  that  they  would  take  the  oath  required  if  a 
clause  exempting  them  from  bearing  arms  in  case  of  war  should  be 
introduced  into  it  as  before,  and  the  free  exercise  of  their  faith  be 
guaranteed.  His  Excellency  and  the  Council,  while  willing  to  concede 
the  latter  request,  firmly  declared  to  them  that  they  would  be  required 
to  take  an  oath  without  a  clause  of  exemption  or  limitation. 

In  May,  1750,  Charles  Prejean  and  Jacques  Michel,  of  Annapolis 
Royal,  presented  a  petition  from  the  people  of  that  district,  asking 
leave  to  retire  from  the  Province.  These  men  were  not  deputies,  and 
having  refused  to  state  why  the  memorial  was  not  presented  by  those 
officers  instead  of  themselves,  the  petition  was  not  received ;  but  Corn- 
wallis sent  a  paper  to  them,  in  the  French  language,  in  which  he 
stated  to  them  the  following  facts  :  "  We  know  that  a  forced  service 
is  worth  nothing,  and  that  a  subject  compelled  to  be  so  against  his  will, 
is  not  very  far  from  being  an  enemy.  .  .  .  This  Province  is  your 
country ;  you  and  your  fathers  have  cultivated  it ;  naturally  you  ought 
yourselves  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  your  labour.  .  .  .  You  know  that 
we  have  done  everything  to  secure  you,  not  only  the  occupation  of  your 
lands,  but  their  ownership  forever."  The  paper  deserves  to  be  tran- 
scribed in  full,  but  its  great  length  renders  its  transcription  impossible. 
It  assigns  reasons  why  leave  to  quit  the  country  should  not  be  granted 
to  the  petitioners,  and  urges  upon  them  the  duty  of  becoming  faithful 
servants  and  subjects  of  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain,  and  assures  them 


118  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

that  their  best  interests  demand  such  a  course.  But  all  the  influences 
of  argument  and  reason,  as  well  as  of  ease  and  self-interest,  were 
rendered  nugatory  by  the  counsels  of  their  priests  and  other  advisers, 
who  assured  their  simple  flocks  that  France  was  about  to  retake  the 
Province,  when  they  would  be  relieved  from  the  evils  under  which  they 
now  groaned,  and  made  forever  secure  from  the  rule  of  their  conquerors. 
They  therefore  refused  to  accept  the  terms  required  by  the  Governor  and 
Council  until  it  was  too  late  to  avoid  the  disastrous  consequences. 

The  first  intimation  of  an  intention  to  remove  the  French  from  their 
lands  and  homes  occurs  in  Lawrence's  letter  to  the  Lords  of  Trade, 
under  date  of  August  1st,  1754.  In  this  despatch  he  writes  : 

"  They  have  not  for  a  long  time  brought  anything  to  our  markets,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  have  carried  everything  to  the  French  and  Indians,  whom  they  have 
always  assisted  with  provisions,  quarters  and  intelligence  ;  and,  indeed,  while  they 
remain  without  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  (which  they  never  will  do  till  they  are 
forced),  and  have  incendiary  French  priests  among  them,  there  is  no  hope  of  their 
amendment.  As  they  possess  the  best  and  largest  tracts  of  land  in  the  Province, 
it  cannot  be  settled  while  they  remain  in  this  situation,  and  though  I  would  be 
very  far  from  attempting  such  a  step  without  your  lordships'  approbation,  yet 
I  cannot  help  being  of  opinion  that  it  would  be  much  better,  if  they  refused  the 
oath,  that  they  were  away." 

On  the  13th  of  July,  1755,  the  deputies  of  the  French  of  the  valley 
of  Annapolis,  with  those  of  the  people  of  the  other  settlements,  assembled 
in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  Lawrence,  to  be  informed  of  the  final 
determination  of  the  Government  regarding  them ;  and  on  the  25th  the 
Governor  laid  before  the  Council,  and  Admirals  Mostyn  and  Boscawen, 
a  memorial  signed  by  207  of  the  inhabitants  of  Annapolis  and  vicinity. 
In  this  document  the  petitioners  say  : 

"We  unanimously  agreed  to  deliver  up  our  fire-arms  to  Mr.  Handfield,  our 
worthy  commander,  although  we  have  not  had  any  desire  to  make  use  of  them 
against  His  Majesty's  Government.  We  have  therefore  nothing  to  reproach 
ourselves  with,  either  on  that  subject,  or  on  the  subject  of  the  fidelity  that  we  owe 
to  His  Majesty's  Government.  For,  sir,  we  can  assure  your  Excellency  that 
several  of  us  have  risked  our  lives  to  give  information  to  the  Government  concern- 
ing the  enemy,  and  have,  also,  when  necessary,  laboured  with  all  our  heart  on  the 
repairs  of  Fort  Annapolis,  and  on  other  works  considered  necessary  by  the  Govern- 
ment, and  are  ready  to  continue  with  the  same  fidelity.  We  have  also  selected 
thirty  men  to  proceed  to  Halifax,  whom  we  shall  recommend  to  do  and  say  nothing 
contrary  to  His  Majesty's  Council  ;  but  we  shall  charge  them  strictly  to  contract 
no  new  oath.  We  are  resolved  to  adhere  to  that  which  we  have  taken,  and  to 
which  we  have  been  faithful  so  far  as  circumstances  required  it  ;  for  the  enemies 
of  His  Majesty  have  urged  us  to  take  up  arms  against  the  Government,  but  we 
have  taken  care  not  to  do  so." 

The  deputies,  who  were  the  bearers  of  this  memorial,  were  called 
before  the  Council  and  asked  what  .more  they  had  to  say.  They 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  119 

unanimously  replied  that  they  "appeared  on  behalf  of  themselves,  and 
all  the  other  inhabitants  of  Annapolis  River,  and  would  not  take  any 
oath  other  than  what  they  had  taken;"  adding  that  "if  they  were  to 
be  forced  to  leave  their  lands  they  hoped  to  be  allowed  a  convenient 
time  for  their  departure." 

At  this  conference  many  questions  were  put  and  answered,  and  reasons 
urged  to  induce  the  petitioners  to  compliance  ;  but  they  were  determined 
to  adhere  to  their  resolution.  They  were  told  that  if  they  now  refused 
to  accept  the  oath  "they  would  never  after  be  permitted  to  take  it,  but 
would  infallibly  lose  their  possessions."  They  were  then  given  until  the 
next  Monday  at  ten  of  the  clock  to  consider  the  matter ;  but  on  the 
expiration  of  the  time  they  announced  that  they  had  not  changed  their 
minds,  and  were  resolved  to  adhere  to  their  determination.  Then  it  was, 
after  this  final  resolution  was  thus  defiantly  affirmed,  that  their  expatria- 
tion was  decided  upon,  and  the  following  Letter  of  Instructions  drawn  up 
and  sent  to  the  commandants  of  the  garrisons  at  Annapolis,  Chiegnecto, 
Piziquid,  Minas  and  Cobequid.  The  following  is  the  text  of  that  sent  to 
Handfield  at  Annapolis.  It  is  dated  at  Halifax,  August  llth,  1755  : 

"  Instructions  for  Major  John  Handfield,  commanding  His  Majesty's  garrison  of 
Annapolis  Royal  in  relation  to  the  transportation  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  districts 
of  Annapolis  River  and  the  other  French  inhabitants  out  of  the  Province  of  Nova 
Scotia. 

"  SIR,— Having  in  my  letter  of  the  31st  July  last  made  you  acquainted  with  the 
reasons  which  induced  His  Majesty's  Council  to  come  to  the  resolution  of  sending 
away  the  French  inhabitants,  and  clearing  the  whole  country  of  such  bad  subjects, 
it  only  remains  for  me  to  give  you  the  necessary  orders  for  the  putting  in  practice 
what  has  been  so  solemnly  determined. 

"That  the  inhabitants  may  not  have  it  in  their  power  to  return  to  this  province 
nor  to  join  in  strengthening  the  French  in  Canada  or  Louisburg,  it  is  resolved  that 
they  should  be  dispersed  among  His  Majesty's  subjects  in  the  colonies  upon  the 
Continent  of  America.  For  this  purpose  transports  are  ordered  to  be  sent  from 
Boston  to  Annapolis  to  ship  on  board  one  thousand  persons,  reckoning  two  persons 
to  a  ton  ;  and  for  Chiegnecto,  transports  have  been  taken  up  here  to  carry  off  the 
inhabitants  of  that  place  ;  and  for  those  of  the  districts  around  Minas  Basin  trans- 
ports are  ordered  from  Boston. 

"  As  Annapolis  is  the  last  place  where  the  transports  will  depart  from,  any  of 
the  vessels  that  may  not  receive  their  full  complement  up  the  bay  will  be  ordered 
there  ;  and  Colonel  Winslow,  with  his  detachment,  will  follow  by  land  and  bring  up 
what  stragglers  may  be  met  with  to  ship  on  board  at  your  place. 

"Upon  the  arrivals  of  the  vessels  from  Boston  in  the  Basin  of  Annapolis,  as 
many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Annapolis  District  as  can  be  collected  by  any  means, 
particularly  the  heads  of  families  and  young  men,  are  to  be  shipped  on  board  at 
the  above  rate  of  two  passengers  to  a  ton,  or  as  near  it  as  possible.  The  tonnage 
of  the  vessels  to  be  ascertained  by  the  charter-parties  which  the  master  will  furnish 
you  with  an  account  of. 

"  And  to  give  you  all  the  ease  possible  respecting  the  victualling  of  these  trans- 
ports, I  have  appointed  Mr.  George  Saul  to  act  as-  agent  victualler  upon  this  occasion. 


120  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

and  have  given.  Mm  particular  instructions  for  that  purpose,  with  a  copy  of  which 
he  will  furnish  you  upon  his  arrival  at  Annapolis  Royal,  from  Chiegnecto,  with  the 
provisions  for  victualling  the  whole  transports.  But  in  case  you  should  have 
shipped  any  of  the  inhabitants  before  his  arrival,  you  will  order  five  pounds  of  flour 
and  one  pound  of  pork  to  be  delivered  to  each  so  shipped,  to  last  for  seven  days, 
and  so  on  till  Mr.  Saul's  arrival,  and  it  will  be  replaced  by  him  into  the  stores  from 
what  he  has  on  board  the  provision  vessels  for  that  purpose. 

"  Destination  of  the  inhabitants  of  Annapolis  River,  and  of  the  transports 
ordered  to  Annapolis  Basin  : 

"To  be  sent  to  Philadelphia,  such  a  number  of  vessels  as  will  transport  three 
hundred  persons. 

"To  be  sent  to  New  York,  such  a  number  of  vessels  as  will  transport  two 
hundred  persons. 

"  To  be  sent  to.  Connecticut,  such  a  number  of  vessels  (whereof  the  sloop  Dove, 
Samuel  Forbes,  is  to  be  one)  as  will  transport  three  hundred  persons;  and 

"  To  Boston,  such  a  number  of  vessels  as  will  transport  two  hundred  persons  (or 
rather  more  in  proportion  to  the  Province  of  Connecticut),  should  the  number  to 
ship  off  exceed  a  thousand  persons. 

"  When  the  people  are  embarked  you  will  please  to  give  the  master  of  each 
vessel  one  of  the  letters  (of  which  you  will  receive  a  number  signed  by  me),  which 
you  will  address  to  the  Governor  of  the  Province,  or  the  Commander-in-chief  for  the 
time  being,  where  they  are  to  be  put  on  shore,  and  endorse  them  on  the  printed 
form  of  the  certificate  to  be  granted  to  the  masters  of  the  vessels,  to  entitle  them  to 
their  hire  as  agreed  upon  by  their  charter-party  ;  and  with  these  you  will  give  each 
of  the  masters  their  sailing  orders  in  writing  to  proceed  according  to  the  above 
destination,  and  upon  their  arrival  immediately  to  wait  on  the  Governor  or  Com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  provinces  to  which  they  are  bound  with  the  said  letters,  and 
to  make  all  possible  despatch  in  debarking  their  passengers,  and  obtaining  certifi- 
cates thereof  agreeable  to  the  form  aforesaid  ;  and  you  will  in  these  orders  make  it 
a  particular  injunction  to  the  said  masters  to  be  as  careful  and  watchful  as  possible 
during  the  whole  course  of  the  passage,  to  prevent  the  passengers  making  any 
attempt  to  seize  upon  the  vessels,  by  allowing  only  a  small  number  to  be  upon  the 
decks  at  one  time,  and  all  other  necessary  precautions  to  prevent  the  bad  conse- 
quences of  such  attempts ;  and  that  they  be  particularly  careful  that  the  inhabitants 
carry  no  arms,  nor  other  offensive  weapons  on  board  with  them  at  their  embarkation, 
as  also  that  they  see  the  provisions  regularly  issued  to  the  people  agreeable  to  the 
allowance  proportioned  in  Mr.  George  Saul's  instructions. 

"  You  will  use  all  the  means  necessary  for  collecting  the  people  together,  so  as  to 
get  them  on  board.  If  you  find  that  fair  means  will  not  do  it  with  them,  you  must 
proceed  by  the  most  vigorous  measures  possible,  not  only  in  compelling  them  to 
embark,  but  in  depriving  those  who  escape  of  all  means  of  shelter  or  support,  by 
burning  their  houses  and  destroying  everything  that  may  afford  them  the  means  of 
subsistence  in  the  country  ;  and  if  you  have  not  force  sufficient  to  perform  this 
service,  Colonel  Winslow,  at  Minas,  or  the  commanding  officer  there,  will,  upon 
your  application,  send  you  a  proper  reinforcement. 

' '  You  will  see  by  the  charter-parties  of  the  vessels  taken  up  at  Boston,  that 
they  are  hired  by  the  month,  wherefore  I  am  to  desire  that  you  will  use  all 
possible  despatch  to  save  expense  to  the  public. 

"  As  soon  as  the  people  are  shipped  and  the  transports  are  ready  (to  sail)  you 
will  acquaint  the  commander  of  His  Majesty's  ship  therewith,  that  he  take  them 
under  convoy,  and  put  to  sea  without  loss  of  time.1' 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  121 

These  instructions  were  successfully  carried  out  by  Major  Handfield, 
and  the  month  of  October  witnessed  the  departure  of  the  last  ship  with 
its  freight  of  unsubmitting  Frenchmen.  The  vessels  employed  in  the 
transportation  of  these  unfortunates  from  their  homes  and  the  land  of 
their  nativity  were  : 

1.  The    sloop    Sarah   and   Motley,   James    Purrinton,   master,    which 
carried  the  number  assigned  to  her  to  Virginia. 

2.  The  sloop  Three  Friends,  James  Carlile,  master,  whose  living  freight 
was  landed  in  Philadelphia.     This  vessel  was  owned  by  Thomas  Curtis, 
and  was  employed  four  months,  at  thirty-six  pounds,  sixteen  shillings 
per  month. 

3.  The  sloop  Hannah,  Richard  Adams,  master  and  owner.     She  also 
landed  her  cargo  at  Philadelphia. 

4.  The  sloop  Swan,  Jonathan  Loviett,  master  and  owner.     She  had 
been  chartered  at  forty-four  pounds,  sixteen  shillings  a  month,  and  was 
employed  during  three  months  and  one-half.     Her  passengers  were  also 
landed  in  Philadelphia. 

5.  The  ship  Hopson,  Edward  Whitewood,  master,  and  was  the  largest 
vessel  engaged  in  this  service.     She  was  owned  by  James  Griffin,  and 
was  the  last  to  sail  from  Annapolis,  having  left  that  port  in  October. 
She  was  paid  for  six  months'  employment  at  seventy-seven  pounds  per 
month.     Her  cargo  was  taken  to  South  Carolina. 

Very  little  is  known  of  the  occurrences  that  marked  the  collecting 
together  and  embarkation  of  these  people.  There  can  be  no  reasonable 
doubt,  however,  that  they  did  not  differ  materially  from  those  which  took 
place  at  Grand  Pre,  Chiegnecto  and  elsewhere.  Even  the  traditions  of 
this  event,  which  were  more  or  less  famjliar  to  the  second  and  third 
generations  succeeding  it,  have  faded  away  and  disappeared,  though  the 
descendants  of  some  of  the  families  whose  progenitors  were  eye-witnesses 
of  it,  or  actors  in  it — as  the  Eassons  and  Lecains — yet  survive  and 
continue  to  reside  in  the  county.  Traditional  memories  of  it  may,  and 
probably  do,  exist  among  the  French  people  of  Digby  and  Yarmouth, 
for  its  occurrences  were,  by  their  nature  and  circumstances,  calculated  to 
make  a  deeper  and  more  lasting  impression  upon  those  who  endured  their 
hardships  than  upon  those  who  caused  them. 

Thomas  Miller  in  his  "Historical  and  Genealogical  Record"  of  the 
County  of  Colchester  (p.  8),  in  relating  the  story  of  a  French  girl  who 
had  escaped  being  shipped  with  the  Cobequid  people,  and  who,  under  the 
guidance  of  a  friendly  Indian,  had  been  waiting  in  the  forests  for  a 
month  on  the  north  shores  of  the  basin  for  a  favourable  chance  to  make 
her  escape  to  the  settlements  on  the  Miramichi,  says  :  "At  length  they 
were  joined  by  about  twenty  of  the  French  inhabitants  who  had  escaped 
from  Annapolis.  These  persons  informed  them  that  the  houses  and  crops 


122  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS, 

in  Annapolis  were  burnt  by  the  soldiers  who  were  sent  up  the  river  to- 
bring  them  into  the  ships.  Some  fled  to  the  woods ;  some,  besides  this 
party,  crossed  the  bay  intending  to  go  to  Miramichi  through  the  woods." 

Notwithstanding  all  the  measures  adopted  and  means  used,  it  is 
certain  that  a  considerable  number  of  the  Annapolis  habitans  avoided 
capture.  Lawrence  informed  Shirley,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  him  in  the 
following  February,  that  "  about  five  hundred  of  the  inhabitants  are  still 
lurking  about  the  woods ; "  and  some  of  these  were,  undoubtedly,  in 
hiding  near  the  valley  which  had,  till  so  recently,  been  the  scene  of  their 
labours  and  of  their  alleged  disloyalty. 

In  the  spring  of  1756,  a  vessel  laden  with  provisions,  which  she  was 
in  the  act  of  conveying  from  Boston  to  Annapolis,  was  captured  by  the 
Indians  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  an  event  which  Shirley  tells  Lawrence 
is  "a  very  unfortunate  affair,  as  it  will  yield  the  French  and  their 
Indians  a  very  considerable  support."  He  trusted  that  the  sloop  of  war 
Vulture,  then  cruising  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  might  succeed  in  recapturing 
her,  but  it  does  not  appear  that  his  hopes  were  gratified  in  that  respect. 

General  Amhurst  now  informed  Lawrence  that  he  had  ordered  two- 
hundred  and  fifty  provincial  troops  to  be  sent  to  Annapolis  to  enable  it 
to  resist  any  attack  that  might  be  attempted  during  the  summer  by  those 
of  the,  French  who  still  remained  in  the  colony.  That  a  sufficient  number 
of  them  had  been  left  to  cause  apprehension  of  such  an  event  seems  to 
be  a  fact,  and  one  which  was  fraught  with  "no  degree  of  pleasure  to 
the  administrator  of  the  Government,  for  in  a  letter  to  the  Lords  of 
Trade,  dated  in  March,  1757,  he  says  :  "We  are  extremely  sorry  to  find 
that,  notwithstanding  the  great  expense  which  the  public  has  been  at  in 
removing  the  French  inhabitants,  there  should  yet  be  enough  of  them, 
remaining  to  disturb  the  settlements  and  to  interrupt  and  obstruct  our 
parties  passing  from  one  place  to  another ;  it  is  certainly  very  much  to  be 
.  wished  that  they  could  be  entirely  driven  out  of  the  peninsula." 

A  new  condition  of  affairs  was,  however,  soon  to  be  brought  about,  by 
which  all  fears  from  this  source  were  to  be  finally  and  fully  allayed.  A 
venturous  and  hardy  band  of .  immigrants  from  the  older  colonies  will 
soon  take  possession  of  the  lands  of  the  old  French  proprietors — a  band 
of  men  who  would,  when  necessary,  be  ready  and  able  to  defend 
themselves  and  their  new  homes  against  all  enemies — of  men  by  whose 
strong  arms  and  indomitable  wills  many  a  wilderness  should  be  made  "to 
blossom  as  the  rose,"  and  become  centres  of  peace,  security  and  wealth. 
But  the  events  developed  by  this  change,  and  those  which  attended  it,, 
shall  be  recounted  in  future  chapters. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

By   the  Editor. 
The  seizure  and  dispersion  of  the  Acadians  reviewed  and  considered. 

WE  have  seen  that  our  author  closed  his  history  of  the  county  at 
large,  in  order  to  take  up  that  of  its  townships  and  settlements, 
separately,  at  the  point  of  time  marked  by  the  event  known  in  history,  by 
a  not  very  correct  terminology,  as  "  the  expulsion  of  the  Acadians."  I 
say,  not  very  correct,  because  an  expulsion  means  a  driving  out,  and  they 
cannot  be  said  to  have  been  driven  out  who  were  always,  in  the  contingency 
which  arose,  willing,  nay,  anxious  to  go  !  With  the  clearer  light  thrown 
on  that  event  by  the  more  recent  discovery  or,  at  least,  publication  of 
documents  and  relations  long  unknown  to  the  general  reader,*  it  does 
not  seem  expedient  for  me  to  pass  by  the  subject  without  some  further 
comment,  even  at  the  risk  of  advancing  some  opinions  and  asserting  some 
conclusions  at  variance  with  those  of  the  esteemed  author.  Governor 
Lawrence,  first,  by  an  arbitrary  fiat,  and  without  assigning  to  them  any 
reason,  deprived  the  Acadians  of  all  their  arms,  which  they  surrendered 
with  prompt  obedience  to  the  officers  charged  to  receive  them.  Then  he 
summoned  fifteen  delegates  from  their  settlements  to  a  conference  on  the 
subject  of  an  unqualified  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  King  of  England,  and 
on  the  refusal  of  these  delegates,  after  considerable  discussion,  to  agree  to 
this  proposal  without  first  going  back  and  consulting  their  constituents, 
they  were  immediately  thrust  into  prison,  on  George's  Island.  After 
this  they  offered  for  themselves  to  take  the  oath,  but  were  told  it  was 
too  late ;  and  were  kept  confined  until  the  transportation  and  dispersion 
of  their  families  and  neighbours,  planned  by  the  Governor,  had  been 
accomplished.  Then  they  themselves  were  similarly  shipped  away  to  a 

*  Haliburton,  when  writing  his  history,  complains  that  documents  bearing  on 
this  subject  were  not  to  be  found  in  the  archives  at  Halifax,  "  as  if  the  parties  to  it 
were,  as  they  well  might  be,  ashamed  of  the  transaction"  (Vol.  I.,  p.  196).  Even 
friendly  critics  have  recently  questioned  this  statement,  but  its  truth  has  been 
abundantly  proven  by  Richard,  in  his  "  Acadia  :  Missing  Links  in  a  Lost  Chapter 
of  American  History."  See  particularly  Vol.  II.,  pp.  104,  105,  146.  Despatches 
are  found  without  the  replies,  and  vice  versa.  Id.  Vol.  II.,  pp.  42,  46,  47,  302  ;  see- 
also  Vol.  I. ,  p.  169.  Akins  published  in  the  archives  duplicates  found  in  London  of 
originals  that  ought  to  have  been  in  Halifax. 


124  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

'destination  not  dependent  on  those  to  which  their  families  and  relatives 
anight  have  been  sent.     After  the  imprisonment  of  these  first  delegates  a 
fresh  summons  was  issued  for  one  hundred  more  to  attend — a  very  large 
number,  the  object  of  which  the  Acadians  could  not  divine.     But  the 
•call  was,  as  usual,  promptly  responded  to,  and  among  the  hundred  were 
thirty  from  Annapolis,  whose  reply  to  Governor  Lawrence's  demand  we 
have  just   read.     In   none  of  the  interviews  between  these  bodies  of 
delegates  and  the  Governor  and  Council  does  it  appear  that  the  latter 
•ever  cited  any  specific  instances  disproving  the  allegations  made  by  the 
Acadians  in  their  own  defence.     The  Governor  dealt  vaguely  in  severe 
charges   of  a  general    nature   against   the    Acadians    as   a   body,    their 
uselessness  as  subjects,  their  alleged  sympathy  with  the  enemy,  their 
motives  and   their  sincerity.     Overawed,   abashed  and  terrified   by   the 
-invectives  of  their  powerful  accuser,  everything  they  advanced  treated  as 
an  insult  to  the  Government,  the  delegates,  as  might  be  expected,  stood 
mute  before  the  Council,  and  did  not  even  venture  to  plead  the  highly 
.meritorious   services   their   people   had   rendered  to  the  Crown  at  the 
garrison  of  Annapolis  during  Du  Vivier's  siege  and  on  other  occasions  ; 
arid  the  hundred,  after  stating  that  their  constituents  were  willing  to 
give  up  their  lands  and  migrate  rather  than  take  an  oath  which  would 
compel  them  to  bear  arms  against  their  kindred,  and  requesting  reasonable 
time    to   remove   from    the   country,    were,    in    their   turn,    imprisoned, 
as   their   predecessors   were,    to   be   shortly   shipped  away  in  the  same 
manner,    all  the  delegates  from  the  several  settlements    being    sent   to 
North  Carolina,   and   their  wives   and   children   to   Pennsylvania,   New 
York,  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts.*    Little  dreamed  they  when  they 
left  their  families  to  proceed  on  the  important  mission  to  which  they 
had  been  invited,  that  the  separation  was  to  be  eternal,  except  by  mere 
•chance,  and  after  years  of  wandering  with  no  clue  to  guide  them  to  the 
missing  ones,  and  that  the  call  to  Halifax  of  the  chiefs  of  the  people 
was  only  designed  to  render  those  left  behind,  already  disarmed,  more 
helpless    to    resist    or    escape    the   supreme   crisis   that   was   awaiting 
the   doomed   settlements.      In  this   county   the   order  to   deprive   any 
who  might  escape  the  capture  of  all  means  of  shelter  and  subsistence  by 
burning  their    habitations,   was    rigidly  executed,  f       Instructions  were 
not  given    that    whole  families  should  be    taken    as  much    as    possible 
together  ;  the  order  to   ship  off  the  heads  of  families  and  young  men  by 
the  first  transports  was  inconsistent  with  any  such  mingling  of  humane 
methods  in  a  most  inhuman  transaction,  and  we  have  no  means  of  know- 
ing whether  the  humanity  of  the  commandant  at  Annapolis  prompted 

*See  Nova  Scotia  Archives,  p.  280,  and  ante,  Chap.  VIII.,  p.  120. 
t  Haliburton's    "History    of    Nova   Scotia,"  Vol.    I.,   p.  181,   note.      Miller's 
"  Colchester  County,"  quoted  ante,  p.  121. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  125 

him  to  make  the  effort  to  that  end,  that  Colonel  Winslow  professed! 
to  make,  but  did  not  accomplish,  at  Grand  Pre".  We  have  no  reason  to 
imagine  that  he  was  less  sensitive  to  the  nature  of  the  proceeding  in 
which  he  was  engaged  than  the  New  England  colonel ;  but,  as  ah  officer, 
his  duty  was  to  obey  without  question  the  order  of  his  superiors,  as  the 
duty  of  his  subalterns  and  men  was  to  obey  his.  The  Honourable  (after- 
wards Sir)  Brooke  Watson,  who  superintended  the  seizure  and  deporta- 
tion of  some  Acadians  at  Baie  Verte,  speaks  of  his  share  in  the  transac- 
tion in  a  letter  of  July  1st,  1771,  to  Rev.  Dr.  Brown,  with  great  pain. 
His  orders  were  to  burn  the  Acadian  town,  and  he  says  he  fears  that 
"  some  families  in  that  place  were  divided  and  sent  to  different  parts  of 
the  globe."*  It  is  notorious  that  families  were  separated  into  frag- 
ments in  every  settlement,  mothers  from  babes  in  arms  excepted ;  the 
contrary  would  not  have  comported  with  the  policy  of  the  measure, 
which  was  not  simply  to  remove  or  drive  the  Acadians  to  new  homes, 
but  to  forever  and  entirely  deprive  them  of  homes.  Anxious  themselves 
to  remove  if  afforded  the  opportunity,  the  object  of  Governor  Lawrence 
was  to  extinguish  and  annihilate  them  as  a  people.  The  intention  was 
that  they  should  be  landed  in  as  small  groups  as  their  aggregate  numbers 
would  permit,  on  the  shores  of  the  various  North  American  colonies, 
where  such  of  them  as  were  able  must  be  compelled  to  work  in  order  to- 
live,  while  their  children  would  be  apprenticed,  as  pauper  children  are, 
and  necessarily  in  English  and  Protestant  households,  where  they  would 
perforce  lose  their  nationality,  their  religion  and  their  language.!  Thi& 
feature  of  the  case  reminds  one  of  the  shipments  to  New  England  and 
reduction  into  slavery  among  the  colonists,  of  the  Scotch  prisoners  whom 
Cromwell  captured  at  the  battle  of  Dunbar,  in  1650,  and  a  further 
large  consignment  of  similar  unfortunates  in  the  following  year.  The 
details  of  all  the  subsequent  treatment  of  the  neutrals  were  left  to  the 
authorities  of  the  various  provinces  in  which  they  were  to  be  landed,  the 
governors  being  instructed  by  circulars  from  Governor  Lawrence  "  to 
receive  and  dispose  of  them  in  such  manner  as  may  best  answer  our 
design  in  preventing  their  reunion."  The  reader  will  remark,  not  their 
return  merely,  but  their  reunion  as  well.  It  required  the  genius  of  a 
Longfellow  to  portray  in  strains  of  song,  but  anyone  can  imagine,  the 
story  of  "  Lvangeline,"  and  of  many  Evangelines ;  and  the  actual 

*Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  II.,  pp.  131,  132. 

t  On  inquiring  for  entries  relating  to  my  own  name  in  the  records  of  a  Massa- 
chusetts town,  I  was  furnished  with  the  death  of  ' '  Mary  Savory,  French  neutral, 
pauper,  very  aged."  What  a  tale  did  it  not  suggest !  Sudden  descent  from  happy 
competency  to  degrading  want,  and  fruitless  searches  by  friends  and  relatives. 
Will  the  recent  apologists  say  what  crime  this  woman  had  committed  to  call 
down  this  terrible  retribution?  Can  it  be  found  in  the  "letters  of  French 
governors,"  of  "  bishops  and  priests,"  and  "military  and  naval  and  civil  servants 
of  the  French  Crown,"  mentioned  in  Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  132 
Here  I  may  remark  that  I  am  not  of  Acadian  or  any  other  French  descent. 


126  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

sufferings  and  cruel  lot  of  the  venerable  and  loyal  Rene  le  Blanc*  appeals 
with  resistless  force  to  our  sentiments  of  justice  and  the  instincts  of 
humanity.  We  cannot  follow  the  wretched  and  heart-broken  exiles  in 
their  dispersion,  nor  recount  the  deaths  on  the  way,  nor  speculate  on  the 
deaths  from  diseases,  contracted  in  crowded  holds  of  vessels,  where  no 
sanitary  or  even  decent  arrangements  could  be  provided  or  were 
attempted  ;  the  deaths  from  hardships  and  privations  afterwards,  and 
the  lingering  and  in  some  cases  life-long  agony  of  separated  members  of 
a  family  inquiring  and  searching  for  each  other  throughout  the  con- 
tinent, among  an  alien  people  for  the  most  part  unsympathetic  or 
indifferent ;  and  the  almost  interminable  journeys  of  detached  groups, 
wholly  destitute,  seeking  to  make  their  way  to  some  place  of  rest  among 
people  congenial  in  language  and  religion,  or  disposed  to  extend 
sympathy  and  charity  to  a  robbed  and  ruined  people.  The  mortality 
resulting  from  this  measure  exceeded  many  fold  that  of  the  massacre  of 
Glencoe,  to  which  in  so  many  aspects  it  may  be  likened.  But,  one  fell 
and  fatal  stroke  began  and  soon  ended  the  horrors  of  that  ghastly  night 
in  the  valley  of  the  Cona,  whereas  the  wretched  relics  of  a  cargo  of 
Acadian  exiles,  decimated  by  disease,  were  refused  a  landing  on  the 
coast  of  an  Atlantic  colony,  where  the  feast  of  death  might  have  been 
stayed,  while  more  than  one  ship  with  her  living  freight  foundered  and 
went  down  in  mid-ocean,  mercifully  extinguishing  the  sufferings  of  many 
a  victim,  but  aggravating  the  misery  of  kins-people,  who,  ignorant  of 
their  fate,  sought  traces  and  tidings  of  the  perished  ones  till  hope  with 
life  itself  was  closed.  A  wail  like  that  which  arose  from  the  bracken 
on  that  winter  morning  of  woe,  broke  forth  sixty-five  years  later  beneath 
the  blaze  of  a  September  sun  in  the  scenes  amidst  which  I  now  write, 
and  as  if  dissevered  into  repeated  and  multiple  echoes,  assailed  the  ears 
and  challenged  the  sympathy  of  man  in  every  settled  portion  of  the 
American  continent  and  the  islands  adjacent.  As  occasional  efforts  are 
made  in  these  days  to  justify  or  find  a  plausible  excuse  for  a  trans- 
action condemned  from  the  first  by  the  universal  judgment  and 
conscience  of  mankind,  a  brief  review  of  it  will  not  be  out  of  place  in 
these  pages.  American  writers  of  the  last  generation  were  in  the  habit 
of  treating  the  episode  as  a  characteristic  piece  of  British  tyranny. 
Sabine,  presuming  the  responsibility  of  the  British  Government  and  the 
motive  to  vindicate  "  the  majesty  of  England,"  says  that  "  deeds  of 
darker  hue  have  seldom  been  done."  It  is  a  noticeable  coincidence  that 
as  more  searching  investigations  revealed  gradually  the  fact  that  the 

*  Rene"  le  Blanc's  loyalty  had  been  thoroughly  tried  and  proved,  and  he  had 
suffered  much  from  the  hostile  French  and  Indians  for  his  service  to  the  Crown.  At 
a  very  advanced  age  he  was  landed  in  New  York  with  his  wife  and  two  youngest 
children,  the  remaining  eighteen  of  the  latter  being  scattered  all  over  the  sea- 
board colonies. 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  127 

;scheme  originated  with  Colonel  Lawrence,  the  Governor  at  Halifax,  aided 
and  supported  by  a  Council  of  four,  of  whom  three*  at  least  were 
Bostonians,  and  that  the  British  Government  were  not  only  innocent 
of  all  complicity  in  it,  but  ignorant  even  of  any  such  purpose  until  after 
its  complete  execution,  a  change  came  gradually  over  the  sentiments  of 
this  class  of  critics,  notably  exemplified  in  Parkman's  brilliant  and 
seductive  pages.  Dr.  H.  Y.  Hind,f  of  Windsor,  a  few  years  ago  copied 
irom  the  archives  of  the  State  House  at  Boston,  a  document  never 
previously  referred  to  by  writers  on  the  subject,  which  I  here  publish 
for  the  first  time  in  permanent  form.J  It  is  the  substance  of  a  petition 
from  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  to  the  king,  dated  January  31st, 
1750.  First  expressing  "  sincere  and  hearty  thanks"  for  the  protection 
afforded  His  Majesty's  dominions  on  this  continent,  it  proceeds  : 

"  Your  Majesty's  subjects  in  this  province  were  greatly  surprised  when  they  were 
informed  that  the  French  had  presumed  to  lay  claim,  not  only  to  the  greater  part  of 
the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  but  also  to  a  part  of  the  territory s  granted  by  the  royal 
charter  of  King  William  and  Queen  Mary  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  province. 

"  We  saw  with  concern  the  projections  of  the  French  to  extend  their  settlements 
on  the  back  of  your  Majesty's  colonies  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  as  far  north 
as  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  but  we  had  no  apprehension  that  they  would  endeavour 
in  any  other  way  than  by  force  of  arms  to  separate  your  Majesty's  possessions 
on  the  sea-coast.  It  is  highly  probable  that  they  are  very  much  encouraged  to  the 
groundless  and  unreasonable  claim  and  attempt  by  the  absurd  neutrality  challenged 
by  the  French  inhabitants  of  your  Majesty's  Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  who  are 
always  ready  to  receive  and  supply  the  troops  sent  thither  in  the  pay  and  service  of 
the  French  Crown,  and  who  encouraged  the  native  Indians  in  their  bigotry  to  the 
French  religion  and  interest,  and  we  have  great  reason  to  suppose  that  those  inhabi- 
tants want  not  the  inclination,  but  wait  for  a  favourable  opportunity  to  declare 
themselves  the  subjects  of  the  French  King  ;  which  would  give  them  the  possession 
of  a  country  to  which  we  humbly  conceive  he  has  not  a  shadow  of  right ;  and  this 
might  in  time  prove  of  the  most  fatal  consequence  to  your  Majesty's  interests  in 
America ;  and  we  doubt  not  that  they  would  have  revolted  from  your  Majesty  in 
the  last  war,  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  signal  favour  of  Divine  Providence  in  the  early 
reduction  of  Cape  Breton  by  your  New  England  troops,  and  the  remarkable  and 
repeated  preservation  of  the  garrison  of  Annapolis  Royal  by  the  forces  sent  from 
this  province.  But  svich  extraordinary  events  may  not  always  be  presumed  on  ;  and 
we  humbly  hope  that  we  may  be  indulged  in  earnestly  entreating  your  Majesty  that 
so  dangerous  a  neighbour,  and  such  uncertain  and  precarious  subjects  may  be  com- 
pelled to  leave  your  Majesty's  dominions  or  be  reduced  to  a  more  perfect  obedience 
to  your  Majesty's  crown." 

*  Benjamin  Green,  great-uncle  of  the  accomplished  President  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  ;  John  Rous,  previously  master  of  a  Boston  privateer, 
and  Jonathan  Belcher,  son  of  a  governor  of  Massachusetts.  Cotterell's  origin  I  do  not 
know.  With  all  deference  I  cannot  see  any  ground  for  the  blame  that  His  Grace 
Archbishop  O'Brien  imputes  to  the  "Loyalists"  for  this  act.  ("Memoirs  of  Bp. 
Burke,"  p.  51.)  Surely  here  is  an  anachronism  quite  unworthy  of  so  distinguished 
an  authority. 

t  Author  of  a  History  of  King's  College,  etc. 

£  From  a  Halifax  paper  in  which  Dr.  Hind  published  it. 


128  HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 

This  address,  ignoring  the  fact  that  the  neutrals  had  resolutely  refused 
to  supply  the  troops  "sent  in  the  pay  and  service  of  the  French  Crown/' 
and  stating  what  its  authors  have  reason  to  suppose  and  "  doubt  not," 
breathes  the  spirit  of  the  times  among  our  New  England  ancestors  in 
that  day  of  religious  bigotry  and  international  animosity,  but  we  must 
not  from  its  tenor  too  hastily  judge  that  the  Assembly  contemplated  the 
measure  actually  adopted,  or  would  have  approved  of  it,  if  it  had  been 
presented  for  consideration  in  all  its  naked  deformity ;  although  the 
removal  of  the  Acadians  in  a  body  to  Canada,  where  they  would  have 
been  unhampered  by  any  oath  of  neutrality,  would  certainly  only  have 
transferred  the  apprehended  dangers  to  the  colonies  farther  north  and 
west.  But  wherever  they  might  choose  to  go,  the  Acadians  had  warning 
that  if,  after  the  oath  they  had  taken,  they  were  found  voluntarily  in 
arms  against  the  English,  they  would  be  shot  without  mercy. 

To  compel  the  Acadians  to  leave  the  Province,  however,  was  one 
thing,  but  such  compulsion  was  never  in  the  slightest  degree  necessary,  and 
what  was  done  under  the  name  of  the  "  expulsion  of  the  Acadians  "  was 
another  and  quite  a  different  thing.  Men  reason  with  cogency  that 
people  who  would  not  take  the  usual  oath  of  allegiance  and  become  to  all 
intents  bound  by  the  obligations  of  citizenship  to  the  Government  of  the 
country  they  lived  in,  could  not  expect  to  be  permitted  to  live  in  it ;  and 
the  misinformed,  who  are  still  many,  think  that  this  argument  applies  to 
the  case  of  the  Acadians.  It  is  assumed  that  they  advanced  the  very 
unreasonable  demand  that  they  should  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
country  as  neutrals  and  not  as  subjects ;  and  that  not  being  willing  to 
leave  the  country  they  were  simply  captured  by  strategy  and  expelled  by 
force.  It  will  be  still  quite  new  to  many  who  read  these  pages,  that 
it  was  not  by  their  own  choice,  but  that  of  the  Government  and  its 
representatives  in  Nova  Scotia,  that  they  remained ;  and  that  they 
persistently  sought  to  avail  themselves  of  the  privilege  of  removal 
guaranteed  to  them  by  the  treaty,  and  were  as  persistently  prevented.  A 
few  who  had  lived  in  the  banlieue  were  permitted  to  sell  out  and  depart, 
and  some  managed  to  make  good  their  escape  in  the  autumn  of  1749, 
after  Cornwallis'  declaration.  Governor  Lawrence,  even  after  his  concep- 
tion of  the  plan  for  their  destruction,  wrote  thus  :  "I  believe  that  a  very 
large  part  of  the  inhabitants  would  submit  to  any  terms  rather  than  take 
up  arms  on  either  side."  It  is  not,  therefore,  with  any  question  of  the 
expulsion  of  the  Acadians  that  we  have  to  deal,  but  with  their  annihila- 
tion as  a  race  or  nationality  attempted,  and  with  partial  success,  and 
untold  misery  and  ruin  to  the  victims,  by  Governor  Lawrence. 

If  the  British  or  the  Colonial  Government  had  (in  effect)  said  to  the 
Acadians,  "  Since  we  have  for  a  generation  and  a  half  striven  in  vain  to 
make  British  subjects  of  you,  and  we  now  despair  of  success,  and  your 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  129 

continuance  in  the  country  bound  only  by  the  oath  you  took  at  the  hands 
of  Governor  Phillipps,  is  a 'bar  to  our  policy  of  making  this,  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  a  Protestant  and  English-speaking  colony,  and  is  inconsistent 
with  the  honour  and  dignity  of  the  nation,  therefore  you  must  now  sell 
your  lands  and  go  within  one  (or  two)  years  (or  forfeit,  your  lands  and  go 
if  the  promise  of  Queen  Anne  was  to  be  ignored),  taking  with  you  all 
your  personal  effects,  or  their  proceeds,  and  you  are  to  do  all  this  within 
the  time  limited  on  pain  of  forfeiture  of  everything,"  the  contention  of 
those  who  defend  what  did  take  place  would  have  been  appropriate 
and  applicable,  although  in  the  light  of  previous  events,  much  still  could 
have  been  urged  on  the  other  side.  As  for  the  argument  drawn  from 
the  asserted  national  peril,  it  is  a  dangerous  one,  for  it  might  with  the 
same  plausibility  have  been  adduced  in  favour  of  a  general  massacre  of 
their  able-bodied  men  in  cold  blood.  There  was  probably  no  period  in  the 
history  of  the  Acadians  from  the  surrender  of  Port  Royal  to  the  time  of 
their  dispersion,  when  they  could  not  have  been  sent  to  Cape  Breton. 
A  few  who,  in  spite  of  the  devices  contrived  to  detain  them,  escaped  to 
that  island,  about  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  Cornwallis,  not  satisfied  with 
the  country  and  their  prospects,  came  back  as  far  as  Halifax  in  1754,  and 
presented  themselves  before  Governor  Lawrence.  After  requiring  an 
excuse  for  their  conduct  in  "  quitting  their  lands,"  he  accepted  from  them 
the  oath  of  allegiance,  which  they  took  cheerfully  and  without  qualification, 
and  sent  them  to  their  old  homes,  hoping  their  return  would  have  a  good 
effect  in  inducing  the  others  to  remain.*  These  were  seized  and 
dispersed  with  the  rest,  and  so  were  the  family  of  Prudent  Robichau,  the 
Justice  of  the  Peace  at  Annapolis,  whose  loyalty  was  never  questioned. 

In  order  to  correctly  understand  the  matter  we  must  go  back  to  the 
terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  in  1713,  and  the  events  that  followed  it 
during  the  intervening  period  of  forty-two  years.  By  that  treaty  the 
Acadians  were  allowed  the  option  either  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
and  become  British  subjects  within  a  year,  or  to  leave  the  country  and  go 
where  they  pleased,  forfeiting,  of  course,  their  lands,  but  taking  with 
them  their  movable  effects.  Later  in  the  same  year,  in  return  for  conces- 
sions made  to  the  Queen  of  England  on  behalf  of  certain  of  his  Protestant 
subjects  by  Louis  XIV.  King  of  France,  it  was  agreed  between  the  two 
sovereigns  that  the  Acadians  might  retain  their  lands,  or  sell  them  if  they 
saw  fit  to  remove  rather  than  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  remain. 
The  Acadians  with  great  unanimity  preferred  to  go  with  or  without  the 
concession  specially  made  by  Queen  Anne,  but  a  policy  of  keeping  them  in 
the  country,  against  their  wills,  prevailed,  and  being  in  violation  of  the 
pledged  faith  of  the  Crown,  was  the  first  criminal  error,  bringing  all  the 

*  Nova  Scotia  Archives,  p.  228. 


130  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

« 

subsequent  ones  in  its  train.  On  this  point  Governor  Shirley,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, who  in  1755  was  commander- in-chief  of  the  armies  against 
France  in  British  North  America,  wrote  on  November  21st,  1746,  to  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  British  Secretary  of  State  : 

"It  is  indeed  now  to  be  wished  that  General  Nicholson  had  upon  the  first 
reduction  of  the  colony  removed  the  French  inhabitants,  when  they  were  but  a 
few,  and  that  during  the  interval  of  peace  the  colony  had  been  planted  by 
Protestant  subjects ;  but  after  their  having  remained  so  long  in  the  country 
upon  the  footing  of  British  subjects  under  the  sanction  of  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht, 
and  making  improvements  on  their  lands  for  one  or  two  generations,  and  being 
grown  up  into  such  a  number  of  families,  to  drive  them  off  their  settlements 
without  further  inquiry  seems  to  be  liable  to  many  objections.  Among  others 
it  may  be  doubted  whether  under  the  circumstances  of  the  inhabitants  it  would 
clearly  appear  to  be  a  just  usage." 

The  objection  of  the  Acadians  to  taking  the  required  oath  was  that 
it  would  render  them  liable  to  take  up  arms  when  required  against 
their  kinsfolk  and  coreligionists.  Whenever  renewed  expression  was 
given  to  their  resolution  to  depart  rather  than  take  this  oath,  then,  with 
great  tact  and  policy,  the  pressure  on  them  to  take  it  would  be  with- 
drawn for  a  time,  and  meanwhile  every  possible  device  was  resorted  to 
that  would  prevent  their  getting  away.  In  1714  the  oath  was  tendered 
them,  but  without  any  show  of  compulsion  or  threat  of  evil  consequences 
if  they  refused  it.  Major  Caulfield,  Lieutenant-Governor  at  Annapolis, 
reported  this  refusal  to  the  English  Government,  but  urged  the  great 
desirability  of  keeping  them  in  the  country,  saying,  "  In  case  ye 
Acadians  quit  us  we  shall  never  be  able  to  maintain  or  protect  our 
English  familys  from  ye  insults  of  ye  Indians,"  and  spoke  of  the  cattle 
and  other  provisions  by  which  they  could  supply  the  fort.  France, 
relying  on  the  honour  of  the  nation  and  the  efficacy  of  the  Queen's 
promise,  sent  Captains  De  la  Ronde  Denys  and  De  Pensens  to  Anna- 
polis, to  arrange  for  their  removal,  but  they  had  to  put  up  with  the 
excuse  from  Colonel  Nicholson,  that  it  would  be  necessary  for  him  to 
confer  with  the  authorities  at  London  before  anything  could  be  done, 
thus  consuming  the  time  allowed  for  their  departure  ;  Nicholson  at  the 
same  time  treacherously  assuring  the  French  commissioners  that  they 
might  implicitly  and  in  perfect  security  rely  on  Queen  Anne's  promise, 
while  he  was  treating  both  it  and  the  treaty  with  contempt,*  and 
preparing  to  tell  them  by  and  by  that  the  time  limited  by  the  treaty 
for  their  departure  had  expired. 

In  the  month  after  Captain  De  Pensens'  report  to  his  Government 
we  find  Governor  Vetch,  in  a  letter  to  the  Lords  of  Trade  and  Planta- 
tions, protesting  in  strong  terms  against  allowing  the  Acadians  to  leave 

*  Parkman's  "Half  Century  of  Conflict,"  Vol.  I.,  pp.  187,  188. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  131 

the  country.  Difficulties  of  an  insuperable  nature  had  from  the  first 
been  placed  by  the  authorities  in  the  way  of  their  transporting  them- 
selves by  water.  French  ships  were  not  allowed  to  enter,  and  they 
built  small  vessels  for  the  purpose,  but  the  outfits  for  them  were  not 
allowed  to  be  landed.*  Governor  Phillipps  when  he  assumed  charge, 
threatened  them  that  if  they  refused  to  take  the  oath  they  must  go  in 
four  months,  and  carry  away  with  them  only  a  miserably  trifling  portion 
of  their  effects ;  and  their  election  to  leave  even  under  these  terms  being 
repeated,  again  he  cautiously  withdrew  the  pressure,  but  when  they 
attempted  to  open  a  road,  in  order  to  go  away  overland,  he  promptly 
stopped  them,  and  arrested  any  individuals  or  families  who  attempted 
to  straggle  away  unobserved.  In  1720  the  Acadians  appealed  for  help 
to  get  away  to  the  Governor  of  Cape  Breton,  as  they  had  before  the 
treaty  to  the  Governor  of  Canada.  At  length  a  device  was  hit  upon  by 
Governor  Phillipps,  or  Armstrong,  his  lieutenant,  which  seemed  to  meet 
the  emergency  of  the  case,  preserving  to  the  English  the  advantage  of  the 
•continued  residence  of  the  Acadians  in  the  country,  and  at  the  same  time 
relieving  their  consciences  from  the  burden  of  an  obligation  which  they 
feared  might  involve  them  in  fratricidal  strife,  or  bring  down  on  them 
the  summary  and  dreadful  vengeance  of  the  Indians,  from  whom  the 
English  were  unable  to  protect  them.  A  condition  was  added  to  the 
ordinary  oath  of  allegiance  exempting  them  from  being  called  on  to  take 
up  arms.  Hence  they  were  afterwards  styled  "neutrals."  The  reasons 
for  retaining  them  in  the  country  in  violation  of  the  terms  of  the  treaty 
were  these :  First,  if  they  settled  in  any  French  colony,  they  might  rein- 
force the  enemy  in  case  of  war  with  France ;  and,  second,  their  abode  in 
the  Province  was  exceedingly  useful  to  the  Government.  They  formed, 
while  they  remained,  what  is  familiarly  called  in  the  modern  phraseology 
of  statecraft,  a  sort  of  "  buffer  state "  between  Annapolis,  the  seat  of 
English  authority,  and  the  territory  still  under  French  control,  beyond 
Beaubassin  and  the  Misseguash,  and  between  the  English  and  the  Indians. 
From  them  the  necessary  supplies  had  to  be  drawn  for  the  Annapolis 
garrison,  and  materials  for  the  repairs  and  maintenance  of  the  fort,  and 
their  labours  at  these  repairs  were  equally  indispensable.  They  were 
-also  relied  on  to  give  warning  to  the  English  of  any  signs  of  an  attack 
by  French  or  Indians.  They  warned  Noble  of  a  probable  attack  on  him 
at  Grand  Pre,  but  he,  deeming  it  impossible  for  an  enemy  to  reach  him 
during  the  deep  snow  of  the  season,  treated  their  apprehensions  with 
levity,  f  Undoubted  records  show  that  the  most  severe  threats  by  agents 

*Parkman's  "  Half  Century  of  Conflict,"  Vol.  I.,  p.  188. 

t  The  approaching  enemy  interrupted  the  usual  communications,  which  aroused 
the  suspicion  of  the  neutrals,  who  communicated  them  to  Noble.  (Murdoch,  Vol. 
II.,  p.  106.) 


132  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

of  the  French  Government  to  hand  them  over  to  the  merciless  revenge 
of  the  Indians  failed  to  shake  their  resolution  to  withhold  from  Du 
Vivier  the  use  of  their  arms  and  ammunition  when,  relying  on  their 
active  aid,  he  laid  siege  to  the  fort.  "  We  live  under  a  mild  and  tran- 
quil government,"  replied  the  Acadians  to  the  threats  of  the  French 
commander,  "and  we  have  all  good  reason  to  be  faithful  to  it." 
Mascarene,  on  the  other  hand,  in  a  despatch  to  Governor  Shirley,  testi- 
fied to  the  alacrity  and  cheerfulness  with  which  they  not  only  supplied 
the  materials,  but  worked  at  the  repairs  of  the  fort,  "  to  the  very  day 
preceding  the  attack,"  and  in  four  other  letters  and  despatches  he 
acknowledged  his  obligation  to  the  Acadians  for  the  salvation  of  the 
fort  in  this  critical  emergency.*'  As  to  the  general  discharge  of  the 
novel  and  delicate  duties  of  the  neutrality  which  had  been  imposed  on 
them,  we  may  take  as  many  different  views  of  it  as  there  were  successive 
governors  ruling  them,  for  no  two  of  these  tell  the  same  story.  As  it 
was  impossible  for  the  people  themselves  to  assume  such  chameleon-like 
changes  of  character  and  deportment,  we  must  look  for  a  solution  of  the 
difficulty  to  the  character  and  temper  of  the  respective  governors  them- 
selves. They  had  a  friend  in  the  gracious  and  graceful,  but  brave- 
hearted  soldier,  Mascarene,  and  in  Hopson,  the  predecessor  of  Law- 
rence; stern  but  not  oppressive  rulers  in  Vetch,  Phillipps  and  Corn- 
wallis ;  suspicious  and  unrelenting  enemies  in  Nicholson,  the  treacherous 
and  mean  enemy  of  Vetch  and  a  coarse  tyrant  to  his  own  people,  and 
in  Armstrong f  and  Lawrence.  For  nearly  half  a  century  were  they 
teased  and  harassed  by  such  a  succession  of  rulers,  alternately  using, 
according  to  their  several  tempers,  blandishments,  severity  and  menace, 
but  all  animated  by  one  purpose, — to  make  them  take  an  oath  of  unquali- 
fied allegiance  if  possible,  but  to  retain  them  in  the  country  whether  or 
no.  Their  disposition  to  submit  to  extreme  terms  rather  than  subscribe 
to  the  required  oath  proves  the  transcendant  importance  they  attached 
to  such  an  oath,  and  would  of  itself  indicate  that  fidelity  to  a  sworn  obli- 
gation was  a  ruling  feature  of  their  character.  And  their  conduct  as  a 
whole  in  fulfilling  the  requirements  of  the  oath  which  they  had  taken 
amply  justifies  the  conclusion  which  their  remarkable  scrupulousness 
suggests.  The  statement  of  Parkman,  that  they  would  neither  leave 
the  country  nor  take  the  oath,  is  contradicted  by  every  record  bearing 
on  the  question,  and  is  the  more  to  be  reprobated  as  its  author  is  one  of 


*  Quoted  by  Richard,  Vol.  I. ,  pp.  207-209,  and  also  partially  in  Nova  Scotia 
Archives,  pp.  140-151. 

t  Mascarene,  a  Frenchman,  although  an  expatriated  Huguenot,  loyally  attached 
to  the  service  of  his  adopted  country,  knew  and  understood  them  better  than 
any  of  their  other  rulers.  Campbell  "in  his  history  of  Nova  Scotia,  struggling  to 
find  some  excuse  for  an  act  at  which  he  says,  ' '  the  moral  instincts  of  mankind 
shudder,"  quotes  the  hostile  account  of  Armstrong,  and  omits  the  contrary  testi- 
mony of  others. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  133 

the  most  gifted  and  fascinating  historical  writers  of  recent  days.  Mean- 
while the  Acadians  were  increasing  apace,  and  as  it  was  deemed  impolitic 
in  the  existing  state  of  affairs  to  make  grants  of  land  in  the  colony  to 
any  but  Protestant  settlers,  the  neutrals  were  under  the  continual 
necessity  of  subdividing  their  farms ;  and  as  there  was  a  difficulty 
about  legal  recognition  of  their  titles,  disputes  about  boundaries,  as 
they  naturally  became  frequent,  were  incapable  of  satisfactory  adjust- 
ment, the  provincial  courts  being  closed  to  them. 

Between  their  suspicious  and  masterful  rulers  on  the  one  hand,  and 
the  enemies  of  the  English,  the  implacable  Indians,  who  could  brook  no 
toleration  by  them  of  English  rule,  on  the  other,  and  ever  by  force  or 
stratagem  restrained  from  removing  even  without  their  effects,  their 
position  was  painful  and  delicate  beyond  all  precedent.  But  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  in  this  peculiar  isolation,  under  the  beneficent  influence 
of  many  saintly  spiritual  guides  (for  their  priests  were  not  all  Le  Loutres 
or  Gaulins)  the  domestic  and  social  virtues  nourished  among  them  in 
a  most  marked  and  eminent  manner ;  and  it  cannot  be  successfully 
questioned  that  they  enjoyed  a  state  of  freedom  from  the  vices  which 
disfigure  society  and  mar  human  happiness,  unequalled  in  the  history  of 
any  other  portion  of  the  human  race.  Contemporary  observers*  corrobo- 
rate the  Abbe  Raynal,  whose  glowing  account  of  the  Acadians,  culled 
from  contemporary  reports,  is  condemned  as  poetic  fiction,  but  Haliburton 
rightly  says  that  his  description  is  nearer  the  truth  than  many  imagine. 
The  discreet  and  generous  historian  of  Nova  Scotia  judged  from  traces 
of  their  former  condition  which  survived  among  the  descendants  of  the 
exiles  to  his  day,  and  I  will  here  add  not  only  to  his  day,  but  to  mine, 
after  their  subjection  to  alien  influences  for  several  generations — as  the 
grandeur  of  an  ancient  temple  may  be  inferred  by  the  magnificent 
proportions  and  character  of  its  remains.  I  took  up  in  the  third 
decade  of  the  century  the  thread  of  experience  from  a  hand  that  had 
carried  it  from  its  beginning,  and  can  add  my  unfaltering  testimony  to 
the  earlier  one  of  paternal  tradition,  that  the  successors  of  the  people 
of  the  exile — 

"  Dwelt  together  in  love,  these  simple  Acadian  farmers, 
Dwelt  in  the  love  of  God  and  man." 

Within  my  personal  recollection — 

"  Neither  locks  had  they  to  their  doors,  nor  bars  to  their  windows, 
But  their  dwellings  were  open  as  day  and  the  hearts  of  their  owners." 

As  soon  as  Cornwallis  assumed  the  reins  of  Government  in  1747,  he 
demanded  with  military  emphasis  that  the  Acadians  should  now  abandon 

*  Bishop  St.  Vallier.  See  Archbishop  O'Brien's  "  Life  of  Bishop  Burke,"  pp.  49, 
152.  Sir  Brook  Watson,  Rev.  Hugh  Graham,  Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc.  Coll., 
Vol.  II.,  p.  129  et  seq.,  especially  pp.  132,  133. 


134  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

their  position  and  status  as  neutrals  under  the  modified  oath  with  which,, 
for  the  sake  of  retaining  them,  Phillipps  had  been  content,  and  take  a 
full  and  unqualified  oath  or  leave  the  country.  They  pleaded  in  reply 
the  treaty,  Queen  Anne's  letter,  and  the  mutual  obligations  of  the 
convention  with  Phillipps,  accepted  and  ratified  by  succeeding  governors. 
He  warned  them  that  if  they  insisted  on  leaving  they  should  forfeit  all 
their  personal  as  well  as  real  property,  and  when  they  discovered  a 
disposition  to  go  even  under  these  cruel  conditions,*  he  took  prompt 
steps  to  render  the  immediate  departure  of  any  considerable  number  of 
them  impossible.  Winter  was  then  approaching,  during  which  season 
they  could  not  go.  In  the  following  March  he  announced  his  intention 
not  to  press  them  on  the  subject  of  the  oath  for  a  time,  but  deputies 
from  the  settlements  early  reached  Halifax  and  renewed  their  request  for 
leave  to  depart,  to  which  he  replied  that  no  such  leave  could  be  granted 
until  their  crops  should  have  been  sown.  Sadly  but  resignedly  they 
set  themselves  to  sowing  crops  for  the  stranger  and  the  alien,  as  they 
supposed,  to  reap,  which  task  accomplished,  they  again  presented  them- 
selves before  the  Governor  with  a  repetition  of  the  request,  the  delegates 
from  Annapolis  being  Charles  Prejean  and  Jacques  Michel.  Governor 
Cornwallis,  amazed  at  their  resolution,  spoke  in  softer  tones  than  before, 
and  declared  their  immediate  removal  impracticable,  inasmuch  as  he 
"  would  have  to  notify  all  the  commanders  of  His  Majesty's  ships  and 
troops  to  allow  everyone  to  pass  and  repass,  which  would  cause  the 
greatest  confusion."  He  gave  them  to  understand  that  they  could  not 
go  in  a  body,  but  individuals  only  might  depart  one  by  one,  each 
provided  with  a  passport,  but  this  essential  formula  he  declared  himself 
not  then  prepared  to  issue,  and  professed  astonishment  that  they  should 
expect  to  be  allowed  to  leave  in  the  then  state  of  the  Province.  This 
was  their  last  despairing  effort  to  get  away  from  the  country  previous  to 
their  sudden  surprise,  seizure  and  forcible  deportation  and  dispersion  in 
1755.  It  has  been  said  that  from  this  date  they  were  prisoners  in  the 
country,  but  practically  they  had  been  so  from  the  date  of  the  conquest 
by  Nicholson.  When  Lawrence,  the  better  and  easier  to  accomplish  his 
ever-memorable  coup-d'etat,  called  on  them  to  deliver  up  their  arms, 
they,  as  we  have  seen,  quietly  did  so,  although  arms  were  so  essential  to 
a  community  living  on  the  edge  of  the  primeval  wilderness  where  the 
wild  beast  prowled  in  waiting  for  their  flocks  and  herds  and  children ; 
and  in  their  petition  to  Lawrence  on  the  occasion  of  these  closing  inter- 
views, they  pathetically  said,  "Besides,  the  arms  we  carry  are  a  feeble 
surety  of  fidelity.  It  is  not  the  gun  that  the  inhabitant  possesses  which 
will  lead  him  to  revolt,  nor  the  depriving  him  of  that  gun  that  will  make 

*  Alexandra  Hebert  and  Joseph  Dugas  represented  the  French  at  Annapolis  in 
the  negotiations  of  this  year,  July  and  October,  1747. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  135 

him  more  faithful,  but  his  conscience  alone  ought  to  engage  him  to 
maintain  it."  The  obvious  design  of  this  passage,  as  it  always  seemed  to 
my  humble  apprehension,  was  to  convey  to  the  Governor  a  sense  of  the 
overpowering  weight  on  their  consciences  of  the  obligation  of  the  oath 
which  they  had  taken,  and  which  they  were  willing  to  renew,  or  depart 
to  new  homes,  and  to  be  redolent  of  a  most  sensitive  spirit  of  guilelessness 
and  honour.  The  Governor,  however,  denounced  it  as  "presumptuous," 
and  charged  them  with  treating  the  Government  "with  indignity  and 
contempt,"  by  "assuming  to  expound  to  the  Council  the  nature  of  fidelity, 
and  to  prescribe  what  would  be  the  proper  security  to  be  relied  on  for 
their  fidelity." 

The  intellectual  and  moral  capacity  of  the  Governor  did  not  seem  able 
to  rise  to  the  level  of  the  ideal  shadowed  forth  in  this  touching  paragraph. 
Guilelessness  and  honour,  keenly  sensitive  to  suspicion  and  reproach, 
were  counted  negative  quantities  in  the  calculations  of  policy  and  power. 
But  among  the  modern  apologists  of  the  proceedings  of  Lawrence,  it  is 
painful  to  find  this  document  styled  "an  insolent  memorial."*  The 
Acadians  had,  as  Mascarene  testified,  and  as  abundant  evidence  in  the 
provincial  archives  proves,  faithfully  kept  the  terms  of  the  qualified  oath 
forced  on  them  in  lieu  of  the  option  to  depart  secured  by  the  treaty  so 
long  before,  even  giving  the  earliest  possible  intelligence  to  the  English  of 
the  approach  of  an  enemy,  f  and  if,  in  the  process  of  time,  it  came  to  be 
held  that  those  terms  were  no  longer  consistent  with  the  national  honour 
and  dignity,  the  argument  urged  by  the  Acadians  that  the  provisions  of 
the  treaty  should  be  revived  from  their  desuetude,  and  that  they  should 
be  put  into  the  position  they  held  when  it  was  signed,  was  of  patent  and 
irresistible  cogency.  Banishment  and  confiscation  of  estates  are  appro- 
priate and  customary  punishment  for  treason  when  the  offender  is  spared 
the  extreme  penalty ;  but  what  act  of  treason  was  committed  by  the 
Acadians  of  the  various  ranks,  ages,  sexes  and  conditions  who  were 
about  to  be  involved  in  one  common  and  indiscriminate  proscription  ? 

The  French  on  the  mainland,  beyond  the  isthmus  which  connects  it 
with  the  peninsula,  perpetually  harassed  their  neutral  neighbours  by 
incitements  to  join  them  in  attacks  against  the  English.  These  efforts 
culminated  in  the  burning  of  their  buildings,  including  even  their  church, 
so  that  they  were  compelled  to  take  unwelcome  refuge  beyond  the  border, 
where  afterwards  they  were  forced  by  their  former  compatriots,  under 
threats  of  death,  to  accept  arms  and  throw  themselves,  about  three 
hundred  in  number,  into  Fort  Beause  jour— not  a  beau  sejour  to  them. 
So  repugnant  was  this  to  their  inclinations  and  desires,  that  while  the 
fort  was  invested  by  the  English,  many  of  them  escaped  to  the  English 

*  Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  83. 

t Murdoch,  Vol.  L,  p.  411  ;  II,  pp.  18,  42,  73,  106.     Hannay,  p.  349. 


136  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

lines  ;  seventeen  of  them  were  arrested  in  attempts  to  escape  and  brought 
back,  and  the  great  body  of  them  when  the  crisis  came  refused  to  fight, 
so  that  the  besiegers  gained  an  easy  and  comparatively  bloodless  victory. 

In  consequence  of  this  unswerving  attachment  to  their  oath  in  a  time 
of  crucial  trial  and  extreme  difficulty,  one  of  the  terms  of  the  capitulation 
granted  to  the  garrison  by  Moncton  reads  as  follows :  "  As  to  the 
Acadians,  as  they  were  forced  to  bear  arms  under  pain  of  death  they 
shall  be  pardoned."  Lawrence  professed  to  regard  this  as  meaning  that 
they  should  be  exempted  from  the  death  penalty  only,  from  which  it  is 
not  a  very  strained  inference  that  he  would  have  felt  himself  justified 
in  ordering  them  to  military  execution  but  for  this  stipulation,  whereas 
Col.  Moncton  evidently  regarded  them  as  guilty  of  no  offence  whatever. 
And  yet  this  crime,  if  crime  it  can  be  called,  with  which  the  French  in  the 
other  settlements  were  in  nowise  connected,  was  the  sole,  actual  pretext 
for  a  sentence  of  irretrievable  disaster  and  ruin  against  every  Acadian 
of  every  age  and  sex  in  the  whole  peninsula,  not  only  in  the  vicinity 
of  Forts  Beausejour  and  Beaubassin,  but  from  Piziquid  (Windsor)  to  Port 
Royal  ;  aye,  further,  away  at  its  western  extremity  at  Pubiiico,  a  little 
community  founded  by  the  D'Entremonts  and  Latours  of  noble  lineage 
and  historic  fame,  perfectly  isolated  and  absolutely  harmless,  innocent  and 
ignorant  of  what  was  going  on  in  the  world  outside  the  bounds  of  their 
circumscribed  horizon,  were,  by  a  decree  unspeakably  atrocious,  eternally 
disgracing  our  provincial  annals,  condemned  to  share  the  same  awful 
fate.*  With  humiliation  and  shame  we  must  acknowledge  that  Sabine 
was  right :  "  Darker  deeds  have  seldom  been  done." 

After  the  surrender  of  Beausejour,  Lawrence  wrote  to  the  Lords  of 
Trade  and  Plantations,  under  date  June  28th,  1755,  that  the  "deserted 
Acadians  " — referring  ostensibly  to  those  who  were  found  at  Beausejour 
— were  delivering  up  their  arms,  and  that  he  had  given  Colonel  Moncton 
orders  to  "  drive  them  out  of  the  country  at  all  events,  first  making  use 
of  their  labour  to  do  all  the  service  in  their  power ;"  to  which  the 
Secretary  of  State,  under  date  August  13th,  replied,  criticising  the 
Governor's  letter  for  its  ambiguity  as  to  the  particular  Acadians  he 
proposed  to  expel — whether  the  three  hundred  or  all  those  who  lived  near 
Beausejour,  or  all  who  lived  in  the  peninsula,  and  expressing  disapproval 
of  such  a  step  as  to  either  body,  because  a  partial  measure  of  harshness 
might  exasperate  those  who  remained  into  acts  of  rebellion,  and  to 
make  it  universal  would  increase  the  forces  of  the  French  king.  The 
British  Government,  with  nearly  fifty  years  of  experience  as  their 
guide,  thought  it  the  wiser  course  that  they  should  remain  even  as 
neutrals.  The  king's  ministers,  who  were  themselves  the  very  guardians 
of  England's  honour,  and  champions  of  England's  sovereignty,  and 

*  Nova  Scotia  Archives,  p.  300. 


HISTORY    OF    ANNAPOLIS.  137 

certainly  the  best,  as  well  as  the  authoritative,  judges,  did  not  see  as 
Murdoch,  writing  a  hundred  years  later,*  saw,  that  "  such  a  neutrality 
as  had  been  suffered,  but  never  sanctioned,  by  the  British  Government, 
was  wholly  incompatible  with  its  just  rights  of  sovei*eignty,  and  that  all 
measures  requisite  to  end  it,  to  bring  the  land  and  all  its  dwellers  under 
unconditional  submission  to  the  laws  of  the  Empire,  were  now  essential 
to  the  dignity  of  the  nation,  and  to  the  preservation  of  its  territory." 
That  Governor  Lawrence's  step  had  become  necessary  to  the  honour, 
dignity  and  interests  of  the  nation,  is  indeed  a  favourite  argument ;  but 
the  alleged  necessity  the  British  Government  utterly  failed  to  perceive. 
Except  in  the  imagination  of  modern  apologists,  no  such  a  necessity 
ever  existed,  or  the  Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantations  would  have  been 
the  first  to  perceive  it,  as  well  as  the  only  ones  authorized  to  take 
cognizance  of  it.  Referring  to  a  proposition  then  recently  made  by  the 
French  minister  at  London,  that  in  view  of  the  complications  created  by 
the  lapse  of  so  long  a  period,  thrde  years  should  be  given  the  Acadians  in 
which  to  arrange  for  and  accomplish  their  departure  and  migration  to 
the  new  abodes  they  might  decide  upon,  the  Secretary  of  State  further 
said  :  "  In  regard  to  the  three  years'  transmigration  proposed  for  the 
Acadians  of  the  peninsula,  it  would  be  depriving  Great  Britain  of  a  very 
considerable  number  of  useful  subjects  if  such  transmigration  should 
extend  to  those  who  were  inhabitants  there  at  the  time  of  the  treaty, 
and  their  descendants."  This  indicates  the  opinion  of  the  king's  advisers 
touching  the  "just  rights  of  sovereignty,"  and  the  "dignity  of  the 
nation,"  which  it  is  now  contended  were  involved. 

From  these  utterances  it  is  abundantly  clear  that  the  Lords  of  Trade 
understood  Lawrence  as  proposing  only  to  put  into  effect  the  migration 
contemplated  by  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht ;  it  never  entered  into  the  hearts 
or  brains  of  any  of  that  body  to  conceive  or  imagine  the  unique  scene 
of  woe  and  horror,  upon  which,  in  the  king's  name,  he  was  about  to  lift 
the  curtain.  William  of  Orange,  before  he  placed  his  sign-manual  to 
the  atrocious  order  which  doomed  Mclan  and  his  clansmen  to  the  sword, 
was  by  the  victim's  ruthless  enemy  kept  uninformed  of  the  fact  that 
they  had,  although  tardily,  made  the  required  submission.  Less  guilty 
than  he,  King  George  and  his  councillors  knew  nothing  whatever  of  the 
diabolical  scheme  of  their  representative  in  Nova  Scotia ;  and  before 
Secretary  Robinson's  despatch  had  time  to  reach  Halifax,  the  appalling 
purpose  had  been  successfully  accomplished,  and  a  stain  left  on  the 
escutcheon  of  Nova  Scotia  that  can  never  be  effaced. 

It  is  a  subject  of  speculation  what  could  have  prompted  the  provincial 
authorities  to  design  and  carry  out  a  measure  of  such  supreme  impor- 
tance on  their  own  responsibility.  The  victims  were  admittedly  "  useful 

*  Murdoch's  "Nova  Scotia,"  Vol.  II.,  p.  287. 


138  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

subjects";  for  forty  years  they  had,  as  a  body,  kept  inviolate  the  qualified 
oath  submitted  to  and  accepted  by  them  in  lieu  of  the  privilege  of  remov- 
ing with  their  effects  to  foreign  territory.  Lieutenant-Governor  Caulfield 
had  testified,  "I  have  always  observed  since  my  coming  here,  the  for- 
wardness of  the  Acadians  to  serve  us  when  occasion  offered."  If  they 
had  refrained  from  working  at  or  supplying  the  fort  at  Annapolis,  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  had  aided  Du  Vivier  in  his  attempt  on  it,  his  capture 
of  the  fort  would  have  put  their  destiny  into  their  own  hands,  and  the 
long-sought-for  opportunity  of  transplanting  their  homes  to  new  shores 
would  have  arrived.  They  could  have  removed  with  their  effects  to  Cape 
Breton  or  St.  John  Island,  to  Canada,  perhaps  even  to  Louisiana,  or  the 
land  of  their  fathers,  old  France,  in  comfort  and  at  their  leisure.  But  as 
we  have  seen,  they  withstood  all  his  attempts  upon  their  good  faith  and 
integrity.  Only  five  years  before  their  dispersion,  Governor  Hopson  had 
written  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  "  Mr.  Cornwallis  can  inform  your  Lord- 
ships how  useful  and  necessary  these  people  are  to  us ;  how  impossible 
it  is  to  do  without  them,  or  to  replace  them,  even  if  we  had  other  settlers 
to  put  in  their  places."  Lawrence  had  none  to  put  in  their  places,  and 
no  prospect  of  any.*  Two  years  still  later  Hopson  had  written,  "  I 
hope  I  may  not  be  directed  to  send  out  those  (foreign  Protestant  settlers) 
we  have,  to  settle  anywhere  among  the  French  inhabitants,  for  I  have 
sufficient  reason  to  be  assured,  was  that  to  be  done,  the  latter  would 
immediately  quit  the  Province."  Finally,  we  have  the  conviction  of 
Governor  Lawrence  himself,  asserted  in  a  letterf  to  the  Board  of 
Trade,  of  August  1st,  1854:  "I  believe  a  very  large  part  of  the 
inhabitants  would  submit  to  any  terms  rather  than  take  up  arms  on 
either  side,"  and  he  had  seen  this  conviction  verified  by  the  conduct  of 
the  three  hundred  who  were  forced  into  Fort  Beausejour.  Therefore, 
the  motive  of  fear  that  they  might,  on  a  favourable  opportunity,  join  the 
English,  could  have  had  no  rational  existence,  although  in  defence  of 
the  act,  as  well  in  justification  of  the  deportation  later  of  others  and  of 
some  who  had  returned,  what  they  might  do,  rather  than  what  they  had 
done,  was  always  urged  as  the  ground  and  reason  for  their  punishment. 
What,  therefore,  could  have  been  the  real  motive  of  Governor  Lawrence 
long  baffled  my  judgment  and  imagination  ;  and  I  was  startled  when  the 
potent  one  suggested  by  the  author  of  "  Acadia  "  met  my  eyes.  Without 
adopting  or  rejecting  that  painful  theory.  I  will  state  it.  He  holds 
that  the  Governor  and  his  Council  were  inspired  by  purely  mercenary 
motives,  and  mentions  in  support  of  this  view  that  no  account  was  ever 
rendered  by  Lawrence  of  the  proceeds  of  the  live  stock  of  the  Acadians, 
which  was  of  enormous  value,  and  that  grants  of  twenty  thousand  acres 

*Nova  Scotia  Archives,  p.  197.         t  Id.  p.  214. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  139 

of  land  each  *  were  soon  after  made  to  members  of  his  Council,  and  other 
favourites  and  abettors,  including  the  very  valuable  lands  left  tenantless 
by  the  Acadians.  The  former  of  these  two  circumstances  was  mentioned 
in  a  memorial  against  Lawrence  by  a  number  of  the  citizens  of  Halifax, 
whose  agent,  Ferdinand  John  Paris,  in  a  letter  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  in 
1758,  placed  the  amount  realized  by  him  from  this  source  at  about 
£20,000. 

At  Grand  Pre  adequate  means  of  preserving  the  live  stock  from 
destruction  were  not  available,  for  although  an  attempt  was  made  with 
only  partial  success  to  drive  some  of  the  horses  and  cattle  through  to 
Lunenburg,  when  the  English  settlers  in  Kings  County  arrived  they 
found  at  the  skirts  of  the  forest  huge  heaps  of  bones  of  the  sheep  and 
cattle  that  huddled  together  to  die  of  cold  and  starvation  after  the 
hands  that  used  to  minister  to  their  wants  had  been  withdrawn.!  As- 
for  the  lands  rendered  vacant,  "  they  were  immediately  occupied  by  the 
English, "J  who  appropriated  at  once  the  enormous  harvests  with  which 
they  teemed,  although  no  English-speaking  colonists  came  to  permanently 
settle  them  for  several  years.  The  memorial  just  cited  charges  Law- 
rence with  many  acts  of  tyranny  and  oppression  against  the  citizens.  $ 
Certain  it  is  that  on  the  day  after  the  imprisonment  of  the  first  batch  of 
Acadian  delegates  he  issued  a  proclamation  denouncing  severe  penalties 
upon  "  any  person  or  persons,"  who  "  should  presume  to  utter,  publish 
and  declare  any  insinuations  or  reports  reflecting  on  the  administration 
of  the  Government." 

As  to  the  character  (jf  Governor  Lawrence  it  may  be  best  judged  of 
by  his  policy  and  methods.  It  would  be  absurd  to  question  his  ardent 
zeal  for  the  substantial  interests  of  the  Government  whose  servant  he 
was,  but  any  conscientious  scruple  as  to  the  means  to  be  used,  or  any 
tenderness  of  regard  for  the  honour  and  credit  of  that  Government 
confided  to  his  keeping,  was  a  stranger  to  his  breast.  The  steps  which 
he  took  to  fill  up  the  depeopled  country  were  wise  and  energetic.  But 
he  had  the  disposition  of  a  tyrant  toward  those  who  had  the  misfortune 
to  be  subject  to  his  authority  ;  and  his  opposition  to  the  scheme  of 
establishing  a  legislature  in  the  Province  was  characteristic.  In  fact,  he 
was  desirous  of  reducing  the  colony  to  military  rule.  Deep  in  his  plans, 
and  resolute  in  pursuing  the  most  direct  course  that  would  lead  to  their 
accomplishment,  he  was  capable  of  carrying  out  the  most  cruel  measures 
without  the  least  twinge  of  human  compunctions,  or  sensation  of 
generous  emotions.  His  proclamation  offering  rewards  for  Indian  scalps, 


*  Murdoch,  Vol.  II. ,  p.  528  ;  Haliburton,  Vol.  II. ,  p.  101. 
t/rf.  Vol.  II.,  p.  121. 
lid.  Vol.  II.,  p.  100. 

§See  Richard,   Appendix   Vol.    II.,   p.    364,  from  the  Brown  MSS.    in    British 
Museum. 


140  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

graduated  according  to  the  age  and  sex  of  the  victim,  is  another  pointed 
index  to  his  character,  as  well  as  a  sad  blot  upon  the  pages  of  our 
provincial  history.  Of  these  measures  Murdoch  says :  "  It  is  impossible 
to  read  the  solemn  orders  for  destroying  and  annihilating  the  homes 
and  surroundings  of  our  fellow-creatures,  the  forcible  capture  and  removal 
of  families,  the  rewards  in  money  for  the  scalps  of  an  enemy,  and  many 
other  proceedings  of  those  in  authority  at  this  period,  without  strong 
sensations  of  pain  and  disgust." 

An  awful  story  is  011  record*  of  four  fugitive  Frenchmen  who  had 
escaped  the  deportation,  being  wantonly  shot,  and  their  scalps  repre- 
sented as  scalps  of  Indians  to  secure  the  reward.  Again,  a  still  more 
horrible  tale  :  Twenty-five  scalps  were  offered,  some  of  which  there  was 
reason  to  suppose  might  have  been  of  fugitive  French  Captain 
Huston,  then  paymaster,  -objected  to  such  proceedings,  but  Colonel 
Montague  Wilmot,  afterwards  governor,  ordered  the  money  to  be  paid, 
on  the  ground  that  the  French  were  in  point  of  law  out  of  the  country, 
and  if  the  authority  granted  by  the  proclamation  were  "strained  a 
little,"  the  transgression  'might  be  winked  at.  Murdoch  styles  the  year 
1765  an  "ugly"  year.  I  apply  that  epithet  to  the  whole  period  of  the 
administrations  of  Lawrence,  .Belcher  and  Wilmot. 

Lawrence,  if  not  ignorant  of  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  and 
the  subsequent  early  dealings  with  the  Acadians  under  it,  was  certainly 
indifferent  to  the  obligations  it  imposed  on  the  Crown  for  their  benefit. 
With  the  spirit  of  the  most  severe  among  the  Puritans,  although  not  a 
Puritan  himself,  he  held  in  the  most  thorough  abhorrence  and  contempt 
those  whom  he  called  "  Popish  recusants  "  and  "  the  inveterate  enemies 
to  our  religion  ; "  and  conceived  that  they  had  no  rights  by  treaty  or  the 
laws  of  humanity,  which  an  English  and  Protestant  governor  was  bound 
to  respect.  There  is  every  reason  to  be  assured  that  his  contemporaries 
in  Halifax,  except  a  few  immediate  advisers  and  confidants  to  whom  it 
opened  large  immediate  or  prospective  profit,  disapproved  of  and  revolted 
from  his  atrocious  policy  toward  the  Acadians,  but  in  that  day  any 
expression  of  an  adverse  opinion  would  have  been  deemed  treason.  For 
many  years  every  attempt  at  a  discussion  of  the  question  was  vigorously 
suppressed. 

M.  Richard  on  this  point  quotes  largely  from  a  manuscript  history  of 
the  Province  by  the  Rev.  Andrew  Brown,  D.D.,  a  Scotch  divine  richly 
endued  with  the  historic  spirit,  and  a  man  of  great  learning  and  ability, 
who  came  to  the  Province  in  1785,  and  after  a  pastorate  of  eight  years 
in  Halifax,!  returned  in  1795  to  his  native  land,  and  died  while  filling 


*  Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  141. 

1  Dr.  Brown  was  the  immediate  predecessor  at  St.  Matthew's  Church  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Archibald  Gray,  whose  son,  Rev.  Archibald  Gray,  M.A.,  was  Rector  of  Digby, 
<ind  grandson,  Rev.  W.  S.  Gray,  late  Curate  at  Annapolis. 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  141 

the  chair  of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
Doctor  Brown,  during  his  residence  at  Halifax,  availed  himself  of  the 
opportunity  to  gather  information  from  living  and  reliable  sources,  and 
could  not  fail  to  correctly  gauge  contemporary  opinion  on  the  subject. 
His  own  judgment  was  that,  excepting  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
he  knew  of  no  act  equally  reprehensible  as  the  Acadian  removal  that 
could  be  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  French  nation.  "  In  their  colonies, 
nothing,"  he  said,  "  was  ever  done  that  approaches  it  in  cruelty  and 
atrociousness."  * 

Governor  Lawrence  died  at  Halifax,  October  19th,  1760,  after  a 
week's  illness,  aged  fifty-five,  unmarried,  and  just  in  time  to  escape  an 
official  inquiry  into  the  whole  conduct  of  his  administration,  granted 
in  response  to  petitions  and  memorials  from  the  citizens  of  Halifax, 
repeated  and  pressed  for  over  three  years,  and  supported  by  a  delegate 
to  London  already  mentioned.  This  inquiry,  as  it  appears  by  a  despatch 
from  the  Lords  of  Trade  to  his  successor,  embraced  the  charge  of  encour- 
aging outrages  by  the  disorderly  part  of  the  military  on  the  property 
and  lives  of  the  citizens,  and  "  other  far  greater  enormities  " ;  and  we 
must  assume  that  it  would  have  resulted  in  a  vindication  of  the 
national  honour  and  good  faith  in  respect  to  his  treatment  of  the 
Acadians.  He  was,  however,  buried  at  the  public  expense,  but  a  monu- 
ment ordered  by  the  Legislature  to  be  erected  to  his  memory  in  St. 
Paul's  Church,  recording  in  some  particulars  "  not  what  he  was,  but 
what  he  should  have  been,"  is  now  "not  to  be  found  among  those  that 
adorn  the  walls"!  of  that  historic  temple. 

The  number  of  the  French  deported  from  this  county  was  about  sixteen 
hundred  and  fifty.  At  given  signals  the  torch  was  applied  to  their  houses 
and  barns,  and  from  Moschelle  to  Paradise,  and  from  Goat  Island  east- 
ward to  the  township  line,  the  landscape  was  soon  wrapt  in  smoke  and 
flame,  and  next  day  only  blackened  chimney  stacks  and  cellar  walls 
marked  the  recent  abodes  in  peace  and  plenty  of  an  industrious  and  happy 
population.  A  considerable  number  in  the  eastern  section  managed  to 
escape  into  the  woods  with  a  few  cattle ;  of  these,  some,  attempting  to 
form  a  settlement  on  the  shores  of  St.  Mary's  Bay,  were  dislodged  in 
1757  ;  others  eked  out  a  precarious  subsistence  in  the  woods,  until  at 
length  they  joined  the  settlement  which  the  returning  exiles  founded 
in  the  western  end  of  the  county.  Those  who  managed  to  cross  the  bay, 
and  took  refuge  with  the  French  on  the  Miramichi,  belonged  mostly  to 
the  settlements  on  the  north  side  of  the  river.  Hannay's  estimate  that 
two-thirds  of  the  exiles  eventually  returned  to  the  Province  is  obviously 
extravagant.  Shipwreck,  disease  and  want  would  tell  enormously  on  a 
people  of  their  habits,  and  be  fatal  to  the  sick  and  aged  of  any  people^ 

*  Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  149.         t  Akins. 


142  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

and  the  young  children  who  came  in  with  the  returning  exiles  must 
have  been  born  during  the  exile,  for  parents  in  some  few  cases  succeeded 
in  effecting  a  reunion  although  they  could  not  re-establish  a  home.  By 
permission  of  the  author  I  copy  the  following  from  Richard's  "  Acadia," 
Vol.  II.,  p.  325  : 

"  When  peace  was  concluded  in  1763"  (I  am  quoting,  with  slight  additions  of  my 
-own,  from  Rameau),  "out  of  about  6,500  Acadians  who  had  been  deported  to  the 
United  States,  there  remained  a  little  more  than  one-half.  Often  had  they  in  vain 
begged  the  authorities  to  allow  them  to  leave  the  place  of  their  exile  ;  but  after  the 
peace  their  homeward  rush  was  resistless.  Divers  groups  made  for  Canada,  where 
they  settled,  some  at  1'Acadie,  near  St.  John,  P.Q. ,  others  at  St.  Gregoire,  Nicolet, 
and  Becancour,  in  the  District  of  Three  Rivers,  and  others  at  St  Jacques  1'Achigan, 
in  all  of  which  places  they  formed  rich  and  prosperous  parishes. 

"  Those  who  had  not  been  able  to  join  this  exodus,  met  together  three  years  later, 
in  the  spring  of  1766,  at  Boston,  with  the  intention  of  wending  their  way  back  to 
their  lost  and  lamented  Acadia.  There  then  remained  in  foreign  lands  only  a  small 
minority,  riveted  to  the  spot  by  infirmity  or  extreme  want.  We  must,  however, 
except  those  who  had  been  deported  to  Maryland,  where  the  presence  of  English 
Catholics  and  of  a  few  priests  had  made  their  lot  less  intolerable,  and  where  some  of 
their  descendants  may  still  be  found. 

"  The  heroic  caravan  "  which  formed  in  Boston  and  determined  to  cross  the  forest 
wilderness  of  Maine  on  its  return  to  Acadia,  was  made  up  of  about  eight  hundred 
persons.  "  On  foot,  and  almost  without  provisions,  these  pilgrims  braved  the  perils 
and  fatigues  of  a  return  by  land,  marching  up  the  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  as  far 
as  the  isthmus  of  Shediac,  across  six  hundred  miles  of  forest  and  uninhabited  moun- 
tains ;  some  pregnant  women  of  this  pitiful  band'  were  confined  on  the  way.  I 
have  known  some  of  the  sons  of  these  children  of  sorrow,  who  told  me  this  story  as 
they  had  it  from  their  fathers,  born  in  the  course  of  this  painful  journey. 

' '  No  one  will  ever  know  all  that  these  unfortunate  people,  forsaken  and  forgotten 
by  everybody,  suffered  as  they  hewed  their  way  through  the  wilderness  ;  the  many 
years  gone  by  have  long  since  stifled  the  echoes  of  their  sighs  in  the  forest,  which 
itself  has  disappeared  ;  all  the  woes  of  these  hapless  beings  are  now  lost  in  the 
shadows  of  the  past  ;  others  are  joyously  reaping  harvests  on  their  obliterated 
camping  grounds,  and  there  hardly  remains  aught  but  a  few  dim  traditions  of  this 
sublime  and  sorrowful  exodus  scattered  among  the  fireside  tales  of  aged  Acadians  on 
the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

''In  the  wild  paths  that  wound  in  and  out  through  the  interminable  forests  of 
Maine,  this  long  line  of  emigrants  walked  painfully  on  ;  there  were  small  groups  of 
women  and  children,  dragging  the  slender  baggage  of  misery,  while  the  men, 
scattering  hither  and  thither,  sought  in  the  chase,  in  fishing  and  even  among  wild 
roots,  something  wherewith  to  feed  them.  There  were  very  small  children,  who 
were  hardly  able  to  walk  and  were  led  by  the  hand,  the  larger  children  carrying 
them  from  time  to  time  ;  many  of  these  unfortunate  mothers  held  an  infant  in 
their  arms,  and  the  cries  of  these  poor  babes  were  the  only  sound  that  broke  the 
gloomy  and  dismal  silence  of  the  woods. 

"How  many  died  on  the  way,  children,  women  and  even  men?  How  many 
breathed  their  last,  overpowered  by  weariness,  suffering  from  hunger,  sitting  down 
to  be  forgotten  forever  in  some  wild  path,  without  priest,  without  consolation, 
without  friends  ?  The  last  agony  of  death  was  embittered,  for  these  innocent 
victims,  by  all  the  anguish  of  regret  and  neglect. 

"  While  this  sorrowful  caravan  advanced,  some  indeed  were  found  whose  failing 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  143 

strength  refused  to  carry  them  any  farther  ;  however,  all  did  not  succumb,  and  one 
after  another  a  few  groups  remained  along  the  road  to  form  the  nuclei  of  future 
colonies.  It  was  thus  that,  on  the  banks  of  the  River  St.  John,  several  families 
fixed  their  abode  amid  the  ruins  of  the  settlements  formerly  occupied  by  the  French 
in  this  district,  where,  in  the  ancient  fief  of  Jemsek  [of  which  La  Tour  had  been  the 
owner]  and  in  that  of  Ekoupag,  some  few  Acadian  families  still  dwelt. 

"  When  the  column  of  exiles,  thinned  out  by  the  fatigues  of  the  journey,  reached 
the  banks  of  the  Petitcodiac,  they  had  been  four  months  on  the  road.  There,  at 
length,  they  could  taste  a  few  moments  of  repose  and  consolation  ;  the  first  to  colne 
out  at  the  foot  of  the  wooded  mountain-range  along  this  river  met  there  some  men, 
half-hunters,  half-husbandmen,  who  spoke  their  language,  and  among  whom  they 
were  not  slow  to  recognize  fellow-countrymen  and  relatives.  This  was  the 
remnant  of  the  former  inhabitants  of  Memramcook,  Chipody  and  the  isthmus  of 
Shediac.  .  .  .  Buildings  and  clearings  were  already  to  be  seen  along  the  river 
bank,  when  the  band  of  captives  returning  from  the  United  States  joined  them  at 
the  close  of  the  summer  of  '1766'.  [How  touching  must  have  been  the  meeting, 
after  a  separation  of  eleven  years,  of  these  beings  whose  hearts  were  wrung  by  a 
common  calamity  !  Here,  at  least,  the  wayfarers  could  rest  for  a  moment  in  peace 
after  their  excessive  fatigues,  without  any  risk  of  rebuff  or  ill-will  from  indifferent 
or  hostile  strangers.]  The  friends  they  had  just  found  again  were  themselves  very 
poor,  but  their  welcome  was  cordial  and  sympathetic. 

"  Unfortunately,  after  this  first  burst  of  joy,  they  had  to  suffer  a  great  heaviness 
of  heart.  They  had  cherished  the  hope  that,  away  on  the  other  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,'  at  Beausejour,  Beaubassin,  Grand  Pre,  Port  Royal,  they  would  find  once 
more  their  lands  and  perhaps  their  houses,  that  they  might  be  allowed  to  settle  on 
the  farms  that  were  not  yet  occupied  ;  but  they  soon  realized  that  all  this  was 
a  dream ;  everything  had  been  allotted  to  their  persecutors  or  to  new  colonists. 
The  great  and  painful  journey  they  had  just  made  was  now  useless  ;  they  had  no 
longer  either  home  or  country  !  These  discouraging  tidings  overwhelmed  most  of 
them  :  they  were  utterly  worn  out,  and,  without  seeking  to  advance,  they  remained 
on  the  very  spot  to  which  Providence  had  led  them. 

"  However,  a  certain  number  of  them  could  not  believe  that  all  was  lost  and  that 
they  were  hopelessly  despoiled  of  those  rich  lands,  formerly  wrested  from  the  sea 
by  the  laborious  skill  of  their  forefathers.  Fifty  or  sixty  families,  men,  women  and 
children,  once  more  set  out ;  they  rounded  the  innermost  shore  of  the  old  Baie 
Fran9aise,  which  had  become  Fundy  Bay  ;  they  visited  in  turn  Beaubassin,  Piziquit 
and  Grand  Pr6 ;  but  Beausejour  was  now  called  Cumberland ;  Beaubassin, 
Amherst ;  Cobequid  had  taken  the  name  of  Truro  ;  Piziquit  that  of  Windsor,  and 
Grand  Pr6  was  named  Horton.  Everything  was  changed !  English  names,  English 
villages,  English  inhabitants,  wherever  they  appeared  they  looked  like  ghosts  come 
back  from  a  past  age  ;  nobody  had  thought  of  them  for  a  long  time. 

"  The  children  were  frightened  at  them,  the  women  and  the  men  were  annoyed 
as  by  a  threatening  spectre  from  the  grave,  everybody  was  angry  with  them,  and 
the  poor  wretches  dragged  themselves  from  village  to  village,  worried  and  worn  out 
by  fatigue,  hunger  and  cold,  and  a  despair  that  grew  at  every  halting-place  ;  the  last 
was  Port  Royal  [Annapolis],  where  the  same  irritation  on  the  one  hand  and  the 
same  disappointment  on  the  other  were  repeated. 

"  Yet,  what  was  to  be  done  with  this  caravan  of  poor  people  in  rags,  weary  unto 
death,  crushed  by  want  and  grief  ?  The  officers  of  the  garrison  adopted  the  plan  of 
conducting  them  a  little  farther  south,  on  St.  Mary's  Bay,  the  unoccupied  shores  of 
which  were  lined  with  vast  forests.  The  wretched  Acadians,  driven  to  exhaustion 


144  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

and  despair  by  so  many  misfortunes,  not  knowing  whither  to  go,  allowed  them- 
selves to  be  led,  and  so  ended  by  stranding  on  this  desert  shore,  where  lands  were 
granted  to  them  on  December  23rd,  1767.  Thus,  without  counting  the  long  tramps 
they  had  to  undertake  to  meet  together  in  Boston,  they  had  traversed  on  foot  a 
distance  of  about  a  thousand  miles  before  reaching  the  end  of  their  journey. 

"  The  most  cruel  crosses  do  not  always  wholly  crush  human  energy  ;  the  calm 
after  the  tempest,  the  faintest  glimmer  of  hope  reviving,  allow  our  eased  spirits  to 
cling  once  more  to  life,  to  resume  work  and  make  a  fresh  start.  Under  pressure  of 
necessity  these  xinfortimate  outcasts  raised  log-huts  ;  they  took  to  fishing  and 
hunting  ;  they  began  to  clear  the  land,  and  soon  out  of  the  felled  trees  some  roughly- 
built  houses  were  put  up.  [Such  was  the  origin  of  the  colony  that  now  covers  all 
the  western  portion  of  the  peninsula.] 

"During  many  subsequent  years  there  were  numerous  migrations.  Acadians 
arrived  from  France,  from  the  West  Indies,  from  Loxiisiana,  Canada,  and  the 
United  .States,  going  from  one  settlement  to  another  in  search  of  a  father,  a 
mother,  a  brother,  a  relative  whose  whereabouts  they  had  not  yet  found.  Often 
death  had  claimed  the  long-sought  one;  sometimes,  on  the  other  hand,  he  that  was 
supposed  to  be  dead,  was  unexpectedly  discovered.  Slowly  the  scattered  members 
of  one  family  succeeded,  not  infrequently,  in  all  getting  together  once  more.  Those 
who  were  in  better  circumstances  collected  their  poorer  brethren  around  them  ;  the 
bereavements  of  the  past  were  gradually  softened  by  new  ties,  and  finally  each  group 
took  on  the  aspect  of  a  distinct  and  homogeneous  community." 


APPENDIX    TO    CHAPTER    IX. 

Among  the  settlements  laid  waste  were  two  flourishing  villages  separ- 
ated from  each  other  by  the  Bloody  Creek  brook,  Robicheauville  on  the 
east,  and  St.  Andre  Emanuel  on  the  west  side,  names  now  no  longer 
surviving  in  those  localities. 


CHAPTER   X. 

THE  TOWNSHIP  OF  ANNAPOLIS. 

1755-1775. 

Description  of  the  township — Evans'  journal — Passengers  by  the  Charming  Molly 
—Census  of  1768  and  1770— State  of  township  in  1763— Social  aspects,  1770-80 
— Appendix — Names  of  grantees  in  grant  of  1759. 

THIS  township  is  the  oldest  in  the  county,  and  embraces  within  its 
boundaries  over  one  hundred  thousand  acres,  being  bounded  on 
the  north  by  the  Annapolis  River ;  on  the  east  by  a  line  commencing  at 
a  point  one  mile  to  the  eastward  from  the  Nictau  River,  and  thence 
running  south  10°  east  (magnetic)  seven  miles ;  thence  south  72°  west 
to  the  eastern  bounds  of  the  township  of  Clements,  and  thence  northward 
by  the  course  of  the  said  bounds  to  the  Annapolis  River.  It  consists 
of  two  nearly  parallel  districts,  of  quite  unequal  dimensions,  differing 
from  each  other  in  geological  character,  quality  of  soil  and  general 
aspects.  That  division  which  lies  between  the  river  boundary  on  the 
north,  and  the  heights  of  the  South  Mountains  on  the  south,  and  which 
extends  throughout  its  whole  length  in  a  direction  nearly  east  and  west, 
contains  much  rich  marsh,  meadow  and  uplands,  admirably  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  hay,  root  and  fruit  crops,  all  of  which  are  successfully 
and  largely  cultivated.  The  soils  in  this  district  are  very  various, 
consisting  of  clays,  loams,  grey  and  red  sands  and  alluvia,  each 
possessing  its  peculiar  excellence,  and  are  especially  suited  to  the 
growth  of  particular  productions.  The  appearance  of  this  portion  of 
the  township  in  June  and  September  is  very  beautiful.  In  the  former 
month  the  extensive  orchards  are  all  ablaze  with  blossoms  of  every  hue 
and  fragrance,  and  in  the  latter  the  ripening  fruit  delights  the  eye  with 
a  scene  which  cannot  be  easily  equalled  in  colour  or  abundance.  The 
chief  highway,  through  its  'whole  length  from  Torbrook  to  Clements, 
passes  through  an  almost  continuous  succession  of  apple  orchards. 
Long  before  the  New  England  immigrants  took  possession  of  these  lands, 
their  French  predecessors  had  set  them  an  example  in  orcharding,  which, 
happily  for  us,  they  were  not  slow  to  follow ;  the  results  of  which  have 
10 


146  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

now  culminated  in  a  production  undreamed  of  by  our  ancestors,  and 
have  become  an  element  of  wealth  not  to  be  overestimated,  and  which  is 
annually  becoming  more  developed  and  valuable. 

The  other  section  of  this  township — that  lying  south  of  the  mountain 
range  above  named — is,  generally  speaking,  a  level  tract  of  country  and 
largely  covered  with  forest.  It  embraces,  however,  several  fine  settle- 
ments within  its  limits,  among  which  may  be  named  those  called  Lake 
La  Rose,  Inglisville,  Roxbury,  Morse  Road,  Bloomington,  etc.  It  is 
generally  well  watered ;  its  chief  streams  being  the  Lequille  River,  in 
the  west,  and  the  Nictau  in  its  eastern  part,  the  historical  Bloody 
Creek  stream,  near  Bridgetown,  and  the  Paradise  River,  with  hundreds 
of  smaller  streams  forcing  their  way  through  depressions  in  the  range  of 
hills  referred  to,  to  the  valley  which  is  drained  by  their  greater  brother— 
the  Taywoapsk  of  the  Micmac— the  Annapolis  River,  which  receives  their 
waters  and  hurries  them  into  the  wide  Atlantic  through  the  Bay  of 
Fundy.  The  minor  streams,  and  the  lakes  which  they  form  in  their 
course,  are  abundantly  stocked  with  trout,  and  white  and  red  perch,  and 
some  of  them  afford  excellent  spawning  ground  for  the  salmon,  which 
continue  to  visit  them,  though  in  largely  diminished  numbers. 

There  are  valuable  deposits  of  iron  ores  at  Nictau,*  which  have  at 
different  times  been  worked  and  abandoned.  These  mines  are  again 
made  the  theatre  of  fresh  operations  under  the  proprietorship  of  a 
wealthy  company,  whose  efforts,  with  the  present  railway  facilities,  are 
meeting  with  the  success  they  so  well  deserve.  This  portion  of  the 
county,  like  all  other  portions  of  it,  is  peopled  with  a  thrifty,  industrious, 
sober,  moral  and  religious  population,  who,  from  year  to  year  continue  to 
add  to  the  material  value  of  their  farms,  and  to  push  forward  the 
development  of  the  natural  resources  which  surround  them.  The  staple 
productions  are  of  an  agricultural,  pomological  and  horticultural  character, 
though  brickmaking,  shipbuilding  and  mining  have  been  by  no  means 
neglected.  The  horticultural  and  pomological  exports  are  only  exceeded 
by  those  of  a  strictly  agricultural  nature  ;  and  the  value  of  the  former  is 
probably  greater  than  that  of  any  other  township  in  the  county.  Its 
inhabitants  are  generally  in  easy  circumstances,  being  free  from  debt 
and  its  consequent  embarrassments,  and  able  to  produce  almost  all  the 
requisites  for  comfortable  living  on  their  own  lands. 

The  former  part  of  this  work  has  been  devoted  to  the  history  of  this 
AS  well  as  other  parts  of  the  county,  from  the  foundation  of  Port  Royal 
in  1604  to  the  forcible  expulsion  of  the  French  inhabitants  in  1755  ;  and 
it  now  becomes  necessary  to  relate  the  facts  which  fill  up  the  interval 
between  the  latter  date  and  1760,  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  settlers 
from  the  continental  colonies  in  the  good  schooner  Charming  Molly. 

*  Nictau,  Nictahk,  a  Micmac  name  meaning  "  The  Forks." 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  147 

There  is  not  much  of  interest  to  record  during  these  four  years.  The 
vacated  French  lands  continued  to  await  the  presence  of  new  occupiers, 
and  to  remain  uncultivated  because  unoccupied.  The  old  town — no 
longer  the  capital — still  continued  to  be  the  dwelling  place  of  several 
people  whose  names  are  intimately  connected  with  the  subject  of  this 
narrative.  Among  these  we  cannot  omit  -to  notice  that  of  Erasmus 
James  Phillips,  of  the  40th  regiment,  who  was  commissary  of  the  garrison 
during  this  period,  and  who  was  afterwards  one  of  the  first  two  members 
for  the  county  chosen  to  represent  the  people  in  the  Assembly ;  nor  that 
of  Ensign  Wolseley,  who  was  store-keeper  in  1754,  and  whose  son  some 
twenty  years  later  married  Margaret,  the  fourth  daughter  of  Joseph 
Winniett,  the  head  of  the  firm  of  Winniett  «fe  Dyson,  the  leading 
merchants  of  the  place.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Wood,*  a  Scotch  gentleman,, 
was  the  chaplain  of  the  garrison  and  Church  of  England  missionary. )l 
Thomas  Handfield  was  commandant  of  the  garrison ;  Oowley  was  chief 
of  the  Engineer  Department  (died  1753).  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Boutein  ;  and  Thomas  Williams,  William  Hussey  and  Benjamin  Rumseyf 
were  in  the  same  department  of  the  service.  The  descendants  of  the 
latter  gentleman — who  was  "  Clerk  of  the  Cheque  " — are  quite  numerous 
in  the  county.  Dyson,  the  merchant  and  partner  of  Winniett,  was 
probably  his  brother-in-law,  as  Winniett's  wife  was  Mary  Dyson.  On 
the  3rd  of  March,  1755,  Dyson  is  charged  with  "having  treated  Mrs. 
Edward  How  and  her  family  with  extraordinary  cruelty  and  violence  "  ; 
and  Governor  Lawrence  required  Handfield  (as  civil  magistrate)  to 
investigate  the  charge.  In  the  same  letter  Lawrence  rebukes  Winniett 
and  Dyson  for  "requesting  permission  to  trade  in  grain." 

On  the  30th  of  the  same  month,  in  the  same  year,  Mr.  Cotterel,  the 
Secretary  of  the  Province,  writes  Messrs.  Winniett  &  Dyson  in  these 
terms  : 

"SECRETARY'S  OFFICE,  30th  March,  1755. 

' '  GENTLEMEN, — I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  Letter  enclosing  a  memorandum 
for  the  Government  which  Mr.  Winniett  desires  may  be  laid  before  the  Council. 
The  Governor  has  the  more  readily  determined  to  do  so  as  it  is  an  affair  of 
importance  ;  as  soon  as  anything  is  determined  thereon  you  may  depend  on  hearing 
from, 

"  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"(Signed),  WILLIAM  COTTEREL. 

"  P.S.— You  may  have  a  permit  for  pease  upon  Bond  to  lay  them  into  the  King's 
Store  at  Annapolis." 

Among  the  very  few  civilians  who  at  this  time  lived  at  Annapolis  was 
John  Easson,  or  Easton — the  latter  is  the  name  given  in  the  papers 

*  See  Census  of  1770,  p.  155. 

t  Benjamin,  Charles  and  Joseph  Rumsey,  of  Granville,  are  his  grandsons. 


148  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

relating  to  him — a  young  Scotchman,  whose  descendants  yet  remain  with 
us  in  considerable  numbers,  and  some  of  them  yet  own  and  occupy 
portions  of  the  520  acres  of  land  granted  to  him  in  1759.  John  Harris, 
Esquire,*  afterwards  a  member  for  the  county,  was  also  a  resident  of 
Annapolis  at  this  time,  and  his  descendants  have  become  very  numerous 
in  the  county  and  are  highly  respected. 

In  consequence  of  the  proclamation  of  Governor  Lawrence,  Mr.  Henry 
Evans,  of  Massachusetts,  was  despatched  to  Halifax  to  ask  for  further 
information  as  to  the  terms  on  which  grants  of  townships  could  be 
obtained,  and  to  report  to  those  who  sent  him  as  their  agent  in  this 
behalf.  In  the  performance  of  this  trust,  Mr.  Evans  kept  a  diary  or 
journal  of  his  proceedings,  which  has  been  preserved  by  his  descendants, 
and  which  will  now  be  given  to  the  public  for  the  first  time,  as  I 
was  kindly  permitted  by  its  late  possessor,  Mr.  R.  J.  Harris,  to  take  a 
verbatim  copy.  Mr.  Evansf  lived  in  or  near  Sudbury,  Mass.,  and  seven- 
teen years  afterwards  was  elected  a  representative  of  the  county.  The 
manuscript  has  been  kept  in  excellent  preservation,  and,  among  other 
things,  furnishes  us  with  the  names  and  number  of  the  families  which 
first  arrived  to  resettle  this  township,  and  many  other  particulars 
concerning  them,  and  is  as  follows  : 

EVANS'  JOURNAL. 
1760. 

April  1  Prepareing  to  go  to  Halifax  to  waite  on  his  Excellency  governor  Lawerence 
and  the  Council,  as  Being  apointed  Agent  for  the  township  of  Annapolis 
Royal,  was  to  take  Passage  in  a  schooner  (Capt.  Watts). 

2  Getting  my  Things,  Bed  &c  on  Board. 

3  Being  fast  Day  was  to  Be  at  the  vessell  at  one  o'clock  which  was  Before 
High  water.     Accordingly  was  at  the  Place.     But  the  vessel  gone  almost 
to  Castell — so  am  Left. 

4  The  wind  came  to  the  N.  East,  went  to  Marblehead,  Thinking  to  have 
seen  Watts  there  But  not  finding  him  yr  and  the  wind  now  at  S.  West  I 
take  Passage  in  a  fishing  schooner  of  about  thirty  Tons,  Bound  to  Bank 
Quereau,  the  Sciper  Promising  to  Putt  Captn.  Bartlett  and  Myself  into 
Merligast  or  Halifax  if  we  will  pay  him  fifteen  dollars  and  four  Galln. 
Rum,  which  amounts  to  19  Dollars  Besides  all  our  Stores  for  ourselves  of 
all  Sorts. 

5  Sailed  from  Marblehead  at   12  o'clock — wind  Fair— next   morning  wind 
headed,  snowed  and  Blew  Very  hard  and  Cold.     I  haveing  no  Bed  But 
the  fishermen's  See  Cloes  to  Ly  on  and  no  fire  in  the  Cabin,  was  Badly  off 
indeed.     Beat  to  windward  till  April  10th,  the  wind  Came  fair  and  Blew 
us  almost  under  water — the  Vessell  all  the  time  full  of  water  on  the  Deck. 

11  at  five  o'clock  in  the  evening  Got  to  Merligash,  the  wind  too  hard,  coold 
not  Proceed  and  we  went  on  shore  and  came  on  Board  again  in  order  to 
Sail  next  morneing  April  12th. 

*  See  memoirs  of  Mr.  Harris  in  another  place. 
t  See  memoirs  of  Mr.  Evans  in  another  place. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  149 

April  12  But  the  Master  not  willing  to  Gary  us  any  Further  Saying  it  might  hinder 
his  Voige  we  went  on  Board  a  Small  Sloop  of  Mr.  Crooks  to  take  Passage 
for  Halifax,  and  Gott  into  a  small  Harbour  this  night,  the  Sloop  Being  not 
fit  to  Be  at  See,  Being  deep  loaded  and  a  Poor  Thing  indeed  it  was,  and 
about  twelve  Passengers  of  Dutch  People. 

13  Being  Sabbith  went  on  Shore — the  wind  high  and  very  Cold — Gott  some 
fish  and  made  a  Diner  on  Shore  with  some  fishermen  who  ware  Driven  into 
Ketch  harbour  as  we  ware.  About  3  P.M.,  sail  and  Rowed  out  of  sd. 
harbour,  and  Gott  to  Meagur's  Beach  and  went  on  Board  a  Small  Schooner 
Belonging  to  the  man  that  Came  with  me  from  Marblehead,  and  went  to 
Halifax  in  her,  and  Gott  to*  this  night,  and  lodged  on  Board  this  night. 

15  a  Very  Bad  Storm  and  I  scarcly  not  able  to  walk.     Did  not  go  out  this 
Day. 

16  waited  on  the  Governor  and  was  Received  kindly.     Shewing  the  Petition 
and  asking  Some  more  favours — most  of  which  I  Gott  granted. 

17  Obtained   the  order   for   two   vessells   and   other   Things   all  which   the 
Governor,   Mr.  Morris  and   myself   minuted   Down  the   heads   and   Mr. 
Morris  went  with  me  to  the  Secetary  to  Draw  in  form  what  they  Could 
grant,  I  requesting  it  in  writing  for  the  Satisf  ation  of  my  Constituents.  — 
Orders  &c. 

18  Was  Busily  Ingaged  In  getting  my  answers  &  orders  Coppey'd  By  the 
Secetary  and  Clark. 

19  Rained — I  wrote  a  letter  to  Annapolis  and  told  them  some  of  the   Pro- 
prietors would   be   there  in  a  month.     Waited   on  the  Secetary  for  my 
Papers  and  on  the  Governor  to  sign  them. 

20  Sunday — Prepareing  for  home.     Coold  not  go  to  Meeting.     Thought  to  go 
in  Cobb.     But  he  not  Going  to  Boston  Directly,  Thought  to  gett  a  Passage 
Sooner  in  Captn.  Hinckley,  I  went  on  Board,  found  he  was  Ready  to  Sail, 
all  but  a  Pass. 

21  Gott  all  things  on  Board — Gott  my  Pass  and  all  my  Papers  Ready  for 
Sailing,  But  a  Storm  Came  on — Staid  till  Daylight. 

22  at  Light  Sailed  and  the  men  of  war  Likewise  out  of  the  harbour — they  for 
Louisburg  and  we  for  Boston. 

Here  the  journal  is  interrupted  by  the  insertion  of  the  following  : 


"  ACC'T  OF  PORTS,  HARBOUKS  AND  CAPES  FROM  HALIFAX  TO  THE 

BAY  OF  FUNDY." 

Jebucto  Head. 

Cape  LeHave. 

East  Passage. 

Sambro    do 

Port  Medway. 

Cape  Sable. 

Ketch  Harbour. 

Port  Saviour. 

West  Passage. 

Sambro     do 

Port  Muttoon. 

Popnico. 

Pearints  do 

Port  Lebair. 

Shag  Harbour. 

Prospect  do 

Port  Jolley. 

tSile  Islands. 

Margarets  Bay. 

Green's  Harbour. 

Tuskett's  do 

Ashmetogett  Hill. 

Port  Roseway. 

Tibouge. 

Mehoun  Bay. 

Cape  Neagro. 

Cape  Forchu. 

Merligash  or 

Port  Latore  or 

Long  Islands  Head. 

Lunenburg  Town. 

Baccro  Point. 

Bay  of  Fundy. 

Name  here  not  legible  in  the  MS. ,  probably  Halifax.         f  Seal. 


150  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

April  22  5  o'clock  p.m.  the  winds  coining  west  and  Blew  so  hard  that  Captain 
thought  Best  with  advice  of  Passengers  (there  being  five  of  us  and  most 
well  acquainted  with  the  Shore)  to  put  into  LeHave  and  did  so  ;  this  night 
wind  west  and  blew  hard  and  next  Day  Lay  in  the  Harbour  and  a  very 
good  one — went  on  Shore,  Gott  more  Ballice  and  Travilled  on  Shore  most 
of  the  Day  But  killed  nothing. 

24  Sailed  from  LeHave  By  Day  Light,     at  4  o'clock  p.  m.  the  wind  headed, 
and  Coold  not  Beat  to  advantage  Putt  into  Metoon  Harbour  which  is 
good  one. 

25  at  four  o'clock  morning  weighed  and  Came  to  Sail.     The  wind  fair  till 
eleven  o'clock  forenoon.     Spoke  with  Captn.  Clustin  in  a  Schooner  for 
Halifax  off  against  Cape  Neagro,  But  no  news.     The  wind  is  ahead  ;  took 
many  tacks,  But  at  night  stood  off  from  the  Shore. 

26  12  o'clock  Saw  a  Schooner  to  the  Leeward  and  although  to  windward  off 
against  Sile  Islands,  wind  south,  did  not  Speak  with  them. 

27  Most  of  this  Day  Calm.     Shifting  winds — night  Thunder  and  Lightning 
and  some  rain. 

28  Small  Brease — Had  a  Good  observation — Little  past  12  Saw  Cape  Cod  at 
S.  west — wind  ahead  or  Calm  the  afternoon  and  night — Gott  by  morning 
off  Cape  Cod. 

30     in   the   morning   off   against   Moniment   at   7   o'clock,    the    entrance    of 

Plymouth  harbour.     12  off  against  Marshfield  and  Calm.     5  p.m.  wind 

Sprung  up  and  Came  to  the  Lite-house,  By  Sun  Down ;  and  at  10  run  on 

the  Rocks  of  Castell,  Butt  Gott  off. 

May     1     at  one  o'clock  in  the  morning  Gott  to  Boston,  the  Boate  Bringing  me  on 

Shore  finding  the  family  well,  &c. 
2     Went  to  Sudbury. 

5  Chartered  the  schooner  Charming  Molly,  Captain  Grow. 

6  went  to  Framingham — meeting  of  Proprietors. 
15     the  Vessel  Ready  to  Sail,  But  waits  for  a  wind. 

23  in  the  morning  the  wind  fair  and  the  Vessell  sailed  for  Annapolis  Royal. 

26  at  night  a  Bad  storm  on  Shore— Boston. 

June    5  Capt.  Grow  returned  to  Boston. 

19  Sailed  again  for  Annapolis. 

25  arrived  at  Annapolis  Royall. 

28  Captn.  Grow  sailed  Back  for  Boston. 

July  9  had  a  meeting  of  the  Proprietors* — Entered  on  the  Public  Service  Being 
Chosen  one  of  the  Committee  for  Laying  out  Lands,  and  town  Committee 
&  Treasurer  of  the  Town. 

Aug.  27  Finished  Laying  out  Lotts  for  the  first  Settlers. 

Oct.      6  Began  to  Lay  out  Lotts  for  second  Settlers. 

Nov.     1  at  Night  made  an  End  at  Present. 

14  Began  my  house. 

18  a  Grate  Snow  came  on. 

28  a  Ship  Came  in  with  Relief  for  the  Geri.     (Garrison — W.A.C.) 

Then  follows  "A  List  of  Names  of  Passengers  for  annapolis  Royall  on 
Board  the  Charming  Molly,  May  17th,  1760." 

Jonathan  Thayer.  Nathaniel  Rawson.  Jonathan  Church. 

Gideon  Albe.  Samuel  Perkins.  Benjamin  Mason. 

*  At  Annapolis  ? 


HISTORY  OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


151 


*Isaac  Kent. 

Stephen  Rice. 

Daniel  Sumner. 

Joseph  Mershall. 
*  Thomas  Hooper 

wife,  sons  &  3  daughters. 

William  Williams. 

John  Hill. 
*Abner  Morse. 


*Ebenezer  Felch. 

Thomas  Damon. 

John  Damon. 

Edmund  Damon. 

William  Curtis  &  wife. 

Daniel  Moore. 
*Samuel  Bent. 
*Uriah  Clark. 
*  Samuel  Morse. 


*  Michael  Spurr  &  wife 

3  sons  and  3  daughters. 
John  Winslow. 

*  John  Whitman. 
Michael  Law. 
John  Bacon. 

*Daniel  Felch. 
*Benjamin  Rice. 
*Beriah  Rice. 


In  all  forty-five  souls.  To  this  "  List "  is  appended  the  following 
interesting  statement  showing  the  number  and  description  of  the  cattle 
which  were  brought  in  the  Charming  Molly  with  the  names  of  those  to 
whom  they  belonged  : 

Oxen.  Cows.    Horses.    Sheep.    Swine. 

Jonathan  Thayer 2 

Gideon  Albe  2          

*flsaac  Kent 2          1 

*Michael  Spurr    , 2 

John  Winslow   .  .    2 


1 


*Deacon  (John)  Whitman.  .2 

Daniel  Moore,  jun 2  1 

'Daniel  Sumner 2  1 

*Beriah  Rice    2  2 

* Abner  Morse 2  2 

Total  ..           ...*..  16  11 


10 


1 


saow  bigg  with  piggs, 
4  calves  and  6  lambs. 


1(3  yrs... 
_  old.)  _ 

2         10 


1    6  lambs,  7  small  cattle. 


In  addition  to  these  we  add,  "one  dog,  stores,  chests,  casks,  and  utentials  such 
as  carts,  wheals,  plows,  etc." 

The  following  memorandum  copied  from  this  MS.  seems  to  give  some 
of  the  names  of  those  settlers  who  arrived  somewhat  later  in  the  summer 
of  1760  : 

Oxen.    Cows.    Horses.    Sheep. 

Captain  Phineas  Lovett 2          2          1         20 

Obadiah  Wheelock 8  cattle. 

Aaron  Hardy . .          . .          . .     5  cattle. 


Moses  Thayer 

Joseph  Daniels    2 

Benjamin  Eaton 3 

Thomas  Smith     

Jobe  Gushing 

Ebenezer  Perry 2 

John  Baker 

William  Jennison 2 

Paul  Haseltine    2 

William  Bowles . .  2 


1 


20 


1  colt. 


Sheep  and  8  cwt.  hay 


In  addition  to  these  names  are  mentioned  those  of  Capt.  Gates  and 
Mr.  Graves,  in  an  account  of  expenses  incurred  in  the  building  of  a  boat 
at  Annapolis — probably  a  ferry-boat  | — this  summer  (1760). 

*  Those  marked  thus  have  posterity  still  living  in  the  county. 

t  His  descendants  still  occupy  and  own  the  lot  their  ancestors  settled  on. 

£  Samuel  Harris  was  the  name  of  the  first  "  ferryman  "  at  Annapolis. 


152 


The  foregoing  gives  all  the  material  facts  in  the  journal  of  Mr.  Evans. 
In  this  and  the  following  year  the  lands  of  this  township  were  divided 
into  lots  for  the  new  settlers  by  a  committee,  of  which  Mr  Evans  was  an 
active  and  directive  member.  Each  of  them  had  allotted  to  him  a  wood- 
lot  consisting  of  five  hundred  acres,  in  addition  to  an  equitable  portion  of 
the  cultivated  marsh  and  upland,  which  had  been  previously  the  property 
of  the  French  inhabitants.  The  settlers  seem  at  once  to  have  taken 
possession  of  their  lots  and  to  have  commenced  improving  them.  From 
the  public  documents  which  have  been  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the 
Province,  we  are  enabled  to  catch  an  occasional  glimpse  of  them  and  their 
doings  in  their  new  homes.  Before  proceeding,  however,  to  relate  these 
particulars,  I  shall  quote  some  interesting  facts  gleaned  from  the  census 
of  1768  and  1770,  which  are  furnished  by  original  returns  made  by  order 
of  the  Government.  The  returns  for  both  these  years  give  the  names  of 
the  new  settlers  then  remaining  in  the  occupany  of  the  township.  The 
following  is  a  copy  of  that  for  the  former  year  : 


NAMES. 

a 

js 

Female. 

English. 

1 

Scotch. 

fci 

£ 

0 

&• 

American. 

Horses. 

i 

0 

V 

M 

C 

Young  Cattle. 

d. 

i 

Swine. 

» 
REMARKS  BY  THE 
AUTHOR. 

Bertaux,  Philip  

4 

2 

1 

1 

4 

3 

If. 

!) 

21 

42 

3 

A  girl  born   this  year  ; 

Black,  Benjamin 

9 

1 

3 

one  maleleftprovince. 

Bennett,  Thomas 

1 

1 

9 

1 

Balcom,  Silas  

9 

3 

1 

4 

4 

7 

7 

fi 

18 

3 

Many  descendants. 

Barnes,  Nathaniel    

3 

3 

(i 

7 

2 

8 

3 

Bancroft,  Samuel 

R 

3 

8 

1 

Bartlett,  Ebenezer    

1 

1 

9, 

1 

1 

3 

None  known. 

Bent,  David 

4 

9 

(i 

1 

8 

9 

7 

10 

9 

Many  descendants. 

*Bass,  Joseph    

5 

5 

10 

5 

9, 

5 

14 

Many  descendants. 

Baker,  John 

2 

4 

3 

8 

1 

1 

Many  descendants. 

Belliveau,  Jean 

3 

1 

Owned  two  fishing  boats 

Basterash   Jean 

2 

i; 

and  one  schooner. 

tCosby,  Anne 

] 

4 

2 

4 

Campbell,  Robert  .      ... 

\ 

1 

9 

Clark,  Uriah  

5 

3 

8 

1 

3 

4 

2 

16 

3 

Grantee  of  lot  34  near 

Corbett,  Isaiah  ...    

9 

4 

6 

1 

3 

9 

2 

Kent's. 

Cleavland,  Samuel    ...... 
Como   Francis 

3 

2 

5 

3 

5 

2 

3 

Como,  Francis,  jun.,  and 
four  others  of  same  name. 

1  All  Catholics  and 
f    Acadians. 

Davis   John 

2 

9 

1 

3 

1 

9 

Dodge,  Josiah 

3 

4 

7 

s 

9, 

One  male  and  one 

iDyson,  Alice  

1 

2 

1 

1 

l 

(i 

3 

3 

7 

female  born  in  1767. 

Daniels,  Asa 

2 

1 

Dunn,  John 

j 

10 

1 

3 

10 

Dugau  (2)    . 

1 

2 

French  Acadians. 

*  A  brother  of  the  first  Episcopal  bishop  of  Massachusetts.     His  lot  was  No.  58. 
tSister  of  Joseph  Winniett  and  widow  of  Lieutenant-Governor  Cosby. 
+  The  mother  of  Mary  Dyson,  wife  of  Joseph  Winniett. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


153 


NAMES. 

1 
S 

Female. 

ii 
"5, 

K 

.c 

•s 

4 

i 

'z 

c 

E 

American. 

Horses.  | 

IS 

0      X 

0    O 

Young  Cattle.  | 

a. 

01 
0> 

S 

0 

•z 
X 

REMARKS  BY  THE 
AUTHOR. 

*Easton,  John   

3 

i 

2 

3 

•_> 

3 

2 
1 

2 

4 
3 
3 
3 

5 
2 

2 
2 

2 

6 
7 
7 
8 
9 

1 
7 
13 

12 

'3 
3 
4 
6 

is 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

3 

One  saw  mill.    Descen- 
dants. 
Many  descendants. 

Many  descendants. 
Many  descendants. 

Owned  a  fishing  boat. 
Acadian.  Owned  a  fish- 
ing boat. 

Descendants. 
Owned  a  fishing  boat. 
Owned  twofishingboats 
Descendants. 
Owned  grist  and  saw 
mill. 
Descendants. 

Owned  a  grist-mill. 
One  child  born,  1767. 
Descendants. 

Many  descendants. 
Owned  fishing  boat. 

Many  descendants. 
Was  a  Miss  Messenger. 

Owned  a  grist  and  saw 
mill. 
Acadian.    Fishing  boat. 

Child    born    in    1767. 
Wife  a  Church. 
Wife  a  Church. 
A  widow  —  three  sons. 

Numerous  descendants. 
Numerous  descendants. 

Many  descendants. 
Many  descendants. 

Descendants. 
Descendants. 
Descendants. 

Evans,  Henry    

] 
2 
'2 
3 
1 

2 

•2 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

Frost,  John    

1 

Felch,  Ebenezer    

Felch,  Daniel  

4 

Fisher,  Nathaniel  

2 
2 

1 

7 

2 
2 

2 

2 
2 
5 

Grant,  David  

i 

Grow,  Edward  

tGates,  Oldham  

(i 
1 

1 
'2 
5 

4 
'2 

4 
3 

1 
4 

3 

1 
3 

10 

Gaudet,  Joseph  

Hardy,  Aaron  

2 

6 

2 

2 

3 

4 
2 
23 
6 
11 
4 

2 
9 

8 

5 

1 
2 
27 
4 
10 
4 

5 

7 

10 
3 

7 
4 
4 
160 

i 

10 
10 

28 

1 
4 
3 

-2 
1 

1 
2 

2 
2 

Hardy,  Aaron,  jun  

Harris,  John  

2 

0 
6 
3 

2 

13 
2 
4 

'l 
3 

is 

3 

4 

2 

4 
3 

Hoar,  Jonathan  

'2 

Hardwick,  Henry  

Hurd,  Jacob  

Hooper,  Thomas   

6 

2 

4 

6 
2 

2 

5 
3 

4 

7 

7 
7 

!) 

i 

Kendal,  Elisha  

Kent,  Isaac  

Lecain,  Francis  

1 

Linsley,  John    

] 

Lee,  Thomas  

1 

I 

+Langley,  John  

5 
1 

2 
1 
2 

tj 

2 

2 
3 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 

5 

1 
1 

io 

4 
4 

3 

1 
1 
2 

2f> 

13 
2 

i 

12 

2 
1 

3 
3 

Lawrence,  William  

Lawrence,  Hannah  

Lawrence,  Jonathan  

2 

1 

1 

Lovett,  Phineas    

Leblanc,  Charles  
Morse,  Abner  

3 

6 
2 
3 

2 

3 
2 
3 

1 

9 

4 
8 
5 

4 
3 

1 

1 

1 
2 

-2 

1 

4 

4 
2 
1 

S 
2 

2 

2 

2 

'4 

14 
4 

8 
10 

4 

Morse,  Samuel  

Morgan,  Ann  

Meatman,  Charles  

3 
2 

1 
1 

4 

2 
2 

2 

'3 

20 
1 

*3 

1 

Messenger,  Ebenezer  

Messenger,  Ebenezer,  jun. 
Morrison,  Joseph  

Parker,  Nathaniel  

2 
3 

1 
1 

2 
3 

7 

4 

2 

? 

1 
2 

1 

2 
1 

Payson,  Jonathan  

6 

4 

] 

Rhodda,  Stephen  

8 

2 

91 

Rice,  Joseph  

1 

1 

2 

7 
1 

2 
24 

Rice,  Judah   
Rice,  Benjamin  

3 

1 

4 

7 
i 

(i 

Rice,  Margaret  

1 

i 

Rice,  John      

3 
2 

8 

;- 

e 

9 

4 

2 

* 

41.  , 
2  .. 
2  .  , 

9 
4 
2 

18 
19 
3 

3 
3 

I 

Rice,  Timothy  

Rice,  Ebenezer  .  . 

1 

3 

*  See  memoirs  of  Easson  in  another  part  of  this  book. 

t  Owned  one  thousand  acres  of  land — lots  Nos.  60  and  61,  near  Clark's  ferry. 

t  Had  lots  Nos.  83  and  84. 


154 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


NAMES. 

<0 

I 

Females. 

j= 

1? 
a 

"5 
•E 

1 

be 

I 

American. 

Horses. 

| 

3 

c 

0) 

« 

0 

Young  Cattle.  | 

§• 

£ 

33 

V 

do 

REMARKS  BY  TUB 
AUTHOR. 

Smith,  John         .        ..... 

1 

4 

5 

1 

4 

8 

2 

1 

Saw-mill—cut  4,000  feet 

Sanders,  Pardon      

fi 

2 

1 

7 

2 

17 

9 

In 

23 

2 

of  lumber,  1767.* 

Saunders,  Timothy  

1 

4 

5 

1 

4 

2 

2 

1 

Simpson,  Benjamin 

2 

2 

4 

Spurr,  Michael      .  .    ... 

ft 

5 

10 

1 

3 

2 

91 

Wilkie,  James  

3 

4 

1 

fi 

2 

0 

2 

1 

?, 

Walker,  Robert    

2 

fi 

1 

1 

5 

2 

H 

4 

8 

2 

1 

tWinniett,  Magdalen  .... 

1 

1 

8 

2 

15 

2 

Williams,  Thomas  

3 

3 

1 

5 

2 

8 

4 

9 

0 

Winniett,  Joseph  

4 

5 

1 

8 

4 

8 

4 

6 

24 

1 

Worthylake,  Ebenezer  .  .  . 

2 

2 

4 

1 

2 

1 

2 

JWinniett,  Matthew    .... 

1 

1 

3 

2 

2 

Wood,  Rev.  Thomas  

9 

? 

9, 

2 

2 

1 

1 

Wood.  William  

5 

1 

6 

1 

4 

•7 

4 

10 

4 

Wheelock,  Obadiah  

1 

3 

4 

1 

4 

4 

9 

16 

2 

Many  descendants. 

Wheelock,  Klias    

2 

1 

3 

1 

9 

4 

3 

1 

Manv  descendants. 

Wheelock,  Joseph    

2 

fl 

6 

2 

5 

6 

1 

Many  descendants. 

\Vinslow,  John  Howard  . 

2 

3 

5 

3 

1 

2 

4 

3 

None. 

Winchester,  Nathan    .... 
Whitman  Mercy   

5 
5 

3 
4 

8 

9 

1 

2 
1 

2 
4 

4 

9 

2 

3 
2 

Many  descendants. 
Widow. 

The  facts  above  given  may  be  summarized  thus  :  The  total  population 
was  513,  of  whom  445  were  Protestant  and  68  Roman  Catholic;  370  of 
them  were  of  American  birth,  40  of  English,  8  of  Scotch,  20  of  Irish, 
and  67  of  Acadian  birth,  and  8  of  foreign  origin.  Of  cattle  there  were 
832,  of  horses  76,  of  sheep  589,  of  swine  108.  Of  mills  there  were  eight 
— four  saw  and  four  grist  mills.  Of  vessels  there  were  two  schooners 
and  nineteen  fishing  boats.  The  number  of  families  was  99,  and  the 
average  of  each  family  slightly  exceeded  5.  The  smallest  household 
comprised  only  one  member  ;  the  largest  contained  ten  individuals.  The 
people  were  chiefly,  in  fact  almost  wholly,  devoted  to  agricultural 
pursuits,  and  in  the  preceding  year  they  raised  of  wheat  539  bushels,  or 
a  trifle  over  one  bushel  per  head  of  the  population ;  of  barley  446 
bushels,  or  less  than  a  bushel  to  each ;  of  rye  317  bushels,  being  a  small 
percentage  over  one-half  bushel  to  each  ;  it  is  therefore  certain  that 
wheat  was  the  leading  grain  crop  of  this  period.  I  now  proceed  to  lay 
before  the  reader  a  portion  of  the  census  returns  for  the  year  1770. 

*  The  MS.  leaves  it  uncertain  to  which  of  the  three  names,  Smith,  Sanders  or 
Saunders,  the  ownership  of  the  mill  is  intended  to  be  imputed.  It  can  only  be 
shown  by  reference  to  the  original  return.  The  Saunders  family  were  early  engaged 
in  lumbering. — [En.] 

t  Widow  of  William  Winniett,  and  mother  of  Joseph. 

£  Brother  of  Joseph  ;  never  married. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


155- 


NAME. 

I 

American. 

Acadian. 

.e 

"So 
c 
Ed 

J3 

IS 

Scotch. 

German. 

Number  of 
acres  owned. 

Bancroft,  Samuel  

8 

8 

40 

Balcom,  Samuel  

6 

91 

4 

572 

Bass,  Joseph  

10 

6 

4 

995 

Bent,  David      

8 

2 

6 

164 

Baker   John                                        

7 

2 

*> 

500 

Bertaux,  Philip      

5 

1 

3 

1 

570 

Balcom,  Silas         ,  

6 

0 

4 

Basterash,  Jean   

7 

7 

1(H> 

Clark,  Uriah  

7 

4 

3 

1038 

Corbett,  Isaiah  

7 

3 

4 

272 

Cleaveland,  Samuel  

6 

5 

1 

500 

Como,  Francis,  jun     

5 

5 

Como,  Francis   

4 

4 

100 

Como,  Jean  

5 

5 

100 

Como,  Justin  

6 

6 

100 

Dunn,  John  

10 

8 

2 

500 

Daniels,  Asa  

5 

3 

2 

500 

Davis,  Elias    

3 

3 

Dyson,  Alice  

3 

1 

9 

50O 

Dodge,  Josiah    

7 

9 

4 

1 

400 

Davis,  John    

3 

2 

1 

Evans,  Henry     

4 

4 

1000 

Kasson,  John  

2 

1 

1 

500 

Felch,  Daniel  

5 

5 

642 

Fisher  Nathaniel  

4 

9 

?, 

1000 

Felch,  Ebenezer  

3 

3 

748 

Frost,  John  

1 

1 

100 

Hardy,  Aaron,  jun  

7 

2 

5 

430 

Hardy,  Aaron,  sen  

9 

2 

1000 

Hooper,  Thomas    

7 

7 

* 

Hardwick,  Henry  

6 

4 

V 

* 

Harris,  John  

8 

9 

5 

1 

500 

Kent,  Isaac     

9 

9 

149& 

Kendall,  Elisha  

8 

5 

3 

491 

Langley,  John    

7 

6 

1 

500 

Lawrence,  William   

3 

? 

1 

500 

Lawrence,  Jonathan   

4 

2 

? 

15 

Lawrence,  Hannah  

2 

2 

500 

Lovett,  Phineas  

4 

3 

1 

2163 

Linslev,  John   

P 

1 

1 

Lecain,  Francis    

10 

8 

2 

2000 

Leblanc,  Charles   

4 

4 

Morse,  Abner  

g 

2 

7 

1046 

Morse,  Samuel  

5 

2 

3 

769 

Morrison,  Archibald   

8 

8 

320 

Messenger,  Ebenezer  

4 

4 

900 

Messenger,  Ebenezer,  jun    

3 

9 

1 

132 

Morgan,  George  .  . 

8 

7 

1 

150 

Obliterated. 


156 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


NAME. 

£> 

1 

American. 

Acadian. 

English. 

J3 

i§ 

"o 

i 

German. 

Number  of 
acres  owned. 

, 

Parker,  Nathaniel  

f> 

9 

3 

412 

Payson,  Jonathan  

6 

4 

9 

1000 

Rice,  Timothy    

3 

3 

1449 

Rice,  Judah    

8 

3 

<1 

1300 

Rice,  Beriah   

1 

1 

1000 

Rice,  Ebenezer,  jun  

3 

9 

1 

262 

Rice,  Ebenezer                       

4 

4 

500 

Rice,  John  

6 

9 

4 

Rhodda,  Stephen  

7 

6 

1 

105 

Simpson,  Benjamin       

4 

9 

<? 

r-Spurr,  Michael  

H 

<1 

6 

500 

Sanders,  Pardon  

7 

fi 

i 

1000 

Wheelock,  Elias          

5 

4 

1 

1000 

Wheelock,  Obadiah  

4 

9 

9 

340 

Winslow,  John  H  

6 

9 

4 

750 

Wheelock,  Joseph  

9 

9 

1000 

Winchester,  Nathan             .            

10 

7 

S 

728 

Whitman,  Mercy  

10 

7 

S 

2000 

Worthylake,  Ebenezer     

6 

4 

9 

100 

Winniett,  Joseph  

I9 

10 

1 

665 

Winniett,  Magdalen  

5 

? 

9 

1000 

Williams,  Thomas  

8 

1 

6 

i 

344 

Winniett,  Matthew       .            

1 

1 

364 

Wilkie,  Mary  

4 

4 

150 

Wood,  William   

6 

4 

Wheeler,  James     

4 

2 

fl 

WTood,  Rev.  Thomas  

5 

1 

4 

500 

Walker,  Thomas          .          

S 

1 

6 

1 

400 

Walker,  Robert   

7 

5 

1 

1 

100 

Comparing  these  results  with  those  of  1768,  it  will  be  seen  that  there 
was  a  decrease  in  the  total  of  population  equal  to  17  per  cent.,  while 
there  was  an  increase  in  the  Acadian  or  native  portion  of  it  of  230  per 
•cent,  in  three  years.  The  decrease  in  the  American-born  as  shown  by 
these  census  was  about  54  per  cent.  This  decrease  may  be  accounted 
for  in  more  than  one  way.  An  analysis  of  the  names  proves  that  twenty- 
four  families  removed  from  the  township  during  the  interval,  some  of 
whom  no  doubt,  being  dissatisfied  with  their  position,  returned  to  the 
colony  whence  they  came,  and  others  removed  to  other  townships.  The 
names  of  the  families  who  thus  left  the  township  were  as  follows  :  Black, 
Bennett,  Barnes,  Bartlett,  Belliveau,  Cosby  (Ann),  Campbell,  four 
Comos  and  two  Dugasts,  Frost,  Grant,  Grow,  Gates  (Oldhain),  Gaudet, 
Hoar,  Hurd,  Lee,  Mealman,  Rice,  Smith,  Saunders.  Those  printed  in 
italics  were  Acadian  Frenchmen  and  probably  removed  to  Clare  to  settle 
among  their  countrymen,  who  had  found  their  way  thither  after  exile, 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  157 

while  some  of  the  remaining  ones,  as  Gates  and  Saunders  (Timothy) 
removed  to  Wilmot,  and  Spencer  and  others  to  Granville.  The  subjoined 
is  an  abstract  from  a  manuscript,  entitled  "  State  and  Condition  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1763"  : 

"In  this  county— Annapolis — are  only  two  townships  (to  wit)  Annapolis  and 
Granville.  Annapolis  has  about  sixty  families,  and  Granville  eighty.  Most  of  these 
inhabitants  have  large  stocks  of  cattle;  at  least  1,600  head  of  horned  cattle  were 
wintered  over  by  them  last  year,  but  they  suffered  much  for  want  of  bread,  the 
inhabitants  being  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  eating  the  Grain  they  had  reserved  for 
Seed,  which  will  reduce  them  to  Necessity  this  year  also  unless  they  can  obtain  some 
small  supply.  It  is  conjectured  about  500  bushels  Corn  will  be  sufficient  for  that 
end,  and  if  they  could  be  supplied  with  200  bushels  of  Wheat  for  Seed  Early  in  the 
spring,  these  two  townships  would  subsist  without  further  assistance,  and  be  able  to 
pay  next  year  for  advances." 

"  A  Court  of  Common  Pleas  has  been  erected  consisting  of  four  judges.  Two  are 
since  dead  and  two  wanting  to  fill  their  places.*  A  Commissioner  of  Sewers  for 
Repairing  and  amending  the  Dykes  in  the  township  of  Granville,  is  much  wanted. " 

"  Five  Justices  have  been  nominated  for  Granville  but  not  yet  appointed.  The 
townships  have  none  to  represent  them  in  the  General  Assembly.  The  proprietors 
of  Annapolis  and  Granville  have  not  yet  got  a  grant t  of  their  lands.  A  List  for  that 
End  has  been  settled  by  a  Committee  of  Council  and  approved  of." 

"Something  is  necessary  to  be  done  for  the  Public  Roads  in  these  townships. 
£50  has  been  voted  in  Council,  £20  of  which  ha,s  been  paid  ;  the  remainder  laid  out 
before  winter  would  be  very  useful." 

In  August,  1763,  Judge  Hoar,  in  a  letter  j  to  Governor  Lawrence, 
recommends  William  Graves  and  Benjamin  Shaw  for  subaltern  commis- 
sions in  Captain  Hall's  company  of  militia  ;  Samuel  Wade  and  Paul 

Crocker  for  Captain 's  company ;  Abner  Morse  and  Joseph  Bass 

for  Captain  Evans'  company ;  informs  His  Excellency  of  the  refusal  of 
Mr.  Lovett  to  accept  a  captain's  commission,  and  recommends  Mr. 
Oldham  Gates  in  his  place,  and  expresses  his  regret  that  "  one  Captain 
Jabez  Snow  was  neglected,  one  that  was  a  captain  all  last  war,  and 
behaved  with  reputation."  The  Snows  of  Queens  and  Shelburne  coun- 
ties are  descended  from  this  person.  The  Captain  Hall  referred  to  in 
this  communication  was  John  Hall  who  came  to  Granville  about  the 
year  1760  with  his  wife  and  family,  the  latter  at  that  time  consisting  of 
two  children.  His  descendants  are  very  numerous  and  widely  scattered 
over  the  maritime  colonies.  Among  these  the  reader  may  note  the  name 
of  S.  S.  Hall,  Esq.,  a  leading  merchant  of  St.  John,  New  Brunswick  ; 

*  The  assertion  that  two  of  the  four  judges  of  this  court  had  died  since  its  insti- 
tution in  1761,  requires  corroboration.  Messrs.  Hoar,  Evans  and  Winniett  were 
certainly  all  living  in  1763,  yet  the  writer  was  certainly  in  a  position  to  know  the 
facts. 

tit  seems  certain  from  this  statement  that  the  grant  of  1759  had  been  cancelled, 
and  the  title  to  these  lands  revested  in  the  Crown.  Yet  there  appears  to  be  no 
record  of  an  escheat  extant. 

±  See  this  letter  in  full  in  memoirs  of  Mr.  Hoar. 


158  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Mr.  James  I.  Fellows,  the  celebrated  druggist  and  chemist,*  lately  agent 
for  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick  in  London ;  of  the  late  James  H. 
Thorne,  Esq.,  of  the  Post-office  Money  Order  Department  in  Halifax, 
and  the  Messieurs  Hall,  stationers  of  the  same  city,  who  are  his  great- 
grandsons,  f  The  Samuel  Wade  spoken  of  was  a  son  of  Captain  John 
Wade  who,  tradition  affirms,  was  at  the  final  capture  of  Louisburg  and 
Quebec,  having  served  with  the  colonial  troops  who  were  employed,  and 
who  so  nobly  distinguished  themselves  in  these  undertakings.  His 
great-grandchildren  are  to  be  found  in  great  numbers  in  the  Province, 
and  are  generally  distinguished  by  industrious  habits  and  integrity  of 
character.  The  descendants  of  Messieurs  Graves  and  Crocker  are  like- 
wise numerous  and  to  be  found  in  Wilmot  and  Aylesford,  and  those  of 
Mr.  Gates  are  also  to  be  found  in  that  section  of  the  country. 

In  1770  there  was  a  general  election,  and  Phineas  Lovett,  Esq. — the 
41  Captain  "  Lovett  mentioned  in  Hoar's  letter  to  Lawrence — and  Joseph 
Patten,  Esq.,  were  chosen  as  members  of  the  new  assembly  for  the 
county  ;  and  Obadiah  Wheelock  and  John  Harris,  Esqs.,  for  Annapolis 
and  Granville  respectively.  Full  notices  of  these  gentlemen  will  be 
found  in  another  place,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred.  At  this  time 
road  commissioners  for  the  county  were  appointed,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
spend  the  sums  granted  for  the  road  service  and  to  collect  the  taxes 
levied  on  the  people  for  that  purpose,  and  to  report  to  the  Government 
from  time  to  time  on  the  condition  of  the  public  highways  and  the 
financial  requirements  concerning  them. 

During  the  period  from  1770  to  1780  the  work  of  clearing  the  forests, 
reclaiming  the  wild  lands,  and  turning  them  into  tasteful  and  profitable 
farms  went  steadily  and  successfully,  yet  slowly  onward,  in  the  valley 
sections  of  this  township,  the  regions  beyond  the  adjoining  heights  being 
&  terra  incognita,  except  to  a  few  adventurous  hunters  and  trappers. 
The  river  afforded  the  chief  means  of  transit  in  the  summer  season,  the 
grist  and  saw  mills  being  accessible  in  this  way,  and  the  transport  of  all 
heavy  materials  was  carried  on  by  means  of  boats  and  scows ;  yet, 
as  we  have  seen,  the  land  thoroughfares  were  not  entirely  neglected, 
though  it  was  not  until  after  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists  in  1783  that 
rapid  strides  of  improvement  were  made  in  this  direction.  In  the 
•county  town  we  catch  here  and  there  a  glimpse  of  the  inhabitants.  In 
1776  and  1777  we  see  Mrs.  Mary  Wilkie,  widow  of  James  Wilkie,  in 
her  trim  little  grocery  store,  where,  among  other  things,  she  sold  a  "  wee 
drap  "  of  rum,  which  she  had  bought  from  Mr.  John  Fillis,  wholesale 
merchant  of  Halifax.  Andrew  Ritchie,  too,  in  1777,  was  well  supplied 

*  Inventor  of  the  well-known  "compound  syrup  of  hypophosphites. "  He  has 
recently  died. — [Eo.] 

t  See  other  particulars  in  memoirs  of  Mr.  Hall. 


SIR  WILLIAM  FENVVICK  WILLIAMS,  K.C.B., 

Lieutenant -Governor  of  Noi'a  Scotia. 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS.  159 

with  the  same  article  by  John  Winslow  of  the  same  city,  and  also  with 
an  equal  number  of  gallons  of  molasses.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Wood,  most 
worthy  of  missionaries  as  he  was,  was  supplied  with  twenty-eight 
gallons  of  wine  (for  sacramental  and  medicinal  purposes)  by  James 
Brown,  wine  merchant  of  the  Capital;  and  "Captain"  Titus  who 
preferred  wine  to  the  stronger  beverage,  imported  fifty-four  gallons  of 
wine  to  be  used  as  occasion  served  ;  and  Captain  Robert  Young,  who 
must  have  run  a  public-house,  required  206  gallons  of  rum  with  which 
to  supply  his  customers. 

The  leading  magistrates  were  Joseph  Winniett,  who  held  many  of  the 
most  important  county  offices,  and  Thomas  Williams,  both  of  whose 
families  have  furnished  the  Crown  with  an  opportunity  to  reward 
distinguished  services  with  knighthood,  a  grandson  of  each  having 
received  that  distinguished  honour  at  the  hands  of  their  Sovereign  Lady, 
our  present  Queen.  It  was  during  this  decade  that  Anne  and  Mary, 
Elizabeth  and  Margaret  Winniett — the  two  younger  sisters  Alice  and 
Martha  not  having  passed  beyond  the  initial  "teen" — were  the  recog- 
nized belles  of  the  day,  and  the  objects  of  admiration  by  the  officers  of 
the  garrison.  Three  of  them,  Mary,  Elizabeth  and  Margaret,  became 
the  wives  of  Messieurs  Hamilton,  Nunn  and  Wolseley,  respectively,  and 
when  military  duty  commanded,  left  their  native  town,  no  doubt  with 
regret,  to  form  new  associations  in  other,  and  to  them  alien  lands. 

At  this  period  the  mails  were  carried  from  Halifax  to  Annapolis  once 
every  fortnight,  and  vice  versa,  partly  on  horseback  and  partly  by  a  foot 
postman.  A  vehicle,  other  than  the  commonest  of  common  carts,  was  a 
thing  yet  several  years  in  the  future.  The  winter  was  the  joyous  and 
truly  enjoyable  season  of  the  year,  for  it  was  then  that  the  "  horse-sled  " 
was  put  into  requisition  by  old  and  young,  the  roads  admitting  its  use, 
while,  from  their  rude  condition  they  refused  to  permit  the  transit  of  a 
wheeled  carriage.  It  was  therefore  in  this  season  that  a  round  of 
visiting  was  planned  and  carried  out,  of  visits  to  relatives  in  other 
townships,  and  friends  in  remote  settlements  ;  of  the  bride  in  the  back- 
woods to  the  home  of  her  girlhood  ;  of  the  lover  to  the  plantation  where 
dwelt  his  "  charming  "  Molly  or  Sally  or  Patty  as  the  case  may  be  ;  or  of 
the  "  old  people "  to  the  new  log-house  in  the  forest,  of  which  their 
eldest  daughter  had,  during  the  year,  been  made  the  mistress  by  the 
stout  hearted  and  ready-handed  young  yeoman  who  now  called  her  by 
the  endearing  name  of  wife ;  while  in  older  settlements  the  apples  of  the 
French  orchards  afforded  at  once  the  materials  for  excellent  cider  and 
"  paring  parties,"  which  the  people  of  the  old  metropolitan  county  have 
not  yet  entirely  forgotten  to  enjoy. 


160 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHAPTER  X. 

The  following  is  a  correct  list  of  the  names  inserted  in  the  first  grant 
of  the  township  of  Annapolis,  in  1759,  which  for  convenience  of  reference 
I  have  arranged  in  alphabetical  order.  Quite  a  number  of  the  persons 
named  never  came  to  the  county,  which  was  the  case  with  many  named 
in  the  first  township  grants  in  every  county  in  the  Province : 


Abbott,  Ephraim. 
Abbott,  John. 
Armstrong,  Timothy. 


Evans,  Henry. 
Evans,  John. 

Farrar,  George,  jun. 


Bacon,  Daniel. 

Felch,  Ebenezer. 

Bacon,  John. 

Bacon,  Stephen. 

Gardner,  John. 

Baldwin,  Nahum. 

Gates,  Amos. 

Barnes,  Timothy. 

Gibbs,  Isaac,  jun. 

Bent,  Elijah. 

Gibbs,  William. 

Bent,  Hopestill. 

Gibson,  Isaac. 

Bent,  Micah. 

Gibson,  Nathaniel. 

Bent,  P. 

Gibson,  Timothy. 

Bent,  Thomas. 

Giggs,  Samuel. 

Bertaux,  Philip  (Annapolis) 

.Glazin,  Benjamin. 

Bird,  Benjamin. 

Glazin,  Jason,  jun. 

Bird,  Benjamin,  jun. 

Glazin,  Jason  3rd. 

Boutein,  Wm.  (Annapolis). 

Goddward,  William. 

Brewer,  James. 

Graves,  Thomas. 

Brewer,  Jonathan. 

Brewer,  Moses. 

Hagar,  Isaac,  jun. 

Brown,  Ebenezer. 

Hall,  John. 

Brown,  Samuel. 

Hasey,  Nathaniel. 

Brown,  Thomas. 

Healy,  Aaron. 

Brown,  William. 

Healy,  Nathaniel. 

Heard,  Richard. 

Cheney,  Timothy. 

Hemmingway,  Sylvanns. 

Clapp,  Joel. 

Hoar,  Josiah. 

Coolidge,  Hezekiah. 

Coolidge,  Josiah. 

Jenkins,  Joseph. 

Corey,  Benjamin. 

Keir,  John. 

Daggart,  Samuel. 

Kendall,  Eleazer. 

Damon,  Thomas. 

Kendall,  Elijah. 

Dan,  William. 

Knight,  Samuel. 

Darks,  Benjamin. 

Knight,  Stephen. 

Darks,  Benjamin,  jun. 

Darks,  David. 

Lecain,  Francis. 

Davis,  Caleb. 

Lyon,  Enoch. 

Davis,  Joshua. 

May,  Aaron. 

Eddy,  Benjamin. 

McCullough,  James. 

Emmes,  John. 

McNamara,  John. 

Mereim,  John. 
Moore,  Daniel,  jun. 
Mossman,  James. 
Muzzey,  Benjamin. 
Muzzey,  Nathaniel. 

Newton,  Simon. 

Pierce,  Moses. 
Pool,  Samuel. 
Powney,  George. 

Rice,  Ebenezer. 
Rice,  Eliakim. 
Rice,  Ezekiel. 
Rice,  John. 
Rice,  Matthias. 
Richardson,  Antonie. 
Rixon,  John. 
Rixon,  Thomas. 

Salter,  Malachi  (Halifax). 
Sanders,  Pardon(  Annapolis). 
Seaver,  Comfort. 
Smith,  Ebenezer. 
Spurr,  Michael. 
Stanhope,  Samuel. 
Stone,  Jesse. 
Stone,  Samuel. 

Troobridge,  Thomas. 

Underwood,  Jonathan. 
Underwood,  Timothy. 

Whitney,  Jason. 
Winslow,  John  Howard. 
Wintworth,  Edward. 
Woodward,  Isaac. 
Woodward,  John.  - 
Woodward,  Josiah. 
Worthylake,  Ebenezer. 
Wyar,  James. 


CHAPTER  XL 

TOWNSHIP  OF  ANNAPOLIS,   CONCLUDED. 

By  the  Editor. 

Loyalist  refugees  arrive — Invasion  of  the  town  in  1781 — The  Loyalists — A  plot  to 
rob  and  murder  in  1785 — Capitation  tax  list  of  1792 — Court-house  and  jail — 
Town  officers,  1797 — Description  of  the  town  in  1804 — The  same  in  1826 — Its 
antiquity — The  fort— Churches — Old  buildings — The  fire  record — Revived 
prosperity — Appendix — A  remarkable  prayer — Verses —Relics — The  Gold- 
smiths— The  ' '  Rising  Village. " 

THE  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  in  the  older  colonies  could  not 
fail  to  deeply  interest  the  people  of  this  county.  Some  of  the 
class  known  as  "  Loyalist  Refugees  "  came  and  settled  here  from  time  to 
time  as  the  disaffection  in  those  colonies  became  more  pronounced. 
Disapproving  of  the  measures  of  the  malcontents,  from  which  they  foresaw 
sanguinary  consequences,  they  sought  to  escape  by  a  timely  removal  with 
their  families  and  fortunes  to  a  community  that  was  peaceful  and 
contented.  Immigrants  bound  to  the  older  colonies,  but  discouraged  by 
the  gloomy  prospect  which  met  them  there,  turned  their  steps  hitherward, 
where  better  securities  for  "  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness  " 
seemed  to  them  to  present  themselves.  This  accession  to  our  population 
was  of  course,  when  hostilities  at  length  began,  augmented  in  consequence 
of  the  bitter  persecutions  instituted  against  any  who  sought  even  to 
remain  neutral  between  the  contending  parties.  It  is  unjust  to  consider 
this  class  of  Loyalists  any  less  meritorious  than  the  exiles  of  1783.  They 
were  equally  devoted  to  the  darling  principle  of  a  "United  Empire,"  and 
cheerfully  rendered  the  loyal  service  which  allegiance  and  patriotism 
demanded  of  them  in  their  new  homes,  while  their  influence  did  much  to 
encourage  and  promote  a  loyal  sentiment  among  their  new  neighbours 
and  associates,  natives  of  the  colonies  in  revolt,  and  children  of  such 
natives ;  and  when  the  Province  was  threatened  with  invasion,  they 
rallied  for  its  defence  in  "  Royal  Emigrant  Companies." 

The  early  settlers  in  Cumberland   and  Kings  counties  memorialized 
the  Government,  asking  for  the  same  exemption  that  Governor  Phillipps 
had   granted   the  Acadians  as    a  qualification  of   the  ordinary   oath  of 
11 


162  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

allegiance,  saying,  "It  would  be  the  greatest  piece  of  cruelty  and  injustice  " 
for  them  to  be  "  subjected  to  march  into  different  parts  in  arms  against 
friends  and  relations."  But  as  a  rule  the  sympathies  of  the  people  of  this 
county,  happy  in  their  new  and  valuable  possessions,  and  disregarding 
mere  sentimental  grievances,  were  with  the  Government,  to  whose  bounty 
they  were  so  freshly  indebted — a  few  notable  cases  excepted.  One  was 
that  of  William  Howe,  son  of  the  worthy  and  celebrated  Edward  How, 
whose  history  is  elsewhere  given.  We  are  not  justified  in  attributing  to 
Phineas  Lovett  and  John  Hall  any  adverse  sentiments  stronger  than 
sympathy  with  the  objects  for  which  the  colonists  professed  to  contend  in 
the  earlier  stages  of  the  agitation  that  preceded  and  inaugurated  a  civil 
war  that  was  soon  to  be  directed  to  other  aims  and  objects  than  the  mere 
"  redress  of  grievances."  A  certain  sympathy  born  of  solicitude  for  friends 
and  kinspeople  engaged  in  deadly  conflict,  with  or  without  entire  approval 
of  the  cause  for  which  they  fought,  can  scarcely  fail  to  find  a  place  in 
human  hearts.  Solicitude  and  sympathy  affect  the  judgment,  so  that  a 
minority  is  often  turned  into  a  majority  when  the  sword  of  authority  is 
invoked  for  the  suppression  of  a  rebellion  territorial  in  its  area. 

The  "Acts  for  the  Pacification  of  America,"  passed  by  the  British 
Parliament,  February  17th,  1778,  conceding  to  the  colonies  everything 
they  had  asked  for  before  they  had  resorted  to  arms — more,  indeed,  than 
their  authorized  representatives  and  delegates  had  ever  claimed — checked 
any  murmurs  of  disaffection  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  made  any  attempt  at 
separation  on  her  part  as  unjustifiable  as  it  would  be  to-day,  or  as  the 
secession  of  the  Southern  States  was  in  1860.  This  town,  however,  was 
not  long  to  rest  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  coveted  security.  Colonel 
Phineas  Lovett,  happening  to  be  a  passenger  in  a  vessel  sailing  from 
Salem  to  Machias,  Me.,  was  interviewed  by  one  Stephen  Smith,  who  had 
been  a  delegate  to  the  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 
Smith  inquired  of  him  about  the  state  of  the  forts  at  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  John  River  and  at  Annapolis,  and  as  to  the  probable  disposition  of 
the  people  in  the  event  of  an  attempt  by  the  Continentals  to  capture  the 
country.  Mr.  Lovett  promptly  informed  the  local  authorities  at 
Annapolis  of  this  conversation,  and  a  petition  signed  by  Rev.  Thomas 
Wood,  Thomas  Williams,  ordnance  store-keeper,  Colonel  William  Shaw 
and  John  Ritchie,  with  a  letter  from  Matthew  Winniett,  was  sent  to  the 
Government  asking  for  a  supply  of  arms  and  ammunition.  Mr.  Lovett, 
who  probably  was  despatched  with  these  documents,  appeared  before  the 
•Council  and  was  examined.  As  a  result,  by  an  order  of  July  24th,  1775, 
a  supply  was  sent  consisting  of  six  barrels  of  gunpowder,  ball  in  propor- 
tion, and  four  6-pounders  for  the  forts  at  Annapolis  and  Granville. 
On  August  26th,  a  light  infantry  company  of  fifty  men  was  ordered  to 
be  formed  at  Annapolis.  Following  close  upon  this,  the  Council  requested 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  163 

Captain  Le  Cras  that  His  Majesty's  ship  Tartar  should  go  to  Annapolis 
to  assist  in  its  protection.  In  1776,  militia  were  garrisoning  both  the 
forts  at  Annapolis  and  Goat  Island.  The  Spring  Circuit  of  the  Supreme 
Court  that  year  was  dispensed  with,  to  avert  a  possible  capture  of  the 
judge  and  officers  of  the  court  by  piratical  cruisers  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
In  short,  the  settlements  in  the  western  parts  of  Nova  Scotia  were  kept 
in  a  perpetual  state  of  terror  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  war, 
during  which  none  of  our  people  were  more  loyal  or  attached  to  the 
Government  than  the  returned  Acadians.  On  August  28th,  1781,  two 
rebel  schooners,  one  of  twelve  and  the  other  of  ten  carriage  guns,  with 
eighty  men,  came  up  the  river,  and  landed  half  the  men  under  cover  of 
night.  They  first,  according  to  Murdoch,  surprised  the  guard,  consisting 
of  three  soldiers  from  the  forts  on  the  St.  John  River,  who  were  asleep, 
entered  the  south  sally-port  and  took  possession  of  the  barracks  within 
the  stockade,  with  no  loss  of  life  except  that  of  their  own  pilot,  whom 
they  killed  by  mistake.  A  well-authenticated  tradition  in  the  town 
corrects  Murdoch  as  to  the  guard,  and  declares  that  there  was  none  what- 
ever at  the  fort  on  this  night.  The  pilot  is  said  to  have  been-a  French- 
man, who  had  two  or  three  years  before  made  himself  amenable  to  the 
punishment  of  branding  in  the  hand  for  some  criminal  offence,  and  now 
proposed  to  avenge  himself  by  conducting  the  enemy  into  the  fort  and 
killing  the  sheriff  whom  he  expected  to  find  there.  He  was  afterwards 
buried  by  the  citizens  near  the  block-house  without  any  very  reverential 
funeral  ceremony.  One  of  the  citizens,  the  late  Mr.  John  Roach,  father 
of  William  H.  Roach,  afterwards  M.P.P.,  who  lived  near  the  middle  of 
the  Lower  Town,  was  awakened  between  midnight  and  morning  by  the 
noise  of  an  angry  discussion  on  the  street,  which  he  found  on  opening  the 
window  proceeded  from  two  armed  men  apparently  disputing  over  some 
property  in  their  possession.  One  of  them  at  once  presented  a  musket  to 
him  and  demanded  admittance,  having  gained  which  he  made  him  a 
prisoner.  Another  citizen*  just  then  rushed  in  giving  to  his  neighbour 
in  excited  tones  the,  by  this  time,  superfluous  information  that  the 
"rebels"  were  in  town,  adding  to  the  epithet  an  adjective  still  less 
complimentary,  whereupon  one  of  the  intruders  pointed  his  musket  at 
him,  and  he,  startled,  sprang  quickly  backwards  and  tripped  over  a 
cradle  containing  an  infant,  and  fell  with  his  feet  upwards  across  the 
cradle  in  such  a  ludicrous  position  that  he  attributed  his  escape  with  his 
life  to  his  assailant's  amusement  at  his  ridiculous  plight.  All  the  able- 
bodied  inhabitants  were  in  the  same  way  disarmed,  made  prisoners  and 
placed  in  the  moat  at  the  fort,  and  there  guarded  by  armed  men,  while 
others  of  the  crew  plundered  every  house  and  store  of  everything  movable, 
leaving  the  townspeople  only  the  garments  they  were  actually  clothed  in. 

*  Mr.  Cossins. 


164  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

No  second  article  of  wearing  apparel  for  inner  or  outer  use  was  left.  The 
ladies  were  spared  the  shoes  they  had  on,  but  without  the  silver  buckles. 
It  is  related  that  there  was  a  sick  lady*  in  a  house  near  the  present 
Catholic  glebe,  whose  coloured  servant  went  down  to  the  water-side  and 
appealed  to  them  on  behalf  of  the  invalid  whom  they  had  deprived  of 
every  necessary  as  well  as  comfort.  One  of  them  ordering  her  to  spread 
out  her  apron,  they  filled  it  with  tea,  sugar,  etc. 

They,  kept  possession  of  the  town  a  considerable  part  of  the  day, 
indulging  freely  in  strong  drink,  and  terrorizing  the  inhabitants;  but 
when  they  heard  a  rumour  that  the  militia  were  mustering  in  the 
surrounding  country,  they  left  suddenly,  first  spiking  the  cannon  in  the 
fort,  and  carrying  with  them  as  prisoners  Thomas  Williams,  grandfather 
of  Sir  W.  F.  Williams,  and  John  Ritchie,  afterwards  M.P.P.,  grandfather 
of  Chief  Justice,  Sir  Wm.  J.  Ritchie,  whom  they  released  on  parole  and 
promise  of  exchange  for  an  American  prisoner  at  Halifax.  In  connection 
with  this  affair  Colonel  Phineas  Lovett  wrote  to  the  Halifax  Gazette 
as  follows  :  "  In  yours  of  the  4th,  the  public  is  informed  of  the  taking 
of  the  town  of  Annapolis  Royal  on  the  morning  of  the  29th  August 
last,  which  is  true,  but  that  '  when  the  express  came  away  the  pirates 
were  under  full  sail  standing  up  for  the  town  again,'  and  that  'there 
were  no  militia  mustering  to  oppose  them,'  is  absolutely  false."  Whatever 
may  be  the  facts  on  these  points,  Colonel  Henry  Munro,  who  promptly 
came  down  from  Wilmot  to  offer  military  assistance,  afterwards  spoke 
in  strong  terms  of  reproach  of ,  the  inactivity  and  irresolution  of  the 
officers  in  command  here.  In  the  same  year  the  armed  schooner 
Adventure  captured  a  rebel  schooner  of  sixty  tons  register,  and  brought 
her  into  Annapolis  to  be  disposed  of.  In  the  spring  of  1782,  an 
American  privateer  sloop  of  fifty  tons,  carrying  about  forty  men  and 
eight  guns,  created  alarm  in  the  town,  chasing  a  vessel  of  Captain  Mowat 
up  as  far  as  Goat  Island,  but  in  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day  a  British 
man-of-war,  the  Buckram,  coming  in,  took  her,  the  men  escaping  to  the 
woods. 

During  this  summer  a  very  interesting  character  was  added  to  the 
social  and  religious  life  of  the  town,  the  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey,  a  Loyalist, 
who  had  fled  from  Pownalborough,  Me.,  to  Halifax  in  1779.  The 
reader  is  referred  to  a  biography  of  this  clergyman,  entitled  "A  Frontier 
Missionary,"  by  Rev.  Wm.  S.  Bartlett  (Boston,  1853),  in  which  copious 
extracts  from  his  journal  are  published,  showing  the  conditions  of  life 
and  society  at  that  period  in  Annapolis  and  Kings  counties.  Several 
hundreds  of  Loyalist  exiles  came  here  directly  from  their  former  homes 
in  the  same  year. 

In  1783,  the  news  that  peace  had  been  concluded  on  terms  recognizing 

*  Said  to  be  Mrs.  John  Ritchie,  whose  husband  they  took  prisoner. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  165 

the  independence  of  the  revolted  colonies  was  received  at  first  with 
doubt  and  then  with  dismay  in  this  town  and  county.  Many  who 
gloried  in  the  traditions  of  the  Empire,  men  who  themselves  had  helped 
to  add  to  the  common  renown  the  achievements  at  Louisburg  or  Quebec, 
now  happy  in  the  reward  of  their  services,  as  well  as  proud  of  their  part 
in  contributing  to  the  grand  result  which  promised  a  lasting  peace  and 
unfettered  progress  to  their  nationality  in  North  America,  found  it 
difficult  to  tolerate  the  idea  that  a  territory  so  lately  peopled  by 
fellow-heirs  of  the  same  heritage  of  glory  should  be  set  up  into  an 
independent  and  rival  state,  especially  under  the  influence  and  patronage 
of  France,  regarded  by  them  as  the  hereditary  enemy*  of  the  British  race 


*  The  friends  of  humanity  and  civilization  may  well  rejoice  at  the  improved 
relations  that  have  existed  between  England  and  France  during  the  last  three- 
quarters  of  a  century,  while  they  might  imagine,  from  the  tone  of  American 
writers  and  speakers  in  the  press  and  in  Congress,  that  the  United  States  has 
succeeded  France  as  the  arch-enemy  of  the  British  Empire  and  people.  English 
thinkers  who,  so  far  from  reciprocating  such  a  feeling,  rejoice  in  the  great  prosperity 
of  the  Republic,  console  themselves  that  such  utterances  are  but  the  device  of 
politicians  to  "catch  the  Irish  vote"  ;  and  when  Senator  Ingalls  a  few  years  ago 
declared  in  his  place  that  England  had  always  been  ' '  a  very  devil  amongst  the 
nations,"  the  Canadian  and  British  press  jumped  to  the  conclusion,  and  lost  no  time 
in  announcing  that  he  was  a  Fenian  fresh  from  the  dynamite  plots  of  the  Irish 
Invincibles,  whereas  he  is  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  Lincolnshire  founders  of  Lynn, 
Mass.,  a  graduate  of  Williams  College,  Mass.,  and  probably  of  as  pure  English  blood 
as  the  average  native  Englishman  himself.  In  our  public  demonstrations  at  national 
festivals  and  the  like,  our  people  seek  to  show  a  fraternal  feeling,  as  well  as  to  pay  a 
compliment  to  American  visitors,  by  displaying  the  American  flag  beside  our  own. 
Woe  betide  the  unfortunate  man  who  should  attempt  to  similarly  honour  the  British 
flag  in  the  United  States.  The  partial  instruction  imparted  for  generations  to  the 
youth  of  the  country  in  their  common  school  books  and  in  Fourth  of  July  orations, 
replete  as  these  are  with  bitter  and  often  untruthfiil  invectives,  is  largely  the  cause 
of  this  unnatural  feeling.  A  large  proportion  (shall  I  say,  a  large  majority)  of  the 
American  press  exploit  a  pinchbeck  patriotism  by  proclaiming  that  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  are  natural  enemies,  carefully  withhold  the  Canadian  side  of 
the  case  and  misrepresent  the  issue  in  any  question  that  arises  between  the  two 
governments,  and  propound  hostility  to  Great  Britain  and  everything  British, 
especially  to  Canada  as  part  of  the  Empire,  as  a  primary  duty  of  American  citizen- 
ship. In  the  Civil  War  between  the  United  States  and  the  Southern  Confederacy, 
American  troops  were  freely  allowed  to  pass  by  rail  over  Canadian  territory  from 
Windsor  to  the  Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara  Falls,  to  save  time  and  expense  in 
bringing  them  from  the  Western  States  and  territories  to  the  seat  of  war ;  but  a  few 
years  later,  when  our  first  North- West  rebellion  broke  out,  the  force  sent  from 
Ontario  and  the  stores  which  accompanied  it  had  to  be  disembarked  at  Sault  Ste. 
Marie  and  carried  around  the  rapids,  with  great  delay,  in  consequence  of  the  refusal 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  to  permit  them  to  pass  through  the  St. 
Mary's  Canal,  although  the  lives  of  all  the  white  settlers  at  Fort  Garry,  at  the 
mercy  of  half-breeds  and  savage  bands,  depended  on  their  prompt  arrival.  And 
yet  we  are  denounced  in  the  United  States  Senate  and  press  as  unneighbourly  ! 
After  Canada  had  consented  to  a  treaty  respecting  the  fisheries,  which  President 
Cleveland  pronounced  to  be  perfectly  just  and  satisfactory,  in  lieu  of  an  old  one 
of  which  his  people  complained,  and  it  was  rejected  by  the  United  States  Senate, 
the  same  President  announced  to  Congress  that  matters  had  reached  a  point  at 
which  it  became  their  duty  to  do  all  they  could  to  injure  Canada  !  Sad  would  it 
be,  and  a  disgrace  to  our  common  humanity,  if  we  should  ever  be  provoked  into 
allowing  these  feelings  to  become  mutual.  Let  our  rulers,  as  heretofore,  stand 
strictly  within  our  rights,  and  let  our  rulers  and  people  persevere  in  extending  the 
olive  branch,  and  leave  a  monopoly  of  unstatesmanlike  hostility  and  unworthy 
jealousy  to  such  of  our  neighbours  as  deem  it  not  inconsistent  with  the  dignity  of  a 
great  nation  to  cherish  and  evince  such  sentiments. 


166  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

and  nation.  Deprecating  the  end  at  which  the  extreme  revolutionists 
aimed,  they  were  aghast  at  its  unexpected  accomplishment.  Following 
fast  on  the  unwelcome  news  came  the  living  witnesses  of  its  truth  in  the 
swarms  of  exiled  and  destitute  Loyalists  who  reached  the  port.  To 
these  it  was  no  figment  of  the  poet,  but  a  stern  and  disastrous  fact,  that 

"  Honour  may  be  deemed  dishonour, 
Loyalty  be  called  a  crime." 

In  modern  times  the  clemency  of  Anglo-Saxon  governments  has  generally 
spared  discomfited  rebels  the  penalties  to  which  they  are  subjected 
by  the  laws  alike  of  civilized  and  barbarous  nations.  During  the 
American  revolution  it  was  the  paradoxical  lot  of  those  who  strove  to 
uphold  legally  constituted  authority  in  their  respective  localities,  to  suffer 
these  very  penalties  in  no  mild  or  diluted  measure.  Assured  in  their 
best  judgment  and  consciences  that  the  circumstances  did  not  warrant 
a  resort  to  arms,  and  that  to  oppose  with  arms  the  national  government 
were  treason  and  rebellion,  alike  a  crime  against  human  and  divine  laws 
— if  they  shrank  from  doing  so,  or  showed  favour  to  authority,  they  found 
themselves  amenable  to  formal  indictment,  trial  and  condemnation  as 
traitors  and  rebels.  To  espouse  one  side  in  the  unhappy  struggle 
involved  them  in  the  guilt  of  treason  ;  to  favour  the  other  exposed  them 
to  its  penalties,  applied  and  enforced  by  the  provincial  authorities, 
where  these  were  controlled  by  the  insurgents,  acting  in  advance  of 
established  and  recognized  national  existence  and  autonomy.  Even 
when  the  outrage  of  executions,  instead  of  the  milder  punishment  of 
attainder,  confiscation  and  banishment,  followed  these  travesties  of  the 
application  of  the  law  of  crimen  Icesce  majestatis,  the  Mother  Country, 
divided  in  her  councils,  with  weak  officers  in  the  field,  and  devoted  to  the 
policy  of  merciful  measures  to  restore  revolted  subjects  to  allegiance  and 
union,  preferred  proposals  to  reprisals,  and  conducted  the  war  in  a  vacil- 
lating and  irresolute  spirit.  But  the  regular,  if  illegal,  action  of  judges 
and  juries,  and  acts  of  attainder  were  not  all  that  the  unfortunate 
Loyalist  had  to  dread.  In  the  absence  of  these  he  was  exposed  to  revolt- 
ing outrages  at  the  hands  of  lawless  mobs,  who,  unrestrained,  if  not 
encouraged  by  those  who  had  grasped  authority,  set  at  naught  all  the 
dictates  of  reason  and  humanity.  Nor  did  the  honest  attempt  to  observe 
a  strict  neutrality  shield  his  person  from  violence  or  his  property  from 
spoliation ;  and  Quakers,  whose  religious  tenets  held  war  in  abhorrence  in 
any  case,  were  whipped*  for  refusing  to  fight,  or  hanged  for  alleged  favour 
to  the  Government,  which  had  afforded  them  protection,  while  it  claimed 
their  fealty.  The  spirit  of  the  insurgents  may  be  discerned  in  the 

*"  Journal  of  the  Life  and  Labours  of  William  Savery,  Minister,  etc.,"  p  17. 
Savery  "  Genealogy,"  p.  147.  Carlyle  and  Roberts  executed  at  Philadelphia  in 
1777. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  167 

conduct  of  those  who  invaded  Cumberland  in  1776,  when  they  seized 
and  carried  away  the  resident  Church  of  England  minister,  and  kept 
him  a  prisoner  for  sixteen  months,  although  as  Nova  Scotia  had  not 
asserted  her  independence,  there  could  be  no  question  of  this  non- 
combatant's  loyalty  toward  his  Provincial  Government  as  well  as  the 
Imperial.  The  American  author  of  the  "  Frontier  Missionary,"  referring 
to  the  Loyalist  clergy,  says  :  "  Should  a  crisis  occur  when  the  citizens  of 
one  of  the  United  States  shall  be  compelled  to  choose  between  the 
command  of  his  own  State  and  that  of  the  Federal  Government,  the 
position  of  those  clergymen  may  then  be  appreciated."  Seven  years  after 
these  words  were  written  the  crisis  came.  Have  American  writers 
learned  the  lesson  1 

In  negotiating  the  treaty  of  peace  the  British  Government  earnestly 
pressed  the  United  States  for  reparation  to  the  Loyalists,  or  their 
restoration  to  the  property  and  estates  so  unjustly  plundered  and 
confiscated,  only  to  be  told  by  the  American  Commissioners  that  the 
General  Congress,  which  alone  they  represented,  had  no  authority  to 
make  this  concession,  but  could  only  recommend  it  to  the  governments 
of  the  respective  States,  in  whom  the  necessary  power  resided,  each 
state  being  entirely  independent  of  the  others.  As  a  matter  of  form  the 
promised  recommendation  was  made,  and  except  in  the  case  of  Georgia, 
which  tardily  and  partially  complied,  it  was  met  in  the  several  legisla- 
tures with  contempt  and  expressions  of  contumely  toward  the  sufferers ; 
and  redress  was  refused,  in  contravention  of  the  usages  of  civilized 
nations  to  extend  amnesty  and  restoration  of  civil  rights  to  defeated 
combatants  who  make  due  submission  to  the  authority  of  the  successful 
party  in  a  civil  war.  Meanwhile,  as  American  publicists  and  diplomats 
have  freely  with  an  affectation  of  gratitude  admitted,  Great  Britain 
generously  "endowed"*  the  new  republic  with  "gigantic  boundaries" 
for  the  sake  of  "reconciliation,"  as  Lord  Shelburne  is  reported  to  have 
said,  and  in  the  conviction  that  perpetual  amity  would  thenceforth  exist 
between  peoples  so  identified  in  religion  and  blood,  and  with  a  community 
of  moral  and  material  interests,  and  so  recently  estranged  through  the 
policy  of  their  respective  rulers.  This  territorial  concession  was  designed 
to  give  room  for  the  development  and  expansion  of  a  great  nation, 
united  in  alliance,  if  not  in  allegiance,  with  the  parent  State.  "  Recon- 
ciliation," exclaimed  Franklin,  perhaps  with  more  ingeniousness  than 
ingenuousness,  "  that  is  a  sweet  word."  But  he  asked  too  much,  when 
not  satisfied  with  a  vast  and  most  valuable  territory  outside  the  limits 
of  the  thirteen  colpnies,  he  pleaded  as  a  particularly  gracious  gift  for  the 
cession  of  all  Canada,  thus  proposing  to  coop  up  the  impoverished 
Loyalists  and  their  families  within  very  narrow  limits  indeed.  And 

*  Hon.  John  Jay. 


168  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

unfortunately  the  concessions  actually  made  did  not  close  the  door  to 
subsequent  boundary  disputes  which  have  brought  war  clouds  to  the 
horizon  more  than  once  in  our  day,  and  happy  would  it  be  if  these 
were  confined  to  boundaries  in  which  the  two  nations  are  really  con- 
cerned. It  is  to  be  deplored  that  the  early  annals  of  the  young  member 
of  the  family  of  nations,  destined  to  such  material,  if  not  moral,  great- 
ness, should  have  been  stained  by  such  treatment  of  those  whose  only 
crime  was  their  conscientious  adherence  to  a  lost  cause  :  a  cause  hallowed 
to  their  hearts  by  the  traditions  of  the  ages,  and  identified  in  their  minds 
with  the  true  interests  of  their  country ;  but  it  was  on  the  part  of  the 
new  republic  a  policy  as  short-sighted  as  it  was  vindictive,  for  it  was  of 
untold  advantage  to  the  loyal  provinces  by  driving  to  these  shores  a  large 
body  of  subjects,  intensely,  and  by  force  of  circumstances,  more  intensely, 
devoted  to  British  institutions  and  the  unity  and  perpetuity  of  the 
Empire.  I  make  these  remarks  with  no  desire  to  keep  alive  or  encourage 
a  feeling  of  national  resentment  in  the  bosoms  of  any  of  our  people. 
Nothing  could  be  more  irrational  or  unchristian-like  than  for  people  to 
quarrel  because  their  forefathers  quarrelled  on  the  issues  that  disturbed 
the  harmony  of  men  in  the  distant  past,  or  for  a  person  to  hate  another 
because  the  latter's  ancestor  two  or  three  generations  ago  did  the 
ancestor  of  the  former  wrong  ;  and  what  is  folly  in  the  individual  is  only 
aggravated  folly  and  wickedness  in  the  multitude.  But  the  facts 
regarding  the  Loyalists  and  the  reason  of  their  coming  here  are  in 
danger  of  being  lost  sight  of,  through  their  suppression  in  the  most 
popular  American  books  on  the  history  of  those  days  ;  and  I  would  fail 
in  my  duty  if  I  did  not  correct  the  error  so  widely  prevalent  that  our 
Loyalist  ancestors  came  here  of  their  own  free-will,  prompted  only  by  a 
sentimental  and  silly  fondness  for  royalty,  instead  of  the  necessity  to 
escape  pauperism,  or  even  imprisonment  or  death  in  their  native 
provinces.  Halifax,  Shelburne,  St.  John  and  Annapolis  (there  being 
then  no  houses  at  Digby  to  afford  them  adequate  shelter)  were  the  ports 
most  easily  accessible  to  the  expatriated  Loyalists,  and  to  these  they 
flocked  in  great  numbers,  hoping,  with  the  aid  of  the  Government  in 
whose  loyal  service  they  had  lost  all,  to  repair,  in  part  at  least,  their 
shattered  fortunes,  and  to  secure  for  their  posterity,  with  better  guarantees 
of  permanence  and  of  just  administration,  the  blessings  of  law  and  con- 
stitutional freedom  under  the  flag  which,  as  a  national  symbol,  was  as 
dear  to  them  as  the  flag  of  "  the  Union"  was  to  any  northern  volunteer 
during  the  second  but  less  successful  American  rebellion.  Unlike  the 
first  English-speaking  settlers  in  the  country,  they  brought  with  them 
nothing  but  stout  hearts  and  strong  and  willing  hands,  and  in  many 
cases  mental  gifts  and  culture  which  added  richly  to  the  intellectual,  if 
not  material,  wealth  of  the  young  community.  Their  chief  men  were  from 


HISTORY    OF    ANNAPOLIS.  169 

the  very  flower  of  old  colonial  society,  and  there  were  among  them 
representatives  of  every  national  origin  and  every  religious  creed  to  be 
traced  among  the  old  colonial  population.  The  author  of  a  small  treatise 
published  anonymously  at  Edinburgh  in  1787,  entitled  "The  Present 
State  of  Nova  Scotia,"  asserts  that,  Annapolis  received  an  accession  of 
2,500  by  this  migration,  which  increased  the  extent  of  the  town  to  six 
times  its  former  area,  with  a  population  larger  than  it  ever  before 
possessed. 

To  give  a  more  accurate  account  I  will  quote  from  Mr.  Bailey's 
journals  and  letters,  as  reproduced  in  the  biography  referred  to.  On  his 
arrival  in  1782,  he  puts  the  population  of  Annapolis  Royal  at  120, 
comprised,  as  he  said  in  a  letter  written  five  years  later,  in  eighteen 
families,  with  a  considerable  number  of  French  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Late  in  October  of  that  year  nine  transports,  convoyed  by  two  men-of- 
war,  'arrived,  bringing  five  hundred  Loyalist  refugees,  by  whom,  Mr. 
Bailey  says,  "  every  habitation  is  crowded,  and  many  are  unable  to 
procure  any  lodgings.  Many  of  these  distressed  people  left  large  [con- 
fiscated] possessions  in  the  rebellious  colonies,  and  their  sufferings  on 
account  of  their  loyalty  and  their  present  uncertain  and  destitute  con- 
dition render  them  very  affecting  objects  of  compassion."  In  October, 
1783,  he  mentions  the  arrival  of  nearly  one  thousand  people  from  New 
York,  and  in  November  1,500  more,  "  in  affecting  circumstances,  fatigued 
with  a  long  and  stormy  passage,  sickly  and  destitute  of  shelter  from  the 
advance  of  winter."  "  Several  hundreds  are  stowed  in  our  church,  and 
larger  numbers  are  still  unprovided  for."  The  57th  regiment  of  troops 
also  arrived  this  autumn.  A  small  unfurnished  apartment,  he  said,  cost 
$3.00  per  week  rent.  He  states,  on  November  6th,  1783,  that  "the 
population  of  the  country,"  when  he  arrived  in  Annapolis,  was  about 
1,500,  including  French.  Since  that,  between  three  and  four  thousand 
had  been  added  and  several  new  settlements  formed.  In  1784  the 
court-house  and  every  store  and  private  building  was  crowded  with 
people,  so  that  he  was  obliged  to  perform  divine  service  at  several  miles' 
distance  or  at  his  own  habitation.  In  letters  of  May  10th  and  llth, 
1787,  Mr.  Bailey  reports  that  many  people  have  removed  from  the 
several  towns  in  this  county  upon  their  farms,  so  that  Annapolis  contains 
only  forty-five  families  including  negroes,  few  of  them  in  affluent  circum- 
stances, and  many  poor,  with  about  five  times  as  many  in  the  county 
under  his  care.  He  describes  a  journey  to  Clements  in  the  autumn  of 
this  year  for  the  purpose  of  marrying  Shippey  Spurr  and  Alicia  Van 
Voorhies,  going  out  to  Lequille  to  cross  the  river  at  the  head  of  the 
tide,  and  proceeding  by  a  circuitous  route  over  "  horrid  broken  roads,  so 
encumbered  with  rocks,  holes  and  gullies,  roots  of  trees  and  windfalls 
and  sloughs,  that  the  passage  was  extremely  difficult  and  dangerous," 


170  HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 

crossing  Moose  River  also  at  the  head  of  the  tide,   making  the   whole 
journey  twelve  miles. 

The  Loyalists  not  only  soon  removed  "  upon  their  farms,"  or  grants  of 
land  allotted  to  them  in  various  sections  of  the  county,  including  the 
western,  or  Digby  section,  but  soon  crossed  to  St.  John,  then  Parrtown, 
and  settled  there  or  up  the  St.  John  River,  and  at  Fredericton,  and  some 
after  a  longer  or  shorter  stay  in  the  county,  went  to  Upper  Canada, 
where  the  names  of  not  a  few,  who  had  previously  sojourned  in  this 
county,  became  afterwards  famous.* 

Under  date  1785,  Murdoch  relates  a  circumstance  of  which  I  can  find 
no  tradition  among  the  inhabitants,  and  no  mention  in  any  note  of  the 
author,  nor  does  the  name  of  the  magistrate  occur  in  contemporary  lists 
of  justices:  "At  Annapolis  a  plot  was  discovered.  One  Young  had 
fifty  desperate  fellows  under  his  command,  and  they  had  settled  a  plan  to 
be  carried  out  on  the  Queen's  birthnight.  While  the  principal 
inhabitants  were  at  the  anniversary  ball  or  assembly  they  were  to 
murder  Justice  Bunhill,f  plunder  the  town,  and  convey  the  pillage  on 
board  a  vessel  to  Boston.  Young  was  arrested  and  confined  in  the  jail  at 
Annapolis."  In  1787  a  new  road  to  connect  the  old  capital  with 
Shelburne  was  commenced ;  John  Ritchie,  Thomas  Williams  and 
Alexander  Howe  were  the  commissioners  for  the  expenditure  of  the 
money,  and  John  Harris,  M.P.P.,  the  contractor.  In  1789,  on  motion  of 
Mr.  Potter,  £40  was  voted  by  the  Grand  Jury  toward  building  a  bridge 
over  Allain's  Creek,  and  David  Seabury,  Douwe  Ditmars,  John  Rice  and 
William  Winniett  were  appointed  commissioners  to  build  it.  The 
bridge,  which  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present  one,  was  not  finished  until 
1802,  when  the  sum  of  £200  was  granted  by  the  Legislature  for  that 
purpose. 

In  1791  the  Province  found  itself  in  debt  to  the  amount  of  some 
$40,000  or  $50,000.  It  was  resolved  to  pay  off  this  debt,  and  an  Act 
was  therefore  passed,  commonly  known  as  the  "  Capitation  Tax  Act,"  by 
which  all  the  male  inhabitants  over  twenty-one  years  old  should  be  taxed, 
non-landholders  not  more  than  fifty  cents  per  head,  and  landholders  .not 
more  than  $2.00.  The  author  expresses  himself  as  being  so  fortunate  as 
to  find,  among  the  archives  of  the  Province,  the  return  made  by  the 

*  Christopher,  father  of  Sir  John  Beverley  Robinson,  Bart. ,  Chief  Justice  of  Upper 
Canada,  settled  in  Wilmot,  leaving  a  kinsman  (nephew,  I  think),  who  came  with 
him,  in  Digby,  among  whose  grandchildren  is  the  present  postmaster  there.  The 
grandfather  of  Hon.  William  McDougall,  C.B.,  one  of  the  first  cabinet  of  the 
Dominion,  lived  thirteen  or  fourteen  years  in  Digby.  A  Mr.  Eakins  received  a, 
grant  of  1,200  acres  near  Digby,  but  removed  to  western  Canada  where  his  posterity 
are  prominent  men.  One  line  of  the  family,  in  which  the  spelling  of  the  name  has 
been  changed,  has  given  to  the  public  service  the  Hon.  J.  C.  Aikins,  member  of  the 
Privy  Council,  Governor,  of  Ontario,  etc. 

t  Isaac  Bonnell  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  lay  Justice  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas,  but  lived  in  Digby. 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 


171 


assessors  of  this  township  under  this  law.  This  paper  gives  the  names  of 
those  persons  who  were  liable  to  be  taxed  under  its  provisions,  and  will 
enable  us,  by  comparing  its  contents  with  those  of  the  census  of  1770,  to 
ascertain  what  families  had  been  added  to  the  population  of  the  township 
from  that  year  to  1792,  in  which  the  return  was  made.  Below  are  the 
names  given  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  : 


Akir,  James. 
Aldridge,  Christopher. 

Bacon,  Lewis. 
Bacon,  Stephen. 
Bailey,  Rev.  Jacob. 
Baker,  Henry. 
Baker,  Jacob. 
Baker,  John. 
Balcom,  Isaac. 
Balcom,  John. 
Balcom,  Silas. 
Baltick,  William. 
Bancroft,  Jeremiah. 
Banks,  Thomas. 
Barclay,  Thomas. 
Bass,  John. 
Bass,  Joseph. 
Bass,  Joseph,  jim. 
Bass,  William. 
Beals,  Abel. 
Beardtnan,  Andrew. 
Beardsley,  Abraham. 
Bennett,  David. 
Bent,  David. 
Bent,  William. 
Bertaux,  John. 
Bertaux,  Philip. 
Bertaux,  William. 
Biehler,  Andrew. 
Bonnett,  David. 
Bonnett,  Isaac. 
Bradley,  Mark. 
Brenton,  Charles. 
Brothers,  Samuel. 
Brown,  Andrew. 
Brown,  John. 
Bruce,  Daniel. 
Brymer,  David. 
Bulkely,  John. 
Burkett,  Alexander. 
Burkett,  John,  sen. 
Burkett,  John,  jun. 


Carter,  James. 
Chandler,  John. 
Charleton,  Humphrey. 
Chipman,  Thos.  Hanley. 
Chivoree,  John. 
Clark,  David. 
Clark,  Gideon. 
Clark,  Uriah. 
Comeau,  Anthony. 
Comeau,  Jose\ 
Croneen,  Matthew. 
Cooper,  Rev.  John. 
Copeland,  William. 
Corbet,  Isaiah. 
Corbett,  Alvan. 
Cornwell,  Thomas. 
Cousins,  Joseph. 
Cross,  William. 
Gushing,  Benjamin. 
Cutler,  Ebenezer. 

Daniels,  Asa. 
Daniels,  Ephraim. 
Daniels,  Joseph. 
Darnford,  Thomas. 
Davies,  George. 
Davoue,  Frederic. 
Delancey,  James  (Col. ). 
Delancey,  Stephen. 
Dickson,  Robert. 
Dummaree,  Thomas. 
Dyer,  John. 

Eager,  James. 
Easson,  David. 
Easson,  Thomas. 
Easson,  Widow. 
Emerson,  Joseph. 
Engles  (Ingles)  William. 

Favin,  Benjamin. 
Featherly,  — 
Felch,  Daniel. 


Fisher,  Nathaniel. 
Fowler,  Francis. 
Frairey,  Peter. 
Francis,  William. 
Franks,  Christopher. 
Fraser,  James. 

Garratt,  R. 

Gates,  John. 

Gates,  Jonas. 

Gedree  (Guidri)  Augustin, 

sen. 

Gedree,  Augustin,  jun. 
Gedree,  Peter. 
Gedree,  Phillis. 
Gill,  Thomas. 
Godfrey,  Robert. 
Graves,  Elias. 
Graves,  Phineas. 
Gray,  William. 
Green,  James. 

Haight,  Ambrose. 
Hall,  John. 
Hall,  Joseph. 
Hardwick,  Henry. 
Hardwick,  Henry,  jun. 
Hardwick,  John. 
Harris,  Benjamin. 
Harris,  John. 
Heaton,  John. 
Henderson,  Andrew. 
Hendry,  William. 
Hibbs,  James. 
Hicks,  Benjamin. 
Hicks,  Thomas. 
Hicks,  Weston. 
Hood,  John. 
Hoofman,  John. 
Hooper,  Ezekiel. 
Hooper,  Jonathan. 
Hovey,  John. 
Hoyt,  Capt.  Jesse. 


172 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


Jefferson,  Robert. 
John,  Thomas. 
Johnson,  Thomas,  jun. 
Johnston,  Peter. 
Johnston,  Toby. 

Kent,  Arod. 
Kent,  Lara. 
Kysh,  Anthony  George. 

Langley,  John. 
Langley,  John,  jun. 
Langley,  Nathaniel. 
Langley,  William. 
Lathwait,  James. 
Lecain,  Francis,  sen. 
Lecain,  Francis. 
Lecain,  Jack. 
Lecain,  John. 
Lecain,  Thomas. 
Lecain,  William. 
Little,  Peleg. 
Livesey,  William. 
Lovett,  Col. 
Lovett,  Phineas,  jun. 
Lowere,  George. 
Loyall,  James. 

Mangar,  Peter. 
Marshall,  Solomon. 
Martin,  Michael. 
Mason,  Joseph. 
McDonald,  William. 
McLaren,  Neil. 
McNamara,  John. 
Messinger,  Ebenezer. 
Messinger,  Ebenezer,  jun. 
Messinger,  Henry. 
Messinger,  John,  jun. 
Michael,  Harry. 
Middleton,  William. 
Miller,  Richardson. 
Milligan,  Patrick. 
Morse,  Abner. 
Morse,  Abner,  jun. 
Morse,  Daniel. 
Moody,  James. 
Morse,  Obadiah. 
Morse,  Sanmel. 
Morse,  Silas. 
Mott,  Charles. 
Munroe,  George. 


Nichols,  Richard. 

Oakes,  Jesse. 
O'Brine,  John. 
Oliver,  David. 

Page,  William. 
Parker,  Nathaniel. 
Payson,  Jonathan. 
Phinney,  Zaccheus. 
Pickett,  Glasgow. 
Pickup,  George. 
Plato,  Robert. 
Polhenms,  John,  jun. 
Poole,  John. 
Prince,  Benjamin. 
Prince,  William. 
Pryor,  John. 

Randall,  David. 
Randolph,  Robert  Fitz. 
Randolph,  Samuel  Fitz. 
Ray,  Moses. 
Rhodes,  William. 
Rice,  Ebenezer. 
Rice,  John. 
Rice,  Joseph. 
Rice,  Silas. 
Rice,  Timothy. 
Ried,  John. 
Ritchie,  Andrew. 
Ritchie,  Andrew,  jun. 
Ritchie,  James. 
Ritchie.  John. 
Ritchie,  Matthew. 
Ritchie,  Thomas. 
Roach,  John. 
Robertson,  John. 
Robertson,  John,  sen. 
Robertson,  William. 
Robinson,  Edward. 
Robinson,  John,  jun. 
Robinson,  Jonathan. 

Sanders,  Daniel. 
Sanders,  John. 
Sanders,  Pardon. 
Scarborough,  William. 
Seabury,  David. 
Sharry,  Joseph. 
Shutsor,  Nickolas. 
Simpson,  Benjamin. 
Simpson,  Henry. 


Sinclair,  Frederic. 
Smith,  Jonathan. 
Sneden,  Lawrence. 
Spencer,  Luke. 
Spurr,  Michael. 
Spurr,  Thomas. 
Street,  Ebenezer. 
Street,  Samuel. 

Tattersall,  James. 
Totten,  Mrs.  Susanna. 
Totten,  Peter. 
Tufts,  William  E. 
Tupper,  Asa. 
Tupper,  Elisha. 
Tupper,  Minor. 

VanBlarcom,  Alfred. 
Van  Horn,  Lawrence. 
Viditoe,  Jesse. 

Walker,  Peter. 
Walker,  Thomas. 
Waller,  Joseph. 
Ward,  James. 
Ward,  Jonas. 
Warner,  Noah. 
Watson,  Francis. 
Watts,  John. 
Weeks,  Elijah. 
Weeks,  Henry. 
Welton,  Bethel. 
Welton,  Erie. 
Welton,  Ezekiel. 
Wheelock,  Elias. 
Wheelock,  Joseph. 
Wheelock,  Obadiah. 
Whitman,  Daniel. 
Whitman,  Edward. 
Whitman,  Jacob. 
Whitman,  John. 
Williams,  Thomas. 
Wilkinson,  Francis. 
Wilson,  Leonard. 
Winchester,  John. 
Winchester,  Nathan. 
Winchester,  William. 
Winniett,  Joseph. 
Winniett,  Matthew. 
Wiswell,  Peleg. 
Wolseley,  Robert. 
Woodruff,  Jabez. 
Worthylake,  Ebenezer. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  173 

Many  of  these  were  men  of  culture  and  a  peculiar  refinement  of 
manners,  such  as  distinguished  those  remembered  by  the  generation  now 
passing  away,  as  "gentlemen  of  the  old  school;"  scrupulously  exact  in 
points  of  etiquette,  even  in  the  common  transactions  of  everyday  life, 
and  of  unbending,  yet  suave  dignity,  and  keen  sense  of  honour  ;  and  their 
homes  were  centres  of  a  social  life  and  hospitality  of  a  graceful  and 
dignified  type  in  the  old  town,  when  its  glory  as  a  capital  had  departed. 
Some  filled  conspicuous  positions  in  the  politics  and  statesmanship  of  the 
Province,  and  will  be  duly  mentioned  later  in  the  biographical  memoirs 
of  members  of  the  Provincial  Parliament.  Quite  a  number,  especially  of 
those  who*  were  the  most  eminent,  left  no  posterity  bearing  their  names  : 
at  least,  their  names  have  in  process  of  time  disappeared  from  our 
census  rolls.  Others  left  sons  and  daughters  whose  descendants  still 
continue  among  us,  or  are  to  be  found  in  other  townships  in  this  or  the 
neighbouring  counties,  where  they  bid  fair  to  transmit  their  respective 
patronymics  to  many  a  generation. 

The  circuits  of  the  Supreme  Court  were  established  in  1774,  the  law 
then  passed  requiring  the  Judges  to  sit  in  Cumberland,  Horton  and 
Annapolis,  five  days  in  each  place.  References  are  made  in  the  records 
of  the  Grand  Jury  to  a  court-house  in  the  town,  the  foundation  of  which 
needed  repairs  in  1786,  but  by  later  records  it  would  appear  that  the 
Court  of  Sessions*  in  and  previous  to  1791  hired  for  a  court-house  a 
building  belonging  to  Mr.  Joseph  Winniett.  In  the  last-named  year  a 
dispute  arose  between  the  Court  and  Mr.  Winniett's  executrix  about  the 
amount  of  rent  charged,  and  the  Grand  Jury  recommended  the  acceptance 
of  an  offer  from  Mr.  Frederic  Sinclair,  innholder,  of  his  "  large  room 
below  stairs,"  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the  Supreme  and  Inferior  courts 
and  sessions.  On  being  urged  by  the  Bench  they  paid  the  amount 
claimed,  but  on  September  27th,  1791,  they  voted  the  sum  of  .£400 
for  the  erection  of  a  building  for  a  new  jail  and  court-house,  and  appointed 
Messrs.  Douwe  Ditmars,  Andrew  Ritchie  and  George  Cornwall  a  com- 
mittee to  see  to  its  erection.  In  May,  1792,  £300  more  was  voted,  and 
in  September,  1793,  the  building  being  nearly  completed,  the  further  sum 
of  £165  was  voted  to  complete  it,  and  in  1796,  provision  was  made  for 
adding  a  wing  for  a  kitchen.  The  subsequent  fate  of  this  building  and 
the  erection  of  its  successor  will  appear  in  Chapter  XVI.,  where  events 
more  properly  belonging  to  the  history  of  the  county  at  large  will  be 
narrated.  The  jail,  which  had  been  in  charge  of  Mr.  John  Roach,  stood 

*  Formerly  the  municipal  authority  of  the  county,  consisting  of  the  Bench  or 
Court  of  Magistrates,  presided  over  by  the  Gustos  and  the  Grand  Jury,  selected 
substantially  as  now.  The  latter  recommended  or  "  presented  "  all  money  appro- 
priations to  the  Court,  and  recommended  two  men  for  every  municipal  office,  out  of 
whom  the  Court  selected  one. 


174  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

near  the  site  of  the  present  Dominion  building,  on  land  belonging  to  the 
Church  or  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bailey,  to  whom  the  county  paid  rent. 

In  1791,  "the  stock  in  the  town  of  Annapolis  being  out  of  repair,  the 
Grand  Jury  have  nominated  Anthony  George  Kyshe,  Esq.,  Isaac  Bonnett 
and  Joseph  Cousins  a  committee  to  repair  the  same,  and  to  fix  them 
between  the  church  and  the  town  pump,  or  any  other  public  place  as  may 
seem  most  convenient  to  said  committee."  The  town  pump  was  a  little 
to  the  southward  of  the  site  of  the  Dominion  building,  and  the  church  a 
little  to  the  northward  of  it.  The  next  reference  to  the  stocks  was  in 
1801  when  the  Grand  Jury  "presents"  the  necessity  of  an  inquiry  into 
the  ferry  rents,  "  the  money  arising  from  said  ferry  to  be  appropriated  to 
the  erection  of  a  pair  of  stocks  and  pillory,  and  the  residue  to  the 
occasional  repair  of  the  county  house ; "  and  the  last  was  an  order  in 
1803  that  they  should  be  erected  near  the  court-house. 

The  war  with  France,  under  the  Republic,  having  begun  in  1793,  three 
bodies  of  militia  were  raised  in  the  county — one  by  Colonel  Barclay  in  this 
portion  of  the  county ;  one  by  Colonel  Millidge,  in  Digby,  and  one  by 
•Colonel  Taylor  in  the  western  section,  the  latter  consisting  wholly  or 
mostly  of  Acadians  of  Clare.  Colonel  Barclay  offered  the  services  of  the 
men  under  his  command  to  repair  part  of  the  old  works  at  Annapolis, 
"so  as  to  make  a  small,  snug,  complete  redoubt,  on  the  most  commanding 
situation ; "  and  the  next  year  a  supply  of  cannon  and  ammunition 
arrived  at  the  fort,  and  in  1795,  the  fortress  being  much  dilapidated,  and 
the  platforms  rotten  and  untenable,  the  Lieut. -Governor,  Sir  John 
Wentworth,  applied  to  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Edward,  Duke  of 
Kent,  as  Commander-in-Chief,  stating  that  £120  would  suffice  to  repair 
the  west  angle,  so  that  the  place  would  be  secure  from  any  desultory 
assault  or  piratical  enterprise,  privateers  under  French  colours  being 
engaged  in  harassing  colonial  commerce.  The  Governor  himself  visited 
the  town  in  the  autumn. 

On  July  9th,  1794,  Hog  Island  (now  called  by  the  more  euphonious 
name  of  "  Bay  View  ")  was  granted  to  Robert  Dickson,  David  Bonnett, 
and  John  Burkett,  in  trust  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Annapolis.  This  place  was  used  from  the  earliest  settlement  as  the  scene 
of  public  executions,  until  the  law  required  the  death  sentence  to  be 
carried  out  within  the  precincts  of  the  prison,  beyond  the  morbid  gaze  of 
the  public. 

The  following,  copied  from  the  original  in  the  possession  of  R.  L. 
Hardwick,  Esq.,  will  be  interesting  as  showing  who  conducted  the  civic 
-affairs  of  our  forefathers  "a  hundred  years  ago": 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  175 

A  LIST  OF  TOWN  OFFICERS,  NOMINATED  BY  THE  GRAND  JURY  AND  APPOINTED 
BY  THE  COURT,  APRIL  TERM,  1797,  FOR  TO  SERVE  FOR  ONE  YEAR. 

Stephen  De  Lancy 

Fredk.  Devoe 

Pardon  Sanders }-  Overseers  of  the  Poor. 

Minor  Tupper 

J  ames  Eager 

William  Cross Town  Clerk. 

Thos.  LeCain  

Benj.  Harris     

Spencer  Winchester \-  Constables. 

Ezekiel  Messenger 

Ezekiel  Cleveland 

David  Bonnett ^ 

Jesse  Hoyet }-  Assessors. 

John  Ried     J 

Silas  Hoyet \ 

Obediah  Morse    >•  Collectors. 

Asa  Bent . .     J 

Ebinzr.  Cutlar    Surveyor  of  Hay. 

Charles  Worthylake Culler  of  Staves. 

Robert  Wolesley    Sealer  of  Weights  and  Measures. 

Elijah  Weeks 

Isaac  Balcome 

Thos.  Bartaux i     TT        n 

Benjn.  Fern \  Hogg  Reeves. 

John  Messenger 

John  W.  Turfts 

Robert  Dickson County  Treasurer. 

Minor  Tupper Pound  Keeper. 


} 


SuP6rvisors  Common  Marsh. 


Andw.  Ritchie Clerk  of  Market. 

John  Burkett Cutter  of  Fish. 

John  Roach Sealer  of  Leather. 

John  Rice . .                                      .    1    «  /.  T       , 

Jabez  Woodroff |  Surveyors  of  Land, 

Ebinzr.  Cutlar 

Benjn.  Fern 

Daniel  Whitman \  Fence  Viewers. 

Michael  Martin  

Jonas  Gates 

Andrew  Ritchie Ganger. 

Israel  Potter    \ 

John  Ried     V  Overseers  of  Fishery. 

John  Gates J 

Wm.  Robertson Inspector  of  Pickled  Fish. 

Wm.   Winnie tt    , 

Henry  Hardwick    

Jesse  Hoyet , 

Elisha  Tupper 

Richard  Ruggles 

Timothy  Rice 

Edward  Whitman 

Nath.  Parker   

Isaac  Bonett   Inspector  of  Smoked  Herring. 

By  order. 

WM.  WINNIETT,  Clerk. 


Overseers  of  Highways. 


176  HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLIS. 

On  the  back  of  this  instrument  is  written,  "Mr.  William  Cross,*  Town 
Clerk,  Annapolis." 

1804.  At  the  end  of  the  second  century  in  the  history  of  Annapolis 
we  will  pause  to  give  what  account  is  possible  of  the  condition  of  its 
chief  town  and  its  environs  as  it  existed  in  this  year.  It  spread  in 
a  straggling  way  from  the  cape  to  the  "  land's  end  "  at  Hog  Island  ; 
Colonel  Stephen  De  Lancey  had  a  dwelling  in  the  latter  section,  which 
occupied  a  site  near  the  present  Catholic  glebe-house ;  here,  too,  was 
the  place  of  abode  and  business  of  the  Davieses,  and  near  the  head  of 
the  ferry-slip  was  the  hardware  store  and  warehouse  of  Stephen  Sneden, 
the  first  ironmonger  in  the  village;  and  nearly  opposite  stood  the 
residence  of  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey,  and  near  to  it  but  a  little  to  the 
southward,  where  the  railway  crosses  St.  George  Street  to  reach  the  pier, 
and  on  the  east  side  of  the  street,  stood  the  church,  dedicated  to  the 
memory  of  St.  Luke.  Adjoining  the  premises  of  Mr.  Bailey  was  the 
residence  of  William  Robertson,  soon  afterwards  M.P.P.  and  Colonel  of 
the  Militia.  A  little  to  the  eastward  of  the  old  railway  station  was  the 
home  of  the  Widow  Cooper,  which  some  ten  years  before  she  had 
inherited  under  the  will  of  Joseph  Cossins,  her  father.  She  was  an  only 
child,  and  from  this  date,  as  before,  occupied  a  first  place  in  the  society 
of  the  town.  Next  to  her  house,  but  still  farther  to  the  south,  were  two 
of  the  oldest  and  best  dwellings  in  the  village,  the  houses  of  the  late 
Thomas  Williams  and  Joseph  Winniett.  A  little  to  the  north  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  street  was  the  Hecht  or  Haight  house  which  was  at 
the  beginning  of  the  century  owned  and  occupied  by  the  late  David 
Bonnett.  John  and  Alexander  Burkett,  Loyalists  from  Pennsylvania, 
owned  and  occupied  the  sites  now  covered  by  the  American  Hotel  and 
Runciman's  warehouse,  respectively.  The  latter  of  these  men  was  for 
several  years  postmaster,  the  former  a  merchant  in  the  town,  and  each 
held  for  a  short  period  the  office  of  High  Sheriff.  From  this  section  of 
the  village  southward  to  and  including  the  cape,  were  the  dwellings  and 
lots  of  the  Ritchies — Andrew,  sen.,  and  the  sons  of  Andrew,  sen.,  and  of 
John,  who  were  both  natives  of  Scotland,  and  the  latter  of  whom  came 
here  as  early  as  1774,  and  both  of  whom  were  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits ;  the  Walkers,  also  Scotch,  who  came  hither  as  naval  officers 

*  William  Cross  had  been  a  prosperous  stationer  and  bookbinder  in  Boston. 
Espousing  the  loyal  side  in  the  war  of  the  revolution,  he  entered  as  a  private  a 
volunteer  company  of  foot,  and  served  under  General  Howe.  He  lost  everything, 
and  was  appointed  stationer  to  the  Royal  Artillery  Department  in  1790.  An 
affidavit  setting  forth  his  services,  sworn  at  Shelburne,  August  18th,  of  that  year, 
by  David  Black,  a  lieutenant  in  the  company,  before  William  Bauld,  J.P.,  is  also  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Hardwick.  He  married  Ann,  daughter  of  the  first  Andrew 
Ritchie,  and  died  August,  1834,  aged  83,  leaving  three  daughters,  two  maiden  ladies 
and  one  Mrs.  Fletcher,  who  became  a  widow,  and  these  ladies  long  lived  in  what  is 
known  as  "  the  Cross  House,"  still  standing  on  the  corner  of  St.  Andrew  and  Drury 
Streets,  repositories  of  much  historical  and  traditionary  lore  which  they  were  always 
glad  to  communicate,  but  is  now  lost  forever. 


SIR  WM.  JOHNSTONE  RITCHIE, 

Chief  Justice  of  Canada. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  177 

\ 
about  1757;  the  Wilkies,  who  came  about  the  same  time;  the  Lecains;  the 

Berteaux;  the  Eassons,  descendants  of  John  Easson;  the  Davoues,  whose 
house  stood  near  where  the  Baptist  Church  now  stands ;  the  Cutlers, 
Loyalists,  who  first  settled  in  eastern  New  Brunswick,  and  had  shortly 
before  removed  here,  where  Ebenezer,  the  head  of  the  family,  was  long 
Deputy  Prothonotary  of  the  Supreme  Court,  while  carrying  on  a  general 
store  in  the  town  ;  the  Dicksons,  Loyalists,  whose  father  had  once  been 
sheriff  of  the  county  and  collector  of  customs.  John  Howard  Winslow, 
a  pre-loyalist  settler,  and  Frederic  Sinclair  each  kept  an  inn  here  as 
early  as  1782.  Sinclair  died  in  1800,  and  his  well-known  old  hostelry 
was  destroyed  by  fire  a  few  years  later.  It  stood  on  the  east  side  of 
St.  George  Street,  next  to  the  corner  of  Drury  Street.  The  Barclays 
had  removed  to  New  York  a  few  years  before,  and  Doctor  Henckel, 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  army,  had  just  become  a  settler  in  the  town, 
and  in  1806  was  appointed  health  officer. 

In  1805  such  a  great  scarcity  of  circulating  medium  was  specially  felt 
in  the  town,  that  a  petition  for  measures  of  relief  was  sent  to  the 
Legislature. 

In  the  session  of  1805-6  of  the  Provincial  Legislature,  an  Act  was 
passed  providing  a  bounty  for  the  seeding  and  clearing  of  new  land,  which 
had  the  effect  of  adding  over  1,000  acres  to  the  cleared  lands  of  the  county 
in  a  single  year.  The  return  made  to  the  Government  under  this  law  in 
1807  shows  that  the  number  of  acres  thus  cleared  in  the  township  of 
Annapolis  was  296. 

In  1808,  on  Wednesday,  April  8th,  the  101st  regiment  commenced  their 
march  from  Halifax  to  Annapolis  ;  the  war  with  France  was  still  raging, 
and  questions  arising  out  of  it  were  disturbing  the  relations  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States ;  and  the  attention  of  the  British 
Government  was  again  called  by  the  Lieut. -Governor,  Sir  George  Prevost, 
to  the  dilapidated  condition  of  the  provincial  defences  generally,  of 
which  he  says,  "  ruin  and  desolation,"  were  "  the  characteristic  features." 
Events  connected  with  the  war  of  1812  more  properly  belong  to  the 
county  at  large ;  but  I  may  here  record  that  a  prosperous  West  India 
business,  very  valuable  to  the  town,  was  interrupted  and  destroyed  by 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities.  On  February  19th,  1809,  Sir  Charles  Darling, 
afterwards  Governor  of  Victoria,  was  born  in  Annapolis.  His  father, 
Lieut.-Colonel  Darling,  was  then  residing  here  in  the  capacity  of  com- 
mandant of '  the  garrison  and  inspecting  field  officer  of  the  militia,  which 
position  he  held  for  several  years.  Three  other  natives  of  the  town,  who 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  for  distinguished  services,  or  in 
recognition  of  professional  eminence,  Sir  William  Fenwick  Williams,  Sir 
William  Robert  Wolseley  Winniett,  and  Sir  William  Johnstone  Ritchie, 
all  belonging  to  old  Annapolis  families,  will  be  mentioned  in  other 
portions  of  this  work. 
12 


178  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Among  the  many  events  that  made  the  year  1815  memorable  was  the 
great  and  decisive  battle  of  Waterloo.  On  the  arrival  of  the  news  of  the 
great  victory,  the  joy  of  the  people  of  Nova  Scotia  knew  no  bounds,  and 
in  no  part  of  the  Province  did  that  joy  find  a  nobler  expression  than  it 
did  in  the  right  loyal  old  capital.  The  town  was  illuminated,  and  bon- 
fires made  to  blaze  in  every  street,  but  its  best  manifestation  is  to  be 
found  in  the  subscriptions  of  the  people  to  the  "Waterloo  fund,"  the 
object  of  which  was  to  aid  the  parent  Government  in  endeavouring  to 
relieve  the  distress  caused  by  the  otherwise  glorious  event.  These  sub- 
scriptions in  the  township  of  Annapolis  reached  an  amount  equivalent  to 
$376  of  our  money,  by  fifty-eight  contributors,  the  largest  of  whom  were 
Colonel  D.  Herbert,  and  Phineas  Lovett,  jun.,  each  $40;  Rev.  Cyrus 
Perkins  and  Thomas  Ritchie,  M.P.P.,  each  $22,  and  Samuel  Vetch  Bayard, 
George  Henckel,  surgeon,  and  Robert  Fitz  Randolph,  each  $20. 

By  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  in  1811,  Grammar  schools  were  established 
in  seven  counties  and  districts,  including  Annapolis  ;  the  head  masters 
were  each  to  be  paid  £100  a  year,  and  the  assistant,  when  over  thirty 
scholars  attended,  £30.  Revs.  John  Millidge  and  Cyrus  Perkins,  and 
Thomas  Ritchie,  Esq.,  were  the  first  trustees  of  the  Grammar  School.  A 
Mr.  Judge  seems  to  have  been  the  first  master  of  the  old  academy. 
Probably  his  immediate  successor  was  Caleb  A.  Shreve,  a  graduate  of 
King's  College,  Windsor,  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Shreve,  first  Church 
of  England  minister  at  Parrsboro',  and  uncle  of  Thomas  C.  Shreve,  Esq., 
now  mayor  of  Digby.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Watson,  an  Englishman, 
I  believe,  who  held  the  position  some  years.  After  him  came  the  late 
Charles  Miller  Forbes,  who  was  born  at  Nairn,  Scotland,  June  30th, 
1811,  and  graduated  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  and  who  had  been 
teaching  at  Antigonish  before  coming  here  in  1839.  He  was  at  the 
head  of  the  Annapolis  Royal  Academy  over  twelve  years,  after  which  he 
went  into  business,  and  was  later  Registrar  of  Probate,  until  his  death 
in  1883. 

As  early  as  1781  a  very  efficient  High  School  had  been  opened  by 
Benjamin  Snow,  a  Loyalist,  and  graduate  of  Dartmouth  College,  who 
was  succeeded,  before  the  spring  of  1783,  by  John  McNamara,  also  a 
Loyalist,  who  had  been  one  of  the  household  of  Rev.  Mr.  Bailey,  and 
probably  educated  in  the  higher  branches  by  him.  He  conducted  this 
school,  and  received  the  school  grant  of  the  great  Church  of  England 
"Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel"  until  his  death  in  1798, 
by  which,  as  Bishop  Charles  Inglis  said,  "the  community  sustained  a 
considerable  loss."  He  was  also  postmaster. 

Ichabod  Corbitt,  toward  the  end  of  the  last  century,  opened  a  school 
and  continued  to  instruct  the  youth  of  the  town  in  the  English  branches 
for  the  long  period  of  sixty  years,  filling  during  a  portion  of  the  time 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  179 

the  position  of  second  master  in  the  Academy.  He  has  left  a  consider- 
able posterity,  some  of  whom  have  been  honourably  conspicuous  in  the 
mercantile  and  social  life  of  the  town.  Later  came  Andrew  Henderson 
as  teacher  in  the  Academy,  and  of  an  independent  or  private  school, 
and  of  a  boarding  school  to  be  referred  to  hereafter.  Mr.  Henderson 
migrated  from  Enniskillen,  Ireland,  to  New  Brunswick,  early  in 
the  century,  spent  a  year  or  two  there,  and  then  removed  to  Wilmot, 
thence  to  Bridgetown,  and  finally  to  Annapolis,  where  in  his  declining 
years  he  filled  the  office  of  postmaster.*  Mr.  Augustus  Fullerton, 
still  living  among  us,  was  honourably  identified  with  the  cause  of 
•education  in  the  town  for  a  number  of  years,  as  a  teacher,  and  is  now 
a  useful  member  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  for  the  western  section 
of  the  county.  The  first  Grammar  School  building  probably  stood 
where  its  successor  did  on  the  southern  end  of  the  White  House  field, 
where  a  more  commodious  one  was  erected  in  1827,  precisely  where 
Mr.  Hardwick's  tenement  house  now  stands,  immediately  to  the  north- 
east of  the  overhead  railway  bridge.  It  received  for  many  years  a 
vote  of  .£200  a  year,  which,  with  tuition  fees,  supported  two 
teachers.  One  teacher  sometimes  received  the  grant  from  the  great 
Church  of  England  Society.  On  the  introduction  of  the  new  school 
law  in  1866,  the  building  was  sold,  and  the  main  part  of  it  (exclusive 
of  the  wings  in  which  two  junior  departments  were  kept)  now  forms  St. 
Luke's  Sunday  School  house.  A  building  adapted  to  the  requirements 
of  the  new  law  was  erected  in  its  place,  but  as  the  demand  for  additional 
room  grew  with  the  revived  prosperity  of  the  town,  the  present  building, 
formerly  the  mansion  of  the  late  Judge  Ritchie,  and  known  as  "  The 
Grange,"  was  purchased  with  the  adjacent  grounds,  and  fitted  up  in  1883. 
The  building  of  1866  was  in  its  turn,  sold,  and  becoming  the  property  of 
Mr.  A.  H.  Riordan,  was  moved  and  made  an  annex  to  the  "  Dominion 
House  "  hotel,  on  Railway  Street,  with  which  it  was  consumed  in  the  fire 
that  destroyed  that  block  in  1887. 

On  August  llth,  1811,  one  acre  of  the  "White  House  field,"  so  called, 
was  granted  for  a  church.  This  field  had  been  granted  in  1763,  to 
Honourables  Richard  Bulkeley  and  John  Newton,  in  trust  for  fortifica- 
tions, if  necessary,  but  the  Government  in  1765  paid  for  it  to  Lieutenant 
Christopher  Aldridge,  son  of  Major  Christopher  Aldridge,  of  the  40th  foot, 
who  had  long  before,  with  the  permission  of  the  Government,  bought  it 
from  former  French  owners.  In  1775  the  people  had,  under  the  influence 
of  Mr.  Wood,  a  pastor  who  was  much  beloved,  commenced  a  new  church, 
60  by  40  feet  in  size,  which  in  1783  Mr.  Bailey  reported  as  still 
unfinished,  but  provided  with  a  steeple  and  bell.  This  church  was  opened 

*  All  Mr.  Henderson's  posterity  bearing  his  name  reside  in  other  provinces. 
Two  grandsons,  barristers  in  good  standing,  are  in  St.  John,  N.B. 


180  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

for  divine  service  on  Easter  Day,  1784;  but  it  would  appear  that  the 
bell  was  afterwards  transferred  to  the  court-house.  Its  site  has  been 
already  mentioned.  The  present  church  was  opened  in  1821,  and  the 
spire  was  built  in  1837.  The  first  bell  was  hung  in  a  sort  of  framework 
in  the  angle  back  of  the  church  near  the  chancel.  After  the  spire  was 
built  Judge  Thomas  Ritchie  presented  the  church  with  a  larger  and  more 
suitable  bell,  in  exchange  for  the  old  one,  which  he  placed  in  one  of  his 
outbuildings  and  used  for  the  purpose  of  calling  his  farm  labourers  to 
dinner.  This  second  one  was  used  for  many  years,  and  finally  becoming 
cracked,  was  sent  to  a  foundry  in  Troy,  New  York,  in  part  payment  for 
a  new  one. 

The  French,  after  the  destruction  of  this  church  by  the  New  England 
troops  in  1707,  worshipped  for  a  time  in  a  part  of  one  of  the  buildings  in 
the  fort,  in  which,  however,  they  soon  built  a  new  church,  but  after  the 
English  occupation  a  Roman  Catholic  church  stood,  it  would  seem,  at  the 
extreme  "  land's  end,"  so  called,  near  where  Mr.  T.  S.  Whitman's  large 
buildings  now  stand.  There  is  said  to  have  been  a  footpath  from  the 
cape  along  the  side  of  the  river  in  the  rear  of  the  properties  on  the  east 
side  of  St.  George  Street  south,  used  by  the  French  from  the  settlements 
outside  of  the  banlieue  in  going  to  and  from  divine  service.  The  present 
Catholic  church  edifice  was  built  about  1834  or  1835. 

I  will  here  introduce  an  extract  from  an  article  written  in  1826,  a 
portion  of  which  was  published  in  the  Acadian  Magazine  in  that  year : 

"  The  town  of  Annapolis  is  built  on  the  extremity  of  a  peninsula,  which, 
projecting  into  the  river,  forms  two  beautiful  basins,  one  above  and  the  other 
below  the  town  ;  there  is  one  principal  street  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  with  several 
leading  from  it  ;  the  houses  generally  look  old  and  decayed ;  on  the  road  by  the 
cape  is  a  fine  wooden  house  belonging  to  Thomas  Ritchie,  Esq.,*  and  another 
built  by  Rev.  Mr.  Millidge,t  Rector  of  the  parish.  The  church  is  very  neat  and 
capacious,  but  it  has  neither  spire  nor  bell.  The  court-house  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  road  is  furnished  with  a  bell  and  bell-tower.  The  bell  rings  to  call  together 
the  parties  when  circuit  court  is  held,  when  the  magistrates  and  sheriff  with  his  con- 
stables at  the  head,  form  a  kind  of  procession  in  escorting  the  presiding  judge  to  the 
court-ho\ise  on  each  day  of  sitting.  The  government  house  is  a  large  wooden 
building,  where  the  officer  in  command  of  the  garrison  resides.  The  fort,  built 
by  the  French  on  their  first  occupying  the  soil,  covers  an  area  of  twenty-eight 
acres,  the  ramparts  being  raised  with  earth,  and  faced  with  sods  ;  which  being 
cut  out  of  the  sandy  soil  (the  whole  neck  between  the  two  rivers  being  nothing 
else)  soon  mouldered  away,  and  some  parts  of  the  work  needed  repairing  every 
spring.  The  English  after  taking  possession,  revested  it  all  around  with  timber 
six  or  seven  inches  in  diameter,  to  the  proper  height,  covering  them  with  ground 
and  sods.  In  the  early  days  there  were  numerous  buildings  inside  the  enclosure, 
including  the  Governor's  residence,  and  soldiers'  barracks ;  these  being  built  of  wood, 
have  all  decayed,  with  the  exception  of  the  powder  magazine,  built  at  the  first 

*  Now  the  County  Academy. 

f  Now  the  residence  of  John  H.  Runciman,  Esq. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  181 

settlement.  This  building  is  of  stone,  the  interior  of  a  white  variety  of  stone 
brought  from  France,  the  exterior  stone  taken  probably  from  the  country  sur- 
rounding the  fort.  Subercase  built  in  addition  a  second  bomb-proof  magazine, 
capable  of  holding  sufficient  material  for  sustaining  a  long  siege.  This  magazine 
served  as  the  foundation  of  a  quadrangular  brick  edifice  built  afterwards  by  the 
British,  and  occupied  as  a  barracks  for  the  soldiers.  The  old  magazine  built  by  the 
early  French  is  in  excellent  preservation,  having  been  repaired  by  the  Duke  of  Kent 
at  the  time  of  building  the  brick  barracks.  The  works  which  have  been  erected  at 
a  very  great  expense,  are  now  in  a  dilapidated  condition  ;  the  ramparts  dismantled 
of  the  cannon,  etc.  There  are  now  within  the  fort  two'  ranges  of  wooden  buildings 
containing  quarters  for  the  officers,  the  large  brick  barracks  covering  the  bomb- 
proof magazine  before  mentioned  as  built  by  Subercase  in  1707,  the  old  magazine 
built  in  1642,  a  hospital,  mess  house,  storehouses  and  armoury.  These  wooden 
buildings  were  built  by  the  British,  supplementing  the  wooden  buildings  of  the 
French  which  succumbed  to  the  ravages  of  time,  and  are  all  gone,  except  only  the 
venerable  magazine  built  of  stone. " 

Precisely  when  the  fortifications  of  Annapolis  Royal  were  first  built 
on  their  present  site,  it  is  impossible  to  state  with  accuracy.  Ignorant  of 
the  existence  of  the  barns  on  the  present  site  of  the  town,  and  of  the  mill 
at  what  is  now  Lequille,  Argall  left  them  untouched.  The  barns  were 
amidst  cornfields  which  we  have  seen  were  successfully  planted  in  1606. 
We  must  remember  that  the  name  "  Port  Royal "  was  more  properly 
that  of  the  port  or  harbour,  and  that  all  the  scattered  hamlets  or  clusters 
of  habitations  around  its  shores  would  in  early  days  be  designated  by  the 
one  general  name,  until  each  attained  sufficient  growth  and  importance  to 
require  a  new  one  to  distinguish  it  from  the  others.  With  cultivated  fields 
or  gardens,  and  barns  in  which  to  store  their  products,  for  the  use  of 
dwellers  four  or  five  miles  distant,  before  a  building  had  been  erected  on 
the  present  site  of  Quebec,  Annapolis  is  entitled  to  the  palm  of  antiquity 
over  her  larger  and  still  more  illustrious  rival  for  the  honour,  even  if  no 
regular  dwelling  houses  were  actually  erected  alongside  of  these  barns  and 
gardens ;  but  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  reasonable  to  suppose  that  where 
there  existed  barns  and  gardens  there  would  also  be  some  houses  for  occa- 
sional, if  not  constant,  use,  in  summer  if  not  in  winter,  although  the  fort 
on  the  site  first  selected  was  the  real  stronghold,  and  adapted  by  its  situa- 
tion to  intercept  an  enemy  coming  up  the  river.  Haliburton  (Vol.  I.,  p. 
38)  in  describing  the  interview  between  Argall  and  Biencourt,  falls  into 
two  errors,  the  one  consequent  on  the  other,  locating  the  fort  on  its 
present  site,  instead  of  where  subsequent  researches  have  shown  it  to 
have  been,  and  mistaking  the  creek  and  stream,  in  his  day  and  ours  called 
the  Lequille,  for  the  main  river  then  called  L'Equille  ;  while  Parkman 
("  Pioneers  of  France,"  p.  287.)  probably  follows  Haliburton  in  saying  "  the 
marauders  went  in  boats  up  the  river  to  the  fields."  Boats  were  not 
necessary  to  ascend  the  main  river,  and  it  is  absurd  to  suppose  that  they 
would  ascend  the  creek  and  small  stream  without  destroying  the  buildings. 


182  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Father  Biard,  whom  Argall  brought  with  him  to  the  fort,  and  whom 
Biencourt  and  his  followers  accused  of  betraying  them,  does  not  in  the 
passage  cited  by  Parkman  (p.  288),  pretepd  that  his  appeal  on  his  knees 
to  Argall  rendered  him  more  lenient  to  the  French  for  whom  his  mercy 
was  implored,  but  that  it  elevated  him  (the  Father)  in  ArgalFs  esteem, 
and  secured  him  better  consideration  and  protection.  We  must  therefore 
conclude  that  Argall  only  ascended  the  river  far  enough  to  destroy  the 
crops  and  buildings  patent  to  his  view,  and  wittingly  spared  nothing. 
Archbishop  O'Brien's  observations  on  this  point,  and  touching  the 
continuity  of  the  settlement  ("Life  of  Bishop  Burke,"  p.  46)  are  evidently 
sound  and  judicious.  I  think  it  must  be  assumed  that  from  the  year 
1607  the  nucleus  of  a  settlement  had  been  growing  with  the  other  improve- 
ments* on  the  present  site,  concurrently  with  that  at  the  fortified  post 
below,  and  that  here  Biencourt  sheltered  himself  during  the  ensuing 
winter.  That  a  settlement  remained  on  the  earlier  site  after  it  had  been 
abandoned  as  a  stronghold,  we  know  from  the  stonef  found  about  1827 
in  Granville  "  near  the  eastern  parapet  of  the  old  Scotch  fort  on  the  site 
of  the  French  cornfields,  contiguous  to  the  creek  of  St.  Germains," 
carved  roughly  with  the  name  "Lebel,"  and  the  figures  (evidently  denoting 
the  year)  "1649."  That  Biencourt  and  his  disheartened  followers  under- 
took to  fortify  the  new  settlement  is  somewhat  doubtful.  We  must 
probably  give  D'Aulnay  de  Charnisay  who,  it  has  been  seen,  made  his 
headquarters  here  on  being  appointed  Razilli's  lieutenant,  the  credit  of 
beginning  the  fortifications,  the  romantic  ruins  of  which  now  lie  before 
us;  and  we  may  date  that  beginning  as  early  as  1634,  possibly  1632. 
With  his  Norman  peasants,  or  perhaps  later,  on  his  return  from  one  of 
his  visits  to  France,  made  in  order  to  undermine  the  influence  of  Latour, 
he  brought  with  him  from  Normandy  the  Caen  limestone,  of  which  the 
old  powder  magazine  was  built,  according  to  the  generally  received  date, 
in  1642.  Hannay  suggests  that  D'Aulnay 's  first  fort  was  on  the  site  of 
that  of  Champlain  or  of  the  Scotch  fort,  and  on  the  alleged  authority  of 
Governor  Winthrop  says  that  he  "  commenced  "  a  new  one  at  the  present 
site  in  1643.  j  But  D'Aulnay  would  not  be  likely  to  build  a  fort  and 
abandon  it  in  so  short  a  period,  and  the  language  of  Winthrop,  when 
closely  examined,  does  not  bear  out  any  such  inference.  Latour's  Boston 

*  See  page  10  ante. 

t  Now,  1897,  in  the  possession  of  Fred.  Leavitt,  Esq.  Haliburton  and  others 
following  him  in  discussing  this  stone  give  the  year  1643,  but  the  figure  "9  "  is  too 
plain  to  be  mistaken.  On  the  other  hand,  if  his  letter  to  the  Historic-Genealogical 
Society  of  Boston  is  correctly  quoted  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Grand  Lodge  oj 
Massachusetts  for  1891,  Dr.  Jackson  probably  writing  from  memory,  errs  in  respect 
to  the  letters,  giving  the  two  words  "La  belle"  ("the  beautiful  one")  instead  of 
the  surname  "  Lebel."  Lebel  is  said  to  have  been  a  clever  business  man  of  Paris, 
who  spent  several  years  in  Acadie,  where  he  was  guardian  of  D'Aulnay's  children. 

JHannay's  "  Acadia,"  p.  162. 


!<  o 
it  ^ 
O  8 


O      I 

.o 

•«!     fc< 


g     I 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  183 

auxiliaries  on  their  return  home  in  1643  reported  "they  found  D'Aulnay 
gone  into  France,  and  a  new  fort  raised  at  Port  Royal."*  "Raised,"  in 
the  speech  of  that  day,  meant  "erected,"  "built,"  and  the  language  is 
quite  consistent  with  the  fort  having  been  built  some  years  earlier, 
although  they  had  only  then  become  aware  of  it.  To  them  and  to  the 
Governor  at  Boston  it  was  still  a  "  new  fort."  The  old  French  wharf,  a 
structure  nearly  triangular,  was  situated  farther  down  the  main  river 
than  the  one  built  by  the  English  in  1746.  The  stone  and  masonry 
supports  still  to  be  seen  in  the  main  ditch  of  the  fort  were  built  under 
the  direction  of  Mascarene  in  1742.  Among  the  French  buildings  in  the 
fort  in  1713  was  a  "handsome  chapel,"  which  Rev.  Mr.  Harrison,  the 
English  chaplain,  petitioned  Governor  Nicholson  to  order  applied  to 
"  pious  uses."  There  was  also  a  large  and  imposing  building  used  as  a 
barracks  and  mess  room  on  the  north  side  of  the  quadrangle,  with  several 
gables,  facing  south.  This  was  allowed  to  yield  to  the  natural  process  of 
decay.  In  the  closing  year  of  the  last  century  the  Duke  of"  Kent  caused 
the  building  still  remaining  to  be  built  for  officers'  quarters,  as  well  as  a 
large  wooden  building  for  barracks  on  the  south  side  of  the  quadrangle 
and  the  large  brick  building  three  stories  high  on  Subercase's  bomb-proof 
powder  magazine,  which  formed  the  foundation  and  first  story  of  it. 
The  wooden  barracks  was  burnt  in  the  latter  days  of  January  or  first 
days  of  February,  1830.t  The  brick  building  was  taken  down  in  1853, 
exposing  to  view  two  enormous  arches  forming  its  support  and  the 
capacious  bomb-proof  powder  magazine  over  which  it  had  been  erected, 
the  walls  of  which  were  of  much  greater  thickness  and  capacity  than 
those  of  the  older  one.  The  older  magazine  was  then  still  in  good 
preservation.  In  1895  further  steps  were  taken  for  its  protection, 
previous  to  which  it  was  continually  suffering  from  the  depredations  of 
relic-hunters  from  abroad,  who  broke  off  and  carried  away  pieces  of  the 
peculiar  stone  of  which  it  was  built.  The  block-house,  which  first  in  the 
distance  told  to  the  approaching  stranger  its  silent  story  of  the  past,  was 
taken  down  by  the  order  or  with  the  permission  of  the  Canadian 
Government  in  1878,  much  to  the  disgust  of  all  public-spirited  citizens  of 
the  town. 

The  40th  regiment, J  known  as  "the    fighting   fortieth,"  which   was 

*  Winthrop's  "Journal,"  p.  180,  Vol.  II.,  Ed.  of  1853. 

t  A  letter  in  the  military  records  at  Halifax,  dated  February  7,  speaks  of  it  as 
' '  the  recent  fire. "  Capt.  Eustace  Hill  was  in  command  with  a  company  of  the  96th 
regiment.  He  and  his  men  were  complimented  on  their  exertions  to  save  the 
building. 

Jits  first  officers  were  :  Colonel,  Richard  Phillipps  ;  Major,  Alexander  Cosby  ; 
Captains,  John  Caulfield,  Lawrence  Armstrong,  Paul  Mascarene,  Christopher 
Aldridge,  and  John  Williams  ;  Lieutenants,  James  Campbell,  John  Jephson, 
Edward  Bradstreet ;  Ensigns,  James  Erskine,  John  Keating.  It  has  more  recently 
been  merged  in  the  1st  Battalion  Prince  of  Wales  Volunteers  (South  Lancashire 
Regiment).  A  history  of  it  has  lately  been  published. 


184  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

organized  at  Annapolis  in  1717  (see  Murdoch,  Vol.  I.,  p.  351),  or  a 
portion  of  it,  garrisoned  the  fort  at  Annapolis  from  that  year  until  1755, 
and  probably  till  1758,  when  it  formed  part  of  the  expedition  against 
Louisburg.  In  1740  five  companies  of  it  were  at  Annapolis,  four  at 
Canso,  and  one  at  Placentia.  There  is  no  indication  that  any  part  of  it 
returned  to  Annapolis  after  1758.  In  1789  the  fort  was  garrisoned  by 
a  part  of  the  6th  regiment  under  command  of  Capt.  Peacock,  who  appears 
to  have  been  very  popular  with  the  citizens  ;  for  in  that  year  he  was 
presented  with  a  complimentary  address,  signed  by  the  following  leading 
residents  :  Joseph  Winniett,  Joseph  Winniett,  jun.,  Joseph  Cossins, 
Isaac  Bonnett,  Andrew  Ritchie,  Jacob  Bailey  (Rector),  David  Seabury, 
David  Bonnett,  Ambrose  Haight,  O'Sullivan  Sutherland,  Andrew 
Bierdman,  Robert  Tucker,  Matthew  Winniett,  Robert  Dickson,  William 
Robertson,  Elijah  Weeks,  Fred.  Sinclair,  John  Lecain  and  William  Shaw. 
His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Kent  first  visited  Annapolis  in  1794,* 
the  year  of  his  first  arrival  at  Halifax,  and  was  afterwards  here  frequently 
until  his  departure  for  England  in  1798.  In  1799  he  returned  to  Halifax 
in  his  capacity  as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  forces  in  British  North 
America,  and  on  visiting  Annapolis  in  that  year  was  presented  by  the 
citizens  with  a  loyal  address. 

«  About  the  years  1820-22,  Lieutenant  Christian  Conrad  Katzmann,  of 
the  60th  Rifles,  a  native  of  Germany,  a  graduate  of  Gottingen  University, 
father  of  our  distinguished  poetess,  Mrs.  Katzman  Lawson,  was  stationed 
here  for  two  years. 

.  In  1835  we  find  the  fort  garrisoned  by  a  company  of  the  83rd  regiment, 
Captain  Colquhon,  with  Lieutenant  Kensal.  Among  other  distinguished 
officers  who  served  in  the  garrison  within  this  century,  one  in  particular 
I  have  often  heard  spoken  of  in  kind  terms  by  the  citizens.  William 
Henry,  Lord  Kilmarnock,  afterwards  seventeenth  Earl  of  Erroll,  who 
married  a  daughter  of  Major-General  Gore,  a  niece  maternally  of  the 
late  Doctor  Benjamin  De  W.  Eraser,  of  Windsor,  was  here  for  a  time 
between  1844  and  1846.  He  was  wounded  in  the  hand  at  the  battle 
of  the  Alma  in  1854,  and  died  in  1891.  Thomas  H.  Bailey,  son  of  the 
Rev.  Jacob  Bailey,  was  barrack-master  and  store-keeper  in  the  early 
part  of  the  century,  but  the  last  to  fill  that  office  was  Joseph  Norman, 
familiarly  known  as  Major  Norman,  a  Peninsular  veteran  and  non- 
commissioned officer  who  had  a  very  interesting  record.  He  is  said  to 
have  planted  the  trees  in  front  of  the  old  fort  and  cemetery.  From  time 
to  time  the  number  of  troops  in  the  garrison  were  reduced  till  a  mere 
detachment  remained,  and  in  1854  they  were  finally  withdrawn,  Lieu- 
tenant Wedderburn,  76th  regiment,  in  command,  and  thenceforth 
Annapolis  Royal  was  no  longer  a  "  garrison  town." 

*  Journal  of  Rev.  John  Wiswall,  Rector  of  Wilmot. 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS.  185 

At  the  date  of  the  article  quoted  from  the  Acadian  Magazine  there 
stood  near  the  old  government  house  on  St.  George  Street  a  cottage  of  a 
single  story  with  dormer-windows,  the  framework  of  squared  logs, 
although  for  many  years  it  had  been  covered  with  clap-boards.  It  was 
probably  over  two  hundred  years  old,  and  was  long  said  to  be  the  only 
one  of  the  old  French  houses  remaining.  It  was  used  as  a  residence  for 
the  French  governor  in  the  time  of  peace.  Records  show  it  to  have  been 
repaired  and  sheathed  in  1744.  This  cottage  was  demolished  in  the 
early  sixties,  and  the  well-known  mercantile  establishment  of  William 
McCormick  &  Sons  now  occupies  the  site.  The  old  "  Williams  house,"  in 
which  Sir  W.  Fen  wick  Williams  was  born,  stood  until  1874,  when  it  was 
removed  to  make  way  for  the  Union  Bank  building.  The  main  part  of 
it  was  moved  to  St.  Anthony  Street  north,  nearly  opposite  the  rink,  and 
is  owned  by  Mr.  William  McClafferty  and  occupied  by  his  tenants.  The 
other  part  or  wing  of  the  house  was  similarly  moved  to  Dalton  Street, 
where  it  was  refitted  as  a  tenement  house  by  the  same,  owner,  and  still 
stands.  The  "  Winniett  house,"  built  by  Joseph  Winniett,  stood  on  the 
adjoining  lot,  south  of  the  Williams  house,  and  was  torn  down  in  1884  to 
make  way  for  the  opening  of  Victoria  Street.  libng  these  quaint  old 
mansions,  suggestive  relics  of  other  days  and  fashions,  stood  side  by  side, 
pathetic  memorials  of  a  generation  of  worthies  long  passed  away,  and  as 
if  to  perpetuate,  if  possible,  the  life-long  and  brotherly  friendship  that 
existed  between  their  original  owners. 

We  have  spoken  of  several  fires,  and  as  the  town  has  been  unfortunate  in 
this  respect,  beyond  any  other  in  the  Province,  a  glance  at  its  fire  record 
will  not  be  out  of  place  in  this  chapter.  Two  years  after  the  burning  of 
the  wooden  barracks,  the  dwelling  house  of  Robert  Sneden,  in  lower  town, 
with  its  contents  was  destroyed  ;  and  in  1833  the  old  English  government 
house,  a  building  of  three  stories  which  stood  nearly  opposite  the  present 
Union  Bank,  was  burnt  up.  The  court-house  was  burnt  in  1836 ;  in 
1846  a  dwelling  on  the  cape  occupied  by  John  Barnaby ;  in  1854  the 
store  and  contents  of  Charles  Starratt  on  the  corner  of  St.  George  and 
Albert  Streets  ;  and  in  1855  three  barns  in  the  rear  of  the  Commercial 
Hotel,  opposite  the  slip,  were  burned.  To  pass  over,  however,  the  many 
single  buildings  that  were  consumed  from  time  to  time  (including  the 
Cooper  House  in  1869),  the  two  stores  of  Thomas  A.  Gavaza  &  Sons 
were  destroyed  in  1877,  and  in  1880  a  great  fire  swept  away  a  large 
number,  some  eighteen  buildings,  situated  in  the  region  of  the  town 
opposite  the  fort.  In  1881  the  dwelling  and  store  of  A.  W.  Corbett 
followed,  and  in  1885  a  great  fire  swept  away  all  that  portion  of  the 
town  on  the  water-side  which  extended  from  McCormick  &  Sons'  store  to 
the  railway.  Finally,  in  1887  a  fire  at  the  corner  of  St.  George  and  Rail- 
way Streets  swept  away  a  large  block  of  fine  wooden  buildings  on  St. 


186  HISTOEY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

George  Street,  a  fine  large  hotel  known  as  the  Dominion  House,  and 
several  large  buildings  to  the  eastward  of  it  on  Railway  Street,  and 
gutting  the  brick  building  occupied  by  the  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia. 

An  admirable  system  of  water  supply  was  introduced  in  1889,  and  we 
may  note  here  the  introduction  of  the  electric  light  for  house  and  street 
purposes  on  December  21st,  1891,  through  the  enterprise  of  Mr.  Carman 
Odell.  The  town  was  incorporated  in  1893,  and  the  first  town  council 
and  officers  were  :  Mayor,  Hugh  Evan  Gillis,  Barrister ;  Councillors, 
Charles  McCormick,  Robert  L.  Hardwick,  A.  H.  Riordan,  Arthur  M. 
King,  Eben.  M.  Anderson,  and  Charles  F.  Monroe.  Richard  J.  Uniacke 
was  appointed  Town  Clerk,  and  Frederic  Leavitt,  Esq.,  Stipendiary 
Magistrate. 

The  writer  in  the  Acadian  Magazine  speaks  of  the  old  and  decayed 
appearance  of  the  houses  of  the  town.  Many  years  later  the  same  remark 
might  still  have  been  made.  For  a  few  decades,  about  the  middle  of  the 
century,  Annapolis  seemed  to  remain  stationary,  while  its  sister  town  of 
Granville  Ferry,  through  the  enterprise  of  its  citizens  engaged  in  ship- 
building and  navigation,  in  the  palmy  days  of  those  pursuits,  bade  fair  to 
distance  it  in  the  race  of  progress,  and  development  of  wealth.  But  among 
other  causes,  the  opening  of  the  Windsor  and  Annapolis  Railway  in  1869, 
inaugurated  for  it  a  new  era.  The  products  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
county,  as  well  as  the  regions  to  the  south,  which  began  to  be  peopled 
and  developed,  have  been  brought  to  its  wharves  for  export,  and  the 
producers  have  frequented  its  stores  and  workshops  to  buy,  and  the 
volume  of  its  business  has  induced  a  prosperity  and  infused  a  life  that 
have  changed  the  face  of  the  town.  I  well  remember  the  late  Chief 
Justice  Sir  William  Young's  eloquent  reply  to  an  address  of  congratula- 
tion by  the  Grand  Jury,  felicitating  them  in  turn  on  the  completion  of 
the  railway,  as  a  result  of  which,  he  told  them  in  his  North  British 
accent,  but  graceful  diction,  "  the  ancient  capital  of  Acadia  will  resume 
some  of  her  pristine  importance."  The  truth  of  his  prophecy  is  splendidly 
apparent  to  anyone  whose  memory  goes  back  a  quarter  of  a  century. 
Esto  perpetua  ! 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  187 


APPENDIX  TO  CHAPTER  XL 

Illustrating  alike  the  mental  traits  of  religious  New  England  people 
of  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  and  the  perplexities  of  some  of  the  early 
settlers  on  the  question  of  the  Civil  War,  the  following  from  a  manuscript 
journal  of  Handley  Chipman,  of  Cornwallis,  the  ancestor  of  the  Chipmans 
of  the  western  counties,  is  worthy  of  a  place  here  : 

' '  As  Thou,  heavenly  Father,  hast  so  overruled  in  the  course  of  thy  Holy  and 
wise  providence  that  my  son  John  is  chosen  representative  of  this  town  to  the 
General  Assembly,  O  so  order  it  that  it  may  be  in  mercy  to  him  and  not  in  judgment, 
neither  to  him  nor  to  this  people,  but  help  him  I  pray  to  look  to  Thee  to  enable  him 
to  know  his  duty,  and  to  do  it  faithfully,  not  only  in  this  public  station,  but  in  that 
of  Justice  of  the  Peace.  Lord,  Thou  knowest  what  a  critical  situation  at  this  time 
it  is  to  walk  in  the  station  he  is  put  in,  so  as  to  keep  a  good  conscience  and  the  good 
will  of  the  most  leading  men  here  in  this  province. " 

On  Lebel  the  author  wrote  the  following : 

I. 

Two  hundred  years  ago  and  more, 
Upon  Taywoapsk's  wood-crowned  shore, 
Where  Scotland's  sons  had  just  before, 

Erected  homes  wherein  to  dwell ; 
As  if  a  future  age  to  mock, 
Some  human  hand  upon  a  block, 
Of  compact  metamorphic  rock, 

Engraved  the  sounding  name— -Lebel. 

II. 

Two  hundred  years  the  secret  keep, 
And  bid -it  still  in  silence  sleep  ; 
And  none  are  left  to  mourn  or  weep, 

The  name  that  some  one  loved  so  well. 
Two  hundred  more  may  come  and  go, 
With  footsteps  solemn,  grand  and  slow, 
And  still  the  story  none  shall  know, 

That  lingers  in  the  name — Lebel. 

The  late  James  Gray,  Esq.,  deserves  honourable  notice  here  for,  among 
other  reasons,  his  interest  in  the  antiquities  of  Annapolis.  He  was  born 
in  Halifax,  and  came  to  the  town  in  1824,  where  he  resided  until  his 
death,  March  15th,  1877,  in  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  his  age.  He 
married  January  6th,  1831,  Susan  Spurr,  of  Round  Hill,  and  left  sur- 
viving a  son,  Charles,  now  Doctor  Charles  Gray,  of  Mahone  Bay,  and 
daughters,  Mrs.  A.  B.  Cunningham,  of  Annapolis,  and  Mrs.  Craig,  of 
Yarmouth.  During  his  early  residence  in  Annapolis  he  was  actively 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  but  later,  a  prominent  and  able  magis- 
trate. He  collected  in  his  leisure  a  very  interesting  lot  of  mineralogical 
specimens  and  curious  old  relics.  Here  I  must  take  the  opportunity  of 
expressing  my  deprecation  of  the  neglect  of  our  people  in  not  taking  steps 
to  keep  in  the  place  those  valuable  relics  of  antiquity  which  American 
tourists  are  buying  up  in  the  vicinity  and  carrying  away  with  them  every 
year.  The  old  barracks  should  have  been  long  ago  fitted  up  as  a  receptacle 
and  museum  for  these  things,  like  Pilgrim  Hall  at  Plymouth,  Mass.  A 


188  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

•chair  made  out  of  the  wood  of  which  the  old  block -house  was  built,  was 
sold  at  a  church  fair  and  carried  away  to  Connecticut.  It  ought  to  have 
been  presented  to  the  Historical  Society  of  the  Province,  as  a  seat  for  the 
President.  I  have  seen  in  the  library  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society  in  Boston,  a  key  of  enormous  size,  with  a  label  attached  bearing 
the  words,  "Key  of  Port  Royal,  Nova  Scotia." 

In  1865  the  following  was  written  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Gidney,  in  the 
Bridgetown  Free  Press  :  "  On  a  staff  from  the  roof  of  an  old  blacksmith 
shop  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town  is  an  old  vane  designed  to  indicate 
4  how  the  wind  blows,'  which  bears  the  date  1738."  This  relic  was  in 
possession  of  Mr.  Addison  Lecain  when  he  removed  from  Annapolis  to 
Windsor  several  years  ago. 

Robert  Leslie,  who  was  born  in  Dornoch,  Sutherlandshire,  Scotland, 
and  educated  for  his  profession  at  Edinburgh,  was  at  first  surgeon  in  the 
Royal  Navy,  then  in  the  army,  came  here  early  in  the  century  as  surgeon 
to  the  Irish  Rifles,  settled  here,  and  was  long  the  leading  physician,  and 
in  other  respects  a  prominent  figure  in  the  town,  until  his  death,  May  26, 
1868,  aged  76.  His  dwelling,  long  known  as  the  "Leslie  House,"  is 
incorporated  into  the  larger  and  more  handsome  residence  of  Judge 
Owen.  He  married,  first,  Ann  Botsford  Millidge,  who  with  her 
new-born  child  died,  1822 ;  second,  Dec.  28,  1823,  Ann  E.  Sneden 
and  had  children,  (1)  Lawrence  Sneden,  m.  in  Spain,  d.  Nov.  18,  1893  ; 
(2)  Mary  E.,  m.  Alfred  Danielsen,  a  Dane,  d.  Feb.,  1885  ;  (3)  Christina, 
living,  unm.;  (4)  Robert  Hugh,  m.  twice,  living  in  Texas  ;  (5)  Hope  E., 
d.  unm.;  (6)  Angus  S.,  m.,  living  in  San  Francisco  ;  (7)  Jessie,  m.  James 
A.  Gibbon,  living  at  Brookline,  Mass.;  (8)  Leyeson  G.,  m.  and  lives  in 
South  America  ;  (9)  Laura,  m.  Charles  Ditmars,  Esq.,  of  Clementsport,  d.; 
(10)  Helen  M.,  living  unm.  at  Annapolis ;  (11)  James  C.,  m.  twice,  living 
in  Newfoundland;  (12)  William  P.,  m.,  and  died  in  U.S.,  August,  1892. 

' '  Their  graves  are  severed  far  and  wide, 
By  mount,  and  stream,  and  sea." 

Major  Norman"  married  at  Gibraltar,  Oct.  13,  1813,  Gregoria  Reiez, 
and  had  a  son  Walter,  baptized  June  17,  1827.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  favorite  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  enjoyed  during  the  first  part  of 
his  residence  here  a  salary  or  pension  of  £300  a  year,  afterwards  reduced 
to  £150. 

Among  the  prominent  residents  of  the  town  in  the  early  years  of  the 
•century  were  three  brothers,  Henry,  Oliver,  and  Benjamin  Mason 
Goldsmith.  They  were  sons  of  Henry  Goldsmith,  an  Assistant 
Commissary-General  in  the  British  service,  stationed  in  Cape  Breton  and 
afterwards  in  St.  John,  N.B.,  where  he  died  June  6,  1811,  aged  fifty-six 
years.  He  was  born  at  Athlone,  Ireland,  and  was  a  nephew  of  the  great 
literary  genius,  Oliver  Goldsmith,  son  of  his  favourite  brother,  the  Rev. 
Henry  Goldsmith,  who  was  a  man  of  brilliant  gifts,  distinguished  at 
school  and  college,  and  a  favourite  of  Oliver.  Our  citizen,  the  grand- 
nephew  Oliver,  was  also  in  the  Commissariat  Department,  and  was  at 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  189 

St.  John  in  1834,  and  afterwards  at  Hong  Kong,  and  died  in  England. 
A  tree  was  planted  to  his  memory  on  Queen  Square  in  St.  John,  by 
R.  B.  Humphrey,  Esq.,  on  the  centennial  festival  of  the  city  in  1883,  at 
the  "  east  gate."  He  was  a  zealous  Mason  and  presented  a  set  of  jewels  to 
Albion  Lodge  after  his  removal  from  St.  John.  Henry  married,  first.  Feb. 
1,  1808,  Maria,  eldest  daughter  of  Col.  James  DeLancey,  and  second,  Feb. 
4,  1841,  Harriet  Burdain.  He  was  a  barrister-at-law  and  collector  of 
customs,  and  died  without  issue,  Sept.,  1845,  aged  61.  Benjamin  M., 
the  youngest  brother,  settled  at  Perrott,  and  was  long  a  magistrate, 
holding  for  some  years  an  office  in  the  house  lately  occupied  by  Andrew 
Gilmore,  the  well-known  old  soldier,  but  built  by  Mr.  Goldsmith  within 
the  bounds  of  the  fort.  He  died  Feb.,  1884,  aged  86,  leaving  a  large 
posterity,  many  of  them  living  in  the  town  and  vicinity.  Oliver 
possessed  literary  gifts,  which,  while  they  could  not  be  compared  with 
those  of  his  great  ancestor,  were  by  no  means  inconsiderable.  As  the 
immortal  Oliver  pictured  with  poetic  pathos  the  "  Deserted  Village,"  his 
successor  in  the  name  undertook  to  pourtray  the  lot  of  those  who  might 
once  have  peopled  such  a  place,  but  who  had  set  themselves  to  the  task  of 
building  up  a  new  village  in  the  wild  scenes  to  which  they  had  removed, 
and  to  dedicate  the  work  to  another  brother  Henry.  I  will  give  his 
own  words,  under  date  Oct.  1,  1834  : 

"To  Henry  Goldsmith,  Esq.,  Annapolis  Royal  :  The  celebrated  author  of  the 
'  Deserted  Village '  has  pathetically  displayed  the  anguish  of  his  countrymen  in 
being  forced  from  various  causes  to  quit  their  native  plains,  endeared  to  them  by  so 
many  delightful  recollections,  and  to  seek  a  refuge  in  regions  at  that  time  unknown, 
or  but  little  heard  of.  It  would,  perhaps,  have  been  a  subject  of  astonishment  to 
him  could  he  have  known  that,  in  the  course  of  events,  some  of  his  own  relations 
were  to  be  natives  of  such  distant  countries,  and  that  a  grandson  of  his  brother 
Henry,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  "Traveller,"  would  first  draw  his  breath  at  no 
great  distance  from  the  spot 

'  Where  wild  Oswego  spreads  her  swamps  around, 
And  Niagara  stuns  with  thundering  sound.' 

In  the  "Rising  Village"  I  have  endeavoured  to  describe  the  sufferings  which  the  early 
settlers  experienced,  the  difficulties  which  they  surmounted,  the  rise  and  progress  of 
a  young  country,  and  the  prospects  which  promise  happiness  to  its  future 
possessors." 

After  a  few  lines  of  apostrophe  to  his  brother,  the  poem  proceeds  : 

' '  If  then  adown  your  cheek  a  tear  should  flow 
For  Auburn's  village  and  its  speechless  woe  ; 
If  while  you  weep,  you  think  the  'lowly  train,' 
Their  early  joys  can  never  more  regain, 
Come  turn  with  me  where  happier  prospects  rise 
Beneath  the  sternness  of  Acadian  skies. 
And  thou,  dear  spirit !  whose  harmonious  lay 
Didst  lovely  Auburn's  piercing  woes  display, 
Do  thou  to  thy  fond  relative  impart 
Some  portion  of  thy  sweet  poetic  art ; 
Like  thine,  oh  !  let  my  verse  as  gently  flow, 
While  truth  and  virtue  in.  my  numbers  glow  ; 
And  guide  my  pen  with  thy  bewitching  hand 
To  paint  the  Rising  Village  of  the  land. 

How  chaste  and  splendid  are  the  scenes  that  lie 
Beneath  the  circle  of  Britannia's  sky  ! 
What  charming  prospects  there  arrest  the  view, 
How  bright,  how  varied,  and  how  boundless  too  ! 


190  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Cities  and  plains  extending  far  and  wide, 
The  merchant's  glory  and  the  farmer's  pride. 
Majestic  palaces  in  pomp  display 
The  wealth  and  splendour  of  the  regal  sway  ; 
While  the  low  hamlet  and  the  shepherd's  cot, 
In  peace  and  freedom  mark  the  peasant's  lot. 

Compared  with  scenes  like  those,  how  lone  and  drear 
Did  once  Acadia's  woods  and  wilds  appear  ; 
Where  wandering  savages,  and  beasts  of  prey, 
Displayed,  by  turns,  the  fury  of  their  sway. 
What  noble  courage  must  their  hearts  have  fired, 
How  great  the  ardour  which  their  souls  inspired, 
Who  leaving  far  behind  their  native  plain, 
Have  sought  a  home  beyond  the  Western  main. 

Oh,  none  can  tell  but  they  who  sadly  share 

The  bosom's  anguish  and  its  wild  despair, 

What  dire  distress  awaits  the  hardy  bands 

That  venture  first  on  bleak  and  desert  lands. 

How  great  the  pain,  the  danger  and  the  toil 

Which  mark  the  first  rude  culture  of  the  soil, 

When  looking  round,  the  lonely  settler  sees 

His  home  amidst  a  wilderness  of  trees. 

How  sinks  his  heart  in  those  deep  solitudes 

Where  not  a  voice  upon  his  ear  intrudes  ; 

Where  solemn  silence  all  this  waste  pervades 

Heightening  the  horror  of  its  gloomy  shades, 

Save  where  the  sturdy  woodman's  strokes  resound 

That  strew  the  fallen  forest  on  the  ground. 

See  from  their  heights  the  lofty  pines  descend, 

And  crackling,  down  their  pond'rous  lengths  extend. 

Soon  from  their  boughs  the  curling  flames  arise, 

Mount  into  air  and  redden  all  the  skies  ; 

And  where  the  forest  once  its  foliage  spread, 

The  golden  corn  triumphant  waves  its  head. 

How  blest  did  nature's  ruggedness  appear, 

The  only  source  of  trouble  or  of  fear ! 

How  happy,  did  no  hardship  meet  his  view, 

No  other  care  his  anxious  steps  pursue  ; 

But  while  his  labour  gains  a  short  repose, 

And  hope  presents  a  solace  for  his  woes, 

New  ills  arise,  new  fears  his  peace  annoy, 

And  other  dangers  all  his  hopes  destroy. 

Behold  the  savage  tribes  in  wildest  strain 

Approach  with  death  and  terror  in  their  train. 

No  longer  silence  o'er  the  forest  reigns, 

No  longer  stillness  now  her  power  retains  ; 

But  hideous  yells  announce  the  murderous  band, 

Whose  bloody  footsteps  desolate  the  land. 

He  hears  them  oft  in  sternest  mood  maintain 

Their  right  to  rule  the  mountain  and  the  plain  ; 

He  hears  them  doom  the  white  man's  instant  death, 

Shrinks  from  the  sentence,  while  he  gasps  for  breath, 

Then,  rousing  with  one  effort  all  his  might, 

Darts  from  his  hut,  and  saves  himself  by  flight. 

Yet,  what  a  refuge  !     Here  a  host  of  foes 

On  every  side  his  trembling  steps  oppose  ; 

Here  savage  beasts  around  his  cottage  howl, 

As  through  the  gloomy  wood  they  nightly  prowl. 

Till  morning  comes,  and  then  is  heard  no  more 

The  shouts  of  man,  or  beast's  appalling  roar. 

The  wandering  Indian  turns  another  way, 

And  brutes  avoid  the  first  approach  of  day. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  191 

While  time  thus  rolls  his  rapid  years  away, 

The  village  rises  gently  into  day. 

"How  sweet  it  is,  at  first  approach  of  morn 

Before  the  silvery  dew  has  left  the  lawn, 

When  warring  winds  are  sleeping  yet  on  high 

Or  breathe  as  softly  as  the  bosom's  sigh, 

To  gain  some  easy  hill's  ascending  height 

Where  all  the  landscape  brightens  with  delight, 

And  boundless  prospects  stretched  on  every  side, 

Proclaim  the  country's  industry  and  pride. 

Here  the  broad  marsh  extends  its  open  plain, 

Until  its  limits  touch  the  distant  main  ; 

There  verdant  meads  along  the  uplands  spring, 

And  grateful  odours  to  the  breezes  fling  ; 

Here  crops  of  grain  in  rich  luxuriance  rise, 

And  wave  their  golden  riches  to  the  skies  ; 

There  smiling  orchards  interrupt  the  scene, 

Or  gardens  bounded  by  some  hedge  of  green  ; 

The  farmer's  cottage  bosomed  'mong  the  trees, 

Whose  spreading  branches  shelter  from  the  breeze  ; 

The  winding  stream  that  turns  the  busy  mill, 

Whose  clacking  echoes  o'er  the  distant  hill ; 

The  neat  white  church,  beside  whose  walls  are  spread 

The  grass-clad  hillocks  of  the  sacred  dead  ; 

Where  rude-cut  stone  or  painted  tablet  tell, 

In  laboured  voice,  how  youth  and  beauty  fell ; 

How  worth  and  hope  were  hurried  to  the  grave 

And  torn  from  those  who  had  no  power  to  save. 

Dear  lovely  spot  !  oh,  may  such  charms  as  these, 
Sweet  tranquil  charms,  that  cannot  fail  to  please, 
Forever  reign  around  thee,  and  impart 
Joy,  peace  and  comfort  to  each  native  heart. 
Happy  Acadia  !  though  around  thy  shore 
Is  heard  the  stormy  wind's  terrific  roar  ; 
Though  round  thee  Winter  binds  his  icy  chain, 
And  his  rude  tempests  sweep  along  thy  plain, 
Still  Summer  comes  and  decorates  thy  land 
With  fruits  and  flowers  from  her  luxuriant  hand  ; 
Still  Autumn's  gifts  repay  the  labourer's  toil 
With  richest  products  from  thy  fertile  soil ; 
With  bounteous  store  his  varied  wants  supply, 
And  scarce  the  plants  of  other  suns  deny. 
How  pleasing  and  how  glowing  with  delight 
Are  now  thy  budding  hopes  !     How  sweetly  bright 
They  rise  to  view  !    How  full  of  joy  appear 
The  expectations  of  each  future  year. 
Not  fifty  summers  yet  have  blest  thy  clime, — 
How  short  a  period  in  the  page  of  time  ! — 
Since  savage  tribes,  with  terror  in  their  train, 
Rushed  o'er  thy  fields,  and  ravaged  all  thy  plain. 
But  some  few  years  have  rolled  in  haste  away, 
Since  through  thy  vales  the  fearless  beast  of  prey, 
With  dismal  yell  and  loud  appalling  cry, 
Proclaimed  his  midnight  reign  of  terror  nigh. 
And  now,  how  changed  the  scene  !  The  first  afar 
Have  fled  to  wilds  beneath  the  northern  star ; 
The  last  has  learned  to  shun  man's  dreaded  eye, 
And  in  his  turn  to  distant  regions  fly  ; 
While  tBte  poor  peasant,  whose  laborious  care 
Scarce  from  the  soil  could  wring  his  scanty  fare  ; 
Now  in  the  peaceful  arts  of  culture  skilled, 
Sees  his  wide  barn  with  ample  treasures  filled  ; 
Now  finds  his  dwelling,  as  the  year  goes  round, 
Beyond  his  hopes  with  joy  and  plenty  crowned." 


CHAPTER     XII. 

THE  TOWNSHIP  OF  GRANVILLE. 

Description — Grants  issued — Settlers  arrive — Names  of  grantees — Census  of  1767 
and  1770 — Names  of  early  settlers  and  their  families — The  Patten-Farnsworth 
feud — Representation  of  the  county — River  fisheries — The  Shaw  embroglio 
— Names  of  militiamen — Arrival  of  Loyalists — Roads  to  Bay  of  Fundy — Shaw 
and  Millidge  election — Disputes  about  the  fisheries — Bridgetown. 

THIS  fine  township  is  bounded  as  follows :  On  the  north  by  the 
Bay  of  Fundy ;  on  the  east  by  the  township  of  Wilmot ;  on  the 
south  by  the  Annapolis  River  and  basin,  and  on  the  west  by  the  strait 
connecting  the  Annapolis  Basin  with  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  The  range  of 
hills,  locally  known  as  the  North  Mountains,  divides  it  into  two  nearly 
equal  parts,  which  may  be  termed  the  mountain  and  valley  districts. 
The  former  consists  of  a  strip  of  land  gradually  increasing  in  width  from 
its  western  end  at  the  strait  aforesaid  to  its  eastern  extremity  at  the 
Wilmot  boundary  ;  its  northern  edge  is  washed  by  the  waters  of  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  and  its  southern  side  is  formed  by  an  irregular  line,  following 
the  greatest  elevation  in  the  chain  of  hills  before  named.  The  soil  of 
this  district  is  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  the  trappean  rocks  which 
everywhere  underlie  its  surface,  and  has  usually  been  esteemed  as 
admirably  adapted  to  the  growth  of  wheat  and  other  grains,  and  when 
properly  cultivated  has  always  proved  productive.  It  is  well  watered, 
its  streams,  though  small,  being  very  numerous,  and  almost  without 
exception  discharging  their  waters  into  the  bay,  the  slope  of  the  surface 
being  toward  the  north. 

The  forests  which  originally  covered  this  tract  were  very  fine ;  in  fact, 
it  may  be  said  they  were  equalled  by  few  others  in  any  part  of  the 
country.  They  were  composed  of  a  tall  and  thrifty  growth  of  beech, 
birch,  maple,  elm,  ash  and  poplar,  among  the  deciduous  trees ;  and  of 
pine,  spruce,  hemlock  and  fir,  among  the  evergreens.  It  is  sad  to  think 
of  the  almost  wanton  waste  perpetrated  by  our  forefathers,  in  clearing 
their  farms  in  this,  as  in  other  districts  of  the  county.  It  was  too 
common  a  practice  with  them  to  cut  away,  as  far  as  possible,  every 
vestige  of  these  magnificent  forests,  even  rejecting  native  trees  for 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  193 

purposes  of  shade,  shelter  or  ornament,  and  to  regard  them  as  their 
greatest  enemy  rather  than  as  a  certain  source  of  future  wealth. 
Hundreds  of  thousands,  nay,  millions  of  cords  of  most  valuable  timber 
have  been  reduced  to  ashes  in  preparing  the  ground  for  the  operations  of 
the  plough  and  the  scythe ;  and  as  many  more  have  in  more  recent  years 
been  shipped  to  the  neighbouring  United  States  as  an  article  of  commerce. 
It  is  cheering  to  know,  however,  that  some  portions  of  the  original 
forests  remain,  and  contribute  largely  to  the  successful  ship-building  of 
the  existing  inhabitants. 

The  Bay  of  Fundy  coast  affords  no  natural  harbours  to  this  township, 
though  artificial  breakwaters  have  been  constructed,  which  do  duty  in 
their  stead,  by  the  aid  of  which  a  large  trade  is  carried  on  from  these 
points  with  New  Brunswick  and  the  adjoining  Republic ;  and  ship-yards, 
when  wooden  ships  were  in  demand,  were  to  be  found  plentifully 
sprinkled  along  its  shores,  from  which  every  year  numbers  of  new  vessels 
of  all  sizes  were  added  to  the  mercantile  marine  of  the  Province. 

The  valley  district  of  this  township  possesses  a  very  fertile  and 
productive  soil,  its  alluvial  portions  being  very  rich  and  valuable.  It 
includes  a  considerable  number  of  dyked  marshes — -one  of  which  contains 
nearly  a  thousand  acres,  and  bears  the  name  "  Belleisle,"  in  honour  of  one 
of  the  old  French  seigneurs  of  Port  Royal,  the  Sieur  de  Belleisle,  within 
whose  seigniory  it  was  situated.  The  upland  soils  of  this  part  of  the 
township  are  of  a  mixed  character,  and  well  known  to  be  especially 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  fruit  trees.  There  are  few  of  the  farms 
without  an  orchard,  while  many  of  them  have  more  than  one.  The 
owners  of  these  farms  have  ready  access  to  the  markets  of  the  world 
by  means  of  the  river  and  basin  which  form  the  boundary  of  their 
southern  frontage,  and  the  farms  have  been  so  arranged  that  each  one  of 
them  possesses  its  share  of  marsh,  tillage,  pasture  and  woodlands. 

The  streams  of  this  division  are  also  small  but  exceedingly  numerous, 
and  flow  in  a  southern  direction  to  the  river  and  basin.  Roads  extend 
northwardly,  at  short  intervals,  from  the  main  highway,  over  the 
mountain  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy ;  and  these  are  again  intersected  by 
others  running  parallel  to  the  latter,  thus  furnishing  easy  communication 
with  all  sections  of  it.  The  shores  of  the  basin  have  valuable  herring 
fisheries  connected  with  them,  and  the  Bay  of  Fundy  yields  a  ready  and 
abundant  supply  of  cod,  halibut,  hake,  haddock,  pollock  and  herrings. 
Indeed,  few  townships  are  more  bountifully  furnished  with  the  leading 
elements  of  prosperity  and  wealth  than  Granville ;  nor  are  there  many 
better  provided  with  school  and  church  accommodation.  Several  of 
the  churches  are  very  handsome  structures  and  reflect  much  credit 
upon  the  denominations  to  which  they  belong.  It  contains  only 
two  villages  of  any  size,  however,  namely,  Bridgetown,  at  the  head  of 
13 


194  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

navigation,  which  was  founded  by  the  late  John  Crosskill,*  having  been 
laid  out  by  him  in  1822  ;  and  Granville  Ferry.  Each  of  them  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river,  and  both  were  long 
favourite  places  for  ship-building.  The  Windsor  and  Annapolis  Railway 
Company  have  a  substantial  bridge  spanning  the  river  near  the  first- 
named  village,  and  attempts  have  been  made  to  secure  the  erection  of 
another  to  span  the  river  between  Granville  Ferry  and  Annapolis. 

Few  events  worthy  of  note  occurred  in  this  township  from  the 
date  of  the  French  expulsion  to  1760.  The  lands  of  the  expatriated 
habitans  during  this  period  remained  without  occupants.  The  French 
had  settlements  near  Goat  Island,  and  at  intervals  along  the  river 
eastward  to  Bellisle,  where  the  Martins  are  known  to  have  lived.  Still 
farther  eastward  hamlets  and  isolated  clearings  were  to  be  found  as  far 
eastward  as  the  township  extended ;  the  most  eastern  hamlet  of  which 
any  certain  knowledge  has  been  obtained,  was  that  in  which  the  family 
of  Prince,  or  Le  Prince,  resided,  the  site  of  which  is  revealed  in  the 
following  extract  from  the  grant  of  1759.  The  boundaries  of  the 
township  are  therein  described  as  "  Beginning  at  the  gut  of  Annapolis, 
and  bounded  by  the  said  gut  westerly,  and  from  thence  running 
according  to  the  course  of  the  basin  of  Annapolis,  extending  up  the  said 
river  to  the  vacated  settlement  of  Carlf  Prince  measuring  thirty  miles 
or  thereabouts ;  and  from  the  River  Annapolis  by  the  house  of  the  said 
Carl  Prince,  course  north-west  six  miles  or  thereabouts  to  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,  and  bounded  by  the  said  bay  and  running  west  and  south-west 
according  to  the  course  of  the  said  bay  to  the  gut  of  Annapolis." 

The  first  House  of  Assembly  met  in  Halifax  in  October,  1758,  and 
during  the  same  month  Governor  Lawrence  issued  his  proclamation 
touching  the  settlement  of  the  lands  vacated  by  the  French,  by  people 
from  the  New  England  colonies.  In  consequence  of  this  action  on  the 
part  of  Governor  Lawrence,  in  the  following  year  James  Read  and  John 
Grow,  of  the  township  of  Lunenburg,  in  the  Province  of  Massachusetts, 
and  Paul  Crocker,  of  Hollies,  in  the  Province  of  New  Hampshire,  made 
application  in  the  name  of  themselves  and  their  associates  for  a  grant 
of  one  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  on  the  north  side  of  the  basin  and 
river  of  Annapolis ;  and  a  grant  passed  to  them  on  the  27th  of  June  in 
that  year.  It  was  to  consist  of  two  hundred  shares  of  five  hundred  acres 
each,  and  138  were  conveyed  on  that  occasion.  Nineteen  other  shares 
were  conveyed  by  a  supplementary  grant  dated  August  16th,  1759. 

*  Captain  Crosskill  had  been  in  the  naval  service  of  the  Crown  as  master  of 
the  armed  snow,  Earl  of  Moira,  1794-98,  and  probably  became  the  owner  of  the 
lot  on  which  the  town  stands,  by  purchase.  On  retiring  he  spent  some  years  in 
Halifax,  but  afterwards  lived  in  the  county.  He  died  May,  1826,  and  some  of  his 
descendants  still  perpetitate  his  name  among  us. — [ED.] 

fit  is  remarkable  that  the  German  form  "Carl"  should  have  been  here  used 
instead  of  the  French  "Charles." — [Eo.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


195 


Acting-Lieutenant-Governor  Belcher,  in  a  report  to  the  Board  of 
Trade,  dated  in  December,  1760,  informs  them  that  the  townships  of 
Granville  and  Annapolis  had  been  occupied  by  thirty  of  the  proprietors, 
and  that  the  remainder  of  them,  with  their  families,  were  expected  to 
arrive  early  in  the  spring  of  the  ensuing  year. 

The  first  House  of  Assembly  having  been  chosen  by  the  electors 
•of  the  Province  at  large,  no  member  was  sent  from  this  part  of  the 
country,  but  from  the  time  of  convening  the  second  it  will  be  found  that 
representatives  have  been  continuously  elected  to  the  present  time.  In 
June,  1759,  the  County  of  Annapolis  was  created,  covering  the  territory 
now  included  within  its  boundaries  together  with  what  now  forms  the 
County  of  Digby,  and  appears  to  have  been  represented  in  the  second 
assembly,  which  was  chosen  in  that  year,  by  Erasmus  J.  Phillips,  major 
in  the  40th  regiment,  and  Colonel  Jonathan  Hoar. 

The  subjoined  alphabetical  list  contains  the  names  of  the  persons  who 
applied  for  the  grant  of  1759,  together  with  the  place  of  former  residence, 
in  New  England,  of  each  of  them  : 


Name.  Residence. 

Austin,  Daniel Lunenburg,  Mass. 

Avery,  Jonathan Townshend. 

Austin,  John    Hollies,  N.H. 

Austin,  Thomas « 

Austin,  Timothy u 

Austin,  Benjamin   „ 

Austin,  Daniel,  jun Lunenburg. 

Brown,  Aaron Lunenburg. 

Baillie,  Isaac    n 

Butler,  Simeon Charlestown. 

Bailey,  Josiah Lunenburg. 

Brynton,  Jonathan ,, 

Bradstreet,  Jonathan u 

Belcher,  Jeremiah n 

Bradstreet,  Samuel    „ 

Bass,  John   „ 

Better,  Moses u 

Bigelow,  Benjamin „ 

Blair,  John Groton. 

Bell,  Jeremiah Townshend. 

Butterick,   Francis    •• 

Ball,  Thomas   Bolton. 

Chandler,  Joshua    Hollies,  N.H. 

Crocker,  Paul „ 

Chadwick,  William    ,, 

Carter,  Elias Leominster. 

Coleman,  James Dorchester. 


Name.  Residence. 

Cole,  John    Jeohegan,  N.H. 

Connant,  John    Townshend. 

Chandler,  David Hollies,  N.H. 

Croker,  John   Lunenburg. 

Carlton,  Abraham u 

Croker,  James Narragansett. 

Crooker,  Timothy Goreham. 

Dalton,  Thomas Lunenburg. 

Dunsmore,  John •.  .  .  „ 

Dascomb,  James u 

Davis,  Joseph „ 

Davis,  Samuel u 

Darling,  John u 

Darling,  Timothy   n 

Dowing,  Daniel Wilmington. 

Douglass,  Samuel    Townshend. 

Fletcher,  Jonas   Lunenburg. 

Fowler,  Richard „ 

Farwell,  John n 

Fuller,  John n 

Foster,  Jeremiah Canada. 

Fielder,  Aaron     Ipswich,  N.  H. 

Fletcher,  Paul Groton. 

Gibson,  Isaac Lunenburg. 

Grow,  John n 

Goodridge,  Philip « 


196 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


Name.  Residence. 

Goodridge,  David Limenburg. 

Goodridge,  Joshua „ 

Giberact,  William n 

Gipson,  John  n 

Gibson,  Reuben n 

Gibson,  Joseph    „ 

Griner,  Elijah n 

Growing,  Thomas Lynn. 

Graves,  Richard Narragansett. 

Grow,  Joel      Petersham. 

Grout,  Jonathan n 

Gaudell,  Joseph Boston. 

Holt,  Jonathan Ipswich,  N.H. 

Holt,  William Lunenburg. 

Hunt,  Samuel Liinenburg. 

Hutchins,  Joshua   n 

Harding,  Elijah Groton. 

Harding,  Andrew Littleton. 

Hart,  Ebenezer   Lunenburg. 

Hazelwood,  Nathan   u 

Hosely,  Joseph   Narragansett. 

Holden,  Asa Shirley. 

Hewey,  John Peterboro'. 

Harper,  Samuel Harvard. 

Hinds,  Jacob    Greenwich. 

Hintls,  Benjamin n 

Hinds,  Joseph u 

Hinds,  Nehemiah ,, 

James,  William Lunenburg. 

Judwine,  William „ 

Jackman,  Abner u 

Larabee,  Benjamin Lunenburg. 

Lovejoy,  John n 

Lovejoy,  Jonathan Hollies,  N.H. 

Merril,  David Lunenburg. 

Moffit,  John   Ipswich,  N.  H. 

Mclntosh,  Archibald Townshend. 

Parker,  Jonathan   Lunenburg. 

Plath,  Nathan „ 


Name.  Residence. 

Page,  Nathaniel Lunenburg. 

Pool,  Samuel   n 

Pool,  James „ 

Page,  David n 

Poor,  David    Ipswich,  N.H. 

Read,  James    Lunenburg. 

Reddington,  Benjamin n 

Rogers,  Nathaniel   Charlestown. 

Reddington,  Isaac Lunenburg. 

Stone,  Isaac Harvard. 

Spofford,  Moses Lunenburg. 

Sterns,  Thomas n 

Stiles,  Levi n 

Spofford,  Bradstreet n 

Spofford,  John Charlestown. 

Stackwell,  Ephraim    Petersham. 

Sawyers,  Joseph Soughegan,  N.H. 

Sawtell,  Uriah    Townshend. 

Sowing,  Ebenezer,  jun Shirley. 

Taylor,  Aaron Lunenburg. 

Taylor,  Richard n 

Taylor,  Caleb « 

Taylor,  David » 

Trumbull,  George n 

White,  Jonathan    Leominster. 

Wilder,  Thomas   n 

Wilson,  Jonathan n 

WThite,  Patrick    Lunenburg. 

Wyman,  John n 

Wallis,  Benoni    . . n 

Wetherbe,  Benjamin n 

Wyman,  Ezekiel ...          » 

Whitney,  Jonathan    ........  n 

Wills,  Isaiah    n 

Willard,  Jonathan .. 

White,  John    - 

White,  Charles   ., 

Whitney,  Ephraim n 

Wheelock,  Abel Leominster. 


The  supplementary  grant  for  the  other  nineteen  shares  contained  the 
following  names  :  Erasmus  J.  Phillips,  Henry  Newton,  John  Newton, 
Thomas  Williams,  John  Taggart,  Joseph  Winniett,  Benjamin  Rumsey, 
Erasmus  J.  Phillips,  William  Howe,  Joseph  Howe,  Edward  Howe,  John 
Harris,  Jeremiah  Rodgers,  Rev.  Thomas  Wood  and* Robert  Sanderson, 


HISTORY    OF    ANNAPOLIS. 


197 


all  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  Joseph  Bennett,  of  the  Province  of  New  York. 
The  condition  of  this  grant  was  that  five  families  should  be  settled  by 
the  grantees  on  or  before  the  thirty -first  day  of  May,  1760.  It  is 
probable  that  this  grant  was  cancelled  owing  to  its  conditions  not  having 
been  complied  with,  as  most  of  the  lands  seem  to  have  been  conveyed  by 
grants  bearing  dates  from  1761  to  1769.  The  lots  of  the  Chesleys,  the 
Dodges,  the  Wades  and  several  others  were  granted  in  1764.  Joseph 
Milbury — the  progenitor  of  the  families  bearing  that  name — was  the 
owner  of  two  lots  in  1770,  and  from  an  affidavit  made  by  him  in  the 
Farnsworth  and  Patten  embroglio  in  1763,  it  may  be  inferred  that  his 
lands  were  granted  not  later  than  that  year.  Job  Young,  the  ancestor 
of  the  extensive  and  respectable  family  of  that  name,  must  have  been 
settled  here  as  early  as  1760,  for  the  census  of  1770  affirms  that  sev%en  of 
his  children  had  been  born  since  his  arrival  in  the  Province.  The  same 
thing  may  be  said  of  many  other  families,  notably  of  the  Troops,  the 
Wheelocks,  the  Bolsors  and  the  Woodburys. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  the  census  return  of  1767  is  absent  from  the 
provincial  archives.  The  general  results  obtained  by  it,  however,  are  at 
hand,  from  which  we  learn  that  Granville  contained  a  population  of 
383  souls  in  that  year  ;  that  they  were  all  Protestants ;  that  the  families 
were  all  of  American  birth,  with  the  exception  of  ten  who  were  English, 
of  eight  who  were  Scotch,  of  seven  who  were  Irish,  and  ten  others  of 
foreign  birth,  mostly  German.  These  people  were  then  possessed  of  852 
head  of  horned  cattle,  440  sheep,  39  horses,  157  swine,  12  fishing  boats 
and  1  schooner.  These  particulars  will  enable  the  reader  to  compare  the 
condition  of  the  township  then  with  what  it  was  three  years  later  in 
1770,  when  another  census  was  taken  the  particulars  of  which,  with  the 
names  of  the  settlers,  have  been  preserved,  and  which  will  now  be 
presented  to  the  reader.  That  part  of  the  return  relating  to  cattle, 
etc.,  will  be  stated  in  results  only. 


.  >.     £      .g 


NAME. 


fc£ 

Brown,  Joseph   5 

Barnes,  Nathaniel 4 

Brown,  John 2 

Bent,  Samuel 8 

Bolsor,  Peter 3 


Chute,  Samuel    5  2  3 

Chesley,  Samuel 8  2  6 

Clark,  Thomas    2  . . 

Coleman,  John    6  2  4 

Dodge,  Isaiah 7  2  5 

Dill,  Daniel 3  3  .. 


NAME.  ^  & 

Dudney,  Samuel  3 

Dodge,  Asahel    3 

Fellows,  Israel   7 

Foster,  Ezekiel 7 

Foster,  Isaac  9 

Farnsworth,  Amos 5 

Fletcher,  Ensign  David    ....  10 

Farnsworth,  Jonas 2 

Farnsworth,  Solomon   5 


1  4 
..    i 

1      2 


Graves,  Lieut.  William    8      2      6 


198 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


NAME. 


a 


Harris,  Samuel 8  4 

Hamilton,  Andrew 4 

Hill,  John    5  2 

Hall,  John 7  4 

Hammon,  Charles 2 

Haynes,  John 3  2 

Hall,  Zachariah 4  4 

Leonard,  Jonathan    6  2 

Longley,  Israel 4 

Leitch,  John 8  3 


Munro,  Col.  Henry 9  1  7 

Marshall,  Isaac 3  2  1 

Marshall,  William 8  2  6 

Miller,  Francis  10  . .  6 

Morse,  Rev.  Azarelah 4  3  1 

Morrison,  John 

Milbury,  Joseph 6  3  3 

McKensie,  Edward 8  . .  7 

McGregor,  Thomas 4  . .  2 

Parsons,  John 4  . .  2 

Parker,  Abijah 8  2  6 

Prescott,  Capt.  Peter  1  1 

Potter,  James 4  2  2 

Patten,  Joseph   5  5 

Phinney,  Isaac   8  2  6 


Raddox,  George 3 

Robinson,  Alexander    4       2 


NAME. 


llicketson,  Abednego 10 

Roach,  Patrick   6 

Ray,  Moses 4 


< 
4 


Starratt,  Peter 5 

Starratt,  Joseph 4 

Snow,  Jabez 6 

Shankel,  George 5 

Sproule,  Robert 6 

Shaw,  Moses 8 

Starks,  John 8 

Shafner,  Adam 7 

Saunders,  Timothy    6       2 

Spinney,  Samuel 6      6 


Troop,  Valentine   9  1  ft 

Troop,  Jacob 2  . .  1 

Tucker,  Richard    4  3  1 

Trahee,  Thomas     3  . .  1 


Wade,  John 7  4  3 

Woodbury,  Jonathan   9  2  7 

Wooster,  George    10  . .  8 

Witherspoon,  John   8  4  4 

Wheelock,  Abel 826 

Walker,  Ann    6  . .  5 

Wier,  Capt.  Elias    8  4  4 


Young,  Job 9 


. .    Zinclairs,  Frederic    3     . .       1 


The  township  contained  747  head  of  horned  cattle,  showing  a  decrease 
on  the  number  reported  in  1767  equal  to  13  per  cent. ;  581  sheep 
yielding  an  increase  equal  to  30  per  cent.  ;  60  horses,  giving  a  gain  equal 
to  over  50  per  cent.,  and  104  swine,  indicating  a  decrease  of  about  30 
per  cent.  The  two  schooners  were  owned  by  John  Hall  and  Joseph 
Starratt,  respectively,  and  the  only  sloop  in  the  township  found  an 
owner  in  John  McGregor.  The  population  showed  a  trifling  increase 
of  8  per  cent.  The  English  element  had  decreased,  while  the  Scotch, 
Irish  and  German  had  increased.  The  following  families  were  either 
in  part  or  wholly  German  :  Bolsor,*  Dudney,  Miller  and  Troop.  Charles 
Hammon  and  wife,  Colonel  Henry  Munro,  George  Raddox  were  all  born 
in  Scotland.  Patrick  Roach  and  wife,  Moses  Ray  and  family,  Thomas 


The  German  form  is  Baltzor. — [ED.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  199 

Trahee  and  wife,  John  Morrison  and  family,  John  Parsons  and  wife, 
and  Peter  Starratt  and  family  were  all  of  Irish  birth. 

It  will  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  notice  some  facts  connected  with  a 
number  of  the  persons  whose  names  have  been  recorded  in  this  the  first 
census  of  Granville  now  extant. 

SAMUEL  BENT'S  descendants  are  very  numerous,  and  many  of  them 
still  reside  in  the  township. 

PETER  BOLSOR  became  the  progenitor  of  all  the  families  bearing  that 
name  in  the  county.  His  grandchildren  and  great-grandchildren  occupy 
homesteads  in  Wilmot  and  other  townships. 

The  family  of  SAMUEL  CHUTE  proved  to  be  a  very  prolific  one,  and  his 
descendants  may  be  reckoned  by  hundreds.  There  is  scarcely  a  county 
in  the  Province  that  does  not  contain  the  home  of  one  or  more  of  them. 

SAMUEL  CHESLEY'S  descendants  are  both  numerous  and  highly  respect- 
able. The  present  representative  of  the  family  is  Thomas  W.  Chesley, 
who  is  a  barrister  of  the  Supreme  Court,  as  well  as  one  of  the  leading 
agriculturalists  of  the  county. 

JOSIAH  DODGE,  whose  lots  adjoined  those  of  Chesley,  was  also  the 
progenitor  of  a  large  and  respectable  family.  One  of  his  sons  was  for 
more  than  forty  years  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  of  the  county. 

ISRAEL  FELLOWS  left  sons  from  whom  have  sprung  numerous  families. 
A  distinguished  descendant,  James  I.  Fellows,  has  been  mentioned  on 
page  158. 

EZEKIEL  and  ISAAC  FOSTER,  who  were  brothers,  both  left  families  that 
have  multiplied  manifold. 

AMOS  and  SOLOMON  FARNSWORTH  have  descendants  living  to  this  day 
in  Granville,  Wilmot  and  Aylesford,  and  the  great-grandchildren  of 
WILLIAM  GRAVES  are  still  to  be  found  in  the  two  latter  townships. 

ISAAC  and  WILLIAM  MARSHALL  were  brothers.  Previous  to  coming 
here  they  were  residents  of  Dedham,  in  Massachusetts.  Their  ancestor, 
William  Marshall,  who  emigrated  from  England  in  1635,  was  a  native  of 
Cranebrook,  in  Kent,  and  was  born  in  1595.  He  sailed  for  America  on 
the  17th  of  June,  1635,  in  the  ship  Abigail,  Robert  Hackwell,  master. 
The  passengers  by  this  ship  were  duly  certified  by  the  minister  and  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  as  being  Conformists,  and  as  having  taken  the  oaths 
of  allegiance  arid  supremacy.  Isaac  Marshall  was  the  progenitor  of  a  very 
numerous  family.  The  late  William  Marshall,  of  Clarence  Centre,  was  of 
this  branch  of  the  Marshall  tree.  Asaph  Marshall,  Esq.,  of  Paradise,  is 
the  representative  of  this  family  in  the  present  generation.  William 
Marshall,  whose  wife  was  Lydia  Willett,  of  Dedham — the  maternal 
great-grandfather  of  the  author — had  also  a  large  offspring,  the  members 
of  which  have  become  very  numerous.  He  settled  in  Granville  in  1761, 
where  in  1771.  he  possessed  two  lots  consisting  of  one  thousand  acres  of 


200  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

land.  About  the  year  1776  he  sold  this  property  and  removed  to 
Western  Cornwallis,  where  he  established  a  new  home  for  himself  and 
family.  In  1787  he  removed  his  family  once  more  to  Granville,  and 
shortly  after  he  visited  Parr  Town — now  St.  John,  N.B. — where  he  had 
become  the  owner  of  a'  town  lot,  said  to  have  been  that  long  since 
occupied  by  the  London  House,  on  the  north  side  of  the  market-square. 
From  this  date  he  was  never  afterwards  heard  from.  It  is  known  that 
after  he  had  concluded  the  business,  which  was  the  object  of  his  visit, 
and  no  vessel  being  available  to  enable  him  to  recross  the  bay,  he 
purchased  snow-shoes  (it  was  about  the  beginning  of  winter  in  1787  or 
1788)  and  provisions  for  the  occasion,  and  announced  his  intention  to 
endeavour  to  reach  his  home  by  way  of  the  isthmus  of  Baie  Verte.  In 
the  attempt  he  perished  ;  at  all  events  he  never  again  visited  his  home, 
and  it  was  generally  believed  that  his  body  found  a  final  resting  place  in 
an  inhospitable  New  Brunswick  wilderness. 

VALENTINE  TROOP  and  his  wife  were  Germans,  and  had  been  but  a 
year  or  two  in  New  England  before  their  migration  to  Granville.  Their 
eldest  child  only  was  born  in  Massachusetts.  His  lot  was  situated  a 
short  distance  to  the  eastward  of  the  village  of  Granville  Ferry,  just 
above  the  lower  narrows.  The  extreme  frontage  of  it  is  still  known  as 
"  Troops  Point,"  but  made  historic  nearly  half  a  century  before  his  arrival 
by  a  tragedy  related  in  detailing  the  events  of  the  unsuccessful  attempt  on 
Port  Royal  by  the  New  England  troops.  This  worthy  old  German  little 
thought  that  his  great-grandchildren  should  become  leading  men  in  the 
administration  of  public  affairs ;  that  one  of  them  should  be  chosen 
"  first  commoner  "  in  the  land,  and  that  others  should  become  leading 
merchants  in  the  two  greatest  cities  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  yet  such 
has  been  the  case.* 

FRANCIS  MILLER,  who,  according  to  tradition,  came  from  New  York, 
was  also  a  German,  or  of  German  descent,  and  his  two  eldest  children 
were  born  before  his  arrival  here.  His  descendants  are  very  many,  and 
reside  on  Hanley  Mountain  and  Clarence  West,  and  in  other  localities. 

ABIJAH  PARKER  and  his  wife  were  born  in  Massachusetts,  but  their 
children  were  all  of  Nova  Scotia  birth.  This  family  may  be  fairly 
ranked  among  the  prolific  ones  of  the  township. 

EDWARD  McKENZiE,  who  settled  in  the  western  end  ef  the  district, 
had  a  large  family,  and  his  grandchildren  and  great-grandchildren  yet 
inhabit  the  part  of  the  county  toward  the  settlement  of  which  their 
sturdy  ancestor  so  largely  contributed. 

The  families  of  TIMOTHY  SAUNDERS  and  SAMUEL  SPINNEY  removed  to 
Wilmot  and  Aylesford,  where  they  continued  to  increase  and  multiply, 
and  where  many  of  them  are  yet  to  be  found. 

*  See  the  genealogy,  post,  for  notes  on  the  alleged  German  ancestry  of  the  Troops. 

-[ED.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  201 

ADAM  SCHAFNEE  was  a  German  by  birth,  and  one  of  the  German 
immigrants  of  1752.  He  did  not  remain-long  in  Lunenburg  where  he 
first  settled,  but  soon  after  the  advent  of  the  New  England  settlers  he 
removed  to  Granville  where  he  fixed  his  abode  for  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  His  son  Ferdinand,  from  whom  the  present  family  are  directly 
descended,  was  born  at  sea  on  the  passage  of  his  parents  from  their  father- 
land. He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  possession  of  the  homestead. 
At  his  decease  he  left  several  sons  and  daughters.  Of  the  former 
there  were  at  least  four,  Ferdinand,  Caleb,  James  and  John,  every 
one  of  whom  left  children,  so  that  the  name  has  become  as  common  as  it 
is  respectable,  in  Granville,  Annapolis  and  Wilmot.  A  great-great- 
grandson  of  Adam  Schafner  has  been  a  representative  of  the  county  in 
the  Legislative  Assembly. 

ROBERT  SPROULE,  the  father  of  a  family  whose  male  members  were  the 
equals  of  the  Bents  and  Youngs  in  muscular  endowments,  was  a  pioneer 
settler  in  this  township.  His  descendants  still  occupy  a  place  in  it.  One 
of  them,  it  is  said,  has  become  the  possessor  of  considerable  wealth  in 
Nevada,  where  he  has  been  employed  for  several  years  in  mining  pursuits. 

JONATHAN  WOODBURY'S*  household  in  1770  consisted  of  nine  members, 
two  of  which,  himself  and  wife,  were  of  New  England  birth ;  the  remain- 
ing seven,  his  children,  were  all  born  in  Nova  Scotia.  Mr.  Woodbury 
owned  the  three  lots  (covering  1,500  acres),  which  were  afterwards 
known  as  the  Millidge  farm,  long  the  property  of  Colonel  Thomas 
Millidge.  One  of  these  lots  is  that  owned  at  his  death  in  1896,  by  John 
Bernard  Calnek.  It  is  believed  that  some  time  after  the  arrival  of  the 
Loyalists  Mr.  Woodbury  sold  his  lands  to  Millidge,  and  obtained  a  grant 
of  others  in  the  township  of  Wilmot,  to  which  he  removed  his 
family  about  ten  years  before  the  commencement  of  the  century.  This 
grant  adjoins  the  Ruggles  grant  on  its  western  boundary,  and  was 
therefore  situated  nearly  midway  between  Gates'  Ferry  as  it  was  then 
called,  now  Middleton,  and  Dodge's  Ferry,  late  Gibbon's.  It  was  on  this 
block  of  land  that  the  celebrated  Spa  spring  was  discovered.  Several 
sons  and  daughters  survived  him,  though  he  lived  to  a  very  advanced  age. 
Two  of  his  grandsons  married  granddaughters  of  General  Timothy 
Ruggles.  His  descendants  are  numerous. 

GEORGE  WOOSTER  and  his  wife  were  of  German  birth,  f  but  the  eight 
children  that  had  blessed  their  marriage  were  all  of  Nova  Scotia  birth, 

*  Mr.  Woodbury  was  a  physician  by  profession. 

t  The  German  origin  of  the  Wooster  family  may  be  questioned.  There  are  two 
New  England  families,  one  descended  from  Rev.  Wm.  Worcester,  or  Worster,  who 
came  over  about  1639,  and  another  from  Edward  Wooster,  Woster,  or  Worster,  of 
Milford,  Mass.,  in  1652,  who  had  a  son  Henry,  born  August  18,  1666,  who  died  in 
the  army  in  an  expedition  against  Nova  Scotia  or  Canada.  Edward  left  twelve 
children,  and  one  of  his  descendants,  David  Wooster,  was  a  distinguished  general  in 
the  Revolutionary  army. — [Er>.] 


202  HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 

if  the  census  return  of  that  year  is  to  be  taken  as  a  guide.  The  descen- 
dants of  this  worthy  couple  are  chiefly  to  be  found  in  Lower  Granville, 
where  they  lived  and  died. 

MOSES  SHAW'S  descendants  long  maintained  the  ascendancy  which  their 
founder  gained  and  so  worthily  held  in  his  adopted  township.  In  ship- 
building, in  agriculture,  in  trade  and  commerce  and  other  pursuits  their 
abilities  and  energies  found  congenial  employment,  and  more  or  less  profit. 
This  family  has  furnished  in  two  generations  two  representatives  of 
the  people  to  the  assembly  of  the  Province, — men  who  were  capable  of 
taking  a  respectable  part  in  the  deliberations  of  that  body. 

JOB  YOUNG'S  "  little  one  has  become  a  thousand."  The  offspring  of 
his  family  are  to  be  found  in  various  parts  of  the  county  and  country,  and 
have  long  been  distinguished  for  personal  strength  and  courage,  as  well 
as,  generally,  for  industry  and  application  to  business.  It  was  of  a 
branch  of  this  family,  that  of  the  late  Abraham  Young,  of  Young's 
Mountain,  that  the  late  Professor  James  F.  W.  Johnston  wrote  in  his 
"  Notes  on  North  America,"  when  he  said  that  a  household  existed  in  the 
county,  one  of  whose  members  could  go  into  a  forest  and  mark  every 
tree  required  for  the  construction  of  a  ship ;  that  another  could  lay  down 
her  lines  and  mould  the  timbers  to  their  proper  shape  and  dimensions, 
while  others  were  competent  to  perform  the  operations  of  caulking, 
rigging  and  sailing  her.  Such  have  been  the  men  furnished  by  our 
pre-loyalist  fathers,  to  whose  pioneer  labours  we  owe  so  much  for  the 
present  improved  condition  of  the  country.  Surely  no  niggardly  pen 
should  be  used  in  recording  the  praises  of  such  ancestors.  If  their  eyes 
could  behold  the  scenes  of  their  early  labours  and  privations  as  they 
appear  to-day,  orchards  in  the  place  of  wilderness,  and  handsome  and 
substantial  cottages  in  the  place  of  log  huts, 

"  How  would  their  hearts  with  purest  pleasure  swell, 
To  see  their  early  labours  crowned  so  well ! " 

Let  us  now  take  a  step  backward  to  notice  some  events  of  1763. 
Among  the  many  curious  papers  which  have  been  preserved  through  the 
agency  of  the  Commissioner  of  Records,  I  have  found  one  relating  to  an 
old  and  long-forgotten  feud  which  possesses  considerable  interest  besides 
illustrating  the  fact  that  infant  settlements  are  not  exempt  from  the 
strifes  and  conflicting  interests  that  afflict  and  disturb  older  ones.  This 
dispute  was  between  Joseph  Patten  and  Amos  Farnsworth,  and  had 
reference  to  lot  No.  77  in  Granville.  On  Farnsworth's  arrival  in  the 
Province  with  his  family,  he  proceeded  to  take  immediate  possession  of 
the  lot  which  it  appears  had  been  previously  assigned  him.  The  following 
affidavit  states  the  facts  as  succinctly  as  possible,  and  I  therefore 
transcribe  it  verbatim  : 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  203 

"  We  the  Subscribers  being  of  Lawful  age,  Testify  and  say,  that  on  the  1st  day 
of  November,  1763,  we  were  desired  by  Joseph  Patten,  of  Annapolis  Royall,  Esquire, 
to  goe  with  him  to  his  House  in  Granville  on  Lott  77,  which  we  did,  and  when  we 
came  there  we  saw  Amos  Farnsworth  and  wife  and  some  children  Standing  by  the 
fire  near  said  House,  and  Mr.  Patten  said  to  Mr.  Farnsworth  that  the  Honourable 
Committee  had  ordered  him  the  possession  and  improvement  of  said  Lott,  But  had 
also  ordered  that  in  case  Amos  Farnsworth  Should  come  a  Hearty  Settler  with  his 
family  and  stock  before  the  last  day  of  October,  1763,  he  should  have  the  Lott  after 
he  the  said  Patten  had  taken  off  what  he  had  Raised  on  said  Lott,  and  was  paid  for 
all  the  improvements  He  had  made  on  said  Lott,  which  Conditions  Mr.  Patten 
offered  said  Farnsworth  to  comply  with,  which  Amos  Farnsworth  utterly  Refused  to 
Comply  with,  and  said  that  he  did  not  Look  uppon  what  the  Committee  had  done  as 
anything ;  and  Mr.  Patten  desired  Liberty  of  said  Farnsworth  to  take  his  goods  and 
effects  off'  said  place,  But  said  Farnsworth  utterly  Refused  Him  Liberty  to  take 
anything  off  the  Place,  and  there  was  cattle  on  the  said  Lott  near  by  and  Farnsworth 
said  to  Mr.  Patten,  if  any  of  those  cattle  are  yours  take  them  away,  for  they  shall 
not  Stay  on  the  Lott ;  and  Mr.  Patten  forbid  said  Farnsworth  from  making  any 
improvements  on  sd.  Lott  77,  or  of  taking  things  off  His  untill  He  Had  taken  off  all 
his  Effects  and  was  paid  upon  valuation  for  all  He  had  done  on  said  Lott ;  and  on 
the  third  day  of  November,  1763,  we  were  desired  by  Mr.  Patten  to  goe  with  Him  to 
his  House  in  Lott  77  which  we  did,  and  we  Saw  Amos  Farnsworth  on  the  top  of  the 
said  House  at  work,  and  his  wife  in  the  House  ;  and  Mr.  Patten  desired  Amos 
Farnsworth  to  Deliver  Him  the  Possession  of  said  House  and  of  all  his  effects  which 
he  had  taken  into  His  Possession,  all  which  Amos  Farnsworth  utterly  Refused  to  do 
unless  it  were  cattle,  which  if  any  He  Required  Him  to  take  them  away,  and  Mr. 
Patten  desired  us  to  take  notice  of  his  Improvements  and  effects,  etc.,  which  we  did, 
and  further  saith  not. 

"(Signed),  JOSEPH  MILBURY. 

JOB  YOUNG. 
"Granville,  Nov.  3rd,  1763." 

Three  days  after  this  affidavit  was  made  Patten  addressed  a  letter  to 
his  attorney  in  Halifax,  which  was  in  the  following  terms  : 

"  On  the  28th  October  last  Amos  Farnsworth  Came  to  Annapolis  and  brought 
with  Him  his  wife,  two  Children,  a  negro,  and  an  old  horse  not  worth  ten  shillings, 
and  on  the  29th  he  went  up  the  river  to  my  House  and  Lott  77  in  Granville  with  his 
wife  and  children,  and  by  force  and  arms  Brak  open  my  House,  then  being  locked 
up  and  Put  therein  Sundry  goods,  I  not  being  present  or  knowing  thereof  ;  neither 
had  He  ever  seen  me  or  my  family  or  Ever  given  any  of  us  the  least  notice  that  he 
was  come  or  desired  the  Lott,  and  amediately  seized  on  my  Sider  appels,  Potatoes 
and  husbandry  tules  and  everything  that  I  had  on  the  Lott  and  in  the  House,  and 
Converted  them  to  his  own  use  ;  and  on  the  first  of  November,  1763,  I  and  one  of 
my  neighbours  went  to  my  House  at  about  6  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  I  Hearing 
a  Noyse  in  my  House  unlocked  my  fore  door  and  Looked  into  my  House,  and  Saw 
Amos  Farnsworth  going  out  at  the  end  door  of  my  house  which  He  had  broken  down, 
and  I  amediately  shut  to  my  door  and  was  locking  thereof  on  the  outside  of  the 
House  and  Amos  Farnsworth  came  behind  me,  and  without  ever  speaking  one  word 
to  me  Struck  me  with  his  fist  and  almost  knocked  me  down,  etc. 

"  He  and  his  family  eat  my  Potatoes,  Appels,  Cabbidges,  drink  my  Sider,  make 
use  of  my  husbandry  tules  and  lend  them  to  others,  and  let  out  my  Sider  mill,  etc. 
And  all  this  by  the  Advice  of  a  certain  man  (you  may  judge  who)  that  hath  promised 


204  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

old  Farnsworth  saying,  '  If  Patten  should  Commence  any  action  he  would  engage 
Patten  should  lose  the  case.'  I  am  not  at  any  Stand  what  Corce  of  Law  to  take  in 
such  Cases  as  I  have  the  Law  of  England  and  of  this  Province  by  me,  But  as  to  the 
act  of  this  Forcible  entry  or  detainer  I  cannot  have  Benefit  thereof  Especially  now 
Squire  Harris  is  not  in  the  County,  for  Mr.  Evans  told  me  that  he  did  not  know  or 
understand  Law,  and  that  he  never  had  done  anything  in  the  Justice  office,  nor 
never  intended  to,  and  would  not  act ;  and  as  there  is  nowhere  else  I  can  apply  to 
with  the  Least  Expectation  of  Having  Justice  done  me  in  this  county  unless  it  be  by 
an  honest  Jury  on  which  I  could  safely  Rely.  But  if  the  Jury  should  be  picked  and 
bribed  to  serve  a  Turn,  which  I  dare  not  say  Hath  not  been  the  Case  in  a  certain 
County  in  this  Province." 

Mr.  Patten  closes  this  part  of  his  letter  by  desiring  his  correspondent 
to  send  him  a  writ  of  attachment,  "  That  I  may  attach  the  negro  and 
everything  that  Farnsworth  is  possessed  of,"  and  instructs  him  to  describe 
the  defendant  in  the  writ  as  "Amos  Farnsworth,  of  Groton,  in  the  County 
of  Middlesex,  in  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  New  England, 
husbandman,  resident  in  Granville,  in  the  County  of  Annapolis,  in  the 
Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  husbandman."  He  concludes  his  lengthy  letter 
with  the  subjoined  postscript : 

"Pray  send  me  by  a  Very  Safe  Hand,  and  as  soon  as  Possible  and  as  private 
also,  as  nobody  knows  hereof  at  Annapolis  ;  for  the  Mickmacs  are  almost  ready  to 
Jump  out  of  their  Skins,  Hoping  that  by  all  their  Deviltry  they  shall  discourage  me 
from  living  in  the  County,  or  at  Least  from  Standing  by  the  people  and  by  our 
Liberties. 

"Sir,  it  is  as  Evident  as  words  Can  make  it  that  Amos  Farnsworth  Hath  no 
intent  to  Settel  in  this  Country,  for  I  can  Prove  that  when  Mr.  Easson  asked  him 
for  the  money  that  He  owed  Him,  Farnsworth's  answer  was  that  he  did  not  bring 
down  money  to  Pay  Him,  but  that  He  would  give  Him  a  Bond  for  it  and  Pay  Him 
as  soon  as  He  could  Settel  the  affairs  of  His  Lotts  at  Granville  and  Sell  them  ;  and 
his  wife  and  negro  hath  told  many  persons  that  they  did  not  Come  to  Settel  in 
Granville  any  longer  than  till  Spring,  and  that  they  should  Return  this  Fall  in  Case 
they  Could  Settel  their  affairs,  etc. 

"  I  am  determined  to  follow  the  Committee's  (of  Council)  orders  as  far  as  possible 
and  to  take  Sanctuary  in  the  Law  from  such  unheard-of  Abuse,  and  if  the  Sivel 
Law  fails,  I  know  of  but  one  more,  which,  as  things  are  Carried  on  I  fear  will  soon 
be  made  use  of  among  some  of  the  People  although  I  use  my  utmost  Endeavor  to 
Prevent  it. 

' '  I  have  wrote  to  my  good  Esq.  Harris  to  Supply  you  with  money.  I  had 
secured  the  Sider  purposed  for  you  before  Farnsworth  Come,  But  the  barril  of 
appels  He  hath  Eat  up. 

' '  Pray  Excuse  my  Troubling  you  after  this  Sorte  and  Let  me  Hear  from  you  by 
the  first  safe  opportunity,  your  goodness  Herein  shall  ever  be  duly  acknowledged  by 
your  Honest  friend,  most  obedient  and  most  obliged  and  very  humble  Servant. 

"(Sgd.),  JOSEPH  PATTEN. 

"Annapolis,  6th  Nov.,  1763." 

On  the  7th  of  the  same  month  he  obtained  another  affidavit 
from  Joseph  Milbury  touching  another  assault  made  upon  him  by 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  205 

Farnsworth  which  he  enclosed  with  the  above  communication  to  his 
Halifax  correspondent,  and  on  the  14th  wrote  to  him  again  in  these 
words  : 

"I  received  your  Respected  favor  (pr.  Mr.  Wade)  of  the  6th  instant  and  hope 
that  you  Have  my  Letter  of  the  same  date  and  all  my  other  papers  therewith 
sent  you.  I  should  Have  amediately  drove  out  old  Farnsworth  according  to  your 
advice  but  that  Judge  Hoar  diswaided  me  from  it,  untill  I  should  Have  a  Return 
from  you  of  my  Letter  of  the  6th  instant,  for  that  neither  you  nor  the  Honourable 
Committee  Had  Been  informed  of  the  Supprising  Conduct  of  Amos  Farnsworth 
towards  me  in  Sundry  Respects,  and  there  is  a  Hopeful  Prospect  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  being  altered  for  the  good  of  the  Country,  you  will  Please  to 
Consider  wheather  it  will  be  Best  to  Commence  the  action  at  Halifax  or  not. 
There  Hath  nothing  Remarkable  happened  since  my  Last,  but  Farnsworth  Continues 
to  Despise  and  Reproach  the  Honourable  Committee,  Comparing  them  to  old  appel 
women,  and  Rejoices  that  he  Hath  such  Plentiful  stores  for  man  and  beast  without 
Labouring  for  it.  Mr.  Benjamin  Rumsey  Sent  for  me  the  other  day  and  said  that 
I  should  make  some  Blunder  or  Mistake  and  Hurt  myself.  He  would  inform  me 
that  He  had  taken  down  what  the  Halifax  Committee  had  ordered  Concerning  it 
Lott  77,  which  was,  that  the  Possession  of  said  Lott  was  Reserved  to  Farnsworth, 
and  that  He  should  Have  amediate  Possession  as  soon  as  He  Came  down,  and 
that  He  had  an  undoubted  right  to  all  the  Crops,  and  to  all  on  the  Place,  He  paying 
me  for  my  Improvements  ;  but  Could  not  show  it  under  the  Committee's  Hand,  and 
as  I  should  do  nothing  Contrary  to  what  you  and  the  Honourable  Committee  shall 
order,  I  therefore  wait  your  further  advice  and  beg  leave  to  Subscribe  myself, 
etc. 

"(Sgd.),  JOSEPH  PATTEN. 

"  Annapolis,  Nov.  14th,  1763." 

From  the  recital  in  an  old  bond  in  the  archives  bearing  date  January 
3rd,  1764,  it  has  been  inferred  that  the  authorities  finally  granted  the 
disputed  lot  to  Patten  on  the  condition  that  he  should  pay  to  Farnsworth 
such  an  amount  for  the  improvements  made  by  him  as  impartial 
arbitrators  should  declare ;  a  fact  which  can  only  be  accounted  for  by 
assuming  that  Farnsworth  had  made  improvements  on  the  farm  before 
1763,  which  seems  probable  enough  from  a  reference  in  the  corre- 
spondence quoted,  in  which  Patten  speaks  of  the  indebtedness  of  the 
former  to  Easson,  and  that  the  latter  had  occupied  the  lands  and  the 
improvements  in  the  belief  that  Farnsworth  would  never  return  to  claim, 
them. 

Connected  with  this  affair  is  an  account  rendered  by  Patten  for 
sundries  expended  by  him  on  the  disputed  lands,  from  which  may  be 
gathered  some  information  regarding  the  value  of  labour,  lumber  and 
farm  produce  at  this  time.  From  it  we  learn  that  boards  were  worth 
$14.00  per  thousand  superficial  feet ;  hay,  $6.00  per  ton  ;  cider,  $2.00 
per  barrel ;  potatoes,  40  cents  per  bushel ;  barrels  for  cider  or  fish, 
60  cents  each ;  carpenter's  daily  wage,  80  cents ;  and  fence  posts 
(morticed),  10  cents. 


206  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

As  it  is  believed  any  statement  relating  to  the  original  ownership  of 
the  Granville  lots  will  prove  of  interest  to  the  reader,  the  subjoined 
document  is  inserted  : 

' '  Know  all  men  by  these  presents,  that  whereas  the  Lott  No.  98  in  the  township 
of  Granville  was  drawn  and  first  Designed  for  Richard  Mott,  then  not  present,  nor 
of  full  age,  I  having  answered  all  Demands  in  his  absence  Relative  to  said  Lott  ; 
this  is  therefore  to  Certify  that  the  said  Richard  Mott  Has  fully  paid  me  for  said 
Charges,  and  that  as  the  said  Lott  was  placed  in  my  name  During  the  said  Mott's 
absence,  I  fully  Resign  my  Rights  to  the  said  Lott  to  the  damage  (sic)  of  said  Mott ; 
and  further,  I  engage  to  assist  all  in  my  power  to  Have  the  same  Recorded  to 
Richard  Mott,  as  Witness  my  Hand  this  19th  March,  1764. 

"(Signed),        PARDON  SANDERS. 

"  I  do  hereby  Certify  that  the  above  is  a  true  Copy  of  the  Original. 

"(Signed),        JOSEPH  WINNIETT,  J.P." 

This  township  was  admitted  to  the  privilege  of  representation  by  a 
resolution  of  the  Assembly  in  1764,  and  in  the  succeeding  year  Colonel 
Henry  Munro  became  its  first  representative.  Having  resigned  the  trust 
after  two  years'  service  he  was  succeeded  by  John  Hicks,  who  was  elected 
in  July,  1768,  and  who  served  until  the  general  election  which  took  place 
in  1770,  when  the  seat  was  conferred  upon  John  Harris,  who  held  it  till 
1772,  at  which  time  it  passed  to  Christopher  Prince. 

The  river  fisheries  of  the  county  were  considered  objects  worthy  of 
prosecution  and  preservation  from  its  first  settlement.  They  were  for 
many  years  placed  under  the  control  of  the  Court  of  Sessions,  a  policy 
which  was  finally  abandoned  many  years  after  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
late  Judge  Wiswall,  to  the  great  regret  of  the  majority  of  the  people 
interested  in  them.  At  the  April  Term  of  the  Court  in  1772  the  follow- 
ing regulations  were  made  : 

"Annapolis  SS.  In  consequence  of  the  within  Presentment  of  the  Court  of 
General  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  do  order  and  make  the  following  Regulations  for  the 
River  fishery  in  said  County,  viz. :  That  the  Persons  hereafter  named  be  Overseers 
or  Directors  of  said  fisheries,  and  that  they  or  a  major  part  of  them  agree  on  a  time 
and  place  for  people  to  attend  the  business  in  any  places  for  fishery  purposes  ;  and 
that  they  give  public  notice  thereof  at  least  ten  days  before  the  time  so  agreed  on  in 
order  that  persons  may  know  of  the  time  and  place  for  them  to  have  the  privilege  of 
fishing  at  the  proper  seasons,  and  the  said  Directors  or  a  major  part  of  them  present 
at  each  public  place  of  fishery  shall  be  and  are  hereby  clothed  with  full  power  to 
order  and  direct  in  said  fishery,  that  no  injustice  be  done  to  any  person  in  dividing 
of  the  fish,  each  person  shall  receive  in  proportion  to  the  work  and  expence  they 
have  done  or  been  at  in  catching  said  fish  from  time  to  time  in  the  judgment  of  said 
Directors,  and  that  the  following  persons  be  and  are  hereby  appointed  the  Overseers 
•or  Directors  in  said  affair  for  the  ensuing  year:  John  Hall,  J. P. ,  Moses  Shaw, 
Abednego  Ricketson,  Andrew  Hamilton,  John  Langley,  Francis  Lecain,  Captain 
Webber  and  John  Dunn,  and  that  no  person  shall  or  may  presume  to  set  up  or  make 
weirs  or  draw  any  seines  for  the  fish  at  the  public  places  of  Bear  River  and  the 
Joggins,  without  the  direction  or  consent  of  the  Directors  on  penalty  of  the  law." 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS.  207 

v 

It  seems  difficult  to  believe  that  the  two  places  here  especially  indicated 
should  have  been  the  only  ones  yet  discovered  in  the  basin,  yet  such 
seems  to  have  been  the  fact.  The  only  means  to  prove  that  herrings 
were  to  be  caught  in  any  particular  place  seems  to  have  been  by  building 
weirs  there,  and  as  this  was  a  work  of  considerable  expense  and  great 
labour,  it  is  possible  that  the  "  bars  "  at  Goat  Island  and  elsewhere  had 
not,  up  to  that  time,  been  thus  tested. 

Any  sketch  of  the  history  of  this  township  would  be  imperfect  if  it 
omitted  to  notice  what  has  been  called  the  Shaw  embroglio.  In  the 
autumn  of  1776,  the  year  of  the  famous  Declaration  of  American 
Independence,  a  number  of  the  rebels  of  Maine,  in  conjunction  with 
some  disaffected  inhabitants  of  the  St.  John  River  in  New  Brunswick, 
made  a  hostile  demonstration  against  the  County  of  Cumberland,  in  this 
province,  which  had  hitherto  remained  faithful  to  the  Mother  Country, 
and  during  this  period,  William  Shaw,  colonel  in  the  militia,  called  out 
a  number  of  men  under  his  command  to  perform  garrison  duty  at 
Annapolis,  and  at  the  old  Scotch  Fort,  in  Granville.  It  was  afterwards 
alleged  that  Shaw  had  drawn  pay  for  these  men  but  had  neglected  to 
disburse  it ;  or,  that  the  services  for  which  the  Government  had  granted 
pay  had  not  been  performed  as  stated  by  him  in  his  accounts.  The 
following  correspondence  and  affidavits  will  enable  the  reader  ,to 
understand  the  matter  more  clearly  : 

"  SIR, — Agreeably  to  your  Commands  signified  to  us  in  a  Letter  from  Mr. 
Secretary  Bulkely,  we  have  examined  upon  oath  the  principal  part  of  the  people 
employed  by  Col.  Shaw  in  mounting  Guard  and  doing  other  military  duty  during 
the  course  of  last  Winter.  Copies  of  the  several  Depositions  we  herewith  enclose 
by  which  it  will  appear  that  such  duty  has  actually  been  performed  ;  that  several  of 
them  had  been  paid  in  part  for  their  Services,  and  the  Common  people  had  received 
the  strongest  assurance  from  Mr.  Shaw  that  he  would  use  his  endeavors  to  procure 
for  them  from  government  Pay  and  Provisions  during  the  time  they  had  served.  It 
also  appears  that  col.  Shaw  had  been  at  considerable  expense  in  procuring  for  them 
Fuel,  Candles  and  other  Necessaries,  particularly  for  the  Guard  kept  at  the  Scotch 
Fort.  We  must  further  beg  leave  to  assure  you  from  our  personal  knowledge,  that 
the  Duty  was  punctually  performed  at  the  period  set  forth  in  the  Depositions,  and 
we  may  venture  to  say  (as  far  as  can  be  judged  from  Circumstances)  that  the 
preservation  of  the  place  is  owing  in  a  great  measure  to  the  spirited  Exertions  of  the 
few  Inhabitants  associated  with  colonel  Shaw  for  that  purpose. 

' '  We  should  have  had  the  honour  of  transmitting  you  these  Depositions  sooner, 
but  that  the  people  were  disposed  about  their  fishery  and  other  business,  so  that  it 
was  not  possible  to  collect  them,  and  there  are  still  more  who  have  done  duty  and 
whose  Deposition  may  hereafter  be  taken  if  thought  necessary. 
"  We  are  with  great  Respect,  Sir, 

' '  Your  most  obedient  and  most  humble  servants, 

"(Signed),  JOSEPH  WINNIETT. 

THOMAS  WILLIAMS. 
"  Annapolis  Royal,  July  25th,  1777." 


208 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


With  this  letter  was  sent  a  "  Return  of  men  raised  by  Colonel  Shaw, 
of  the  Annapolis  militia  for  the  defence  of  the  Province,  during  the 
invasion,  by  the  (American)  rebells;  that  is  to  say,  from  the  12th  day 
of  Nov.,  1776,  to  the  18th  day  of  Deer,  following  inclusive."  This  list 
is  here  given,  the  names  having  been  placed  in  alphabetical  order.  It 
will  be  found  of  interest  to  the  antiquarian  reader. 


Allen,  Jeremiah. 
Adams,  James. 
Agard,  Judah. 
Armstrong,  Richard. 
Allen,  Ambrose. 

Barnsfield,  James. 
Bulkey,  John. 
Bertaux,  Philip. 
Berwick,  George. 
Bamond,  .Benjamin. 
Bennett,  Thomas. 
Butler,  Eleazer. 
Barnes,  Seth. 
Beney,  Joseph. 

Churchill,  Lemuel. 
Curtis,  William. 
Crocker,  Samuel. 
Crosby,  Ebenezer. 
Crosby,  Jonathan. 
Cofferin,  William. 
Coggin,  Henry. 
Colby,  Thomas. 
Clammers,  John. 
Cleaver,  Benjamin. 
Chankler,  Edward. 

Dudney,  Samuel. 
Davis,  John. 
Durkee,  Phineas. 
Davy,  John. 
Darling,  Benjamin. 
Deiry,  Moses. 

Ellis,  Ebenezer. 
Eldrey,  Barnabas. 
Etwell,  Nathaniel. 
Ellenwood,  Samuel. 


Frisk,  John. 

Godfrey,  Prince. 
Gorven,  Patrick. 
Go  wan,  Paul. 
Gallistan,  Stephen. 
Gilfillan,  James. 

Harris,  Thomas  (Adjt.). 
Hammon,  Chas.  Geo. 
Harris,  Henry. 
Hooper,  Ezekiel. 
Hibbard,  Eleazer. 
Hammon,  Asa. 
Hinshall,   William. 
Holmes,  Peleg. 
Horsey,  David. 
Hilton,  Amos. 

Kelley,  James. 
King,  George. 
Kelley,  William. 

Lecain,  Francis. 
Lewis,  James. 
Lecain,  Thomas. 
Linsley,  John. 
Lecain,  Francis,  sen. 

McGraw,  John. 
McKensie,  Eleazer  (Lieut.) 
Morrison,  Hugh. 
Morrison,  John. 
Morrison,  Alexander. 
Morgan,  George. 
Morgan,  John. 
Moring,  Thomas. 

Pitman,  Joseph. 
Purcill,  Edward. 
Provence,  John. 


Pinckham,  Edward. 
Peal,  David. 

Richardson,  John. 
Robins,  James. 
Robinson,  Jabez. 
Roach,  John. 
Ritchie,  John. 
Ray,  James. 
Rust,  Nathaniel. 

Shaw,  William  (Col.). 
Shortell,  Henry. 
Skelton,  John. 
Stuart,  Joseph. 
Slayman,  Ephraim. 
Sanders,  John  Hill. 
Scott,  David. 
Sanders,  Joseph. 
Shafner,  Adam. 
Stark,  John. 

Terfrey,  Joshua  P. 
Thompson,  George. 
Trehay,  Thomas. 

Utley,  Nathan. 
Vooney,  James. 

Williams,  Thomas. 
Winniett,  Matthew  (Major). 
Worther,  George. 
Worther,  Michael. 
Worther,  George,  jun. 
Worthylake,  Ebenezer. 
Wilhams,  Caesar. 
Walman,  Jasper. 

Zeighler,  Frederic. 


The  depositions  referred   to  in   the  foregoing  letter  were  partly  made 
before  Joseph  Patten  and  John  Wade,  and  partly  before  Winniett  and 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  209 

Williams.  Those  of  James  Barnsfield,  Henry  Shankel,  Adam  Schafner, 
Archibald  Morrison,  George  Wooster,  John  Sturks,  James  Lewis  and 
William  Henshaw  were  made  before  the  former,  and  those  of  Jacob 
Wooster,  George  Schafner,  John  White,  Michael  Wooster,  Charles 
Hammond  and  John  Skelton — not  one  of  whom  wrote  his  name — were 
made  before  the  latter.  These  depositions  bore  date  July  5th,  1777. 
On  the  23rd  of  the  same  month  Major  Wiriniett  and  George  Thompson 
made  the  following  affidavits,  which  seem  to  have  been  intended  to 
relieve  Colonel  Shaw  of  one  of  the  charges  made  against  him,  namely, 
that  he  had  sent  in  a  false  account  to  the  Government  in  which  charges 
were  made  for  services  never  rendered  : 

"Annapolis  SS.  Matthew  Winniett  and  George  Thompson  being  duly  sworn, 
testify  and  say  that  upon  the  first  alarm  of  Cumberland  being  invested  by  the 
Rebells,  and  col.  Prince  neglecting  to  call  the  County  Militia  together,  a  Meeting  of 
the  Inhabitants  of  this  Town  was  immediately  called,  when  it  was  unanimously 
agreed  that  it  was  necessary  to  keep  a  regular  and  constant  Guard  for  the  defence, 
which  was  immediately  carried  into  effect,  and  continued  without  intermission  till 
the  arrival  of  his  Majesty's  Sloop  of  war  Vidture  about  Christmas.  And  as  an 
encouragement  of  the  common  People  to  persevere  in  their  undertaking,  Col.  Shaw 
made  them  repeated  promises  that  he  would  use  his  influence  to  obtain  for  them  Pay 
and  Provisions  during  the  time  they  were  employed  upon  said  Services.  That  on  or 
about  the  13th  March,  being  alarmed  with  the  arrival  of  an  armed  force  in  the  Basin 
with  an  intent  to  attack  the  Town,  we  were  again  called  upon  to  do  Military  Duty, 
which  was  from  that  time  continued  for  about  three  weeks,  and  that  during  the 
time  the  Duties  were  performed  these  deponents,  together  with  col.  Shaw  and  Mr. 
Williams,  having  in  rotation  had  the  Care  of  the  Guards  are  knowing  to  their  having 
been  furnished  with  Provisions,  Fireing  and  Candles. 

"  (Signed),  MATTHEW  WINNIETT,  Major. 

GEORGE  THOMPSON. 
"  Annapolis,  July  23rd,  1777." 

Another  affidavit  was  made  by  the  adjutant  employed,  and  non-com- 
missioned officers  under  him  as  follows  : 

"  Thomas  Harris  being  duly  sworn,  declares  that  upon  the  first  alarm  of  Cumber- 
land being  invested  by  the  Rebells,  which  to  the  best  of  his  remembrance  was  on  or 
about  the  12th  day  of  November,  a  meeting  was  called  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
town  of  Annapolis,  when  it  was  agreed  that  a  constant  Guard  or  Watch  should  be 
kept  for  the  Defence  of  the  place  which  was  accordingly  continued  till  the  arrival  of 
his  majesty's  ship  Vidture.  That  upon  the  second  alarm  of  an  armed  force  being  in 
the  Basin  on  or  about  the  middle  of  March,  the  Deponent  was  again  called  upon  to 
do  Duty,  which  was  continued  at  that  time  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks. 

"  (Signed),  THOMAS  HARRIS,  Adjutant." 

"  Francis  Lecain  confirms  on  oath  the  preceding  Deposition  of  Thomas  Harris  in 
every  particular. 

"(Signed),  FRANCIS 

14 


210  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

"  Philip  Bertaux,  being  duly  sworn,  declares  that  Military  Duty  had  been  done 
and  Guards  kept  as  is  above  set  forlh  in  the  Deposition  of  Thomas  Harris. 

"  (Signed),  PHILIP  BERTAUX." 

"  The  foregoing  Depositions  were  taken  before  us. 

"(Signed),  JOSEPH  WINNIETT. 

THOMAS  WILLIAMS." 

These  affidavits  settled  one  of  the  charges  made  against  Colonel  Shaw 
in  his  favour  beyond  dispute.  On  the  other  he  was  unable  to  make  so 
triumphant  a  reply,  for  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Assembly,  to  whom 
the  matter  was  finally  referred,  reported  that  he  had  been  overpaid  by 
the  Government  in  a  small  sum  which  he  was  ordered  to  refund.  It 
may  be  fairly  assumed  that  Joseph  Patten,  who  appears  to  have  been 
the  demagogue  of  the  time,  was  the  instigator  and  promoter  of  these 
charges  against  Shaw,  for,  in  a  note  to  Colonel  Lovett,  dated  July,  1777, 
he  says  :  "  Tis  to  be  observed  that  upon  the  examination  of  the  above- 
named  persons  that  they  almost  all  of  them  declared  that  they  did  not 
know  that  Colonel  Shaw  had  received  any  pay  for  any  services  that  they 
had  done  for  the  Government."  Shaw  was  one  of  the  members  for  the 
county  at  this  period  and  the  successor  of  Patten,  and  it  is  probable  that 
the  former  had  excited  the  rancour  of  the  latter  by  his  political  action. 
Shaw  was  afterwards  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  Halifax,  the  first  sheriff 
of  that  county. 

Samuel  Harris  kept  the  Annapolis  Ferry  in  1777-78.  He  was  a 
settler  in  Granville,  and  owned  the  lands  on  which  the  village  of 
Granville  Ferry  now  stands. 

The  following  letter  to  the  Provincial  Treasurer  will  explain  itself  : 

"  ANNAPOLIS  ROYAL,  March  20th,  1778. 

"  SIR., — Agreeable  to  an  order  from  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  8th  January 
last,  we  herewith  enclose  you  an  account  of  all  the  moneys  received  and  expended  by 
us  in  making  and  repairing  the  roads  and  bridges  within  this  county,  also  a  list  of 
non-resident  and  delinquent  proprietors. 

"  (Signed),        JOSEPH  WINNIETT. 
PHINEAS  LOVETT. 
CHRISTOPHER  PRINCE. 
HENRY  EVANS.        ,^_ 
THOMAS  WILLIAMS." 

Of  these  Prince  was  the  only  one  residing  in  Granville. 

Among  the  names  of  the  non-resident  proprietors  appears  that  of 
Marmaduke  Lamont,  who  was  "  Clerk  of  the  Cheque  "  at  Annapolis  in 
1759-60.  In  the  draft  of  a  grant  of  the  township  of  Granville  extant  in 
the  archives  of  the  Province,  and  which  was  prepared  by  order  of 
Governor  Wilmot,  is  this  clause,  "  and  unto  Marmaduke  Lamont  two 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  211 

shares,"  which  would  have  been  one  thousand  acres.  Mr.  Lament  was 
the  first  registrar  of  deeds  for  the  county  after  the  advent  of  the  New 
England  settlers  in  1760.  The  book  of  registry  kept  by  him  is  still 
preserved,  and  may  be  found  in  the  office  of  the  Registrar  at  Bridgetown. 
He  was  succeeded  in  that  office  by  Joseph  Winniett,  on  his  retirement, 
which  was  caused  by  his  removal  to  Jamaica  or  other  of  the  West  India 
Islands,  from  which  he  never  returned. 

Benjamin  Rumsey,  the  progenitor  of  all  the  Rumseys  of  the  Province, 
was  a  grantee  of  one  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Granville.  He  was  also 
a  "  Clerk  of  the  Cheque,"  and  for  many  years  an  inhabitant  of  Annapolis. 
His  descendants  reside  in  various  sections  of  the  county,  but  chiefly  in 
Granville  and  Wihnot,  and  one  of  them  has  been  a  prominent  merchant 
in  the  city  of  Halifax.  They  have  always  maintained  a  respectable 
position  in  the  county. 

We  have  now  reached  the  period  when  the  township  received  an 
impulse  in  the  expansion  of  its  population  and  the  development  of  its 
resources  unknown  to  its  previous  history.  The  Revolutionary  War  in 
America,  which  had  deluged  the  older  colonies  with  blood,  had  been 
crowned  with  success  to  the  revolutionary  malcontents,  and  thousands  of 
persons  were  exiled  from  the  homes  of  their  childhood  and  the  land  of 
their  birth.  The  old  flag,  under  whose  folds  they  had  been  born,  and 
whose  glorious  traditions  they  still  honoured  and  loved,  and  for  whose 
supremacy  they  had  fought  and  bled,  though  unsuccessfully,  still  floated 
over  the  old  Acadian  colony,  and  Granville,  like  her  sister  townships, 
opened  her  arms  and  offered  a  cheering  welcome  to  such  of  them  as 
might  seek  new  homes  within  her  boundaries. 

Among  the  most  notable  of  the  new-comers  who  located  themselves  in 
this  section  of  the  county,  the  names  of  St.  Croix,  Gesner,*  Ruggles,* 
Willett,  Bogart,  Mills,  Seabury,*  Millidge,*  Thorne,*  James,*  Quereau, 
Mussels,  Delap  and  Robblee,  may  be  given.  A  few  of  them,  Millidge, 
James,  Ruggles,  Thorne  and  Gesner,  had  received  more  or  less  scholastic 
training,  and  soon  made  their  influence  beneficially  felt  in  the  neighbour- 
hoods in  which  they  dwelt.  Society  was  improved  by  their  contact  with 
it.  Churches  and  schools  were  soon  called  for  and  became  the  order  of 
the  day.  It  is  true  that  the  first  decade  of  their  settlement  was  marked 
by  considerable  privation ;  but  all  the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  attain- 
ment of  substantial  plenty  were  finally  removed  or  overcome,  and  the 
voice  of  complaint  became  an  unusual  sound,  and  seldom  afterwards 
disturbed  the  grateful  content  of  a  happy  people. 

Valuable  accessions  to  the  population  were  made  about  this  period  in 
the  persons  of  the  Baths,  Clarkes,  Longmires,  Olivers  and  Gilliatts 
from  the  north  of  England,  and  of  the  McCormicks  and  McDormands 

*  See  memoirs  of  these  gentlemen. 


212  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

and  others  from  the  north  of  Ireland.  The  descendants  of  these  people 
have  become  very  numerous,  and  continue  by  their  thrift  and  industry  to 
add  to  the  prosperity  of  the  township. 

A  general  election  took  place  in  1785,  being  the  first  since  the 
Loyalists'  arrival,  and  one  of  them,  Benjamin  James,  was  brought 
forward  as  a  candidate  for  the  representation  of  Granville,  and  was 
duly  elected.  He  continued  to  discharge  his  legislative  duties  until 
1792.  He  seems  to  have  been  possessed  of  considerable  education,  and 
to  have  been  endowed  with  a  sound  judgment  and  many  amiable  personal 
qualities.  He  owned  and  resided  upon  the  farm  in  central  Granville, 
until  recently  known  as  the  Glebe.  He  sold  this  farm  to  the  church- 
wardens of  the  parish  in  1799,  and  removed  to  Annapolis. 

In  1784  Alexander  Howe  applied  to  the  Government  for  a  grant  of 
land,  as  appears  from  the  Surveyor-General's  letter  addressed  to  Amos 
Botsford,  one  of  his  duputies  for  the  county,  and  dated  December  10th 
in  that  year,  in  which  he  says  : 

' '  I  beg  leave  to  recommend  Captain  Howe,  the  bearer,  whose  father  lost  his  life 
in  taking  possession  of  the  country  in  1749  or  1750,  by  the  Indians.  He  wants  some 
lands.  There  are  only  two  lots  vacant  in  Wilmot — numbers  thirteen  and  fourteen, 
on  the  west  side  of  Brown's."* 

Mr.  Morris  shortly  after  wrote  to  Mr.  Howe  himself,  in  the  following 
terms : 

"I  had  the  honour  to  receive  your  favour  of  the  19th  ultimo,  ever  since  which 
I  have  been  very  ill  and  confined  with  the  gout.  Your  sister,  Mrs.  Cottnam,  seems 
very  desirous  of  having  her  thousand  acres  by  herself  in  this  part  of  the  Province. 
Captain  Cottnam  had  formerly  two  lots  on  the  Windsor  road  ;  they  were  by  him 
mortgaged  to  a  gentleman  in  England,  but  never  any  improvements  were  made  by 
the  mortgagee,  and  the  land  has  become  liable  to  forfeiture.  If  she  can  obtain  this 
it  is  the  best  I  can  do  for  her,  and  if  you  can  like  the  land  on  the  intended  new  road 
I  can  make  separate  Returns  of  the  Warrant,  or,  if  necessary,  obtain  separate 
warrants.  As  soon  as  you  can  procure  a  survey  of  Mr.  Harris,  or  any  other  of  my 
deputies,  of  the  land  you  want,  with  the  proper  metes  and  bounds  thereon  delineated, 
and  send  me,  I  will  do  everything  in  my  power  to  forward  the  grant." 

On  the  22nd  December,  1787,  Mr.  Morris  again  wrote  to  Mr.  Howe 
and  stated  that  he 

' '  was  going  on  with  the  grant  to  him  and  Captain  Katherns  for  two  thousand  acres 
on  the  rear  of  Major  Farrington's  and  Mr.  Johnstone's  lands  in  the  south-east  of  the 
county." 

Of  Katherns,  he  adds  : 

' '  He  does  not  come  under  the  description  of  a  Loyalist  or  reduced  officer  serving 
in  the  late  war,  and  therefore  his  grant  was  a  vote  of  Council,  and  in  all  those  cases 
fees  are  paid  in  all  the  offices,  which,  for  one  thousand  acres  in  one  grant,  is  thirteen 
pounds,  ten  shillings,  or  thereabouts." 

*  A  block  of  land  there  is  still  called  "  Howe's  grant." 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  213 

The  block  of  land  granted  to  Howe  at  this  time  is  still  known  as  the 
"  Howe  grant,"  and  is  situated  a  short  distance  to  the  eastward  of  the 
Macgregor  settlement. 

Howe  was  a  native  of  the  county  and  for  several  years  a  resident  in 
Granville,  where  he  owned  what  was  known  at  a  later  time  as  the  Gesner 
property.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  very  useful  and  capable  as  well 
as  popular  man,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  pre-loyalist 
inhabitants,  and  the  champion  of  their  interests  in  the  contests  and 
rivalries  which  sometimes  arose  between  them  and  their  Loyalist  brethren. 

The  first  mail-courier  of  whom  any  mention  is  made  was  a  resident  in 
their  township,  James  Tattersall  by  name,  whom  I  take  to  have  been  a 
Loyalist,  as  his  name  does  not  appear  among  the  earliest  settlers.  In  a 
memorial  to  the  Executive  he  asks  for  compensation  for  losses  sustained, 
and  aid  to  enable  him  to  perform  the  duty  in  the  future.  This  was  in 
1784,  and  the  mail  was  then  carried  once  in  a  fortnight  from  Annapolis 
to  Halifax  and  vice  versa.  In  May,  1785,  Robert  Young,  of  Granville, 
applied  for  the  grant  of  a  water  lot  in  front  of  the  ferry  for  the  purpose 
of  building  a  dock  at  that  place.  To  this  end  he  asked  for  a  frontage  of 
412  feet — a  quantity  thought  to  be  too  great  by  the  Surveyor-General,* 
who  referred  the  matter  to  Messieurs  Winniett  and  Williams,  of 
Annapolis,  for  their  opinion.  It  does  not  appear  whether  his  application 
met  with  success  or  not,  but  it  is  certain  no  dock  was  ever  constructed 
there. 

In  1792  Alexander  Howe,  who  was  then  one  of  the  county  members, 
was  employed  by  the  Government  to  superintend  the  removal  of  the 
negroes — or  such  of  them  as  were  willing  to  go — from  this  part  of  the 
Province  to  Sierra  Leone.  The  following  letter,  addressed  by  him  to  the 
Provincial  Secretary,  the  Hon.  Richard  Bulkeley,  and  dated  from 
Granville,  February  9th,  1792,  is  of  sufficient  interest  to  warrant  its 
transcription  in  full  : 

"DEAR  SIR, — I  am  honoured  with  your  favour  of  the  4th  inst.  I  am  utterly  at 
a  loss  what  to  charge  for  my  trouble  and  expense  with  respect  to  the  removal  of  the 
blacks.  I  apprehend  that  from  my  appointment,  which  was  on  the  third  day  of 
October  to  the  twenty-third  day  of  December,  1791,  I  drew  the  last  bills  on  your 
Honour  (or  rather  the  fifteenth  day  of  January,  1792,  when  the  blacks  sailed  from 
Halifax,  if  your  Honour  can  extend  that  favour  to  me).  I  was  a  servant  of  the 
Government  on  the  occasion,  and  [as]  it  was  only  a  short  time,  a  temporary  and  not 
a  permanent  appointment,  I  ought  to  be  allowed  a  liberal  stipend  per  day  till  the 

*  While  referring  to  the  correspondence  of  the  Surveyor-General,  Mr.  Morris,  I 
wish  to  transcribe  the  postscript  in  a  letter  of  his,  addressed  to  Thomas  Millidge, 
one  of  his  deputies,  and  dated  in  1784,  as  it  relates  to  a  matter  of  some  importance 
to  land  surveyors  in  the  county.  "The  eastern  boundary  line  of  Granville  runs 
north  thirty -two  degrees  and  thirty  minutes  west  to  the  bay,  so  that  there  will  be 
an  angle  of  land  which  is  not  granted."  The  western  line  of  Wilmot  runs  north  10° 
west,  so  that  a  triangular  block  with  its  apex  at  the  river  belongs  to  neither  township. 


214  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

business  was  concluded.  I  was  as  much  detached  from  my  farm .  business  and 
concerns  as  if  I  had  gone  to  Halifax.  I  made  several  trips  to  Digby,  and  one  at  the 
risk  of  my  life.  Advertisements  were  put  up  on  the  9th  October,  and  the  blacks 
were  ready  to  meet  me  accordingly  when  Mr.  Clark  arrived,  which  was  on  the  26th 
October.  The.  difficulties  and  trouble  must,  your  Honour  will  readily  perceive, 
have  been  greater  here  than  anywhere  else.  It  was  quite  a  novel  affair  in  this  part 
and  totally  so  to  me.  I  sent  to  Halifax  nearly,  if  not  entirely,  one-third  of  the 

whole  number  gone  to  Sierra  Leone  ;  those  that  came  from  had  to  be  landed 

and  reshipped. 

"  I  am  assured  that  I  could  not  have  had  anything  done  here  or  provided  cheaper 
than  I  did — this  Mr.  Clarke  knows.  I  sincerely  hope  your  Honour  is  satisfied  with 
my  conduct  in  this  business.  Should  anything  require  a  personal  explanation  on  my 
part,  I  shall  be  ready  to  wait  on  your  Honour  at  Halifax.  You  may  be  assured  that 
however  much  I  stand  in  need  of  cash,  I  had  rather  have  your  approbation  than 
any  pecuniary  reward  that  might  be  allowed  me.  I  have  made  out  an  account  and 
charged  twenty  shillings  a  day  from  the  date  of  my  Commission  to  the  twenty-third 
of  December  (and  have  also  charged  in  another  bill)  to  the  thirteenth  of  January  for 
this  reason,  that  if  your  Honour  can  extend  to  the  departure  of  the  blacks  from 
Halifax,  it  will  be  so  much  in  my  favour ;  but  that  and  the  sum  to  be  allowed  I 
entirely  submit  to  your  opinion,  with  which  I  shall  be  satisfied  and  content. 

' '  I  was  never  more  put  to  it  for  money  than  at  this  time.  My  Jamaica 
Attorneys  have  quite  forgot  me  since  I  left  there.  I  must  beg  leave  to  join  my 
thanks  with  those  of  a  distressed  family  for  your  kind  attention  to  Cottnam  Tonge 
on  the  death  of  his  father. 

"  (Signed),  ALEXANDER  HOWE." 

The  negroes  referred  to  in  this  letter  had  settled  in  considerable 
numbers  in  Digby,  Clements  and  Granville,  but  especially  in  the  former 
place.  During  the  Revolutionary  War  a  coloured  corps  was  formed  by 
the  Royalists  in  or  near  New  York  for  service  against  the  rebels.  It 
was  known  as  the  "  Negro,  or  Black  Pioneers."  At  the  peace  these 
pioneers  accompanied  the  Loyalists  of  other  disbanded  corps  in  their 
migration  to  this  country,  and  lands  were  granted  to  them  in  the  town- 
ship of  Digby,  where  the  descendants  of  those  of  them  who  did  not  accept 
a  free  passage  to  Africa,  are  still  to  be  found.  In  1794  the  Rev. 
Archibald  P.  Inglis  was  rector  of  the  parish. 

The  autumn  of  this  year  (November  25th,  1792)  witnessed  a  general 
election  in  which  Mr.  Howe  proved  to  be  the  successful  candidate  for 
Granville.  He  was  chosen  in  the  place  of  Mr.  James,  who  had  repre- 
sented it  from  1785,  and  he  continued  to  be  the  sitting  member  until  the 
dissolution  (by  lapse  of  time)  of  the  Assembly  in  1799,  at  which  period 
his  legislative  life  came  to  a  close.  He  shortly  afterwards  removed  to 
Halifax,  where  he  died  in  1814,  leaving  a  widow  (Susanna  Green)  who 
lived  to  a  very  great  age,  surviving  him  for  more  than  thirty  years. 
None  of  their  descendants  are  now  in  the  country. 

Howe  was  a  very  active  and  useful  member  of  the  Legislature.  It  was 
he,  while  a  representative  of  the  county,  who  moved  the  first  resolution 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  215 

in  the  Assembly  regarding  the  opening  of  the  iron  mines  in  the  Province, 
having  on  the  17th  of  November,  1787,  called  for  a  committee  "  to  report 
upon  the  best  means  to  promote  the  manufacture  of  iron,"  excellent  ores 
of  that  metal  having  been  discovered.  While  representing  Granville  in 
1794,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  committee  to  prepare  the  address  of  the 
House  in  honour  of  the  arrival  of  His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Kent 
in  Halifax.  He  succeeded  Joseph  Winniett  as  Collector  of  Customs  and 
Excise  for  the  Eastern  District  in  1789,  and  held  the  office  until  the  30th 
of  September,  1797,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Robert  Dickson.  Faithful 
to  his  instincts  as  a  pre-loyalist  he  sturdily  defended  Brenton  and 
Deschamps  againt  the  assaults  of  his  Loyalist  colleagues,  Millidge  and 
Barclay  ;  and  in  his  defence  of  those  judges  he  manifested  as  much  ability 
as  he  did  warmth. 

Here  would  be  the  proper  place  to  insert  the  return  of  the  assessors  for 
Granville  under  the  Capitation  Tax  Act,  but  I  regret  to  say  they  have 
not  been  preserved.  Indeed,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  considerable 
negligence  marked  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  officers  appointed  to 
carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the 
assessors  did  not  forward  a  copy  of  the  assessment  made  by  them  to  the 
Provincial  Treasurer  as  required  by  the  law.  This  is  the  more  to  be 
regretted  as  we  are  thus  deprived  of  an  admirable  means  by  which  to 
estimate  the  growth  of  the  population  between  1770  and  1792-95,  and  to 
fix  within  known  limits  the  advent  of  many  families  to  the  township 
from  other  districts  of  the  county  or  from  abroad. 

At  the  ggneral  election  of  1799,  which  took  place  on  the  25th  of 
November,  the  electors  of  the  township  chose  Edward  Thorne,*  a  New 
York  Loyalist,  to  represent  them  in  the  new  Assembly.  It  was  about 
this  period  that  roads  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy  began  to  be  felt  necessary. 
In  the  original  survey  of  the  township  the  lots  were  made  to  extend  from 
the  river  and  basin  to  the  shores  of  that  bay,  and  roads  had  been  planned 
at  intervals,  on  the  lines  of  certain  lots.  Grants  of  the  public  moneys 
were  now  frequently  made  to  aid  the  efforts  of  the  settlers  in  the  con- 
struction of  these  roads.  Those  to  Parker's  Cove,  to  Young's  Cove,  to 
Chute's  Cove,  to  Delap's  Cove,  to  Phinney's  Cove  and  others  were  rapidly 
opened,  and  settlements  formed  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  mountain. 
The  reader  will  note  that  the  names  of  these  coves  were  those  of  the 
owners  of  the  lots  whose  homes  were  by  the  river  side.  The  same 
names  were  applied  to  those  sections  of  the  mountain  over  which  these 
roads  passed — hence  Phinney's,  Young's,  Parker's,  Chute's,  and  Delap's 
mountains,  names  which  are  commonly  used  to  designate  them  to  this 
day.  The  northern  shores  of  the  township  became  slowly  dotted  with  the 
cottages  of  the  farmer  and  the  fisherman,  especially  in  the  neighbourhood 

*  See  this  gentleman's  memoir. 


216  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

of  the  coves,  and  roads  were  soon  afterwards  made  from  cove  to  cove 
along  the  shores,  thus  affording  fresh  facilities  for  new  settlements. 

On  the  18th  of  July,  1806,  a  general  election  was  again  the  order  of 
the  day.  On  this  occasion  Thomas  Millidge,  who  had  formerly  represented 
the  township  of  Digby,  and  in  the  late  House  the  county,  became  a 
candidate  for  the  township,  but  he  was  not  permitted  to  walk  the  course. 
Isaiah  Shaw,  of  Lower  Granville,  then,  I  believe,  the  leading  merchant 
of  that  district,  offered  himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  suffrages  of 
the  electors  in  opposition.  He  was  of  a  pre-loyalist  family,  possessed 
considerable  popularity,  and  was  endowed  with  no  mean  share  of  mental 
and  talking  ability.  The  contest  which  ensued  illustrates  the  spirit  of 
rivalry  which  animated  the  old  and  new  settlers  in  matters  political. 
I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  these  parties  acted  together  as  a  unit,  for  that 
would  have  been  impossible  as  local  and  personal  influences  would 
necessarily  prevent  such  action ;  but  the  majority  in  each  party  warmly 
supported  those  of  its  own  section  who  were  brought  forward  as 
candidates  for  public  office  or  favour,  and  hence  the  election  of 
representatives  became,  in  a  considerable  degree,  a  contest  between 
the  Loyalist  and  Pre-loyalist  sections  of  the  community.  In  this  case 
the  chances  seern  to  have  been  clearly  in  favour  of  Millidge.  He  had 
been  a  member  of  the  Assembly  for  twenty  years,  and  therefore  had  the 
prestige  of  experience.  He  was  custos  rotulorum  of  the  county,  a  Justice 
in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas ;  possessed  of  considerable  wealth,  and 
held  in  general  esteem  by  all  classes  of  the  people.  It  was  therefore  no 
ordinary  opponent  with  whom  Mr.  Shaw  had  chosen  to  contend.  In  one 
thing  the  latter  had  a  decided  advantage  over  the  former — he  had  youth 
and  vigour  on  his  side,  no  mean  allies  in  such  a  fight.  Mr.  Shaw  made 
an  exhaustive  canvass  previous  to  the  polling,  which  occupied  three  days, 
and  to  the  astonishment  of  his  adversary  at  the  close  of  the  poll,  Mr. 
Shaw  was  declared  duly  elected  by  a  small  majority.  Millidge  demanded 
a  scrutiny  of  votes  before  the  sheriff,  who,  with  the  aid  of  two  assistants, 
John  Bath  and  Isaac  Woodbury,  entered  into  the  investigation  desired, 
which  resulted  in  an  increased  majority  for  Shaw,  whose  return  was 
confirmed. 

The  new  House  met  on  the  1 8th  of  November,  and  Millidge  petitioned 
against  the  return.  In  his  memorial  he  asserted  that  the  sheriff, 
Winniett,  had  used  his  influence  against  him,  and  had  unduly  favoured 
his  antagonist ;  that  Foster  Woodbury,  a  resident  of  Wilmot,  had  acted 
as  inspector  for  Shaw  ;  that  James  Tattersall,  "a  well-known  freeholder," 
would  not  swear  that  his  deed  had  been  on  record  as  long  as  the  law 
required  ;  that  Ferdinand  Schafner,  another  freeholder,  was  not  allowed 
time  to  ascertain  if  his  deed  had  been  recorded,  while  that  indulgence 
had  been  granted  to  Gideon  Witt,  Sylvanus  Wade,  Benjamin  Wheelock, 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


217 


Luke  Ryder  and  Joseph  Anthony,  sen.,  who  had  voted  against  him ;  that 
William  Kerr,  the  school-master,  was  not  allowed  to  vote  for  him,  though 
he  had  a  life  estate  in  lands  since  1786,  and  which  rented  for  more  than 
forty  shillings  a  year ;  and  that  by  similar  sharp  practice,  Samuel 
Willett,  Abraham  Gesner,  and  his  own  son,  Phineas  Millidge,  had  lost 
their  votes.  After  a  full  investigation  by  a  committee  of  the  Assembly, 
Mr.  Shaw  was  declared  to  have  been  duly  elected,  and  so  the  matter 
ended.  His  first  legislative  act  was  a  resolution  to  grant  £500  toward 
the  erection  of  a  lighthouse  on  Briar  Island.  This  occurred  on  the  30th 
of  December,  1806.  In  1808  he  was  instrumental  in  obtaining  a  further 
sum  of  ,£200  for  the  completion  and  equipment  of  that  very  useful 
structure.  In  the  same  year  he  introduced  and  carried  through  the 
House  a  "  Bill  to  Prevent  the  killing  of  Seals  and  Porpoises  in  the 
Annapolis  Basin,"  it  being  commonly  believed  that  such  acts  were 
injurious  to  the  fisheries  carried  on  there. 

The  number  of  acres  of  land  cleared  in  Granville  under  the  "  bounty 
Act "  was  less  than  in  any  other  township  in  the  county.  Below  is  given 
the  return  made  to  Government  in  1807,  which  was  accompanied  by  a 
certificate  signed  by  Thomas  Millidge,  Gustos,  and  Ebenezer  Cutler, 
Clerk  of  the  Peace. 


Thomas  Millidge 3  acres. 

James  Chute      10  u 

Benjamin  Chute 6  ,, 

John  Katherns • 3|  « 

Joseph  Troop 7|  u 

Robert  Mills    7  .. 

Henry  Ricketson    .  5£  u 

George  Brown 2|  « 

John  3rown 3f  .. 

Jacob  Eaton 2J  n 

Benjamin  Rumsey 4J  ,. 


Benjamin  Foster 4f  acres. 

Joseph  Fellows    8J      u 

Benjamin  Wheelock 2£      „ 

John  Graves 2^       u 

John  Hall   3        ., 

Ferd'cl  Schafner 4 

Ezra  Foster 3J      ,i 

William  Young   2§      u 

Thomas  Phinney 3&      u 

Total  . .  93  acres. 


It  may  be  noted  that  all  the  names  in  the  above  schedule,  except 
those  of  Millidge,  Katherns  and  Mills,  belong  to  the  old  settlers.  There 
were  only  five  Justices  of  the  Peace  in  Granville  at  this  time,  including 
the  Gustos,  namely,  Samuel  Chesley,  Moses  Shaw,  Benjamin  Dodge  and 
Edward  Thorne,  of  whom  the  last  named  only  was  a  Loyalist. 

In  January,  1810,  John  Healy,  Silas  Hardy  and  James  Reid,  of 
Granville,  yeomen,  and  Charity  Cornwell,  widow,  petitioned  Sir  George 
Prevost,  then  Lieu  tenant-Governor,  concerning  the  herring  fishery  at 
Goat  Island,  or  perhaps,  more  correctly  speaking,  concerning  the  "bar," 
which  forms  the  eastern  extremity  of  that  island.  These  persons  inform 
His  Excellency  that  they  have  for  some  time  past  "occupied  the  said  bar, 
and  had  divided  the  profits  arising  from  its  use  as  a  fishery."  It  appears 


218  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

that  Mr.  Healy  had  applied  for  a  grant  of  it  some  years  previously  to 
Sir  John  Went  worth,  but  had  failed  to  obtain  it  "from  some  motives 
governing  Sir  John  not  particularly  known "  to  him,  but  which  he 
believes  arose  from  a  claim  of  one  Mrs.  Morrison,  then  a  part  owner  of 
Goat  Island. 

Mr.  Healy  then  sets  forth  for  himself  that  he 

' '  is  informed  that  misrepresentations  have  been  made  to  your  Excellency  tending 
to  injure  your  petitioners  by  rendering  his  present  application  ineffectual,  if  possible, 
by  inclining  your  Excellency  to  believe  him  the  possessor  of  large  fisheries;  that 
your  petitioner,  so  far  from  endeavouring  to  engross  advantages  the  equal  rights 
of  others,  does  not  possess  or  occupy  a  foot  of  flats  or  fishery  independent  of  the  bar 
above  mentioned,  and  that  he  does  not  enjoy  it  at  the  exclusion  of  others,  but  has 
permitted  and  would,  in  the  event  of  his  obtaining  a  Grant,  allow  the  above- 
mentioned  persons,  your  petitioners,  to  associate  with  him  in  the  advantages 

derivable  from  it." 

• 

Mr.  Hardy  tells  His  Excellency  that  he 

"  is  married  and  has  three  children — -all  boys  ;  that  he  has  resided  in  Granville 
for  many  years ;  that  he  was  born  in  the  County  of  Annapolis,  where  he  has  always 
remained  ;  that  he  has  no  fishery  at  all  except  by  permission  of  Mr.  Healy  ;  that  he 
contributed  one-fourth  part  towards  the  erection  of  a  weir  on  the  before-mentioned 
bar,  and  received  a  proportionate  benefit,  and  that  he  has  never  received  any 
benefaction  from  Government  of  lands  or  otherwise." 

James  Reid  says  of  himself  that  he 

"is  lately  married,  and  has  resided  in  Granville  some  years  ;  that  he  has  likewise 
been  allowed  to  receive  a  part  of  the  profits  of  the  weir  ;  that  he  owns  no  fishery, 
and  never  had  any  grant  from  Government." 

Mrs.  Cornwell  sets  forth  that  she 

' '  is  the  widow  of  the  late  George  Cornwell,  who  during  the  Revolutionary  War 
in  the  neighbouring  colonies,  suffered  greatly  in  his  person  and  property,  and  finally 
was  compelled  for  his  loyalty  to  his  sovereign  to  become  an  alien  to  his  native  soil, 
and  seek  refuge  in  this  province,  where  he  remained  until  his  death,  which  took 
place  about  three  years  since  ;  that  her  said  husband  left  her  by  his  will  considerable 
property  for  her  natural  life,  but  to  which  no  fishery  was  attached  ;  that  she  has 
contributed  towards  the  erection  and  support  of  the  weir  mentioned  above,  and  been 
allowed  by  Mr.  Healy  to  take  from  it  a  share  of  the  profits  corresponding  to  such  in 
building  ;  and  that  her  said  husband  never  received  any  grant  of  lands  from  Govern- 
ment or  any  recompense  for  his  losses  sustained  during  the  war  with  the  revolted 
colonies." 

"Your  petitioners  beg  leave  further  to  state  to  your  Excellency  that  the  bar  or 
flat  above  alluded  to  remained  ever  unoccupied  until  about  five  years  ago,  when 
John  Healy  proposed  and  did  at  an  enormous  expense  build  a  weir  upon  the  same, 
it  being  deemed  by  every  other  person  a  speculation  too  hazardous  to  attempt.  Its 
success,  however,  excited  attention;  and  those  who  were  averse  to  the  risk  would 
now  grasp  the  profit  of  it ;  and  it  is  with  reluctance  your  petitioners  state  that  the 
persons  now  applying  to  your  Excellency  for  a  share  in  the  above  fishery  with  your 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  219 

petitioners,   already   possess  the  most  extensive   fishery   beach   on  the   shores   of 
Granville. 

' '  That  the  size  of  the  above  bar  will  not  admit  of  more  than  one  weir  being  built 
upon  it ;  and  the  fish  that  have  hitherto  been  taken  in  it  are  barely  sufficient  for  your 
petitioners  and  their  families,  and  to  reimburse  the  expenses  of  building  the  said 
weir.  Your  petitioners  therefore  humbly  pray  your  Excellency  upon  a  due 
consideration  of  the  circumstances  will  be  pleased  to  grant  the  above-mentioned  bar 
to  your  petitioners,  or  to  the  said  John  Healy,  as  your  Excellency  may  deem  best, 
in  either  of  which  cases  your  petitioners  will  derive  equal  benefits. 

"  (Signed),  JOHN  HEALY. 

SILAS  HARDY. 
JAMES  RKID. 
"Granville,  January  29th,  1810."  CHARITY  CORNWELL. 

"  Annapolis  SS.  John  Healy,  Silas  Hardy,  James  Reid  and  Charity  Cornwell, 
who  being  duly  sworn  upon  their  several  oaths,  declare  the  facts  contained  in  the 
Petition  hereto  annexed  are  correct  and  strictly  true  as  relates  to  each  deponent 
respectively  ;  and  that  each  of  them  considers  himself  and  herself  a  subject  of  the 
British  Government,  and  are  at  all  times  ready  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  its 
present  sovereign.  And  the  said  John  Healy  further  deposeth  that  the  facts 
contained  in  a  former  petition  to  His  Excellency  Sir  G.  Prevost,  signed  with  his  hand 
and  forwarded  to  Samuel  Hood  George,  esqr. ,  were  also  strictly  just  and  true. 

"  (Signed),  JOHN  HEALY. 

SILAS  HARDY. 
JAMES  REID. 
CHARITY  CORNWELL. 

"  Sworn  before  me  at  Granville,  the  29th  January,  1810. 
"(Signed),  JAMES  HALL,  J.P." 

"  And  the  said  John  Healy  mentioned  in  the  body  of  the  Petition  saith  at  the 
time  I  was  about  making  tryal  of  taking  fish  on  said  bar  I  proposed  to  the  late  Mary 
Morrison  (now  Mary  Shafner)  who  has  been  a  claimant  and  an  applicant  for  a  tithe 
of  the  said  '  bar '  to  join  me  in  erecting  a  weir  on  the  said  bar,  but  she,  the  said 
Mary  Shafner,  refused  totally  having  anything  to  do  in  the  enterprise. 

"(Signed),  JOHN  HEALY. 

"  Sworn  before  me,  JAMES  HALL,  J.P." 

"The  petitioner,  Charity  Cornwell,  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  petition  was 
knowing  and  hereby  deposeth,  that  in  the  lifetime  of  her  said  husband,  George 
Cornwell,  that  he  the  said  Cornwell  did  propose  and  state  to  James  Thorne  (now 
Captain  Thorne)  that  he  believed  the  bar  alluded  to  in  said  petition  would  be  a 
profitable  fishery,  and  urged  him  the  said  Thorne  to  join  in  erecting  a  weir  on  said 
bar,  but  said  Thorne  refused  saying  he  would  not  undertake  the  experiment. 

1    "(Signed),  CHARITY  CORNWELL. 

"  Sworn  before  me,  JAMES  HALL,  J.P." 

The  following  deposition  of  Thomas  Robblee  was  annexed  to  the 
petition  of  the  other  persons  named.  It  was  intended  that  his  name 
should  have  been  found  in  the  "  boddy "  of  that  document,  as  he  had 
occupied  a  part  of  the  bar  and  had  "  received  benefits  "  according  to  the 
amount  he  had  contributed  toward  building  the  weir. 


220  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

"  I,  Thomas  Robblee,  depose  and  attest  that  I  am  knowing  to  the  persons 
mentioned  in  the  foregoing  petition,  were  the  first  that  made  the  experiment  for 
taking  fish  on  the  said  bar. 

"  (Signed),  THOMAS  ROBBLEE. 

44  Sworn  before  me,  JAMES  HALL,  J.P." 

The  result  of  the  application  may  be  read  in  the  endorsement  written 
upon  it.  It  was  this: 

' '  The  petition  of  J.  Healy  and  the  widow  Shaf ner  petitioned  the  late  Governor  for 
the  Bar  or  flat  within  mentioned,  but  as  the  granting  the  sole  exclusive  right  of 
fishery  on  the  bar  to  one  or  two  individuals  might  be  attended  with  public  injury,  or 
inconvenience,  it  was  deemed  proper  to  leave  it  to  the  magistrates  at  Annapolis  in 
Sessions  to  regulate  this  and  the  other  fisheries  on  that  bar. 

"  (Signed),  CHARLKS  MORRIS,  Surveyor-General." 

It  .may  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  make  a  note  concerning  these 
petitioners  and  the  persons  incidentally  introduced  by  them  : 

Mrs.  Cornwell  was  a  native  of  one  of  the  old  colonies,  and  had  been 
the  wife  of  George  Cornwell  who  came  to  Digby  in  1783,  from  which 
some  years  later  on  he  removed  to  Granville.  The  Cornwells  were  a 
highly  respectable  family,  of  whom  two,  Thomas  and  George,  were  exiled 
and  had  their  estates  confiscated  at  the  close  of  the  revolution.  Thomas, 
who  remained  in  Digby,  was  in  the  Commission  of  the  Peace  in  1807, 
and  from  time  to  time  discharged  the  duties  of  several  other  public 
offices.  James  Cornwell,  late  of  Clarence  West,  in  Wilmot,  was  one  of  his 
descendants. 

Thomas  Robblee  was  the  son  of  a  Loyalist  who  was  one  of  the 
original  grantees  of  the  township  of  Clements.  His  farm  occupies 
and  includes  one  of  the  most  interesting  historical  spots  in  Nova  Scotia, 
the  old  Scotch  Fort,  some  outlines  of  which,  it  is  said,  are  still  traceable, 
although  more  than  two  and  a  quarter  centuries  old  !  His  family,  it  is 
believed,  were  of  French  origin,*  and  came  to  this  province  from  New 
York. 

John  Healy  and  Silas  Hardy  were  sons  of  pre-loyalists  of  1760-65, 
-and  men  of  excellent  standing  in  the  community,  having  been  as 
remarkable  for  their  enterprise  as  for  their  industry. 

Mary  Morrison  or  Schafner  I  take  to  have  been  the  widow  of  one  of 
the  sons  of  John  Morrison,  who  was  settled  in  Granville  in  1770;  but 
of  this  there  is  no  certainty  from  any  information  in  my  possession. 

James  Thorne.  incidentally  named  in  one  of  the  depositions  as 
Captain  Thorne,  was  the  son  of  Edward  Thorne,  of  Lower  Granville,  a 
New  York  Loyalist,  and  the  father  of  Stephen  Sneden  Thorne,  so  long 
the  representative  of  the  township  in  more  recent  times,  and  of  the  late 
Edward  L.  and  Richard  W.  Thorne,  late  merchants  of  St.  John,  N.B. 

*See  Robblee  genealogy. — [ED.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  221 

James  Hall,  the  magistrate  before  whom  these  affidavits  were  made, 
was  the  son  of  John  Hall,  a  pre-loyalist  settler,  and  the  father  of  the  wife 
of  S.  S.  Thorne,  of  Bridgetown,  above  noticed.  He  was  also  the  maternal 
grandfather  of  James  I.  Fellows,  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  before  mentioned. 
The  descendants  of  both  these  gentlemen  are  exceedingly  numerous. 

In  1813  the  grants  to  Delap's,  Young's  and  Chute's  coves  were  issued. 

Granville's  contribution  to  the  Waterloo  fund  in  the  autumn  of  1815 
was  larger  than  that  of  any  of  her  sister  townships,  reaching  an  amount 
equal  in  our  currency  to  $437.62  by  166  persons,  of  whom  the  largest 
contributors  were  Thomas  Millidge,  $46  ;  Edward  Thorne  &  Son,  $40  ; 
Rev.  John  Millidge,  $23.33,  and  Samuel  Hall,  $20. 

In  the  year  1818  the  herring  fishery  at  Goat  Island  again  became  a 
matter  of  contention.  A  number  of  the  inhabitants  in  that  vicinity 
petitioned  Lord  Dalhousie  in  the  terms  hereunder  stated  : 

"That  your  petitioners  are  farmers  living  in  that  part  of  the  township  of 
Granville  situated  opposite  to  Goat  Island  and  a  short  distance  above  it,  and  that 
no  fisheries  whatever  are  attached  to  any  of  their  lands. 

"  That  for  some  years  past  a  bar  or  flat,  lying  in  the  Annapolis  River  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Goat  Island,  opposite  to  some  and  nearly  so  to  all  your  petitioners' 
farms,  has  been  occupied  as  a  fishery  by  two  or  three  individuals  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  others  in  that  neighbourhood  ;  that  some  of  your  petitioners  have  been  obliged 
to  purchase  of  those  occupiers  their  supply  of  fish  for  their  families  at  an  extravagant 
rate,  and  instances  have  occurred  when  the  fish  were  suffered  to  perish  and  spoil  on 
the  [shore  or  in  the  weir,  rather  than  let  them  be  taken  by  persons  who  could  not 
pay  for  them." 

They  conclude  by  praying  that  the  said  bar  or  flat  be  made  a  public 
fishery  to  be  regulated  by  the  Court  of  Sessions.  These  are  the  names  of 
the  petitioners :  James  Hall,  James  Delap,  jun.,  James  Rice,  John 
Hardy,  Thos.  Delap,  John  Schafner,  John  Kennedy,  James  T.  Hall, 
Israel  Fellowes,  Thomas  Young,  Christopher  Winchester,  Thos.  Robblee, 
James  Delap,  sen.,  John  McCaul,  sen.,  Westen  Hall,  George  Wooster, 
Robert  Delap,  George  Hall,  Alexander  McKinsey,  William  McKinsey, 
Moses  Shaw,  Richard  Halfyard. 

In  1827  the" population  of  the  township  of  Granville  was  2,526  ;  land 
cultivated,  4,200  acres;  horses  in  the  township,  264;  head  of  cattle, 
2,789;  sheep,  3,767;  swine,  1,194. 

By  the  Editor. 

The  first  steam  ferry  to  connect  the  growing  village  of  Granville  Ferry 
with  Annapolis  was  established  in  1870  by  the  late  Cory  Odell,  of 
Annapolis,  and  the  late  David  Ingles,  of  Granville,  and  the  boat  was 
called  the  Fred.  Leavitt.  Not  proving  a  successful  financial  venture,  as 
pioneer  adventures  of  the  kind  so  seldom  do,  she  was  sold  in  1874  to  a 


222  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

company  in  Pictou.  But  on  May  23rd,  1881,  the  steamer  Joe  Edwards 
was  built  and  placed  on  the  service  by  a  company  in  Granville,  and 
continued  running  until  1891,  when  the  present  more  commodious 
steamer  Glencoe  took  her  place. 


BRIDGETOWN. 

By  the  Editor. 

In  the  days  of  the  French  occupation,  as  afterwards  until  1803,  a  ferry 
-connected  the  site  of  the  present  village  with  the  hamlets  on  the  south 
side  of  the  river.  Among  the  latter  was  an  estate  or  seigniory  of  one 
thousand  acres  "  about  twenty  miles  up  the  Annapolis  River,"  called  St. 
Andre  Emanuel,  and  farther  east  a  hamlet  called  Robicheauville,  divided 
from  the  other  by  Bloody  Creek  Brook.  Peter  Pineo,  jun.,  one  of  the 
«arly  emigrants  to  Cornwallis,  is  said  to  have  built  the  first  house  on  the 
site  of  the  present  town  of  Bridgetown,  after  the  houses  of  the  French 
had  been  destroyed.  He  was  a  native  of  Lebanon,  Connecticut,  and 
descended  from  a  Huguenot  exile,  whose  name  was  spelt  Pineau.*  In 
1782  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey  speaks  of  Mr.  Pineo's  house  as  being  eighteen 
miles  from  Annapolis.  The  road  between  the  two  places  was  then  more 
•circuitous,  crossing  the  streams  and  creeks  where  they  were  narrow,  and 
at  the  head  of  the  tide.  Mr.  Pineo  had  been,  in  1781,  struck  out  of  the 
Commission  of  the  Peace  at  the  instance  of  some  of  his  brother  magis- 
trates, who  accused  him  of  harbouring  persons  concerned  in  a  riot  in 
•Granville,  although  no  proofs  of  his  guilt  were  adduced.  He  was  a  man 
widely  known,  a  pioneer  ship-builder  and  exporter,  of  considerable  influ- 
ence, and  distinguished  for  agreeable  hospitalities.  Embarking  for  the 
West  Indies  in  one  of  his  vessels,  neither  he  nor  the  vessel  was  ever 
heard  from  again.  His  house  stood  on  the  lot  formerly  occupied  by  the 
late  James  Clark,  and  in  more  recent  times  by  Mr.  Charles  Parker,  and 
was  known  as  the  "  mud  house,"  from  the  fact  that  its  materials  of 
.stones  and  wood  were  cemented  together  by  clay  and  mud.  It  was 
long  kept  as  an  inn,  and  finally  as  a  school-house.  Probably  Captain 
Crosskill  built  the  next  house  on  the  present  site  of  the  town,  where  the 
mansion  of  T.  D.  Ruggles,  Esq.,  now  stands,  but  there  was  another  house 
very  early  on  the  lot  now  occupied  by  the  Presbyterian  Church.  After- 
wards, Joseph  Gidney,  a  worthy  Loyalist  of  White  Plains,  New  York, 
ancestor  of  the  late  Angus  M.  Gidney  and  of  the  numerous  family  of  the 
name  on  Digby  Neck,  built  where  James  DeWitt  now  lives — the  old 
house  being  renovated  and  incorporated  in  the  new  one.  He  died 
there  in  1816.  A  few  other  houses  were  probably  built  previous  to 

*  Pronounced  Peeno. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  223 

1803,  when  steps  were  taken  toward  building  a  bridge  to  supersede  the 
ferry,  the  expense  being  partly  provided  by  a  grant  from  the  Legislature, 
and  partly  by  private  subscriptions,  and  in  November,  1805,  the  Grand 
Jury  pronounced  the  contract  for  the  construction  of  the  bridge 
"  faithfully  executed,"  and  the  money  voted  by  the  Legislature  and  raised 
by  private  subscription  toward  building  said  bridge,  "faithfully  laid 
out "  by  the  Commissioners,  Robert  Fitzrandolph  and  John  Ruggles. 
This,  of  course,  gave  an  immediate  impulse  to  the  growth  of  the  place, 
and,  as  we  have  seen,  Captain  Crosskill,  in  1822,  evinced  great  foresight 
in  laying  out  his  land  in  town  lots,  and  thenceforth  its  growth  was 
rapid.  In  fact,  a  village  sprang  up  like  magic.  From  being  at  the  head 
of  the  river  navigation,  it  immediately  developed  an  export  trade,  and 
became  a  shipping  port  for  small  vessels,  of  the  products  of  all  the 
valley  eastward  of  it  and  the  mountains  north  and  south.  In  the  year 
1822  upwards  of  sixty  vessels  loaded  at  the  bridge,  and  in  1823  one 
hundred  cargoes  were  shipped  from  it.  During  the  succeeding  year  two 
churches  were  built,  Baptist  and  Church  of  England,  and  later  the  first 
Methodist  church  was  erected  on  the  lot  next  south  of  the  residence  of 
the  late  Dr.  Dennison.  The  place  still  bore  the  name  of  Hicks'  Ferry, 
until  on  January  25,  1824,  the  leading  residents,  elate  with  the  prosperity 
and  importance  of  the  town  growing  up  around  them,  met  at  a  public 
dinner  to  discuss  the  question  of  a  more  suitable  name,  and  adopted  and 
applied  that  which  heads  this  article.*  Before  the  close  of  that  year  the 
village  contained  fifty  or  sixty  houses.  From  the  first,  manufacturing, 
such  as  carriage  building,  tanneries,  etc.,  flourished  in  the  town,  and  in 
the  later  fifties  and  early  sixties  many  important  industrial  establish- 
ments sprang  up  in  it — a  furniture  factory,  foundry,  etc.  In  1827  the 
law  respecting  Commissioners  of  Streets  was  extended  to  Bridgetown  ;  and 
in  the  same  year  Thomas  James  and  others  petitioned  the  Legislature  for 
aid  to  erect  a  suitable  school-house.  A  new  school  was  soon  opened, 
adapted  to  the  growing  necessities  of  the  town,  in  which  Mr.  Andrew 
Henderson  taught  the  male  department  before  he  finally  settled  in 
Annapolis.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  late  William  Henry  Shipley,  who 
taught  for  twenty  consecutive  years.  The  building  was  situated  on  the 
site  of  the  present  court-house.  When  the  new  school  law  came  into 
operation  in  1864,  the  opposition  to  the  introduction  of  the  principle  of 
compulsory  assessment  for  the  erection  and  support  of  schools  was  very 
strong  in  Bridgetown  for  a  time.  A  Halifax  party  newspaper,  on 
December  6th,  1864,  said  :  "On  Saturday  last  an  attempt  was  made,  the 
third  or  fourth,  we  hear — made  of  course  under  Secretary  Rand's  Educa- 
tional Notice  No.  3 — to  carry  an  assessment  at  Bridgetown  to  be  legalized 

*  I  would  suggest  that  the  name  "  Crosskill  "  would  have  been  appropriate  and 
in  better  taste. — [Eo.] 


224  HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 

by  and  by.  Ladies  and  gentlemen  attended — every  taxpayer  of  both 
sexes  that  could  be  induced  to  attend  was  in  force  to  vote,  but  the 
government  officers  were  again  defeated."  The  same  paper  said  later 
that  "  if  Annapolis  does  not  pitch  the  school  bill  and  the  inventors  of 
it  where  they  ought  to  be — where  good  people  don't  go — then  they 
deserve  to  be  treated  as  they  have  been  henceforth  and  forever."  The 
inventors  of  the  measure  were  ejected  from  power  'by  the  constituencies  ; 
but  the  educational  system,  at  first  so  unpopular,  survives,  and  by  wise 
management  the  youth  of  Bridgetown  have  enjoyed  their  full  share  of 
its  benefits. 

In  1856  the  author,  whose  work  I  am  humbly  endeavouring  to  com- 
plete and  give  to  the  public,  established  at  Bridgetown  the  Western  News, 
the  first  newspaper  ever  published  in  the  county.  It  was  conducted  in 
an  .able  yet  moderate  and  dignified  tone,  and  its  columns  were,  moreover, 
graced  by  many  elegant  poetical  effusions  from  his  pen.  In  1858  the 
Examiner  was  founded  at  Bridgetown,  and  later  the  Free  Press,  under 
the  editorial  management  of  the  late  Angus  M.  Gidney,  an  able,  witty 
and  effective  political  controversialist,  afterwards  Sergeant-at-arms  to  the 
House  of  Assembly.  He  was  a  genial  and  popular  citizen.  The  claim 
of  Bridgetown  to  be  made  the  shire  town  after  the  county  was  divided,  and 
the  settlement  of  the  question  in  1869,  is  noticed  elsewhere.  No  doubt 
the  anticipated  difficulty  in  connection  with  that  question  long  delayed 
the  division  of  the  county.  An  admirable  water  supply  was  introduced 
into  the  town  in  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1887,  and  the  electric  light 
in  1890. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

THE   TOWNSHIP   OF   WILMOT. 

Description — Grant  to  Philip  Richardson — General  Ruggles — Grant  of  1777 — 
Loyalists  and  settlers  from  Granville  —  Capitation  taxpayers,  1792-94 
— New  Grants  —  Letters  of  Surveyor- General  Morris  —  Colonel  Bayard  — 
Melancholy  event  at  Reagh's  Cove — Fires — New  roads — Bridges — Returns 
of  cultivated  land  under  Bounty  Act,  1806-7 — Petition  for  union  with 
Aylesford  in  a  new  county — Middleton — Torbrook  and  Torbrook  mines — 
Margaretsville. 

THIS  noble  township  contains  more  good  land  than  any  other  in 
the  county,  and  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy ; 
on  the  east  by  Kings  County ;  on  the  south  by  other  lands  of  the  county 
and  the  Annapolis  River ;  and  on  the  west  by  its  sister  townships  of 
Annapolis  and  Granville.  The  Annapolis  River  runs  through  its  central 
portion,  and  forms  many  valuable  intervale  lands,  and  the  several 
streams  that  discharge  their  waters  into  the  main  river  from  the  North 
and  South  mountains,  have  formed  extensive  and  valuable  meadow  lands  ; 
while  rich  and  productive  tillage  soils  lie  adjacent  to  these,  offering 
agricultural  advantages  not  readily  equalled  by  any  portion  of  the 
Province.  Its  increase  in  population  and  material  wealth  has  been 
very  great  during  the  last  fifty  years — greater  indeed  than  in  the  other 
townships.  Its  thriving  little  villages  and  hamlets  have  chiefly  had 
their  growth  within  that  period.  Lawrencetown,  with  its  three  churches, 
Episcopalian,  Wesleyan  and  Baptist ;  its  gang-saw-mill,  carding  and 
grist  mills,  its  bridge  and  railway  station,  added  to  its  situation  in  the 
midst  of  productive  orchards  and  well-tilled  farms,  is  altogether  a 
pleasant  village,  and  a  very  desirable  place  of  residence.  Margaretsville 
(named  in  honour  of  Lady  Halliburton,  wife  of  Sir  Brenton  Halliburton, 
the  late  Chief  Justice),  cosily  seated  in  Reagh's  Cove  on  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,  with  its  substantial  breakwater  and  lighthouse,  its  inn,  and 
comfortable  and  trim  private  dwelling  houses,  is  famed  for  its  salubrious, 
and  delightfully  cool  atmosphere  during  the  hot  summer  months.  It 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with  St.  John,  N.B.,  and  Boston  and  its 
outports.  Port  George  is  another  pleasant  village  on  the  shore  of  the 
15 


226  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

bay,  also  possessed  of  a  breakwater  and  lighthouse,  a  church  and  a 
ship-yard,  and  enjoys  a  trade  similar  to  that  of  its  near  neighbour, 
Margaretsville.  Middleton,  too,  a  village  of  younger  growth  than  either 
of  the  former,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  very 
nearly  occupying  the  geographical  centre  of  the  township.  It  has  an 
Episcopal,  a  Wesleyan  and  a  Baptist  church,  the  former  being  finely 
located  in  a  clump  of  primeval  pines,  known  as  the  "  Pine  Grove,"  and  is 
considerably  over  half  a  century  old. 

Noble  intervales  here  line  the  river,  while  orchards  of  apple  and  other 
fruit  trees  spread  their  ample  branches  over  the  teeming  uplands  and 
pour  their  valuable  and  delicious  fruit  with  unstinted  generosity  into 
the  garners  of  the  farmers  year  after  year,  and  almost  with  unvarying 
profusion. 

Nor  must  Melvern  Square  be  passed  over  in  silence.  It  is  a  fine 
hamlet  resting  at  the  foot  of  the  North  Mountain,  about  three  miles 
from  the  river,  and  near  the  eastern  county  line.  It,  too,  rejoices  in 
the  presence  of  fine  orchards ;  neat  farm-houses,  stores  and  other 
buildings  give  evidence  of  thrift  and  prosperity.  This  place  is  in  the 
extreme  east,  as  Paradise,  the  delightful,  is  nearly  in  the  farthest 
west.  Paradise,  nearly  buried  in  orchards,  and  filled  to  repletion  with 
the  odours  of  Araby  the  blest,  when  the  fruit-blooms  colour  the  landscape 
in  June,  and  crowned  in  the  autumn  days  with  a  diadem  of  many-tinted 
gems,  shaped  in  every  form  that  beauty  can  lend  or  Pomona  devise — 
Paradise,  with  its  school  and  its  church,  its  cheese  factory,  its  pretty 
maidens  and  hardy  swains,  its  neat  and  substantial  dwellings,  and  the 
surroundings  of  field  and  forest  picturesque  and  beautiful,  well  deserves 
the  name  it  bears.* 

This  portion  of  the  county  was  not  settled  quite  so  early  as  some  other 
parts  of  it.  It  was  not  ordered  to  be  laid  out  until  1764,  or  four  years 
after  the  arrival  of  the  Charming  Molly,  with  the  first  immigrants  at 
Annapolis.  It  received  its  name  from  Governor  Wilmot,  and  comprised 
within  its  original  boundaries  a  large  part  of  the  present  township  of 
Aylesford,  the  latter  not  having  been  set  off  as  a  separate  district  until 
1786.  It  is  made  certain  by  a  document  to  be  found  in  the  Miscellaneous 
Records  Book,  1751-91,  that  some  families  had  been  settled  there  as 
early  as  1773,  for  among  the  list  of  defaulting  or  non-resident  road  tax- 
payers I  find  the  names  of  William  Terry,  Henry  Potter,  Charles 
Dickson,  Peter  Traile  and  Richard  Pock  or  Peck,  to  which  must  be  added 
Walter  Wilkins  in  1776.  It  was  in  June,  1777,  that  lots  Nos.  38,  39,  40, 
41,  42,  43  and  44,  containing  two  thousand  acres,  were  granted  to  Philip 
Richardson,  one  of  the  oldest,  if  not  the  oldest  grantee,  of  Wilmot,  and  I 

*  The  name  is  said  to  have  been  first  given'to  his  homestead  by  the  late  Samuel 
Morse,  sen. — [ED.] 


HISTORY  OF   ANNAPOLIS.  227 

think  the  first  magistrate  appointed  in  the  township.  His  name  appears 
among  the  eight  justices  who  exercised  magisterial  authority  in  the 
county  in  1780.  These  lots  lie  adjoining  each  other  beginning  with  the 
highest  number  and  going  west  from  the  Ruggles'  Road,  so  called.  The 
aggregate  value  of  these  lots  has  increased  many  hundredfold  since  they 
were  granted — nay,  within  the  memory  of  the  writer.  Lots  Nos.  45  and 
46,  or  those  lying  contiguous  to  the  road  bearing  that  name,  were  granted 
in  1784  to  Brigadier-General  Timothy  Ruggles,  a  Massachusetts  Loyalist, 
who  for  the  succeeding  dozen  years  was  the  model  farmer  of  the  region. 
He  built  a  commodious  and  substantial  dwelling  on  the  southern  slope  of 
the  North  Mountain,  at  a  point  commanding  one  of  the  most  extensive 
views  in  the  county,  and  planted  near  it  as  soon  as  the  forest  could  be 
cleared  away  and  the  soil  prepared,  an  orchard  of  apple  trees,  being 
probably  the  first  attempt  at  orcharding  made  in  this  section  of  the 
county.  The  trees  forming  it  were  grown  from  seeds  planted  by  the 
General's  own  hand,  and  he  thus  became  the  first  nurseryman  of  the 
succeeding  century.  In  a  gorge  in  the  face  of  the  hillside,  a  short 
distance  to  the  south  and  eastward  of  his  mansion,  he  planted  some  exotic 
trees,  the  history  of  one  of  which  is  worth  relating.  The  ravine  referred 
to  was  completely  sheltered  from  all  prevailing  winds,  and  during  the 
summer  season,  became  heated  to  an  unusual  degree — so  much  so  indeed 
that  it  seems  possible  that  some  sub-tropical  or  even  tropical  fruits  might 
have  been  produced  there.  In  this  spot  the  venerable  old  man  planted, 
among  other  trees  not  indigenous  to  this  province,  a  black  walnut  tree ; 
but  whether  this  tree  was  grown  from  a  young  plant  obtained  from 
abroad,  or  from  a  nut,  it  is  now  impossible  to  determine.  A  knowledge 
of  these  facts  was  current  among  some  of  the  old  people  of  the  past 
generation,  but  had  almost  died  out  at  the  time  now  alluded  to.  About 
thirty-five  years  ago,  a  farmer  into  whose  hands  a  portion  of  the  estate 
had  fallen,  in  securing  his  winter's  supply  of  firewood  felled  a  tree  the 
name  of  which  was  unknown  to  him,  and  hauled  it  with  other  and  better 
known  timber  to  his  wood-yard.  In  passing  this  man's  premises,  in 
company  with  a  well-known  and  esteemed  cabinet-maker  of  the  county — 
Mr.  John  Emslie — a  short  time  afterwards,  the  colour  of  this  wood 
attracted  the  attention  of  my  friend,  who  alighted  from  the  vehicle  in 
which  we  were  being  conveyed,  and  proceeded  to  examine  it.  He  at  once 
pronounced  it  to  be  black  walnut,  and  of  excellent  quality — but  the 
wonder  to  both  of  us  was,  where  did  it  come  from  ?  The  owner  being  at 
home,  we  proceeded  at  once  to  his  dwelling  and  made  the  inquiry, 
and  were  informed  as  above.  My  friend  bought  the  wood,  sent  it  to  a 
saw-mill,  had  it  sawn  to  the  dimensions  he  required,  and  made  of  it 
several  articles  of  furniture  which  are  still  in  use  in  the  county. 

Such  particulars  of  this  old  Loyalist  pioneer  as  can  be  obtained  will 


228  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

be  given  in  a  biographical  notice  in  another  place.  A  fragment  without 
date,  found  in  the  Nova  Scotia  .Archives,  contains  a  list  of  names  of 
persons  applying  for  rights  above  the  township  of  Granville,  on  the  river  of 
Annapolis  Royal,  on  the  road  to  Halifax,  and  some  facts  embodied  in  it 
enable  us  to  fix  its  date  at  some  short  period  before  1777.  This  seems 
quite  certain,  as  the  name  of  Philip  Richardson  appears  among  the 
applicants,  and  the  date  of  the  grant  was  in  1777.  The  following  are  the 
names  given  in  this  document,  and  those  printed  in  italics  are  known  to 
have  subsequently  become  grantees  and  settlers  : 

"  James  Nichols,  Joseph  Hill,  jun.,  James  McGregor,  Samuel  Chute,  Joseph  Hill, 
sen.,  Edward  Snow,  William  McKim,  William  Graves,  William  Fitzgerald,  1st, 
William  Fitzgerald,  2nd,  W.  Herrick  &  Son,  Israel  Longley,  Nathaniel  Horton, 
Joseph  Rice,  James  Delaway,  John  Soward,  Samuel  Harris,  William  Pooke,  Wise 
Wright,  Nathaniel  Chandler,  Jonathan  Leonard,  Isaac  Sturdevant,  John  Shiels, 
Robert  Campbell,  Philip  Richardson,  Ebenezer  Rice,  John  Fountain,  Charles 
Winniett,  Monro  [Col.  Henry?],  to  have  first  choice  in  these  lots  ;  Hatch  to  have 
his  fifteen  miles  from  Horton,  and  Wright  to  have  his  where  he  is  now  settling,  and 
sixty  acres  at  the  landing  place." 

Of  those  whose  names  have  been  italicised,  Jonathan  Leonard  left 
descendants  who  still  occupy  the  lot  assigned  to  him;  and  it  was  at 
Leonard's  hotel,  at  Paradise,  where  the  Duke  of  Kent  lunched  on  a  fine 
Sunday,  while  on  his  way  to  New  Brunswick,  via  Annapolis,  in  1794, 
an  event  which  has  become  a  tradition  to  his  grandchildren  and  great- 
grandchildren. Richardson  left  no  male  offspring  that  I  am  aware  of. 
Graves  left  issue,  and  the  name  is  still  common  in  Wilmot  and  western 
Kings.  At  this  time  there  were  no  roads  worthy  the  name.  In  1773 
the  amount  expended  on  roads  and  bridges  did  not  exceed  £32  10s.  In 
1776  the  sum  available  for  these  purposes  was  only  £21,  and  in  the 
following  year,  nothing  having  been  given  out  of  the  funds  raised  in  the 
neighbouring  townships,  the  sum  of  ,£6  5s  only  was  collected  and  paid 
toward  that  service.  These  facts  will  tend  to  show  the  very  infantile 
condition  of  this  now  well-cultivated  and  thriving  section  of  the 
Province.  In  the  return  for  1768,  census  for  that  year,  its  total  popula- 
tion is  stated  to  have  consisted  of  40  souls  only,  who  possessed  5  horses, 
or  about  one  to  each  family;  62  horned  cattle,  8  sheep  and  15  swine. 
It  had  also  one  saw-mill.  I  regret  very  much  that  the  names  of  the 
settlers  are  wanting  in  the  return  from  which  this  information  has  been 
extracted.  The  lots  next  west  of  those  obtained  by  Mr.  Richardson, 
namely,  Nos.  37  and  36,  were  not  granted  till  1785,  when  they  were 
taken  by  Anthony  Marshall ;  and  Nos.  35,  34  and  33  were  about  the 
same  time  granted  to  Timothy  Saunders,  Joseph  Neily  and  Benjamin 
Chesley,  respectively,  and  include  the  farms  from  Middleton  westward 
to  and  including  the  farm  of  the  late  Mr.  Avard  Vroom.  Saunders  and 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  229 

Chesley  were  at  first  settlers  in  Granville,  where  their  fathers  still 
continued  to  live.  They  left  a  very  numerous  issue  which  are  now 
scattered  far  and  wide  over  this  and  the  adjoining  province.  Mr. 
Neily  was  a  native  of  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  a  most  valuable  pioneer 
in  the  work  of  cultivation  in  this  region ;  and  he,  too,  left  numerous 
and  highly  respectable  descendants.  Next  to  and  adjoining  the  Ruggles' 
grant  was  that  of  two  thousand  acres  to  Abel  Wheelock,  of  Leominster, 
in  Massachusetts,  who  had  previously  been  a  grantee  in  Granville,  and 
was  another  active  pioneer  in  the  great  work  of  settlement  in  this 
township,  and  he  also  left  a  very  numerous  offspring  whose  labours  in 
improvement  have  been  continued  through  three  generations  to  the 
present  day.  It  is  traditionally  stated  that  Timothy  Saunders  was  the 
superintendent  employed  in  the  original  cutting  out  of  a  road  from 
Nictau,  through  Torbrook,  eastwardly  into  the  County  of  Kings,  and 
that  "  lot  35,"  which  was  granted  to  him,  was  that  afterward  owned  by 
the  late  Mr.  James  Parker,  one  of  the  very  few  well-to-do  farmers  of 
Wilmot  during  the  first  thirty  years  of  the  century,  and  who  became 
the  purchaser  of  it  before  1790. 

It  was  not,  however,  till  1783  after  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists,  that 
any  very  marked  progress  was  achieved  in  the  grand  work  of  settlement 
in  the  magnificent  forests  of  Wilmot.  From  this  period  the  work  was 
more  vigorously  prosecuted,  and  with  more  gratifying  results.  Many  of 
the  settlers  of  Granville  and  Annapolis  sold  out  their  partially  improved 
lands  and  removed  hither.  This  was  the  case  with  the  Woodburys.  Their 
progenitor,  Dr.  Jonathan  Woodbury,  who  owned  several  lots  near  the 
Glebe  in  central  Granville,  sold  out  to  Thomas  Millidge,  a  New  Jersey 
Loyalist,  and  purchased  a  portion  of  the  Richardson  grant  before 
noticed,  which  he  and  his  sons  continued  to  occupy  and  improve  from 
that  time  to  the  present  day.  There  were  many  others  of  the  old 
Massachusetts  settlers  and  their  sons  who  followed  this  example,  among 
whom  I  may  name  Samuel  Balcom,  John  Baker,  sen.,  Nedebiah  Bent, 
Benjamin  Chesley,  Asahel  Dodge  (son  of  Josiah  of  Granville),  Joel 
Farnsworth  (nephew  of  Amos),  Oldham  Gates,  Ezra  Hammond,  Andrew 
and  Isaac  Marshall,  Samuel  Moore,  John  Starratt,  Christopher  Prince, 
and  some  others.  These  were  all  residents  and  ratepayers  in  this 
township  in  1792,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  capitation  tax  returns  made  in 
that  year.  As  the  Act  imposing  this  tax  required  the  assessors  in  each 
township  to  return  annually  a  list  of  the  names  of  all  persons  assessed, 
and  as  some  of  these  have  been  preserved  in  our  archives,  I  have  found 
them  very  useful  in  aiding  me  in  tracing  families  from  place  to  place  and 
fixing  their  position  pecuniarily  in  the  district  in  which  they  resided. 
Nearly  one  hundred  persons  who  were  thus  ratable  lived  in  Wilmot  in 
1792,  and  their  names  were  as  below  given  : 


230 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


Armstrong,  Richard. 

Baker,  Jacob. 
Bass,  Alden. 
Bolsor,  Christopher. 
Beardsley,  Robertson. 
Bent,  Nedebiah. 
Burns,  John. 
Burns,  William. 
Burns,  Francis. 
Balcom,  SamueL 
Balcom,  Henry. 
Banks,  Joshua. 
Bowlby,  Richard,  sen. 
Bowlby,  Richard,  jun. 
Buskirk,  John. 
Baker,  John,  sen. 

Cropley,  William. 
Caton,  Garrett. 
Cropley,  John. 
Covert,  William. 
Charlton,  Aaron. 
Craft,  George. 
Charleton,  Henry. 
Charleton,  James. 
Cooper,  John. 
Castle,  Michael. 
Chesley,  Benjamin. 
Chesley,  Joseph. 
Clustin,  James. 

Delong,  Simon. 
Durland,  Daniel. 
Durland,  Zebulon. 
Downy,  William. 


Dunn,  John. 
Dunn,  Edward. 
Dunn,  Ezra. 
Dodge,  Stephen. 
Dodge,  Asahel. 

Elliott,  John. 

Fritz,  Jacob. 
Foster,  John. 
Farnsworth,  Joel. 
Fails,  Benjamin. 

Goucher,  Stephen. 
Gesner,  Abraham. 
Gates,  Captain. 
Gates,  Oldham. 
Gardner,  George. 
Gates,  James. 

Hammond,  Ezra. 
Hawkesworth,  Adam. 
Hawkesworth,  John. 
Hackelton,  Elisha. 

Jacques,  John. 

Lynch,  Patrick. 
Leonard,  Jonathan. 

McMasters,  John. 
Marshall,  Andrew. 
Marshall,  Isaac. 
Morton,  Joseph. 
Moore,  Samuel. 
Merry,  William. 


Nichols,  George. 
Nichols,  William. 
Nichols,  Richard. 

Prince,  Christopher. 

Randall,  David. 
Randall,  Samuel. 
Randall,  Nathan. 
Randall,  Jonathan. 
Ruffee,  William. 
Ruggles,  Joseph. 
Robertson,  Robert. 
Ruggles,  John. 
Ruggles,  General  Timothy 

Slocomb,  Caleb. 
Slocomb,  John. 
Smith,  .James. 
Sproule,  John. 
Starratt,  John. 
Starratt,  George. 
Snyder,  Henry. 
Saunders,  Timothy. 
Stronach,  George. 
Smith,  Francis. 

Truesdal,  John. 

Ward,  John. 

Woodbury,  Dr.  Jonathan. 
Winner,  Jacob. 
Woodbury,  Foster. 
Woodbury,  Fairfield. 
Willet,  Samuel. 


The  return  of  1794  gives  the  following  additional  names  as  ratepayers 
in  that  year :  Philip  Thorne,  Jonas  Ward,  William  Rhodes,  David 
Randall,  Otis  Marshall,  Abel  Marshall,  Richard  Marshall,  Samuel 
Mclntyre,  Samuel  McBride,  John  Lenahan,  Richard  Kemps,  George 
Hawkesworth,  Samuel  Gates,  Amos  Farnsworth,  Samuel  Elliott,  and 
Henry  Dunn.  The  list  of  names  has  been  introduced  somewhat  out  of 
the  true  order  of  time  required  by  our  narrative,  but  it  seemed  desirable 
that  the  reader  should  be  made  familiar  with  them  before  what  is  to 
follow  should  be  perused.  One  of  the  most  interesting  volumes  in  the 
archives  is  that  which  contains  the  letters  of  the  Honourable  Charles 
Morris,  then  the  Surveyor-General  of  the  Province,  to  his  deputies  in  this 
county,  of  whom  he  tells  us  he  had  seven.  These  letters  are  full  of 
interest  as  the  reader  will  find. 


HISTORY  OF   ANNAPOLIS.  231 

I  here  transcribe  one  addressed  to  John  Harris,  jun.,  concerning  a 
grant  to  members  of  the  Ruggles  family.  It  bears  date  December  6th, 
1784,  and  the  text  is  admirably  legible,  as  is,  indeed,  the  whole  contents  of 
the  book  : 

"  SIR, — Inclosed  is  a  copy  of  the  Governor's  warrant  for  laying  out  Richard  and 
John  Ruggles,  esquires,  Eight  hundred  acres  of  land  each.  You  are  to  lay  out 
sixteen  hundred  acres  in  one  contiguous  tract,  on  the  rear  of  lands  adjoining  the  Land 
granted  to  General  Ruggles,  their  Honoured  Father,  being  part  of  land  reserved  for 
that  family.  In  surveying  this  tract  you  will  observe  to  make  proper  bounds  and  to 
note  them.  Survey  you  are  to  return  to  this  office,  and  also  to  describe  the  Lots  in 
Wilmott,  which  this  land  may  bound  on,  for  you  may  extend  it  either  east  or  west 
of  the  Rear  of  their  Father's  Land  or  toward  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  as  may  best  suit  them. 
You  are  also  to  certify  to  the  nature  and  quality  of  the  land  in  General,  and  whether 
any  timber  trees  fit  for  the  use  of  the  Royal  Navy,  and  make  Report  of  yoiu 
Proceedings  herein  to  this  office  as  soon  as  may  be. 

"  I  am,  sir,  etc., 

"  (Signed),  CHARLES  MORRIS. 

"  To  Mr.  John  Harris,  jun.,  or  other  deputy  of  the  county." 

The  descendants  of  Richard  Ruggles  above  named  are  scattered 
widely  through  the  extreme  western  counties.  He  afterwards  settled 
in  the  township  of  Clements,  where  he  died,  leaving  a  fine  homestead 
to  his  family,  and  some  of  his  grandsons  and  great-grandsons  still,  I 
believe,  occupy  portions  of  it. 

In  July,  1 785,  the  Surveyor-General  thus  wrote  to  Benjamin  Jarvis, 
another  of  his  deputies,  who  lived  at  that  time  in  what  is  now  called 
Aylesford  : 

"I  have  received  your  Plan  of  five  hundred  acres  for  Mr.  Wiswall  and  two  for 
Thomas  Outhit,  and  shall  get  the  pay  for  you  as  soon  as  I  can.  As  for  the  Boulbees 
[Bowlbys]  if  it  should  so  happen  that  I  may  have  occasion  to  order  other  surveys  to 
be  made,  at  the  public  expense,  you  may,  when  on  such  service  lay  out  the  Land 
assigned  for  them  and  charge  it  in  the  same  account.  ...  If  you  will  forward 
a  short  petition  to  the  Governor  for  the  Land  you  wish  to  have  and  get  Mr. 
Huston  or  Mr.  Burbidge,  or  both,  to  write  a  line  of  Recommendation  at  the 
Bottom,  I  will  carry  it  through  for  you.  If  you  are  a  loyal  emigrant  you'll  have, 
no  fees  to  you,  except  at  Mr.  Wentworth's  office." 

The  heirs  of  the  Wiswalls  and  Outhits  still  occupy  the  lands  herein 
referred  to.  In  August  of  the  same  year  Mr.  Morris  wrote  to  Joseph 
Ruggles,  another  of  his  deputies,  saying  : 

"  I  have  the  Governor's  Warrant  to  lay  out  unto  Laurens  Van  Buskirk,  Garret 
Van  Buskirk,  Abraham  Van  Buskirk,  Henry  Van  Buskirk,  John  Van  Buskirk  and 
Garret  Ackerson,  each  a  plantation  containing  200  acres — 1,200  acres  in  the  whole — 
which  you  will  lay  out  for  them  on  Wilmott  mountains  adjoining  the  lands  granted 
the  sons  of  General  Ruggles,  provided  the  land  is  not  laid  out  to  others.  .  .  . 
They  paying  you  for  your  trouble,  as  Government  will  not  be  at  any  further  expense 
for  such  surveys." 


232  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

On  the  29th  of  December,  in  the  same  year,  he  wrote  again  to  Mr. 
Ruggles  as  follows  : 

"  I  have  the  Governor's  Warrant  to  lay  out  250  acres  for  Stephen  Gouger,  200  for 
Edward  Gouger,  100  for  James  Parks,  and  100  for  Benjamin  Artin — 650  in  the 
whole — which  is  to  be  laid  out  to  the  northward  and  adjoining  land  granted  Colonel 
Beverly  Robinson  and  others,  on  Wilmott  mountain,  between  them  and  the  Bay  of 
Fundy.  I  have  only  to  remark  that  there  is  a  great  street  or  road  four  rods  wide 
between  every  grant  made  on  the  mountain  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy." 

In  1787,  May  31st,  again  addressing  Mr.  Ruggles,  he  writes  thus  : 

"  I  wrote  you  last  fall  to  lay  out  for  Mrs.  Phillips  five  hundred  acres  of  land  on 
Wilmott  Hills,  adjoining  the  Rev.  Wiswall's,  and  to  return  a  plan  thereto  to  this 
office.  I  have  the  Governor's  Warrant  for  a  thousand  acres  to  be  surveyed  to  John 
Chandler,  esquire,  which,  if  he  chooses,  you  may  lay  out,  adjoining  Mrs.  Phillips',  or 
in  any  part  of  the  Tract  lying  between  Captain  Phipps',  Doctor  Haliburton's,  the 
Buskirks,  and  the  Bay  of  Fundy." 

On  the  12th  of  June  following,  he  writes  the  same  : 

"  I  have  now  the  Governor's  Warrant  for  four  hundred  acres  for  Mr.  Robinson 
which  you  will  survey  and  lay  out  for  him  on  Wilmott  Hills  agreeable  to  my  letter 
of  31st  July.  He  will  pay  you  for  this  business  ;  but  I  must  pray  you  to  be  as 
favourable  to  him  as  you  can  in  making  your  charges,  for  he  has  met  with  misfortune, 
and  I  believe  is  unable  to  pay  much.  ...  If  he  does  not  like  the  land  you  may 
point  any  other  ungranted  Tract  that  you  know  of,  or  you  can  give  him  these  orders 
that  he  may  apply  to  Mr.  John  Harris,  jun.,  Mr.  Millidge,,  or  any  other  of  my 
deputies  who  may  execute  them  if  they  can  find  land  to  please  him." 

In  August,  to  the  same  he  says  : 

"  I  never  had  a  Warrant  of  survey  for  the  Nichols  [David  and  George].  They 
must  petition  the  Governor  for  the  land  in  the  rear  of  Lot  No.  28,  in  Wilmott,  and 
when  I  have  received  the  Governor's  Warrant  I  will  prepare  for  the  Grant  without 
loss  of  time  and  with  as  little  expense  as  possible." 

On  the  22nd  of  December,  1787,  Mr.  Morris  tells  Alexander  Howe, 
Esquire,  of  Granville,  that  "he  is  going  on  with  the  Grant  "  to  him  and 
Captain  Katherns,  for  two  thousand  acres  on  the  rear  of  Major 
Farringdon's  and  Mr.  Johnstone's  lands  in  the  south-east  of  the  county. 

Of  Captain  Katherns,  he  says  : 

"  He  does  not  come  under  the  description  of  a  Loyalist,  or  reduced  officer,  serving 
in  the  late  war,  and  therefore  his  was  a  vote  of  council,  and  in  all  those  cases  fees 
are  paid  in  all  the  offices,  which  for  one  thousand  acres  and  one  Grantee  is  thirteen 
pounds,  ten  shillings,  or  thereabouts."* 

The  letter  quoted  from  was  forwarded  to  Annapolis  by  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Bonnett,  father  of  the  late  sheriff  of  the  county. 

*  Descendants  of  Captain  Katherns  yet  reside  in  the  county.  He  lived  to  a  great 
age,  and  was  in  the  commission  of  the  peace  for  many  years. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  233 

Three  years  before  the  above  date,  namely,  on  the  10th  of  December, 
1784,  he  had  written  to  the  same  gentleman  as  follows  : 

"DEAR  SIR, — 1  had  the  honour  to  receive  your  favour  of  the  19th  ultimo,  ever 
since  which  I  have  been  very  ill  and  confined  with  the  Gout.  Your  sister,  Mrs. 
Cottnam,  seems  very  desirous  of  having  Her  Thousand  acres  by  herself,  in  this  part 
of  the  Province.  Captain  Cottnam  had  formerly  two  lots  on  the  Windsor  Road  ; 
they  were  by  him  mortgaged  to  a  gentleman  in  England  ;  but  never  any  improve- 
ment made  by  the  mortgagee  and  the  land  has  become  liable  to  forfeiture.  If  she 
can  obtain  this  it  is  the  best  I  can  do  for  her,  and  if  you  can  like  the  land  on  the 
intended  new  road,  I  can  make  separate  returns  of  the  Warrant,  or  if  necessary, 
obtain  separate  Warrants  as  soon  as  you  can  secure  a  Survey  of  Mr.  Harris,  or  any 
other  of  my  deputies,  of  the  Land  you  are  Desirous  of  having,  with  the  proper  metes 
and  bounds  thereon  Described,  and  send  me,  I  will  do  everything  in  my  power  to 
forward  the  grant. " 

In  July,  1784,  the  Surveyor-General  had  written  to  Amos  Botsford, 
his  chief  deputy  at  Digby,  and  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Agents,  in 
these  terms  : 

"  I  beg  leave  to  recommend  to  your  attention  the  bearer,  Captain  Howe,  whose 
father  lost  his  life  in  taking  possession  of  this  country  in  '49  or  '50,  by  the  Indians — 
he  wants  some  land — there  are  only  two  vacant  lots  in  Wilmot,  13  and  14  west  side 
of  Brown's  [Bowen's?]." 

I  mention  this  fact  as  illustrative  of  the  esteem  in  which  Howe  was 
held  by  the  leading  men  of  the  day.  The  reader  is  referred  to  the 
biographical  and  genealogical  parts  of  this  work  for  further  particulars  of 
his  family. 

I  copy  the  following  postscript  to  a  letter  written  by  Mr.  Morris,  in 
August,  1784,  to  one  of  his  seven  deputies  in  the  county,  Thomas  Millidge, 
Esq.,  as  it  relates  to  a  matter  of  some  consequence  to  persons  now  living 
in  the  district  to  which  it  refers,  namely,  to  the  boundary  lines  between 
Granville  and  Wilmot,  which  have  proved  a  puzzle  to  the  local  surveyors. 
It  says  :  "  The  eastern  boundary  of  Granville  runs  N.  22°  30'  W.  to  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  so  that  there  will  be  an  angle  of  land  between  that 
township  and  the  land  you  are  at  present  laying  out,  which  is  not  to  be 
granted,  but  to  remain  a  public  reserve."* 

It  was  toward  the  close  of  the  century  that  Samuel  Vetch  Bayard,  a 
distinguished  New  York  Loyalist,  became  a  dweller  in  the  township.  In 
his  youth  and  early  manhood,  he  was  reputed  to  have  led  a  somewhat 
wild  and  thoughtless  life,  and  to  have  been  noted  for  his  disregard  to 
religious  obligation.  From  the  time  of  his  settlement  in  Wilmot,  however, 
his  conduct  became  the  subject  of  a  wonderful  change.  His  old  ways 
were  abandoned,  and  he  became  a  model  of  piety  and  social  worth ;  and 
thus  in  his  after-life,  he  succeeded  by  his  teachings  and  noble  example  to 

*The  western  boundary  of  Wilmot  was  run  N.  10°  W. ,  hence  the  triangular  block 
between  ;  the  apex  of  the  triangle  being  at  the  river  and  its  base  on  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 


234  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

impress  upon  the  people  among  whom  he  lived,  the  value  of  a  pure  and 
self -sacrificing  life,  and  an  inflexible  regard  for  the  truth.  He  was  a 
leading  magistrate  for  many  years,  and  never  failed  in  his  capacity  as 
such  to  rebuke  all  evil  and  wrong  with  a  fearless  tongue,  and  to  punish 
all  wrong-doing  with  a  courage  only  equalled  by  his  honesty  of  purpose 
and  determination  to  administer  the  laws  in  such  a  manner  as  would 
make  them  a  terror  to  the  wicked  and  a  bulwark  of  security  to  the 
well-disposed.  Colonel  Bayard,  as  he  was  generally \  called,  was  born 
in  New  York  in  1757,  and  was  of  French  origin.  His  family  were 
Protestant,  and  came  to  New  York  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes,  where,  under  British  colonial  rule,  they  could  express  their 
religious  opinions  with  safety,  and  worship  God  in  the  manner  they 
judged  most  scriptural  and  acceptable.  The  great  mercantile  house  of 
William  Bayard  <fe  Company  was  founded  by  them,  which  for  many  years 
held  a  position  in  the  commercial  world  of  America  second  to  none, 
except  perhaps,  that  of  Stephen  De  Lancey  &  Company,  of  that  city. 

Mr.  Bayard  entered  the  service  when  very  young,  as  he  was  only 
twenty-six  years  of  age  at  the  close  of  the  war,  in  1783,  and  at  that  time 
had  reached  the  position  of  major  in  the  Orange  Rangers,  in  which  corps 
he  served.  We  cannot  now  be  quite  certain  at  what  time  he  first  took 
up  his  residence  in  the  township,  but  it  was  probably  about  the  year 
1800.  He  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Royal  Nova  Scotia  regiment,  in 
1795.  One  of  the  companies  of  this  regiment  had  its  headquarters  in 
the  county,  and  was  commanded  by  Captain  Alexander  Howe.  It  con- 
sisted of  four  lieutenants — De  Lancey  Barclay,  Joseph  Weeks,  Benjamin 
James  and  Timothy  Ruggles — four  sergeants,  four  corporals,  three 
drummers,  and  fifty-five  privates.  The  first  mention  I  find  made  of 
him  in  our  archives  is  contained  in  a  letter  written  by  himself  to  the 
Honourable  Charles  Morris,  and  dated  from  Wilmot,  6th  October,  1801. 
He  says  : 

"DEAR  SIR, — By  this  day's  post  I  have  transmitted  a  petition  to  Sir  John 
Wentworth,  for  a  grant  of  five  thousand  acres  of  land  for  myself  and  family,  as  an 
American  Loyalist,  and  as  a  commissioned  Field  officer  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
Previous  to  my  leaving  Halifax  in  August  last,  His  Excellency  was  pleased  to  reply 
that  he  would  accede  to  the  prayer  of  my  petition,  but  desired  me  to  state  in  it  the 
circumstance  of  my  not  having  received  any  lands  as  a  reduced  officer  and  Loyalist, 
together  with  my  having  obtained  an  order  from  Lord  Sydney,  in  the  year  1785,  for 
lands  for  myself  and  family,  which  was  directed  to  Governor  Parr,  at  the  time  that 
you  were  pleased  to  recommend  to  me  the  tract  of  lands  in  the  township  of  Wilmot, 
on  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  My  friend,  Major  Thesiger,  will  procure  His  Excellency's 
consent  for  the  grant  being  made  out,  and  through  him  I  will  send  the  payment 
without  delay,  as  soon  as  I  receive  information  thereof.  Your  attention  to  this 
matter  will  add  to  the  obligations  already  conferred  on — • 

"  Your  obedient  servant, 
"(Signed),  SAMUEL,  V.  BAYARD." 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  235' 

The  lands  mentioned  in  this  letter  were  shortly  afterwards  granted  to* 
him,  and  a  portion  of  them  yet  belongs  to  his  heirs.  They  are  situated  on 
the  south  side  of  the  river,  xand  are  so  well  known  that  they  do  not  need  a 
special  description.  Colonel  Bayard  died  May  24th,  1832.  There  appears 
to  have  been  but  one  saw-mill  in  Wilmot,  in  1787;  for  the  saw-mill 
bounty  was  claimed  by  only  one  owner,  and  that  owner  was  Henry 
Charlton,  whose  family  name  has  become  very  numerous  in.  the  county 
and  adjacent  regions.  In  1797,  on  the  31st  March,  Thomas  Millidge,  Esq.,, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  Assembly  for  the  county  and  chairman  of  a 
commitee  appointed  for  that  purpose,  reported  to  the  House  in  favour  of 
laying  out  a  road  from  Nictaux  to  Halifax. 

A  melancholy  occurrence  took  place  at  Reagh's  Cove — now  Margarets- 
ville — on  the  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  that  year,  in  the  week 
separating  Christmas  Day  from  the  New  Year.  Adjoining  this  cove,  and 
extending  back  into  the  country  for  some  distance,  lay  a  tract  of  land- 
but  recently  granted  to  the  Honourable  Doctor  John  Halliburton,*  the- 
father  of  the  late  venerable  Chief  Justice  Halliburton,  on  which  a  small 
clearing  had  been  made,  and  a  small  hut  erected,  by  one  Peter  Barnes.. 
With  this  exception  the  whole  region  for  many  miles  around  was  a 
dense  and  unbroken  wilderness.  On  a  bitterly  cold  night  at  the  time- 
above  referred  to,  a  small  schooner  belonging  to  Cornwallis  or  Horton, 
on  her  passage  down  the  bay,  was  caught  in  one  of  those  violent 
north-east  snow-storms,  which  now  and  then  sweep  over  our  exposed 
coasts  with  such  devastating  power,  and  became  a  wreck  at  this  placer 
and  not  very  far  from  the  dwelling  of  Barnes  and  his  wife.  This- 
vessel  had  six  souls  on  board  at  the  time  of  the  disaster,  three  of  whom 
perished  in  trying  to  effect  a  landing  from  the  stranded  schooner,  while- 
the  remaining  three  reached  the  land  in  safety,  but  only  to  die  in  the 
neighbouring  forests  before  daylight  should  again  visit  the  scene  of  their 
almost  miraculous  but  temporary  escape.  Their  bodies  were  next  day 
found  stark  frozen,  and  reclining  against  the  boughs  of  the  trees,  from, 
which  they  appeared  to  have  sought  shelter  and  aid  ;  and  when  found  it 
became  evident  that  some  person  had  been  there  before,  and  had  wrenched, 
away  the  finger  rings  worn  by  one  of  them,  and  that  all  the  valuables  of 
which  they  had  been  possessed,  if  indeed,  they  had  any,  had  disappeared, 
and  suspicion  of  the  foul  deed  fell  upon  Barnes.  In  fact,  the  legend  con- 
nected with  this  melancholy  event,  current  in  that  section  of  the  county 
in  the  writer's  boyhood,  affirmed  that  in  the  intervals  of  the  howlings  of 
the  tempest  in  that  fearful  night,  he  had  heard  the  cries  of  these  dying; 
men  (their  remains  were  found  not  far  from  his  hut)  and  had  gone  out  at 
the  request  of  his  wife  to  offer  aid  and  shelter,  but  that  he  had  returned 

*  A  surgeon  in  the  British  navy  during  the  revolution.  —  [ED.] 


236  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

after  a  considerable  absence,  saying  they  had  been  mistaken  in  the  sounds 
they  had  heard,  or  thought  they  had  heard,  as  he  could  not  hear  anything 
when  outside.  The  legend,  however,  affirmed  that  he  had  found  them, 
alive,  though  speechless  ;  that'  he  had  deliberately  robbed  them,  and  left 
them  to  meet  their  fate.  There  is  but  little  doubt  that  the  legendary 
facts  did  not  run  quite  parallel  with  the  real  ones ;  but  it  is  certain  that 
he  was  shunned  as  though  he  had  been  guilty,  and  his  death,  or  rather 
the  manner  of  it,  which  occurred  nearly  twenty  years  afterward,  was  by 
many  looked  upon  as  a  confirmation  of  his  assumed  guilt.  It  was  011  a 
precisely  similar  night  of  storm  that  he  left  the  tavern  of  William  Pearce, 
near  what  is  now  known  as  Middleton,  and  was  never  seen  alive  again. 
The  gale  of  wind  howled  fearfully,  and  the  blinding  snows  were  heaped 
into  huge  drifts  in  the  highways  during  the  night,  and  in  the  morning 
his  body  was  found  in  a  field  near  the  highway,  a  stiffened  corpse.  He  was 
the  first  settler  at  Margaretsville,  was  an  Irishman  by  birth  and  married, 
but  left  no  descendants. 

On  the  meeting  of  the  House  of  Assembly  in  June,  1799,  a  petition  was 
presented  to  it,  signed  by  Nathaniel  Parker,  Foster  Woodbury,  and 
others,  praying  for  aid  to  the  Liverpool  Road,  stating  that  "  the  peti- 
tioners had  cut  the  same  from  Nictaux  toward  Liverpool  one-half  the 
distance,  and  that  the  inhabitants  of  Queens  County  had  cut  out  the 
remaining  half."  The  initial  work  on  this  lengthy  highway  was  there- 
fore done  in  1798.  A  heavy  fire  swept  over  a  portion  of  this  township 
in  1800  which  did  considerable  damage  to  buildings  and  crops,  especially 
to  the  latter,  and  in  consequence  thereof,  Alden  Bass  and  others  peti- 
tioned the  Assembly  in  June  of  the  following  year  for  relief.  The  con- 
flagration was  accidental  and  took  place  in  August.  The  petitioner  Bass 
was  the  son  of  Joseph  Bass,  a  grantee  in  Annapolis  township,  and  was  a 
nephew  of  the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Bass,  the  first  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Massa- 
chusetts. This  family  was,  I  suspect,  connected  by  marriage  with  the 
Aldens  of  Boston. 

In  1801  the  first  "Bayard  bridge"  seems  to  have  been  under  construc- 
tion, the  commissioners  for  building  it  being  John  Ruggles  and  Nathaniel 
Parker.  Mr.  Ruggles  and  Mr.  de  Saint  Croix  were  the  commissioners 
of  highways  from  Aylesford  to  Hicks'  Ferry  (Bridgetown)  this  year  for 
the  expenditure  of  £50,  granted  in  1799.  In  the  same  year  the  road 
from  Nictaux  leading  to  Farmington  had  been  laid  out,  as  will  appear 
from  the  petition  of  Colonel  James  Eager,  who  states  a  jury  had  assessed 
damages  to  the  amount  of  £60  in  his  favour  for  the  land  taken  from  him 
to  locate  the  road,  but  which  had  not  been  paid  to  him.  Elias  Wheelock, 
in  1801,  had  been  engaged  in  making  extensive  explorations  of  the 
country  between  Wilmot  and  Lunenburg,  with  a  view  to  laying  out  a 
road  from  the  former  to  the  latter  place,  and  in  1802  petitioned  to  be 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  237 

remunerated  for  his  services,  and  the  Assembly  granted  him  the  sum  of 
£23  4s.  6d.  William  Bent,  Esq.,  of  Paradise,  by  petition  asked  the 
Legislature,  in  1802,  for  aid  to  build  a  bridge  over  the  Annapolis  River  at 
that  point,  and  the  Assembly  by  resolution  agreed  to  grant  £200  toward 
the  object,  on  the  condition  that  £100  should  be  provided  by  the 
inhabitants  interested.  The  sum  of  £70  was  granted  during  the  same 
session  to  secure  two  alterations  in  the  highway  leading  through  the 
township  toward  Halifax,  which  were  described  as  follows  :  "  To- 
commence  at  the  top  of  the  west  bank  of  Dunn's  brook,  and  from  thence 
to  run  nearly  straight  to  Hackleton's  house  on  the  north  side  of  the  road, 
and  from  the  little  brook  east  of  Philip  Thome's  house  to  the  twenty- 
third  mile-board  opposite  the  house  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Wiswall."  On 
July  1st,  1801,  Mr.  Millidge  moved  a  resolution  in  the  Assembly  "to 
consider  of  the  speediest  means  of  securing  settlers  on  the  new  road  to 
Liverpool."  This  led  to  the  appointment  of  a  commissioner  to  locate 
settlers  and  superintend  all  matters  necessary  to  be  done  to  insure  speedy 
and  permanent  settlement.  The  commissioner  chosen  was  Nathaniel 
Parker,  whose  report  on  the  progress  made  the  reader  will  find  in  extenso 
in  the  history  of  the  district  of  New  Albany. 

In  June,  1803,  William  Bent  and  others,  of  Paradise,  in  a  memorial 
to  the  Legislature,  inform  the  House  that  they  "  have  made  improve- 
ments on  the  new  lands  at  the  foot  of  the  North  Mountain,  in  Wilmot, 
but  being  indigent  are  unable  to  make  a  road  to  the  Post  Road,  and  they 
asked  for  assistance  on  that  account.  There  therefore  appears  to  have 
been  no  "  Leonard  Road  "  up  to  that  time,  but  it  was  soon  afterwards 
laid  out  and  constructed.  The  Assembly  granted  £40  toward  it  at  this 
time. 

In  the  same  year  William  Robinson  and  others,  "proprietors  of  lands 
on  the  road  leading  from  "  Nictaux  Falls  "  to  "  Birch  Cove  "  (?)  applied 
for  aid  for  this  road,  and  for  the  passage  of  an  Act  to  compel  absent 
proprietors  to  pay  for,  or  perform,  statute  labour."  In  1802,  Phineas 
Millidge,  who  was  one  of  the  deputy  surveyors  for  the  county,  was 
employed  in  the  survey  of  a  section  of  the  Liverpool  Road,  with  a  party 
of  assistants,  consisting  of  Nathaniel  Parker,  Joseph  Morton,  John 
McCormick,  George  Harvey  and  George  Buchanan,  who  applied  for 
compensation  for  losses  sustained  by  fire  while  carrying  forward  their 
survey.  Their  clothing  was  destroyed  by  one  of  their  camps  taking  fire 
in  their  absence,  and  the  Assembly  granted  £36  10s.  to  be  distributed 
among  them  in  proportion  to  their  losses.  A  resolution  passed  the  House 
during  the  same  session  to  the  effect  that  a  sum  not  exceeding  thirty 
pounds  be  granted  to  Elias  Wheelock,  surveyor,  to  be  expended  in 
exploring  a  road  to  commence  from  the  end  of  said  Wheelock's  marked 


"238  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

road,  through  the  lots  granted  to  Robert  Dickson*  and  others,  in  1796, 
to  the  main  road  leading  to  Halifax,  f 

In  1805  Benjamin  Hicks,  Ann  Dodge  and  Sarah  Leonard,  "  inn- 
keepers of  Annapolis  and  Wilmot,"  applied  to  the  Assembly  to  be 
reimbursed  in  the  sum  of  £37  for  losses  sustained  by  them  in  subsisting 
His  Majesty's  troops  while  on  a  march;"  whereupon  Mr.  Millidge 
obtained  leave  to  introduce  a  bill  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  expenses 
incurred  in  the  removal  of  troops.  Mrs.  Leonard  was  the  widow  of  the 
late  Jonathan  Leonard,  of  Paradise,  and  the  mother  of  the  late  Seth 
Leonard,  of  that  place,  a  highly  respected  magistrate  of  the  township. 
Mrs.  Dodge  was  the  widow  of  Asahel  Dodge,  the  founder  of  the  tavern, 
so  long  known  in  later  years  as  Gibbon's.  Both  these  families  were  of 
preloyalist  origin. 

In  December  of  this  }rear,  Elias  Wheelock  prayed  the  Legislature  to 
grant  him  the  sum  of  £91  to  reimburse  him  for  the  expenses  incurred 
and  labour  performed  in  exploring  the  country  between  Annapolis, 
Halifax  and  Lunenburg.  This  gentleman  was  one  of  the  most  active  and 
intelligent  pioneers  in  road  location  and  construction,  and  to  his  energy 
and  almost  tireless  perseverance,  *the  people  of  South  Wilmot  were 
indebted  for  the  benefits  derived  from  the  road  systems  devised  and 
inaugurated  through  his  efforts  in  the  latter  years  of  the  last,  and  the 
first  years  of  the  present  century.  He  lived  to  a  green  old  age,  and  some 
•of  his  children  yet  survive  and  reside  in  the  township,  of  whom  Thomas 
C.  Wheelock,  of  Middleton,  is  one. 

Below  the  reader  will  find  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  farmers  in 
Wilmot  who  claimed  the  bounty  created  by  the  Act  46,  Geo.  III.,  for 
clearing  and  seeding  lands.  The  proofs  (as  to  acres  cleared)  were 
presented  to  a  court  of  special  sessions  of  the  peace,  held  at  Annapolis, 
June  22nd,  1807. 

Acres 
Name.  cleared. 

Abel  Marshall 5 $ 

William  Merry  .          3£ 

James  Banks 5| 

Henry  Balcomb 7| 

•George  Bowlby 4£ 

Reuben  Balcomb 5| 

Henry  Banks 8£ 

•Conrod  Osinger 2| 

PaulChesley 9| 


Acres 
Name.  cleared. 

John  Reagh 6J 

David  Nichols  4£ 

Matthew  Roach 10J 

John  Foster 2| 

Jacob  Fritz 1\ 

Daniel  Durland 7i 

George  H  awkesworth 3 

John  Elliott 7J 

Caleb  Slocomb 5J 


*  Mr.  Dickson  was  a  Loyalist  gentleman,  and  succeeded  Alexander  Howe  as 
Collector  of  Customs  at  Annapolis,  in  September.  1797.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
Dearly  sheriffs  of  the  county.  He  died  in  1808,  leaving  several  daughters  but  no 
male  heirs.  One  of  the  daughters  married  the  late  Silas  Hoyt.  Jesse  Hoyt,  Esq., 
of  Stellarton,  was  a  great-grandson  of  Mr.  Dickson. 

fThe  Bloomington,  or  Peter  Morse  Road,  is  i  dicated. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


239 


Acres 
Name.  cleared. 

Joseph  Brown 3£ 

John  Cropley 6£ 

Henry  Murray 3f 

John  Wisswall 5 

Samuel  Brown 4£ 

John  Neily,  jun 1 1 J 

Samuel  Dodge 5^ 

Samuel  Gates 4 

George  Stronach 2J 

Amos  Gates 7 

Oldham  Gates 7 

Jacob  Baker 6 

Ezekiel  Brown,  jun 5£ 

Thomas  Gates 4£ 

James  Gates , 4| 

Frederic  Morton 11 J 

Robert  Neily .  17£ 

John  Baker,   jun 4J 

John  Ward 3 

Henry  Robinson 6^ 

Ebenezer  Fails 4 

Joseph  Curling 3£ 


Acres 
Name.  cleared. 

Thomas  Durling 3| 

John  Slocomb,   sen 9£ 

Jacob  Miller 4| 

Joseph  Stirk 2f 

Robinson  Beardsley 3£ 

Charles  Worthy  lake 2£ 

Christopher  Bolsor 9| 

John  Slocomb,  jun 5£ 

Charles  Robertson  5 

Charles  Cook 2£ 

John  Chesley 12£ 

Joseph  Neily 9f 

Asa  Chesley  ...    5£ 

Thomas  Banks 5£ 

Timothy  Parker 1 1| 

Donald  Logan 6 

Henry  Roberts 3 

Zebulon  Durling 3| 

David  Shaw 15£ 

Lott  Phinney 14£ 

Thomas  Clark 4| 

Asa  Longley 2| 


The  amount  subscribed  by  the  people  of  Wilmot  to  the  Patriotic  Fund 
in  1815  was  $78.90,  by  forty-seven  contributors. 

Early  in  1819  a  movement  was  set  on  foot  in  Wilmot  to  have  that 
township  severed  from  Annapolis  with  the  view  to  the  erection  of  a  new 
county  to  be  formed  by  its  union  with  the  township  of  Aylesford,  which 
was  to  be  separated  from  Kings  County.  I  think  this  action  was,  to  a 
considerable  degree  at  least,  the  work  of  the  late  Colonel  Samuel  Y. 
Bayard,  already  mentioned,  as  the  petition  appears  to  be  in  his  hand- 
writing. It  was  contemplated  that  all  that  part  of  the  county  lying  to 
the  south  of  Wilmot,  and  not  included  in  any  other  township,  should  be 
included.  This  seems  to  have  been  a  very  popular  movement,  and  no 
doubt  had  its  origin  in  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  transacting  certain 
public  business  at  Annapolis,  over  thirty  miles  distant,  and  it  is  presumed 
it  was — for  like  reasons — equally  agreeable  to  the  Aylesford  people,  as 
they  were  separated  by  a  similar  distance  from  their  county  town — 
Kentville.  It  certainly  was  a  severe  tax  upon  witnesses,  jurymen  and 
magistrates  to  attend  the  courts,  which  were  all  held  in  the  county  town ; 
besides,  the  condition  of  the  roads,  not  then  as  now,  thoroughly  drained 
and  made  smooth,  rendered  their  attendance  a  labour  of  considerable 
magnitude,  while  the  loss  of  time  was  felt  as  a  still  greater  consideration 
by  the  struggling  farmers  of  the  remote  settlements.  The  petition  is 
dated  February  3rd,  1819,  and  was  signed  by  217  persons,  constituting 
a  great  majority  of  the  people  then  living  there. 


240  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

In  1827  the  population  of  the  township  of  Wilmot  was  2,294;  quantity 
of  land  cultivated,  5,190  acres;  number  of  horses,  228;  horned  cattle, 
2,435  ;  sheep,  4,173;  swine,  1,327.  In  1828  or  1829  the  breakwater  at 
Port  George  was  begun.  Reagh's  Cove — now  Margaretsville — was  apply- 
ing for  aid  to  a  pier  in  1830.  In  1835  thirty-nine  persons,  of  whom  eleven 
lived  in  the  valley,  subscribed  $476  toward  the  completion  of  the  new 
pier  at  what  is  now  called  Port  Lome,  but  then  known  as  Marshall's 
Cove,  Handley  and  Alexander  Starratt  heading  the  list  with  $40  each, 
and  Rev.  R.  W.  Cunningham  and  several  others  following  with  $20  each. 

In  1838  a  petition  for.  government  aid  to  this  wharf  set  forth  that  in 
this  cove  "  there  is  a  good  herring  fishery,  and  fair  cod-fishing  on  the 
banks  a  few  miles  off ; "  that  the  petitioners  have  expended  already  $800 
in  the  construction  of  a  breakwater  to  facilitate  the  prosecution  of  the 
fishery,  and  to  enable  them  to  load  and  unload  vessels  at  half-tide,  etc., 
and  say  that  the  completion  of  the  work  will  be  beneficial  to  the  people 
of  the  settlements  of  Clarence  and  on  the  Post  Road,  and  also  those  on 
the  south  side  of  the  river,  in  the  exportation  of  cordwood,  lumber,  stock 
and  farm  produce.  They  also  declare  it  to  be  the  fittest  place  between 
Hall's  harbor  in  Kings  County  and  "  Digby  Gut "  for  a  pier. 

The  following  was  written  by  our  author  in  1890: 

MIDDLETON. 

In  1834  there  were  two  dwelling  houses,  possibly  three,  on  the  site  of  the 
handsome  village  now  bearing  the  name  of  Middleton.  Besides  these  there 
was  a  little  store  or  shop  of  the  dimensions  of  some  12  x  15  feet,  in  which 
the  post-office  was  kept,  and  in  which  rum,  tobacco  and  pipes,  with  a  few 
other  articles,  were  kept  on  sale.  One  of  these  houses  was  used  as  an  inn, 
and  there,  on  Saturday  afternoons,  it  was  the  custom  of  many  of  the 
farmers  in  the  vicinity  to  meet  for  the  purpose  of  gleaning  the  news  of 
the  past  week  and  having  a  good  social  time.  Liquor  was  freely  indulged 
in,  and  sometimes,  as  usual  everywhere,  to  excess.  Most  of  these  people  in 
those  far-off  days  came  to  the  "corner,"  as  it  was  then  called,  on  horse- 
back, in  consequence  of  which  it  was  not  unusual  on  these  occasions  to 
see  some  dozen  or  two  of  horses  hitched  to  the  neighbouring  fences,  and 
the  merits  or  demerits  of  these  animals  frequently  led  to  warm  discussions, 
and  bets  were  often  freely  made  and  readily  accepted  to  run  races.  A 
straight  half-mile  road  led  from  the  inn  eastward,  and  this  was  used  as  a 
race-course.  At  the  beginning  of  the  latter  half  of  the  century  a  mani- 
fest change  became  noticeable  both  in  the  people  and  the  surroundings  of 
the  corner.  More  thrift  and  greater  temperance  prevailed.  The  little 
store  gave  place  to  one  of  much  greater  size.  Mr.  William  Alexander 
Fowler,  a  young  man  of  good  business  ability,  a  native  of  Bridgetown, 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  241 

commenced  business  there  in  1848,  and  soon  built  up  a  fine  trade.  A  few 
years  earlier,  Thomas  C.  Wheelock  bought  property  in  the  embryo  village, 
and  became  one  of  its  founders,  Others,  devoted  to  mechanical  trades, 
soon  numbered  themselves  among  the  inhabitants,  and  everybody  began 
to  look  forward  to  the  building  up  of  a  considerable  town.  A  public 
meeting  was  called  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  a  name  for  it,  and  it 
is  said  the  late  Rev.  James  Robertson,  LL.D.,  then  rector  of  the  parish, 
suggested  the  name  which  it  now  bears.  The  reason  assigned  for  its 
adoption  was  that  the  village  was  nearly  the  midway  point  between 
Annapolis  Royal  and  Kentville.  At  this  time  a  new  and  commodious 
hotel  was  erected  and  other  buildings  constructed,  and  a  period  of  con- 
siderable growth  ensued  on  the  completion  of  the  W.  &  A.  Railway, 
which  has  continued  down  to  the  present  hour.  In  fact,  taken  altogether, 
the  rise  of  Middleton  has  been  more  rapid  and  more  substantial  than  any 
other  of  our  towns  in  the  county.  A  new  and  commodious  school-house, 
with  accommodation  for  several  departments,  has  been  lately  completed 
and  is  now  occupied.  Doctor  S.  N.  Miller  has  under  construction  a  large 
and  handsome  drug  store  and  offices.  Croaker,  D.D.S.,  has  a  fine  new 
dwelling  nearing  completion,  and  a  new  railway  station  and  engine-house 
for  the  N.  S.  C.  Railway  have  been  erected. 

• ' 
By  the  Editor. 

Since  the  death  of  the  author,  the  village  of  Middleton  has  made  a 
phenomenal  advance  in  growth,  beauty  and  prosperity.  The  number  of 
new  and  handsome  dwelling  houses  that  have  been  put  up  during  1894 
and  1895  has  probably  been  unprecedented  in  any  part  of  the  county  in 
the  same  space  of  time.  The  continued  successful  development  of  the 
iron  mines  at  Torbrook  and  the  opening  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Central  Rail- 
way in  1889,  have  much  contributed  to  this  rapid  and  gratifying  advance. 
An  excellent  water  system  was  introduced  into  the  village  in  1891,  and  a 
newspaper  called  the  Outlook  was  established  in  the  village  in  1894. 

Among  the  pleasing  features  that  broke,  to  the  eye  of  the  traveller  by 
the  old  stage  coaches,  the  monotony  of  straggling  farm-houses  between 
Bridgetown  and  Kentville,  was  the  venerable  pine  grove,  since  grown 
smaller  by  degrees,  but  not  "  beautifully  less,"  and  the  three  churches  that 
seemed  to  nestle  peacefully  under  its  shadow — the  Church  of  England,  the 
Baptist  and  the  Methodist.  The  springing  up  of  Middleton,  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  farther  east,  has  resulted  in  the  abandonment  of  the  two  former 
churches  for  new  ones  in  the  midst  of  the  new  centre  of  population,  and 
the  Methodist  church  was,  in  the  year  1896,  moved  bodily  eastward  a 
considerable  distance.  The  new  Episcopal  church  was  first  opened  in 
October,  1893. 
16 


242  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

TORBROOK  AND  TORBROOK  MINES. 

Indicative  of  the  modern  growth  of  the  eastern  section  of  the  county, 
we  have  now  the  post-office  names  Torbrook  and  Torbrook  Mines,  to  dis- 
tinguish two  important  centres  in  the  district  east  of  the  Nictaux  River, 
and  formerly  included  in  the  general  designation  Nictaux.  It  was  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Nictaux  River  that  the  iron  mined  in  the  region  east  of  it 
was  smelted,  some  forty  or  fifty  years  ago,  by  a  London  company,  of  which 
Charles  D.  Archibald,  son  of  the  Hon.  S.  G.  W.  Archibald,  Master  of  the 
Rolls  of  this  province,  was  a  promoter,  but  after  being  operated  for  ten 
or  fifteen  years  the  mines  were  abandoned  and  the  works  suffered  to 
decay.  Just  before  the  completion  of  the  railway  another  company  took 
up  leases,  but  abandoned  the  design  of  reopening  and  developing  the 
mines.  In  1890,  Robert  G.  Leckie,  Esq.,  General  Manager  of  the  London- 
derry Iron  Company,  undertook  the  work  with  more  intelligence  and 
skill,  and  with  better  facilities  than  the  old  company,  and  soon  discovered 
valuable  seams  of  hematite  unknown  to  all  former  prospectors.  Active 
operations  were  commenced  in  1891,  and  a  branch  railway  built  to  con- 
nect them  with  the  Windsor  &  Annapolis,  now  the  Dominion- Atlantic 
Railway.  Down  to  1894  four  shafts  had  been  sunk,  and  all  the 
modern  improved  methods  and  machinery  appplied.  In  1891  the  output 
was  about 'twenty  tons  per  day ;  in  1893,  seventy  tons  ;  and  in  1894  it 
had  reached  130  tons.  In  two  or  three  years  from  the  beginning  of  the 
new  operations  twenty  dwellings  had  sprung  up  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
mines,  besides  the  many  erections  necessary  to  carry  on  the  complex  works 
in  a  modern  spirit  of  enterprise. 

MARGARETSVILLE. 

Railways,  while  they  benefit  one  section  of  a  country,  may  sometimes 
do  so  at  the  expense  of  another.  Margaretsville  was  once  the  scene  of  a 
considerable  export  trade,  but  the  produce  of  the  mountain  and  valley, 
wood,  lumber,  fruit,  etc.,  which  in  old  times  was  conveyed  to  the  ports 
on  the  Bay  of  Fundy  shore  for  shipment,  after  1869  sought  an  outlet  by 
the  Windsor  &  Annapolis  Railway  at  Annapolis  and  other  ports  tapped 
by  that  line.  Hence  these  places,  Margaretsville,  Port  George  and  Port 
Lome,  have  not  kept  pace  with  the  villages  in  the  valley  and  the  towns  at 
the  termini  of  the  railway.  A  branch  railroad  connecting  at  Middleton 
would  soon  restore  to  Margaretsville  its  old-time  prosperity. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

THE   TOWNSHIP   OF   CLEMENTS. 


Grant  of  the  township — Villages — Names  ard  notices  of  grantees  and  settlers — 
Capitation  tax  list  of  1791 — New  families — The  herring  fishery — Allain's  River 
bridge — Bear  River,  past  and  present — Notes  by  the  Editor  on  the  place 


THIS  township  was  created  in  1784,  by  a  grant  to  George  Sutherland 
and  two  hundred  and  forty  others,  mostly  German  Loyalists,  or  to 
speak  more  correctly,  German  troops,  who  had  been  in  the  service  of  the 
Crown  against  the  revolted  colonies,  and  who  came  to  Nova  Scotia 
after  the  Peace  of  1783.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Annapolis 
Basin,  and  River ;  on  the  east  by  the  township  of  Annapolis,  and 
other  lands  of  the  county ;  on  the  south  by  other  lands  of  the  county ; 
and  on  the  west  by  the  township  of  Digby — or  what  was  the  township 
of  Digby  until  the  county  of  that  name  was  erected,  after  which  the 
new  township  of  Hillsburgh  formed  its  western  boundary.  It  is  nearly 
in  the  form  of  a  square,  and  contains  much  fine  land,  though  it  is 
generally  believed  to  be  inferior  in  its  agricultural  capabilities  to  some 
of  its  sister  townships.  Bear  River,  or  more  properly  Imbert's  River, 
now  its  western  boundary  for  some  distance,  is  a  fine  stream  forming 
the  outlet  to  the  sea  of  a  system  of  beautiful  lakes  in  the  interior  portion 
of  this  section  of  the  Province,  and  whose  shores  have,  of  late  years, 
resounded  with  the  lumberman's  axe,  and  whose  waters  have  been  utilized 
to  float  the  timber  there  procured  to  the  many  mills,  nearer  to  its  mouth, 
which  are  employed  in  turning  them  into  boards,  deals  and  scantlings  for 
the  markets  of  Europe,  Brazil  and  the  West  India  Islands. 

There  are  two  settlements  in  the  western  part  of  this  division  of  the 
county,  called  respectively  the  "  Waldeck  "  and  "  Hessian  "  Lines,*  which 
were  originally  begun  by  the  disbanded  Waldeckers  and  Hessians,  who 
sought  refuge  here  at  the  close  of  that  revolutionary  struggle  which  their 
best  efforts  had  failed  to  bring  to  a  successful  conclusion,  an  issue  then 
so  ardently  desired  by  Great  Britain.  These  settlements  are  formed  on 

*  The  Hessian  Line  settlement  is  now  called  Clementsvale. — [ED.] 


244  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

lines  parallel  to  each  other  and  two  miles  apart,  their  direction  being 
nearly  east  and  west,  and  are  still,  in  part,  cultivated  by  their  descendants, 
who,  at  this  day,  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  other  inhabitants 
by  any  peculiarity  of  language  or  custom,  a  fact  that  may  be  accounted 
for  by  another,  namely,  that  the  English  tongue  only  has  been  taught  in 
the  schools  there,  while  intermarriages  with  the  settlers  of  British  origin 
have  been  constant  and  common.  In  the  list  of  original  grantees'  names 
which  is  given  in  this  chapter,  the  reader  will  observe  that  a  considerable 
portion  of  them  are  English,  Irish,  or  Scotch,  so  that,  from  the  beginning, 
the  elements  of  such  a  fusion  existed  and  began  to  operate,  and  the  results 
referred  to  have  been  gradually  though  certainly  produced. 

Clements  is  admirably  watered.  Its  chief  stream,  next  to  that  of 
Bear  River,  which,  as  I  have  before  said,  forms  its  western  boundary, 
is  Moose  River,  which  divides  it  from  north  to  south  into  two  not  very 
unequal  parts,  and  it  contains  two  very  picturesque  villages — Clements- 
port  and  Bridgeport,  the  latter  being  separated  by  Bear  River  from  its 
charming  sister  village  of  Hillsburgh,  in  the  County  of  Digby.  The  village 
possesses  ship-yards,  several  shops,  and  Episcopal  and  Wesleyan  churches, 
and  a  noble  school-house,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  agricultural  district. 
It  is  situated  about  four  miles  from  the  basin,  at  the  head  of  the  tide 
flow,  and  vessels  of  considerable  size  can  come  to  and  depart  from  its 
wharves.  Agricultural  produce  is  shipped  thence  to  St.  John,  N.B.  ; 
cordwood  to  the  United  States,  and  lumber  to  the  West  Indies  and 
Brazil. 

Clementsport,  about  eight  miles  distant  to  the  north  and  eastward,  is 
built  at  the  head  of  the  tide  waters  of  Moose  River,  and  is  very  prettily 
situated  in  a  sort  of  ravine  through  which  the  river,  after  passing  under 
the  arch  of  a  fine  stone  bridge,  finds  its  way  to  the  Annapolis  River, 
which  it  enters  through  a  large  tidal  mouth,  of  sufficient  depth  to  admit 
the  passage  of  large-sized  vessels,  many  of  which  have  been  from  time  to 
time  constructed  in  its  ship-yards.  The  village  nestles  itself  lovingly  at 
the  feet  of  the  surrounding  picturesque  hills,  but  is  sufficiently  elevated 
above  the  level  of  the  river  to  afford  fine  views  to  the  northward  and 
eastward.  It  is  built  on  both  sides  of  the  stream  and  has  a  neat  Episcopal 
church  in  its  eastern  division,  near  which  stands  the  school-house — a  fine 
structure,  being  one  of  the  most  substantial  and  commodious  in  the 
county. 

It  was  in  this  village,  over  seventy  years  ago,  that  a  company  was 
formed  under  the  auspices  of  two  American  gentlemen,  for  the  working 
of  the  valuable  iron  mines  in  its  neighbourhood.  Smelting  furnaces  were 
constructed,  and  coalsheds  and  other  buildings  necessary  to  their  object 
erected.  The  beds  of  iron  ore  which  they  worked  are  situated  to  the 
southward  of  the  village,  and  at  a  distance  of  about  three  miles  from  it. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  245 

In  a  file  of  the  Acadian  Recorder  for  1825,  it  was  stated  that  the  shares 
of  the  "  Annapolis  Mining  Company "  were  selling  at  a  considerable 
premium,  and  that  its  success  was  therefore  well  assured.  Messrs.  Alger 
and  Jackson,*  the  gentlemen  above  alluded  to,  were  possessed  of  much 
scientific  knowledge,  and  were  experienced  and  practical  mineralogists. 
They  made  a  very  thorough  examination  of  the  mineral  deposits  of  Digby 
Neck,  and  the  north  mountain  range  eastward  to  Blomidon. 

From  some  unexplained  cause  the  furnaces  were  allowed  to  cool  with 
their  metallic  contents  in  them,  and  they  were  in  consequence  abandoned 
and  doomed  to  remain  idle  and  unproductive  for  more  than  a  quarter  of 
a  century.  Much  money  was  at  that  time  expended  upon  these  works, 
and  a  heavy  loss  must  have  been  sustained  by  the  community  as  well  as 
by  the  shareholders  and  mortgagees.  It  may  as  well  be  stated  here  as 
elsewhere,  that  in  1857  or  1858,  these  works  were  reopened  and  worked 
under  the  ownership  and  control  of  a  Bangor,  Me.,  association,  with  con- 
siderable success  until  1862,  when  the  increasing  scarcity  of  gold  and 
advanced  values  (owing  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  American  rebellion)  put 
a  stop  to  them  again. 

Among  the  industries  of  this  township  must  be  reckoned  the  herring 
fisheries  which  have  been,  and  still  are,  of  considerable  value. 

Weirs  are  annually  put  up  on  the  sand-bars  and  flats  that  exist  along 
its  coast,  and  the  cost  of  outlay  and  construction  is  very  frequently 
rewarded  by  valuable  catches  of  that  most  delicate  of  the  herring  family 
— "the  Digby  chicken."  The  fattest  of  these  are  generally  cured  in 
salt,  and  the  inferior  qualities  are  smoked  and  sent  to  market  in  boxes, 
containing  about  one  hundred  of  them  in  number  to  each  box,  and  are 
readily  sold  in  the  markets  of  the  Dominion,  and  in  those  of  other 
countries.  This  fishery  is  not  confined  to  the  shores  of  this  township 
alone,  but  extends  to  those  of  Granville,  Hillsburgh  and  Digby,  and  has 
been  the  subject  of  much  contention  among  the  inhabitants  from  an  early 
period  after  their  first  settlement.  An  account  of  these  disputes  and  of 
the  conflicting  policies  of  the  government  in  regard  to  these  fisheries, 
forms  a  curious  and  not  uninteresting  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  county, 
and  the  reader  will  find  references  made  to  them  in  that  portion  of  this 
work  relating  to  Granville. 

I  will  here  introduce  to  the  reader  an  authentic  list  of  the  names  of 
men  to  whom  the  first  grant  of  this  township  was  made,  in  1784.  The 
asterisk  before  the  name  indicates  those  only  whose  descendants  are 
known  to  live  within  the  boundaries  of  the  two  counties  at  the  present 
day.  The  list  has  been  carefully  copied  from  a  draft  of  the  grant  still 
preserved  in  our  archives,  and  for  convenience  of  reference  has  been 
arranged  in  alphabetical  order  : 

*Dr.  Jackson,  mentioned  on  page  11,  note. 


246 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 


*Aymar,  James. 

Commoiidingo,  Ludovic. 

Adams,  Phillip. 

Gainer,  John. 

Austen,  Stephen. 

Clark,  Scott  L. 

Adams,  Charles. 

Chase,  John. 

Allair,  Peter  Alexander. 

Campbell,  Malcom. 

Anderson,  Jonathan. 

Cagney,  John. 

Clark,  Mrs. 

Ball,  Benjamin. 

Cox,  Thomas. 

Baker,  Samuel. 

Burns,  John. 

Dobbs,  John. 

Bean,  John. 

*Davoue,  Frederic. 

Brown,  James. 

De  Coudre,  Louis. 

Brown,  Charles. 

Demolliter,  Captain 

Baizelay,  William. 

[Christian. 

Baizelay,  Abraham. 

Duryea,  Samuel. 

*Bonnett,  Isaac. 

Duryea,  John 

Bonnett,  David. 

Dewry,  Joseph. 

Balm,  Christopher. 

Damont,  Mary. 

Bischopp,  George. 

*Ditmars,  Capt.  Douwe. 

Brandon,  Conrad. 

Davenport,  Thomas. 

Breher,  Jacob. 

Dalhen,  John. 

Bruen,  Jacob. 

Brown,  Andrew. 

Elbridge,  James. 

*Bogart,  Thunis. 

Eager,  Widow. 

Balmer,  Benedict. 

Excellius,  Ignatius. 

Botsford,  Amos. 

*Everett,  Jacob. 

*Bailey,  Rev.  Jacob. 

Ensenburg,  Frederic. 

Boehme,  Frederic. 

Eberhard,  Christian. 

Bockling,  Phillip. 

Engstroppe,  Peter. 

Bertner,  Phillip. 

Euler,  Conrad. 

*Benson,  Christopher. 

Etzner,  Nicholas. 

*  Benson,  Christopher,  jun. 

Brunsmaid,  Samuel. 

Flack,  John. 

*Bogart,  Cornelius. 

*  Fowler,  Jonathan. 

Boehner,  Henry. 

Fraser,  Francis. 

Bawdon,  Thomas. 

Florentine,  Abram. 

Bishop,  John. 

Florentine,  Thomas. 

*Boehler,  Jacob. 

Buckler,  Andrew. 

Giesler,  Joseph. 

Butler,  William. 

Gunzel,  Henrick. 

Bawt,  John  Adam. 

Goety,  Christian. 

Brevoort,  Elias. 

Gunn,  George. 

Callaghan,  Widow. 
*Cornwell,  George,  Esq. 
Cahern,  Henry. 
Caldwell,  James. 
Coughtory,  John. 
Chandler,  Joshua. 
Carl,  Phebe. 
Coffinan,  Michael. 


Grootres,  Christian. 
Greiser,  August. 
Gallagher,  Andrew. 
Garnet,  Peter. 
Gorbe,  John. 

Hardenbrook,  John. 
Hardenbrook,  Nicholas  A. 
Holmes,  Cornelius. 


Heaton,  Peter. 

Hutchins,  James. 
*Harris,  Myndert. 

Hardenbrook,  Catherine. 

Hupender,  Phillip. 

Hertrick,  John  Conrad. 

Horneffer,  Andreas. 

Herne,  Fred.  Christian. 

Hartman,  Anton. 

Hamm,  Peter. 

Hennay,  Thomas. 
*Hicks,  Charles. 

Hammill,  Daniel. 
*Hicks,  John. 

Hessenbrook,  Andrew. 

Husted,  Jonathan. 

Hardenbrook,  Capt.  Abel. 

Holland,  William. 

Hart,  Hendrick. 

Harrison,  Thomas. 
*Holdsworth,  James  A. 

*  James,  Benjamin,  Esq. 
Jargar,  John. 
Johnston,  Adam. 
Jacob,  John. 

Klapper,  Jacob. 
Krair,  George. 
Knischild. 
*Kervin,  Terence. 
Kohn,  John. 
Klingsocker,  Julius. 
Klingsocker,  Christian. 
Kerm,  Christian. 
Kerm,  Nicolaus. 

Livesay,  Ebenezer. 

Lawson,  John. 

Lounds,  James. 

Lounds,  Matthew. 

Lounds,  Thomas. 

Lounds,  James,  jun. 
*Lent,  Abraham. 
*Long,  Alexander. 

Lawrence  John. 

McNamara,  John. 
*Miller,  Peter. 
McFarrier,  James. 
Montgomery,  Joseph. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


247 


*Morrison,  John. 

Messabre,  Frederic. 

McGregor,  Alexander. 
*Morehouse,  John. 

Nugent,  Michael. 

Offery,  William. 
Orchard,  George. 
Owing,  Francis. 
Oestman,  Jacob. 

*Perrot,  James. 
*  Potter,  Joseph. 

Perreau,  Peter  D. 

Peak,  Samuel. 

Porteus,  John. 

Pope,  Thomas. 
*Picket,  Caspar. 
*Polhemus,  John. 

Parr,  John. 
*Purdy,  Gilbert. 
*Purdy,  Josiah. 
*Purdy,  Anthony. 

*Quereau,  Joshua. 

Ruen,  Tchs. 
Ross,  Alexander. 
Rollo,  Captain. 
*Robblee,  Thomas. 


Rapalje,  J . 

Ryarson,  Matthew. 

Rubee,  John. 
*Ryarson,  Francis,  jun. 

Ruscall,  James. 
*Ryarson,  John  F. 
*Ryarson,  George. 
*Ryarson,  Francis. 

Schlaebaum,  Frantz. 

Schade,  Johannus. 

Smith,  John. 

Stewart,  John. 

Shaver,  Ditmars. 

Smith,  Peter. 
*Street,  Ebenezer. 
"'Street,  Samuel. 

Seidlar,  Andrew. 

Schopp,  George. 

Schultze,  Gilbert. 

Smith,  Joseph. 

Sproach,  Samuel. 

Sproal.  William. 

Stocking,  Frederic. 

Smith,  James. 

Sutherland,  George. 

Sutherland,  O'Sullivan. 

Schlaudebeck,  Michael. 

Scok,  Frederic. 

Strickland,  Frederic. 

Smith,  Joshua. 

Sec,  John. 


.Smith,  James. 

*Totten,  Joseph. 
*Totten,  Peter. 

Turner,  John. 
*Tromper,  Hendrick. 
*Totten,  Joseph,  jun. 

Tippett,  Gilbert. 

Tusher,  George. 

Taylor,  Elijah. 

Taylor,  Nicholas. 

Tarrant,  William. 

Turner,  Florian. 

Van  Bueren,  Kaman. 
Verilum,  Anthony  V. 
Van  Kover,  Lawrence. 
Van  Kover,  Lawrence,  jun. 
*Van  Bueren,  James. 
Van  Bueren,  James. 

Weidman,  Valentine  John. 
Wilmot,  James. 
Wendell,  Wilhelm. 
Wright,  D. 
Wyman,  Christopher. 
Wessenborn,  John. 
Wagner,  Nicholas. 
Willing,  Charles. 
Watt,  Thomas. 

Zenava,  Edmund. 


Of  the  persons  whose  names  have  been  asterisked,  I  am  able  to 
furnish  the  following  particulars  :  The  descendants  of  Aymar  live  in  the 
County  of  Digby,  and  those  of  the  Bonnetts  (who  came  from  New 
Rochelle,  N.Y.,  and  were  of  Huguenot  origin),  in  Annapolis ;  one  of 
them  being  the  late  High  Sheriff  of  the  county,  and  another  a  leading 
merchant  and  shipowner  of  Bridgetown.  These  gentlemen  were  brothers, 
and  sons  of  the  late  David  Bonnett.  The  former  married  a  daughter  of 
the  late  William  Gilbert  Bailey,  barrister-at-law,  and  granddaughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey  ;  the  latter  espoused  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Joshua  de  Saint  Croix,  for  many  years  the  owner  of  the  Mount  Pleasant 
(now  Ruffee)  farm,  near  Bridgetown,  and  has  issue.  The  Sheriff  had  no 
issue.  The  Bogarts,  whose  progenitors  were  from  New  York,  have  long 
been  domiciled  in  western  Granville  and  Bridgeport,  and  the  descendants 
of  Benson  (who  was  a  captain  in  the  Rangers,  and  from  the  old  colony 
of  New  York)  are  scattered,  and  not  now  very  numerous.  The  grand- 


248  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

children  of  the  bluff  old  German,  Jacob  Boehler,  are  to  be  found  in  this, 
their  native  township ;  while  those  of  the  American  Loyalist,  Cornwell, 
are  to  be  gathered  from  both  counties.  One  of  his  grandsons  was  long 
settled  in  the  district  of  Clarence  West,  in  the  township  of  Granville ; 
others  are  to  be  found  in  various  parts  of  Digby  County. 

The  children  and  grandchildren  of  Frederic  Davoue  (who  was  a  West 
Chester  Loyalist,  and  lived  at  New  Rochelle,  where  he  had  a  farm  of 
three  hundred  acres  of  land,  which  was  confiscated  by  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  given  to  Tom  Paine,  the  infidel)  are  to  be  sought  for  both 
within  and  without  the  limits  of  the  county.  Mr.  Davoue  was  a  lead- 
ing merchant  in  the  town  of  Annapolis  for  many  years.  One  of  his 
daughters  was  the  wife  of  Captain  John  Robertson,  lately  deceased  at  a 
very  advanced  age,  and  many  years  ago  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Assembly,  and  another  was  the  mother  of  Doctor  Forbes,  first 
representative  of  Queens  County  in  the  House  of  Commons  of  Canada. 
The  Ditmarses,  of  Clements,  are  the  offspring  of  Captain  Douwe 
Ditmars,  before  the  Revolution,  of  Long  Island,  N.Y.,  and  who  was  an 
active  ensign  in  the  militia  of  that  island  during  the  struggle.  He  came 
to  this  province  in  1783 ;  became  a  grantee  in  Clements  in  1784,  and  was 
one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  settlement  of  that  township.  His  descendants 
are  quite  numerous,  and  have  always  maintained  a  highly  respectable 
position  in  the  community  in  which  they  lived.  The  Everetts,*  found  in 
Digby  County,  are,  I  have  been  informed,  the  offspring  of  Jacob  Everett. 
The  descendants  of  Jonathan  Fowler,  of  West  Chester,  N.Y.,  and  who 
settled  in  the  town  of  Digby  in  1783,  reside  chiefly  in  Annapolis  County, 
his  two  sons,  Gilbert  and  Alexander,  having  settled  there  early  in  the 
century.  Their  father  was  a  leading  shipowner  and  merchant  of  the 
town  of  Digby.  Weston  Fowler,  Esq.,  of  Bridgetown,  is  a  grandson. 
Kervins'  descendants  still  live  in  Digby  County,  and  those  of  Long  in 
Clements  and  Granville.  The  Morehouse  f  family  has,  while  the 
generations  come  and  go,  always  maintained  an  honourable  position  in 
the  localities  in  which  its  members  have  resided.  Its  headquarters  have 
long  been  on  Digby  Neck,  but  branches  of  it  have  been  for  many  years 
settled  in  the  upper  part  of  the  township  of  Annapolis,  at  South 
Williamston,  and  in  the  township  of  Hillsburgh.  The  late  William 
Morehouse,  who  lived  at  the  former  place,  was  one  of  the  deputy  Crown 
land  surveyors  for  the  county  for  many  years.  He  was  employed  by 
the  Government  to  survey  and  lay  out  the  settlement  of  Maitland. 

*  Possibly  1  am  mistake*  in  the  Christian  name  of  Mr.  Everett.  Sabine  says 
that  James  Everett  settled  at  Digby  in  1783,  and  died  there  in  1799,  leaving 
descendants.  (The  Everetts  came  from  Long  Island,  New  York.  — ED.) 

t  Mr.  Morehouse  was  from  Connecticut.  He  was  one  of  the  oldest  magistrates 
in  the  colony  at  the  time  of  his  death  which  occurred  in  1839.  He  had  been  a 
member  of  the  Reading  Association. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  249 

The  members  of  the  Hillsburgh  branch  have  been  engaged  in  ship- 
building and  lumbering  pursuits.  John  Morrison,  who  was  one  of  the 
seven  deputies  of  Surveyor-General  Charles  Morris,  in  1783,  was,  I 
believe,  of  pre-loyalist  origin,  having  been  domiciled  in  Digby  before  the 
date  named,  and  probably  came  there  with  the  McDormands  some  years 
before.  One  of  his  descendants,  I  believe,  resides  at  Westport,  and  no 
doubt  there  are  many  others  in  that  county.  James  Perrott  was  a 
Loyalist  of  some  consideration,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain 
what  position  he  occupied  before  coming  to  this  Province.  He  was 
generally  called  "Captain"  Perrott,  and  Perrott  settlement  was  named  in 
his  honour.  It  is  not  probable  that  he  left  any  children,  certainly  no  male 
children,  as  the  name  does  not  occur  in  any  documents  in  the  archives 
subsequent  to  his  decease.  Joseph  Potter  was  the  progenitor  of  a  large 
family,  the  members  of  which  are  to  be  found  dwelling  in  this  township ; 
in  fact,  the  name  is  one  of  the  most  common  there.  The  Potters  have 
been  generally  well  esteemed,  and  have  contributed  largely  to  the 
prosperity  of  Clements,  having  been  employed  in  ship-building,  farming, 
milling,  lumbering,  and  other  industries,  and  they  have  ever  maintained 
a  character  for  thrift,  honesty,  and  moral  worthiness  equal  to  any  other 
family  in  the  county. 

John  Polhemus  left  no  male  issue,  or  more  correctly  speaking,  I  should 
perhaps  say  that  no  person  in  Clements,  or  the  county,  now  bears  that 
name,  but  his  daughter  or  daughters  have  left  descendants,  male  and 
female.  The  Potters  are,  I  believe,  connected  (by  marriage)  with  the 
family  of  Polhemus.  Joshua  Quereau  was  a  New  York  Loyalist,  and 
probably  of  Huguenot  origin.  He  located  himself  in  western  Granville, 
where  his  grandchildren  now  reside,  and  have  continued  to  do  so  for 
three-quarters  of  a  century  and  more.  Thomas  Robblee's  descendants 
live  also  in  Granville,  and  own  the  lands  surrounding  and  including  the 
old  Scotch  fort,  near  Goat  Island. 

The  Ryersons  deserve  a  somewhat  extended  notice.  Francis  Ryerson, 
the  founder  of  the  Nova  Scotia  family  by  that  name,  was  a  brother  or  an 
uncle  to  the  father  of  the  well-known  and  able  Rev.  Egerton  Ryerson,  of 
educational  fame  in  Ontario ;  and  settled  in  Clements  soon  after  the 
revolution,  against  which  he  seems  to  have  taken  a  decided,  though  not 
very  distinguished  part.  He  was  married  and  had  children  before  1783, 
one  of  whom,  Francis,  petitioned  the  Legislature  in  aid  of  a  plaister 
(gypsum)  mill  which  he  states  he  had  erected  "  at  an  expense  of  ,£600," 
and  was  "  also  adapted  to  the  grinding  of  hemlock  and  other  bark,"  this 
being  the  first  work  of  the  kind  erected  in  the  Province. 

This  mill  was  built  in  1802,  at  Clements,  near,  perhaps  on  the  property 
now  or  recently  owned  by  Mr.  George  Ryerson.  The  enterprise  was, 
however,  afterward  abandoned  from  some  cause  of  which  I  have  not  been 


250  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

informed.  He  also  erected  the  first  carding  machine,  or  mill,  in  the 
•county,  built  for  him  by  John  Longmire,  an  immigrant  from  Cumber- 
land, England.  Several  fine  farms  are  owned  by  members  of  the  family 
in  this  township ;  but  a  branch  of  the  old  stock  some  years  ago  removed 
to  Yarmouth  and  engaged  in  mercantile,  ship-building  and  kindred 
branches  of  industry;  in  which  they  gained  an  almost  world-wide 
reputation.  One  of  the  members  of  this  division  of  the  family — John  K. 
Ryerson,  Esq. — long  represented  the  County  of  Yarmouth  in  the  Local 
Assembly,  and  was  remarkable  for  his  honesty  of  purpose  and  plain 
speech  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  devolving  upon  him  as  a  member  of 
that  body.  Mr.  Ryerson  was  the  head  of  the  large  shipping  house  of 
Ryerson,  Moses  &  Company,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  all  enterprises 
intended  to  promote  the  welfare  of  his  adopted  town.  Stephen  Ryerson, 
is  said  to  have  been  the  prototype  of  the  character  of  Stephen  Richardson, 
humourist,  hunter  and  trapper,  so  finely  delineated  in  one  of  Haliburton's* 
best  works.  This  member  of  the  family  was  a  farmer  of  Clements,  and 
was  remarkable  for  his  general  shrewdness  of  character  and  keen  relish 
for  the  ludicrous;  he  was  withal  a  splendid  hater  of  shams  and  falsehood. 
A  volume  would  be  required  to  record  all  the  anecdotes  that  have  been, 
and  are  yet,  current  concerning  him. 

Ebenezer  and  Samuel  Street  f  did  not  become  settlers  in  the  new 
township,  though  they  continued  to  live  in  Digby  for  some  years,  and 
prosecuted  ship-building  at  that  place.  They  afterward  removed  to  the 
parish  of  Burton,  in  Sunbury  County,  N.B.,  where  their  descendants,  if 
any,  are  still  to  be  found. 

The  Tottens  were  a  New  York  family,  and  came  to  Annapolis  in  1783, 
where  they  settled  and  engaged  in  mercantile  occupations.  A  daughter 
of  one  of  them — Peter,  I  believe — married  the  late  William  Winniett, 
Esq.,  sheriff  of  the  county,  and  thus  became  the  mother  of  Sir  William 
Robert  Wolseley  Winniett,  who  died  in  Cape  Coast  Castle,  in  Africa, 
while  in  the  discharge  of  gubernatorial  duties  there,  in  1858.  They 

*  Haliburton's  "  Old  Judge  in  a  Colony,"  I  think. 

t  If  the  author  is  correct  in  saying  that  the  Streets  finally  removed  to  Burton, 
Samuel  Street  must  have  been  Samuel  Denny  Street,  who  was  born  in  Surrey, 
England,  in  1752,  educated  for  the  law,  came  to  America,  and  served  most  actively 
and  with  great  distinction  during  the  revolution,  and  after  its  close  was  the  first 
attorney  who  ever  practised  in  New  Brunswick,  and  died  at  a  country  seat  at  Burton, 
in  1830.  All  of  his  sons  were  distinguished  as  public  men  in  that  province,  among 
them,  George  F.,  being  an  able  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court;  John  Ambrose, 
Attorney-General  and  jleader  of  the  Government  ;  William  Henry,  Mayor  of  St. 
John,  M.P.P. ,  etc.  Ebenezer  may  have  been  a  brother  of  Samuel  Denny,  and, 
perhaps,  grandfather  of  the  late  Thomas  Clark  Street,  first  member  for  the  Dominion 
Parliament  for  the  County  of  Welland,  Ont.,  who  was  son  of  Samuel  Street,  of 
Niagara,  and  related  to  the  Street  family  of  New  Brunswick,  a  very  prominent  and 
leading  man  in  the  section  of  Canada  in  which  he  lived.  Samuel  Denny  Street  had 
also  a  brother,  Ambrose  Sherman  Street,  Surgeon  in  the  Royal  Fencibles,  who  was 
drowned  at  Burton  in  1793,  and  may  have  been  the  ancestor  of  the  Upper  Canada 
branch.  (Seep.  170,  note.) 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  251 

were  a  highly  respected  family,  but  since  the  death  of  the  late  Miss 
Totten*  the  name  has  become  extinct. 

The  Van  Buerens  were  of  Dutch  origin,  and  came  to  Annapolis  in 
1783.  The  late  Dr.  Van  Bueren  was  a  descendant  of  James  Van  Bueren. 
I  believe  that  this  name  is  now  very  rarely  to  be  met  with  in  the  county. 
In  the  archives  of  the  Province  is  a  volume  containing  the  letters  of  the 
Surveyor-General,  Charles  Morris,  to  his  deputies  in  the  Province,  and 
which,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the  affairs  of  the  county,  is  full  of  matter  of 
great  interest.  These  letters  refer  to  the  surveys  being  made  from 
1784-1788,  for  the  new  Loyalist  settlers.  On  several  occasions,  he  ' 
makes  reference  to  Clements  surveys  in  his  letters  to  Thomas  Millidge, 
Esq.,  one  of  his  deputies,  then  residing  in  Digby. 

In  reference  to  the  Thorne  family,  he  says  to  him,  under  date,  March 
3rd,  1787  :  "I  am  also  to  remind  you  of  the  letter  I  wrote  the  1st  of 
March,  1786,  to  lay  out  to  Stephen  Thorne  and  others,  2,200  acres  of 
land,  in  lieu  of  the  reserved  lands  they  had  pitched  upon  in  Clements." 
In  the  same  year  he  tells  Sneden  and  Polhemus  (grantees  in  Clements,) 
that  he  will  do  all  in  his  power  to  forward  their  grants,  but  that  they 
cannot  be  expected  to  be  relieved  from  the  payment  of  the  fees  of  Went- 
worth,  who  as  surveyor  of  woods  and  forests,  on  behalf  of  the  Crown,  was 
entitled  to  a  fee,  without  the  payment  of  which,  a  grant  could  not  pass, — 
and  that  it  was  enough  that  he  should  remit  his  own  fees  ;  a  course  which 
he  had  generally  followed. 

The  reader  has  now  before  him  the  names  of  the  original  grantees,  and 
such  notice  of  them  as  the  author  has  been  enabled  to  gather  concerning 
them,  but  in  order  to  make  the  history  of  this  township  more  thoroughly 
understood,  I  will  now  present  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  tax-paying 
residents,  under  the  Capitation  Tax  Act,  as  returned  to  the  authorities, 
in  1791,  by  the  assessors  under  that  Act.  These  assessors  were  Messieurs 
Edward  Jones,  John  Ditmars,  and  Henry  Harris.  The  names  have  been 
carefully  copied,  and  arranged  alphabetically  for  convenience  of  reference: 


Artzman,  Jacob. 

Biehler,  Jacob. 

Criss,  Henry. 

Artzman,  Jacob,  sen. 

Booley,  John. 

Cato  —  a  negro. 

Black,  Isaac. 

Brundize,  Marcus. 
Baird,  Adam. 
Baker,  Samuel. 
Baker,  James. 

Bruin,  Harry. 
Burroughs,  Jeffrey. 
Bloomer,  Frederic. 

Ditmars,  Douwe. 
Ditmars,  John. 
Delancy  [Colonel]. 

Boyce,  Peter. 

Carey,  Dennis. 

Dick  —  a  negro. 

Boyce,  Jacob. 

Colla,  Jacob. 

Biehler,  Nicholas. 

Clanket,  Caspar. 

Fleet,  William. 

Browne,  Danl.  Isaac,  Esq. 

Chrystler,  Augustus. 

Fisher,  —  . 

*  At  her  death  she  bequeathed  a  house  and  several  lots  of  land  to  the  Church 
England,  at  Digby — -the  property  since  known  as  the  "Totten  Rectory." — [Eo.] 


252 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


Gorrical,  John. 
Gruben,  John. 

Hooper,  William. 
Harris,  John. 
Harris,  Henry. 
Hederick,  Conrad. 
Hartman,  Gottlieb. 
Henshaw,  Samuel. 
Henshaw,  William, 
Hoofman,  Anthony, 
Hamm,  Peter. 
Hunt,  Benjamin. 

Jones,  Samuel. 
Jones,  Nicholas. 
Jones,  Benjamin. 
Jones,  Edward. 
Jones,  William. 
Jacob — a  negro. 

Lent,  James. 
Long,  Jacob. 

Morgan,  George. 


Milner,  Jonathan. 
Morrison,  John. 
McDormand,  Cormac. 
McDormand,  Thomas. 
Miller,  Peter. 

Opp  [Apt  ?],  George. 
Odell,  Daniel. 

Pickup,  Samuel. 
Purdy,  Samuel. 
Purdy,  Anthony. 
Potter,  Joseph. 
Potter,  Israel. 
Purdy,  Elijah. 
Polhemus,  John. 
Polhemus,  Vandyke. 
Polhemus,  John,  jun. 
Pine,  Daniel. 
Purdy,  Gabriel. 
Picket,  Jasper. 

Ryarson,  Francis. 
Ramson,  Jacob. 
Ramson,  John. 


Ramson,  John,  jun. 
Roddy,  Joseph. 
Rollo,  Capt.  Robert, 
Rosencrantz,  John. 

Spurr,  Shippey. 
Shudah,  Charles. 
Sneden,  Stephen. 
Sulis,  Daniel. 
Sulis,  John. 
Smith,  Joseph. 
Sach,  Joseph. 

Winniett,  William. 
Wagner,  Richard. 
Windill,  William. 
Warren,  Daniel. 
Wyland,  Henry. 
Wright,  Joseph. 
Wright,  Joseph,  jun. 
Wrightman,  John. 
Williams,  Caesar. 
Wethers,  Stephen. 
Williams,  Thomas. 
Williams,  Martin. 


The  return  from  which  the  foregoing  list  of  names  has  been  copied 
was  made  for  the  year  1791,  being  seven  years  after  the  grant  of  the 
township  had  passed.  By  these  lists  it  is  made  certain  that  the  following 
families  had  become  fresh  settlers  in,  Clements  in  that  space  of  time, 
namely :  Artzman,  Brundize,  Boyce,  Booley,  Black,  Burroughs,  Bloomer, 
Carey,  Colla,  Clankett,  Chrystler,  Criss,  Fleet,  Fisher,  Gorricol,  Grueben, 
Jones,  Hooper,  Hederick,  Henshaw,  Hoofman,  Hunt,  Milner,  McDor- 
mand, Opp  (or  Apt),  Odell,  Pickup,  Pine,  Ramson,  Roddy,  Rosencrantz, 
Spurr,  Shudah,  Sneden,  Sulis,  Sach,  Warren,  Wyland,  Wrightman, 
Williams,  Wethers,  making  in  all  fifty-one  male  persons  above  twenty 
years  of  age.  Of  these  persons,  the  Boyces  have  left  descendants  who  yet 
live  in  the  county,  and  the  Crisses  are  yet  domiciled  in  the  township. 
The  Fleets  are  still  extant,  as  are  also  the  Gorricals ;  and  the  Joneses,  of 
whom  there  were  five  who  had  attained  their  majority  in  1791,  have 
increased  and  multiplied,  and  been  dispersed  far  and  wide,  always 
maintaining  a  reputation  for  general  worth  and  fair  ability.  William 
Jones,  whose  name  appears  in  the  list,  was  one  of  the  first  magistrates 
appointed  in  this  section  of  the  country,  and  was  specially  recommended 
for  appointment  by  the  custos  rotulorum  of  the  county,  Colonel  Millidge, 
in  the  early  part  of  the  century.  The  issue  of  the  Henshaws  in  the  male 
line  are  still  respectable  inhabitants.  The  Hoofmans  also  left  descend- 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS.  253 

ants,  but  they  chiefly  occupy  lands  in  Bloomington,  and  so  far  as  I  have 
been  able  to  ascertain  have  no  representative  of  the  name  now  in  this 
township.  The  Milners  have  farms  here  still,  as  do  also  the  McDormands 
and  Opps,  and  a  worthy  representative  of  the  Pickups  resides  at 
Granville  Ferry,  and  is  much  respected  for  his  manliness  and  integrity  of 
character.  The  Pines  still  find  homes  in  Clements.  The  descendants  of 
Shippey  Spurr  are  to  be  found  in  several  districts  in  the  county,  and 
outside  its  limits.  The  Ramsons  and  Rhoddys  (Rhoddas  ?)*  are  to  be 
found  in  Delong  settlement,  Digby  and  elsewhere.  The  Snedens  lived  in 
Clements  in  1791,  but  shortly  afterwards  fixed  their  headquarters  in  the 
county  town,  where  they  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  long  held  a 
first  place  in  the  social  relations  then  existing  there.  Their  descendants 
were  and  are  numerous,  but  none  of  them  bear  the  family  name,  nor  are 
now  to  be  found  in  the  Province,  though  more  than  one  of  them  have 
become  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  of  America.  This  family,  if  I 
mistake  not,  intermarried  with  the  Thornes  and  Millidges  of  Granville. 
The  grandchildren  of  the  Sulises  still  reside  at  Smith's  Cove,  in  the 
township  of  Hillsburgh,  which,  at  the  time  of  which  I  am  writing,  was 
included  in  Clements.  In  1790  the  inhabitants  of  Clements  joined  with 
those  of  Digby  and  Clare  in  a  petition  to  the  Legislature  for  a  division  of 
the  county.  Messieurs  Isaac  Bonnell,  Andrew  Snodgrass,  James  Wilmot, 
Jonathan  Fowler  and  Henry  Rutherford  certified  that  this  memorial  was 
signed  in  the  handwriting  of  each  signer.  This  document  was  dated  in 
February,  1790,  and  refers  to  a  former  petition  asking  for  the  same  thing, 
and  which  had  been  presented  to  the  Assembly  in  1786.  I  find  the 
following  names  from  Clements,  which  I  desire  to  notice  briefly. 
Christian  Tobias  was  a  grantee  in  Digby  township,  and  by  profession  a 
medical  doctor.  His  descendants  settled  in  the  town  of  Annapolis.  Two 
of  these,  his  sons — Timothy  and  D wight  Tobias — were  for  many  years 
residents  there.  The  former  was  for  several  years  Collector  of  Customs 
for  the  port,  and  died  there  without  issue  ;  the  latter  died  several  years 
ago,  leaving  a  large  famity,  most  of  the  members  of  which  still  live  there. 

Samuel  Calnek,  an  uncle  of  the  writer,  in  1798  went  to  Jamaica, 
where  he  married  and  settled,  never  having  visited  the  Province  since 
1804.  He  died  in  1836,  leaving  an  only  child,  a  son,  to  inherit  his  name 
and  property  in  that  island.  Mr.  Calnek  was  a  native  of  Germany,  and 
came  to  America  with  his  father,  Jacob  Calnek,  about  the  year  1776,  and 
to  this  Province  with  the  Loyalists,  in  1783. 

As  I  have  elsewhere  stated,  the  herring  fisheries  on  the  coasts  of  the 
basin  have  often  been  the  cause  of  many  disputes  among  the  inhabitants. 

*  There  is  an  old  tombstone  in  the  graveyard  at  Annapolis  inscribed  :  "To  the 
memory  of  Stephen  Rhodda  and  his  wife,  Theodosia."  These  may,  perhaps,  be 
offshoots  from  them. 


254  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

The  value  of  this  branch  of  industry  has  always  been  very  considerable 
and  for  a  long  series  of  years  the  governing  powers  seem  to  have  had  no 
settled  policy  concerning  them  ;  at  one  time  believing  it  best  to  place 
them  under  the  control  of  the  Courts  of  General  Sessions  of  the  Peace  for 
the  county,  as  public  property,  and  at  another  deeming  it  wise  to  grant 
them  in  fee  simple  to  individuals.  I  transcribe  a  memorial  of  1796,  to 
Governor  Sir  John  Wentworth,  relating  to  this  fishery  at  Smith's  Cove, 
which  was  then  included  in  the  boundaries  of  this  township  : 

"May  it  please  your  Excellency : 

"  We,  your  memorialists,  inhabiting  near  the  mouth  of  Bear  River,  in  the  township 
of  Clements,  beg  leave  to  present — That  the  land  which  we  own  and  on  which  we  live 
is  situated  upon  a  cove,  very  useful  for  the  Herring  Fishery,  to  the  great  benefit  of 
ourselves  and  the  whole  neighbourhood.  This  fishery  we  and  others  have  hitherto 
used  freely,  peacefully  and  unmolested,  but  of  late  have  been  informed  that  Daniel 
Odell  has  applied,  or  intends  to  apply  to  your  Excellency,  for  a  grant  and  exclusive 
privilege  of  said  cove  and  its  fishery,  which  grant,  if  obtained,  will  greatly  incom- 
mode and  almost  ruin  your  memorialists  and  their  families. 

"Therefore,  we  humbly  pray  your  Excellency  to  be  pleased  to  suspend  and 
postpone  such  Grant  till  we  shall  have  time  and  opportunity  to  lay  before  your 
Excellency  a  plan  of  said  cove  and  our  lands  contiguous,  and  more  fully  to  explain 
the  injury  which  we  apprehend  we  should  suffer  by  such  grant,  or  suffer  us  to  come 
in  as  partners  in  the  grant  aforesaid,  or  give  us  such  other  remedy  as  your 
Excellency,  in  your  Wisdom  and  Goodness,  shall  see  fit.  And  your  memorialists  as 
in  duty  bound,  etc. ,  etc. 

"  (Signed),  DANIEL  SULIS. 

JEREMIAH  SMITH, 
JOHN  SULIS. 
"Clements,  July  23rd,  1796.' 

The  flats  above  referred  to  have  long  since  been  granted  in  fee  to  the 
parties  owning  the  adjoining  uplands,  and  have  ceased  to  be  a  cause  of 
dispute,  except  in  a  healthy  rivalry  as  to  who  among  the  proprietors  shall 
yearly  secure  the  greatest  catch,  and  obtain  the  greatest  price  for  their 
cured  fish. 

In  the  year  1800,  Douwe  Ditmars,  Esq.,  was  the  contractor  for  the 
bridge  over  the  Allain  River,  near  Annapolis,  and  in  1801,  he,  with  John 
Rice  and  Francis  Ryerson,  was  a  commissioner  of  roads  for  the  district 
extending  from  Annapolis  to  Bear  River.  In  1809,  Mr.  Ditmars  and 
Benjamin  Potter  were  commissioners  of  roads  for  Clements,  and  in  1812 
the  former  was  commissioned  to  construct  a  new  bridge  over  Moose  River; 
in  fact,  he  appears  to  have  been  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  the  bridge 
builder  par  excellence  in  Clements. 

I  subjoin  a  list  of  the  names  of  those  persons  in  this  township  who 
were  stimulated  to  compete  for  the  bounty  offered  for  newly-cleared  land 
in  1805  : 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


255 


*Buskirk,  Charles 3.5    Acres. 

*Bertaux,  Philip 3.25  .. 

*Balcom,  Abel 2  n 

*Burrill,  John 3.5  „ 

*Balcom,  John 5.25  n 

Boyce,  Jacob 2  u 

Biehler,  Jacob 6.5  n 

*Berry,  Thomas 5.75  n 

Camplin,  James 2.75  n 

*Clark,  William 2.75  ,. 

*Chute,  Samuel 

*Chute,  Daniel 5.25  „ 

*Chute,  Thomas 7.5  ,• 

*Caseworth,  Charles 5  « 

*Dunn,  Edward 2.5  „ 

Fleet,  William 3 

Harris,  John 2.75  .1 


Henshaw,  Samuel 2.5   Acres. 

Harris,  Henry 7.25  M 

*Kniffen,  George 4  n 

Long,  Jacob 5.75  n 

*Merritt,  John. 3.25  .. 

Morgan,  Edward 3  n 

Opp,  George 2  n 

Purdy,  Elijah 2.25  „ 

*Ruggles,  Richard 7.5  M 

*Rice,  Silas 5  n 

Spurr,  Michael 2  u 

Spurr,  William 2  M 

*Tremper,  Henry 2.5  u 

*  Vroom,  John.. .  .    4.5  M 

*Wier,  Joseph 4  n 

Wright,  James 2.5  n 

Warner,  Daniel 4.75  n 


From  this  return  we  are  able  to  gather  several  important  facts.  Of  the 
thirty -five  families  whose  heads  competed  for  the  land  bounty,  nineteen,. 
or  more  than  one-half,  became  settlers  in  the  township  between  the  years 
1791  and  1805.  These  have  been  marked  with  an  asterisk,  and  an 
analysis  of  them  will  show  that  a  large  majority  of  them  came  from  the 
older  sister  townships.  The  Chutes,  Clarks,  Balcoms,  and  Merritts  came 
from  Granville ;  the  Dunns,  Bertauxs  and  Rices  from  Annapolis ;  and  the 
Ruggleses  and  Buskirks  from  Wilmot ;  while  Berry,  Kniffen,  Caseworth 
and  Tremperf  were  probably  from  Digby.  These  new-comers  obtained 
over  60  per  cent,  of  the  money  given  as  bounty,  fairly  proving  that  this 
infusion  of  new  blood  into  the  industrial  veins  of  Clements  had  not 
failed  to  invigorate  it  with  added  strength  and  activity. 

The  Buskirks,  or  as  they  should  more  properly  be  called,  the  Van 
Buskirks,  are  of  Dutch  extraction,  and  came  to  this  province  in  1783 
from  New  York  or  New  Jersey.  J  One  branch  of  them  settled  in  Shel- 
burne  and  another  at  Wilmot  and  Aylesford.  The  Clements  people  of 
that  name,  I  think,  belonged  to  the  latter.  The  Bertauxs  came  hither 
before  1760  from  Guernsey,  and  were  grantees  in  Annapolis  township. 
Philip  removed  about  the  beginning  of  the  century  to  Clements.  The 
family  are  of  Huguenot  origin,  and  have  been  very  prolific,  and  many 
descendants  bearing  the  name  are  yet  among  the  most  respectable  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  county.  The  Balcoms  are  also  of  pre-loyalist  date,  and 
very  numerous  and  highly  respectable.  Members  of  this  extensive  family 
are  to  be  found  in  Annapolis,  Digby,  Kings,  and  Halifax  counties. 
Henry  Balcom,  late  M. P.P., us  from  the  latter  county.  Thomas  Berry's 

1 1  would  suggest  that  the  name  is  the  same  that  was  spelt  "Tromper"  in  the 
grant  (p.  247).     It  is  certainly  now  always  written  and  pronounced  Trimper. — [ED.l 
t  See  genealogies. — [ED.] 


256  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

descendants  still  live  in  the  township,  as  well  as  those  of  Edward  Dunn. 
The  Chutes  are  of  pre-loyalist  date,  and  a  branch  of  their  family  settled 
here  at  an  early  period.  Thomas  Chute,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Granville,  married  Sybil,  the  eldest  sister  of  the  late  Andrew  Marshall 
(my  maternal  grandfather),  and  bore  him  a  very  large  family,  the  members 
of  which  and  their  descendants  are  domiciled  in  various  places  in  the 
Province,  but  most  generally  in  this  county.  Merritts  are  still  found 
in  Granville,  and  Trempers  in  Clements.  Richard  Ruggles  was  a  son  of 
Brigadier-General  Ruggles,  of  Hard  wick,  .Massachusetts,  who  sought 
refuge  here  from  the  fury  of  his  republican  neighbours.  The  grand- 
children and  great-grandchildren  of  this  gentleman  reside  in  Clements, 
and  other  townships  in  Digby  County  to  this  day.  The  descendants  of 
Silas  Rice  live  in  Hillsburgh.  The  Yrooms  are  of  Dutch  origin,  and  came 
here  as  Loyalists  after  the  revolution.  They  are  to  be  found  in  Clements, 
Hillsburgh  and  Wilmot,  but  are  most  numerous  in  the  former  township. 
The  names  left  unasterisked  are  those  who  were  living  in  the  township 
at  and  before  1791.  Of  these  the  descendants  of  the  Wrights  and 
Henshaws  still  exist,  and  occupy  good  positions  in  society,  and  the  same 
may  be  said  of  the  Harrises  and  Boyces.  The  Purdys  are  also  highly 
esteemed  and  very  numerous,  occupying  comfortable  homes  in  Clements 
and  Hillsburgh.  In  1815  fifty- nine  people  of  Clements  contributed 
$88.20  to  the  Patriotic  Fund. 

BEAR  RIVER— PAST  AND  PRESENT. 
WRITTEN  IN  1890. 

Two  hundred  and  seventy-five  years  and  a  little  more  are  required  to 
bridge  over  the  period  included  betwen  1613  and  1890,  and  our  earliest 
knowledge  of  the  place  dates  back  to  the  former  year.  On  the  13th  day 
of  January,  1613,  a  small  French  vessel  commanded  by  Captain  Simon 
Imbert  arrived  in  the  basin  then  named  Port  Royal,  in  the  midst  of  an 
easterly  snow-storm.  She  was  laden  with  a  cargo  consisting  of  supplies 
of  food  and  settlers  for  the  infant  colony,  which  had  been  begun  on  the 
Granville  shore,  opposite  the  eastern  end  of  the  island,  now  Goat,  then 
called  Biencourtville,  in  honour  of  young  Biencourt,  son  of  Poutrincourt, 
who  had  previously  become  proprietor  of  the  settlement  by  purchase  from 
Demonts,  its  original  founder,  six  years  before.  It  was  the  first  trip  of 
Imbert  to  American  shores,  and  the  storm  preventing  him  from  laying  his 
course,  he  was  compelled  to  seek  shelter  under  the  lee  of  some  headland 
or  island,  on  or  near  the  south  shores  of  the  basin.  In  following  this 
course  he  discovered  a  small  island  behind  which  he  found  safe  anchorage 
and  shelter.  That  island  is  now  called  Bear  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  bearing  the  same  name.  When  the  storm  subsided  they  discovered 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  257 

that  they  were  near  the  mouth  of  an  inlet  or  river.  The  vessel  evidently 
found  shelter  in  the  very  spot  to  which  in  these  days  the  steamboat 
plying  between  St.  John  and  Digby  resorts,  when,  owing  to  a  similar 
storm,  she  is  unable  to  proceed  to  St.  John.  This  river  Imbert  soon 
afterwards  explored  beyond  the  head  of  the  tide  and  discovered  its  two 
branches.  It  was  the  river  named  St.  Anthony  on  Champlain's  map ; 
but  Imbert's  countrymen  at  the  fort  thenceforth  called  it  Imbert's  River ; 
the  name  which  is  given  in  some  old  French  maps  of  the  district.  Its 
present  name  is  simply  a  corruption  of  the  name  of  Simon  Imbert 
(Iinbare).  We  must  notice  here  a  curious  thing  confirmatory  of  the  fact 
stated.  Long  before  recent  investigations  into  the  origin  of  the  name  of 
the  stream,  and  more  than  half  a  century  ago,  the  first  saw-mill  erected 
near  the  head  of  the  tide  was  commonly  known  as  Imbert's  mill,  and  the 
hill  which  separates  the  east  and  west  branches  of  the  river  was  as 
generally  known  as  Imbert's  hill,  which  seems  the  greater  mystery  when 
it  is  known  that  the  French,  during  their  more  than  a  century's 
occupation  of  the  valley,  made  no  settlement  in  the  district.  It  is 
probable  that  the  name  was  first  given  to  the  hill,  having  been  preserved 
traditionally,  by  trappers  and  hunters,  and  afterwards  transferred  to  the 
mill  referred  to. 

As  we  have  before  said,  no  village,  hamlet  or  settlement  was  made  here 
by  the  French,  and  it  was  not  until  after  the  close  of  the  American 
Revolutionary  war  that  any  permanent  settlement  by  the  English  was 
attempted.  But  it  is  not  to  the  men,  or  the  descendants  of  the  men,  to 
whom  the  grant  of  the  township  of  Clements,  then  including  both  sides 
of  Imbert's  River,  was  made  in  1784,  that  we  should  attribute  the 
honour  of  being  the  founders  of  the  present  town  of  Bear  River,  for  it 
was  the  earlier  pre-loyalist  settlers  of  Annapolis  and  Granville  townships 
who  were  the  first  effective  pioneers  in  changing  the  forest-clad  hills, 
which  still  line  both  banks  of  the  river,  into  smiling  farms  and  comfortable 
homesteads.  There  were  a  few  of  the  Loyalist  settlers  who  did  the  same 
thing  in  other  sections  of  Clements,  but  it  was  the  Rices,  the  Harrises, 
the  Clarks,  the  Millers  and  the  Chutes,  all  of  pre-loyalist  origin,  who  laid 
the  foundation  upon  which  the  superstructure  of  the  flourishing  and 
wealthy  town  now  existing  was  afterwards  built.  To  these  may  be  added 
the  Bogarts,  the  Croscups,  the  Bensons,  and  Grouses  of  Loyalist  stock  as 
co-workers.  The  town  is  situated  in  the  ravines  and  on  the  hills  which 
abound  near  the  head  of  the  tide,  which  extends  to  about  four  or  five 
miles  from  the  basin  into  which  the  waters  of  the  river  are  discharged. 
The  first  framed  house  built  in  the  limits  of  the  village  was  finished 
in  1785  by  a  Captain  O'Sullivan  Sutherland,  and  stood  not  far  from 
the  residence  of  Captain  John  Harris,  on  the  road  leading  to  the  Hessian 
line.  All  the  houses  erected  before  that  year,  which  were  but  few  in 
17 


258  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

number,  were  constructed  of  logs,  and  have  long,  long  ago  given  place  to 
more  comfortable  and  elegant  dwellings.  On  the  west  side  of  the  river, 
one  of  the  earliest  settlers  was  the  late  Christopher  Prince  Harris,  whose 
descendants  still  own  and  occupy  the  homestead ;  and  on  the  opposite 
side,  though  much  nearer  the  village,  Thomas  Chute,  the  grandfather  of 
Mr.  H.  H.  Chute,  a  candidate  for  legislative  honours  at  the  coming 
election,  commenced  the  work  of  erecting  a  new  home  at  a  very  early 
period.  The  last-named  gentleman  informed  us  that  he  built  the  first 
store  on  the  eastern  or  Annapolis  side  of  the  river,  about  the  same  time 
that  Captain  Freeman  Marshall  commenced  business  on  the  Digby  side. 
To-day  the  greater  number  of  stores  are  on  the  Annapolis  side,  where 
Clark  Bros,  have  become  the  leaders  in  Bear  River  business  matters. 
There  are  several  fine  stores  on  the  west  side,  those  of  Marshall  & 
Hardwick  and  Albert  Harris  being  among  the  finest. 

No  less  than  nine  highways,  from  all  points  of  the  compass,  find  their 
termini  in  the  town,  and  one  cannot  find  a  spot  on  the  surrounding  hills 
from  which  the  entire  village  can  be  seen,  some  portions  of  it  being  still 
hidden  away  in  the  ravines  which  are  both  numerous  and  deep.  The 
Baptists,  who  are  the  leading  denomination  here,  have  a  fine  place  of 
worship  on  the  Digby  side,  and  the  Methodists  and  the  adherents  of  the 
English  Church  have  each  a  neat  place  of  worship  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Bridge.  The  Adventists  have  also  a  house  of  worship  in  the  town. 


NOTES  BY  THE  EDITOR, 


BEAR  RIVER  AND  MOOSE  RIVER. 

It  is  with  much  delicacy  and  deference  that  I  differ  from  the  author 
as  to  the  true  name  of  Bear  River  and  Bear  Island.  I  am  satisfied  the 
river  was  called  la  riviere  d'Hebert  before  it  was  called  la  riviere  a"  Imbert, 
and  I  have  a  personal  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  the  earlier  name  survived 
the  later ;  for  whenever  I  heard  the  name  pronounced  by  the  Acadians 
of  Clare  it  was  la  riviere  d'Hebert,  very  distinctly.  And  the  corruption 
from  Hebert's,  pronounced  Abair's,  river  would  be  more  easy  and 
natural  than  from  Imbert's  pronounced  by  the  tongue  of  a  Frenchman. 
The  French  sound  of  the  first  syllable  of  the  latter  cannot  well  be 
represented  in  letters  to  the  eye  of  an  Englishman,  but  Amber  River 
would  be  an  easier  transition  from  Imbert  than  Bear  River.  Benjamin 
Suite,  of  Ottawa,  an  able  writer  on  Canadian  and  Acadian  antiquities, 
goes  so  far  as  to  say  that  the  name  Imbert  was  written  by  a  mistake  of  a 
copyist  in  a  map  by  Bellin,  a  Frenchman  who  lived  a  century  after 
Champlain,  and  that  the  river  was  named  in  honour  of  Louis  Hebert, 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  259 

along  its  banks,  and  that  it  is  distinctly  so  marked  in  Lescarbot's  map. 
Hebert,  who  was  a  man  of  mark  in  his  day,  left  Acadia  after  the  disaster 
to  Port  Royal  in  1613,  but  later  he  and  his  family  became  the  first  real 
settlers  in  Canada,  where  his  descendants  are  numerous.  On  the  contrary, 
the  late  P.  S.  Hamilton,  also  an  able  antiquary,  thinks  the  name  of  the 
river  was  that  of  Poutrincourt's  old  and  faithful  servant,  Simon  Irnbert. 
A  locality  near  the  present  village  did  certainly  retain  Imbert's  name, 
and  as  it  is  an  honourable  one  as  well  as  euphonious  in  either  language, 
it  ought  to  be  adopted  by  some  one  of  the  rising  villages,  or  post-office 
districts,  within  view  of  the  river. 

The  name  "Bridgeport"  for  that  portion  of  the  village  of  Bear  River 
which  lies  on  the  Annapolis  side,  has  fallen  into  disuse,  and  "  Hillsburgh  " 
is  not  found  in  the  post-office  directory  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Moose  River  was  called  by  the  French  at  one  period,  la  riviere 
d'Orignal  or  de  L'Orignal,  L'Orignal's  River,  probably  in  memory  of 
the  same  man  whose  name  is  perpetuated  in  a  town  in  Prescott,  Ontario, 
and  the  present  perversion  came  from  the  English  confounding  the  name 
with  the  French  word  "  orignol,"  a  moose. 


CHAPTER    XV. 

LATER    SETTLEMENTS. 

Dalhousie — Lots  granted — Return  of  settlers  in  1820— Fatal  quarrel — Families  of 
early  settlers — A  foul  murder — Maitland — The  Kemptons — Early  grantees — 
Northfield — Belong  settlement  — Perrott  settlement — Roxbury — Bloomington 
— New  Albany — First  grantees  of — Statement  of  settlement,  1817 — Spring- 
field— Falkland — Lake  Pleasant. 

DALHOUSIE. 

THIS  settlement  occupies  a  generally  rough  and  rugged  section  of 
the  county,  the  surface  being  undulating  and  considerably 
broken  by  granitic  boulders,  mounds  and  dykes.  The  soil,  however,  is 
strong  and  productive,  and  wherever  the  plough  can  be  used  good  crops 
almost  invariably  reward  the  industry  of  the  inhabitants.  It  is  admir- 
ably watered  by  springs,  lakes  and  streams,  the  latter  affording  number- 
less fine  water-powers,  many  of  which  have,  during  recent  years,  been 
brought  into  successful  use.  Its  progress,  in  an  agricultural  point  of 
view,  has  been  slow ;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  disbanded  soldiers 
seldom  possess  the  knowledge,  industry  and  energy  requisite  to  suc- 
cessful farming,  and  it  was  not  till  after  the  first  generation  of  settlers 
had  passed  away  that  much  improvement  could  be  made  or  expected. 

The  main  highway  through  it  forms  an  angle  with  those  in  the  valley 
of  the  Annapolis  River  whose  opening  widens  eastwardly,  the  distance 
between  these  roads  at  Roundhill  being  six  miles,  .at  Bridgetown  nine 
miles,  at  Lawrencetown  about  fourteen,  and  on  the  eastern  line  of  the 
county  about  twenty  miles.  Within  the  points  named  the  settlement  is 
crossed  by  the  Roundhill,  Lovett,  Spurr  and  Bloody  Creek  brooks  and 
the  Nictaux  River,  all  running  northwardly  to  the  Annapolis  River,  and 
the  Port  Medway  and  LaHave  rivers,  with  several  of  their  branches 
running  southwardly  to  the  Atlantic.  All  these  streams  possess  noble 
stream-driving  capacity  and  multitudes  of  mill  sites,  while  thousands  of 
smaller  streams  beautify  the  landscape  by  forming  lakelet  and  lake 
expansions  of  more  or  less  beauty. 

The  materials  for  a  history  of  this  settlement  are  sufficiently  abun- 
dant. During  the  administration  of  Lord  Dalhousie,  the  survey  of  a 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  261 

road  was  ordered  from  a  point  near  the  town  of  Annapolis  to  the  head 
of  Bedford  Basin,  with  a  view  to  a  short  route  between  the  ancient  and 
the  new  capital ;  and  John  Harris,  one  of  the  deputies  of  the  Surveyor- 
General,  was  instructed  to  perform  the  task,  which  he  did  successfully  in 
1815.  In  doing  this  work,  Mr.  Harris  made  offsets  and  set  up  bounds, 
from  which  afterwards  to  complete  the  survey  of  lots.  These  bounds 
defined  the  breadths  of  the  lots  which  were  to  extend  northwardly  and 
southwardly,  from  the  road  as  a  centre,  so  far  that  each  lot  should  contain 
one  hundred  acres,  the  breadth  of  each  being  twelve  and  one-half  chains, 
and  the  length  eighty  chains.  The  stakes  set  up  to  mark  these  offsets 
were  numbered,  as  were  also  the  lots,  and  on  the  12th  day  of  July,  1817, 
a  number  of  disbanded  soldiers  of  the  Fencible  corps,  having  previously 
(by  lottery)  each  drawn  a  number,  proceeded  to  the  vast  forest,  guided 
only  by  the  surveyor's  line,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  possession  of  the 
farms  thus  allotted  to  them,  and  which  they  were  henceforward  designed 
to  occupy  and  cultivate.  Each  one,  as  he  found  the  stake  bearing  the 
number  of  the  lot,  stepped  out  of  the  Indian  file  procession  in  which 
they  travelled  to  survey  his  embryo  homestead,  and  select  a  site  for  a 
shanty. 

"  It  was  on  the  12th  of  July,  1817,"  said  one*  of  the  men  to  me  fifty 
years  after,  "  that  we  were  ordered  to  seek  the  lots  we  had  drawn,  and 
to  take  possession  of  them,  and  a  very  warm  day  it  was. 

"  Our  number  had  been  diminished  by  eighty-four  when  I  stepped 
aside  at  the  post  indicating  my  number  (LXXXV.),  and  my  comrades 
passed  on  leaving  me  to  view  my  new  possession  in  solitude  and  at  leisure. 
I  went  at  once  to  work  to  clear  a  space,  a  work  which  I  succeeded  in 
accomplishing,  and  some  time  afterward  constructed  a  log  shanty,  not 
very  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  proportions  or  the  thoroughness  of 
its  carpentry.  I  was  not  then  married,  and  as  none  of  the  settlers  had 
commenced  to  build  on  the  neighbouring  lots,  I  began  to  be  very  lonely 
as  the  winter  drew  on,  which,  from  the  isolated  position  I  occupied,  is 
not  a  matter  for  wonder,  and  the  constant  pressing  desire  for  companion- 
ship, ungratified  as  it  was,  and  was  likely  to  be,  made  me  so  supremely 
miserable  that  when  the  spring  came  I  sought  employment  in  the  valley, 
found  it,  and  never  again  saw  my  Dalhousie  farm  till  to-day  !  I  assure 
you,"  he  continued,  "  I  do  not  recognize  this  as  the  spot  on  which  half  a 
century  ago  I  was  so  very  unhappy.  The  dead  and  decaying  trees  which 
I  see,  as  far  as  my  eye  can  reach,  were  certainly  not  then  here  ;  but  in 
their  place  was  a  green  and  vigorous  forest,  which  seemed  interminable? 
yeb  I  do  remember  the  brook  and  the  meadow  to  the  east  and  southward 
there  ;  and  from  their  position  I  think  you  are  correct  in  saying  this  is 

*  James  Wilson.  I  was  sent  to  survey  the  lot  to  him,  being  at  the  time  a 
Deputy  Crown  Land  Surveyor  for  the  county. 


262 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


my  lot !"  "  Would  you  know  the  spot  on  which  you  built  the  shanty  ?" 
said  I.  "Perhaps  so,"  he  replied.  "I  remember  the  cellar,  which  was 
quite  small,  cost  me  considerable  labour  to  wall  up,  but  it  may  remain." 
I  took  him  in  the  midst  of  a  clump  of  scrub  pine  bushes,*  and  said,  "  Is 
this  like  the  place  ? "  "  Yes,"  he  replied,  "  in  that  hole  I  kept  my  pro- 
visions in  the  winter  of  1817-18.  The  stones  of  these  walls  were  then 
laid  by  my  hands,  as  you  now  see,  except  that  many  of  them  have 
tumbled  into  the  cellar." 

It  was  not,  however,  before  1818  that  any  serious  attempt  was  made 
to  commence  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  forming  the  farms  in  the  settle- 
ment ;  but  at  the  close  of  1820  we  have  an  excellent  means  to  estimate 
the  progress  made.  I  refer  to  a  return  made  to  the  Government,  for 
that  year,  by  Major  Smythe,  the  military  superintendent,  who  had  in 
charge  all  matters  connected  with  the  discharged  soldiery  who  formed  it, 
which  is  here  given  to  the  reader  in  full.  It  is  not  only  a  census,  but  it 
gives  valuable  information,  not  usually  found  in  a  paper  of  that  kind.  I 
have  arranged  the  names  alphabetically  for  the  convenience  of  reference, 
though  in  all  other  respects  it  will  be  found  a  faithful  copy  of  the  original 
as  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  Province  : 

RETURN  OF  MILITAKY  SETTLERS  LOCATED  AT  THE  DALHOUSIE  SETTLEMENT  SHOWING 
THE  IMPROVEMENT  MADE  BY  EACH,  TO  OCTOBER  16TH,  1820. 


"3 

d 
fc 

- 

03 

NAMES. 

Women. 

Children. 

Houses. 

Pensioners. 

REMARKS. 

oq 

S 

fAnderson,  Thomas  

1 

3 

1 

P 

Raised  100  bushels  potatoes,  1820. 

31 

37 

s 
s 

fAnderson,  Thomas,  jun  .  .  . 
tAul,  James     

1 

V 

1 

1 

A  mason. 

39 

N 

1 

1 

67 

s 

Brophy,  Dennis  

1 

1 

98 

N 

Butler,  John  

1 

3 

1 

Raised  200  bush,  potatoes  ;   ex- 

156 

N 

Browne,  Daniel  

1 

1 

1 

P 

163 

N 

Bates,  Thomas  

1 

170 

Bowie,  Thomas  

1 

38 

s 

tCarter,  Archibald  

3 

1 

P 

51 

s 

fCummings,  Robert  

1 

4 

1 

P 

87 

s 

Cocker,  Abraham     

1 

89 

N 

fConnell,  Patrick   

1 

9, 

1 

94 

s 

1"Cosgrove,  Francis  

9 

1 

P 

"KDargie,  William  

1 

9 

1 

Raised  200  bushels  of  potatoes. 

5 

N 

Dunn,  James  

1 

P 

Infirm  and  aged. 

13 

N 

\ 

tDun,  John    

1 

8 

1 

12 

s  / 

*  Pinus  Banksiana. 

t  Those  thus  marked  have  descendants  living  in  the  county. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


263 


3 

"8 

6 

fe 

- 

cc 

NAMES. 

Women. 

Children. 

Houses. 

Pensioners. 

REMARKS. 

30 

s 

Davy,  Patrick  

1 

4 

P 

Schoolmaster. 

93 

S 

Duffy,  Patrick  

1 

1 

19,1 

1ST 

Diffily,  James    

1 

157 

N 

Dyar,  Matthew   

1 

P 

161 

"N" 

Daley,  Robert    

1 

3 

j 

s 

Donnellan,  Patrick  

1 

1 

1 

Expects  a  pension. 

164 
173 

\ 

Dudale,  Baptist    

1 

121 

N 

8 

Dillon,  Patrick  

1 

9 

1 

1 

48 

N 

De  le  Palma,  Joseph 

Sickly  ;  unfit  for  settler. 

120 

" 

N 

De  la  Hunt,  Dennis  

1 

N 

*Foster,  Joseph    

1 

1 

1 

P 

96 

8 

Farquar,  John  

1 

1 

1911 

Q 

Flannagan,  John  

1 

10 

N 

s 

*Gibson,  William  

1 

6 

1 

P 

Crops  destroyed  by  fire. 

11 

N 

Gossin,  Peter  

1 

2 

1 

No  crops  ;  supposed  to  have  gone 

18 

1ST 

s 

*Gormley,  James  

1 

\ 

1 

P 

Raised  100  bushels  of  potatoes. 

9,?, 

N 

s 

*Gallagher,  Charles   

1 

f\ 

P 

Lives  in  Annapolis  ;  keeps  a  shop 

129 

N 

Gaffey,  William    

1 

41 

s 

Godfried,  Dudale  

1 

Crops  burned. 

43 

s 

*Gillis,  Archibald  

s 

1 

P 

Crops  failed. 

175 

Grant,  Alexander  

1 

P 

1 

8 

Hall,  Joseph  

1 

P 

An  idle  fellow. 

6 

N 

Hanley,  John    

1 

4 

1 

Crops  failed. 

S 

Holmes  (Widow)  

1 

3 

Husband  killed  by  a  tree. 

97 

N 

s 

*Horner,  Alexander     

1 

s 

1 

20 

TST 

Hamilton,  Gilbert    

1 

1 

1 

Raised  100  bushels  potatoes. 

23 

S 

*Harold,  James    

1 

5 

1 

P 

39 

s 

*Holland,  John  

1 

1 

1 

52 

88 

N 

s 

*Hannem,    Stephen  
Hackett,  Thomas     

1 

1 

1 

1 

An  idle  character. 

89 

s 

*Hutchinson,  Hugh   

1 

Expects  a  pension. 

90 

N 

s 

Hunt,  George    

94 

N 

Hudson,  James   

1 

96 

N 

Hannasy,  James  

1 

98 

s 

Hannon,  Anthony    

1 

1 

Raised  200  bushels  potatoes. 

175 

*Hogan,   Michael  

1 

9 

1 

Removed  too  late  to  this  lot  this 

92 

N 

Heiler,  John  

1 

year. 

19 

s 

tlnglis',  Henry  

1 

4 

1 

P 

Sailor  ;  crops  failed. 

156 

s 

Isles,  William  

1 

8 

N 

*Justings,  Joseph  

1 

5 

1 

9 
65 

s 

8 

*Jackson,  Christopher    .... 
Kinghorn,  John    

1 
1 

2 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

p 

Blacksmith. 
Crops  destroyed  by  fire. 

174 
119 

N 

Kay,  George  
Kelley,  Thomas    

1 

2 

1 

1 
P 

3 

N 

8 

Larrimore.  Andrew    . 

1 

3 

1 

p 

Crops  destroyed  by  fire. 

*  Those  thus  marked  have  descendants  living  in  the  county. 
t  Widow  murdered  afterward  in  1833. 


264 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


1 

"5 

d 

fc 

fc 

02 

NAMES. 

Women. 

Children. 

Houses. 

Pensioners. 

REMARKS. 

11 

s 

Lewis,  John  ,  

1 

2 

1 

Drops  failed. 

66 

s 

*Late,  Joseph    

124 

N 

Larkin,  John  

126 

"NT 

Lee,  Cornelius  

1 

1 

1 

128 
155 

158 

N 

N 

*Lonnergan,  William,  sen.  . 
Lonnergan,  William,  jun.  .  . 
*Long,  James        

1 

1 

5 

1 
1 

P 

railor  ;  expects  a  pension. 

158 

s 

Leslie,  Edward   

1 

1 

161 

s 

Lannerghan    James   

1 

165 

s 

Lannergan  Michael  

1 

Shoemaker. 

2 

N 

Martinson,  John   

1 

1 

Crops  failed. 

7 

"N" 

McLaughlin    David  

1 

1 

An  idle  character. 

8 

s 

McGorman    Andrew    

1 

2 

90 

s 

Moore,  James      .        

97 

s 

*McLaughlin,  James    

1 

?, 

1 

28 

s 

*Minchin    James       

I 

I 

1 

164 

s 

M  c  Daniel    Donald  

1 

65 

s 

*Meddicraft   James       

1 

1 

1 

P 

122 

N 

s 

Mahon    Francis              

1 

] 

1 

Raised  110  bushels  potatoes. 

123 
196 

N 

s 

*McConnell,  Barney    
Murphy    Cornelius     

1 
1 

Shoemaker  ;  expects  a  pension. 

169 

s 

1 

Expects  a  pension. 

122 

N 

Mahoney    Frederic      

Has  got  this  lately. 

1 

*McGill,  Robert           

1 

2 

1 

Liverpool  Road,  100  bush  potatoes 

3 

*McGill,  James           

Liverpool  Road,  100  bush  potatoes 

Oliver,  Henry                

1 

1 

Crops  failed. 

30 

N 

1 

3 

1 

P 

96 

8 

1 

172 

*0rd   John    sen              

1 

fi 

1 

171 
125 

N 

*0rd,  John,  jun    
O'Neil,  Patrick   

Lives  with  his  father. 
Got  this  lot  lately. 

O'Neil,  William    

1 

1 

P 

Got  this  lot  lately  ;  carpenter. 

94 

s 

Phillips,  George            

1 

3 

1 

A  boy  ;  father  lost  in  the  woods. 

49 

s 

Prast,  Frederic     

Tailor  ;  unfit  for  settler. 

95 

N 

1 

1 

*Ramsay,  William    

1 

4 

1 

P 

2 

s 

Reach,  James    

1 

2 

A  bad  settler  ;  gone  off. 

124 

168 

N 

s 

Rochfort,  Thomas    
Ryan  John 

1 

1 

1 

P 

Shoemaker. 

M 

Smith,  Henry    

1 

3 

1 

Ensign's  half  -pay. 

4 

"N" 

*Searle,  Joseph    

1 

1 

.25 
31 
49 

N 
N 

1ST 

*Stephenson,  James    
*Speakman,  John   
*Schopp,  Adam    

1 

4 

1 
1 

1 

P 

Tailor. 

50 

N 

Scott,  Moses  

1 

1 

P 

Cooper  and  wheelwright. 

27 

s 

Sweet,  John  

1 

1 

1 

157 

s 

Starks,  John  

1 

Carpenter. 

117 

N 

*Stoddart,  Robert    .... 

Carpenter. 

12 

N 

*Tavlor.  James.  . 

1 

1 

1 

P 

Gardener  ;  works  in  the  valley. 

*  Those  thus  marked  have  descendants  living  in  the  county. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


265 


15 

d 
"3 

6 
fc 

fc 

09 

NAMES. 

Women. 

Children. 

Houses. 

Pensioners. 

REMARKS. 

91 

s 

Turner     . 

1 

s 

1 

P 

Mason. 

40 

s 

*Todd,  -lames    

1 

5 

1 

P 

93 

S 

1 

75 

S 

Treasay,  Francis  

1 

1 

P 

98 

1ST 

Tobin,  Richard  

1 

9 

Lives  with  his  son  on  lot  123. 

164 

"NT 

*Toole,  James  

House  burnt. 

167 

N 

*Taylor,  George    

1 

3 

Armourer. 

197 

N" 

Trainor,  Patrick  

1 

9 

1 

197 

S 

*Toole,  Edward    

T 

Wilson,  James  

1 

4 

1 

P 

K 

Walker,  James  

1 

5 

1 

P 

B 

William,  Charles  

1 

6 

8 

Whitty,  Nicholas  

1 

1 

P 

Carpenter. 

13 

S 

*  Wagstaff,  William  

1 

5 

1 

P 

Painter  ;  crops  failed. 

93 

1ST 

Wylie,  David    

1 

1 

1 

94 

N 

*  Woodland,  Joseph  

1 

2 

1 

165 

"NT 

*  Walker,  Francis  

1 

9 

Carpenter  ;  expects  a  pension. 

169 

IV 

Walsh,  William    

1 

118 

Wylie,  William    

1 

P 

Bricklayer. 

The  Superintendent  in  the  report  which  accompanied  the  foregoing 
return  says  that  there  had  been  a  great  failure  of  crops  in  this  settle- 
ment (in  that  year)  "  particularly  in  grain  and  turnips,"  and  he  assigns 
several  causes  among  which  I  notice,  "the  dryness  of  the  season;"  "the 
sterility  of  the  soil  in  some  of  the  farms ;  "  "  the  idleness  of  some  of  the 
settlers,"  and  "fires."  "Many  of  them,"  he  adds,  "have  sown  winter 
grain  for  next  year's  crop,  and  much  meadow  land  has  been  cleared  and 
sown  down  to  grass,  while  several  acres  of  upland  have  been  sown  with 
grass  and  clover,  and  are  likely  to  give  good  yields." 

Rations  of  food  and  rum  were  furnished  these  people  for  some  time 
after  they  took  possession  of  their  farms,  depots  having  been  established 
at  several  points  in  the  district,  namely,  at  or  near  Dargie's  in  the  western 
end  ;  at  Albany  settlement,  where  the  Dalhousie  Road  crossed  it,  and  at 
Stoddart's  near  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  settlement.  In  the  same 
year,  Major  Smythe  says  he  had  at  his  disposal  (to  be  distributed  among 
those  who  had  been  the  shortest  time  on  the  ration  list)  22,000  Ibs.  of 
salt  fish.  The  depots  formed  the  centres  of  convivial  gatherings  for  the 
settlers  for  some  two  or  three  years,  and  were  the  unintentional  cause  of 
much  evil  to  them,  by  offering  an  agreeable  method  of  spending  their 
time  in  idleness  and  debauchery  to  the  detriment  of  their  farm  interests. 

From  this  return  it  may  be 'seen  that  the  district  contained  83  women, 
and  188  children,  making  together  a  population  in  these  two  classes  of 

*  Those  thus  marked  have  descendants  living  in  the  county. 


266  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

271  souls,  besides  the  men,  who  when  reckoned  in,  make  a  total  of 
about  three  hundred  and  fifty  souls. 

The  settlers  had  cleared  574  acres  of  land,  and  raised  thereon  6,145 
bushels  of  potatoes,  together  with  14  bushels  of  barley,  541  of  rye,  108 
of  wheat,  12  of  Indian  corn,  16  of  oats,  562  of  turnips,  37  tons  of  upland 
hay,  and  they  possessed  eleven  cows,  and  thirty-three  pigs. 

Assuming  the  total  population  at  350,  the  number  of  acres  cleared 
would  average  (for  two  years'  labour)  1.64  per  head  ;  the  number  of 
bushels  of  potatoes  would  give  17.5  bushels  per  head,  while  barley  gave 
only  one-twenty-fifth,  rye  one  and  a  half,  and  turnips  one  and  six-tenths 
bushels  per  head  of  the  population.  All  these  averages,  except  that  of 
potatoes,  fell  far  beneath  the  wants  of  the  inhabitants,  and,  of  course, 
the  deficiency  had  to  be  provided  for  them  at  the  public  expense.  It  is 
worthy  of  note,  however,  that  three-tenths  of  a  bushel  of  wheat  was 
produced  for  each  man,  woman  and  child  for  that  year. 

On  the  14th  July,  1820,  Major  Smythe  wrote  from  Annapolis  to  Major 
Raid,  the  Governor's  military  secretary,  as  follows  :  "  Lands  having  been 
laid  out  in  the  Dalhousie  settlement  for  two  towns,  and  His  Excellency 
the  Earl  of  Dalhousie  having  appeared  desirous  to  have  them  settled  as 
speedily  as  possible,  I  have  the  honour  to  submit  for  the  consideration  of 
His  Excellency  the  Lieu  tenant-General  commanding,  whether  it  would 
not  be  a  desirable  way  to  carry  it  into  effect  by  giving  some  public  notice, 
signed  by  order  of  His  Excellency  [holding  out  the  proposed  encourage- 
ment] to  such  class  of  persons  as  may  be  deemed  fittest,"  etc. ;  and  in  a 
foot-note,  he  recommends  Thomas  Anderson,  first  carpenter ;  Thomas 
Anderson,  second  mason ;  and  Christopher  Jackson,*  blacksmith,  of  the 
Royal  Artillery,  to  have  lots  in  the  town  of  Ramsay,  f  This  little 
settlement  lies  to  the  northward  of  the  south  base  of  the  district  of 
Dalhousie,  and  nearly  south  from  the  only  church  in  it. 

The  road  connecting  the  two  is  called  the  Ramsay  Road,  and  was 
named  originally  in  honour  of  Lord  Ramsay,  eldest  son  of  the  Earl  of 
Dalhousie,  then  a  mere  boy,  who  paid  a  visit  to  the  new  settlement  in 
this  or  the  following  year.  The  Legislature  granted  the  sum  of  £300  for 
the  road  leading  through  it  in  1820. 

In  another  letter  addressed  to  Colonel  Darling,  then  military  secretary 
to  Lord  Dalhousie,  and  bearing  date,  March,  1819,  Major  Smythe  makes 
reference  to  several  individuals  whose  names  are  identified  with  the 
history  of  the  county.  Of  Mossman  he  says :  "  He  has  a  wife,  a  son 
twenty  years  of  age,  and  two  daughters  — one  seventeen,  the  other  eighteen 
years  old,"  and  calls  the  father  a  discharged  artillery-man.  In  speaking 
of  Robert  Daly,  he  declares  that  he  works  hard  for  a  living,  "  and  resides 

*Afterward  killed  by  Gormley. 

t Still  familiarly  called  "the  township." 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  267 

with  his  father-in-law."  Of  another,  he  affirms,  "  Daniel  Larkin  had,  on 
certificate  of  good  character  from  Captain  Hoyt,  been  taken  on  [the 
ration  list?]  again,"  and  that  "Wilson  has  a  large  family,  is  industrious, 
and  deserves  to  have  the  lot  of  land  adjoining  lot  K." 

Tn  the  spring  of  1825,  the  Administrator  of  the  Government,  Mr. 
Wallace,  was  petitioned  by  a  large  number  of  settlers  for  an  alteration  in 
the  road  leading  from  Annapolis  to  their  settlement.  Their  application 
was  approved  in  Council  on  the  25th  of  May.  The  change  asked  for  was- 
designed  to  avoid,  as  much  as  possible,  the  hills  over  which  the  old  road 
had  been  constructed,  and  to  lessen  the  distance  between  their  homes  and 
the  town  where  they  exchanged  the  products  of  their  labour  for  the  com- 
modities required  for  consumption  in  their  households.  The  following 
are  the  names  of  the  petitioners  :  Robert  Stalling,  William  Gibson,  John 
Buckler,  John  Dunn,  Thomas  Anderson,  James  Aul,  G.  Hamilton,. 
Christopher  Jackson,  Henry  Inglis,  Joseph  Matthews,  Joseph  Woodlands, 
Bernard  McConnelly,  James  McLaughlin,  Thomas  Minchin,  John  Holland, 
James  Whitman,*  William  Dargie,  James  Wilson,  William  Lynch, 
William  Ramsay,  Thomas  Buckler,  William  Copeland,  John  Copeland, 
William  Barry,  and  James  Me  Wade. 

On  the  16th  May,  Judge  Ritchie  informed  the  Government  that  he 
could  not  make  any  arrangement  with  the  Eassons  in  relation  to  the 
damages  done  to  them,  or  that  would  be  done  to  them  in  carrying  out  the 
prayer  of  the  petitioners,  and  stated  it  as  his  opinion  that  they  should 
not  be  paid  more  than  ,£50,  and  that  Matthew  Ritchie  should  also  be 
paid  for  losses  accruing  to  him  from  the  same  cause. 

Among  the  names  of  the  grantees  of  this  settlement  will  be  found 
those  of  James  Gormley  and  Christopher  Jackson — names  to  which  con- 
siderable interest  has  always  been  attached  from  a  tragedy  connected 
with  them.  The  affair  to  which  I  refer  occurred  in  1826  or  1827,  I  think, 
when  the  latter  was  killed  by  the  former  in  a  quarrel  which  took  place 
from  a  trivial  cause,  while  on  a  visit  with  several  of  their  neighbours,  to 
Annapolis,  probably  to  draw  their  pensions.  Gormley,  excited  by  passion 
and  perhaps  by  drink,  struck  Jackson  with  an  iron  instrument.  He  was 
arrested  in  consequence  of  the  blow  proving  fatal,  and  tried  before  the 
Supreme  Court  on  an  indictment  for  murder,  but  was  convicted  of  the 
lesser  offence  only  (manslaughter),  and  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  a 
term  of  years.  An  attempt  having  been  made  in  1829  to  obtain  a  com- 
mutation or  remission  of  the  sentence,  a  number  of  persons  memorialized 
the  Lieutenant-Governor,  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland,  not  to  grant  it  for 
reasons  set  forth. 

I  need  not  apologize  to  the  reader  for  introducing  here  some  short 
notices  of  a  few  of  the  families  whose  names  appear  in  the  original  list  of 

*A  pre-loyalist,  married  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey. 


268  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

grantees  in  this  settlement,  and  who  have  continued  to  occupy  the  lands 
without  interruption  till  the  present  time  : 

William  Dargie,  J.P.,  and  his  brothers  Alexander  and  James — the  sons 
of  the  late  William  Dargie,  who  was  the  manager  of  one  of  the  ration 
stations  or  depots  in  the  early  days — still  occupy  the  homestead  and  the 
adjoining  lands,  besides  being  the  proprietors  of  a  grist  and  saw-mill,  and 
have  acquired  in  consequence  of  their  industry  and  integrity,  considerable 
influence  in  their  neighbourhood.  It  is  much  to  their  credit  to  say  that 
they  have  taken  a  very  warm  interest  in  educational  matters,  and  soon 
after  the  law  creating  free  schools  came  into  operation,  the  settlement  was 
laid  off  into  sections,  one  of  which,  "  The  Dargie  section,"  was  soon 
furnished  with  a  school-house,  and  a  school  opened  in  which  good  service 
has  been  done,  and  these  results  have  been  largely  attributable  to  the 
•efforts  of  these  men  and  a  few  of  their  neighbours.  The  Dargies  and 
Bucklers  at  this  place  were  the  first  to  commence  lumbering  operations 
•on  the  American  system,  and  thus  to  give  an  impetus  to  the  business 
that  without  their  efforts  would  have  continued  to  languish  for  want  of 
knowledge  and  enterprise. 

Another  school-house  exists  at  the  mouth  of  the  township  road 
{Ramsay)  and  has  been  of  considerable  service  there.  This  part  of  the 
.settlement  rejoices  in  the  possession  of  the  only  house  of  worship  in  West 
Dalhousie.  It  is  a  neat  little  building  situated  on  the  bank  of  a  beautiful, 
though  small  lake  and  surrounded  with  a  fine  grove  of  the  populi-folia,  or 
poplar-leaved  birch,  under  the  shade  of  which  are  to  be  seen  many  small 
hillocks  indicating  the  last  earthly  resting  place  of  many  of  those  who 
•were  pioneers  in  the  labour  of  improvement  in  this  region.  This  church 
belongs  to  the  Episcopalians,  and  is  now  included  in  the  new  parish  of 
Round  Hill. 

Saw-mills  are  owned  by  various  individuals  in  the  settlement  besides 
those  named.  Edward  Devinney  and  sons  own  a  fine  mill  situate  on  the 
stream  that  flows  past  his  dwelling,  and  Durland  and  others  are  the  pro- 
prietors of  another  on  the  Port  Medway  River,  near  the  lakes  called  "  The 
Spectacles  "  ;  and  there  are  also  several  others  *  and  a  shingle  machine  in 
the  eastern  settlement,  from  which  large  quantities  of  pine  and  spruce 
loss  have  been  "  driven "  down  the  sinuous  Channels  of  the  streams 

O 

leading  into  the  La  Have  River,  through  which  to  find  their  way  to  the 
gang-mills  at  Bridgewater  and  its  vicinity.  These  and  other  causes  have 
much  mitigated  the  condition  of  the  settlers,  which  for  a  considerable 
period  was  one  of  chronic  poverty  and  comparative  idleness.  As  the  old 
pensioners  died  and  their  pensions  fell  in,  their  descendants  were  obliged 
to  look  to  other  sources  for  the  means  to  maintain  their  families,  so  that 

*  Since  the  text  was  written  most  of  these  mills  have  been  superseded  by  portable 
•.steam  saw-mills. — [ED.] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  269s 

poverty  is  now  the  exception  and  humble  competence  the  rule,  while- 
many  have  risen  to  circumstances  of  comfortable  independence. 

Among  the  names  of  the  petitioners  above  cited  there  is  one  that 
deserves  honourable  mention  for  his  personal  worth — I  mean  the  late 
John  Aul.  He  came  to  Halifax  in  1804,  in  an  armed  brig  of  war  which 
in  that  year  brought  out  a  detachment  of  artillery  to  which  he  belonged, 
He  was  then  a  young  man,  and  expected  from  his  profession  that  he 
might  be  called  to  visit  many  places  in  different  parts  of  the  world. 
He  determined  to  be  made  a  member  of  the  order  of  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  if  it  were  possible.  He  was  recommended  in  the  usual  way  to- 
Virgin  Lodge,  of  that  city,  by  a  member  of  the  lodge,  accepted  and  received 
his  first  degree,  when  his  detachment  was  placed  under  orders  to  proceed 
to  Jamaica,  on  which  a  lodge  of  emergency  was  called  and  he  obtained 
the  two  following  degrees  and  his  Master's  certificate.  The  brig  sailed  at 
the  appointed  time  and  had  an  extremely  pleasant  and  rapid  voyage  until 
within  a  short  distance  of  St.  Ann's,  the  port  to  which  she  was  bound, 
"  The  evening,"  said  the  old  gentleman  to  the  writer  a  few  years  agor 
"  was  a  very  fine  one,  and  1  was  happy  in  the  belief  that  I  would  soon  be 
where  I  might  be  of  use  to  my  king  and  country.  We  had  reason  to  think 
that  we  might  find  ourselves  in  circumstances  of  danger  as  we  approached 
the  island,  as  the  French  had  many  fine  frigates  afloat  in  West  Indian 
waters,  but  on  this  evening,  knowing  from  the  report  of  the  captain  that 
if  no  untoward^event  occurred,  at  daylight  in  the  morning  we  should 
by  our  reckoning  be  in  sight  of  the  headland  covering  our  port,  we  were 
in  high  spirits,  and  congratulated  ourselves  in  having  escaped  the  vigilance 
of  our  enemies,  and  we  retired  to  our  hammocks  in  this  happy  state  of 
mind.  At  early  dawn  in  the  morning  we  were  aroused  by  the  booming 
report  of  a  gun  of  much  heavier  calibre  than  any  we  carried  in  our  small 
brig,  and  coming  on  deck  we  beheld  the  land  we  expected  to  see,  but  we 
also  saw  what  we  did  not  expect  to  see,  a  fine  large  French  frigate  to- 
windward  of  us,  and  so  near  that  there  was  no  possibility  of  escape.  It 
was  the  discharge  of  one  of  her  guns  across  our  bows  that  had  awakened 
us.  A  very  short  council  of  war  was  held,  at  which  it  was  resolved  that 
it  would  be  an  act  of  madness  to  fight  a  ship  of  her  size,  armament  and 
crew ;  and  as  we  could  not  run  away  from  her,  it  was  decided  to  surrender, 
which  we  did.  The  French  commander  immediately  sent  a  boat  with  an 
officer  to  board  us  and  dispose  of  us  as  prisoners  of  war.  This  officer  spoke 
no  English,  but  one  of  ours  understood  French,  though  not  very  thoroughly. 
At  length  I  was  told  that  the  keys  to  my  trunks  were  required,  and  I  at 
once  delivered  them  to  him.  He  examined  my  baggage  very  closely  and 
took  possession  of  the  papers  found  among  them,  and  glanced  at  them  in 
a  helpless  kind  of  manner — owing  no  doubt  to  the  lack  of  knowledge  of 
the  language  in  which  they  were  written — till  he  reached  my  Masonic 


270  HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLIS. 

certificate,  which  was  written  in  the  Latin  tongue,  when  he  asked  the  inter- 
preter to  whom  it  belonged,  and  I  was  pointed  out  to  him  as  the  person. 
He  bowed  politely  to  me,  and  then  told  his  interpreter  to  tell  us  that  the 
•otficers  of  the  ship  would,  if  they  desired,  be  put  on  shore  on  the  point  of 
land  nearest  to  St.  Ann's,  and  allowed  to  take  all  their  personal  property 
with  them.  He  then  expressed  his  regret  that  it  was  out  of  his  power  to 
land  us  nearer  and  thereby  save  us  the  trouble  we  might  experience  in 
reaching  our  destination,  a  thing  he  would  willingly  do  if  it  were  not  for 
the  danger  he  would  run  in  being  himself  captured  by  some  of  our  vessels 
then  in  the  neighbourhood.  Our  vessel  was,  of  course,  taken  as  a  prize, 
and  the  crew  and  men  made  prisoners,  but  the  rest  of  us  were  safely 
landed  at  the  cape.  All  our  papers,  valuables  and  other  property  we  were 
permitted  to  take  with  us.  Our  foe,"  continued  he,  "  was  a  Freemason." 

Mr.  Aul  was  one  of  the  oldest  Masons  in  the  Province  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  He  was  for  several  years  in  government  or  city  employ  at 
Halifax.  He  was  married  and  had  issue.  One  of  his  daughters  is  the 
wife  of  John  Buckler,  Esq.,  J.P.,  and  has  a  large  family.  Her  husband 
and  all  the  families  in  the  county  bearing  that  name  are  of  English 
origin,  and  some  of  the  heads  of  them  were  natives  of  Devonshire.  They 
have  generally  been  distinguished  by  their  sobriety,  industry  and  thrift, 
and  possess  considerable  local  influence  in  their  district. 

In  1833  a  man  named  Gregory  murdered  an  elderly  woman,  a  Mrs. 
Catherine  Inglis.  The  circumstances  attending  this  murder  excited  the 
people  of  the  whole  county.  The  scene  of  the  outrage  was  a  spot  a  little 
to  the  eastward  of  the  mouth  of  the  Perrott  Road,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Dalhousie  Road,  and  several  days  elapsed  after  the  commission  of  the 
crime  before  the  body  was  discovered.  The  skull  of  the  unfortunate 
woman  had  been  broken  by  the  use  of  a  triangular  piece  of  ash  timber, 
known  as  a  "  stave  bolt,"  which  was  found  lying  near.  In  his  confession 
he  said  the  double  crime  was  committed  before  dark  and  in  great  haste, 
and  after  killing  her  he  dragged  the  body  aside  to  the  swamp  where  she 
was  ultimately  found  ;  that  on  reaching  his  home  and  reflecting  upon  his 
deed,  it  occurred  to  him  that  he  might  not  have  killed  her,  and  that  she 
might  survive  to  testify  against  him ;  and  in  consequence  of  this  doubt 
he  returned  to  the  spot  and  found  her  alive,  though  speechless,  and,  with 
the  weapon  spoken  of,  he  then  finished  his  bloody  work,  wrenched  her 
wedding-ring  from  her  finger,  and  took  a  small  coin — a  smooth  sixpence 
— from  her  pocket,  returned  home  and  went  to  his  work.  This  coin  was 
afterwards  a  means  to  his  conviction,  as  well  as  the  ring,  and  his  conduct 
during  the  search — the  former  having  been  found  in  his  possession  and 
identified  as  property  of  the  deceased.  He  was  indicted  at  the  Septem- 
ber term  of  the  court,  1833,  tried  and  convicted,  and  soon  after  executed 
at  Hoc;  Island. 


HISTORY   OP   ANNAPOLIS.  271 

MAITLAND. 

This  settlement  is  situated  on  the  road  leading  from  Annapolis  to 
Liverpool,  and  its  southern  extremity  abuts  on  the  south  line  of  the 
county.  It  is  nearly  ten  miles  in  length,  and  is  intersected  near  its 
centre  by  the  Liverpool  River  (why  should  this  stream  not  be  called 
Rossignol  after  its  discoverer?),  down  which  for  many  years  vast 
quantities  of  spruce  and  pine  timber  have  found  their  way,  by  the  aid 
of  the  sturdy  and  adventurous  stream-driver,  to  the  saw-mills  of  Queens 
County,  at  the  head  of  the  harbour  of  the  good  old  town  of  Liverpool. 
Its  geological  character  is  somewhat  anomalous,  its  soil  being  mainly 
formed  of  decomposed  granite,  while  the  near  underlying  rocks  are 
chiefly  metamorphic  slates.  Granite  boulders  predominate  in  the  settle- 
ment ;  and,  as  I  have  said,  the  soils,  when  cultivated,  indicate  such  an 
origin,  though  the  hard  whinstones  and  slates  which  give  character  to 
the  gold  belt  of  the  Province,  are  always  found  at  no  great  depth  below, 
and  quartz  veins  have  been  found  in  very  many  places,  some  of  them 
being  of  the  rose-coloured  variety  and  of  great  breadth,  but  whether  of 
gold-bearing  character  or  not  has  not  been  determined,  nothing  having 
been  undertaken  to  test  the  fact,  nor  is  it  at  all  probable  that  anything 
will  be  done  in  that  direction  until  after  the  timber  supply  shall  have 
become  exhausted.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  another  generation  may 
find  employment  for  its  energies  in  the  pursuit  of  gold-mining.  The 
farms  in  this  locality  make  excellent  returns  for  the  culture  and  care 
expended  on  them,  but  they  do  not  receive  the  generous  treatment  and 
undivided  attention  necessary  to  really  profitable  results,  nor  will  this  be 
the  case  while  the  lumber  interest,  above  referred  to,  continues  to  be  of 
paramount  importance  to  the  settler. 

The  same  general  fact  may  be  affirmed  in  relation  to  horticultural  and 
pomological  pursuits,  though,  from  the  slight  efforts  made  in  these 
branches  of  industry,  it  has  become  apparent  that  ample  success  would 
crown  the  intelligent  and  scientific  endeavours  of  all  who  might  engage 
in  them. 

The  family  to  which  this  district  is  most  largely  indebted  for  its 
gradual  and  healthy  development,  bears  the  name  of  Kempton.  Two  or 
three  brothers  of  that  name  were  the  first  to  begin  the  work  of  clearing 
away  the  forests  preparatory  to  the  creation  of  homesteads  for  themselves 
and  their  families  in  this,  then,  far-off  and  remote  wilderness.  It  was 
about  the  beginning  of  the  second  quarter  of  this  century,  that  these 
hardy  and  adventurous  pioneers  commenced  their  labours.  Until  the 
time  of  the  administration  of  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland,  I  think,  the  place 
was  called  "  Kempton's  Settlement,"  but  at  the  period  indicated  it 
received  its  present  name  in  honour  of  the  Governor. 


272  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Although  scarcely  more  than  a  generation  has  passed  away  since  the 
"  forest  primeval "  was  monarch  of  all  it  surveyed,  the  first  settlers  and 
their  children,  who  still  own  and  occupy  a  large  portion  of  its  area,  have 
lived  to  witness  a  change  seldom  brought  about  in  so  short  a  time.  In 
less  than  half  a  century  the  wilderness — the  home  of  the  wild  beast  and 
of  solitude — has  blossomed,  and  the  fruit  borne  has  taken  the  form  of 
homes — the  happy  homes  of  many  hundreds  of  intelligent,  industrious, 
moral  and  loyal  subjects  of  the  best  sovereign  who  ever  occupied  the 
throne  of  our  "  great  Mother  Country"  ;  of  a  people  who  have  erected  saw 
and  grist  mills,  churches,  school-houses  and  temperance  halls,  and  who 
have,  in  their  humble  yet  earnest  way,  always  cast  their  aid  and 
influence  in  defending  and  fostering  the  right,  or  what  they  believed 
to  be  the  right,  in  opposition  to  the  wrong,  whether  in  the  domain  of 
morals,  religion  or  politics.  A  tri- weekly  mail  which  formerly  passed 
through  the  settlement,  has  in  later  years  been  succeeded  by  a  daily  one. 
The  trade  of  the  settlement  has  two  outlets — one  towards  Annapolis,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  distance  of  twenty-eight  miles ;  the  other 
toward  Liverpool,  which  is  at  a  somewhat  greater  distance.  Among  the 
inhabitants  who  became  settlers  here  at  an  early  period,  I  must  not 
forget  to  mention  Nimrod  Router,  a  very  intelligent,  though  somewhat 
eccentric  individual,  who  cast  in  his  lot  with  the  dwellers  in  this  region 
fifty  or  sixty  years  ago ;  and  of  "  Mike  Sypher,"  the  acquisition  of  a 
much  later  period,  and  who  also  possesses  some  very  agreeable  peculiari- 
ties.* Mr.  Sypher  is  descended  from  a  Loyalist  family  which  came  to 
Digby  in  1783.  His  cheery  "such  is  life,"  when  any  misfortune  over- 
took him  was  such  as  to  inspire  even  a  misanthrope  with  good  humour 
and  hopefulness.  Said  he  to  the  writer  one  day,  speaking  of  the  Loyalists 
who  had  settled  in  the  district  just  named,  "  They  were  very  intelligent 
and  tolerably  well  educated ;  at  least  they  ought  to  have  been,  for  they 
always  had  'Read,  Wright,  and  Sypher  with  them"1 — in  allusion  to  his 
own  name  and  those  of  two  others  who  had  domiciled  themselves  in  the 
same  locality. 

Maitland  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  lumbering  section  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  county,  and  its  welfare  has  been  much  influenced  by 
the  prosecution  of  that  industry,  and  it  is  to  be  feared  rather  injuriously 
than  otherwise.  The  forests  have  claimed  and  received  more  attention 
than  the  farms,  and  its  agricultural  interests  have  suffered  in  an  inverse 
proportion  to  the  success  of  the  lumbering  business.  It  is  to  be  hoped, 
however,  that  this  vital  industry  will  soon  receive  more  systematic  and 
intelligent  care,  and  that  a  new  era  of  prosperity  will  be  inaugurated, 

*  Since  the  author's  death  removed  to  Digby  Neck,  where  he  still  lives,  but  still 
owning  his  Maitland  farm.  — [ED.  ] 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  273 

from  which  the  most  beneficial  results  may  be  anticipated  to  the  people 
in  the  increase  of  their  wealth  and  the  extension  of  their  settlement. 

This  district,  like  most  of  the  more  recent  settlements,  was  largely 
granted  to  persons  residing  in  the  old  townships.  Among  those  who  thus 
held  grants  I  may  name  Colonel  James  Eager,  of  Wilmot ;  William 
Morehouse,  Esq.,  of  Annapolis ;  John  H.  Ditmars,  Stephen  Ryerson, 
James  R.  Purdy,  Gabriel  Purdy,  Joseph  A.  Purdy,  and  Silas  Potter,  of 
Clements,  and  Frederic  Hardwick,  of  Annapolis.  Besides  these  there  were 
several  grantees  who  belonged  to  Queens  County.  Of  these  individuals, 
Colonel  Eager  was  a  Loyalist,  who  received  a  grant  of  land  in  Wilmot, 
adjoining  that  of  Colonel  Samuel  V.  Bayard.  Mr.  Eager  died  about 
1830,  leaving  one  son,  John  H.  Eager,  Esq.,  who  survives,  and  two  or 
three  daughters.  The  old  homestead  became  afterwards  the  property  of 
Captain  Gow,  late  of  Her  Majesty's  navy,  to  whom  the  son  sold  it.  Mr. 
Morehouse  was  the  son  of  a  Loyalist,  and  was  born  in  Digby  County, 
where  his  father  had  settled.  He  was  a  Deputy  Surveyor  for  the  county 
for  many  years,  and  it  was  he  who  planned  and  surveyed  the  settlement. 
He  died  at  an  advanced  age  at  his  farm  in  South  Williamston,  leaving 
two  sons,  both  of  whom  are  deceased.  For  particulars  of  Ditmars  (who 
married  in  1825,  Floralia,  daughter  of  the  late  Abraham  Gesner,  M.P.P.), 
Stephen  Ryerson,  the  Purdys  and  Potters,  see  the  history  of  Clements, 
and  the  genealogies  in  other  parts  of  this  work.  Frederic  Hardwick,  the 
grantee  whose  name  has  been  above  mentioned,  was  a  son  of  one  of 
the  pre-loyalists  of  1760,  and  who  settled  shortly  after  that  time  near 
"  Saw-mill  Creek,"  on  a  farm  that  is  yet  owned  and  occupied  by  his 
descendants.  (See  genealogies.) 

NORTHFIELD 

Lies  to  the  eastward  of  Maitland,  and  but  two  or  three  miles  distant  from 
it.  It  is  but  a  small  district,  and  in  soil,  productions,  and  in  general 
characteristics  resembles  the  latter  settlement,  as  it  also  does  in  the 
character  of  its  people.  The  soil  is  very  productive,  but  not  very  intelli- 
gently cultivated,  lumbering  operations  having  resulted  injuriously  in 
that  respect.  The  settlement  lies  partly  in  Annapolis  and  partly  in 
Queens  County,  and  is  provided  with  a  school-house  and  school,  the 
section,  being  a  "  border  section,"  receiving  support  from  both  counties. 
It  may  be  proper  to  mention  here  that  quartz  boulders  are  found  in 
this  settlement,  much  in  the  same  way  they  are  known  to  exist  at  Waverly 
and  other  gold  districts ;  and  as  the  underlying  rocks  resemble  those  in 
which  auriferous  quartz  has  been  found,  it  is  scarcely  problematical  that 
gold  exists  there,  especially  as  "  mundic "  or  pyritical  substances  are 
known  to  abound  in  the  rocks  of  the  neighbourhood. 
18 


274  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


BELONG  SETTLEMENT. 

This  small  settlement  lies  to  the  eastward  of  Maitland  and  Northfield, 
and  takes  its  name  from  a  Mr.  Delong,  a  descendant  of  a  Loyalist 
family  of  that  name  (probably  of  Huguenot  ancestry),  who  settled  in 
Wilmot  in  about  the  year  1800.  There  are  a  few  other  families  located 
here,  among  whom  is  one  named  Roddy  or  Rawding,  whose  fathers  were 
Loyalists  and  original  settlers  in  Digby. 

The  soil  in  this  district  resembles  that  of  Northfield,  and  is  very  pro- 
ductive when  fairly  cultivated,  yielding  excellent  cereal  crops  and  other 
vegetables.  Lumbering  is  also  prosecuted  in  the  winter  season  by  the 
inhabitants. 

PERROTT   SETTLEMENT. 

This  settlement  lies  nearly  south-east  from  the  town  of  Annapolis.  It 
was  granted  in  1821  to  a  certain  number  of  persons  who  had  belonged  to 
the  military  branch  of  the  public  service,  most  of  whom  I  believe  were  of 
Loyalist  origin.  It  takes  the  name  from  a  Captain  Perrott,  a  Loyalist, 
though  his  name  does  not  appear  among  the  grantees,  and  consists  of  a 
number  of  farms  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  road  leading  through  it, 
having  a  length  of  six  or  eight  miles.  The  soil  of  these  farms  is  mostly 
of  a  loamy  character,  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  staple  vegetable 
crops,  but  not  very  thoroughly  cultivated — the  attention  of  the  farmers 
having  too  frequently  been  diverted  to  lumbering  operations.  Most 
of  the  inhabitants,  however,  obtain  a  good  livelihood  for  themselves  and 
families  from  these  combined  sources  of  wealth,  and  its  educational 
prospects  were  soon  much  improved  by  the  Act  of  1864  relating  to  this 
vital  subject.  It  has  been  provided  with  a  place  of  worship  according  to 
the  forms  of  the  Church  of  England,  attached  to  which  is  a  neat  burial- 
ground.  The  settlement  is  admirably  watered,  and  several  excellent 
mill  sites  exist,  besides  those  which  are  now  occupied.  The  district  which 
it  covers  is  somewhat  hilly  and  diversified  in  scenery.  The  list  below 
given  contains  the  names  of  the  original  grantees  : 

Anderton,  James.  Gray,  James.  Muir,  William. 

Baker,  Thomas.  Hudson,  Lieut.  Henry.          McLaughlin,  John. 

Barry,  William.  Ingles,  William.  Norman,  Joseph. 

Collins,  Garrett.  James,  Thomas.  Robinson,  Lieut.  George. 

Copeland,  John.  Keenan,  Michael.  Smith,  Henry. 

Collins,  Richard.  Lynch,  Hugh.  Sanks,  George. 

Gray,  William.  Lynch,  William.  Winniett,  Ensign  J. 
Morris,  Dennis. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  275 

ROXBURY,  OR  DURLAND'S  SETTLEMENT. 

This  small  settlement  is  situated  nearly  south  from  the  beautiful 
Paradise  District  and  about  six  miles  from  it,  and  derives  its  original 
name  from  Thomas  Durland  and  another  of  the  name  who  were  sons  or 
grandsons  of  Daniel  Durland,  an  original  grantee  of  Mount  Hanley  in 
Wilmot.  The  settlement  lies  chiefly  between  the  base  line  of  the  front 
lots  of  the  township  of  Annapolis  and  the  south  line  of  the  same  township, 
and  has  a  soil  consisting  of  the  detritus  of  granitic  rocks  mingled  with  a 
sort  of  clay  loam — a  strong  and  productive  soil,  yielding  fair  returns  in 
all  the  usually  grown  cereals  and  other  vegetable  crops.  Apples  are 
cultivated  in  it  with  good  results,  and  the  small  wild  fruits,  comprising 
the  gooseberry,  raspberry,  blueberry  and  strawberry,  are  produced  in 
profuse  abundance.  The  streams  and  lakes  in  its  neighbourhood  abound 
in  trout  and  perch  and  afford  a  fine  field  for  the  operations  of  the  dis- 
ciples of  Izak  Walton.  One  of  the  settlers  bears  the  name  of  Hinds — a 
name  which  the  reader  may  recall  as  being  the  same  as  that  of  a  family 
among  the  oiginal  applicants  for  lands  in  Annapolis  township  in  1759. 

Farming  and  lumbering  chiefly  employ  the  attention  of  the  inhabitants 
who  gain  a  fair  livelihood  from  these  pursuits.  The  district  forms  a  school 
section,  and  the  people  have  built  a  neat  school-house  which  is  also,  on 
occasions,  used  as  a  place  of  public  worship. 

BLOOMINGTON. 

This  settlement  lies  to  the  south-east  of  Nictaux  Falls  village  on  what 
was  formerly  called  the  Wheelock  Road — so  named  from  the  late  Elias 
Wheelock  who  owned  a  lot  of  land  contained  in  the  angle  formed  by  the 
said  road  and  the  main  highway  leading  eastwardly  to  Canaan  mountain, 
now  called  Torbrook.  This  gentleman  was  distinguished  for  his  activity 
as  a  pioneer  in  the  work  of  cultivation  and  improvement  in  this  region, 
and  was  for  many  years  a  deputy  surveyor  of  Crown  lands  in  the  county. 
In  the  latter  decade  of  the  last  century  the  whole  county  south  of  his  clear- 
ing was  an  unbroken  forest  of  pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  birch,  beech,  maple, 
ash  and  other  deciduous  trees,  giving  evidence  of  a  strong  and  productive 
soil  and  pointing  it  out  as  a  proper  location  for  a  settlement.  The  road 
through  it  which  was  surveyed  by  him,  was  afterward  extended  still 
farther  southwardly  toward  Lunenburg,  by  which  name  it  has  long  been, 
and  still  is  known.  The  lands  on  both  sides  were  granted  in  blocks  of 
considerable  size  to  various  individuals — one  of  whom  was  Robert 
Dickson,  formerly  sheriff  of  the  county.  These  grants  were  mostly 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Nictaux  River,  and  were  left  uncleared  and 
uncultivated  for  a  great  many  years,  many  of  them  having  only  recently 
been  cut  up  and  sold  "  in  lots  to  suit  purchasers." 


276  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

The  Viditos,  a  Loyalist  family,  were  among  the  first  settlers  in  this 
district,  and  several  families  of  that  name  are  still  domiciled  in  it.  In 
recent  years,  the  timber,  which  has  escaped  the  ravages  of  fire,  has  been 
extensively  utilized  and  made  a  source  of  considerable  profit  to  the  inhabi- 
tants, but  when  that  article  shall  have  ceased  to  be  available,  it  is  feared 
that  nothing  will  be  found  to  supply  its  place  ;  but  as  the  soil  is  very  good 
it  may  be  predicted  that  the  inhabitants  will  realize  a  fair  subsistence 
from  its  cultivation,  especially  if  they  should  be  induced  to  adopt  more 
scientific  and  skilful  methods.  The  people  have  supplied  themselves  with 
school  accommodation,  and  in  morals  and  religion  compare  favourably 
with  those  of  other  sections  of  the  county. 

NEW  ALBANY. 

This  settlement  was  surveyed  and  laid  out  early  in  the  present  century, 
by  Phineas  Millidge,  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Millidge,  Esquire,  who  was 
for  many  years  one  of  the  representatives  of  the  county.  He  appears  to 
have  been  engaged  in  this  work  in  1801  or  1802,  for  in  1804  he  petitioned 
the  Legislature  to  be  reimbursed  for  losses  sustained  by  fire  during  the 
survey,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Nathaniel  Parker  (afterwards 
appointed  a  commissioner  to  settle  the  district),  Joseph  Morton,  John 
McCormick  (of  Granville),  George  Harvey,  and  George  Buchanan.  The 
loss  sustained  was  caused  by  the  accidental  burning  of  their  camp,  by 
which  their  clothing  and  provisions  were  consumed.  Compensation  was 
granted  to  them  in  a  bulk  sum,  which  was  ordered  to  be  divided  among 
them  in  the  ratio  of  their  individual  losses.* 

The  road  through  the  settlement  had  been  cut  out  before  1806,  for  in  that 
year  Charles  Whitman  was  granted  the  sum  oifive  pounds,  to  pay  him  for 
keeping  the  road  open  from  the  eighteen-mile  tree  to  Cleaveland's  f — that 
is,  to  cut  out  the  windfalls  that  might  obstruct  the  travel  for  that  year. 
In  1809  £100  was  voted  for  the  Liverpool  Road,  a  part  of  which  would 
be  expended  on  that  portion  of  it  which  extended  through  Albany,  and 
Nathaniel  Parker  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  expend  it.  The 
settlement  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  south  line  of  the  second 
division  of  the  township  of  Annapolis ;  on  the  east  by  the  Nictaux  River; 
on  the  south  by  the  north  rear  line  of  the  Dalhousie  lots,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  western  lines  of  the  lots  contained  in  it,  and  by  Trout  Lake, 
a  fine  expansion  of  a  brook  that  discharges  its  waters  into  the  Nictaux 

*  Journals  of  Assembly  for  1803. 

t  Journals  of  Assembly  for  1806.  Cleaveland's  farm  was  situated  on  the  road 
leading  from  Nictaux  Falls  to  the  new  settlement  and  within  two  miles  of  it.  It  was 
in  later  years  owned  by  Thomas  Banks.  Mr.  Cleaveland  was  one  of  the  grantees  of 
Albany,  his  lot  being  No.  29,  which  was  afterwards  owned  by  Charles  Whitman — 
perhaps  escheated  and  regranted  to  him. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


277 


after  crossing  the  settlement  near  its  southern  extremity.  The  road 
which  traverses  it  is  very  hilly,  in  some  places  having  been  carried  over 
the  highest  hills.  The  soil  is  productive  and  generally  well  cultivated ;  it 
is  formed  of  clay  loams  mingled  with  the  detritus  of  granitic  rocks  of  the 
district.  Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  turnips  and 
mangold- wurzel  are  successfully  grown,  and  are  a  source  of  considerable 
profit  to  the  farmer.  It  is  well  watered  and  productive  in  grasses  as  it 
possesses  some  valuable  meadow  lands.  The  streams  and  lakes  abound 
in  trout  and  perch,  and  afford  fair  returns  to  the  sportsmen  who  venture 
to  try  their  luck  in  them.  The  writer  has  seen  the  latter  fish  taken  in 
Zwicker's  lake,  near  the  south  end  of  the  settlement,  of  the  size  of  a 
mackerel,  and  they  are  to  be  preferred  to  the  former  for  their  flavour 
and  delicacy. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  first  grantees  of  the  lands 
in  the  settlement,  with  the  number  of  acres  in  each  lot.  The  lots  are 
numbered  from  north  to  south  beginning  with  No.  6. 


Lot.  NAMES.  Acres. 

6  Garrett  Clayton 243 

7  John  Saunders   230 

8,  9,  10,  Ungranted. 

11  Solomon  Marshall 280 

12  Daniel  Whitman 230 

13  Elisha  Marshall 170 

14  William  Chute 125 

15  James  Anderson 230 

16  /  Samuel  Felch 150 

I  Abraham  Chute 100 

17  Samuel  Bayard 230 

18  Samuel  Bancroft 230 

19  Jeremiah  Bancroft 230 

20  Obadiah  Marshall  . .  .230 


Lot.  NAMES.  Acres. 

21  Isaac  Whitman 230 

22  Solomon  Marshall 230 

23  Beriah  Bent 605 

24  Jacob  Whitman 230 

25  Jno.  Whitman  Tuffts 312 

26  Daniel  Whitman 280 

27  Henry  Parker 328 

28  Daniel  Benjamin  .    

29  Ezekiel  Cleaveland 290 

30  John  Sanders,  jun 280 

31  Nathaniel  Benjamin 400 

32  Nathaniel  Benjamin 

33  Daniel  Benjamin 

34  Henry  Zwicker  (recent  grant). .   200 


In  1817  many  of  these  lots  had  changed  owners.  Clayton's  (No.  6)  lot 
had  been  bought  by  John  Saunders,  jun.;  No.  8  had  been  granted  to  Abiel 
Robbins,  sen.;  Daniel  Whitman  had  purchased  No.  13;  Nos.  14  and  15 
had  been  sold  to  William  Davis ;  1 7  had  been  purchased  from  Samuel 
•Bayard  by  Samuel  Marshall;  and  18  and  19  by  Abel  Beals;  Isaac 
Whitman  had  become  the  owner  of  20  ;  and  Maynard  Parker  of  22  ; 
Henry  Parker  had  bought  26,  and  Charles  Whitman  29,  while  the  late 
John  Merry  had  become  the  proprietor  of  30,  which  had  been  granted  to 
John  Saunders,  jun.  These  facts  may  be  verified  by  reference  to  the 
subjoined  report  which  will  speak  for  itself : 


278 


HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


"  Statement  of  the  Settlement  and  those  that  have  settled  on  the  road  that  leads 
from  Nictaux  to  Liverpool,  and  the  land  that  is  granted  and  what  is  Liable  to  be 
escheated.  Settled  under  the  direction  of  the  Subscriber. 

"(Signed),  NATHANIEL  PARKER, 

"  Commissioner  to  get  Settlers." 


Lot. 

NAMES. 

7| 

Acres 
cleared. 

Houses. 

1 

± 

REMARKS. 

3 

Abiel  Robbins  

i 

5 

6,   7 

John  Saunders,  jun  

6 

50 

1 

i 

8 

Abiel  Robbins,  sen  

11 

4 

1 

Granted. 

11 

Solomon  Marshall,  jun  

4 

30 

1 

i 

12,  13 

Daniel  Whitman,  jun  

6 

59 

1 

i 

14,  15 

William  Davis  

93 

16 

Samuel  Felch  

7 

90 

1 

17 

Samuel  Marshall  

90 

1 

i 

18,  19 

Abel  Beals  

9 

95 

1 

i 

20,  21 

Isaac  Whitman  

9 

70 

1 

i 

22 

Maynard  Parker  

m 
1 

23 

*Beriah  Bent  

24 

John  Whitman,  jun  

1 

90 

1 

i 

25 

John  W.  Tuffts  

8 

50 

1 

i 

26,  27 

Henry  Parker  

8 

100 

1 

i 

28 

Daniel  Benjamin  

1 

i 

29 

Charles  Whitman  

5 

70 

1 

i 

30 

John  Merry  

H 

50 

1 

i 

Nathaniel  Benjamin  

Granted  —  Liable  to  be 

33 

do.               do  

37,  38 

Church  Morse  

7- 

10 

The  district  possesses  two  or  more  school-houses,  a  Baptist  church, 
a  grist  and  several  saw  mills,  one  of  which  was  situated  near  its  northern 
boundary,  and  is  known  as  "  Patterson's  gang-mill,"  having  been  built 
by  James  Butler  Patterson,  an  enterprising  American  gentleman  who, 
having  become  the  proprietor  of  extensive  lands  on  the  Nictaux  River, 
expended  large  sums  in  the  construction  of  this  valuable  mill  and  in  clear- 
ing out  the  river  and  its  tributaries  and  building  dams,  and  who  will  long 
be  remembered  by  the  people  of  this  part  of  the  country  for  his  enterprise 
and  many  manly  qualities,  as  well  as  for  his  having  been  the  pioneer  in 
the  introduction  of  a  new  and  improved  method  of  conducting  lumbering 
operations  on  a  large  scale.  This  property  was  sold  to  Messieurs  Pope, 
Vose  &  Co.,  who  in  their  turn  sold  to  the  enterprising  firm  of  Davison 
Bros.,  who  still  continue  to  manufacture  several  million  feet  of  boards 
annually,  which  of  late  years  find  their  way  via  the  Nova  Scotia  Central 
Railway  to  Bridgewater,  in  Lunenburg  County,  whence  they  are  shipped 
to  various  markets.  This  branch  of  industry  has  contributed  largely  to 
the  material  prosperity  of  this  settlement. 


Lost  at  sea  a  few  years  after  this  day. 


HISTORY     OF     ANNAPOLIS. 

SPRINGFIELD,   OR  GRINTON  SETTLEMENT. 

From  the  earliest  recollection  of  the  writer  until  about  the  middle  of 
the  century,  this  locality  was  best,  in  fact  only,  known  by  the  latter  name. 
John  Grinton,  a  native  of  Scotland,  and,  I  believe,  of  Glasgow,  soon 
after  his  arrival  in  the  Province  took  up  his  abode  at  or  near  Lawrence- 
town,  where,  with  his  family,  he  lived  several  years.  This  man  was  the 
first  applicant  for  a  grant  of  lands  in  this  settlement,  and  became  one  of 
the  first  settlers  there.  Another  Scotchman,  a  Glasgow  man,  Arod 
McNayr  by  name,  became  a  grantee  and  settler  in  the  same  year.  The 
former  is  said  io  have  built  the  first  house,  and  the  latter  to  have 
constructed  the  first  barn  in  it.  The  descendants  of  these  men  yet  find 
homes  and  farms  on  the  lands  granted  to  their  fathers.  Three-quarters 
of  a  century  has  passed  away  since  the  pioneer's  axe  was  first  heard  in 
this  now  fine  district,  but  which  was  then  a  dense  wilderness  of  mixed 
and  mighty  forest  trees.  It  had  to  be  approached  from  East  Dalhousie 
by  a  bridle-path  a  distance  of  several  miles.  It  was  through  such  a  road, 
and  on  horseback,  that  the  wives  and  children  of  Grinton  and  McNayr 
were  guided  on  the  way  to  their  new  forest  homes.  The  almost  heroic 
courage  and  devotion  which  animated  these  worthy  women  cannot  fail 
to  excite  our  admiration.  The  sacrifices  made  by  them  can  scarcely  be 
measured  by  any  standard  known  to  us  of  to-day.  The  loss  of  the  public 
worship  of  God,  of  the  social  intercourse  with  old  friends  and  neigh- 
bours and  relatives  without  which  life  loses  half  its  zest  ;  the  deprivation 
of  the  comforts  and  conveniences  of  living  long  enjoyed  ;  the  loneliness 
and  sometimes  the  dangers  of  life  in  the  woods,  and  the  certain  prospect 
of  a  life  of  toil  and  privation  in  the  future — all  these  sacrifices  were 
made  with  admirable  fortitude  because  they  were  made  by  willing  hearts, 
and  it  is  believed  that  the  satisfaction  which  accompanies  such  deeds 
sweetened  the  declining  years  of  their  long  lives. 

For  several  years  these  people  had  to  convey  such  supplies  as  they 
were  not  otherwise  able  to  produce,  through  roadless  forests  on  their  own 
shoulders  or  those  of  a  horse.  This  condition  of  things  was  experienced 
until  a  considerable  lapse  of  time  had  occurred,  but  it  gradually,  at  first 
very  gradually,  began  to  give  place  to  a  better  one. 

FALKLAND. 

It  was  not  long  after  the  settlement  was  formed  in  Springfield,  that 
the  first  attempt  was  made  to  commence  the  work  of  improvement  in 
Falkland,  or  as  it  was  for  some  years  called,  "  the  Eastern  Settlement,"  in 
allusion  to  its  position  in  relation  to  the  former.  There  is  a  ridge  of  high- 
lands extending  in  a  southerly  direction  and  lying  between  the  Mill  Lake 


HISTORY     OF     ANNAPOLIS. 

River  on  the  west  and  the  main  LaHave  River  on  the  east,  and  it  is  on 
this  ridge  that  the  settlement  is  situated.  It  is  approached  by  a  road 
leading  from  the  Nictaux  and  Lunenburg  Road,  not  far  north  of  Grinton's 
grant,  from  which,  after  proceeding  a  couple  of  miles  in  a  south-easterly 
direction,  the  district  is  gained,  when  the  road  pursues  a  course  nearly 
due  south  till  it  again  meets  the  Nictaux  and  Lunenburg. 

The  farms  are  regularly  laid  out  to  extend  east  and  west,  or  nearly 
so,  from  the  highway,  and  contain  one  hundred  acres  each,  with  the 
exception  of  a  grant  of  twelve  hundred  acres  in  one  block,  to  Lieut.  - 
Col.  G.  F.  Thompson,  toward  its  southern  extremity,  which  has  in  some 
degree  interfered  with  the  uniformity  of  more  recent  surveys. 

The  land  is  here  unusually  good  and  well  suited  to  agricultural  opera- 
tions, and  though  more  or  less  broken  by  granite  boulders  and  dykes,  it 
affords  excellent  pasturage  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  valuable  tillage 
land.  It  is  well  watered,  and  produces  all  the  staple  farm  crops  which  can 
be  raised  in  other  parts  of  the  county.  Even  apples  and  plums  have  been 
grown  in  these  remote  districts  with  considerable  success,  though  not, 
perhaps,  in  sufficient  quantities  to  supply  home  consumption.  There  can 
be  but  little  room  for  doubt  that  the  centennial  of  these  settlements  will 
witness  a  very  considerable  change  in  their  appearance,  population  and 
production,  and  that  the  inhabitants  of  that  period  will  be  able  to 
produce  all  the  fruits  that  may  be  required  for  their  own  use. 

The  names  of  the  original  grantees  of  this  place  are  as  follows  :  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel G.  F.  Thompson ;  Sergeant  Robert  Stoddart,  one  of  whose 
sons  now  lives  on  one  of  the  lots  granted  to  him  ;  Edward  Marshall  and 

Marshall,  Morris  Swallow  and  a  few  others.  Of  these,  the  Mar- 

shalls  are  descended  from  the  old  pre-loyalist  settlers  of  the  Annapolis 
valley.  Stoddart  was  an  original  settler  in  Dalhousie,  and  his  lots  in 
this  place  were  intended  to  be  a  provision  for  his  sons  at  some  future 
time ;  and  Thompson's  was  a  reward  for  military  services.  The  latter 
property  has  been  improved  by  a  Mr.  Sproule,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
old  Massachusetts  colonists,  and  is  held  by  him  in  the  default  of  the 
appearance  of  the  heirs  of  Thompson  to  claim  its  possession.  The 
inhabitants  of  this  settlement  are  equally  industrious,  sober,  intelligent 
and  moral  as  their  neighbours  in  the  sister  settlements.  They  have  a 
school-house  and  maintain  a  school,  and  they  worship  in  the  churches  of 
Springfield,  to  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  which  they  have  in 
some  degree  contributed.  The  name  it  bears  was  given  in  honour  of  the 
late  Lord  Falkland,  sometime  Governor  of  the  Province,  and  it  is  very 
frequently  called  "  Falkland  Ridge."  On  the  south-west  side  of  Spring- 
field is  a  beautiful  little  lake,  very  appropriately  named  Lake  Pleasant, 
and  a  fine,  though  small  settlement  has  been  formed  there,  called 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  281 


LAKE    PLEASANT. 

The  situation  of  this  settlement  is  very  beautiful  indeed.  The  road 
running  through  it  winds  along  the  borders  of  the  lake,  but  in  places  is 
elevated  considerably  above  its  level,  thus  affording  slightly  elevated 
positions  for  the  dwellings  of  the  settlers.  The  pioneer  in  the  work  of 
cultivation  here  was  Mr.  Charles  Grandison  Bent,  a  son  of  the  late 
Nedebiah  Bent,  of  Mount  Hanley,  in  Wilmot,  and  was,  therefore,  the 
grandson  of  one  of  the  stalwart  immigrants  from  the  old  Massachusetts 
colony  in  1760.  This  family  for  three  generations  have  been  famed  for 
the  strength,  activity  and  hardiness  of  their  physical  structure,  and 
Grandison  shared  in  a  considerable  degree  this  idiosyncrasy  of  his 
family. 

Having  married  a  Miss  Saunders,  a  descendant  of  another  of  the 
pre-loyalist  colonists,  even  more  famed  for  their  physical  prowess  than 
his  ancestors  were,  he  obtained  a  letter  of  Occupation,  or  a  grant  of  a 
block  of  land  resting  its  eastern  side  on  the  stream  at  the  outlet  of  the 
lake,  where  there  was  a  good  mill  privilege  and  water  power.  He 
immediately  commenced  clearing  his  lot,  and  soon  after  erected  a 
dwelling-house  and  saw-mill,  a  barn  and  other  buildings.  The  land 
proved  to  be  of  excellent  quality,  and  rewarded  his  labours  with  abundant 
crops,  and  his  saw-mill  proving  a  source  of  profit,  he  soon  found  himself 
the  possessor  of  a  comparative  competence,  and  long  survived  to  be 
called  the  father  of  the  settlement.  Alexander  and  Thomas  Grinton, 
sons  of  John,  the  pioneer  of  Springfield,  obtained  grants  of  one  hundred 
acres  each,  as  did  also  Stephen  Jefferson  of  the  same  place,  and  Charles 
Bertaux,  Esq.,  of  Nictaux  Falls,  received  a  grant  of  two  hundred  acres. 
All  these  lots,  save  that  of  Bent,  have  changed  hands  and  been  more  or 
less  improved  with  success.  Among  those  who  now  occupy  them  I 
cannot  refrain  from  noting  the  great  improvements  made  on  the  Bertaux 
lot  by  Sidney  Saunders,  Esq.,  a  brother  of  Mrs.  Bent.  His  neat  and 
artistically  constructed  cottage  is  equalled  by  few  that  have  been  erected 
in  any  part  of  the  county,  and  his  barns,  stables  and  other  outbuildings 
bear  witness  to  his  taste  and  thrift. 

Agriculture  is  the  staple  industry,  but  lumbering  operations  are 
carried  on  during  the  winter  season  with  considerable  profit.  Pleasant 
Lake  has  its  school-house  also ;  but  its  close  contiguity  to  the  chief 
settlement  renders  it  unnecessary  to  build  a  church,  as  they  do  not  find 
it  inconvenient  to  attend  divine  service  there.  This  place  is  well  watered 
and  abounds  in  good  pasturage,  and  the  tillage  lands  are  generally 
productive  and  fairly  well  tilled. 

The  inhabitants  are  in  no  respect  behind  those  of  the  neighbouring 
districts  in  sobriety,  industry  and  moral  uprightness. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  COUNTY  AT  LARGE,  CONTINUED. 

By  the  Editor. 

Roads  and  bridges — Mail  communications  and  facilities  for  travel  improving — War 
of  1812 — Sundry  events — Election  of  1836— Division  of  the  county — Politics 
of  the  county— Responsible  government — J.  W.  Johnstone— The  college 
question — Recent  politics — Appendix — W.  H.  Ray — Remarkable  storms  and 
weather — Executions  in  the  county — A  sad  event. 

IN  1786  some  persons  in  Annapolis  and  Halifax  proposed  to  open  a 
road  from  Annapolis  to  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  and  asked  for  a  grant 
to  each  of  a  lot  half  a  mile  wide  and  two  miles  long,  that  is,  640  acres, 
and  the  enterprise  was  favourably  considered  by  the  Government.  The 
record  of  the  Grand  Jury  during  the  closing  years  of  the  last,  and  the 
early  years  of  the  present  century,  abound  in  appropriations  of  sums  of 
money,  large  for  that  day,  as  direct  contributions  from  the  taxpayers, 
for  the  construction  of  road  and  bridges,  now  the  familiar  and  indis- 
pensable thoroughfares  of  the  county.  In  1786  it  was  voted  that  each 
town  make  and  repair  its  own  bridges.  In  that  year  £25  was  voted  for 
Saw-mill  Creek  bridge.  In  April,  1787,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
lay  out  a  road  "from  Bear  River  to  Allain's  Creek."  In  1792  a  sum  was 
granted  for  "  finishing  the  Bridge  crossing  the  easterly  part  of  Wilrnot 
and  Nictaux."  In  April,  1793,  £20  for  "finishing  and  repairing  the 
bridge  over  Moose  River"  was  voted,  and  £20  more  in  1796.  In 
April,  1799,  the  Grand  Jury  nominated  "three  persons  for  commis- 
sioners for  building  Windsor  bridge,*  viz.,  Capt.  Douwe  Ditmars,  Mr. 
John  Rice,  and  Capt.  Frederic  Williams,"  and  also  nominated  Robert 
Fitzrandolph,  Ambrose  Haight  and  Benjamin  Dodge,  Esquires,  as  "a 
committee  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  a  subscription  for  promoting 
said  work."  In  1800  a  sum  was  voted  to  "lay  out  a  road  from  Bear 
River  bridge  to  Moose  River  bridge."  In  April  term  of  the  sessions  in 
1802,  the  Grand  Jury  approve  of  the  manner  in  which  £50  was  "laid 
out"  by  Joshua  De  St.  Croix  on  the  north  side  of  Annapolis  River; 

*  In  the  County  of  Hants,  showing  this  county  contributing  to  improving  com- 
munication with  Halifax  by  a  work  far  beyond  its  own  boundary. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  283 

.£200  by  Nathaniel  Parker  and  John  Ruggles  "from  Mrs.  Dodge's  to 
Lovett's  brook  " ;  and  .£50  in  Wilmot  by  Thomas  Woodbury  and  John 
Wiswell,  jun.  In  1806,  the  expenditure  of  £2UO  by  John  Ruggles  in 
1801  on  the  "  new  road  the  south  side  of  the  Annapolis  River  beginning  at 
the  bridge  near  Mr.  Dodge's  and  ending  at  Longley's,"  was  similarly 
approved.  In  September,  1808,  the  Grand  Jury  presented  a  sum  of 
money  for  laying  out  a  road  from  the  bridge  over  the  Annapolis  River 
(at  Bridgetown)  to  the  main  road,  by  the  Sheriff,  William  Winniett,  Esq., 
and  a  jury,  and  £51  to  John  Hicks  for  damages  to  his  land  crossed  by 
this  road. 

In  April  term,  1788,  the  sum  of  £8  was  "allowed"  by  the  Grand 
Jury  "  to  erect  a  pair  of  stocks  in  each  of  the  townships,  Annapolis, 
Granville,  Wilmot  and  Digby — £2  each." 

We  have  seen  (page  159)  that  at  an  early  date  the  mails  were  carried 
to  and  from  Halifax,  partly  on  foot  and  partly  on  horseback,  once  a 
fortnight.  Murdoch  tells  us  that  in  the  summer  of  1786  a  courier  was 
employed  by  the  post-office  to  carry  letters  from  Halifax  to  Annapolis 
fortnightly.  This  was  enlarged  to  a  weekly  service  on  horseback,  in 
1796,  the  mails  closing  at  5  p.m.  on  Mondays.  On  the  9th  day  of  May, 
1813,  a  weekly  post  was  established  between  Halifax  and  Digby,  the 
Legislature  granting  a  subsidy  of  £200  for  the  purpose.  The  House  of 
Assembly  during  the  session  of  that  year  voted  £200  as  a  subsidy  for 
the  establishment  of  a  weekly  communication  between  Annapolis  and 
St.  John,  N.B.  This  sum  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  Thomas  Ritchie 
and  John  Warwick,  Esquires,  to  effect  the  object  intended. 

The  first  steamboat  between  Annapolis  and  St.  John,  N.  B.,  crossed 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  in  1826.*  Her  name  was  the  St.  John.  On  February 
19th,  1828,  a  petition  of  John  Ward  and  other  proprietors  of  the  steamer 
St.  John,  praying  for  an  annual  grant  to  assist  them  in  running  her,  was 
presented  to  the  Legislature  of  Nova  Scotia  by  Mr.  Haliburton,  then  the 
member  for  the  county.  This  boat  finally  became  the  property  of  Mr. 
James  Whitney,  of  St.  John,  a  gentleman  who  had  married  an  Annapolis 
lady,  a  sister  of  the  afterwards  renowned  General  Williams.  Mr. 
Whitney's  name  became  from  that  time  identified  with  the  early  steam 
navigation  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  but  the  public  reaped  the  benefit  of  an 
enterprise  which  failed  to  secure  wealth  to  its  deserving  promoter.  The 
Henrietta,  a  boat  of  fifty  horse-power,  was  placed  on  the  route  in  1831  ; 
she  was  succeeded  a  few  years  later  by  the  Maid  of  the  Mist,  which,  in  her 
turn,  gave  way  to  the  Nova  Scotian,  built  in  Annapolis  County,  and  owned 
by  a  joint  stock  company. 

In  1828  a  tri- weekly  line  of  stages,  carrying  the  mails,  began  run- 
ning from  Halifax  to  Annapolis,  the  first  coach  starting  from  Halifax 

*The  Acadian  Magazine,  July,  1826.    Lawrence's  "  Footprints  of  St.  John,"  p.  89. 


284  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

on  June  3rd  of  that  year.  The  service  was  daily  from  Halifax  to 
Windsor,  and  weekly  from  Annapolis  to  Digby.  It  seems  to  have 
dropped  to  twice  a  week  from  Kentville  about  the  year  1837,  but  from 
1841  onward,  the  regular  tri-weekly  service  continued  without  interrup- 
tion. A  subsidy  of  £300  a  year,  for  five  years,  was  voted  by  the  Legis- 
lature ;  reserving  authority  to  the  Governor  to  remit  one  trip  per  week. 
The  fares  at  first  were  £2  10s.  from  Halifax  to  Annapolis,  £1  7s.  6d. 
from  Kentville  to  Annapolis,  and  sixpence  (ten  cents)  a  mile  for  way 
passengers. 

In  April,  1802,  the  Grand  Jury  "presented"  the  expense  of  a  public 
ferry  being  established  across  the  Annapolis  River  opposite  Job  Pineo's 
farm;  and  in  September,  1809,  they  recommended  £20  toward  building 
a  bridge  at  the  same  place.  In  April,  1807,  the  Grand  Jury  voted  £20 
for  "  building  a  compleat  ferry  boat  for  the  use  of  Bear  River  Ferry." 
The  first  bridge  to  supersede  this  ferry  was  commenced  in  1864,  and  in 
the  autumn  of  1865  was  opened  for  traffic  in  presence  of  a  large  number 
of  people  from  both  counties,  who  were  addressed  by  Hon.  Avard  Longley, 
M.P.P.,  William  Hallet  Ray,  Esq.,  M.P.P.,  and  others.  It  was  built 
wholly  at  the  expense  of  the  Provincial  Government,  and  cost  about 
$26,000. 

In  1808  Mr.  Ritchie,  member  for  Annapolis,  introduced  a  bill  to 
regulate  negro  servitude  within  the  Province.  Although  it  passed  its 
second  reading  it  never  became  law.  During  the  same  session  Mr. 
Warwick,  member  for  the  township  of  Digby,  presented  a  petition  from 
John  Taylor  (Loyalist,  Captain,  and  afterwards  Colonel  Taylor,  ancestor 
of  the  Taylors  of  Weymouth,  Digby  County),  and  from  a  number  of  other 
proprietors  of  negro  servants  brought  from  the  old  provinces,  stating  that 
owing  to  doubts  entertained  by  the  courts,  such  property  was  rendered 
useless,  the  negro  servants  daily  leaving  their  masters  and  setting  them 
at  defiance,  and  praying  a  measure  for  "  securing  them  their  property  or 
indemnifying  them  for  its  loss."  Mention  of  slaves  is  quite  frequent 
in  the  records  of  the  Grand  Jury  prior  to  this  year. 

In  1811  there  were  fifty-one  justices  of  the  peace  in  the  county; 
although  so  long  before  the  practice  of  appointing  only  partisans 
demanded  an  enormous  increase  with  every  change  of  government.  But 
we  must  remember  that  the  territorial  extent  of  the  county  was  very 
large. 

In  1812  war  was  declared  against  Great  Britain  by  the  United  States. 
In  connection  with  this  unhappy  event,  it  is  our  duty  to  forever  cherish 
a  grateful  remembrance  of  the  noble  stand  taken  against  it  by  the  New 
England  people,  who  uttered  strong  and  eloquent  protests  against  the 
declaration  of  war  and  any  invasion  of  the  provinces ;  visiting  those 
whom  they  called  the  peaceful,  and  to  them  "  unoffending "  inhabitants 
of  British  America  with  the  horrors  of  war.  When  the  news  of  the 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  285 

declaration  of  war  reached  Boston  all  the  vessels  in  the  harbour  immedi- 
ately put  their  colours  at  half-mast  except  three,  who  were  compelled  to 
do  so  by  the  populace.  In  consequence  of  this  fraternal  and  worthy 
feeling  the  Maritime  Provinces  were  but  little  disturbed  directly,  but  their 
foreign  trade,  especially  that  with  the  West  Indies,  was,  for  the  time, 
broken  up.  The  price  of  provisions,  however,  rose,  helping  the  farmers 
in  this  valley  by  increased  remuneration  for  their  crops.  Along  the 
Canadian  frontier  the  war  raged  with  great  virulence,  and  the  surviving 
Loyalists  and  their  sons,  closely  pursued  by  their  old  enemies  into  the 
wilderness  refuge  to  which  they  had  betaken  themselves,  offered  a  brave 
and  bitter  resistance  to  determined  and  powerful  invaders.  In  this  they 
were  gallantly  assisted  by  their  French-Canadian  fellow-subjects,  whose 
incorruptible  loyalty  in  the  war  of  the  revolution  had  saved  Canada  to 
the  Empire ;  and  the  name  of  De  Salaberry,  the  hero  of  Chateauguay, 
will  ever  be  illustrious  in  the  history  of  British  America.  The  wanton 
destruction  of  Canadian  towns  and  villages  by  American  troops  led  to 
severe  reprisals  by  Great  Britain  in  the  most  accessible  southern  States 
after  notice  and  warning  to  the  American  authorities;  and  the  city  of 
Washington  itself  did  not  escape  attack  and  partial  destruction  in 
retaliation  for  the  burning  of  "  Little  York,"  now  Toronto,  the  capital  of 
Upper  Canada.  In  the  summer  of  1812,  an  American  privateer  came 
up  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  attempted  a  landing  for  predatory  purposes  at 
Broad  Cove,  a  few  miles  below  Digby,  and  was  driven  off  by  the  militia. 
She  returned  in  a  few  days,  and  a  sharp  skirmish  ensued  between  her  crew 
and  the  militia,  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  her  captain  and  a  prize- 
master,  and  their  conveyance  to  Annapolis  as  prisoners  of  war.  The  rest 
of  her  crew  of  twenty-eight  men  escaped.  But  although,  except  in  this 
instance,  our  soil  was  not  invaded,  our  people  suffered  in  their  commercial 
interests  from  the  depredations  of  American  privateers  ;  and  the  forcing  of 
their  industry  into  new  channels  resulted  in  a  reaction  at  the  close  of  the 
war  that  caused  very  serious  commercial  and  industrial  depression.  The 
following  petition  for  "  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal "  was  forwarded  to 
Sir  John  Cope  Sherbrooke,  the  Governor,  in  July,  1813  : 

"The  petition  of  Phinehas  Lovett,  Junior,  Esq.,  of  Annapolis,  humbly  showeth  : 
That  your  petitioner  is  the  sole  owner  of  the  schooner  called  the  Brooke,  for 
which  he  is  desirous  of  obtaining  Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  against  the  ships, 
vessels,  and  goods,  wares  and  merchandize  belonging  to  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  That  the  said  schooner  is  of  the  burthen  of  fifty-two  tons  or 
thereabouts ;  that  she  is  to  carry  five  guns,  to  wit,  one  long  gun,  carrying  shot  of 
nine  pounds'  weight,  and  two  carronades  carrying  shot  of  nine  pounds'  weight,  and 
two  carronades  carrying  shot  of  twelve  pounds'  weight,  with  several  swivels  and 
musquets.  That  she  is  to  be  manned  with  a  crew  of  thirty-five  men,  and  that  Daniel 
Wade  (or  William  Smith)  is  to  go  Master.  That  she  is  to  receive  on  board  pro- 
visions sufficient  for  the  said  crew  for months. 

"  (Signed),        PHINEAS  LOVETT,  JUN. 
"  Dated  Halifax,  July  2nd,  1813." 


286  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

The  prayer  of  the  petition  was  granted  by  Sir  John,  and  the  com- 
mission bore  date  27th  September.  I  have  not  been  able  to  trace  the 
history  of  the  doings  of  this  vessel.  A  privateer  built  in  Wilmot  by 
Charles  Dodge  and  three  sons  of  John  Gates,  was  captured  by  the 
enemy  on  her  way  to  Halifax  for  her  armament.  Peace  was  concluded 
in  December,  1815,  after  four  years  of  sanguinary  strife,  as  fruitless, 
except  in  bloodshed  and  bitterness,  as  it  was  uncalled  for  and  unnec- 
essary. Not  one  of  the  subjects  which  formed  the  grounds  for  the 
declaration  of  war  was  mentioned  in  the  treaty  of  peace. 

The  summer  and  autumn  of  1815  were  marked  by  a  prodigious 
invasion  of  mice.*  The  numbers  of  these  vermin  were  truly  wonderful. 
Nothing  like  it  was  ever  seen  before  or  since  in  the  history  of  the 
province  or  county.  The  destruction  they  caused  to  crops  was  such  as  to 
threaten  a  famine  throughout  the  valley.  The  grain  and  grass  suffered 
greatly  from  their  inroads,  and  they  swarmed  in  the  barns,  out-houses 
and  dwellings  of  the  inhabitants  to  such  a  degree,  that  traps  and  cats 
seemed  alike  powerless  to  lessen  their  numbers  or  to  abate  their  ravages 
to  any  appreciable  degree.  The  crops  also  suffered  much  from  drought 
in  the  years  1816  and  1817.  The  year  1817  was  remarkable  for  three 
earthquake  shocks,  about  sunrise  of  May  22nd,  of  a  severity  unusual  in 
this  part  of  the  globe.  They  were  felt  all  over  the  county,  particularly 
at  Digby,  where  houses  were  shaken,  and  the  people  much  alarmed. 

At  the  General  Sessions  for  November  term,  1835,  £50  was  voted  to 
repair  the  county  jail,  but  before  it  could  be  expended  the  whole  building 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  in  the  ensuing  session  the  same  amount,  with 
,£450  additional,  was  appropriated  toward  building  a  new  court-house  and 
jail,  which  Mr.  Francis  Lecain  contracted  to  build.  Pending  its  erection 
the  necessary  courts  were  held  in  the  new  Catholic  chapel,  the  County 
Academy,  and  vacant  stores. 

In  November,  1836,  there  was  a  general  election  which,  in  this  county, 
turned  on  the  long-vexed  question  of  the  division  of  the  county.  The 
people  of  the  extreme  ends  of  the  county  were,  of  course,  the  most 
desirous  of  a  division,  while  those  of  the  town  of  Annapolis  and  vicinity 
were  naturally  reluctant  to  adopt  a  measure  that  might  deprive  them  of 
the  advantages  pertaining  to  the  residents  of  a  shire  town,  and  even  in 
Digby  there  was  no  little  apprehension  that  Wey mouth  might  be  selected 
as  the  shire  town  of  the  new  county,  which  to  the  people  of  Digby  would 
be  less  convenient  than  the  existing  arrangement.  William  Holland 
was  brought  forward  by  the  people  of  Wilmot  to  run  in  conjunction  with 
Frederic  A.  Robicheau,  of  Clare,  who  would  naturally  command  the 
support  of  the  Acadian  French  in  the  extreme  west.  The  electors  of  the 

*  See  Patterson's  "  History  of  Pictou  County  "  for  an  account  of  this  strange 
phenomenon  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Province. 


0.     O 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  287 

central  portions  of  the  county  supported  John  W.  Ritchie,  of  Annapolis, 
then  a  rising  young  barrister,  afterwards  Solicitor-General  and  Judge  in 
Equity,  and  William  H.  Roach,  the  favorite  in  Digby,  who  had  for  some 
years  been  a  popular  member,  and  a  prominent  and  influential  man  in 
parliament,  but  who  probably  had  lost  some  of  his  local  influence  by  his 
removal  to  Halifax.  James  R.  Lovett  also  ran  independently.  The 
polling  lasted  a  fortnight  and  was  marked  by  a  good  deal  of  excitement 
and  considerable  expense.  The  east  and  west  combined  prevailed  over 
the  strength  of  the  central  districts,  and  Messrs.  Holland  and  Robicheau* 
were  elected.  In  the  township  of  Annapolis  Elnathan  Whitman  was 
returned  by  a  small  majority  over  Joseph  Fitzrandolph,  who  was  after- 
wards appointed  to  the  Legislative  Council  on  its  reconstruction  in  1837 
as  a  distinct  body  from  the  Executive.  Hitherto  the  old  Council  had 
exercised  both  legislative  and  executive  functions,  and  sat  with  closed 
doors,  a  system  which  the  country  had  gradually  outgrown.  Through 
the  efforts  of  Mr.  Howe  and  his  associates  in  parliament,  a  change  was 
made  and  responsible  government  introduced.  While  we  condemn  the 
old  system  and  the  abuses  to  which  it  was  subject,  we  must  not  without 
discrimination  condemn  the  men  who  administered  it.  They,  as  a  rule, 
if  not  universally,  submitted  gracefully  to  the  new  state  of  things,  and 
most,  if  not  all,  of  the  members  of  the  old  council  of  twelve  at  the  time 
of  the  change,  were  men  who  deserved  well  of  the  country  for  their 
wisdom  and  patriotism  in  legislation  and  council.  It  would  be  as  reason- 
able to  condemn  popular  government  because  occasionally  a  tyrannous 
majority  wields  its  power  unjustly  to  its  opponents,  or  unwisely  in  respect 
to  the  public  interests,  or  because  now  and  then  a  worthy  man  fails  to 
secure  the  influence  and  position  to  which  he  is  entitled.  Mr.  Fitz- 
randolph resigned  his  seat  after  one  session.  The  members  of  the 
Legislative  Council  then  received  no  pay  or  indemnity,  the  position  being 
deemed  an  honorary  one,  and  hence  it  was  sometimes  difficult  to  get 
country  gentlemen  to  hold  seats  in  it.  The  new  Assembly  met  on  the 
last  day  of  January,  1837,  and  during  the  session  passed  an  Act  to 
divide  the  county,  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  great  body  of  the 
people.  Bear  River  for  about  four  miles  from  its  mouth  was  made  the 
boundary  line  between  the  two  counties,  and  this  had  the  effect  of 
throwing  the  shire  town  into  the  western  part  of  the  county  so  far  as  to 
leave  the  distance  to  the  extreme  western  line  but  thirteen  miles,  or 
thereabouts,  while  to  the  eastern  and  south-eastern  boundaries  it  exceeded 
forty.  Hence  an  inevitable  struggle  commenced,  and  petitions  were 
promptly  set  on  foot  and  forwarded  to  the  Legislature,  praying  that 
Bridgetown  might  be  made  the  shire  town,  and  counter-petitions  praying 

*  Mr.  Ritchie  always  complained  that  the  French  of  Clare  did  not  keep  faith 
with  him  at  that  election. 


288  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

that  no  change  be  made.  Five  hundred  and  twenty-five  persons  signed 
the  petitions  in  favour  of  the  change,  and  eight  hundred  and  thirty-one 
against  it.  The  question  was  temporarily  decided  in  favour  of  Annapolis, 
but  the  residents  in  the  eastern  section,  especially  those  of  the  thriving 
and  enterprising  village  of  Bridgetown,  were  not  satisfied  ;  until  at  length, 
in  the  year  1869,  an  Act  was  passed  requiring  the  terms  of  the  Supreme 
Court  to  alternate  between  the  two  towns.  By  virtue  of  this  Act  the 
spring  term  of  1870  and  every  spring  term  since  has  been  held  at 
Bridgetown,  and  the  autumn  term  at  Annapolis ;  and  the  practice  has 
been  instituted  of  dividing  the  important  county  offices,  such  as  those  of 
Sheriff,  Registrar  of  Deeds  and  Prothonotary  of  the  Courts,  between 
the  rival  places.  Thus,  since  1870,  it  may  be  said  that  the  County  of 
Annapolis  has  had  two  shire  towns,  Annapolis  Royal  and  Bridgetown. 

The  division  of  the  county  at  the  line  adopted  involved  the  division 
of  the  township  of  Clements,  and  that  portion  of  the  latter  which  was 
within  the  limits  of  the  new  County  of  Digby,  was  thenceforth  known  as 
the  township  of  Hillsburgh.  Previous  to  the  division  there  were  two 
offices  for  the  registry  of  the  deeds  in  the  county — one  at  Digby,  in 
which  all  deeds  relating  to  real  estate  as  far  east  as  the  eastern  line  of 
the  township  of  Clements,  were  recorded  ;  the  other  at  Annapolis  where 
transactions  were  recorded  respecting  lands  situate  eastward  of  the  west 
line  of  Annapolis  township.  A  knowledge  of  this  fact  is  necessary  to 
anyone  searching  an  ancient  title  to  land  situate  anywhere  in  the  old 
township  of  Clements,  east  of  Bear  River.  The  area  of  the  county, 
after  Digby  was  set  off,  was  837,000  acres,  or  1,308  square  miles. 

The  movement  for  the  concession  of  what  is  known  as  "  responsible 
government "  was  at  the  time  of  the  division  of  the  county  in  progress 
throughout  British  America.  The  days  when  Loyalists  and  worthy  mag- 
istrates like  Elisha  Budd,  of  Digby,  and  Moses  Shaw,  of  Granville,  were 
ordered  to  explain,  or  forfeit  their  commissions  for  presuming  to  sign  a 
petition  praying  that  the  dismissal  of  a  public  officer  without  a  hearing  be 
reconsidered,  were  happily  drawing  to  a  close.*  In  Nova  Scotia  the  Reform 
movement  was  under  the  powerful  leadership  of  Joseph  Howe.  He  was  a 
Loyalist  of  Loyalists,  by  birth,  training  and  sentiment,  and  thoroughly 
devoted  to  the  traditions  of  the  Empire,  as  well  as  the  interests  of  his 
country.  But  unfortunately  some  of  his  public  utterances  during  his 
differences  with  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  Lord  Falkland,  and  even  in 
more  mature  years  and  with  riper  experience,  on  exciting  occasions  when 
his  feelings  were  aroused,  suggested  imputations  to  the  contrary  which 
were  far  from  being  true.  It  was  but  natural  that  the  proposal  to  infuse 

*See  Murdoch,  Vol.  III.,  p.  264.  The  office  of  Provincial  Naval  Officer  was 
certainly  an  Imperial  one,  but  it  is  hard  to  conceive  how  such  a  petition  could  be 
deemed  disloyal,  or  inconsistent  with  the  magisterial  office. 


HON.  JAMES  W.  JOHNSTONE, 

Lieutenant-Governor  of  Nova  Scotia. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  289 

the  principles  of  democracy  into  the  institutions  of  the  Province  should 
meet  with  less  favour  among  the  Loyalists,  and  children  of  Loyalists,  who 
had  suffered  from  the  uncontrolled  fury  of  a  populace  from  whom  they 
had  the  misfortune  to  differ,  and  deplored  the  dismemberment  of  the 
Empire  brought  about  by  popular  agitation  in  the  colonies  which  had 
once  afforded  them  free,  happy  and  prosperous  homes,  than  among  the 
more  numerous  class  who  inherited  the  feelings  of  the  earlier  settlers 
from  New  England.  And  a  community  of  Baptists,  whose  church  polity 
is  congregational  and  democratic,  would  be  more  likely  to  favour  such  a 
change  than  those  accustomed  to  the  Episcopal  or  Presbyterian  form  of 
church  government.  As  a  rule  this  distinction  was  fairly  exemplified  in 
the  County  of  Annapolis,  and  Mr.  Howe  was  supported  by  a  good 
majority  of  its  people,  represented  in  the  Assembly  by  Samuel  Bishop 
Chipman  for  the  county,  Henry  Gates  for  the  township  of  Annapolis, 
and  James  Delap  for  the  township  of  Granville.  It  must  not  be  for- 
gotten that  Mr.  Haliburton,  when  he  represented  this  county  as  early  as 
1826,  ten  years  before  Mr.  Howe  entered  the  Legislature,  advocated  the 
distribution  of  the  executive  and  legislative  functions  of  the  Council  to 
two  separate  bodies,  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Roach,  another  of  our  members,  was 
clamorous  for  reform  long  before  the  days  of  Howe.  Mr.  Howe's 
later  rival  in  the  political  arena,  Honorable  James  W.  Johnstone,  mean- 
while held  a  seat  in  the  Legislative  Council,  to  which,  as  one  of  the  ablest 
lawyers  and  most  accomplished  men  of  his  day  in  the  Province,  he  had 
been  called  with  the  office  of  Solicitor-General  in  1834,  before  the 
separation  of  the  executive  and  legislative  functions  of  that  House. 
Perhaps  I  ought  to  say  that  in  1834  he  was  the  ablest  lawyer  and  most 
accomplished  public  man  of  that  day  in  the  Province.  I  have  never  heard 
or  read  anything  to  show  that  he  ever  took  a  stand  against  the  concession 
of  responsible  government  to  Nova  Scotia.  His  only  public  utterance  on 
the  subject  which  has  to  my  knowledge  been  preserved  is  quoted  in  his 
memoir  in  another  part  of  this  book.  He  was  in  the  period  immediately 
preceding  that  change  engaged  in  the  active  practice  of  his  profession,  and 
the  practical  duties  of  his  office.  The  principle  was  at  length  accepted 
and  recognized  as  part  of  the  constitution  of  the  Province,  and  Mr. 
Johnstone  accepted  the  office  of  Attorney-General  with  a  seat  in  the  first 
Cabinet  that  signalized  its  assumption  of  executive  authority  by  acknow- 
ledging through  its  members  in  the  two  branches  of  the  Legislature,  its 
responsibility  to  the  people  speaking  through  a  majority  in  the  popular 
branch.  It  was  a  coalition  government  in  which  the  Hon.  Joseph  Howe, 
Hon.  James  B.  Uniacke  and  Hon.  James  McNab,  represented  the 
Reform  party,  but  in  which  sat  a  majority  who  had  theretofore  opposed 
their  views ;  all  of  whom,  however,  were  prepared  to  resign  and  give  way 
to  another  Council,  when  they  failed  to  command  the  confidence  of  the 
19 


290  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

House  of  Assembly.     But  a  difference  arose  between  Mr.  Johnstone  and 
Mr.  Howe  on  the  question  of  denominational  colleges,  Mr.  Johnstone  being 
warmly  attached  to  the  principle  of  religious  education,  and  desirous  that 
the  Baptist  institutions  then  lately  founded  at  Wolfville,  should  receive 
the  State  aid,  without  which,  as  it  then  seemed,  they  must  languish,  and 
fail  to  perform  the  pious  objects  of  their  founders.     The  strength,  the 
respectability,  the  social  and  religious  influence  of  the  Baptist  body  in  the 
Province,  seemed  to  him  bound  up  with  the  school  and  college  at  Wolfville. 
The  Church  of  England  College  at  Windsor  had  received  large  grants 
from  the  public  treasury  for  some  years  before  its  privileges  were  open  to 
Dissenters.     Dalhousie  College  had  in  the  meantime  been  founded  under 
the  patronage  of  the  nobleman  of  that  name,  who  was  Governor  of   the 
Province,  ostensibly  as  an   institution  that  was  to  be  altogether   non- 
sectarian  ;  and  it  was  the  policy  of  Mr.  Howe  and  his  followers  to  make 
it  a  general  university  for  the  whole  province,  and  to  withhold  public 
encouragement  and  support  from  any  new  one.    The  Baptist  body,  in  their 
efforts  to  secure  State  aid  to  their  institutions,  seemed  to  receive  from 
the  Presbyterian  friends  of  Dalhousie,  very  much  the  same  obstruction 
which  the  Presbyterians  themselves  complained  of,  at  the  hands  of  the 
prominent  members  of  the  Church  of  England,  in  the  infant  days  of  the 
Presbyterian   College  at    Pictou,  after  the  disabilities   of   Dissenters  at 
King's  had  been  removed.     In  consequence  of  this  policy  the  Baptists 
had  very  great  difficulty  even  in  getting  their  charter  from  the  Legis- 
ture ;  and  no  doubt  through  the  influence  of  Lord  Dalhousie,  who,  when 
in  the  Province,  was  a  warm  promoter  of  the  idea  of  a  single  central 
university,  or  of   some  on   this  side   favourable   to    Dalhousie    College, 
they  failed  to  obtain  the   assent  of   Her   Majesty  to  the    name  which 
they  proposed  to  give  it,   "  Queen's  College."     Another  shock  was  given 
to  the  Baptists  by  the  refusal   of    the   governing  body  of  Dalhousie  to 
appoint  their  most  gifted  and  able  scholar,  Dr.  Crawley,  to  its  classical 
chair,  a  position  for  which  he  was  eminently  qualified.     This  created  the 
impression  that  although   Dalhousie  was  to  be  non-sectarian  in  name,  it 
was  to  be  practically  Presbyterian  in  its  spirit  and  influences,  or  at  least 
that  no  Baptist  need  apply  for  any  part  in  its  management.*     Another 
difficulty  arose    between  Mr.   Johnstone  and   his    colleagues  about    the 
filling  up  of  a  vacancy  in  the  executive  and  legislative  councils.      Mr. 
Johnstone  proposed  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  M.  B.  Almon,  a  leading  mer- 
chant of  Halifax,  and  an  able  man.     Mr.  Howe  opposed  this  appointment 
for  several  reasons,  one  being  the  unfair  preponderance  it  would  give  to 
the  old  conservative  element  in  the  Cabinet.     Lord   Falkland  took  the 


*  Of  course,  I  am  not  making  any  reflection  on  the  present  claims  of  Dalhousie  to 
the  confidence  of  Nova  Scotians  of  all  denominations.  I  am  seeking  to  throw  light 
on  a  controversy  long  closed,  but  which  once  profoundly  agitated  this  county  and 
province. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  291 

advice  of  Mr.  Johnstone,  and  Messrs.  Howe,  Uniacke  and  McNab  at 
once  resigned  their  seats  in  the  Cabinet  and  organized  a  resolute  and 
determined  opposition  to  their  late  colleagues,  in  the  House  of  Assembly 
and  throughout  the  country,  which  was  soon  the  scene  of  great  political 
excitement  through  its  length  and  breadth.  Mr.  Johnstone,  the  better  to 
lead  his  party  and  publicly  to  expound  and  defend  the  interests  of  his 
denomination  so  involved  in  the  issue,  resigned  his  seat  in  the  Legislative 
Council  and  sought  one  in  the  lower  House  ;  and  the  County  of  Annapolis, 
which  had  been  his  home  in  earlier  days,  was  the  constituency  to  which 
he  presented  himself.  He  was  supported  by  the  majority,  but  opposed 
by  a  determined  minority  of  his  brethren  of  the  Baptist  denomination  in 
the  county,  was  elected  at  a  general  election  in  1843  by  a  large  majority 
over  Mr.  Chipman,  the  former  member,  carried  with  him  two  supporters 
for  the  townships  of  Annapolis  and  Granville,  and  directed  the  adminis- 
tration of  affairs  with  a  good  parliamentary  majority  for  the  next  four 
years.  During  this  period  he  had  the  opportunity  of  introducing  and 
carrying  into  effect  the  substantial  and  practical  reform  known  as  the 
"  Simultaneous  Polling  Act,"  by  which  the  entire  election  is  held  in  one 
day  all  over  the  Province.  For  this  purpose  the  county  was  divided  into 
polling  districts  which,  as  population  increased,  formed  very  convenient 
municipal  divisions,  superseding  for  all  practical  purposes  the  old  divi- 
sion into  townships.  These  districts  remained  substantially  unchanged 
until  the  introduction  of  local  self-government  through  county  councils 
elected  by  the  people — a  measure  introduced  and  carried  by  another  Con- 
servative Government,  of  which  the  Hon.  Wm.  B.  Troop,  a  representative 
of  this  county,  was  a  member,  in  1879.  Here  I  may  note  that  the  repre- 
sentatives of  this  county  were  always  at  the  front  in  every  parliamentary 
movement  for  genuine  reform. 

Mr.  Johnstone's  second  term  of  office  saw  the  settlement  of  the  long- 
vexed  "  mines  and  minerals  "  question,  and  the  equalization  of  the  franchise 
by  the  abolition  of  township  representation.  In  the  sunshine  of  power, 
or  in  the  shadow  of  parliamentary  defeat,  the  county  gave  him  an  emphatic 
and  steady  support  during  his  twenty  years  of  active  and  eminently  useful 
public  life.  The  recent  steps  toward  erecting  a  monument  in  honor  of  his 
younger,  brilliant  and  more  successful  rival  are  to  be  commended  ;  but  the 
people  of  the  County  of  Annapolis  owe  it  to  themselves  to  see  that  the 
memory  of  their  distinguished  and  venerated  representative,  whose  prac- 
tical sagacity  and  unselfish  patriotism  conferred  such  substantial  benefits 
upon  the  Province,  is  not  neglected  in  this  particular.  New  issues  were 
beginning  to  engage  the  minds  of  the  people  as  Mr.  Johnstone  passed 
from  the  stage.  He  was  succeeded  by  Wm.  Hallet  Ray,  Esq.,  of  Clem- 
entsport,  who  had  been  twice  his  antagonist  at  previous  elections,  and 
-afterwards  represented  the  county  in  the  first  three  parliaments  of  the 


292  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Dominion.  As  parties  have  been  reorganized  since  the  Confederation  of 
the  Provinces,  and  the  new  problems  incident  to  such  a  change  in  our 
condition  and  relations  has  dissolved  old  combinations  and  called  new 
ones  into  existence,  the  county  has  given  its  support  to  the  "  Liberal" 
party,  except  in  the  Local  Legislature  from  1874  to  1882  and  in  the 
Dominion  Parliament  from  1878  to  1882,  and  again  from  1886  to  the 
present  time,  Mr.  Mills,  the  present  member,  having  been  returned 
three  times  with  increased  majorities  at  each  election.  Meantime  Hon. 
J.  Wilberforce  Longley  has  been  continuously  elected  since  1882  to  the 
Local  Legislature,  again  associating  the  office  of  Attorney -General  with 
the  representation  of  the  county. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHAPTER  XVI. 

William  Hallet  Ray  mentioned  in  the  preceding  pages  was  in  his  active 
political  days  one  of  the  most  energetic,  as  he  still  is  one  of  the  most 
popular  public  men  of  the  county.  Born  May  25,  1825,  he  is  a  son  of 
the  late  William  Loutret  Ray,  who  was  born  at  Digby,  June  10,  1781, 
and  married  May  10,  1820,  Mary  Magdalen  Ditmars,  of  Clements.  The 
father  of  W.  L.  Ray  was  Robert  Ray,  born  in  the  parish  of  Dunach  More, 
County  of  Donegal,  Ireland,  June  10,  1744,  and  married  March  27,  1781, 
Rachel  Ray.  Having  emigrated  to  Long  Island,  New  York,  he  removed 
to  Nova  Scotia  with  the  Loyalists,  and  settled  near  Digby.  He  was  also 
father  of  Charles  Ray,  who  fought  under  Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  and  who  was 
his  eldest  son,  and  of  James  H.  and  Daniel,  and  of  Robert  and  Gilbert  T. 
Ray,  long  very  prominent  business  men  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  the  latter  one  of 
the  large  and  wealthy  sail-manufacturing  firm  of  "Eaton  &  Ray."  One 
daughter,  Margaret,  married  a  Mr.  Hawes,  and  was  an  authoress,  and 
another,  Rachel,  married  a  Mr.  Hallet,  of  New  York.. 

Mr.  Ray  at  the  age  of  twelve  went  to  his  uncle,  James  H.  Ray,  a 
physician  and  apothecary  of  New  York,  and  remained  with  him  nine 
years,  but  not  caring  to  embrace  that  calling,  he  returned  to  Nova  Scotia, 
settled  in  Clementsport  and  engaged  in  merchandise  and  farming:  married 
1 848,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Isaac  Ditmars,  of  Clements ;  and  very  early 
took  a  strong  and  active  part  in  the  politics  of  the  county.  Failing  by  225 
votes  to  defeat  Mr.  Johnstone  in  1863,  on  the  retirement  of  the  latter  in 
1864,  he  was  elected  by  232  majority  over  Granville  B.  Reed,  Esq.,  and 
sworn  in  as  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Parliament,  February  9,  1865. 
Further  information  as  to  dates  and  periods  of  his  public  service  as 
member,  magistrate  and  custos,  and  of  his  appointment  to  his  present 
seat  in  the  Legislative  Council  will  be  found  in  the  appropriate  places 
elsewhere.  He  is  also  Lieut.-Colonel  1st  Battalion,  Annapolis  County 
militia. 

« 

In  June,  1797,  a  terrific  thunder-storm  passed  over  the  valley  destroy- 
ing buildings  at  Bridgetown  and  Granville  Ferry.  A  similar  storm 
passed  over  the  valley  on  June  15,  1892,  destroying  many  trees,  and 
•njuring  and  destroying  buildings. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  293 

About  the  year  1846  or  a  year  or  so  later,  a  sudden  gale  like  a  tornado 
accompanied  by  hail  and  thunder  swept  through  the  county  from  the 
westward,  demolishing  buildings  and  uprooting  trees.  The  year  1895 
was  made  memorable  by  a  remarkable  cyclone  which,  on  the  afternoon 
of  Sunday,  August  3rd,  at  6  p.m.,  suddenly  struck  the  county  a  mile 
west  of  Paradise  and  three  miles  east  of  Bridgetown,  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Annapolis  River,  completely  wrecking  the  valuable  farm  of  Daniel 
Messenger,  and  partially  that  of  Edgar  Bent ;  tearing  up  by  the  roots 
large  oaks  and  carrying  them  a  distance.  Its  track  was  one  hundred 
yards  wide  and  six  miles  long,  moving  in  a  north-easterly  direction. 
About  three  or  four  years  previously  a  similar  cyclone,  but  much  narrower 
in  its  track  and  shorter  in  its  career,  had  struck  the  country  near 
Belleisle,  but  did  much  less  damage  than  the  one  just  mentioned. 

In  the  winter  of  1877-78  the  river  was  so  frozen  that  a  large  steamer 
in  the  month  of  January  discharged  a  cargo  of  coal,  and  was  loaded  with 
apples  on  the  ice  four  miles  below  the  town.  The  ice  was  seventeen 
inches  thick.  No  account  can  be  traced  of  anything  of  the  kind  happen- 
ing before,  except  that  in  1780  an  ice-bridge  across  the  river  resisted  the 
action  of  the  tide  so  that  persons  could  cross  and  recross  to  and  from 
Granville  for  three  days.  In  1838  an  ice-bridge  formed  enabling  persons 
to  cross  to  and  from  Granville,  but  the  returning  tide  broke  it  up  before 
they  could  get  back. 

In  1783  a  coloured  man  named  Ellis  and  his  wife  were,  sad  to  relate, 
executed  at  Annapolis.  They  had  taken  refuge  in  a  barn  near  the  site 
of  the  skating  rink,  and  setting  it  on  fire,  caused  its  destruction  with  its 
contents,  and  were  found  guilty  by  a  jury  of  the  crime  of  arson,  and 
hanged  on  Hog  Island.  In  1784  a  coloured  man  named  Boice  was 
executed,  I  do  not  know  for  what  offence. 

The  execution  of  Gregory  and  the  circumstances  of  his  crime  have 
been  given  in  Chapter  XV.  It  remains  to  mention  two  others  that  have 
occurred  since.  In  1863,  one  Norton,  living  near  Bridgetown,  murdered 
his  wife  by  repeated  doses  of  arsenic.  He  had  some  African  and,  it  was 
said,  some  Indian  blood  in  his  veins,  but  would  probably  pass  for  a  white 
man.  He  was  of  not  uncomely  appearance,  and  was  an  exhorter  at 
religious  meetings  of  coloured  people.  Falling  in  love  with  a  white  girl  at 
service  in  Bridgetown,  in  order  to  put  himself  in  a  position  to  marry 
her,  he  conceived  and  persistently  carried  out  the  crime.  He  was  tried 
and  convicted  at  the  October  term  of  the  Supreme  Court,  1863,  and 
executed  at  Hog  Island  the  ensuing  month. 

Joe  Nick  Tebo,  as  he  was  familiarly  called,  the  next  victim  of  the  law, 
was  the  son  of  one  Nicholas  Thibault  (phonetically  spelt  by  the  English 
Tebo)  by  an  English-speaking  wife,  probably  of  Lunenburg-German 
descent.  Although  he  began  life  very  poor,  and  with  no  education 
beyond  the  mere  capacity  to  write  his  name,  he  was  a  very  shrewd,  intel- 
ligent man,  and  by  skilful  cattle  trading  and  similar  speculations  he  had, 
while  yet  young,  accumulated  some  eight  thousand  dollars  and  owned  a 
good  farm  at  North  Range,  near  the  corner  of  the  "French  Road," 
so  called.  He  had  contracted  with  the  overseers  of  the  poor  of  the  town- 
ship of  Weyrnouth  to  provide  for  certain  paupers  for  a  period,  and  had 


294  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

hired  a  girl  named  Hill  as  a  servant  to  assist  his  wife  in  waiting  on 
them.  This  girl  was  one  of  ten  illegitimate  children  of  a  wretched 
mother,  and  although  only  about  twenty-four  years  old,  had  become 
far  advanced  in  the  same  abandoned  career,  being  already  the  mother 
of  four.  After  she  had  been  in  Tebo's  service  for  a  while,  it  must 
have  become  evident  that  she  was  likely  to,  before  long,  give  birth  to  a 
fifth.  As  Tebo  made  no  public  confession,  it  is  doubtful  what  consideration 
directly  moved  him  to  commit  the  crime ;  but  it  was  one  of  these  three 
circumstances :  Either  he  or  one  of  his  sons  was  responsible  for  the 
woman's  condition ;  or  he  wished  to  put  an  end  to  what  promised  to  be 
an  often-recurring  charge  upon  the  taxpayers ;  or  his  contract  may  have 
required  him  to  indemnify  the  overseers  for  all  that  they  might  be  liable 
for  during  its  term,  and  he  merely  wished  to  escape  payment  under  it  o£ 
the  paltry  expenses  of  the  woman's  lying  in.  The  first-named  seemed 
most  likely  to  be  the  real  motive.  This  would  liken  the  case  very  much 
to  that  of  Munro,  who  was  executed  in  St.  John,  in  1869,  for  the 
murder  of  a  woman  under  similar  circumstances.  Probably  pretending 
that  he  was  conveying  her  to  some  new  place  of  service,  or  care,  he  drove 
up  to  this  county  very  early  in  the  morning  by  a  back  road,  to  the  Liver- 
pool Road,  and  along  this  road  to  a  by-road  leading  to  a  meadow  near 
Lake  View.'  From  this  by-road  (leaving  the  vehicle  by  the  fence)  he  con- 
ducted her  into  a  little  grove  of  spruces,  and  there  crushed  in  her  head 
with  a  large  stone,  after  which  he  piled  some  brush  around  the  body 
and  set  fire  to  it.  As  he  was  returning  by  the  by-road,  he  was  met  by 
two  ox-teams,  the  driver  of  which,  seeing  the  smoke,  went  into  the 
bushes  to  extinguish  the  fire  lest  it  might  spread  and  do  mischief,  sup- 
posing it  to  have  been  accidentally  set,  and  to  his  horror  discovered  the 
crime.  Tebo  was  soon  identified  as  the  man  met  coming  from  the  locality, 
was  arrested,  tried  before  Judge  Weatherbe  at  a  special  term  of  the 
Supreme  Court  held  at  Annapolis,  on  the  last  Tuesday  of  November,. 
1880,  convicted,  and  executed  in  the  precincts  of  the  jail  on  the  8th  day 
of  February  following. 

In  1887  a  sad  event  occurred  in  the  county.  Two  boys  aged  17  and 
15,  sons  of  Edward  Armstrong,  a  well-known  and  esteemed  citizen  of 
Digby,  in  a  spirit  of  premature  independence,  started  from  home  on  the 
night  of  Sunday,  April  24th,  leaving  a  note  saying  they  were  going  away 
to  earn  their  own  living.  Reaching  Annapolis,  they  walked  on  the  rail- 
road track  to  Round  Hill,  and  there,  resuming  the  highway,  and  seeing 
a  carriage  coming,  which  they  rightly  judged  was  in  pursuit,  but  unseen 
by  its  occupant,  they  betook  themselves  to  the  belt  of  woodland  to  the 
southward,  apparently  aiming  at  the  Dalhousie  Road,  which  they  had 
perhaps  seen  traces  of  from  points  at  a  distance.  The  swamps,  over- 
flowed at  that  season,  barred  their  progress  southwardly,  and  they  soon 
got  lost.  After  wandering  about  until  Thursday,  the  youngest  died  from 
cold,  fatigue,  and  hunger ;  but  the  elder  succeeded  in  reaching  a  spot 
where  he  managed  to  attract  the  notice  of  a  dweller  beyond  a  lake,  and 
was  rescued. 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

RELIGION  AND  THE  CHURCHES  IN  THE  COUNTY. 

By  the  Editor. 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC. 

THE  Author  has  remarked  that  Port  Royal  was  the  scene  of  the 
first  introduction  of  Christianity  into  the  northern  part  of  the 
Continent.  This  occurred  eleven  years  before  the  arrival  of  the  first 
priest  at  Quebec.  But  in  point  of  organization  as  a  parish,  Port  Royal 
was  the  second  in  Canada.  Here  we  cannot  but  be  struck  by  the  greater 
success  that  crowned  the  early  efforts  of  the  French  to  evangelize  the 
Indians,  as  compared  with  their  English  rivals.  The  policy  of  the 
Puritans  was  to  convert  the  Indians  if  they  were  willing  to  be  converted, 
otherwise  to  smite  them  as  Israel  smote  the  heathen  who  barred  their 
way  to  the  promised  land ;  and  in  the  event  of  a  war  with  any  tribe,  the 
converted  or  "praying"  Indians,  as  they  were  called,  became  at  once 
objects  of  suspicion  and  victims  of  cruelty.*  Nor  were  the  efforts  of  the 
Puritans  strong  or  systematic,  or  marked  by  any  of  the  spirit  of  self- 
sacrifice  that  not  only  distinguished,  but  made  immortal  the  French 
missionaries  to  Acadia  and  Canada.  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  Indians  of 
Massachusetts,  and  Thomas  Tupper  (a  lineal  ancestor  of  Sir  Charles 


*  They  were  arrested,  chained  two  and  two,  taken  from  their  homes,  and  im- 
prisoned. Anawam,  who  commanded  in  King  Philip's  place  after  the  latter  had  fallen 
in  the  war,  surrendered  to  Captain  Church,  on  a  promise  of  kind  treatment ;  yet  in 
spite  of  the  prayers  and  entreaties  of  Church,  he  was  beheaded  by  the  Government 
at  Plymouth.  But  did  not  Samuel  hew  Agag  in  pieces  ?  Captain  Mosely  captured 
an  Indian  woman,  and  after  getting  information  from  her,  ordered  her  to  be  torn  to 
pieces  by  dogs;  and  he  says,  "She  was  soe  dealt  withal."  But  did  not  dogs  eat 
the  flesh  of  Jezebel?  The  discussions  of  the  Puritan  Divines  as  to  the  propriety 
of  putting  Philip's  son  to  death,  show  how  little  the  principle  of  Christian  love 
animated  them,  and  how  unfit  they  were  to  convert  the  savages  to  Christianity. 
(See  Thacher's  "History  of  Plymouth,"  pp.  395,  396.  "New  England  Hist.  Genl. 
Register,"  Vol.  XXXVII.,  p.  180.)  Of  all  Protestants,  the  Quakers  seem  to  have 
accomplished  the  best  results  among  the  Indians.  (See  "  Savery  Genealogy,"  p.  150 
et  seq.)  In  Nova  Scotia,  depredations  by  pirates,  or  other  lawless  English,  often 
brought  cruel  retribution  on  innocent  people.  But  this  is  the  case  wherever  English 
people  come  into  contact  with  savages.  Witness  the  murder  of  Bishop  Patteson  in 
Melanesia  in  1871.  The  Indians'  methods  in  warfare  were  the  most  horrible  found 
in  the  history  of  the  human  race,  but  reprisals  did  not  mitigate  them,  while  a 
cyitrary  course  was  often  known  to  do  so.  (Hannay,  p.  238.) 


296  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Tupper,  and  in  1675  of  Sandwich,  in  Plymouth  colony),  who,  although  not 
a  minister,  instructed  a  congregation  of  1 80,  stand  out  in  honorable  relief, 
in  this  connection,  among  the  early  fathers  of  New  England.  But,  as  a 
rule,  Parkman's  remark  is  as  sound  as  it  is  sententious :  "  Spanish 
civilization  crushed  the  Indian ;  English  civilization  scorned  and  neglected 
him ;  French  civilization  embraced  and  cherished  him."*  When  the 
French  had  once  formed  an  alliance  with  an  Indian  tribe,  it  was  rarely 
dissolved.  From  the  days  of  Membertou  the  Micmacs  of  Nova  Scotia 
have  been  touchingly  true  and  loyal  to  the  faith  delivered  to  their  fore- 
fathers by  Flesche,  Biard,  Masse"  and  Duthet.  Among  my  earliest 
recollections  are  the  large  groups  of  Indians  plodding  their  way  from 
their  reservation  at  Bear  River  or  their  camps  in  the  woods,  along  the 
St.  Mary's  Bay  road,  on  the  eve  of  the  Feast  of  St.  Anne,  to  receive  at 
Church  Point,  Clare,  the  blessing  of  the  good  Abbe  Sigogne.  In  later 
years  there  has  been  a  church  on  the  reservation,  served  by  the  cure  at 
Annapolis.  Masse,  after  the  destruction  of  Poutrincourt's  settlement, 
laboured  in  Quebec,  where  a  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  memory. 
Among  the  most  notable  priests  in  this  part  of  the  Province  were  Louis 
Petit,  who  was  missionary  to  the  Indians  and  parish  priest  at  Port 
Royal  in  1670;  Rev.  M.  Maiidoux  in  1690,  and  Rev.  M.  Gaulin,  an 
inveterate  enemy  of  the  English,  a  missionary  to  the  Indians  and  in 
charge  of  Port  Royal  in  1732.  Rev.  Jean  Des  Enclaves  came  to  America 
in  1728,  and  was  missionary  at  Port  Royal  many  years,  and  was  on 
terms  of  friendship  and  confidence  with  Mascarene.  He  went  to  France 
in  1753,  but  returned  the  next  year,  arid  we  regret  to  find  this  truly 
worthy  man  in  exile  in  Massachusetts,  with  some  Acadians,  in  1755. 
Certainly,  some  of  the  missionaries,  like  De  la  Loutre,  merged  their 
spiritual  functions  in  a  mistaken,  and  to  the  Acadians,  a  disastrous,  zeal 
for  the  political  service  of  the  French  Government ;  but  to  the  great 
majority  of  them  we  must  accord  an  undivided  allegiance  to  the  King  of 
kings,  and  assign  a  shining  record  "  in  the  book  of  life."  Nor  can  we  too 
harshly  blame  those  who  counselled  their  people  not  to  take  an  unquali- 
fied oath  of  allegiance,  when  we  bear  in  mind  that  they  had  by  treaty  the 
alternative  right  to  remove  from  the  country.  Father  Maillard  and 
others  in  somewhat  later  years  did  their  best  to  reconcile  the  Indians  to 
English  rule.  The  career  of  the  venerated  and  saintly  Abbe  Sigogne 
belongs  more  properly  to  the  County  of  Digby,  where  he  ministered  to  all 
the  returned  Acadians  in  the  western  part  of  the  Province. 

Tradition  says  there  was  formerly  an  old  church  on  the  south  shore  of 
the  river  on  a  point  or  promontory  running  down  to  what  is  known  as 
"  Pompey's  rock,"  a  little  below  Goat  Island.  If  so  it  was  probably  a 

*  "  The  Jesuits  in  North  America,"  p.  44.  . 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  297 

missionary  church  for  the  Indians  at  Bear  and  Moose  rivers.  The 
Catholic  congregation  in  the  town  was  annihilated  by  the  dispersion  of 
the  Acadians,  but  revived  with  the  return  of  some  of  the  survivors  and 
the  general  increase  of  inhabitants ;  and  congregations  in  due  time 
appeared  at  the  centres  of  population,  Annapolis  and  Bridgetown,  and 
near  the  latter  place  a  neat  little  church,  sign  of  a  healthy  growth  and 
spirit,  has  been  erected  within  the  last  few  years.  Served  formerly  from 
Digby  and  Kentville,  Annapolis  County  has  required  and  had  the 
privilege  of  a  resident  priest  since  1878,  when  the  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Grace 
was  stationed  here.  Rev.  Philip  Walsh,  D.D.,  a  nephew  of  the  late 
Archbishop  Walsh,  was  parish  priest  from  1880  to  1884,  when  Rev.  T.  J. 
Grace  was  again  appointed,  and  in  the  love  of  his  people  and  the  respect 
of  all,  filled  the  position  until  1891,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  J. 
Doody.  Rev.  John  Walsh  succeeded  him,  and  was  succeeded  in  1895  by 
the  Rev.  Father  Somers,  the  present  incumbent. 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND. 

With  the  English  domination  came  the  chaplain  of  the  forces  for  the 
garrison,  who  also  ministered  to  the  English  population  of  the  town,  and 
after  the  arrival  of  the  Massachusetts  settlers,  to  such  of  them  as  adhered 
to  the  Church  in  the  townships  of  Annapolis  and  Granville.  The  first  of 
these  was  Rev.  John  Harrison,  who  was  succeeded  or  assisted  in  1724  by 
Rev.  Robert  Cuthbert,  not  very  favourably  mentioned  in  a  preceding  por- 
tion of  this  history.  .  Mr.  Harrison  was  still  living  here  in  1732.  In  1732 
Rev.  Richard  Watts  was  here.  He  was  in  the  employ  of  the  S.  P.  G.  as 
a  school-master  at  Annapolis  as  early  as  1728.  He  must  have  left 
Annapolis  in  1738.  For  the  next  four  years  it  is  said  the  officers  and 
soldiers  in  the  garrison  baptized  their  own  children.*  And  we  have  seen 
that  in  1752  Captain  Handfield,  by  license  from  the  Governor,  solemnized 
the  marriage  of  his  own  daughter.  Rev.  Thomas  Wood,  who  came  here 
from  the  town  of  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  was  chaplain  in  1753,  was 
appointed  missionary  of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in 
1764  and  served  with  the  love  and  respect  of  his  flock  until  his  death  in 
1778,  after  which  Rev.  Nathaniel  Fisher  officiated  as  rector  until  the  end 
of  1781.  The  Rev.  Joshua  Wingate  Weeks  was  nominal  rector  and 
garrison  chaplain  for  two  or  three  years,  and  continued  unjustly  to  draw 
the  salary  of  the  latter  office  during  several  years  that  his  brother-in-law, 
Mr.  Bailey,  did  the  work.  Rev.  Mr.  Nayles,  the  commissioned  chaplain, 
resided  in  England.  The  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey  continued  rector  of  the 
parish,  including  Granville  and  Clements,  from  his  arrival  in  1781  until 
his  death  in  1808.  In  1782  James  Forman  arrived  among  the  Loyalists 

*  Eaton's  "Church  in  Nova  Scotia,"  p.  22. 


298  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

of  that  year.  He  is  spoken  of  as  a  refugee  "  half-pay  officer."  He  soon 
removed  to  Digby  and  was  the  first  school-teacher  at  that  place.  In 
1784  he  became  the  founder  at  Digby  of  the  first  Sunday  School  ever 
opened  on  the  Continent  of  America.  He  took  the  initial  step  by  sum- 
moning his  pupils  to  meet  for  religious  instruction  on  Sunday.  Rev. 
Roger  Viets,  a  Loyalist  clergyman  of  great  ability  and  learning,  driven 
out  of  Connecticut,  who  became  Rector  of  Digby  in  1786,  warmly 
approved  of  Forman's  work,  improved  upon  his  methods,  and  in  a  sermon 
published  in  1789,  spoke  of  the  Sunday  Schools  in  his  parish  as  a  settled 
institution,  and  a  valuable  auxiliary  of  the  Church,  and  gratefully  com- 
mended the  encouragement  given  to  it  by  the  first  Bishop  of  Nova  Scotia, 
Rev.  Charles  Inglis,  who  assumed  Episcopal  functions  in  1786.  Forman 
in  Annapolis  County  was  behind  Raikes,  the  founder  of  Sunday  Schools, 
in  Gloucester,  England,  by  only  two  years;  and  it  was  not  until  1791 
that  we  first  hear  of  Sunday  Schools  in  the  United  States,  that  year 
witnessing  their  inauguration  at  Philadelphia  by  an  association  of 
Christians  of  various  denominations,  including  Quakers.  Rev.  Cyrus 
Perkins  succeeded  Mr.  Bailey  as  rector  in  1808,  and  held  the  position 
until  his  death  about  1817,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  John 
Millidge,  D.C.L.,  until  his  death,  about  1830.*  Rev.  Edwin  Gilpin,  a 
collateral  descendant  of  Rev.  Bernard  Gilpin,  the  "  Northern  Apostle," 
and  sweet  spirit  of  the  Reformation,  himself  the  faithful  and  earnest 
champion  of  the  principles  dear  to  his  distinguished  ancestor — succeeded 
Mr.  Millidge,  and  was  the  venerated  rector  of  the  parish  until  his  death, 
September  20th,  1860.  He  was  the  father  of  the  Very  Rev.  Dean  Gilpin, 
of  Halifax,  who  was  born  at  Aylesford.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev. 
James  J.  Ritchie,  M.A..  an  earnest  evangelical  divine,  who  held  the 
position  until  1891,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  present  rector,  Rev.  Henry 
How. 

Granville  was  separated  from  Annapolis  in  1800,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Millidge 
was  its  rector  until  he  removed  to  Annapolis  in  1817.  Rev.  Hibbert 
Binney,  father  of  the  late  Bishop,  was  rector  one  year,  and  Rev.  George 
Best  from  1815  to  1823;  Rev.  H.  Nelson  Arnold  from  1823  to  1828, 
Rev.  Jacob  Whalley  from  1828  to  1835,  and  Rev.  J.  Moore  Campbell,  a 
most  worthy,  amiable  and  popular  minister,  for  the  succeeding  twenty- 
five  years.  Mr.  Campbell  well  deserves  a  more  extended  notice.  Rev^ 
Henry  D.  De  Blois  was  rector  from  1860  to  1867,  during  a  part  of  which 
time  Rev.  W.  H.  Snyder  was  vicar ;  Rev.  Frederick  P.  Greatorex  from 
1876  to  1892,  and  Rev.  Albert  Gale  from  1893  to  1896. 

Rev.  John  Wiswall,  of  whom  a  biographical  sketch  will  appear  in  the 
genealogies,  was  the  first  Rector  of  Wilmot,  and  was  succeeded  at  his 
death  by  the  Rev.  Edwin  Gilpin,  who  lived  at  Aylesford,  the  parish  at 

*  See  memoir  of  Thomas  Millidge,  M.  P.  P. 


REV.  JAMES  ROBERTSON,  LL.D., 
Rector  of  Wilmot. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  299 

that  time  comprising  Aylesford,  Wilmot,  Bridgetown,  and  Upper  Gran- 
ville,  the  line  of  division  being  three  miles  below  Bridgetown.  The  Rev. 
James  Robertson,  to  be  presently  mentioned  more  at  length,  became 
rector  in  1832.  His  successors  have  been  Rev.  George  F.  Maynard,  1877 
and  1878;  Rev.  George  B.  Dodwell,  1880  to  1891  ;  Rev.  J.  E.  Warner, 
1892  to  1896.  The  bell  in  the  old  church  at  Pine  Grove  was  the  gift  of 
William  Bayard,  Esq.,  and  bears  the  following  inscriptions:  "This  bell, 
the  gift  of  William  Bayard,  Esq.,  1792,  to  the  Trinity  Church  at  Wilmot 
in  Nova  Scotia,  as  by  law  established."  "  Thomas  Meers,  of  London, 
fecit." 

The  old  church  at  Clementsport,  built  by  the  Dutch  and  Hessian  and 
other  German  Loyalists,  was  originally  Lutheran,  and  called  the  "  Church 
of  St.  Edward."  When  it  was  transferred  to  the  Church  of  England  a 
condition  was  made  that  a  hymn  in  the  Dutch  language  should  be  sung 
every  Sunday  morning  before  the  beginning  of  the  ordinary  service,  which 
was  done  until  only  two  to  whom  that  language  was  the  vernacular 
survived.  Doctor  Fred.  Boehme,  who  died  in  1816,  by  his  will  gave  the 
church  a  bell  and  a  service  of  communion  plate.  The  old  bass  viol  which, 
performed  on  by  the  venerable  "Squire"  Ditmars,  long  supplied  the 
instrumental  music,  is  still  preserved.  The  congregation  was  under  the 
pastoral  care  of  the  rectors  of  Annapolis  until  about  1840,  during  the 
incumbency  of  Mr.  Gilpin,  when  it  was  erected  into  a  separate  parish,  of 
which  Rev.  William  M.  Godfrey  took  charge  as  missionary  of  the  S.  P.  G. 
He  died  in  1881,  since  which  time  there  have  been  several  incumbents, 
for  short  periods,  Rev.  J.  Lockward,  the  present  rector,  succeeding  the 
Rev.  W.  B.  Belliss  in  1895. 

The  parish  of  Bridgetown  was  separated  from  Granville  in  1854,  and 
its  first  rector  was  Rev.  J.  Moore  Campbell,  who  had  been  rector  of  the 
old  parish  before  its  division.  He  died  February  13,  1862,  at  the  early 
age  of  fifty-six,  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  A.  W.  Millidge  for  about  a  year. 
Rev.  Henry  Pryor  Almon,  son  of  Hon.  M.  B.  Almon,  was  rector  several 
years,  Rev.  Augustus  Sullivan  for  about  a  year,  and  Rev.  Lewis  Morris. 
Wilkins,  son  of  Hon.  Martin  I.  Wilkins,  and  grandson  of  the  first  Judge 
Wilkins,  was  rector  from  1873  to  1889  ;  Rev.  H.  De  Blois,  1890  and 

1891,  Rev.  Mr.  Cunningham  for  about  eight  months,  succeeded  at  Easter, 

1892,  by  Rev.  F.  P.  Greatorex. 

The  parish  of  Round  Hill  was  set  off  from  Annapolis  in  1890,  and  the 
Rev.  H.  D.  De  Blois  was  elected  its  first  rector. 

Rev.  James  Robertson  was  born  at  Strath  Tay  in  Perthshire,, 
Scotland,  in  1802.  An  uncle  and  grand-uncle  were  celebrated  divines, 
but  I  cannot  state  positively  that  the  latter  of  these  was  the  great 
historian.  He  was  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  where  he 
received  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1826,  and  LL.D.  in  1856.  On  December 


300  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

8,  1828,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  "The  Northern  Institution  for  the 
Promotion  of  Science  and  Literature  "  in  Inverness ;  was  ordained  priest 
by  Dr.  Skinner,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen,  at  St.  Andrew's  Chapel  in  that 
city,  June  8,  1829,  having  first  served  in  deacon's  orders  as  assistant  at 
Meikelfield,  near  Inverness.  He  came  to  Newfoundland  in  1829  as 
missionary  of  the  S.  P.  G.  In  1831  he  married  at  Chiswick,  Middlesex, 
England,  Maria,  youngest  daughter  of  Major  Hansard  of  the  69th  regi- 
ment, a  sister  of  the  wife  of  the  late  Archdeacon  Coster,  of  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  and  the  next  year  came  to  Bridgetown,  where  he  filled  the  office  of 
rector  of  the  then  undivided  parish,  although  probably  not  formally 
appointed  until  1837.  In  1854  he  removed  to  Wilmot,  where  he  died,  at 
Middleton,  January  19,  1878.  He  was  a  profound  general  and  scientific 
scholar,  as  well  as  theologian,  and  would  have  been  eminently  useful  as 
a  professor  or  president  of  one  of  our  provincial  universities.  He  received 
a  silver  medal  from  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  Halifax,  J.  Leander  Starr, 
President,  in  1835,  "for  the  best  essay  on  the  application  of  science  to 
the  arts  ;"  was  author  of  an  able  treatise  on  "Infant  Baptism,"  and  other 
pamphlets  and  essays.  A  son,  James  C.  Robertson,  of  the  Harris- Allan 
Co.,  St.  John,  N.B.,  and  a  grandson,  T.  Reginald  Robertson,  a  rising 
barrister,  of  Kentville,  N.S.,  now  represent  the  name  in  the  Maritime 
Provinces. 

Rev.  William  Minns  Godfrey,  who  was  born  at  Rochester,  England, 
and  baptized  in  the  great  cathedral  of  that  city,  was  a  son  of  the  late 
Thomas  Godfrey,  a  purser  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  afterwards  during  the 
war  of  1812,  prize-agent  at  Halifax,  and  later,  collector  of  customs  at 
Lunenburg,  who  married  a  daughter  of  William  Minns,  a  brother  of  the 
first  wife  of  the  Loyalist,  John  Howe,  who  by  a  second  marriage  was 
father  of  Hon.  Joseph  Howe.  Mr.  Godfrey  was  a  faithful  exponent  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  Church  of  England  as  asserted  at  the  Reformation, 
and  an  effective  and  impressive  preacher  of  the  vital  truths  of  the  Gospel ; 
and  dying  suddenly  October  3rd,  1881,  in  the  sixty -seventh  year  of  his 
age,  left  a  memory  that  will  still  long  be  fragrant  among  people  of  all 
denominations  in  that  section  of  the  country  in  which  he  laboured  with 
so  much  zeal  and  success. 


CONGREGATIONALISTS. 

The  majority  of  the  early  settlers  on  the  vacated  lands  of  the  French 
were  of  the  Independent  or  Congregational  churches  of  Pilgrim  or 
Puritan  New  England.  But  not  coming  here,  as  their  forefathers  did  to 
Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  Bay,  as  an  assertion  of  religious  principle 
— each  group  following  its  spiritual  leader  into  exile — they  were  not 
careful  to  bring  pastors  with  them ;  and  most  of  the  few  clergy  who  in 
time  followed  them  to  Nova  Scotia,  went  back  to  the  old  provinces  from 
sympathy  with  the  disaffection  prevailing  there.  The  religious  com- 
munities of  the  provinces  they  left  had  not  many  years  before  been 
stirred  to  their  profoundest  depths  by  the  revivalist  preaching  of  the  Rev. 
George  Whitefield,  a  Church  of  England  minister  of  overpowering 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  3QI 

eloquence,  of  the  school  of  the  Wesley s,  and  a  fellow-worker  with  them 
until  they  deemed  it  necessary  to  denounce  his  extreme  Calvinistic  views. 
He,  or  at  least  those  who  caught  his  spirit  and  took  up  the  work  of 
evangelization  where  he  left  it,  taught  with  great  emphasis  the  eternal 
death  of  every  soul  who  had  not  been  sensibly  and  consciously  converted 
after  full  conviction  of  sin  and  of  deserved  condemnation,  followed  by  an 
absolute,  divinely-given  assurance  of  acceptance,  restitution  and  salva- 
tion, from  which,  once  really  obtained,  there  could  be  no  relapse.  This 
system  was  enforced  with  burning  zeal  and  the  vivid  invocation  of  the 
terrors  of  judgment,  by  itinerant  ministers,  until  an  enthusiasm  and 
excitement  were  produced  unknown  before  among  the  Christian  bodies 
which  had  sprung  up  since  the  Reformation.  The  preachers  and  votaries 
of  this  movement  were  designated  "  New  Lights,"  as  distinguished  from 
the  so-called  churches  of  the  "standing  order,"  or  adherents  of  the  "old 
standards"  of  religious  faith  and  discipline.  If  I  may  venture  to  attempt 
a  definition  of  the  principles  of  those  who  opposed  or  distrusted  this 
movement,  I  might  approximate  correctness  in  saying  that  they  held 
that  baptism  was  not  only  an  admission  into  the  outward  and  visible 
Church,  but  if  rightly  received,  a  means  of  grace  ;  and  that  conversion 
meant  simply  a  genuine  turning  from  sin  with  contrition  for  the  past  and 
reform  for  the  future ;  riot  a  state  to  attain  to  once  for  all,  but  an 
experience  to  be  undergone  and  repeated  as  often  as  the  frailty  of  man 
permits  him  to  sin.  Ministers  with  this  view  loooked  with  disfavour  on 
the  frenzied  emotions  displayed  under  the  new  teachings,  by  those  who, 
from  the  outward  manifestations  of  inward  grace  in  their  daily  walk, 
stood,  as  far  as  imperfect  humanity  could  judge,  just  as  favourable  a  chance 
for  salvation  as  their  less  excited  fellow-believers,  and  counselled  a  sober 
mean  between  wild  enthusiasm  and  religious  indifference.  Doubtless 
in  enforcing  these  views  they  sometimes  sought  to  point  an  argument  by 
citing  the  doubts  entertained  of  each  other's  conversion  by  those  whose 
methods  were  similar  while  they  differed  in  doctrine.*  Mr.  Bailey  under- 
stood these  new  teachers  as  affirming  "  that  the  most  abandoned  sinners 
are  nearer  to  the  kingdom  of  heaven  than  people  of  a  sober,  honest  and 
religious  deportment,  for  such,  they  allege,  are  in  danger  of  depending  on 
their  own  righteousness."  From  1798  to  1801  the  New  Light  movement 
swept  over  the  country  with  the  force  and  fury  of  a  torrent ;  with  occa- 
sional similar  revivals  down  to  a  period  within  my  own  recollection,  and 
I  have  sometimes  in  the  early  forties  heard  the  terms  "  Baptist  New 
Lights,"  and  "  Methodist  New  Lights  "  used  to  distinguish  evangelists  of 
the  two  denominations.  The  indefatigable  zeal  and  energy  of  the  New 
Lights  prevailed,  and  many  Congregational  churches  soon  adopted  thn 

*  See*  an  example  in  Dr.  Smith's  "  History  of  the  Methodists,"  pp.  157,  158. 


302  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

rule  of  excluding  from  communion  all  who  were  unable  to  present 
before  their  brethren  proof  that  they  had  actually  experienced  in  their 
hearts  the  required  change.  From  this  it  was  but  another  step  to  refuse 
them  baptism,  the  outward  act  or  sign  of  admission  into  the  covenant  of 
grace,  and  thus  Whitefield,  although  he  never  left  the  Church  of 
England  was*  the  means  of  immense  and  rapid  accessions  to  the  Baptist 
churches  of  the  old  provinces. 

Nova  Scotia  was  the  peculiar  field  of  a  most  remarkable  follower  of 
Whitefield,  the  Rev.  Henry  Alline,  a  Congregational  minister  whose 
powerful  and  impressive  oratory  stirred  to  their  utmost  depths  the 
emotions  of  the  people  throughout  the  western  counties.!  Setting  no 
value  on  external  order,  aiming  only  at  the  individual  unit,  and  thus 
•careless  of  dividing  or  breaking  up  religious  communities,  he  and  the 
successors  whom  he  influenced,  traversed  the  land,  preaching  with  such 
•effect  that  the  settled  pastors,  failing  to  retain  their  influence  over  their 
flocks,  were  swept  aside  by  the  resistless  wave  of  popular  religious 
agitation.  Old  church  organizations  were  broken  up  and  new  ones, 
without  any  guarantee  of  permanence  or  stability  instituted.  Here 
again,  although  Alline  never  professed  to  be  other  than  a  Congrega- 
tionalist,  nor  thought  of  renouncing  infant  baptism,  or  its  ordinary  mode 
of  administration  among  those  who  admit  it,  he  sowed  a  seed  of  which 
the  Baptist  body,  in  respect  to  connexion  and  numbers,  reaped  the 
abounding  harvest,  and  soon  reduced  chaos  to  order  and  discipline. 
These  successors  of  the  New  Lights  rejected  their  too  pronounced  anti- 
nomianism,  and  gradually  abandoned  that  gloomy  type  of  Calvinism 
which  marked  the  early  New  England  theology. 

The  Rev.  Arzarelah  Morse,  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1745,  a  graduate 
of  Harvard,  was  the  first  settled  Congregational  minister  at  Granville, 
and  was  of  the  New  Light  order.  He  returned  to  the  United  States 
about  the  close  of  the  century,  selling  the  church  property  there  and 
taking  the  proceeds  with  him.  Nathaniel  Fisher,  born  at  Dedham, 
Mass.,  July  8th,  1742,  probably  the  first  school-master  in  Granville,  where 
he  lived  bet  wee  A  1771  and  1778,  was  also  a  Congregational  religious 
teacher  and  catechist,  but  later  took  orders  in  the  Church  of  England, 
and  as  we  have  seen  had  charge  of  St.  Luke's,  Annapolis,  after  which  he 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  was  Rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Salem,  from 

*Dr.  Cramp,  in  his  "History  of  the  Baptists,"  pp.  457,  463,  admits  this. 
Whitefield  was  the  son  of  an  innkeeper  at  Gloucester,  graduated  at  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  and  owing  to  the  great  impression  his  piety  and  ability  made  on 
the  Bishop  of  Gloucester,  he  was  ordained  at  twenty-one,  two  years  before  the 
canonical  age.  The  effect  of  his  first  sermon  is  said  to  have  driven  some  people  mad 
with  fear,  but  the  Bishop,  in  reply  to  complaints  about  this,  said  that  he  hoped 
the  madness  would  last  till  the  following  Sunday. 

t  Alline  was  a  native  of  Newport,  R.I. ,  whose  parents  removed  to  Falmouth, 
N.S. ,  while  he  was  yet  a  boy. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  303 

February,  1782,  until  his  death  in  1812.  Alline  established  a  church  or 
society  in  Granville,  east  of  the  Wade  settlement,  in  1780,  and  it  became 
Baptist  in  1790,  and  was  probably  the  body  out  of  which  grew  the  "  First 
Baptist  Church  of  Annapolis."  And  so,  as  no  change  whatever  in  ecclesi- 
astical polity  or  order  was  necessary,  and  Calvini.stic  views  were  common 
to  both  systems,  every  Congregational  society  or  organization  in  the 
county  soon,  under  the  influences  mentioned,  and  as  if  by  common 
consent,  became 

BAPTIST. 

The  New  Light  Congregational  churches,  after  they  had  abandoned 
infant  baptism,  continued  for  some  time  in  communion  with  the  other 
churches,  and  the  adoption  of  "close  communion"  was  not  introduced 
without  some  friction,  nor  until  1809.  The  Church  at  Lower  Granville 
was  organized  in  1780,  at  Bridgetown  in  1801,  at  Nictaux  in  1809  ;  that 
of  Wilmot,  which  included  Paradise  and  Clements,  in  1810;  the  Church 
at  New  Albany  in  1829,  at  Dalhousie  West,  1830;  those  at  Wilmot 
Mountain,  or  Port  Lorne,  and  Springfield  in  1835,  Upper  Wilmot  1842, 
Parker's  Cove  1854  ;  Middleton  and  Milford  churches  in  1861 ;  the  Church 
at  Litchfield,  1862  ;  Lawrencetown,  1873 ;  Annapolis  Royal,  1874  (pastors 
in  the  latter,  in  succession,  Rev.  T.  A.  Higgins  (afterwards  of  Wolfville), 
E.  C.  Good,  F.  O.  Weeks,  0.  A.  Eaton,  S.  H.  Cain  and  Rev.  J.  G. 
Coulter  White);  at  Clementsport  in  1888;  at  Granville  Ferry  in  1890. 
In  1798  an  association  including  both  communions  was  held  at  Corn- 
wallis,  but  in  June,  1800,  the  first  regular  Baptist  Association  ever 
convened  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  or  probably  in  the  Dominion,  was 
held  at  Lower  Granville,  Rev.  Joseph  Crandall  preaching  on  the  occasion. 
At  the  Association  of  1802  the  pastors  of  the  First  and  Second  Baptist 
•churches  in  Annapolis  were  Rev.  Thomas  Handley  Chipman  and  Rev. 
James  Manning,  respectively.  At  the  time  of  the  Association  of  1810 
Rev.  James  Manning  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Lower  Granville  and 
Digby,  and  Rev.  Thomas  Ansley  at  Upper  Granville.  In  1812  the 
Nova  Scotia  Association  was  held  at  Upper  Granville;  in  1813  at 
Clements  ;  in  1826  at  Wilmot.  In  1828  an  immense  impetus  was  given  to 
the  progress  of  Baptist  thought  and  influence  by  the  accession  of  a 
number  of  men  of  high  social  standing  and  personal  and  political 
importance,  who  had  been  trained  in  the  Church  of  England,  including 
Hon.  J.  W.  and  Dr.  Lewis  Johnstone,  E.  A.  Crawley,  Esq.,  barrister 
(afterwards  known  as  Rev.  Dr.  Crawley),  Charles  Twining,  J.  W.  Nutting 
and  others.  In  1829  Rev.  I.  E.  Bill  was  pastor  at  Nictaux,  and  Rev. 
R.  W.  Cunningham,  once  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  later  in  life  pastor  of 
the  Baptist  Church  at  Digby,  the  father  of  our  late  townsman,  Dr.  A.  B. 
Cunningham,  was  at  Chute's  Cove.  In  1830  Rev.  T.  H.  Chipman  died 


304  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

at  Nictaux,  and  in  1831  Rev.  Joshua  Cogswell  was  pastor  of  the  Lower 
Granville  Church.  In  1833  the  Association  met  at  Bridgetown.  At 
this  time  Annapolis  and  Upper  Granville  were  still  one  Church.  The 
names  of  those  just  mentioned,  and  of  Rev.  Harris  Harding,*  Rev. 
Thomas  Handley  Chipman  (a  close  follower  of  Alline),  Edward  and  James 
Manning,  Thomas  Ansley  and  Joseph  and  Stephen  Crandall — some  of 
them  of  but  little  educational  culture,  but  the  majority  of  them  of  rugged 
intellect  and  all  fired  with  a  burning  zeal — are  closely  identified  with  the 
planting  and  fostering  of  the  early  Baptist  churches  in  this  county.  Nor 
should  the  names  of  Revs.  George  Armstrong,  Nathaniel  Vidito,  Israel 
Potter,  E.  M.  Saunders,  D.D.,  A.  S.  Hunt,  Superintendent  of  Education 
for  Nova  Scotia,  Maynard,  Obadiah  and  W.  L.  Parker,  Ebenezer  Stronach 
and  James  Austen  Smith  be  omitted  in  calling  the  long  roll  of  Baptist 
worthies  who  have  been  connected  with  this  county  by  birth  or  by 
ministerial  labour  within  its  borders. 


METHODIST. 

In  July,  1782,  the  Rev.  William  Black,  the  silver-tongued  apostle  of 
early  Methodism  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  visited  the  county  and 
preached  with  fervor  and  effect  at  Annapolis,  Granville  and  Wilmot. 
Among  his  converts  were  Samuel  Chesley,  afterwards  known  as  Samuel 
Chesley,  sen.,  then  a  youth  of  about  eighteen,  but  afterwards  to  become  the 
father  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Ansley  Chesley,  whom  I  will  notice  presently. 
After  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists  Mr.  Black  made  a  second  visit  extending 
to  Clements  and  Bear  River,  and  formed  small  societies  at  each  of  the 
places  named.  In  1791  the  Rev.  John  Cooper  was  placed  in  charge  of 
these  societies.  He  lived  on,  and  owned  the  lot  by  which  the  familiar 
use  of  his  name  was  long  perpetuated  in  the  town.  His  career  was 
chequered,  and  finally  he  lost  the  confidence  of  his  brethren.  He  was 
succeeded  as  superintendent  by  Rev.  Wm.  Grandin.  The  Rev.  Freeborn 
Garretson,  a  native  of  Maryland,  who,  like  most  of  the  early  Methodists, 
drew  the  rich  draughts  that  nourished  his  spiritual  life  from  the  bosom  of 
the  Church  of  England,  visited  Wilmot,  Granville,  Annapolis  and  Digby 
in  1785.  Before  commencing  his  work  he  called  on  Dr.  Breynton,  the 
Rector  of  St.  Paul's,  in  Halifax,  who  gave  him  much  encouragement, 
and  promised  him  all  the  assistance  in  his  power.  In  the  same  year, 
Black,  ever  "in  labours  abundant,"  was  again  in  the  county.  In  1786 
one  hundred  members  were  reported  at  Granville,  Annapolis  and  Digby. 
Black  was  again  in  Annapolis  in  1792,  composing  difficulties  that  had 

*  For  sketches  of  this  remarkable  man  from  different  religious  standpoints,  see 
Bill's  "Fifty  Years  with  the  Baptists,"  and  Campbell's  "History  of  Yarmouth 
County." 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  305 

arisen  out  of  the  affairs  of  Cooper.  Rev.  Daniel  Fidler,  who  had 
entered  the  ministry  when  a  lad  of  eighteen,  came  to  Annapolis  in 
1794,  and  was  followed  next  year  by  William  Grandin,  a  native  of 
New  Jersey.  Visits  to  the  county  were  also  made  about  this  time  by 
Rev.  Messrs.  Black,  Garretson,  Whitehead,  McColl  and  James  Mann. 
At  this  period  the  name  of  Bonnett  appears  among  those  who  professed 
to  have  received  salvation  through  Methodist  agency — Isaac,  the  father 
of  the  late  Sheriff  Bonnett,  himself  long  a  devoted  Methodist  and  hospi- 
table entertainer  of  the  Methodist  missionaries.  The  first  Methodist 
church  in  Annapolis  was  built  in  1798,  and  it  is  supposed  there  was 
one  in  Granville  earlier.  The  conference  of  1802  was  held  at  Annapolis, 
when  Mr.  Black's  intended  removal  to  England  was  considered  and 
deprecated.  The  most  notable  convert  of  this  period  was  Col.  Bayard, 
of  whom  we  have  already  heard  in  connection  with  the  history  of 
Wilmot,  and  who  thenceforth  forsook  a  career  of  careless  indifference 
about  religious  matters,  abandoned  all  sinful  indulgences,  and  became  a 
Christian  of  the  brightest  character.  One  of  his  sons,  Doctor  Samuel  V. 
Bayard,  continued  in  communion  with  the  Methodists  all  his  days,  but 
the  other  members  of  the  family  either  remained  in  or  returned  to  the 
Church  of  their  fathers  and  of  Wesley.  They  settled  in  St.  John,  N.B., 
where  they  were  men  of  social  and  professional  eminence.  Of  Rev.  Stephen 
Bamford  the  writer  retains  some  recollections.  He  was  a  very  remark- 
able man,  born  in  1770  and  a  soldier  of  the  29th  regiment.  He  had 
great  talent  as  a  preacher  and  strong  personal  magnetism,  and  laboured 
at  Annapolis  and  Digby  from  1803  until  his  death  in  1848  with  wonder- 
ful effect.  From  1800  to  1820,  besides  Mr.  Bamford,  this  circuit,  which 
extended  from  Horton  to  Digby,  was  at  various  periods  superintended  by 
Revs.  Joshua  Marsden,  William  Sutcliffe,  James  Priestly,  William 
Bonnett,  William  Croscombe,  James  Dunbar,  Adam  Clarke  Avard, 
Sampson  Busby*  and  John  Snowball.  In  1819,  when  Mr.  Busby  was 
superintendent,  there  were  250  members  in  this  circuit.  Rev.  A.  C.  Avard 
was  a  son  of  Rev.  Joseph  Avard,  who  bore  his  French  name  as  a  native 
of  Guernsey.  The  father,  who  was  a  disciple  of  the  celebrated  Doctor 
Adam  Clarke,  came  to  Prince  Edward  Island  in  1806,  and  laboured  as  a 
Methodist  missionary  in  that  province  and  in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova 
Scotia.  The  son  at  first  studied  law,  but  abandoned  it  for  the  gospel 
ministry,  in  which  he  was  a  strong,  active  and  popular  worker.  He  died 
in  1821  at  Fredericton,  whither  he  had  removed  from  Annapolis  the 
previous  year.  A  union  meeting  for  mutual  edification  promoted  by  Col. 
Bayard,  was  held  at  Nictaux  in  September,  1817,  at  which  five  Methodist 
ministers,  Rev.  Messrs.  Bennett,  Croscombe,  Busby,  Priestly  and  Avard, 

*Mr.  Busby  was  the  father-in-law  of  William  Smith,  Esq.,  long  Deputy  Minister 
of  Marine  and  Fisheries  of  Canada. 
20 


306  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

with  two  of  the  leading  Baptist  ministers,  Revs.  T.  Handley  Chipman  and 
Ansley,  took  part.  The  years  1838  and  1839  witnessed  great  accessions 
to  the  Methodist  Church  at  Nictaux,  and  the  Pine  Grove  church  was 
about  that  time  built.  Andrew  Henderson,  already  noticed,  was  from 
1832  onward,  a  strong  pillar  of  Methodism  in  Annapolis,  as  for  many 
years  later  his  son  George  was  in  Digby.  He  first  taught  school  in 
Wilmot,  where  in  1821,  thirty-six  years  later  than  Forman  in  Digby,  he 
followed  the  example  of  Forman  by  establishing  a  Sunday  School,  one  of 
the  earliest  in  that  section  of  the  county.  In  Annapolis  he  kept  for 
some  years  a  boarding  school  at  Albion  Yale,*  west  side  of  Allain's  creek, 
where  many  prominent  Methodists,  lay  and  clerical,  received  a  sound 
preparatory  training.  He  was  an  able  magistrate  and  postmaster,  and 
always  amply  adorned  his  profession  as  a  Christian,  a  living  "epistle 
known  and  read  of  all  men." 

No  worthier  name  appears  in  the  long  roll  of  those  able  ministers  of 
the  Gospel  who  claim  this  county  as  their  birth-place  than  that  of  the 
Reverend  Robert  Ansley  Chesley.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Samuel 
Chesley,  Esq.,  by  a  second  marriage,  and  his  mother  was  Louisa, 
daughter  of  Phineas  Lovett,  Esq.,  of  Round  Hill.  (See  Chesley  and  Lovett 
genealogies.)  He  was  born  in  Granville,  in  1816,  and  after  his  ordination 
he  exercised  his  ministerial  office  on  various  stations  within  this  con- 
fererce  and  at  Bathurst,  N.B.,  his  last  circuit  in  his  native  province 
being  at  Digby.  He  died  November  27th,  1856,  at  St.  John's,  New- 
foundland, where  he  had  been  appointed  about  six  months  previously  to 
the  office  of  superintendent  of  the  circuit ;  the  disease  which  so  pre- 
maturely terminated  a  career  which  promised  so  much,  being  a  malignant 
fever  contracted  while  discharging  his  ministerial  duties.  Such  was  the 
esteem  in  which  he  was  held  in  that  city,  that  a  fund  of  about  four 
hundred  pounds  sterling  was  promptly  subscribed  for  the  benefit  of  his 
widow  and  orphans,  the  list  being  headed  by  the  then  Bishop  of  the 
Diocese,  whose  Archdeacon  had  received  ministerial  visits  and  relig- 
ious consolation  on  his  death-bed  from  Mr.  Chesley.  He  married 
in  1848  Hannah  Albee,  and  had  four  children,  three  sons  and  a  daughter, 
of  whom  the  eldest  son,  Samuel  A.  Chesley,  Esq.,  is  Judge  of  Probate  at 
Lunenburg,  and  a  leading  Methodist  layman. 

*  I  suspect  that  Rev.  Dr.  Smith,  to  whose  personal  courtesy  as  well  as  his 
valuable  "  History  of  Methodism  in  Eastern  British  America,"  I  am  largely  indebted 
for  most  of  the  facts  mentioned  in  this  sketch,  was  misinformed  when  he  says 
opposition  to  Mr.  Henderson  as  a  Methodist  drove  him  from  the  town  to  Albion 
Vale  for  a  site  for  his  boarding  school.  The  townspeople  much  appreciated  Mr. 
Henderson  as  a  teacher,  and  would  hardly  object  to  a  boarding  school  in  their  midst 
either  on  commercial  or  religious  grounds.  Albion  Vale  would  be  a  healthy  locality, 
and  one  w;here  the  boys  would  be  kept  more  free  from  bad  associations. 


i 


^ 

REV.  ROBERT  ANSLEY  CHESLEY. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  307 

PRESBYTERIAN. 

No  doubt  there  was  quite  a  sprinkling  of  people  attached  to  the 
Presbyterian  order  of  faith  and  worship  from  Scotland  and  the  North  of 
Ireland  among  the  early  settlers  in  the  county,  but  these  were  absorbed 
in  the  other  religious  bodies  around  them.  With  the  more  recent 
accessions  of  population  others  came  in  greater  numbers  and  with  more 
cohesiveness,  not  only  from  Scotland,  but  from  the  eastern  parts  of  the 
Province,  where  the  Presbyterian  body  has  always  been  strong.  At 
length,  in  1858,  the  first  Presbyterian  congregation  was  organized  at 
Annapolis,  the  following  being  among  its  promoters  :  the  late  George 
Runciman,  a  native  of  Haddington,  Scotland,  long  a  leading  merchant  of 
the  town ;  the  late  Wm.  M.  Forbes,  the  late  James  Gray,  and  the  late 
Arthur  King.  A  church  was  soon  commenced  which  was  finished  for 
worship  about  1862.  By  the  year  1870,  a  church  edifice  at  Bridgetown 
was  found  necessary,  and  a  pretty  brick  church  and  manse  were  erected 
there,  conspicuous  and  comely  features  of  the  town.  The  first  settled 
pastor  was  Rev.  J.  A.  Murray,  who  was  sent  here  in  1857,  and  afterwards 
removed  to  London,  Ont.,  where  he  died.  He  was  an  able  preacher,  as 
was  also  his  successor,  Rev.  D.  S.  Gordon,  whose  pastorate  began  in  1862. 
He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Gray  in  1879,  and  the  Rev.  R.  S. 
Whidden  in  1894. 

ADVENTISTS. 

Revivals  in  the  western  part  of  the  Province  were  much  stimulated  in 
the  later  thirties  and  early  forties  of  this  century  by  the  startling  pre- 
dictions of  William  Miller,  a  soldier-farmer  of  Massachusetts,  of  little 
learning,  but  of  strong  natural  powers  of  mind,  who  had  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  Scripture  prophecy,  and  announced  as  a  result  that  the 
stupendous  cataclysm  which  was  to  inaugurate  the  final  judgment  would 
occur  in  1843.  Among  the  writer's  earliest  recollections  was  the  singular 
appearance  of  the  snow  one  winter  night,  suffused  with  a  strange  reddish 
tint,  apparently  caused  by  a  similar  red  appearance  of  the  moon.  This 
phenomenon,  which  must  have  been  widely  noticed,  he  declared  was  the 
fulfilment  of  the  prophecy  that  the  moon  in  the  last  days  should  be  "turned 
into  blood" — an  unusually  dark  day  quite  a  number  of  years  before,  and  the 
grand  meteoric  shower  of  1833,  being  the  other  portents  promised  in  Joel 
ii.  31,  and  Matthew  xxiv.  29.  Among  the  rural  population  the  excite- 
ment as  the  year  drew  nigh  and  at  length  dawned  became  intense ;  and  a 
sudden  and  more  than  commonly  brilliant  flash  of  the  aurora  borealis,  or 
the  blaze  of  a  bright  meteor  darting  across  the  sky,  or  the  reflection  from 
the  flame  of  a  burning  chimney  in  the  neighbourhood  starting  up  through 
the  darkness  of  the  night,  was  hailed  by  the  nervous  with  terror  or 


308  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

delight  as  the  outburst  of  the  fire  that  was  to  consume  a  guilty  world,  and 
bring  man  face  to  face  with  eternal  weal  or  woe.*  Time  wore  on,  and  the 
year  rolled  away  like  its  predecessors  into  the  shadowy  past ;  but  a  new 
body  of  Christians  called  Second  Adventists  arose  out  of  the  agitation, 
and  in  the  early  sixties  included  quite  a  number  of  respectable  adherents 
on  the  county  line  between  Digby  and  Annapolis,  who  were  ministered  to 
by  a  settled  pastor.  One  of  the  doctrines  of  the  denomination  pronounced 
war  unlawful,  and  so  when  the  militia  were  called  out  in  1866,  to  which  year 
fresh  calculations  had  postponed  the  grand  event,  they  refused  to  obey 
the  summons,  and  the  Digby  jail  was  filled  with  prisoners  who  preferred 
that  martyrdom  to  drilling  in  the  ranks ;  and  eagerly  distributed  their 
pamphlets  and  charts  through  the  bars  of  the  jail  window.  Another  of 
their  beliefs  is  that  at  death  the  whole  person  dies — body,  soul  and  spirit 
—to  be  revived  at  the  general  resurrection ;  so  that  the  judgment  must 
be  experienced  at  the  next  instant  of  consciousness  after  death,  and  that 
the  punishment  of  the  wicked  will  be  a  second  death,  by  fire,  and  not 
everlasting  suffering.  A  branch  of  this  organization  called  the  Seventh 
Day  Adventists  claims  some  followers  near  Annapolis,  who  were  visited 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Farman  in  1894  and  1895. 

Additions  to  Nomenclature. — Three  Christian  names  have  been  com- 
mon in  the  county  and  peculiar  to  it,  which  are  now  handed  down  from 
father  to  son  and  uncle  to  nephew,  while  in  most  cases  those  who  bear 
them  do  not  know  how  their  application  as  "given  names"  originated. 
Millidge  perpetuates  the  memory  of  Rev.  John  Millidge;  Ansley,  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Ansley ;  and  Avard,  the  Rev.  Adam  C.  Avard.  Rev. 
T.  Handley  Chipman  and  Rev.  J.  Moore  Campbell  have  been  much 
honoured  in  the  same  way. 

*The  story  of  "A  Little  Millerite,"  Vol.  XL,  Century  Magazine,  1886,  p.  307, 
vividly  recalled  and  illustrated  my  own  experience  of  the  effect  of  this  agitation  on 
the  minds  of  children. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

By  the  Editor. 

Lists  of  public  officers — Justices  of  the  Peace — Members  of  the  Legislature,  etc. — 
Census  statistics — The  Apple  Trade. 

IN  early  days  there  was  a  Provost  Marshall  for  the  whole  province.  An 
Act  for  the  appointment  of  a  High  Sheriff  for  each  county  passed 
in  1778,  and  in  1780  received  the  assent  of  the  Crown  on  condition  that 
the  Provost  Marshall,  Fenton,  should  receive  a  pension,  and  probably 
came  into  operation  in  1781  or  1782.  For  many  years  the  sheriffs  were 
selected  annually  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  out  of  a  list  of  three 
suitable  men  in  each  county  prepared  by  the  Chief  Justice.  In  later 
times,  and  until  1883  the  list  was  prepared  by  the  Chief  Justice  and  a 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  or  two  judges  selected  by  the  Chief  Justice, 
in  conjunction  with  a  committee  of  two  of  the  Executive  Council.  The 
first  trace  we  have  of  the  office  in  the  County  of  Annapolis  shows  that 
PHINEAS  LOVETT,  JUN.,  was  High  Sheriff  from  April  to  June,  1782.  We 
cannot  supply  the  name  or  names  for  the  next  two  years.  In  1784  ROBERT 
TUCKER,  was  appointed.  He  was,  no  doubt,  the  Loyalist  physician  and 
surgeon  mentioned  in  Sabine,  Vol.  II.,  p.  366  and  appendix.  After  his 
death,  about  the  year  1790,  ROBERT  DICKSON  seems  to  have  been 
appointed,  and  from  this  time  to  about  1806  he  or  WILLIAM  WINNIETT 
received  the  appointment  each  year.  The  records  are  obscure  and  imper- 
fect, and  the  contemporary  almanacs  are  not  all  preserved.  In  1792, 
WILLIAM  WINNIETT  ;  in  1794,  WILLIAM  WINNIETT;  in  1797  and  probably 
continuously  until  1803,  ROBERT  DICKSON;  in  1806,  probably  a  year  or 
two  earlier,  WILLIAM  WINNIETT  was  again  appointed  and  held  the  office 
until  a  few  weeks  before  his  death,  December  4th,  1824,  except  during 
the  year  1820,  when  JOHN  BURKETT  was  Sheriff.  He  died  in  1821,  and  in 
1822,  according  to  the  Nova  Scotia  calendar,  ALEXANDER  BURKETT  was 
Sheriff,  but  according  to  the  Farmer's  almanac,  WILLIAM  WINNIETT.  In 
1824  (October  30)  EDWARD  H.  CUTLER  was  appointed,  and  annually  there- 
after until  December  1,  1847,  inclusive,  his  deputy  at  Digby,  JACOB  ROOP, 
succeeding  him  in  the  new  county  in  1837.  Mr.  Cutler  was  afterwards 


310  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Registrar  of  Deeds  many  years.  In  1848  (December  12)  WELCOME 
WHEELOCK  was  appointed,  and  annually  until  December  12,  1855,  when 
he  was  again  appointed  and  died  in  office.  In  1856  (June  27)  PETER 
BONNETT  was  appointed,  and  on  December  2,  and  annually  thereafter 
until  April  4,  1881,  when  he  was  appointed  for  the  ensuing  year.  In 
1882  (March  10)  AUGUSTUS  ROBINSON,  M.D.,  was  appointed  and  held 
office  until  1883  (July  19),  when  PETER  BONNETT  was  again  appointed,  but 
resigned  July  5  of  the  same  year.  In  1884  (March  5)  J.  AVARD  MORSE 
was  appointed,  and  held  the  office  until  his  death,  January,  1895.  In 
1895  EDWIN  GATES,  Chief  Deputy,  served  as  High  Sheriff  until  August 
13,  1896,  when  his  commission  was  issued. 


JUDGES  OF  PROBATE. 

In  early  times  the  Governor-in-Council  granted  probate  of  wills  and 
letters  of  administration. 

In  1767,  Jonathan  Hoar  was  Surrogate  Judge  of  Probate  for  the 
County  of  Annapolis. 

In  1776  Joseph  Winniett  was  appointed  Judge  of  Probate. 

In  1796  William  Winniett  was  appointed. 

In  1810  Elkanah  Morton  was  appointed  for  the  Western  District  and 
held  the  office  until  the  division  of  the  county,  and  then  continued  judge 
for  the  new  County  of  Digby. 

In  1824  (December  13)  Thomas  C.  Haliburton  was  appointed  for  the 
Eastern  District  and  filled  the  office  until  1829. 

In  1829  Edward  H.  Cutler  was  appointed. 

In  1842  George  S.  Millidge,  who  died  December  7,  1865. 

In  1866  Edward  Cutler  Cowling,  who  died  January  21,  1895. 

In  1895  (January  25)  Jacob  M.  Owen  was  appointed. 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  LEGISLATIVE  COUNCIL,   RESIDING  IN 
ANNAPOLIS  COUNTY. 

Hon.  Joseph  Fitzrandolph,  appointed  1838. 

Hon.  Alfred  Whitman,  appointed  1857. 

Hon.  William  Cagney  Whitman,  appointed  1861. 

Hon.  George  Whitman,  appointed  1881. 

Hon.  William  Hallet  Ray,  appointed  1887. 

By  Royal  ordinance  the  prefix  "Honourable"  is  applied  to  members 
of  the  Legislative  Council  appointed  before  the  union  of  the  provinces  in 
the  year  1867.  To  others  it  is  given  by  courtesy  only. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  311 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  PROVINCIAL  PARLIAMENT. 

The  first  Assembly  met  October  2nd,  1758,  but  although  the  township 
of  Annapolis  was  allotted  a  member,  it  was  not  represented. 

1759.     County,  Jonathan  Hoar  and  Erasmus  James  Phillips. 

1761.  County,  Joseph  Woodmas,  John  Steele.  Township — Annapo- 
lis, Joseph  Winniett,  Thomas  Day. 

1765.  County,  Joseph  Winniett,  John  Harris.  Townships — Annapo- 
lis, Jonathan  Hoar;  Granville,  Henry  Munroe.  In  1768,  John  Hicks 
in  place  of  H.  Munroe,  resigned. 

1770.  County,  Phineas  Lovett,  Joseph  Patten.  Townships — Annapo- 
lis, Obadiah  Wheelock  ;  Granville,  John  Harris. 

1772.     Granville,  Christopher  Prince,  in  place  of  John  Harris. 

1775.  County,  William  Shaw,  John  Hall.     Townships — Annapolis, 
Phineas  Lovett,  jun. ;   Granville,  Christopher  Prince. 

1776.  County,  Phineas  Lovett  and  John  Hall.     They  did  not  serve. 

1777.  County.  William  Shaw,  Henry  Evans.    Townships — Annapolis, 
Phineas  Lovett,  jun. ;  Granville,  Christopher  Prince. 

1782.     County,  John  Ritchie,  in  place  of  Henry  Evans,  died. 

1784.  Township   of   Annapolis,    Stephen   De   Lancey,    in    place   of 
Phineas  Lovett,  jun 

1785.  County,     Thomas    Barclay,     David     Seabury.      Townships — 
Annapolis,  Stephen  De  Lancey ;  Granville,  Benjamin  James. 

There  had  until  this  year  been  no  general  election  since  1770. 

1787.     Township  of  Digby,  Major  Thomas  Millidge. 

1789.  County,  Thomas  Barclay,  Alexander  Howe.  Townships — 
Annapolis,  Colonel  James  De  Lancey ;  Granville,  Benjamin  James ; 
Digby,  Thomas  Millidge. 

1793.  County,  Thomas  Millidge,  James  Moody.  Townships — 
Annapolis,  Thomas  Barclay ;  Granville,  Alexander  Howe  ;  Digby,  Henry 
Rutherford. 

1800.  County,  Thomas  Millidge,  James  Moody.  Townships — 
Annapolis,  Phineas  Lovett,  jun. ;  Granville,  Edward  Thorne ;  Digby, 
Henry  Rutherford. 

1806.  County,  Thomas  Ritchie,  Henry  Rutherford.  Townships — 
Annapolis,  Thomas  Walker ;  Granville,  Isaiah  Shaw ;  Digby,  John 
Warwick. 

1812.  County,  Thomas  Ritchie,  Peleg  Wiswall.  Townships — 
Annapolis,  John  Harris;  Granville,  Isaiah  Shaw;  Digby,  John  Warwick. 

1819.  County,     Thomas    Ritchie,     John    Warwick.       Townships — 
Annapolis,     Thomas     Ritchie    (son    of    Andrew) ;    Granville,    Timothy 
Ruggles,  jun. ;  Digby,  William  Henry  Roach. 

1820.  County,    Thomas    Ritchie,    Samuel    Campbell.      Townships — 


312  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

.  Annapolis,  John  Robertson ;  Granville,  Timothy  Ruggles ;  Digby, 
William  Henry  Roach. 

1825.     County,  Abraham  Gesner,  in  place  of  Thomas  Ritchie. 

1827.  County,  Thomas  Chandler  Haliburton,  William  Henry  Roach. 
Townships — Annapolis,  James  R.  Lovett ;  Granville,  Timothy  Ruggles  ; 
Digby,  John  Elkanah  Morton. 

1829.  County,  John  Johnstoiie,  in  place  of  Thomas  C.  Haliburton. 

1830.  County,   William  H.   Roach,   John  Johnstone.     Townships — 
Annapolis,    James   R.    Lovett;    Granville,    Timothy     Ruggles;    Digby, 
Charles  Budd. 

1831.  Township    of    Granville,   James   Delap,   in  place  of    Timothy 
Ruggles. 

1836-37.  County,  Frederic  A.  Robicheau,  William  Holland.  Town- 
ships— Annapolis,  Elnathan  Whitman;  Granville,  Stephen  S.  Thorne; 
Digby,  James  B.  Holdsworth. 

1841.  County,  Samuel  B.  Chipman.  Townships — Annapolis,  Henry 
Gates ;  Granville,  Stephen  S.  Thorne. 

1844.  County,  Hon.  James  W.  Johnstone.  Townships — Annapolis, 
Alfred  Whitman  ;  Granville,  S.  S.  Thorne. 

1847.     The  same,  re-elected. 

1851.     The  same,  re-elected. 

1855.  County,  Hon.  James  W.  Johnstone.  Townships — Annapolis, 
Moses  Shaw ;  Granville,  S.  S.  Thorne. 

1857.  Township  of  Granville,  Timothy  D.  Ruggles,  in  place  of  S.  S. 
Thorne. 

1859.  County,  Hon.  James  W.  Johnstone,  Moses  Shaw,  Avard 
Longley  ;  Township  representation  having  been  abolished. 

1863.  County,  Hon.  James  W.  Johnstone,  Avard  Longley,  George 
Whitman. 

1865.     County,  W.  H.  Ray,  in  place  of  Hon.  J.  W.  Johnstone. 

The  members  of  the  House  of  Commons  since  the  Confederation .  of 
the  provinces  in  1867  have  been  : 

William  Hallet  Ray,  1867-1878. 

Avard  Longley,  1878-1882. 

Wm.  Hallet  Ray,  1882-1886. 

John  Burpee  Mills,  1886-1896. 

The  members  of  the  Provincial  Legislature  have  been : 

Hon.  J.  C.  Troop  (Speaker)  and  David  C.  Landers,  September  18, 
1867,  to  December,  1874. 

Hon.  Avard  Longley  and  Hon.  Wm.  Botsford  Troop,  December,  1874, 
to  September  15,  1878. 

Hon.  W.  B.  Troop,  M.E.C.,  and  Caleb  W.  Shafner,  September  15, 
1878,  to  June  20,  1882. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


313 


Hon.  J.  Wilberforce  Longley  (Attorney-General)  and  Henry  Munroe, 
from  June  20,  1882,  to  June  15,  1886. 

Hon.  J.  W.  Longley  and  Frank  Andrews,  from  June  15,  1886,  to  May 
15,  1890. 

Hon.  J.  W.  Longley,  from  May  15,  1890,  to  March  15,  1894. 

Harris  Harding  Chute,  from  May  15,  1890,  till  his  death  in  March, 
1892,  and  Henry  Munroe  from  June,  1892,  to  March  15,  1894. 

Hon.  J.  W.  Longley  and  Joseph  A.  Bancroft,  from  March  15,  1894,  to 
the  present  time.  * 

The  undernoted  list*  contains  the  names,  so  far  as  ascertained,  of  all 
those  persons  who  have  been  in  the  Commission  of  the  Peace  from  1750 
to  the  year  1837,  when  the  county  was  divided;  and  also  the  names  of 
all  the  Justices  of  the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas  since  its  institution 
in  1762,  to  its  abolition  in  1840.  It  has  been  arranged  alphabetically 
for  the  convenience  of  the  reader. 


NAMES. 

o 

i 

o 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

B 

O 

B 
O 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

Origin. 

Residence. 

•f  Allen,  Col.  James  

J.p. 

J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 

1784 

1784 
1784 
1794 
1784 
1785 

1786 
1815 
1810 
1818 
180S 

J.C.C.P. 

J.C.C.P. 
J.C.C.P. 

J.C.C.P. 

1794 
1806 

^Loyalist  .  .  . 
Loyalist  .... 

Digby. 

Barclay,  Thomas  (M.P.P.)  
Bonnell,  Isaac  

Benson,  Christopher       

Brown,  Major  Isaac    

Bannister,  Thomas  

Budd,  Elisha    

Benson,  Charles   

J.p. 
J.p. 

Benson,  Christopher,  jun  

Bonnell,  Wm.  F.                      .    . 

Boyce,  Jacob    

J.p. 

J  p 

Bayard,  Samuel  V  

Bent,  John    

J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 

T  P 

1833 
1819 
1832 

1784 

Pre-loyalist.  . 
M            .  . 
Loyalist  .... 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

Loyalist  .... 
M       .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

M 

Bent,  William  

Budd,  Charles  (M.P.P.)  

Chesley,  Benjamin 

Chipman,  Samuel  B  

J  P 

Campbell,  Samuel  (M.P.P.) 

J  P 

1819 
1793 

Cornwell,  Thomas  
Chesley,  Samuel  

J.P. 
J  P 

ChipmaYi,  Maior  .  . 

J  P 

*  This  list  was  compiled  by  the  deceased  author.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
the  Justices  of  the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas  were  not  Lawyers  by  profession. 
In  1824  the  Province  was  divided  into  Districts,  and  a  Barrister  of  the  requisite 
.standing  appointed  to  preside  as  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  in  each  District,  with 
enlarged  jurisdiction,  the  lay  judges  being  still  retained  for  certain  duties. — [ED.] 

t  Founder  of  the  Allen  settlement. 

J  The  word  "  Loyalist "  here  means  that  the  Justice  was  a  Loyalist,  or  a  descend- 
ant of  a  Loyalist,  of  the  revolution  ;  the  word  "  Pre-loyalist,"  that  he  was  an  earlier 
settler,  or  a  descendant  of  one. — [Eo.] 


314 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


NAMES. 

o 
o 

i 

O 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

<0 

o 

i 

O 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

Origin. 

Residence. 

Chipman,  John  Hueston  

J.P. 

T  P 

1835 

Pre-loyalist.. 
Loyalist  .... 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

Loyalist  .... 
French 

Granville. 

Granville. 
Digby. 
Annapolis. 
Digby. 
Granville. 
Digby. 
Digby  Neck 
Annapolis. 
Granville. 
Annapolis. 
Digby. 
Granville. 
Annapolis. 
Sissiboo. 
Granville. 
Annapolis. 

Granville. 

Sissiboo. 

Granville. 
Sissiboo. 
Digby. 
Sissiboo. 
Clements. 

Clements. 
Digbv. 

*Cutler,  Ebenezer   

Campbell,  Colin,  sen 

J.P. 
J.P. 

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 

J.P. 
J  P 

1832 
1826 

1800 
1793 
1810 
1784 
1810 
1784 
1796 
1834 
1760 
1771 

1761 
17P3 

j.aap. 
J.C.'C.P. 

J.C.C.P. 

1784 

1761 
1761 

Chesley,  Samuel  

Ditmars,  Douwe  

Doucet,  Aimable  

Doucet,  Samuel    

Loyalist  .... 

M        .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

Loyalist  .... 
it        .... 
M        .... 

Loyalist  .... 

Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

Immigrant  .  . 
Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
ii           .  . 

De  Lancey,  Col.  James  (M.P.P.  ) 
De  Lancey,  William   .... 

Demolitor,  Lewis     

Dodge,  Benjamin     

Ditmars,  John  H  

Dyson,  George  

Dunn,  John  

Evans,  Henry  (M.P.P.)  

FitzRandolph,  Robert    

FitzRandolph,  Joseph    .    . 

J.P. 
J  P 

1834 

Fowler,  Alexander  

FitzRandolph,  John   

J.P. 
J.P. 

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1817 
1785 

1772 
1794 

1785 
1784 
1763 

J.C!C!P. 

1785 

Goldsbury,  Samuel    

Hamilton,  Andrew  

Hecht,  Frederic  William     

How,  Edward  
Hill,  Richard   

Hall,  John  (M.P.P.)  

Hodges,  John  

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
T  P 

1787 
1818 
1754 
1810 
1828 
1819 
1826 

J.C!C.P. 

176- 

Hains,  Bartholomew  

Hoar,  Jonathan  (M.P.P.)  
Hall   James 

Hannan,  Anthony  

J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

Hughes,  John  F  

Hall,  Samuel    

Handfield,  John  

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
T  P 

1751 
1806 

isis 

1832 

1783 
1785 
1793 

j.ac.p. 

1793 

Hankinson,  Reuben    

Howe,  Alexander  (M.P.P.)  
Hicks    Weston 

Hall,  James                            . 

T  P 

James,  Benjamin  (M.P.P.)  
Jone*,  Josiah 

J.P. 
T  P 

J.C!C!P. 

Loyalist  .... 

H        .... 
English    
Loyalist  .... 
M        .... 

ii        .... 
Loyalist  .... 

Jones,  Simeon          

J  P 

James,  Thomas    

J  P 

Jones,  Stephen     

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1785 
1817 
1817 
1819 

J.C.C!P. 

Jones,  Charles  

Jones,  Cereno  Upham  (M.P.P.). 
Jones,  William            .  . 

Kysch,  George  Anthony    

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 

1784 

1777 
1786 

Katherns,  Samuel  

Kerin.  Terrance  .  . 

Loyalist  .  . 

*  Clerk  of  the  Peace. 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 


315 


NAMES. 

8 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

§ 

i 

0 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

Origin. 

Residence. 

Lovett,  Phineas,  jun.  (M.P.P.  ). 

J  P 

1790 
1770 
1819 

T.C.'c'.P. 

1806 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

IT            .  . 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

n           .  . 
Loyalist  .... 
M        .... 

Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 
n        .... 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

Annapolis. 

Wilmot. 
Annapolis, 

Granville. 
Wilmot. 
Digby. 
Granville. 
Digby. 

Annapolis. 
Digby. 

n 
Wilmot. 

Annapolis, 
Annapolis. 
Granville. 
Granville. 

Clements. 
Annapolis. 
Wilmot. 

Granville. 

Annapolis. 
Clements. 

Annapolis. 

Digby. 
Wilmot. 
Digby. 
Wilmot. 
n 
Granville. 
Digby. 
Annapolis. 

Granville. 

Lovett,  Phineas  (M.P.P.  )  

J  P 

Lovett,  Phineas,  jun  

J.P. 
J  P 

Leonard,  Seth  

Lovett,  James  Russell  (M.P.P.). 

J  P 

1834 

1771 
1833 
176- 

J  P 

Mills,  Francis  

J.P. 
J  P 

Munro,  Col.  Henry  

McNeil,  Neil    

J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1785 
1793 

J.C.'C'.P. 

isio 

Millidge,Thomas,Custos(M.P.P) 
McCarthy,  Charles  W  

Morton,  Elkana  

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1803 
1817 
1806 
1794 
1819 
1834 
1835 

18— 

J.C.C.P. 
J.C.C.P. 

1817 
1817 

Milliclge,  Rev.  John  

Morehouse,  John  

McNeil,  William   

Morton,  John  Elkana  (M.P.P.). 

Marshall,  William  

J.P. 
J.P. 

J  P 

Millidge,  John  

Nichols,  David    

Neily,  Robert  

,1  P 

Pre-loyalist.  . 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

n            .  • 

Prince,  Benjamin    ...    

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1790 
1759 
1781 
1770 
1763 

*Phillips,  Erasmus  James   .    .    . 

Pineo,  Peter  

Prince,  Christopher    

Patten,  Joseph     

Parker,  Thomas  

J  P 

Potter,  Benjamin    

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 

J.P. 

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 

J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1834 
1810 
1834 
1834 

1819 

1826 
1816 
1799 
1790 

1819 
1779 
18— 

J.C.'C!P. 

1810 

Loyalist  .... 
Immigrant  .  . 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

Perkins,  Rev.  Cyrus  

Phinney,  Zebulon    

Payson,  Elisha  

Quereau,  Joshua  

Loyalist  .... 

Robertson,  James   

Ross,  Wm.,  Lieut.  R.N.S.  Regt. 
Ritchie,  Andrew  

j.cic.p. 

1786 

Loyalist  .... 

n       .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 

Ruggles,  Richard,  jun  

Ritchie,  Thos.  (M.P.P.)  (son  of 
Andrew)  

Ritchie,  John     

Robinson,  John    

Randall,  William    

J  P 

183- 

Reid,  John   

J.P. 
J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1817 
1772 
1796 
189fi 

Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 
n        .... 
M        .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

Richardson,  Philip  

Ruggles,  John  

Ruggles,  Timothy,  jun  

Rutherford,  Henry  

J.P. 
J.P. 
J  P 

1807 
1832 
1832 

1777 
1793 

tRitchie,  Thomas,  Gustos  Rot'm 

Shaw,  William  (M.P.P.)   
Shaw.  Moses     .                  

J.P. 
J.P. 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

n           .  . 

For  the  Province  at  large.         t  Judge  Ritchie. 


316 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


NAMES. 

S 

i 

o 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

8 

i 

o 

Date  of 
Appointment. 

Origin. 

Residence. 

Seabury,  David  (M.P.P.)  

J  p 

1789 
1762 
1786 
18— 

J.C.C.P. 

j.aap. 

1794 
1807 

Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 
French 

Annapolis. 

M 

Digby. 
Granville. 
Clare. 
Annapolis. 

Granville. 
Digby. 

Granville. 
Digby. 

Digby. 
Annapolis. 

M 

Wilmot. 
Annapolis. 

Digby. 
Annapolis. 
Wilmot. 

Elements. 
Annapolis. 

•Steele,  Doctor  John  (M.P.P.)  .  .. 

J  p 

Snodgrass,  Andrew  

J.p. 
J  p 

Spurr,  William    

Sigogne,  Rev.  J.  M  

J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 

J.p. 

J.p. 
J.p. 

J  p 

1806 
1819 
1818 
1806 

1784 

1786 
1803 

1815 

1791 
1759 
1762 
1771 
1818 
1819 
1806 

J.C.C.P. 
J.C.C.P. 

J.C.C.P. 

1769 
1761 

isi? 

Sanders,  Pardon  

Pre-loyalist.  . 
Loyalist  .... 

Loyalist  .... 

Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

M                       .   . 

Loyalist  .... 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

Loyalist  .  .  . 
Pre-loyalist.  . 

Sneden,  Lawrence  
St.  Croix,  Peter  de  

Tinpany,  Major  Robert  

Thorne,   Edward,   Gustos    Rot., 
1827  (M.P.P.)  

Tucker,  Reuben  

Viets    Rev   Roger 

Williams,  Thomas,  sen  

J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 
J.p. 

J  p 

*Winniett,  Joseph,  sen.  (M.P.P.) 
Walker,  Thomas  

Wiswall,  Rev.  John      

Wiswall,  John  . 

\Vinniett,  William 

\Vhitman,  John           .  . 

T  P 

\Varwick,  John      

J  P 

Whitman  James 

T  P 

Wheelock,  Elias  

J.P. 
J  P 

1806 

Willett,  Walter  

Winniett,  Joseph,  jun  
AVhitman   James 

J.P. 
T  P 

1789 
18 

Pre-loyalist.  . 

Wiswall,  John,  jun  

J.P. 

1835 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  gentlemen  who  held  the  office  of  Gustos 
Rotulorum  (President  of  the  Bench  of  Magistrates)  from  the  division  of 
the  county  in  1837  to  the  coming  in  force  of  the  County  Incorporation 
Act,  by  which  the  duties  before  devolving  on  the  Court  of  Sessions 
and  the  Grand  Jury  were  superseded : 

Judge  Thomas  Ritchie,  1837  to  1852. 

Major  Chipman,  1852  to  October  term  of  sessions,  1865. 

Silas  L.  Morse,  Barrister,  October,  1865,  to  October,  1867. 

Jared  0.  Troop,  Barrister,  M.P.P.,  October,  1867,  to  October  27th, 
1875. 

William  Hallet  Ray,  M.P.,  October  27th,  1875,  to  the  first  session  of 
the  Municipal  Council,  January  30th,  1880. 

The  first  County  Council  was  elected  on  the  third  Tuesday  of  Novem- 
ber, 1879,  and  consisted  of  the  following  members  : 

Ward  No.  1   (Melvern  Square  and  Margarets ville) — D.  E.  McGregor. 

Ward  No.  2  (Middleton) — George  Roach. 


*  For  the  Province  at  large. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  31 T 

Ward  No.  3  (Clarence  and  Lawrencetown) — J.  Stewart  Leonard. 

Ward  No.  4  (Bridgetown)— Alfred  Vidito,  who  held  office  till  1895, 
when  defeated  by  Hector  McLean. 

Ward  No.  5  (Belleisle)— W.  H.  Young. 

Ward  No.  6  (Granville  Ferry,  including  Parker's  Cove,  etc.) — George 
Kennedy. 

Ward  No.  7  (Lower  Granville) — James  H.  Thorne. 

Ward  No.  8  (Clementsport) — James  P.  Hoop,  who  still  holds  office. 

Ward  No.  9  (Bear  River) — William  Milner. 

Ward  No.  10  (Annapolis  Royal,  including  Lequille  and  Round  Hill) 
—Arthur  W.  Corbitt  and  J.  H.  Healy. 

Ward  No.  11  (Carleton's  Corner,  including  Tupperville,  Bentville 
and  Paradise) — Stephen  E.  Bent. 

Ward  No.  12  (Nictaux) — Isaac  Longley. 

Ward  No.  13  (Springfield  and  Albany) — Joseph  H.  Freeman. 

Ward  No.  14  (Maitland)— Charles  A.  Ford. 

Ward  No.  15  (Dalhousie) — ; Joseph  Buckler. 

The  first  Warden  elected  was  George  Kennedy,  1879  to  1883.  He 
was  succeeded  by  James  H.  Thorne,  1883  to  1885  ;  James  P.  Roop,  1885 
to  1887  ;  Harris  Harding  Chute,  1887  to  1889  ;  James  P.  Roop,  1889  to- 
the  present  time. 

THE  CENSUS. 

In  1817  the  population  of  the  undivided  county  was  9,817  ;  in  1827  it 
had  increased  to  14,661,  distributed  by  religious  beliefs  as  follows : 
Church  of  England,  4,900:  Baptists,  4,872;  Roman  Catholics,  2,604; 
Methodists,  1,776;  Presbyterian,  490;  others,  19. 

In  1838,  the  year  after  the  division  of  the  county,  the  population  of 
Annapolis  County  was  12,036,  and  that  of  Digby  County  9,189. 

In  1851  the  population  of  the  county  was  14,286. 

In  1861  the  population  was  16,753,  distributed  among  the  townships 
and  municipal  wards  as  follows  : 

Ward. 
Township  of  Wilmot  ...        1.     (Wilmot,    Margaretsville   and    Meadowvale, 

now  Nos.  1  and  16) 1,836 

2.  (Middleton  and  Port  George) 1,474 

3.  (Clarence  and  Port  Lome) 1,434 

Township  of  Granville  . .       4.     (Bridgetown  and  Chute's  Cove,  or  Hampton)  1,404 

5.  (Belleisle)' 1,155 

6.  (Granville  Ferry,  Parker's  Cove  or  Hillsburn)  1,252 

7.  (Lower  Granville) 898 

Township  of  Clementsport    8.  (Clementsport  and  Clements,  east  and  west) .  1,319 

9.     (Bear  River   and  Hessian  Line,   now   Clem- 

entsvale) 941 


318 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


Ward. 
Township  of  Annapolis  .     10. 


11. 

12. 

Dalhousie 13. 

Maitland    14. 

Morse's  Road 15. 


(Annapolis    Royal,  Lequille,   Moschelle   and 

Round  Hill) 1,803 

(Carleton's  Corner,  including  Tupperville  and 

east  to  Paradise) 707 

(Nictaux) 1,238 

561 

369 

362 


By  religions  as  follows  : 

Baptists  8,859 

Church  of  England 3,520 

Methodist 3,104 

Presbyterians 

Catholics 

•Quakers    


,859 

Universalists  

,520 

Lutherans  

J04 

Congregationalists    

497 

Christian  Disciples  

439 

Others  

65 

Not  given  .  . 

16,753 

47 
40 
26 
5 
54 
37 


Number  of  bushels  of  apples  raised,  65,485.  Lumber  produced  :  1,520 
thousand  feet  of  pine  boards;  1,588  thousand  feet  spruce  and  hemlock  ; 
52  thousand  tons  of  square  timber  ;  260  thousand  staves. 

In  1871  the  population  was  18,121,  as  follows  (For  number  of  ward 
and  territory  embraced,  see  census  of  1861,  ante)  : 


By  Wards. 

Wilmot 1,893 

Middleton  Corner 1,542 

Clarence    1,659 

Bridgetown 1 ,334 

Belleisle 1,006 

Granville  Ferry 1,455 

Lower  Granville 891 

Clementsport   1,302 

Bear  River  and  Hessian  Line  ....  1,272 

Annapolis 2, 127 

Carleton's  Corner    700 

Nictaux   1,386 

Dalhousie 606 

Morse's  Road 381 

Maitland  .  567 


Total 18,121 


By  Religions. 
Baptists — 

(Regular    and  others,  including 

Freewill  Baptists) 10,027 

Methodists,  Wesley  an 3,338 

Methodists,  not  classed  as  "  Wes- 

leyans  " ,  5 

Methodists,  Episcopal 1 

Church  of  England 3,092 

Catholics 569 

Presbyterians 524 

Adventists    176 

"  Bible  Believers  " 107 

Lutherans   52 

Quakers   41 

Christian  Conference 29 

Universalists   13 

Congregational    8 

Unitarian 8 

Plymouth  Brethren    1 

Deists,  or  no  religion  3 

Others  9 

Not  given    118 

Total 18,121 


HISTORY   OF  ANNAPOLIS. 


319 


Bushels  of  apples  produced,  118,608.  Cubic  feet  square  pine  timber 
(white),  12,791,  (red),  1,144;  square  oak,  500;  birch  and  maple,  13,845; 
all  other  timber,  61,636;  pine  logs,  38,128;  other  logs,  26,210;  masts, 
spars,  etc.,  129  ;  thousands  of  staves,  239  ;  cords  of  lathwood,  157  ;  cords 
of  firewood,  31,530. 

In  1881  the  whole  population  was  returned  at  20,598,  as  follows  (For 
number  of  ward  and  territory,  see  1861) : 


Wilmot  2,275 

Middleton 1,625 

Clarence    1,739 

Bridgetown 1,448 

Belleisle    1,090 

{rranville  Ferry 1,492 

Lower  Granville 991 

Clementsport   1,330 

Bear  River  and  Hessian  Line  ....  1,524 

Annapolis  Royal 2,833 

Carleton's  Corner   862 

Nictaux 1,516 

Dalhousie    806 

Morse's  Road 457 

Maitland  610 


Total 20,598 


Regular  11,114,  Freewill  85 .... 
Methodists,  3,802,  Episcopal  do.  3 

Church  of  England 

Presbyterians 

Catholics 

Adventists    

Bible  Christians 

Lutherans  

Disciples  

Congregational    

Universalists    

Quakers     

Unitarians    

Brethren  

Others   

Not  given 

Professed    no    form    of    religious 
belief.  . 


11,199 

3,805 

3,557 

822 

540 

288 

73 

68 

41 

17 

16 

12 

5 

3 

29 

104 

19 


Total 20,598 


Number  of  bushels  of  apples  produced,  318,159.  Cubic  feet  square 
pine  timber  (white),  5,700,  (red),  500;  oak,  2,500;  tamarac,  1,950; 
birch  and  maple,  1,752;  hickory,  250;  of  all  others,  212,645;  pine  logs, 
66,253 ;  other  logs,  96,475 ;  masts,  spars,  etc.,  558 ;  thousands  of  staves, 
449;  cords  lathwood,  80;  cords  tanbark,  116;  cords  firewood,  49,555. 

Down  to  and  including  the  year  1881,  the  census  of  population  of  the 
Dominion  was  taken  on  the  de  jure  system,  so  called,  by  which  all 
persons  temporally  absent,  but  domiciled  here,  were  counted,  and  those 
temporarily  here  from  other  countries  were  excluded.  But  in  practice 
many  of  the  young  men  who  went  abroad  to  the  large  cities  of  the  United 
States  to  find  congenial  employment,  remained  abroad;  and  it  was 
decided  in  1891  to  adopt  the  de  facto  system,  excluding  all  actually  out  of 
the  Province  and  in  some  other  country.  This  certainly  excludes  many  of 
whom  this  county  is  still  the  home,  but  as  no  medium  plan  could  be  devised, 
it  is  perhaps  the  more  accurate  one.  But  I  think  the  difference  in  the 


320 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


two  systems  fairly  accounts  for  the  apparent  decrease  shown  in  the 
population  by  the  census  of  1891,  when  it  was  returned  at  19,350,  given 
by  polling  sub-divisions  alphabetically  arranged,  as  follows  : 


Annapolis  Royal  (all  of  the  town 
north  of  the  gravel  pit  road)  . 
Bear  River   

959 
694 
1,005 
1,117 
846 
903 
687 
704 
467 
402 
905 
923 
374 
683 
922 

10,467 
3,642 
3,514 
564 
495 
274 
98 
71 
63 
56 
21 

Maitland  

422 

Margaretsville 

703 

Meadowvale 

687 

Belleisle     

523 

Bridgetown  

Middleton          

740 

Carleton's  Corner   

Milford 

416 

Clarence    

New  Albany 

279 

Clements  

....        778 

Clementsvale   

569 

Clements  West    

684 

Dalhousie  

673 

Granville  Ferry  

Round  Hill 

696 

Lower  Granville  

589 

Hampton  

Total 

Lawrencetown  Lane  

..   19,350 

Lequille       

By  religions  : 

14 

Unitarians  

12 

Universalists  .  .  .  

12 

Brethren  

5 

Tunker  

1 

Protestant  

1 

Others  

15 

Not  specified  

25 

Bible  Christian  

Total  

19,350 

Quakers  .  . 

There  are  reported  in  1891,  39  Baptist  church  edifices,  21  Methodist, 
16  Church  of  England,  3  Presbyterian,  1  Roman  Catholic  (to  which 
should  be  added  another  at  Bridgetown),  and  one  other  house  built  for 
worship,  but  not  classified. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS.  321 

INDUSTRIAL  ESTABLISHMENTS  OP  ANNAPOLIS  COUNTY,  1891. 


ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Number.  | 

FIXED  CAPITAL. 

Working  Capital. 

Employees  over  16. 

CO 

to 

•a 
5 

0> 

e 

"5. 

H 

Amount  Paid  in 
Wages  during  the 
Year. 

Total  Value  of  Eaw 
Material. 

Total  Value  of 
Articles  Produced. 

In  Land. 

In  Buildings. 

In  Machinery 
and  Tools* 

Blacksmitheries  

4(> 
34 
2 
4 
4 
0 
28 
3 
10 
56 
1 

$1960 
850 
6800 
670 
250 
25 
1085 
45 

2140 

$6815 
4735 
2500 
6200 
450 
1325 
6855 
650 
1130 
10528 

$4590 
1743 
3500 
9250 
1700 
1090 
4155 
470 
1105 
2093 
300 
265 
500 
2278 
4510 
5000 
800 
210 
700 
1300 

250 
1000 
250 
5000 
610 
100 
1800 
50560 
1100 
775 
1500 
1540 
2210 
250 
140 
4045 
200 

$6030 
5485 
18700 
11500 
75 
315 
6405 

1275 
5157 
2000 
1000 
5000 
2500 
575 
6000 
4300 
2100 
1700 
200 
8000 

1000 
1350 
3000 
200 
2000 
960 
2600 
100 
31000 

10710 
2500 
1000 
1250 
1500 

62 
37 
29 
36 
5 
10 
36 
4 
17 
62 
12 
12 
70 
34 
9 
11 
9 
6 
6 
3 
4 
1 
2 

1 

3 
5 
3 
4 
318 
3 
82 
16 
45 
14 
2 
3 
10 
10 

3 
» 

'i 
'2 

5 

6 

17 

i 
'i 

2 

2 

1 
12 
1 
1 

5 

2 

"5 

$17406 
8565 
8250 
12096 
1010 
1915 
9321 
605 
1200 
6574 
2500 
1800 
2500 
4230 
1417 
4000 
3017 
2750 
2000 
950 
1200 
500 
750 
550 
1500 
600 
1000 
1600 
67690 
550 
24600 
7000 
10925 
4240 
800 
1200 
1545 
3968 

$12413 
8267 
1200 
9588 
5424 
1205 
10530 
2910 
1265 
8921 
1000 
2300 
7500 
6298 
6710 
4000 
3070 
2396 
2800 
1000 
400 
200 
900 
125 
600 
1044 
2500 
2000 
129881 
625 
18000 
14000 
14505 
5599 
2800 
350 
2103 
4882 

$46995 
27200 
14000 
30900 
8670 
5002 
30675 
5000 
7625 
23242 
4500 
7410 
13000 
15701 
12670 
12000 
9550 
8800 
6800 
2800 
3500 
1000 
2200 
1000 
3000 
6350 
4800 
5000 
260995 
2125 
55050 
25000 
33325 
16285 
4000 
2600 
4535 
12000 

Boots  and  shoes  

Brick  and  tile  making  

Cabinet  and  furnit're  making 
Carding  and  fulling  mills  .... 
Carpenters'  and  joiners'  shops 
Carriage-making  

Cheese  factories  

Cider  making   

Cooperages  

Corset  factory  

Dressmaking  and  millinery  .  . 
Dried  fruit  and  vegetables  .  . 
Fish-curing  

8 

1 
22 
9 
1 
8 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 

'so 

1280 
250 
450 
250 
170 
75 

200 

723 

2700 
3000 
1425 
275 
500 
300 
1200 
500 
100 

1000 

Flour  and  grist  mills  

Foundries  and  machine  works 
Harness  and  saddleries 

Marble  and  stone-cutting  .  .  . 
Musical  instruments       .    ... 

Packing  case  factories  

Patent  medicine  factory  .... 
Photographic  galleries  
Planing  and  mouldings  
Plumbers  and  gas-fitters  .  .    . 
Printing  and  publish'g  offices 
Pump  and  windmill  factories 
Sailmaking   

Sash,  door  and  blind  factories 
Saw-mills  

2 

($9 
2 

200 
11750 

460 
24995 
175 
165 

Shinglemaking  

Ship-yards    

4 
1 

400 

Smelting  works  

Tailors  and  clothiers  
Tanneries  

11 
10 
1 
2 
6 
2 

1800 
1385 
325 
300 
200 
250 

5030 
9795 
900 
500 
3000 
250 

Tinsmithing  

Watchmaking  and  jewellers 
Weavers  

Wood-turning  

These  returns  are  evidently  defective.     There  were  at  least  one  woollen 
mill  in  the  county  and  two  printing  and  publishing  establishments. 

Number  of  bushels  of  apples  produced,  242,192.  Lumber  produced  : 
Cubic  feet  of  square  pine  timber  (white),  3,600,  (red),  200;  oak,  1,830; 
tamarac,  321  ;  birch  and  maple,  2,662;  hickory,  — ;  all  other,  244,378; 
number  of  pine  logs,  47,208;  other  logs  (spruce  and  other),  210,356; 
masts  and  spars,  28;  thousands  of  staves,  632;  cords  of  lathwood,  147; 
tanbark,  692  ;  firewood,  45,337. 
21 


322  HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLIS. 

THE  APPLE  TRADE. 

The  enormous  development  of  the  apple-raising  and  exporting  business 
requires  notice  here.  Probably  the  first  shipment  from  this  county  to 
England  was  by  the  late  Benjamin  Wier,  of  Halifax,  and  Ambrose  Bent, 
of  Paradise,  in  1849.  The  shipment  was  made  from  Halifax  to  Liverpool 
by  sailing  vessel,  and  the  price  realized  was  about  $2  per  barrel.  In 
1856  Mr.  Bent  shipped  to  Boston  by  schooner  Paradise  700  barrels,  the 
first  to  that  market  in  any  quantity,  realizing  about  $2.75  per  barrel. 
In  December,  1861,  A.  W.  Corbitt,  then  one  of  the  leading  merchants  of 
Annapolis,  George  Wells,  Dr.  Frank  Robinson  and  Pardon  Sanders 
united  in  the  venture  of  shipping  the  first  cargo  direct  from  Annapolis  to 
London,  and  met  with  the  loss  which  so  often  disappoints  the  enterprise 
of  pioneers  in  business  that  afterwards  proves  profitable.  About  the 
same  time  John  Lithgow,  of  Halifax,  shipped  a  cargo  direct  from 
Annapolis  to  the  Old  Country,  but  this  also  was  an  unfortunate  venture. 
The  first  steamer  to  carry  apples  direct  from  this  port  to  London  was  the 
Neptune,  which  sailed  April  2nd,  1881.  She  carried  6,800  barrels,  of 
which  the  greater  part  belonged  to  Ambrose  Bent  and  Benjamin  Starratt, 
of  Paradise,  and  arrived  at  London  in  fourteen  days,  Mr.  Bent  going  in 
her  as  supercargo.  This  venture  was  fairly  successful.  The  business 
from  that  time  has  continued  to  increase  in  volume,  the  average  annual 
shipment  from  this  county  to  England  the  last  ten  years  being  about 
40,000  barrels. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    MEMOIRS 

OF 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  PROVINCIAL  PARLIAMENT   FOR  THE  COUNTY 
OF  ANNAPOLIS   AND  ITS  SEVERAL  TOWNSHIPS. 

1759-1867. 


COLONEL   JONATHAN    HOAR. 

1759-1761,  1765-1770. 

A  century  or  more  ago,  few  names  were  better  known  or  more  gener- 
ally respected  in  Nova  Scotia,  than  that  of  Colonel,  sometimes  called 
Judge,  Hoar.  He  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and  as  a  lieutenant  in 

O     *  * 

one  of  the  colonial  regiments  took  part  in  the  reduction  of  Louisburg, 
1758,  and  was  probably  also  present  in  an  inferior  capacity,  in  the 
operations  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  under  Winslow,  in  1755. 
The  name  of  Jonathan  Hoar  occurs  in  a  "list  of  families  which  have  been 
settled  in  Nova  Scotia  since  1749,"  which  bears  date  July,  1752,  in 
which  his  household  is  stated  to  have  consisted  of  two  individuals  only 
— both  males.  He  was  therefore  certainly  not  married  at  that  date,  the 
second  male  being  probably  a  servant.  He  seems  to  have  remained  in 
Halifax  until  about  1759,  when  he  is  found  domiciled  on  one  of  the 
blocks  of  land  granted  to  him  in  that  year  in  this  county.  Five  hundred 
acres  having  the  Allain,  now  Lequille,  River  for  its  eastern  boundary, 
was  long  known  as  the  Hoar  grant.  Here  he  built  a  house,  the  cellar  of 
which  still  remains.  The  dwelling  stood  a  little  to  the  southward  of  that 
occupied  in  his  lifetime  by  the  late  James  Rice,*  whose  father  was  the 
intimate  friend,  and  sometimes  in  his  absence,  the  locum  tenens,  of  the 
grantee. 

The  first  House  of  Assembly  met  in  October,  1758,  shortly  after  the 
fall  of  Louisburg.  This  assembly  had  been  chosen  by  the  electors  of  the 
Province  at  large,  and  its  existence  terminated  with  its  only  session.  In 
1759  a  new  House  was  called,  and  Colonel  Hoar  was  elected  as  the  first 

*  Torn  down  in  1892  when  it  was  considered  the  oldest  house  in  the  vicinity  of 
Annapolis.  —  [Eo.  ] 


324  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

representative  for  the  new  county,  in  conjunction  with  Erasmus  James 
Phillips,  also  a  military  man — who  served  with  him  until  the  expiration 
of  the  Assembly  caused  by  the  death  of  George  II.,  in  1760.  In  the 
election  which  ensued  in  consequence  of  that  event,  1761,  Joseph  Winnie tt 
and  Thomas  Day,  civilians,  were  elected,  but  in  1765  Colonel  Hoar  was 
again  chosen  member  for  the  township  of  Annapolis,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  represent  in  the  House,  until  superseded  by  Obadiah  Wheelock 
in  1770. 

In  1762  he  was  appointed  to  a  judgeship  in  the  newly  established 
court  of  Common  Pleas,  in  which  capacity  he  is  said  to  have  discharged 
his  duties  with  integrity  and  faithfulness.  He  also  took  an  active  and 
leading  part  in  the  organization  of  the  militia  of  the  county,  and  a  deep 
interest  in  the  cultivation  of  its  soil.  The  following  letter,  addressed  to 
the  Provincial  Secretary,  will  show  that  it  was  usually  upon  his  recom- 
mendation that  commissions  in  the  militia  were  issued.  It  is  dated 
Annapolis  Royal,  August  16th,  1763  : 

"  SIR, — I  had  the  honour  of  receiving  a  few  lines  from  you,  dated  August  2nd, 
inclosing  a  number  of  commissions  for  the  militia  of  this  county.  I  was  likewise 
desired  to  send  Mr.  Lovett's*  name,  who  desires  me  instead  of  returning  his  name, 
to  return  his  thanks  to  the  Government  for  the  honour  designed  him  in  giving  him  a 
Captain's  commission,  but  by  reason  of  indisposition  of  body,  he  begs  to  be  excused. 

"  I  am  sorry  one  Captain  Jabez  Snow,  of  Granville.  was  neglected — one  that  was 
a  captain  all  last  war,  and  behaved  with  reputation.  According  to  your  desire  I 
shall  nominate  for  subalterns  the  following  persons  :  Captain  Hall's  Company — 

William  Graves  and  Benjamin  Shaw  ;  for  Captain 'a  Company — Samuel 

Wade  and  Paul  Croker  ;  and  for  Captain  Evans'  Company,  Abner  Morse  Eftid  Joseph 
Bass.  I  would  take  the  liberty  of  recommending  one  Mr.  Oldham  Gates,  in  the 
room  of  Captain  Lovett. " 

In  the  census  enumerations  of  the  township  of  Annapolis  made  in 
1767,  his  household  is  said  to  have  embraced  five  individuals — four  males 
and  one  female ;  that  is,  a  houskeeper,  and  three  farm  servants.  They 
were  all  of  American  or  old  colonial  birth.  His  farm  stock  in  that  year 
comprised  13  horses,  18  oxen,  23  cows,  27  young  cattle  and  160  sheep  ; 
and  his  farm  produced  100  bushels  of  rye,  22  of  barley  and  20  of  oats 
with  10  bushels  of  peas  and  beans,  so  that  the  old  bachelor  gentleman 
was  really  a  farmer. 

That  Hoar  resided  in  Annapolis,  or  that  he  was  stationed  there  in 
connection  with  its  defence  in  1759,  is  made  certain  by  the  following 
incident  recorded  in  "  Niles'  History  of  the  Indian  and  French  Wars." 

"  On  the  30th  of  June,  1759,  a  party  of  the  enemy,  in  the  night,  at  Annapolis 
Royal,  came  and  drove  away  twelve  head  of  cattle  which  were  missed  in  the  morning. 
Colonel  Hoar,f  with  a  party,  was  ordered  to  pursue  them,  which  they  did,  and  about 

*  The  father  of  the  late  Colonel  Phineas  Lovett. 
t  Then  Captain  or  Major  Hoar. 


COLONEL  JONATHAN   HOAR.  325 

five  in  the  afternoon  overtook  them,  upon  which  a  smart  skirmish  ensued,  and  the 
enemy  soon  retreated  and  left  the  cattle  ;  they  rallied  again,  but  were  again  forced 
to  retreat.  It  raining  very  hard,  and  our  men  being  much  fatigued,  and  having  little 
or  no  provision,  thought  ib  best  to  return,  which  they  did  accordingly.  In  the 
morning  a  fresh  party  took  out  upon  the  pursuit,  and  quickly  came  in  sight  of  them, 
upon  which  the  enemy  fled,  leaving  the  cattle  which  they  had  recovered  after  our 
men's  retiring,  leaving  behind  them  some  camp  kettles,  ammunition  and  provisions, 
with  a  hat  with  a  ball  hole  through  the  crown  of  it,  a  handkerchief  and  several 
pieces  of  linen  with  much  blood  on  them.  Upon  the  whole  the  behaviour  of  the 
officers,  and  especially  that  of  the  principal  commander,  Colonel  Hoar,  and  the  pro- 
vincials, all  deserve  high  applause,  except  an  ensign  worthy  to  remain  nameless, 
whose  life  was  so  dear  to  him  that  he  could  not  bear  the  thought  of  death,  and  there- 
fore left  his  party,  and  ran  back  to  the  garrison,  upwards  of  fourteen  miles,  in  a  short 
space  of  time. 

This  relation  incidentally  fixes  the  locus  of  the  fray  reported,  to  have 
been  not  far  from  the  scene  of  that  other  less  successful  fight,  which 
occurred  nearly  fifty  years  before,  at  Bloody  Creek,  1711. 

As  a  judge  and  a  magistrate,  he  maintained  a  character  for  uprightness 
and  intelligence,  and  seems  to  have  been,  by  common  consent,  acknow- 
ledged as  the  leader  and  benefactor  of  the  inhabitants  who  occupied  the 
old  capital  a  century  and  a  third  ago.  He  also  appears  to  have  been  a 
man  held  in  high  estimation  in  his  native  province.  In  1762  Governor 
Barnard,  of  that  province,  raised  a  regiment,  of  which  he  was  to  be 
himself  the  Colonel,  for  service  against  the  French,  and  he  selected  Hoar 
to  be  its  Lieutenant-Colonel ;  but  peace  having  been  made  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  the  corps  was  not  needed.  It  was  this  commission  that  gave 
him  the  title  by  which  he  was  afterwards  so  well  known.  He  was 
also  commissioned  a  colonel  in  the  local  militia,  in  which  I  have  already 
said  he  took  a  great  interest,  and  assisted  in  its  earliest  organization. 

In  1762  he  seems  to  have  resided  in  Halifax,  for  I  find  his  name 
recorded  as  one  of  a  Council  of  War,  which  frequently  met  in  that 
year.  He  was  also  one  of  a  court-martial,  on  no  less  than  seventeen 
occasions,  at  different  times  in  that  city.  In  1767  he  was  Surrogate 
Judge  of  Probate  for  Annapolis.  It  was  about  the  year  1780  that  he  left 
his  home  at  Annapolis — though  tradition  says  for  England,  I  am  inclined 
to  believe  it  would  be  more  correct  to  say,  for  his  native  province — and 
he  never  returned  to  it  again.  He  took  ill  and  died,  leaving  no  descend- 
ants to  inherit  his  property  or  his  name.  His  real  estate  consisted  of 
several  blocks  of  land  amounting  to  5,500  acres.  This  large  estate  was 
sold  in  1782,  to  the  late  John  Ritchie,  grandfather  of  the  Chief  Justice 
of  this  Dominion,  for  the  sum  of  twenty  pounds!  Colonel  Prince  was 
the  executor  named  in  the  will,  but  how  that  instrument  directed  the 
property  to  be  disposed  of  I  do  not  know. 

His  heavy  silver-hilted  sword  went  into  the  possession  of  his  locum 
tenens,  the  late  Mr.  John  Rice,  who  many  years  after  sent  the  hilt  to 


326  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Boston,  where  he  ordered  it  to  be  fnelted  up,  and  a  set  of  heavy  silver 
spoons  to  be  made  from  it.  These  spoons,  it  is  said,  are  yet  in  existence, 
and  in  the  possession  of  the  family.  Another  relic  of  the  worthy  old 
Colonel  remains  to  this  day,  and  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation ;  it 
is  a  solidly  constructed  chest  of  drawers  and  secretary  combined,  in  the 
style  of  a  hundred  years  ago.  It  was  in  the  possession  of  the  late  John  L. 
Rice,  deputy  sheriff  at  Annapolis,  who  also  had  the  Barnard  Commission, 
before  referred  to,  in  his  possession. 


ERASMUS   JAMES   PHILLIPS. 
1759-1760. 

I  do  not  know  about  this  gentleman's  birth  and  parentage,  but  he  was 
probably  not  a  son  of  Governor  Phillipps.  He  entered  the  40tii  regiment' 
when  a  young  man,  and  some  time  before  the  death  of  Armstrong  in 
1739,  and  at  that  period  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  Council,  and  as 
such  was  the  friend  and  associate  of  Edward  Amherst  (the  maternal 
grandfather  of  our  General  Williams) ;  of  good  old  Paul  Mascarene, 
afterwards  Lieutenant-Governor ;  of  John  Handfield,  who  superintended 
the  embarkation  of  the  exiled  French  habitans ;  and  of  William  Winniett, 
then  the  leading  merchant  of  Annapolis,  and  of  his  son  Joseph  Winniett, 
to  whom,  if  I  mistake  not,  he  afterwards  became  a  brother-in-law  by  his 
marriage  with  Mrs.  Winniett's  sister. 

The  first  public  employment  assigned  Mr.  Phillips  outside  of  his  duties 
as  a  councillor,  was  that  of  a  commissioner  "  to  mark  out  and  settle  "  the 
boundaries  between  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay  and  the  colony 
of  Rhode  Island.  The  royal  commission  under  which  he  and  his  fellow- 
commissioners  were  appointed,  was  dated  4th  September,  1740.  They 
were  selected  from  the  provinces  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Nova 
Scotia.  Skene,  Shirreff,  Cope,  and  Otho  Hamilton  were  the  other  Nova 
Scotia  commissioners. 

Phillips  was  successively  ensign,  lieutenant,  captain,  major  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  the  40th  regiment,  so  long  stationed  in  that  town. 
While  an  ensign  in  1726,  he  was  selected  by  the  acting  governor,  with 
Captain  Joseph  Bennett,  of  the  same  regiment,  to  accompany  the  French 
deputies  to  Minas  to  tender  the  oaths  of  allegiance  to  the  habitans  in 
that  district.  Soon  after  his  return  from  this  delicate  mission  he  was 
taken  into  the  Council,  at  which  Board  he  continued  to  hold  a  seat  until 
his  death.  In  1747,  the  year  of  the  sad  disaster  at  Grand  Pre",  Mr. 
Phillips  was  joined  with  Edward  How  in  the  administration  of  civil 
affairs  in  that  portion  of  the  Province. 

From  1729  he  held  the  commission  of  Judge  Advocate-General  in  the 
Court  of  Vice- Admiralty  until  1749,  when  on  the  occasion  of  being  sworn 


ERASMUS  JAMES   PHILLIPS.  327 

in  as  one  of  the  Council  of  Oornwallis,  he  resigned  the  office,  telling  the 
new  Governor  that  it  would  henceforth  be  impossible  for  him  "  to  attend 
and  execute  the  duties  of  said  office." 

Mr.  Phillips  was  elected  a  member  of  the  second  House  of  Assembly, 
convened  in  the  Province  in  1759.  He  was  chosen  for  this  county, 
Colonel  Jonathan  Hoar  being  his  colleague,  but  his  legislative  career  was 
of  short  duration,  though  it  ended  only  with  his  life.  Previous  to  this 
event  he  was  honoured  by  a  vote*  of  thanks  of  the  Council  for  services 
rendered  in  1757  in  making  prisoners  of  a  number  of  French  habitans, 
who,  having  managed  to  avoid  capture  at  the  time  of  the  expulsion,  had 
formed  a  temporary  settlement  on  the  shores  of  St.  Mary's  Bay.  He 
appears  to  have  been  an  able,  energetic  and  efficient  officer,  in  both  his 
military  and  civil  employments,  and  managed  with  judgment  public 
affairs  requiring  the  exercise  of  skill  and  tact,  seldom  failing  to  acquit 
himself  with  credit  and  success.  ,  .. 

On  the  retirement  of  Mascarene,  Major  Phillips  became  commander  of 
the  forces  at  Annapolis,  in  which  capacity  he  acted  until  his  sudden 
death  in  1760.  I  copy  in  full  a  letter  of  instructions  addressed  by 
Governor  Lawrence  in  1759,  as  it  will  serve  to  show  the  nature  of  some 
of  the  duties  belonging  to  his  position.  This  letter  bears  date  April  18th, 
and  reads  as  follows  : 

"SiK, — You  know  perhaps  by  this  time  that  the  intended  operations  of  the 
ensuing  campaign  will  draw  all  the  regular  troops  from  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  that 
they  are  to  be  replaced  by  provincials  who  must  be  totally  unacquainted  with  the 
King's  service  in  this  province,  or  the  methods  of  carrying  it  on.  But  as  you  by  a 
long  continuance  here,  and  attention  to  public  concerns  are  a  competent  judge  of 
those  matters,  I  shall  rely  on  your  vigilance  and  conduct. 

"  The  object  of  your  care  will  be  to  preserve  a  constant  communication  and  inter- 
course throughout  the  Bay  ;  to  transmit  all  intelligence  of  any  consequence  to  me, 
and  to  take  the  proper  methods  of  supplying  them  with  necessary  stores  and 
provisions. 

"I  now  send  the  Snoiv\-  to  Halifax  up  the  bay  with  deputies  from  some  of  the 
people  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island.  They  go  to  view  the  lands  that  they  may 
report  the  nature  of  them  to  those  who  are  desirous  of  coming  to  settle  in  the 
Province. 

"  When  the  York  and  Halifax  return  from  Boston,  they  shall  be  stationed  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  with  orders  to  follow  all  such  service,  and  I  shall  also  order  all 
vessels  belonging  to  the  Province  who  go  into  the  bay  to  receive  your  instructions 
relating  to  the  general  purpose.  By  this  means  I  hope  that  a  frequent  intercourse 
may  be  kept  up  so  that  I  may  never  want  intelligence,  and  I  make  no  doubt  of  this 
as  I  am  not  unacquainted  with  your  zeal  for  His  Majesty's  service. 

"(Signed),  CHARLES  LAWRENCE." 

To  this  communication  Mr.  Bulkeley,  secretary,  by  command  added 
the  following  postscript : 

*  This  was,  I  believe,  the  first  vote  of  the  kind  given  in  the  Province. 
t  A  snow  was  a  four-masted  schooner. 


328  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

"In  order  to  forward  the  service  more  effectual,  the  Government  orders  the 
Moncton  schooner  will  also  remain  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  to  be  stationed  where 
Major  Phillipps  thinks  proper.  Captain  Morecomb's  orders  direct  him  to  receive  his 
further  orders  by  Major  Phillipps  as  will  appear  by  these." 

A  few  months  after  the  murder  of  Edward  How,  namely,  on  1st 
January,  1750,  Cornwallis  issued  a  special  commission  to  Mr.  Phillips,  as 
Judge  of  Probate  and  Wills  in  the  premises.  The  recital  in  this  docu- 
ment sets  forth  that  it  is  done  "by  reason  of  the  distance  between  Anna- 
polis Royal  and  the  said  town  of  Halifax,  the  inclemency  of  the  weather, 
and  the  difficulty  of  travelling  ^through  the  country  at  this  time  would  be 
attended  with  great  inconvenience  and  danger  to  the  person  or  persons 
on  whom  the  proof  of  the  said  Will  depends."  In  conclusion  it  required 
him  "  to  transmit  the  original  Will  of  the  said  Edward  How  together 
with  this  commission  and  your  proceedings  thereon  to  me  at  Halifax  as 
soon  as  convenient  may  be." 

As  I  have  before  stated,  I  believe  Major  Phillips  married  a  Dyson, 
a  sister — perhaps  a  cousin — of  Mrs.  Joseph  Winniett,  but  whether  the 
marriage  was  barren  or  fruitful,  I  do  not  know.  The  names  of  John 
and  Ann  Philips  appear  among  the  grantees  of  Granville,  but  as  these 
names  are  spelled  differently  I  think  they  did  not  belong  to  the  Major's 
family. 

Mr.  Phillips  died  at  Halifax,  while  on  a  visit  to  that  town,  very 
suddenly  of  apoplexy  in  1760. 

JOHN   STEELE. 
1761-1762. 

This  member  of  the  Legislature  was  a  surgeon  by  profession  and  a 
lieutenant  in  Shirley's  regiment.*  He  came  to  Halifax  with  Cornwallis 
in  1749,  and  was  a  passenger  on  board  the  ship  Beaufort.  He  most 
probably  removed  from  that  city  to  Annapolis  in  1759  or  1760,  to  practise 
his  profession.  In  1752  he  lived  in  the  south  suburbs  of  Halifax,  his 
family  then  consisting  of  four  male  members  over  sixteen  years  of  age, 
and  three  females  over  the  same  age.f  The  fact  of  his  having  no 
children  at  this  period  under  sixteen  seems  to  indicate  that  he  was  well 
advanced  in  years.  He  was  the  proprietor  of  lot  No.  53  in  the 
township  of  Annapolis,  and  his  name  on  the  plan  is  given  as  Doctor 
John  Steele.  His  colleague  in  the  representation  was  Joseph  Woodmas, 
a  notice  of  whom  follows. 

On  the  21st  July,  1761,  a  motion  having  been  made  in  the  House  of 
Assembly  to  appoint  a  committee  to  prepare  an  address  to  the  Governor, 
praying  him  to  establish  a  court  in  the  several  counties,  to  be  styled  "the 

*  Nova  Scotia  Archives,  537.         t  Nova  Scotia  Archives,  656. 


JOSEPH   WOODMAS — THOMAS   DAY.  329 

Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas,"  both  Mr.  Steele  and  Mr.Woodmas  were 
chosen  members  of  it.  They  prepared  and  presented  the  address  on  the 
same  day  to  His  Excellency,  who  in  reply  informed  the  House  that  he 
would,  with  the  advice  of  the  Council,  constitute  such  immediately  with 
rules  of  practice  for  observance  in  the  procedure. 

A  bill  was  shortly  after  sent  down  by  the  Council  and  passed  by  the 
House.  One  of  the  clauses  of  the  Act  provided  that  the  judges  were  to 
serve  one  year  without  salary.  Mr.  Steele  was  one  of  the  grantees  of  the 
block  of  land  lying  next  westwardly  from  the  "  Corbin  and  Dyson  grant  " 
a  short  distance  west  of  Annapolis.  He  died  while  a  member  of  the 
Assembly,  and  it  is  almost  certain  that  his  family  returned  to  Halifax 
after  his  decease,  for  no  family  bearing  that  name  is  to  be  found  in  the 
enumeration  made  of  the  people  in  1768. 

JOSEPH   WOODMAS. 
1761-1765. 

Mr.  Woodmas  represented  the  county  for  four  years.  He  came  out 
from  England  about  the  year  1760— perhaps  a  few  years  earlier — in  the 
capacity  of  Receiver-General  of  Quit-rents  for  the  Province,  a  position 
which  he  continued  to  hold  till  1774.  He  was  a  leading  magistrate  in 
Halifax  from  the  close  of  his  legislative  career  till  the  year  1775,  in 
which  year  he  went  to  England  to  settle  his  accounts  at  the  Treasury. 
He  never  returned  to  this  country,  having  died  in  England  shortly  after 
the  settlement  of  his  affairs  there.  He  was  the  first  member  of  the 
Assembly  in  Nova  Scotia  who  was  ordered  to  apologize  to  the  House  for 
using  improper  language  to  a  member.  It  appears  he  had  had  an  alter- 
cation "outside  the  House  "with  Nesbitt,  the  Speaker,  who  afterward 
complained  in  his  place  that  Woodmas,  the  member  for  Annapolis,  had 
used  "  violent  and  threatening "  words  to  him,  whereupon  the  House 
ordered  him  to  apologize,  which  he  did. 

Whether  Mr.  Woodmas  ever  lived  at  Annapolis  or  not,  I  have  not 
been  able  to  determine,  nor  whether  he  left  heirs  in  the  Province. 

THOMAS   DAY. 
1761-1765. 

This  gentleman  represented  the  township  of  Annapolis  for  four  years, 
and  was  the  colleague  of  Joseph  Winniett  in  its  representation  in  the 
third  General  Assembly.  He  was  succeeded  by  Colonel  Hoar  in  1765. 
I  have  not  been  able  to  recover  any  particulars  concerning  him. 

His  name  does  not  appear  either  in  the  census  of  1768  or  in  that  of 
1770,  from  which  it  may  be  inferred  that  he  was  only  a  temporary 
resident  in  the  county. 


330  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

JOSEPH    WINNIETT. 

1761-1765,  1765-1770. 

The  subject  of  our  present  notice  was  born  in  Annapolis  in  1726,  and 
was  the  son  of  William  Winniett,  of  whom  a  sketch  will  appear  in  the 
genealogies.  With  some  of  his  brothers  he  received  in  the  old  Boston 
Grammar  School  that  sound  educational  training  which  qualified  him  as 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  as  Collector  of  Excise  and  Customs  duties,  as  Judge 
of  Probates  and  Wills,  as  Registrar  of  Deeds,  as  a  special  Commissioner, 
and  as  a  member  of  the  Assembly,  to  acquit  himself  with  credit  and 
success,  and  to  gain  as  well  as  to  merit  the  fullest  approval  both  of  those 
whom  he  served  and  those  by  whom  he  was  employed. 

At  the  time  of  his  first  election,  in  1761,  he  was  thirty-five  years  of 
age ;  his  colleague  was  Thomas  Day,  and  they  were  the  first  representa- 
tives of  the  township  of  Annapolis.  Woodmas  and  Harris  (the  latter 
vice  Steele,  deceased)  were  members  for  the  county  at  the  same  time.  This 
election  took  place  in  consequence  of  the  death  of  the  King  (George  II.) 
in  1760.  Mr.  Winniett  took  his  seat  on  the  7th  of  June,  1762.  In  the 
same  year  he  had  occasion  to  complain  to  the  head  of  the  administration 
(Belcher)  of  the  conduct  of  Captain  Sinclair,  the  commanding  officer  at 
Annapolis,  in  forcibly  taking  out  of  his  possession  a  boat  which  had  been 
furnished  him  by  the  Provincial  Secretary  (Bulkely)  to  enable  him  "  to 
aid  Colonel  Aburthnot  in  bringing  in  the  French  on  the  Saint  John 
River."  It  was  also  in  this  year  that  he  was  appointed  to  be  a  Justice  of 
the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  a  position  which  he  continued  to 
hold  for  many  years.  In  1765  he  was  again  elected  to  a  seat  in  the 
Assembly,  but  this  time  for  the  county,  and  he  continued  to  serve  until 
the  commencement  of  the  "  long  parliament,  in  1770." 

In  1774  he,  in  conjunction  with  Colonel  Lovett,  of  Annapolis,  and 
James  Simonds  and  Israel  Perley,  of  the  St.  John  River,  was  made  a 
commissioner  to  settle  some  matter  connected  with  the  affairs  in  that 
district.  He  was  the  leading  magistrate  in  the  county  for  more  than 
thirty  years,  and  was  distinguished  for  the  impartiality  and  ability  of 
his  decisions,  and  respected  as  a  man  of  fidelity  and  integrity  in  all  the 
varied  relations  of  life.  It  was  his  good  fortune,  too,  to  have  been  the 
intimate  friend  of  Thomas  Williams,  the  grandsire  of  General  Williams, 
with  whom  he  divided  the  esteem  and  regard  of  the  universal  public  of 
all  classes  and  of  all  shades  of  opinion. 

Mr.  Winniett  married  Mary  Dyson  on  the  26th  December,  1751,  O.S. 
For  the  issue  of  this  marriage,  see  genealogy,  post. 


JOHN    HARRIS — HENRY    MUNROE.  331 

JOHN   HARRIS. 
1765-1770. 

If  the  early  census  returns  are  to  be  relied  on,  John  Harris  arrived  in 
Annapolis  some  time  before  the  year  of  the  expatriation  of  the  French 
habitans  (1755)  and  was  an  eye-witness  of  that  sad  event.  He  may  have- 
been  of  English  birth  though  he  came  hither  from  Massachusetts,  to  which 
colony  he  may  have  emigrated  a  few  years  before.  In  the  enumeration 
made  in  1767  his  family  is  said  to  consist  of  eight  souls,  two  of  whom 
were  born  here.  In  a  similar  return  made  in  1770  his  household  is  said 
to  have  consisted  of  seven  members,  of  whom  two  were  stated  to  be  of 
American  birth,  and  five  of  Acadian  or  Nova  Scotian  birth.  As  the  latter 
census  seems  to  have  been  -taken  with  more  care  than  the  former,  it  i& 
made  certain  that  all  his  children  were  born  after  his  arrival  here,  and 
as  it  is  evident  that  one  death  had  occurred  since  1767  in  the  family,  it 
may  be  that  one  was  born  before  he  and  his  wife  arrived  in  Annapolis.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  grantees  in  the  county  after  the  French  expulsion. 
He  lived  in  the  town  of  Annapolis,  and  was  the  owner  of  a  block  of  land 
adjoining  the  White  House  field  on  its  north-east  side,  including  Runci- 
man's  corner  and  adjoining  lots,  and  a  resident  on  it  in  1755.  This 
family  therefore  ranks  among  the  oldest  now  domiciled  here,  and  with  the- 
Eassons,  Lecains,  Barteaux  and  Winnietts. 

NOTE. — Major  Millidge  Harris,  of  Annapolis,  and  Delancy  Harris,  now  oi 
Bridgetown,  are  descendants. — [Eo.] 

HENRY   MUNROE. 

1765-1768. 

Henry  Munroe  was  commissioned  first  lieutenant  of  the  first  company 
in  a  Highland  regiment,  raised  in  Argyleshire  for  service  against  the 
French  in  America  in  1759  or  about  that  time.  The  regiment  had  scarcely 
arrived  in  Massachusetts  when  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  was  signed,  and  the 
war  with  France  was  ended,  in  consequence  of  which  it  never  saw  any 
service  in  the  field,  and  was  soon  disbanded.  According  to  the  terms  of 
enlistment  its  officers  were  entitled  to  grants  of  land  in  Nova  Scotia,  and 
Henry  Munroe  received  a  grant  of  two  thousand  acres  in  this  county 
in  1765.  Some  of  his  descendants  still  own  and  occupy  portions  of  it. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  here  he  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Hooper,  one  of  the  Massachusetts  pre-loyalist  settlers  of  the  township  of 
Annapolis  as  one  of  the  grantees  in  the  grants  of  1759  and  1765,  and 
in  the  latter  year  Mr.  Munroe  had  the  honour  to  be  chosen  thefirst 
representative  of  Granville  in  the  Assembly  of  the  Province,  in  which 


•332  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

he  served  two  years,  when  he  voluntarily  vacated  the  seat.  He  was 
appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  commissioned  a  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  militia  in  or  about  1776,  a  position  which  he  continued  to  hold 
until  his  death,  late  in  1781  or  early  in  1782,  when  he  died  suddenly  of 
apoplexy,  leaving  a  widow  and  seven  children  with  slender  means  of 
support,  notwithstanding  the  large  grant  of  land  which  he  had  secured  on 
his  arrival  in  the  county  some  years  before.  On  his  death  his  widow 
wrote  to  his  elder  brother,  Sir  George  Munroe,  of  Cromarty,  informing 
him  of  the  sudden  demise  of  her  husband,  and  of  the  condition  in  which 
she  and  her  infant  children  were  left  by  the  sad  event,  on  which  Sir 
George  ordered  his  London  agent  to  remit  the  sum  of  forty  pounds  annu- 
ally to  the  widow  toward  the  support  and  education  of  the  children  until 
they  reached  their  majority,  or  their  mother  married  again.  One  of  his 
great-grandsons,  Henry  Munroe,  has  also  had  the  honour  of  a  seat  in  the 
assembly  as  a  representative  of  the  county. 


JOHN   HICKS. 
1768-1770. 

The  person  whose  name  heads  this  notice  is  reputed  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Rhode  Island  or  Connecticut,  and  to  have  come  to  the  county 
some  time  after  1760— probably  in  1763  or  1764.  (See  genealogy,  post.} 
He  was  one  of  the  original  grantees  of  the  township  of  Falmouth,  but  was 
settled  in  Granville  in  1765,  and  was  elected  representative  for  that 
township  in  the  place  of  Colonel  Munroe,  and  was  consequently  the 
second  member  of  the  Assembly  for  that  place.  He  resided,  I  think,  near 
Bridgetown,  as  that  locality  was  many  years  known  as  "  Hicks'  Ferry." 
He  ceased  to  discharge  the  duties  of  a  representative  in  1770,  and  his 
name  does  not  occur  again  in  connection  with  public  affairs.  Members  at 
that  time  received  no  indemnity  for  attendance  on  their  legislative  duties. 
I  •regret  that  his  name  does  not  find  a  place  in  the  early  census  returns 
which  I  have  been  able  to  find,  but  in  the  Capitation  Tax  Act  returns  for 
1794  are  recorded  the  names  of  his  sons  Benjamin,  John  Western  and 
Thomas  Hicks.  Benjamin  Hicks  was  rated  as  high  as  the  wealthiest  in 
the  assessment  made  at  this  period,  and  the  rate  paid  by  the  others  proves 
that  they,  too,  were  in  very  comfortable  circumstances. 

Mr.  Hicks  was  a  farmer  and  a  pioneer  in  the  improvements  of  the 
lands  in  his  district,  and  after  a  useful  career  as  such,  he  was  gathered  to 
his  fathers  somewhere  near  the  beginning  of  the  century.  The  exact  date 
I  have  not  been  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain. 


OBADIAH   WHEELOCK — PHINEAS   LOVETT,   SEN.  333- 

OBADIAH   WHEELOCK. 

1770-1774,  1774-1776. 

This  gentleman  came  to  Annapolis  in  May,  1760,  from  Mendon, 
Massachusetts.  (See  census  of  1768  and  1770,  pp.  152-156.)  His  lot  was 
situated  in  the  Messenger  District  of  the  township,  and  tradition  affirms 
that  he  brought  a  house-frame  with  him,  a  fact  which  has  since  been 
verified,  for  a  few  years  ago  the  old  house  was  taken  down,  and  it  was 
acknowledged  by  the  workmen  who  performed  the  labour,  that  it  had 
been  constructed  of  timber  that  had  been  brought  from  abroad.  I  regret 
that  Mr.  Wheelock's  name  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  rolls  connected  with  the 
Capitation  Tax  Act.  It  is  very  probable  he  died  before  1792.  He  was 
twice  elected  to  the  Assembly,  and  on  both  occasions  for  the  township  of 
Annapolis.  His  first  election  took  place  in  1770,  and  his  second  in  1774, 
and  his  public  life  as  a  legislator  came  to  a  final  close  in  1776.  He  was, 
therefore,  a  member  of  the  Assembly  for  six  years. 


PHINEAS   LOVETT,    SEN. 
1770-1774,  1774-1776. 

I  think  that  Phineas  Lovett,  sen.,  was  a  son  of  Daniel  Lovett,  for  in 
an  original  plan  showing  the  position  of  his  lots  in  Annapolis  township, 
he  is  styled  "  Captain  Phineas  Lovett,  heir  to  Daniel  Lovett."  The  lot 
thus  referred  to  was  No.  95,  which  is  situated  two  or  three  miles 
eastward  of  Bridgetown  on  the  south  side  of  the  river.  His  own 
lot  was  No.  28,  which  is  in  the  Round  Hill  District,  and  the 
stream  which  runs  through  the  lot  is  still  known  as  "Lovett's  Brook." 
In  1763  Colonel  Hoar  recommended  Mr.  Lovett  for  a  captaincy  in  the 
county  militia,  which  he  declined  to  accept  owing  to  "  indisposition  of 
body."  He  was  gazetted  to  the  Commission  of  the  Peace  in  1770.  The 
first  grist-mill  and  saw-mill  erected  on  that  stream  was  built  by  Phineas 
Lovett,  sen.,  who  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  enterprise  and  energy 
as  well  as  popular  among  his  fellows.  In  1770  he  was  chosen  to 
represent  the  county  in  the  Assembly,  with  Joseph  Patten  as  a  colleague, 
but  as  no  pay  was  given  to  members  until  1781,  it  is  uncertain  whether 
he  was  sworn  in  or  not,  for  the  seat  was  declared  vacant  for  non-atten- 
dance in  1774,  when  he  was  again  returned  by  the  same  constituency. 
His  re-election  shows  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  by  the 
electors.  The  seat,  however,  was  again  vacated  in  1776,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  again  elected  in  conjunction  with  John  Hall,  but  neither  of 
them  took  his  seat.  Have  we  not  a  key  to  his  popularity  in  the  fact  that 


334  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

naany  of  the  Massachusetts  settlers  at  that  period  were  not  free  from 
sympathy  with  their  rebel  brethren  over  the  border1?  Hall  appears  to 
have  been  a  leader  in  Granville  of  those  who  felt  such  sympathy,  and  Mr. 
Lovett  was  the  leader  of  a  like  class  living  in  his  own  township.  This 
may  account  for  their  refusal  or  neglect  to  be  sworn  in — an  act  which 
required  them  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  which  they  would  not  want 
to  do.*  He  died  at  Annapolis,  aged  84,  and  was  buried  January  19th, 
1824.  '  His  son,  Colonel  Phineas  Lovett,  and  grandson,  James  Russell 
Lovett,  were  also,  at  long  subsequent  periods,  members  of  the  House  of 
Assembly. 

JOSEPH    PATTEN. 
1770-1774,  1774-1776. 

Mr.  Patten  was  from  Massachusetts,  in  which  province  he  was  born, 
and  he  came  to  the  county  in  1760  or  1761,  with  his  family,  which 
comprised — besides  himself — his  wife,  one  son,  and  two  daughters.  He 
was  made  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  very  soon  after,  and  for  a  time  lived  in 
or  near  the  town  of  Annapolis  from  which  he  did  not  remove  till  1764 
or  1765,  when  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Granville  on  the  farm  owned 
by  the  late  Leonard  Wade,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  David  Wade  (or  lot  No.  77), 
where  he  continued  to  live  until  his  death. 

In  1763  he  became  involved  in  a  dispute  concerning  that  lot  with 
Amos  Farnsworth,  "of  Groton,  in  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay," 
for  the  particulars  of  which  see  Chapter  XII.,  p.  202,  et  seq.  * 

Mr.  Patten  became  a  member  of  the  Legislature  in  1770,  and  continued 
to  sit  in  it  until  the  10th  December,  1774,  when  his  seat  and  that  of 
Obadiah  Wheelock  were  declared  vacant  on  account  of  non-attendance, 
and  new  writs  were  issued  to  fill  the  vacancies.  He  was  again  (1775)  a 
successful  candidate,  but  he  appears  not  to  have  had  a  seat  after  1776. 
On  both  occasions  he  represented  the  county,  and  was  the  colleague  of 
Colonel  Lovett.  He  was  a  leading  magistrate,  and  it  was  before  him, 
as  such,  that  the  depositions  in  the  Shaw  embroglio  were  chiefly  made. 
I  cannot  but  believe  he  was  sometimes  animated  by  vindictive  feelings 
toward  those  who  in  any  way  differed  from  him  in  his  estimate  of  right 
and  wrong. 

Among  the  miscellaneous  papers  in  the  archives,  relating  to  the  old 
Court  of  Chanceay,  I  have  found  under  date,  1828,  a  cause  mentioned, 
entitled  Benjamin  Foster  versus  William  Patten,  but  I  have  failed  to 
ascertain  who  the  defendant  was,  or  that  he  was  a  descendant  of  the 
gentleman  to  whom  this  notice  is  devoted. 

*  See  p.  162. 


CHRISTOPHER   PRINCE.  335 

CHRISTOPHER    PRINCE. 
1772-1774,  1774-1776,  1776-1780. 

Colonel  Prince,  as  he  was  familiarly  known  a  hundred  years  ago,  a 
native  of  Kingston,  near  Plymouth,  Mass.,  was  the  third  representative  of 
the  township  of  Granville  in  the  Assembly,  and  was  first  elected  .in  1772 
in  the  place  of  John  Hicks,  the  second  member.  He  was  certainly  a 
pre-loyalist,  and  settled  at  Digby,  where  he  had  bought  a  lot  of  land  and 
built  a  dwelling  north-west  of  the  Raquette,  long  before  the  Loyalist 
immigration  of  1783. 

In  a  letter  from  the  Surveyor-General,  Charles  Morris,  Esquire,  dated 
Halifax,  December  llth,  1784,  and  addressed  to  one  of  his  deputies  at 
Digby,  Thomas  Millidge,  he  requested  the  latter  to  send  him  "  a  plan  of 
one  hundred  acres  of  land,  situated  on  the  Raquette  at  Digby,  being 
lot  No.  13,  on  which  Christopher  Prince  formerly  built  a  house, 
having  first  purchased  the  land  from  Mr.  Franklin,  the  original  grantee." 
It  is  probable  that  Prince  lived  here  but  a  short  time,  and  that  when  he 
removed,  he  went  to  Granville,  where  he  continued  to  live  during,  at 
least,  a  part  of  the  period  in  which  he  was  its  representative. 

In  1773,  1774,  1775,  1776,  and  1777,  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
of  roads  for  the  county — his  fellow-commissioners  being  Joseph  Winniett, 
Phineas  Lovett,  sen.,  Henry  Evans  and  Thomas  Williams,  sen. 

In  the  Shaw  correspondence  he  is  spoken  of  as  "  Colonel  Prince,"  and 
was  charged  with  being  dilatory  in  ordering  out  the  militia  in  1776,  to 
protect  the  county  from  possible  invasion  by  the  American  rebels,  and 
with  having  •  left  that  duty  to  be  performed  by  Shaw,  who  was  also  a 
militia  colonel. 

In  1784  one  Thomas  Cummings,  in  a  letter  of  that  year  to  the 
Lieutenant-Governor,  says:  "Agreeably  to  the  request  of  your  Excellency, 
I  spoke  to  Colonel  Prince,  who  declared  in  the  most  positive  manner,  that 
he  had  not  ordered  any  timber  to  be  cut ;  but  notwithstanding  his 
assertion  to  the  contrary,  I  have  every  reason  to  believe,  from  information 
this  day  given  me,  that  he  is  now  concerned  with  others  in  felling  timber, 
and  such  as  comes  under  the  description  of  that  which  may  be  wanted 
for  His  Majesty's  use." 

At  this  time  I  think  he  owned  and  occupied  the  farm  then  known  as 
"  Belli veau's,"  from  its  ancient  French  owner,  and  recently  as  Fitz- 
randolph's,  or  "Bell  Farm." 

In  1792  he  had  removed  to  Wilmot,  (Lawrencetown  ? )  for  in  that  year 
his  name  is  found  in  the  list  of  ratepayers  under  the  Capitation  Tax  Act, 
and  in  1794  he  was  the  oldest  magistrate  in  the  county  save  one,  Phineas 
Lovett,  sen.  He  had  at  least  two  sons,  William  and  Benjamin,  who  in 


336  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

1792  were  landholders  in  the  township  of  Annapolis — the  latter  being 
in  the  commission  of  the  Peace,  and  the  former  a  lieutenant  and  adjutant 
in  the  militia.  (Colonel  Prince  died  on  Christmas  Day,  1799.*  He  had 
been  awake,  and  had  spoken  to  his  grandchildren  whom  he  heard  coming 
very  early  from  their  rooms,  advising  them  to  return  until  a  more  season- 
able hour,  but  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  when  the  rest  of  the  household 
arose  in  the  morning. — ED.) 

Colonel  Prince  was  three  times  elected  as  the  representative  of 
Granville.  He  was  for  many  years  in  the  commission  of  the  Peace,  and 
in  1792  was  made  one  of  the  commissioners  under  the  Capitation  Tax 
Act.  Phineas  Lovett,  sen.,  John  Hall,  Samuel  Katherns  and  Oldham 
Gates  were  his  fellow-commissioners  under  the  Act.  He  was  also  for 
many  years  a  commissioner  of  highways,  a  very  important  position  in 
those  early  days,  when  even  the  main  thoroughfares  were  yet  encum- 
bered by  the  stumps  and  roots  of  the  noble  forests  through  which  they  had 
been  cut ;  but  besides  these  public  employments  he  had  striven,  and  not 
unsuccessfully,  to  set  an  example  to  the  farmers  of  the  county  by  clearing 
and  improving  several  new  farms,  thereby  encouraging  those  around  him 
to  pursue  with  hopefulness  the  task  of  providing  themselves  and  their 
families  with  substantial  and  comfortable  homes. 


JOHN   HALL. 
1776. 

Mr.  Hall  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  from  which  province  he  came 
to  Annapolis  in  1760,  and  became  the  progenitor  of  numerous  descend- 
ants bearing  his  family  name.  For  a  few  years  he  seems  to  have  taken 
up  his  abode  in  the  township  of  Annapolis,  but  in  1763  or  1764  he 
removed  to  Granville  with  his  family,  and  settled  at  a  short  distance 
eastward  of  the  old  Scotch  Fort,  on  a  farm  of  which  he  obtained  a  grant, 
and  on  which  he  dwelt  till  his  death  in  1790. 

At  this  period  there  were  but  two  schooners  owned  in  the  township, 
and  Mr.  Hall  was  the  owner  of  one  of  them  ;  and  in  1777  three  schooners 
of  Annapolis  County  paid  light  duties  at  the  port  of  Halifax,  of  which 
one,  the  John,  was  commanded  by  John  Hall,  jun.  The  other  two 
were  captained  by  Charles  Belliveau  and  Abraham  Knowlton,  and  were 
named  the  Success  and  the  Three  Friends.  Mr.  Hall's  name  is  therefore 
intimately  identified  with  the  earliest  mercantile  marine  of  the  county. 
He  was  also  a  leading  merchant  and  an  industrious  agriculturalist.  It  is 
not,  therefore,  to  be  wondered  at  that  he  should  have  been  looked  upon 

*  A  family  monument  to  the  Princes  has  been  erected  at  Kingston,  Plymouth 
Co.,  Mass.,  on  which  Colonel  Prince's  name  is  duly  honoured. — [ED.] 


HENRY   EVANS.  337 

as  a  "fit  and  proper  person"  to  be  sent  to  the  Assembly,  and  in  1776  he 
was  offered  to  the  electors  and  duly  chosen,  though,  I  think,  contrary  to 
his  wishes,  as  he  declined  to  be  sworn  in.  His  seat  was  declared  vacant, 
and  a  writ  issued  for  a  new  election.  His  colleague,  Colonel  Lovett,  also 
declined  to  serve,  and  his  seat  was  also  made  vacant,  and  in  1777 
William  Shaw  and  Henry  Evans  were  elected  in  their  places.  Some 
curious  items  are  to  be  found  in  our  MS.  archives  relating  to  these 
"good  old  times,"  among  which  the  following  may  be  taken  as  an 
example  :  In  the  volume  relating  to  treasury  and  customs  accounts  I  find 
that  in  1776  Mr.  Hall  bought  from  John  Prince,  merchant  of  Halifax, 
350  gallons  of  rum,  and  in  1777,  435^  gallons  of  the  same  beverage,  and 
these  are  by  far  the  largest  quantities  bought  by  a  single  individual  in 
the  county — a  fact  which  goes  to  prove  that  he  was  one  of  the  largest 
dealers  in  Granville,  if  not  the  largest,  at  that  date.  He  was  a  leading 
magistrate  for  many  years. 


HENRY   EVANS. 
1777-1784. 

This  gentleman's  name  fills  the  second  place  in  the  first  grant  of  the 
township  of  Annapolis,  which  has  for  nearly  a  century  and  a  quarter 
had  reference  made  to  it  as  the  Felch-Evans  grant.  He  was  born  in 
Massachusetts,  and  lived  near  or  in  Sudbury  in  that  province,  but  was 
probably  of  Welsh  origin  or  birth.  He  was  sent  to  Halifax  on  behalf  of 
the  applicants  for  a  grant  of  the  township  named  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  explanations  from  Governor  Lawrence,  on  some  points  not  very 
clearly  set  forth  in  his  proclamation  touching  the  rights  of  the  intending 
immigrants  as  to  religious  worship  and  freedom  of  thought  and  speech 
in  religious  and  some  other  matters.  The  diary  of  his  journey  thither 
and  of  his  proceedings  on  his  arrival  is  for  the  first  time  printed  in  this 
volume.  (See  history  of  Annapolis  township,  p.  1 48.  For  his  family  in 
1768  and  1770,  see  census  returns,  pp.  153  and  155.) 

In  his  diary  or  journal  he  tells  us  that  he  was  employed  in  the  autumn 
of  1760  in  surveying  and  "  laying  out  "  the  lands  for  the  new  settlers  who 
had  arrived  in  considerable  numbers  during  the  spring  and  summer.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  four  Justices  of  the  In- 
ferior Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  county  ;  but  it  is  believed  he  never 
took  a  very  active  or  leading  part  in  magisterial  affairs. 

In  1777  he  was  elected  to  the  Assembly  as  member  for  the  county, 
his  colleague  being  William  Shaw,  of  Granville.     He  held  the  seat  till 
he  died,  November  2nd,   1782,  aged   57,   and  was  succeeded  by  John 
Ritchie. 
22 


338  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

WILLIAM   SHAW. 
1777-1784. 

Colonel  William  Shaw  was  probably  a  Scotchman.  He  was  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  47th  regiment,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Thomas 
Wood,  already  mentioned.  He  became  a  colonel  of  militia  as  early  as 
1776,  and  called  out  the  force  under  his  command  for  the  defence  of  the 
county  at  the  time  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Cumberland  by  American  rebels 
and  the  disaffected  inhabitants  of  the  districts  on  the  St.  John  River. 
For  full  particulars  of  his  proceedings  on  this  occasion  the  reader  is 
referred  to  Chapter  XII. 

To  Mr.  Shaw  belongs  the  honour  of  having  taken  the  initiative  in  the 
establishment  of  a  public  school  in  the  city  of  Halifax,  he  having  on  the 
23rd  October,  1780,  moved  that  a  committee  of  the  Assembly  be  appointed 
to  take  the  matter  into  consideration  and  report  results  to  the  House.  He 
was  named  a  member  of  the  committee,  which,  having  reported  favour- 
ably, and  named  the  city  of  Halifax  as  the  most  desirable  locality,  a  bill 
was  brought  in  to  establish  such  a  school,  and  another  bill  to  provide  the 
means  by  way  of  a  public  lottery  to  defray  the  expense  of  erecting  a 
suitable  building,  which  it  was  estimated  would  cost  £1,500. 

In  1781  Mr.  Shaw  was  appointed  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  Halifax,  as, 
according  to  Murdoch,  Vol.  III.,  page  1,  he  was  acting  in  that  capacity 
in  February,  1782.  He  must  have  been  the  first  sheriff  of  that  county. 
In  1781  a  motion  was  made  in  the  Assembly  for  leave  to  bring  in  a 
bill  to  repeal  certain  clauses  in  the  provincial  laws  relating  to  Roman 
Catholics,  and  Mr.  Shaw  was  ordered  to  prepare  and  bring  in  a  bill 
accordingly,  which  he  did,  and  on  the  1st  of  November,  1784,  he  was  one 
of  the  committee  to  draft  the  answer  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor's  speech 
delivered  at  the  opening  of  the  session.  On  the  29th  of  the  same  month, 
for  "  having  refused  to  attend  and  produce  vouchers  to  his  accounts  as  a 
public  accountant,  having  been  Sheriff  of  Halifax  County,"  *  he  was 
adjudged  to  be  in  contempt,  his  seat  declared  vacant  and  himself  ordered 
to  be  taken  into  custody.  He  avoided  arrest,  however,  either  by  secreting 
himself,  or  by  suddenly  leaving  the  city. 

Mr.  Shaw's  name  ceases  to  appear  in  a  public  character  from  the  date 
of  the  vacation  of  his  seat  in  1784. 

*  Journals  of  Assembly,  1784. 


JOHN  RITCHIE— S.  DE  LANCEY — J.  DE  LANCEY.       339 

JOHN    RITCHIE. 

1783-1785. 

This  gentleman  was  a  Scotchman  by  birth,  probably  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  born  about  1745,  and  after  living  some  time  in  Boston,  settled 
in  Annapolis  at  some  date  between  1770  and  the  summer  of  1774.  His 
name  does  not  appear  in  the  census  returns  of  1770;  and  as  he  married 
an  Annapolis  lady,  whom  he  had  not  probably  met  before  he  removed 
here,  and  had  a  son  born  to  him  as  early  as  July,  1775,  we  must  presume 
he  arrived  some  time  within  the  period  indicated.  He  went  into  business 
as  a  merchant,  and  was  soon  a  leading  spirit  in  the  affairs  of  the  town 
and  county.  (See  page  162.)  He  was  commissioned  captain  of  a 
volunteer  regiment  May  22nd,  1776,  but  resigned  his  commission 
September  7th,  1781.  '  He  was  chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Mr.  Evans,  in  1782,  and  sat  only  two  sessions,  in  one  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  committee  of  the  Assembly  appointed  to  inspect  and 
report  upon  the  "  condition  of  the  government  house."  He  was  held  in 
much  esteem  by  the  people  of  Annapolis,  and  if  his  life  had  been 
prolonged  it  is  reasonable  to  believe  he  would  have  sought  a  return  to 
public  life. 

He  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  in  1788  was  appointed  a  lay 
Judge  of  the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  For  his  capture  by  the 
crew  of  an  American  privateer  in  1781,  see  page  164.  For  his  family 
history  and  very  distinguished  posterity,  see  the  Ritchie  genealogy,  post. 
Embarking  in  shipping  business,  he  met  with  financial  reverses,  and  died 
July  20th,  1790,  at  the  early  age  of  forty -five. 

STEPHEN   DE   LANCEY.     JAMES  DE   LANCEY. 

1784-1786.  1786-1792. 

The  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1685,  drove 
from  France  a  great  proportion  of  the  best  intellectual  and  religious 
•elements  it  contained.  Among  those  who  sought  refuge  and  liberty  in 
England  to  avoid  the  persecution  which  followed  the  revival  of  bigotry 
in  France,  was  Stephen1  De  Lancey,*  the  grandfather  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  This  gentleman,  upon  the  application  of  himself  and  a  number 
of  others,  obtained  an  Act  of  Denization  from  the  Parliament  of  Great 
Britain,  in  the  reign  of  James  II.,  and  shortly  after  took  his  departure 

*  In  the  memoirs  and  genealogies  a  small  figure  will  sometimes  be  found  over  a 
Christian  name.  It  is  to  be  understood  as  a  genealogical  sign,  the  figure  1  denoting 
that  the  person  thus  marked  was  the  immigrant  ancestor,  or  person  from  whom  a 
line  of  descent  is  derived  ;  2,  for  second  generation,  means  a  son  of  such  person ; 
3,  for  third  generation,  a  grandson,  and  so  on. 


340  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

for  the  New  World,  in  which  he  was  afterward  to  become  the  founder  of 
a  distinguished  family.  He  arrived  at  New  York  in  1689,  in  June, 
where  he  entered  into  mercantile  business,  and  soon  became  a  leading 
and  popular  merchant  and  citizen. 

In  due  time  he  was  chosen  to  represent  the  people  of  the  city  and 
county,  in  the  Assembly  of  his  adopted  province,  an  honour  which  was 
from  time  to  time  conferred  upon  him  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.*  Soon 
after  having  established  himself  in  business  he  married  Ann  Van  Cortland, 
a  lady  of  a  good  Dutch  family,  long  settled  on  the  Island  of  Manhattan, 
by  whom  he  had  a  large  family,  of  whom  three  were  sons — Oliver,  James 
and  PETER2.  The  former  of  these  was  born  in  New  York  in  1717.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  in  1759,  and  a  member  of  the  Council  in 
1760.  In  1776  he  was  appointed  general  of  brigade  in  the  royal  service, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  his  conduct  against  the  rebels  during  the 
continuance  of  the  rebellion.  He  resided  at  Bloomingdale,  and  when 
his  mansion  at  that  place  was  burned  by  the  revolutionists,  his  wife,  who 
was  very  deaf,  came  near  being  consumed  in  a  dog  kennel,  in  which  she 
had  hidden  herself  during  the  attack.  Her  husband  was  attainted  of 
high  treason  by  the  Whig  Government  of  New  York,  and  his  estates  were 
confiscated.  He  died  at  Beverly,  in  England,  in  1785,  in  the  sixty-ninth 
year  of  his  age.  His  wife  was  Phelia  Franks,  a  Philadelphia  lady  of 
good  family,  who  also  died  in  England,  in  1811,  in  the  ninetieth  year  of 
her  age,  having  survived  her  husband  twenty-six  years.  Susan,  daughter 
of  Oliver  De  Lancey  and  Phelia  Franks,  married  Sir  William  Draper,  K.B., 
the  distinguished  antagonist  of  the  still  more  distinguished  "Junius." 
Charlotte,  another  daughter,  became  the  wife  of  Sir  David  Dundas,  Bart., 
who  was  some  time  a  field-marshal  of  England.  Their  son,  Oliver,  jun., 
was  educated  in  England,  and  afterwards  entered  the  military  service, 
having  been  made  a  captain  at  the  beginning  of  the  rebellion,  a  major 
in  1776,  lieutenant-colonel  in  1779,  major-general  in  1799,  and  afterwards 
lieutenant-general  and  general.  He  never  married,  and  died  in  England 
at  an  advanced  age. 

James2  De  Lancey,  the  second  son  of  Stephen,1  was  "  a  man  of  talents, 
learning  and  vivacity."  He  was  educated  for  the  legal  profession,  and 
rose  to  fill  the  position  of  Chief  Justice  of  his  native  colony,  having 
become  the  successor  in  that  honourable  office  of  the  Honourable  Lewis 
Morris,  who  was  the  first  native  selected  to  discharge  its  duties.  This 
gentleman  was  the  maternal  ancestor  of  the  Hon.  Lewis  Morris  Wilkins, 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  this  province.  He  was  twice  called  upon  to 
administer  the  public  affairs  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  and  his 
administration  was  generally  regarded  with  public  favour,  while  his  con- 
duct, at  the  same  time,  was  the  subject  of  the  approval  of  the  Crown.  He 

*  Journals. and  Proceedings  of  the  Assembly  of  New  York,  1688-1750. 


STEPHEN  DE  LANCEY — JAMES  DE  LANCEY.         341 

died  while  thus  employed,  in  1760,  leaving  behind  him  an  untarnished 
reputation  in  all  the  relations  of  life. 

His  son,  James3  De  Lancey,  jun.,  received  his  education  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge,  and  was  one  of  the  wealthiest  men  in  America,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  in  which  he  took  an  active  part  on  behalf 
of  the  Crown.  He  was  aide-de-camp  to  General  Abercrombie,  at  Ticon- 
deroga,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  from  1769  to  1775,  in  which 
year  he  went  to  England,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days.  His 
wife  was  Margaret  Allen,  a  daughter  of  Chief  Justice  Allen,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, by  whom  he  had  five  children:  (1)  Charles,  who  was  in  the  navy, 
and  died  unmarried ;  (2)  James,  who  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  First 
Dragoon  Guards  (1851),  and  who  was  then  the  only  survivor;  (3, 4)  Ann  and 
Susan,  who  were  living  in  England  in  1848,  unmarried,  and  (5)  Margaret, 
who  married  Sir  Jukes  Granville  Clifton,  Bart.,  and  who  died  childless. 

STEPHEN3  De  Lancey,  M.P.P.,  born  about  1740,  was  a  son  of  PETER2 
Delancey  (born  1705,  died  1770),  the  third  son  of  the  founder  of  the 
family,  who  owned  considerable  estates  in  Westchester  County,  where  he 
lived  and  where  his  influence  and  popularity  were  very  great,  as  he 
continued  to  represent  that  county  in  the  Assembly  during  a  period  of 
twenty-seven  consecutive  years,  and  this  mainly  at  the  time  that  he 
represented  the  city  and  county  of  New  York.* 

JAMESS  De  Lancey,  another  son  of  PETER,2  was  Sheriff  of  Westchester 
when  the  revolutionary  struggle  began,  and  in  1777  armed  against  the 
rebels  as  captain  of  a  troop  of  light  horse  of  fifty  men,  the  "  elite  of  the 
county,"  and  soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  warmth  and  activity  in  the 
royal  cause.  He  obtained  the  title  of  the  "Commander  of  the  Cowboys," 
and  afterwards  the  sobriquet  of  the  "Outlaw  of  the  Bronx."  He  was  twice 
taken  prisoner,  once  by  Putnam,  in  1777,  and  both  times  by  stratagem,  but 
soon  regained  his  liberty.  The  troop  itself  was  never  captured.  In  1781, 
he  was  at  Morrisania,  at  which  place  he  seems  to  have  ended  his  active 
military  career.  He  was  "attainted"  and  his  estate  confiscated  in  1779. 
In  1783,  he  came  to  this  province  and  settled  in  the  township  of 
Annapolis,  near  Round  Hill,  on  a  farm  long  and  even  still  known  as  the 
"  De  Lancey  Farm,"  where  some  of  his  descendants  yet  reside,  and  where 
a  monument  to  the  memory  of  himself,  his  wife,  and  his  son  William  and 
his  wife,  has  been  erected.  He  married  Martha  Tippetts,  by  whom  he 
had  a  numerous  family. 

I  extract  the  following  notice  of  an  affecting  scene  from  a  paper  read 
before  the  New  York  Historical  Society  in  1861,  by  a  Mr.  McDonald.  It 
describes  this  old  Loyalist's  leave-taking  of  his  old  home  in  the  beautiful 
County  of  Westchester,  the  scene  of  his  birth  and  his  boyhood  : 

"  The  Outlaw  of  the  Bronx,"  says  this  gentleman,  "  with  a  heavy  heart, 

*  Journals  and  Proceedings  of  the  Assembly  of  New  York,  1688-1760. 


342  HISTORY*  OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

mounted  his  horse,  and  riding  to  the  dwellings  of  his  friends  and  neigh- 
bours bade  them  each  farewell.  His  paternal  fields  and  every  object  pre- 
sented to  his  view  were  associated  with  the  joyful  recollections  of  early 
life.  The  consciousness  that  he  beheld  them  for  the  last  time,  and  the 
uncertainties  to  be  encountered  in  a  strange  country  to  which  banishment 
was  consigning  him,  conspired  to  awaken  emotions  such  as  the  sternest 
bosom  is  sometimes  compelled  to  entertain.  It  was  in  vain  that  he 
struggled  to  suppress  the  feelings  which  shook  his  iron  heart.  Nature 
soon  obtained  the  mastery  and  he  burst  into  tears.  After  weeping  with 
uncontrollable  bitterness  for  a  few  moments  he  shook  his  ancient  friend 
by  the  hand,  ejaculating  with  difficulty  the  words,  '  God  bless  you, 
Theophilus,'  and  spurring  forward  turned  his  back  forever  upon  his 
native  valley." 

The  emotion  exhibited  on  this  occasion,  and  the  tears  which  he  shed 
were  noble  proofs  that  he  was  a  man  of  refined  and  cultivated  mind,  and 
that  he  possessed  a  heart  capable  of  those  amiable  feelings  which  do  so 
much  honour  to  human  nature. 

The  farm  which  became  the  property  of  this  gentleman  is,  as  before 
stated,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  immediately  opposite  the 
famed  Belleisle  marsh.  The  eastern  portion  of  it  is  now  known  as  the 
"  Chipman  Farm" — late  David  Hall's— but  the  western  division  is  the 
property  of  a  grandson  of  the  valiant  old  "Outlaw  of  the  Bronx."  His 
family  consisted  of  (1)  William,  who  married  his  cousin,  a  daughter  of 
Stephen  Delancey,  of  whom  we  have  yet  further  to  speak  ;  (2)  John, 
some  time  a  major  in  the  New  Brunswick  Fencibles,  who  died  at  Bridge- 
town, at  an  advanced  age,  unmarried ;  (3)  Oliver,  who  died  abroad 
at  a  comparatively  early  age,  also  unmarried  ;  (4)  Stephen,  who  recently 
died  without  issue ;  (5)  Peter,  who  survived  the  others  and  lived  on 
his  farm  in  South  Williamston,  in  the  township  of  Annapolis,  and  was 
married  to  a  daughter  of  the  late  John  Starratt,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 
two  sons  and  several  daughters.  Of  the  sons  of  James,  William,  at  least, 
was  a  student  at  King's  College,  Windsor,  before  the  date  of  the  charter 
of  that  institution.  Oliver  also  matriculated  there  previously  to  his 
entering  the  army.* 

One  of  the  daughters  of  James  De  Lancey  became  the  wife  of  the  late 
Henry  Goldsmith,  Esq.,  who  was  for  many  years  Collector  of  Customs  at 
Annapolis — she  died  childless.  Another  daughter  married  Stephen 
Bromley,  who  was  a  son  of  Walter  Bromley,  the  founder  of  the  Acadian 
school  in  Halifax.  By  this  marriage  there  was  issue,  two  sons,  of  the  elder 
of  whom,  Walter  Henry  Bromley,  having  joined  the  regiment  in  which 
his  grandfather  had  served  as  a  captain,  the  23rd  Royal  Welsh  Fusiliers, 

*See  any  of  the  calendars  of  King's  College.  The  "S"  and  "J"  Delancey 
therein  also  named  were  probably  sons  of  Stephen. 


HON.  COL.  JAMES  DE  LANCEY. 


STEPHEN  DE  LANCEY— JAMES  DE  LANCEY.         343 

in  1855,  it  may  be  related  in  his  honour,  that  he  served  during  the 
Russian  War  in  the  Crimea,  before  Sebastopol,  with  much  credit  to  himself 
and  the  service,  having  been  twice  wounded  in  the  -disastrous  attack  on 
the  little  Redan.  When  the  Indian  mutiny  broke  out  a  little  later  his 
regiment  was  ordered  to  the  East,  but  not  being  immediately  sent  to 
the  front,  he  volunteered  by  permission  into  the  42nd  regiment,  and  fell 
mortally  wounded  in  the  attack  made  for  the  relief  of  Lucknow.  James 
De  Lancey  was  accompanied  in  his  exile  by  his  brother,  Stephen  De  Lancey, 
who  with  his  family  settled  in  Annapolis  town,  where  he  died  about  1801. 
He  was  in  1765  clerk  of  the  city  and  county  of  Albany,  N.Y.,  and  after- 
wards recorder  of  the  same  city,  and  several  times  served  as  a  commis- 
sioner to  treat  with  the  Indians.  On  June  4,  1776,  he  was  dining  with 
the  mayor  and  a  number  of  Loyalists  in  honour  of  the  King's  birthday, 
when  they  were  all  arrested  and  thrown  into  prison  on  a  charge  of 
disaffection.  He  was  released  in  the  December  following,  and  in  1783 
came  to  Annapolis,  and  the  next  year  became  a  candidate  for  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  township  to  fill  a  vacancy,  was  elected,  and  was  again 
elected  at  the  general  election  of  1785.  He  abandoned  the  House  of 
Assembly,  and  accepted  a  seat  at  the  Council  Board  at  the  close  of  the 
session  of  1786.  Murdoch  follows  Sabine  in  stating  that  he  vacated  his 
seat  by  accepting  an  office  in  the  island  of  Tobago,  but  Sabine  was  in 
error  in  this  particular,  for  ^.the  Governor  of  that  island  was  probably  a 
son  of  James  De  Lancey,  sometime  Lieutenant-Governor  of  New  York. 

Mr.  De  Lancey  appears  to  have  been  an  active,  influential  and  intelligent 
member  of  the  Assembly.*  [It  was  he  who  moved  a  resolution  in  1786  to 
call  all  persons  who  were  in  any  way  indebted  to  the  public  treasury  to 
the  bar  of  the  House  to  account  for  their  delinquencies.  In  1791  he  was 
appointed  one  of  a  Board  of  Commissioners  to  investigate  into  and  report 
upon  the  matter  of  titles  to  lands  in  Digby.  In  their  report  made  to  Sir 
John  Wentworth  in  that  year,  they  denounced  the  mismanagement  of  the 
Board  of  Agents  and  the  carelessness  of  the  early  surveyors. 

He  had  children,  of  whom  one,  a  daughter,  married  a  cousin,  the 
late  William  De  Lancey,  of  Round  Hill,  by  whom  she  had  issue,  a  son, 
Stephen,  who  long  survived  and  resided  on  the  paternal  farm.  His  son, 
Cadwallader,  left  Annapolis  about  the  time  of  his  father's  demise,  and  was 
never  afterward  heard  from.  It  was  believed  that  he  perished  at  sea,, 
Stephen  De  Lancey  was  succeeded  in  the  Provincial  Parliament  by  his 
brother  James,  before  mentioned.  Colonel  James  De  Lancey  held  the  seat 
until  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Council  in  1794  by  Sir  John 
Wentworth,  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  and  he  continued  a  member  of  that 
Board  until  his  death,  May  2,  1804.  He  was  also  a  useful  and  active  mem- 
ber both  of  the  Legislative  and  Executive  Departments  of  the  Government. 

*  The  fifth  Assembly.     It  existed  fourteen  years  and  held  seventeen  sessions. 


344  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Other  members  of  this  distinguished  family  should  be  mentioned  here. 
Sir  William  F.  De  Lancey  was  probably  a  son  of  Stephen  Delancey,  the 
Governor  of  Tobago,  and  was  Quartermaster-General  of  the  British  army 
under  the  Duke  of  Wellington  at  Waterloo.  One  of  his  daughters  was 
the  wife  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  the  custodian  of  Napoleon  I.  in  St.  Helena. 
Ann  De  Lancey,  one  of  the  daughters  of  the  founder  of  this  family,  married 
John  Watts,  who  became  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  De  Lancey  &  Watts,  for 
many  years  a  leading  mercantile  house  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Ann 
Watts,  her  daughter,  married  Captain  Archibald  Kennedy,  R.N.,  who 
afterward  became  the  eleventh  Earl  of  Oassilis.  This  lady  died  in  1793, 
leaving  a  daughter  who  became  the  wife  of  Colonel  Philip  Kearney,  and 
the  mother  of  Stephen  Watts  Kearney,  general  in  the  United  States 
army.  Mary,  another  daughter  of  Mrs.  Watts,  was  the  wife  of  Sir  John 
Johnston,  Bart.,  and  the  wife  of  James  Fenimore  Cooper,  the  novelist,  was 
a  cousin  to  the  subjects  of  this  sketch. 


THOMAS    BARCLAY. 

1785-1789,  1789-1793,  1793-1799. 

This  gentleman  was  born  in  New  York  in  1753,  and  was  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  Barclay,  D.D.,  rector  of  Trinity  Church  in  that  city. 
After  having  graduated  at  Columbia  College,  he  studied  law  in  the  office 
of  the  distinguished  John  Jay.  Scarcely  had  he  concluded  his  legal 
studies  when  he  determined  to  abandon  the  profession  and  enter  the 
ranks  of  another — that  of  arms.  In  accordance  with  this  resolution,  he 
obtained  a  captain's  commission,  and  served  for  a  short  time  under  Sir 
William  Howe.  He  was  afterward  under  Sir  Heniy  Clinton,  and 
succeeded  in  gaining  the  rank  of  major  when  he  was  only  twenty-four 
years  of  age.  He  continued  in  the  service  until  the  close  of  the  rebellion, 
when  he  and  his  family  came  to  Annapolis,  where  he  settled  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  law,  in  which  he  rapidly  made  his  way  to  first  place, 
having  been  soon  engaged  in  one  side  or  the  other  in  every  suit  of  im- 
portance brought  before  the  courts  of  justice.  His  gentlemanly  demeanour, 
high  sense  of  honour,  great  intellectual  powers  and  superior  mental 
culture  fitted  him  in  a  peculiar  manner  for  the  discharge  of  the  public 
duties  with  which  he  might  be  intrusted,  with  credit  to  himself  and 
satisfaction  to  those  whom  he  served.  Two  years  had  scarcely  elapsed 
from  the  date  of  his  arrival  in  the  Province,  before  he  was  induced  to 
seek  the  suffrages  of  the  electors  of  the  county.  Mr.  Barclay  and  David 
Seabury,  a  fellow-loyalist,  were  colleagues  in  their  candidature  for  the 
county  seats.  Alexander  Howe  opposed  Seabury,  and  the  contest  was 
close  and  warm  between  them,  Barclay  using  all  his  influence  to  carry 


THOMAS    BARCLAY.  345 

Seabury.  The  issue  of  this  struggle  will  be  more  fully  related  in  the 
memoir  of  Howe.  Mr.  Barclay  was  returned  and  took  his  seat  in  the 
Assembly  on  its  meeting  on  the  5th  of  December,  1785. 

Possessed  of  fine  debating  powers  as  well  as  of  pleasing  personal 
appearance,  and  endowed  with  an  energy  and  perseverance  scarcely  to  be 
excelled,  it  is  no  wonder  that  he  soon  became  a  leader  in  its  deliberations, 
and  immediately  made  his  influence  felt  in  the  administration  of  public 
affairs. 

It  was  during  the  period  in  which  he  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Assembly  that  the  celebrated  Impeachment  case  was  heard  before  the 
Legislature.  In  November,  1787,  Thomas  Millidge,  the  first  member  for 
the  township  of  Digby,  moved  a  resolution  to  impeach  the  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  on  a  series  of  charges  of  a  very  grave  character,  and  Mr. 
Barclay  at  once  lent  him  his  most  earnest  endeavours  in  sustaining  the 
prosecution.  The  course  taken  by  these  gentlemen  seems  to  have  been 
adopted  under  a  deep  conviction  that  a  want  of  legal  knowledge,  or  of 
honesty  of  purpose,  had  marked  the  conduct  of  the  judges  in  certain 
causes  which  had  been  tried  before  them,  in  the  county  which  they 
represented,  and  over  whose  general  interests  they  were  the  chosen 
guardians. 

The  judges  thus  attacked  were  Deschamps  and  Brenton,  who  had 
many  friends  both  in  the  Assembly  and  in  the  country,  and  they  were 
warmly  and  ably  defended  in  the  press  and  on  the  floor  of  the  House. 

The  articles  of  impeachment  set  forth,  among  other  matters,  that 
"  Whereas  the  township  of  Annapolis  was  heretofore  granted  by  His 
Majesty  to  divers  persons  to  be  by  them  held  as  tenants  in  common ;  and 
whereas  the  said  township  hath  never  from  the  granting  thereof  as 
aforesaid,  to  the  exhibiting  of  these  articles,  been  severed  or  divided 
between  the  said  grantees  ...  by  any  deed  executed  between  the 
parties  holding  the  same,  or  by  any  writs  of  partition  executed ;  and 
whereas  the  said  grantees,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  did  by  a  certain  writing 
made  under  their  respective  hands,  but  not  by  them  sealed,  agree  to  a 
certain  division  of  the  said  township ;  and  whereas  a  certain  action  of 
trespass  and  ejectment,  brought  in  the  Supreme  Court,  in  the  month  of 
May,  1787,  by  a  certain  Abner  Morse,  a  proprietor  of  the  said  township, 
against  a  certain  Samuel  Morse,  also  a  proprietor  of  a  part  of  the  said 
township,"  etc.  I  quote  this  much  from  the  document  containing  the 
charges  in  order  that  the  reader  may  understand  what  follows.  It 
appears  that  the  paper  writing  above  referred  to,  was  held,  in  the  case 
of  Morse  against  Morse,  tried  in  May,  to  be  a  valid  instrument  of  legal 
value ;  whereas  in  the  case  of  Morse  against  Kent,  tried  in  November  of 
the  same  year,  and  which  was  in  all  legal  points  entirely  similar,  the 
judges  refused  to  admit  it  as  of  any  value  whatever.  These  were  friendly 


346  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

actions,  and  were  occasioned  by  the  difficulties  attending  the  disposal  of 
real  estate,  and  were  intended  to  test  the  validity  of  the  unsealed 
agreement  of  division  mentioned  in  the  preamble  to  the  articles  of 
impeachment. 

Wheelock  (Obadiah)  against  Messenger  (Ebenezer),  Kervin  against 
Bonnel,  Katherns  against  Pineo,  and  other  causes  were  quoted  in  the 
articles  to  establish  the  charges  which  had  been  formulated.  The 
discussions  which  took  place  on  this  subject  were  marked  by  much  elo- 
quence and  greath  warmth.  On  the  one  side  Barclay  and  Millidge 
displayed  powers  in  debate  seldom  witnessed  in  the  legislative  halls  of  the 
Province ;  on  the  other  side  Alexander  Howe,  Richard  John  Uniacke, 
and  others  exhausted  every  resource  of  ingenuity  with  an  eloquence 
scarcely  to  be  exceeded,  in  defence  of  their  old  friends  the  judges. 

The  two  former,  as  we  have  already  seen,  were  Loyalists,  the  two  latter 
gentlemen  were  pre-loyalists,  as  were  also  the  two  judges,  and  it  is  pos- 
sible that  a  spirit  of  rivalry  between  the  two  parties  had  begun  to- 
manifest  itself  in  the  Assembly,  as  it  had  already  done  in  some  of  the 
counties,  and  that  it  influenced  the  combatants  in  this  intellectual 
struggle. 

In  1787  Mr.  Barclay  and  his  colleagues,  Millidge  and  Howe,  were 
appointed  a  committee  by  the  Assembly  to  inquire  into  and  report  upon 
the  propriety  of  granting  bounties  toward  encouraging  the  erection  of  a 
furnace  for  the  reduction  of  native  iron  ores,  and  their  manufacture  into 
bar  iron,  a  duty  they  discharged  by  recommending  a  bounty  of  £40  on 
the  construction  of  a  smelting  furnace,  and  a  bonus  of  double  that 
amount  for  the  production  of  any  quantity  of  iron  made  from  native 
ores. 

This  action  afterwards  led  to  the  opening  of  the  mines  at  Nictaux  and 
Clements,  and  deserves  notice  as  the  pioneer  movement  in  the  develop- 
ment of  an  industry  which  at  Nictaux,  at  least,  is  now  reaching  the 
dimensions  which  its  importance  to  the  country  demands. 

The  speakership  having  become  vacant  in  1789,  by  the  acceptance  of  a 
seat  in  the  Council,  by  Mr.  Blowers,  Mr.  Barclay  was  nominated  to  fill 
the  position  ;  but  his  colleague — Howe — smarting  no  doubt,  under  a  sense 
of  the  injury  which  he  thought  Barclay  had  done  him  in  supporting 
Seabury,  named  Richard  John  Uniacke  in  opposition,  who  was  chosen  by 
a  small  majority.  Mr.  Barclay  was,  however,  elected  Speaker  of  the 
Assembly  which  met  in  1793,  and  continued  to  fill  the  chair  till  the 
close  of  his  services  as  a  representative  in  1799,  when  he  entered  the 
civil  service  of  the  Crown  as  "  Consul  General  of  the  North  and  Eastern 
States,"  and  removed  from  the  Province,  to  which  he  never  again  returned. 

The  Assembly  having  met  on  the  7th  of  June,  1799,  the  Speaker 
resigned  his  seat,  and  on  the  llth  the  formal  thanks  of  the  House  were 


THOMAS   BARCLAY.  347 

given  to  him  for  "his  long  and  faithful  services,"  an  act  which  reflected 
as  much  credit  to  the  Assembly  as  it  did  upon  Mr.  Barclay. 

During  the  American  war  of  1812-1815,  he  was  employed  by  the 
British  Government  as  "  Commissary  for  the  care  and  exchange  of 
prisoners  of  war,"  and  afterwards  became  England's  commissioner 
under  Articles  IV.  and  V.  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  and  with  Mr.  Holmes 
• — the  United  States  commissioner — -arranged  the  boundary  line  between 
the  two  governments  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  a  very  difficult  and  delicate 
task,  but  one  which  he  succeeded  in  performing  to  the  entire  satisfaction 
of  the  British  Government.  Mr.  Barclay's  secretary  was  his  son,  Anthony 
Barclay,  who  was  for  many  years  British  Consul  for  the  city  of  New 
York. 

Another  of  his  sons,  Colonel  De  Lancey  Barclay,  entered  the  army  at  an 
early  age  and  was  present  at  Waterloo,  and  was  an  aide-de-camp  to  George 
IV.  for  some  years.  He  died  in  1826.  Of  these  two  sons,  the  former 
was  the  younger.  He  matriculated  at  King's  College,  Windsor,  in  1805, 
took  his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1809,  and  that  of  D.C.L.  in  1827.  The  latter 
was  a  student  at  King's  before  that  period.  Other  sons  of  the  subject  of 
this  notice  were  also  educated  in  part  or  in  whole  in  that  honoured 
institution  of  learning.* 

Previous  to  his  leaving  the  Province,  Mr.  Barclay  had  obtained  a  grant 
of  land  from  the  Crown  which  had  become  liable  to  escheat  in  1818  or 
1819,  and  steps  having  been  taken  to  revest  the  title  in  the  Sovereign,  he 
addressed  the  following  letter  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  this  pro- 
vince (Dalhousie)  and  Council,  which,  as  it  well  illustrates  his  style  as  a 
writer  and  recounts  somewhat  minutely  his  varied  and  valuable  services 
to  the  parent  government,  is  transcribed  in  full : 

"  NEW  YORK,  February,  1820. 

"My  LORD, — I  have  received  information  from  Mr.  Ritchie.f  of  Annapolis, 
N.S.,  that  it  has  been  moved  in  H.  M.  Council  at  Halifax,  to  direct  an  inquest 
against  certain  lands  in  the  township  of  Aylesford  whereof  my  sons  and  myself  are 
grantees  under  Letters  Patent.  Mr.  Ritchie  at  the  same  time  enclosed  me  a  copy 
of  petition  which  he  had  delivered  to  your  lordship  on  this  subject,  on  my  behalf. 
As  he  has  not  stated  my  case  so  fully  as  I  consider  its  merits  demand,  and  as  it  rests 
wholly  with  your  lordship  whether  the  inquests  shall  be  proceeded  in  or  not,  or  if 
commenced  to  order  the  attorney-general  to  enter  a  noble  prosequi,  I  beg  leave  to 
remark  that  had  I  remained  in  Nova  Scotia,  attending  to  my  private  affairs,  the 
five  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Aylesford  granted  to  me  and  my  sons,  and  which  I 
have  since  purchased  from  them,  would  long  since  have  been  in  a  state  of  cultivation 
to  protect  them  against  an  escheat,  and  that  there  is  even  a  considerable  part  of  the 
tract  now  under  cultivation. 

"  My  duty  to  His  Majesty  considered  it  necessary  for  me  in  the  year  1795  to 

*  The  calendar  of  King's  College. 

t  The  late  Judge  Thomas  Ritchie  who  was  Mr.  Barclay's  agent  in  this  province. 


348  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

accept  the  appointment  unsolicited  on  my  part,  of  Commissioner  under  the  fifth 
Article  of  the  Treaty  of  Amity,  Commerce  and  Navigation  between  His  Majesty  and 
the  United  States  of  America,  and  I  had  scarcely  expected  an  advantageous  decision 
of  the  question  when  I  received  orders  from  the  Foreign  Office,  accompanied  by  His 
Majesty's  commission  to  repair  forthwith  to  this  city  as  H.  M.  Consul-General  for 
Eastern  States  of  America,  which  office  I  filled  until  the  commencement  of  the  war 
in  1812,  when  I  went  to  England.  In  1813  Government  considered  it  necessary  to 
have  me  in  those  States  during  the  war,  and  for  that  purpose  clothed  me  with  the 
appointment  of  'Agent  of  prisoners  of  war.'  Toward  the  close  of  1814  I  again 
returned  to  England. 

"  At  the  peace  in  December  of  that  year,  it  was  my  intention  to  have  returned  to 
Nova  Scotia  to  attend  to  my  personal  affairs,  but  His  Majesty's  ministers  again 
required  my  services,  and  I  was  appointed  commissioner  under  the  fourth  and  fifth 
articles  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent. 

."  The  first  of  them  has  been  directed  to  the  no  small  advantage  of  His  Majesty, 
and  the  other  is  so  far  progressed  in  that  I  confidently  hope  it  will  be  terminated 
feither  in  this  year  or  the  next. 

"  Your  lordship  will  perceive  from  this  relation  of  facts — 1.  That  it  is  owing  to 
my  absence  from  Nova  Scotia  that  the  lands  above  mentioned  have  not  been  treated 
according  to  the  conditions  of  the  grant ;  and  2.  That  this  absence  was  not  of  my 
own  seeking,  but  by  the  orders  of  my  Sovereign.  It  would  be  a  hard  case,  there- 
fore, to  deprive  me  of  these  lands,  for  want  of  an  improvement,  and  revest  them  in 
the  Crown,  when  my  exertions  were  expressly  interrupted  and  prevented  by  my 
being  ordered  and  detained  in  foreign  service. 

"From  the  above  statements  I  am  led  to  hope  your  lordship  will  consider  me 
entitled  to  more  than  ordinary  indulgence,  and  be  induced  to  interfere  in  my  favour, 
in  which  event  I  will,  as  soon  as  I  am  favoured  with  your  lordship's  reply,  if  favour- 
able, take  immediate  measures  to  the  settlement  and  improvement  of  the  remainder 
of  the  lands.  * 

"(Signed),  THOMAS  BARCLAY. 

"His  Excellency  Earl  Dalhousie." 

Mr.  Barclay  died  in  New  York  in  April,  1830,  at  the  age  of  seventy 
years,  a  large  number  of  which  were  devoted  to  the  public  service. 


DAVID   SEABURY. 

1785-1786. 

Mr.  Seabury  was  a  brother  of  Samuel  Seabury,  D.D.,  the  first  Bishop 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States,  and  also  one  of 
the  fifty-five  petitioners,  with  Abijah  Willard,  for  lands  in  Nova  Scotia. 
Sabine  misnames  him  Daniel.  Tradition  affirms  that  he  once  owned 
and  occupied  the  Alexander  Howe  farm  (now  Gesner's)  in  Granville. 

Having  taken  an  active  part    in  the    revolutionary  war  against  the 

*  The  escheat  did  not  take  place,  and  Mr.  Barclay's  heirs  recently  sold  the  lands 
to  a  gentleman  of  Aylesford  (now  of  Annapolis),  who  has  resold  them  to  the  present 
proprietors.  They  are  now  very  valuable. 


DAVID   SEABURY.  349 

popular  cause,  he  became  a  Loyalist  exile,  and  with  his  wife  and  several 
children  sought  a  new  home  in  this  province  in  1783. 

His  wife,  a  very  exemplary  and  pious  woman,  about  1792  became  a 
warm  adherent  to  the  Wesleyan  movement,  which,  through  the  missionary 
zeal  of  Black  and  other  clever  and  devout  men,  made  considerable 
advances  at  that  period.  Two  of  her  daughters  are  said  to  have  married 
Methodist  ministers.* 

Seabury  was  on  two  several  occasions  returned  as  member  of  .the 
Assembly.  In  1785  he  first  sought  the  suffrages  of  the  people  in  opposi- 
tion to  Alexander  Howe,  who  also  for  the  first  time  became  a  candidate 
for  a  seat  in  the  House.  In  the  contest  which  ensued  much  heat  and 
party  acrimony  were  evolved,  Mr.  Seabury  receiving  the  almost  un- 
divided support  of  the  new  Loyalist  settlers,  besides  possessing  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Sheriff,  Doctor  Tucker. 

Mr.  Seabury  was  declared  duly  elected,  but  on  the  petition  of  his 
opponent,  the  House  vacated  the  seat  and  ordered  the  election  to  be  run 
over.  The  same  candidates  took  the  field  and  the  battle  was  fought  over. 

It  was  during  the  excitement  of  this  period  that  Barclay  drew  upon 
himself  the  censure  of  the  Assembly  for  words  used  in  a  letter  published 
in  a  newspaper  of  the  day,  and  which  seemed  to  impeach  the  wisdom  of 
that  body  in  vacating  the  seat.  Tucker  again  returned  Seabury  as  having 
been  duly  chosen,  and  Howe  again  petitioned  against  the  return,  claiming 
the  seat,  which  was  finally  awarded  to  him  by  a  resolution  of  the 
Assembly.  Mr.  Seabury 's  public  life  seems  to  have  closed  with  this 
contest,  though  he  was  a  leading  magistrate  in  the  county  for  the  suc- 
ceeding twenty  years  of  his  residence  in  it.  In  1791  he  was  appointed  a 
commissioner,  with  William  Winniett  and  John  Rice,  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  bridge  over  Allain's  creek,  and  for  some  years  after  this 
date  he  was  acting  agent  of  the  Government  on  Indian  affairs.  He  was 
also  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  county  militia. 

Having  been  reduced  in  wealth  previous  to  1806,  through  heavy 
losses  sustained  in  the  trade  in  which  he  had  some  time  before  embarked 
all  his  available  means,  he  determined  to  return  to  his  old  home  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  in  which  he  had  lived  in  the  old  colonial  times. 
From  the  time  of  this  event  the  writer  has  been  unable  to  recover  any 
particulars  concerning  him. 

Mr.  Seabury  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  good  parts  and  fair  educa- 
tion, and  to  have  possessed  considerable  energy  of  character,  and  that  he 
exerted  his  abilities  to  the  utmost  in  the  direction  of  the  public  weal, 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt. 

*  Smith's  "  History  of  Methodism  in  the  Lower  Provinces,"  p.  246. 


350  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

BENJAMIN   JAMES. 
1785-1793. 

The  subject  of  this  notice  came  to  this  province  with  the  other 
Loyalists  in  1783.  He  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  and  had  served  as 
an  ensign  in  a  Loyalist  corps  which  saw  active  service  during  the  war  of 
the  revolution,  and  toward  its  close  was  made  acting  commissary  of  a 
brigade  in  the  King's  service.  At  the  date  of  his  arrival  here  his  house- 
hold consisted  of  twelve  souls,  of  whom  seven  were  his  children.  He  was 
a  man  of  education  and  culture,  and  was  placed  in  the  commission  of  the 
Peace  before  the  close  of  his  first  year's  residence  in  the  county,  and  in 
1785  he  was  elected  member  for  the  township  of  Granville,  and  served 
until  1792,  an  entire  septennial  term.  During  this  time  he  was  more 
than  once  chosen  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Accounts.  He 
also  gave  his  assistance  to  his  colleagues  and  fellow-loyalists,  Barclay  and 
Millidge,  in  the  Judges  impeachment  case.  In  1799  he  sold  his  farm  to 
the  Church  of  England  for  a  glebe,  and  removed  to  Halifax,  where  he 
was  employed  as  accountant  in  the  dockyard,  and  it  is  believed  that  he 
died  in  that  city  a  few  years  later. 

His  eldest  son,  Lieutenant  Benjamin  James,  of  the  Royal  Nova  Scotia 
regiment,  lost  his  life  in  1797  in  Halifax  harbour,  in  the  performance  of 
an  act  of  heroism,  which  is  thus  described  in  the  inscription  on  his  tomb- 
stone, which  was  erected  at  the  expense  of  His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke 
of  Kent:  "This  stone,  sacred  to  the  memory  of  Lieutenant  Benjamin 
James,  of  His  Majesty's  Royal  Nova  Scotia  Regiment,  who  lost  his  life 
in  the  attempt  to  render  assistance  to  the  La  Tribune  frigate,  on  the  2nd 
of  November,  1797,  aged  twenty-nine  years — is  placed  as  a  testimony  of 
the  high  esteem  entertained  of  his  humane  endeavours  on  that  memorable 
occasion  by  Lieutenant-General,  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Edward, 
commanding  in  the  district." 

Another  of  his  sons,  John  W.,  lost  his  life  at  the  capture  of  the 
Island  of  St.  Croix  in  the  West  Indies.  Peter,  a  third  son,  married  a 
daughter  of  Admiral  Warren,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  England, 
where  he  died.  Of  his  two  younger  sons,  Daniel  only  remained  in  the 
county.  Thomas  married  and  settled  in  Halifax. 

THOMAS    MILLIDGE. 
1786-1793,  1793-1799,  1799-1806. 

This  gentleman  was  a  native  of  the  old  colony  of  New  Jersey,  and  was 
born  in  1735.  He  was  major  in  Skinner's  Volunteers,  and  he  is  said  by 
Sabine  to  have  been  Surveyor-General  of  the  Province  previous  to  the 
Revolution.  That  he  was,  in  early  life,  a  practical  land  surveyor  seems 


THOMAS    MILLIDGE.  351 

evident  enough  from  the  following  traditionary  anecdote,  for  which  I  am 
indebted  to  my  father,  who  in  his  youth  had  more  than  once  heard  the 
story  told  by  Mr.  Millidge  himself.  The  substance  of  the  story  is  this  : 

On  the  approach  of  the  rebel  forces,  under  Washington,  toward  the 
English  army,  whose  headquarters  were  then  at,  or  in  the  vicinity  of 
New  York,  the  British  commander,  being  desirous  of  obtaining  a  correct 
knowledge  of  the  position  and  force  of  the  enemy,  with  a  view  to  an 
attack,  called  for  the  services  of  a  sufficiently  daring  yet  prudent  and 
competent  person,  to  secure  the  information  sought.  It  was  a  well- 
understood  fact  that  anyone  taken  within  the  American  lines,  without  a 
pass,  would  be  liable  to  forfeit  his  life  as  a  spy,  and  it,  therefore,  became 
a  matter  of  much  difficulty  to  find  a  man  at  once  sufficiently  cool  and 
courageous  to  undertake  so  dangerous  a  service.  Mr.  Millidge,  however, 
determined  to  assume  the  task ;  and  he  executed  it  with  entire  success, 
as  the  sequel  will  show. 

Having  dressed  himself  as  a  farmer  of  the  district,  and  removed  the 
pocket  linings  from  the  capacious  skirts  of  his  coat,  he  placed  in  its  thus 
widened  recesses,  a  small  package  of  cardboards,  cut  into  squares  and 
numbered,  and  so  arranged  that  he  could  easily  secure  the  required  piece 
when  wanted,  without  the  aid  of  the  eye ;  and  having  also  placed  therein 
a  pencil,  and  all  the  materials  necessary  to  his  purpose,  he  set  out  boldly 
toward  the  headquarters  of  the  rebel  commander,  and  soon  contrived  to 
have  himself  arrested  and  taken  into  his  presence.  On  being  questioned 
by  Washington — who  informed  him  that  he  had  been  seized  as  a  spy — he 
naively  inquired  of  his  interrogator  if  he  were  not  the  people's  friend, 
adroitly  adding  that,  if  he  were  not,  he  had  been  cruelly  deceived  and 
imposed  upon  by  the  man  who  had  told  him  if  he  wanted  to  see  an  army, 
he  could  do  so  in  safety  by  coming  here ;  and  he  had  done  so  to  see  the 
people's  army,  and  perhaps  a  battle ;  but  as  it  seemed  he  had  been 
betrayed  into  going  into  the  wrong  place,  he  hoped  his  excellency  would 
let  him  go  back  to  his  family  and  farm,  in  which  case  he  promised  he 
would  never  leave  them  again  while  he  lived. 

All  this  was  said  with  such  rustic  simplicity,  earnestness,  and  apparent 
truthfulness,  that  Washington,  who  was  entirely  thrown  off  his  guard, 
gave  the  countryman  a  pass,  to  enable  him  to  gratify  his  supposed  desire 
to  see  what  might  become  a  battle-field,  and  which  did,  in  fact,  become 
one  a  few  weeks  later,  and  to  put  in  his  power  to  report  to  his  sympa- 
thising neighbours  the  strength  of  the  continental  army,  and  its  almost 
certain  prospects  of  success  when  the  time  should  come  to  strike  a  blow 
against  its  enemy.  Thus  armed  with  permission  he  entered  the  lines 
and  commenced  his  work.  With  his  hands  plunged  into  his  capacious 
coat-skirts  and  with  a  pencil  in  one  of  them,  and  the  package  of  card- 
boards so  turned  that  number  one  was  presented  in  a  proper  manner  to 


352  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

be  used,  he  sauntered  through  the  camp,  sketching  unseen  and  secretly 
the  position  of  streams,  hills,  ravines,  villages  and  other  features  of  the 
place,  and  of  the  surrounding  country,  with  the  sites  and  strength  of 
batteries  and  other  required  particulars. 

Immediately  after  his  departure,  the  rough  notes  which  were  thus 
taken,  were  reduced  into  order,  and  a  plan  made  from  them  of  sufficient 
accuracy  to  enable  the  English  commander  to  execute  a  successful  attack 
upon  the  rebel  position. 

These  services  were  rewarded  by  a  military  appointment  in  connection 
with  which  he  continued  to  serve  the  Crown  with  energy,  skill,  and  faith- 
fulness until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1783  he,  with  his  family 
and  a  large  number  of  other  Loyalist  exiles,  came  to  Digby,  where 
he  settled  and  continued  to  reside  for  several  years.  He  was,  almost  at 
once,  appointed  one  of  the  deputy  land  surveyors  for  the  county, 
having  been  strongly  recommended  to  that  position  by  Sir  Guy 
Carleton,  afterward  Lord  Dorchester.  He  appears  to  have  been  held  in 
high  estimation  by  the  Honourable  Charles  Morris,  sen.,  who  was  then 
the  Surveyor-General  of  the  Province.  Under  date  September  10th,  1785, 
in  a  letter  addressed  to  Millidge,  he  says  :*  "  I  have  such  confidence  in  you 
that  I  have  no  doubt  you  can  easily  procure  the  Board's  (of  Agents) 
approbation  of  your  accounts,  whatever  may  have  been  alleged  against 
you  ;"  and  a  few  months  later  in  the  same  year,  he  thus  speaks  of 
him  in  a  letter  to  Phineas  Millidge.  who  had  just  been  made  a  deputy  : 
"  I  have  received  your  account  and  those  of  your  excellent  father.  I  am 
fully  convinced  of  your  readiness  to  exert  yourself  in  the  public  business 
you  may  hereafter  have  assigned  you,  and  I  have  not  a  doubt  (being 
educated  by  so  good  a  father)  but  that  your  professional  education  is  equal 
to  the  task  you  have  undertaken  ; "  and  again  in  a  communication  to  Neil 
MacNeil,  another  of  his  deputies,  dated  August,  1785,  he  says  :  "The 
point  Mr.  Brudenell  claims  (in  Long  Island,  Digby  County)  appears  to 
have  been  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  fishery.  Mr.  Brudenell  will  consult 
my  deputy  for  Digby,  Major  Millidge,  in  whom  I  have  much  confidence ; 
and  I  shall  in  a  great  measure  be  guided  by  their  report ; "  and  under 
the  same  date  he  writes  to  the  major  himself  :  "  I  have  no  cause  to 
find  fault  with  you  as  a  surveyor,  but  I  will  tell  you  that  you  shamefully 
neglect  your  private  business." 

Mr.  Millidge  was  in  his  fortieth  year  when  he  came  to  Digby.  He  had 
been  married  several  years  previously  to  Sarah  Botsford,  a  daughter  of 
Amos  Botsford,  of  Newtown,  Connecticut,  who  was  also  a  Loyalist  exile, 
and  who  was,  for  a  time,  the  chief  or  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Agent* 
appointed  by  Governor  Parr  to  superintend  the  location  and  settlement 
of  many  families  who  sought  a  new  home  under  the  old  flag  in  this  part 


Letter  Book  in  MS.  among  Nova  Scotia  Archives. 


THOMAS    MILLIDGE.  353 

of  the  Province.  This  gentleman  removed  to  New  Brunswick  in  1785, 
where  he  was  very  soon  elected  a  member  of  the  first  House  of  Assembly 
of  that  province,  and  was  chosen  its  Speaker,  a  position  for  which  his 
abilities  and  previous  training  peculiarly  fitted  him.  He  died  in  that 
province  at  a  good  old  age,  leaving  a  number  of  children  and  grand- 
children behind  him,  who  have  always  maintained  a  highly  respectable 
position  in  society  in  that  province. 

By  this  marriage  Mr.  Millidge  had  a  numerous  family.  His  eldest  son 
was  Rev.  John  Millidge,  D.C.L.,  long  Rector  of  Granville  and  Anna- 
polis, who  married,  first,  a  Miss  Botsford  ;  second,  Annah  Simonds ;  and 
by  his  last  wife  was  the  father  of  the  late  John  J.  Millidge,  of  Gagetown, 
N.B.,  and  George  S.  Millidge,  Judge  of  Probate,  Annapolis.  His  second 
son  was  Stephen  Millidge,  who  married  Sarah  Botsford,  and  was  father 
of  (1)  Ann,  married  Israel  Troop  ;  (2)  Mary,  married  Mansfield  Cornwall  ; 
(3)  Eliza,  married  Marmaduke  Backhouse,  M.D. ;  (4)  Caroline,  married 
Edward  Hicks  Cutler ;  (5)  Jane,  married  Samuel  Cornwall ;  (6)  Phebe, 
married  Hon.  E.  B.  Chandler,  of  New  Brunswick,  M.E.C.,  Senator  and 
Lieutenant-Governor  ;  (7)  William  Pagan,  d.  unm.  His  third  son,  Thomas 
Botsford,  married  Sarah  Simonds,  of  New  Brunswick,  and  was  a  leading 
merchant  of  St.  John.  His  fourth  son,  Phineas,  married  Catherine, 
daughter  of  the  late  Ebenezer  Cutler,  and  was  father  of  Elizabeth,  first 
wife  of  Israel  W.  Ruggles  (only  child),  and  was  for  many  years  a  deputy 
surveyor  of  the  county ;  besides  two  daughters,  one  of  whom  married 
Thomas  Walker,  M.P.P. 

It  having  been  determined,  in  1784-85,  that  the  new  township  of 
Digby  should  be  represented  in  the  Assembly,  Mr.  Millidge  sought  the 
suffrages  of  the  new  constituency,  and  became  its  first  representative  in 
1786  ;  and  during  the  twenty  years  following,  he  filled  a  conspicuous 
place  in  the  Legislature  of  the  country.  One  of  his  first  legislative  acts 
was  a  motion  bo  impeach  Brenton  and  Deschamps,  two  of  the  Judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court ;  and  his  addresses  to  the  House  on  this  occasion  are 
said  to  have  been  distinguished  for  great  ability  and  much  eloquence. 
In  1789  Doctor  John  Day,  the  member  for  Newport,  having  moved  that 
Wilmot  (Annapolis)  together  with  Rawdon,  and  Douglas,  in  Hants, 
should  be  allowed  members  to  represent  them  in  the  Parliament,  Mr. 
Millidge  and  Mr.  James,  the  member  for  Granville,  voted  against  the 
motion,  though  his  colleague,  Howe,  and  Barclay,  the  member  for  Anna- 
polis, voted  in  its  favour.  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  either  the 
grounds  or  the  motives  of  his  opposition  to  a  measure  which  would  have 
been  popular  among  many  of  his  own  constituency. 

Soon  after  this  period,  he  was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Inferior  Court 
of  Common  Pleas,  and  for  many  years  he  continued  to  hold  that  hon- 
ourable position.  He  had  already  become  a  colonel  in  the  Annapolis 
23 


354  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

militia  in  the  eastern  district,  as  well  as  of  the  Acadian  militia  of  the 
western  district,  now  Digby. 

At  the  general  election  which  took  place  in  1793,  he,  in  conjunction 
with  his  fellow-loyalist,  James  Moody,  obtained  the  seats  for  the  county, 
Henry  Rutherford,  another  Loyalist,  having  been  chosen  in  his  place  for 
Digby.  In  the  session  of  this  year  he  procured  the  passage  of  an  Act  to 
enable  deputy  surveyors  to  administer  oaths  to  chain-bearers.  Alexander 
Haines,*  having  set  forth  in  a  petition  to  the  House  that  his  "  property 
in  the  United  States  had  been  confiscated,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  unable  to  discharge  a  bond  he  had  given  in  1766  to  one  Daniel 
Woods,  of  the  United  States,  who  had  obtained  judgment  thereon,  and 
had  issued  an  execution,  and  thrown  him  into  jail  at  Annapolis,  where 
he  had  been  confined  a  long  time,  to  the  extreme  distress  of  an  infirm 
wife  and  numerous  family,"  Mr.  Millidge  moved  that  it  be  referred  to  a 
special  committee ;  and  he  as  chairman  of  that  committee  soon  after 
reported  a  bill  for  the  relief  of  the  petitioner  which  he  had  the  pleasure  to 
see  passed  into  an  Act. 

In  the  following  year,  he  and  Captain  Howe  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  wait  upon  His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Kent,  who  had 
just  arrived  at  Halifax,  to  inquire  when  the  prince  would  be  pleased  to 
receive  the  loyal  address  of  the  House  of  Assembly.  In  1796  he  framed 
and  introduced  a  bill  for  the  "  laying  out,  altering  and  repairing  of  roads 
and  bridges,"  which  became  law,  and  continued  in  force  for  several  years. 

Disputes  having  arisen  out  of  the  conduct  of  the  Board  of  Agents, 
who  had  been  appointed  to  superintend  the  allotment  of  lands  in  Digby 
to  the  Loyalist  exiles  in  1783,  and  the  carelessness  of  some  of  the  first 
surveyors  employed,  legislative  interference  became  necessary,  and  a  bill 
to  "  Quiet  the  Possession  of  Lands  at  Digby "  having  been  brought 
forward,  Mr.  Millidge  gave  it  all  the  support  in  his  power,  though  he 
had  been  one  of  the  surveyors  under  that  Board,  and  left  no  influence 
which  he  could  exert  unused,  till  it  became  a  fixture  on  the  statute  book 
of  the  Province. 

In  the  general  election  which  occurred  in  1806  he  announced  himself 
a  candidate  for  the  representation  of  Granville,  the  township  in  which 
he  lived.  For  the  particulars  of  this  election,  and  the  failure  of  Mr. 
Millidge  to  secure  the  seat  on  petition,  see  page  216. 

He  was  custos  rotulorum^  of  the  county  for  nearly  twenty  years,  as 
well  as  a  leading  and  efficient  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  in  both  capacities 
he  proved  a  faithful  and  upright  officer.  In  all  matters  touching  the 

*  Many  descendants  of  this  man  reside  in  various  districts  in  Digby  and  Anna- 
polis counties.  (See  his  petition  ift  Nova  Scotia  Archives. )  No  general  Insolvent 
Debtors'  Law  then  existed. 

t  President  of  the  Bench  of  Magistrates. 


ALEXANDER    HOWE.  355 

Bench  of  Magistrates  his  advice  was  sought  by  successive  lieutenant- 
governors  in  those  old  days  of  irresponsible  government,  but  to  the 
honour  of  Thomas  Millidge  be  it  said,  he  was  careful  to  recommend  those 
only  to  fill  public  offices  who  were  worthy  and  capable,  and  who  there- 
fore adorned  the  positions  to  which,  through  his  recommendation,  they 
had  been  promoted. 

The  farm  on  which  he  lived,  and  which  he  owned,  was  that  now 
owned  and  occupied  by  J.  Bernard  Calnek,  Esq.,  J.P.,  with  the  lot  next 
adjoining  it  on  the  west  side.  In  his  capacity  as  a  cultivator  of  the  soil, 
his  example  and  influence  were  highly  beneficial  to  the  community  in 
which  he  lived  and  laboured.  His  sudden  death  from  apoplexy,  which 
occurred  in  1816,  left  a  blank  in  the  county  which  was  neither  soon  nor 
easily  filled. 

ALEXANDER   HOWE. 

1786-1793,   1793-1799. 

Three  years  after  the  disastrous  fight  at  Grand  Pre,  in  Horton,  in 
which  the  brothers  Noble — colonel  and  ensign — were  killed,  and  Edward 
How*  severely  wounded,  there  was  born  to  the  latter  in  the  old  town  of 
Annapolis  a  son,  whose  name  and  subsequent  history  are  by  no  means 
so  well  known  by  his  countrymen  of  Jto-day  as  they  deserve  to  be.  The 
birth  of  this  child  occurred  only  a  few  months  before  the  melancholy 
death  of  his  father,  in  October,  1750.  He  bore  the  name  of  Alexander, 
and  was  the  youngest  of  six  or  seven  children,  possibly  of  more.  At  the 
age  of  twelve  years  he  is  said  to  shave  been  with  Sir  William  Amherst  in 
the  expedition  fitted  out  for  the  [recapture  of  Newfoundland  in  1762.f 
It  is  certain,  however,  that  in  1757,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  became 
an  ensign  in  the  36th  regiment,  then  on  service  in  the  West  Indies, 
by  purchase.  In  1771  he  was  gstill  al  lieutenant  in  the  same  regiment 
and  contina3d  to  serve  as  a  subaltern  therein  for  thirteen  years. 
At  the  end  of  this  period  he  ^sold  his  commission,  and  obtained  a 
captaincy  in  the  104th  regiment  Jin  jl  780.  In  1783,  being  still  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  in  ill-health,  he  again  sold  his  commission  and 
returned  to  his  native  province  and  county,  in  which  he  remained 
domiciled  till  about  the  beginning  of  the  century. 

Two  years  after  his  return  the^conditions  of  the  country  had  under- 
gone a  great  change.  Its  population  had  been  nearly,  if  not  quite 
doubled  by  the  arrival  and  settlement  of  American  Loyalists,  the 

*  The  subject  of  this  memoir  usually  4wrote  his  name  Howe.  His  father's  was 
always  How. — [ED.] 

t  See  mamorial  of  his  widow  to  George  IV.,  1828,  in  Nova  Scotia  documents. 
It  is  highly  probable  that  he  was  a  protege  of  Sir  William — not  a  volunteer. 


356  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

principal  men  among  whom  were  in  education  and  manners  generally 
superior  to  the  older  settlers  ;  and  were  eager  to  assume  a  front  place  in 
the  administration  of  local  and  general  public  affairs.  A  general  election 
was  about  to  take  place,  and  already  three  Loyalist  candidates  were  in 
the  field,  when  Captain  Howe  determined  to  contest  one  of  the  seats  for 
the  county. 

It  is  an  interesting  study  to  trace  the  development  and  progress  of  the 
spirit  of  rivalry  which  now  began  to  exist  between  the  old  and  the  more 
recent  settlers — a  rivalry  that  continued  to  prevail  for  nearly,  if  not 
quite  a  half  century  (1783-1830),  or  until  the  amalgamation  and  inter- 
fusion of  the  parties  by  marriage  and  other  causes  obliterated  the 
ancient  marks  of  variance.  This  election  struggle  affords  a  fine  example 
of  the  warmth  which  characterized  this  feeling.  Howe,  as  we  already 
know,  was  of  a  family  which  had  resided  in  the  Province  years  before 
the  advent  of  even  the  old  Massachusetts  settlers  of  1760,  and  was 
himself  a  native.  He  ran  in  opposition  to  David  Seabury,  the  Loyalist 
colleague  of  Thomas  Barclay.  Two  other  Loyalists  of  culture  and  ability 
were  candidates  for  Granville  and  Annapolis  —  Benjamin  James  for 
the  former,  and  Colonel  Stephen  De  Lancey  for  the  latter.  Robert 
Tucker,  M.D.,  the  Sheriff,  was  a  Loyalist,  and  though  he  may  not  have 
exercised  undue  or  illegal  influence,  it  is  certain  that  his  sympathies 
were  with  his  brother  Loyalists,  and  against  Howe. ,  In  the  face  of  all 
the  influences  exerted  against  him,  influences  derived  from  the  wealth, 
education  and  elan  of  the  men  who  had  fought  for  the  Mother  Country 
during  all  the  bloody  war  of  the  Revolution,  it  would  indeed  have  been 
a  matter  of  surprise  if  he  had  been  successful.  Another  element  of 
defeat  was  his  long  previous  absence  from  the  county.  Seabury  was 
returned,  but  Howe  claimed  the  seat  and  petitioned  against  the  return. 
The  grounds  on  which  the  complaint  rested  do  not  appear,  but,  after  a 
patient  hearing,  the  Assembly  declared  the  election  void  and  the  seat 
vacant,  and  ordered  a  new  election,  which  took  place  the  same  year, 
1786.  This  new  struggle  was  attended  with  great  heat  and  excitement. 
Mr.  Barclay  addressed  a  letter  to  his  chief  friends  and  supporters  in  the 
country,  urging  them  to  strain  every  effort  to  return  Seabury.  The 
letter  was  addressed  to  Messrs.  Totten,  Dickson,  St.  Croix,  De  Lanceyr 
Lovett,  Prince,  Pineo,  Thorne  and  Cornwall.  After  complaining  against 
the  action  of  the  Assembly  and  declaring  that  "  the  majority  of  members 
appeared  to  have  come  determined,  right  or  ivrony,  to  vacate  the  election,* 
he  adds :  "  Matters  being  thus  circumstanced  it  calls  forth  all  our 
exertions  to  support  our  interest,  and  we  shall  deserve  our  fate  if  we 

*  Mr.  Barclay  was  made  to  apologize  to  the  House  for  these  words.  I  am 
indebted  to  a  file  of  Shdburne  newspapers,  for  1786,  for  the  text  of  this  letter.  The 
file  referred  to  may  be  seen  in  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society's  Collection. 


ALEXANDER   HOWE.  357 

permit  Captain  Howe  to  carry  his  election."  In  another  paragraph  he 
says  :  "  Colonel  De  Lancey  must  again  revisit  Digby  and  every  man  that 
has  interest  there.  Mr.  St.  Croix  and  the  Messrs.  Ruggles  must  attend 
to  Wilmot  and  send  word  to  Colonel  and  Lieutenant  Robinson  to  have 
the  mountain  people  down ; "  and  he  concludes  with  these  words  : 
"  What  a  shame  it  will  be  to  lose  our  election,  and  how  great  a  right 
will  the  Province  at  large  have  to  ground  their  opinion  on  if  Captain 
Howe  should  again  be  returned."  This  letter  bore  date  December,  1785, 
and  the  election  was  soon  to  take  place.  Every  effort  was  made  and 
Sheriff  Tucker  again  returned  Seabury  as  duly  elected,  and  again  Howe 
petitioned  against  the  return.  On  the  meeting  of  the  Assembly  a 
resolution  was  moved  declaring  that  the  return  should  be  amended  by 
inserting  Howe's  name  therein  instead  of  Seabury's,  which  was  carried 
by  a  majority  of  two  to  one,  and  thus  the  struggle  ended. 

It  was  at  this  session  of  the  House,  June,  1789,  that  Mr.  Barclay 
was  ordered  to  apologize  to  the  Assembly  for  words  used  in  the  letter 
from  which  I  have  quoted.  The  precise  words  complained  of  were  those 
I  have  italicized  above. 

The  impeachment  of  the  Judges  in  1787,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Millidge, 
and  the  part  taken  by  Mr.  Howe  in  the  spirited  debates  that  ensued, 
have  been  related  in  the  memoir  of  Mr.  Barclay. 

In  1791  Mr.  Howe  was  collector  of  imposts  and  excise  at  Annapolis, 
though  he  resided  in  Granville,  as  appears  from  a  letter  addressed  to  Mr. 
Bulkeley,  dated  from  that  place,  October  28th,  in'  which  he  says  : 

"Mr.  Clark*  has  joined  me  and  we  shall  proceed  in  the  further  prosecution  of 
His  Excellency's  directions,  with  regard  to  the  black  people  that  may  voluntarily 
choose  to  remove  to  Sierra  Leone. t  By  this  day  fortnight  at  furthest,  in  consequence 
of  my  advertisement  (which  I  am  happy  to  find  is  almost  literally  what  is  the  first 
part  of  His  Excellency's  in  the  papers),  we  shall  be  able  to  ascertain  the  number, 
provide  the  tonnage  and  provisions,  and  send  them  off  by  the  middle  of  November, 
or  the  21st  at  furthest.  After  Monday  I  shall  despatch  Mr.  Clark  to  Digby,  and 
join  him  myself  as  soon  as  our  Courts  £  are  over.  We  have  wrote  to  Governor 
Carlton  and  sent  thence  a  transcript  of  our  instruction  as  far  as  it  relates  to  him." 

In  the  following  year  (1792)  he  seems  still  to  have  lived  in  Granville ; 
indeed  there  is  a  letter  extant  which  affirms  the  fact,  and  speaks  of  his 
farm,  which  was  that  now,  and  for  many  years  past,  known  as  the  Gesner 
Farm.  It  is  said  by  tradition  that  his  political  opponent,  Seabury,  once 
owned  the  same  property,  and  that  it  was  purchased  from  him  by  Mr. 
Howe.  The  letter  to  which  reference  has  just  been  made,  was  addressed 

*  This  was  Job  Bennett  Clark,  afterwards  of  Sidney,  C.B. ,  where  he  died  about 
the  year  1814. 

t  Several  cargoes  of  negroes  were  transported  at  the  public  expense,  and  by  their 
own  consent,  to  this  African  colony  at  this  time. 

t  Mr.  Howe  was  at  the  time  a  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 


358  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

to  the  Provincial  Secretary,  and  was  concerning  the  removal  of  the 
negroes.  In  it  he  says  he  has  charged  one  pound  per  day  for  the  services 
in  that  matter,  which  if  His  Excellency  thinks  is  too  much,  may  be 
reduced,  and  he  affirmed  he  "  would  rather  have  His  Excellency's  appro- 
bation than  any  pecuniary  compensation,"  but  he  adds,  with  much  naivete, 
that  he  was  "  never  so  much  in  want  of  money,  my  Jamaica  attorneys 
not  having  made  any  returns  for  several  years."  From  this  it  is  plain  he 
possessed  an  interest  in  some  plantation  in  that  island. 

At  the  general  election,  which  occurred  near  the  close  of  1792,  Mr. 
Howe  was  again  a  candidate,  and  a  successful  one.  On  the  meeting  of  the 
new  Assembly  his  old  opponent  Barclay  was  chosen  Speaker,  but  whether 
he  was  opposed  by  Howe,  as  on  a  former  occasion,  I  do  not  know. 

His  parliamentary  life  and  labours  came  to  a  close  in  1799.  His 
public  career  as  a  representative,  therefore,  covers  the  space  of  thirteen 
years,  1786-1799.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  extended  reports  of  the 
speeches  of  members  of  this  period  have  come  down  to  our  times.  Judging 
from  the  shreds  of  correspondence  and  fragments  of  speeches  which  have 
survived  to  the  present  day,  he  seems  to  have  been  a  gentleman  of  very 
considerable  culture  and  intellectual  power,  and  tradition  still  assures  us 
that  he  was  esteemed  for  a  humane  and  kindly  disposition,  and  amiable 
social  qualities.  His  connection  with  the  county  terminated  in  1797  or 
1798,  though  he  continued  to  represent  it  in  the  Assembly  until  1799. 
He  removed  to  the  capital,  where  he  was  for  some  time  charged  with  the 
management  of  the  Maroons.  Shortly  after  the  beginning  of  the  century 
he  received  the  appointment  of  Assistant  Commissary-General  in  Prince 
Edward  Island,  and  was  made  a  member  of  the  Council  there.  These 
positions  he  held  until  1811,  when  he  resigned  them  both  and  returned 
to  this  province,  taking  up  his  residence  in  the  town  of  Dartmouth. 
Before  his  departure  from  the  Island  he  was  presented  with  the  following 
address,  which  is  here  given  as  an  illustration  of  the  high  estimation  his 
social  and  official  conduct  had  gained  for  him  during  his  residence  there  : 

"SiR, — The  many  years  you  have  resided  here  have  afforded  us  ample  opportunity 
of  forming  a  just  estimate  of  your  private  and  public  character  and  conduct.  The 
test  of  time  has  stamped  both  with  a  value  that  cannot  be  effaced  from  our  recollec- 
tion. In  your  private  situation  we  lose  a  kind-hearted  friend,  a  sensible  acquaintance, 
and  a  cheerful  companion. 

"  In  the  public  capacity  as  a  member  of  His  Majesty's  Council,  the  Island  will 
be  deprived  of  those  serviceable  talents,  of  that  firm  aid,  experience,  and  support,  of 
that  excellent  knowledge  in  colonial  legislation  which,  for  a  long  series  of  years, 
has  so  justly  and  deservedly  drawn  forth  the  unanimous  encomiums  of  this  com- 
munity. Your  wish,  so  often  reported,  in  the  fulness  of  your  heart,  of  making  this 
Island  your  constant  home,  and  of  ending  your  days  with  us,  has  made  that  lively 
impression  on  our  minds,  which  sentiments  so  kindly  expressed  justly  merit,  and 
renders  your  departure  the  more  to  be  lamented. 


ALEXANDER   HOWE.  359 

"  We  cannot  conclude  without  expressing  our  firm  hope  that  your  long  services 
will  not  be  allowed  to  go  unrewarded,  and  that  you  will  still  meet  with  a  remunera- 
tion from  Government,  sufficiently  ample  to  make  the  evening  of  your  days  glide  on 
with  ease  and  comfort.  Wishing  you  and  your  family  every  happiness  and 
prosperity,  we  remain  with  sincere  regard  and  esteem,  etc.,  etc." 

To  this  rather  incoherent,  grandiose  and  ill-written,  but  warm-hearted 
and  friendly  address,  which  was  signed  by  George  Irving,  High  Sheriff 
of  Prince  Edward  Island,  on  behalf  of  the  inhabitants,  Mr.  How  made 
the  following  neatly  expressed  and  appropriate  reply  : 

"GENTLEMEN, — The  kind  and  honourable  testimony  your  approbation  bears  of 
my  public  and  private  conduct,  since  my  arrival  in  this  Island,  is  truly  gratifying 
to  me,  and  for  which  I  give  you  my  most  sincere  thanks.  I  assure  you,  gentlemen, 
that  your  very  kindly  sentiments  on  the  subject  of  my  departure  are,  and  ever  shall 
be,  indelibly  impressed  on  my  heart ;  while  it  beats  I  will  retain  the  affectionate 
respect  I  feel  for  a  society  in  which  I  have  been  treated  with  the  greatest  kindness 
and  hospitality,  and  with  which  it  would  be  my  pride,  as  well  as  my.  wish,  to  live. 

"Circumstances  having  taken  place  by  which  I  am  obliged  to  quit  the  Island,  I 
leave  you  with  unfeigned  sorrow,  wishing  your  families  every  happiness  that  can  be 
bestowed  on  the  most  favoured  subjects  of  the  Almighty's  care. 

"  With  my  most  earnest  prayer  for  the  prosperity  of  this  Island,  and  all  its 
inhabitants,  I  have  the  honour  to  remain,  with  affectionate  regard,  etc.,  etc. 

"(Signed),  ALEXANDER  HOWE." 

He  married  Margaret  Ann  Green,  daughter  of  Harry  Green,  and 
granddaughter  of  Benjamin  Green,  the  first  Provincial  Treasurer,  by 
whom  he  had  several  children — three  of  whom  survived  him.  Of  these, 
one  son  was  educated  at  King's  College,  Windsor,  and  was  a  class-mate 
of  the  late  Rev.  John  Millidge,  LL.D.  His  name  was  Richard  John 
Uniacke  Howe.  Soon  after  leaving  college  he  entered  the  military  service, 
and  became  a  captain  in  the  81st  regiment.  In  1838  he  married,  at 
Ilfracombe,  in  Devonshire,  Judith,  daughter  of  Thomas  Benson,  Esq.,  of 
Cockermouth,  Cumberland,  and  retired  on  half-pay  in  1840.  Of  the 
two  other  children  no  particulars  have  been  obtained,  even  their  sex 
remaining  unknown  to  me. 

He  died  in  Dartmouth,  in  January,  1813,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of 
his  age.  His  widow,  who  survived  him  thirty -three  years,  died  in  the 
same  town,  at  a  very  advanced  age,  in  1847.  An  interesting  relic  of  this 
lady  was  in  1882  in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  Edwin  Morse,  of  Bridgetown, 
in  the  form  of  an  arm-chair  which  is  known  as  "  Madam  Howe's  chair  " 
to  this  day.  It  was  probably  purchased  at  the  sale  of  Howe's  effects,  on 
his  removal  from  the  county,  by  Mrs.  Morse's  father,  who  was  a 
neighbour. 


360  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

HENRY   RUTHERFORD. 

1793-1799,  1799-1806,  1806-1808. 

This  gentleman  was  a  Loyalist  who  settled  in  the  town  of  Digby  in 
1783,  where  he  became  a  prominent  and  enterprising  merchant.  No 
particulars  are  extant  concerning  his  life  and  doings  before  his  advent 
to  the  Province.  That  he  was  prosperous  as  a  trader  and  popular  as  a 
man  after  his  settlement  here  is  certain ;  and  it  is  also  true  that  he  was  a 
man  of  good  education,  and  possessed  of  average  ability  and  considerable 
individuality  of  character. 

He  was  first  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  Assembly  for  the  township  of 
Digby  at  the  general  election  of  1793,  having  been  chosen  in  the  place  of 
Thomas  Millidge,  who  on  this  occasion,  with  James  Moody  for  a  colleague, 
sought  and  obtained  the  seats  for  the  county.  Mr.  Rutherford  was, 
therefore,  the  second  representative  of  the  township  of  Digby.  During 
the  first  session  of  this  Assembly  he  introduced  a  measure  for  "  Regu- 
lating the  Herring  Fishery  of  Annapolis  and  Digby,"  a  branch  of 
industry  much  prized  by  him,  and  in  the  prosecution  of  which  he  was 
actively  engaged. 

Mr.  Rutherford  was  one  of  the  contractors  for  the  construction  of  the 
road  leading  from  Digby  to  Sissiboo  (now  Weymouth),  in  1788,  under 
John  Warwick,  Thomas  Gilbert,  and  Jesse  Hoyt,  who  were  the  com- 
missioners for  the  work.  In  1799  he  was  again  a  candidate  for  the 
township  of  Digby,  and  had  the  honour  of  again  being  chosen  its  repre- 
sentative. During  the  seven  following  years  he  discharged  the  duties 
incumbent  upon  his  honourable  position,  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  con- 
stituents. Three  years  previously,  he,  with  Moody  and  Millidge, 
M.P.P's,  petitioned  the  Assembly  in  relation  to  lands  at  Digby,  setting 
forth  among  other  matters,  that  "in  1765,  125,000  acres  of  land  were 
granted  to  Colonel  McNutt  and  associates,  by  the  name  of  Con  way ;  that 
Sebastian  Zouberbuhler  was  one  of  the  grantees,  and  the  only  one  whose 
assigns  made  improvements  ;  that  this  grant  had  never  been  recorded ; 
that  in  1784,  a  grant  of  100,000  acres  out  of  the  McNutt  grant  passed  to 
three  hundred  and  one  persons  without  escheat  first  had ;  Amos  Botsford 
had  been  the  agent  to  assign  to  each  of  these  grantees  his  proper  share, 
not  to  interfere  with  the  improvements  ;  and  that  after  the  removal  of 
the  said  Botsford  to  New  Brunswick,  the  Reverend  Edward  Brudenell, 
John  Stump  and  John  Hill  were  appointed  in  his  place;  that  this  Board 
of  Agents  had  assigned  to  others  than  grantees  portions  of  the  said  grant 
by  lot  and  number,  without  set  bounds  ;  that  many  of  the  said  grantees 
have  gone  to  other  countries  and  made  no  improvements,  and  that  those 
now  in  possession,  not  named  in  the  grant,  have  no  sort  of  title,"  and 


HENRY   RUTHERFORD.  361 

Mr.  Rutherford,  therefore,  asked  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  "  Quiet 
Possessions  of  Lands  in  Digby."*  He  had  the  pleasure  to  see  this 
important  measure  carried  to  a  successful  issue. 

Shortly  after  he  introduced  a  bill  for  regulating  the  exportation  "  of 
red,  or  smoked  herrings."  This  measure  had  reference  to  the  now  famed 
"  Digby  chickens,"  the  curing  and  exportation  of  which  still  continues  to 
be  a  lucrative  industry.  In  1801  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
the  expenditure  of  money  on  the  road  from  Digby  to  Bear  River. 
Elisha  Budd  and  Isaac  Hatfield  were  his  fellow-commissioners  in  this 
work.  On  the  27th  June,  1803,  he  introduced  a  bill  to  provide  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  light-house  at  "  the  gut,"  and  another  to  enable  the 
inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Digby  to  improve  the  public  common. 

In  1806  Mr.  Rutherford  was  for  the  third  time  a  candidate  for  legis- 
lative honours,  but  on  this  occasion  he  sought  one  of  the  seats  for  the 
•county.  Thomas  Ritchie  was  his  colleague  in  this  election,  and  they 
were  both  returned.  He  did  not,  however,  live  long  to  enjoy  his  success, 
for  in  May,  1808,  the  name  of  Phineas  Lovett  (colonel)  appears  on  the 
roll  as  M.P.P.,  vice  Rutherford  deceased.  He,  therefore  probably  died 
in  1807. 

Mr  Rutherford  played  no  mean  part  in  his  position  as  a  legislator. 
During  the  sixteen  years  of  his  service  in  that  capacity,  he  sat  in  an 
Assembly  which  can  boast  of  a  list  of  names  distinguished  in  the  annals 
of  the  Province.  Barclay  and  Millidge,  Uniacke  and  Alexander  Howe, 
were  men  whose  ability  and  culture  were  far  beyond  the  limits  of  medi- 
ocrity, and  a  half  century  passed  away  before  their  places  became  filled 
with  their  equals ;  and  though,  perhaps,  inferior  to  these  in  more  showy 
qualities,  the  subject  of  this  memoir  may  be  fairly  classed  as  their  equal 
in  practical  good  sense,  in  sound  judgment,  and  in  recognized  integrity  of 
purpose  and  action.  He  was  a  merchant,  largely  interested  in  the  West 
Indian  trade,  in  which,  it  is  believed,  he  was  tolerably  successful.  He 
had  several  children,  though  the  name,  I  believe,  has  become  extinct  in 
the  community  which  owes  so  much  to  his  useful  and  active  life.  David 
Rutherford,  one  of  his  sons,  was  living  in  Digby  in  1825,  and  another 
son,  Dennis,  was  there  in  1821.  One  of  his  daughters  married  the  late 
John  F.  Hughes,  a  merchant  of  Digby,  and  left  descendants,  some  of 
whom,  it  is  believed,  are  still  to  be  found  in  that  county.  Another 
daughter,  Mary,  married  the  Rev.  Cyrus  Perkins,  Rector  of  Annapolis, 
and  left  descendants  here. 

*  See  manuscript  in  Archives  for  1786. 


362  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

JAMES   MOODY. 
1793-1799. 

[For  the  major  portion  of  the  author's  extended  sketch  of  this  gentleman,  I  will 
substitute  the  subject's  own  narrative  or  autobiography,  written  in  1782,  and  now 
very  rare,  the  author  not  having  been  able  to  find  a  copy  of  it,  but  quoting  it  largely 
at  second-hand  from  Sabine's  "Loyalists."  I  am  indebted  for  the  opportunity  of 
perusing  and  transcribing  it  to  the  courtesy  of  Mrs.  Margaret  J.  Bingay,  widow  of 
the  late  Thomas  Van  Buskirk  Bingay,  Esq.,  Barrister,  of  Yarmouth,  the  great- 
granddaughter  and  eldest  living  descendant  of  Lieutenant  Moody.  — ED.  ] 

LIEUT.  JAMES  MOODY'S  NARRATIVE  OP  HIS  EXERTIONS  AND  SUFFERINGS 
IN  THE  CAUSE  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT  SINCE  THE  YEAR  1776. 

Choice  and  plan  it  would  seem,  have  seldom  much  influence  in  deter- 
mining either  men's  characters  or  their  conditions.  These  are  usually 
the  result  of  circumstances  utterly  without  our  control.  Of  the  truth  of 
this  position,  the  writer's  own  recent  history  affords  abundant  proofs. 

Seven  years  ago,  few  human  events  seemed  more  improbable  than  that 
he,  a  plain,  contented  farmer,  settled  on  a  large,  fertile,  pleasant,  and 
well-improved  farm  of  his  own,  in  the  best  climate  and  happiest  country 
in  the  world,  should  ever  beat  his  plowshare  into  a  sword,  and  commence 
a  soldier.  Nor  was  it  less  improbable  that  he  should  ever  become  a 
writer,  and  be  called  upon  to  print  a  narrative  of  his  own  adventures. 
Yet  necessity  and  a  sense  of  duty,  contrary  to  his  natural  inclination, 
soon  forced  him  to  appear  in  the  former  of  these  characters  ;  and  the 
importunity  of  his  friends  has  now  prevailed  with  him  to  assume  the 
latter. 

When  the  present  ill-fated  rebellion  first  broke  out,  he  was,  as  he  has 
already  hinted,  a  happy  farmer,  without  a  wish  or  an  idea  of  any  other 
enjoyment  than  that  of  making  happy  and  being  made  happy  with  a 
beloved  wife  and  three  promising  children.  He  loved  his  neighbours, 
and  hopes  they  were  not  wholly  without  regard  for  him.  Clear  of  debt, 
and  at  ease  in  his  possessions,  he  had  seldom  thought  much  of  political  or 
State  questions  ;  but  he  felt  and  knew  he  had  every  possible  reason  to  be 
grateful  for,  and  attached  to,  that  glorious  constitution  to  which  he  owed 
his  security.  The  first  uneasiness  he  ever  felt  on  account  of  the  public, 
was  when,  after  the  proceedings  of  the  first  Congress  were  known,  he 
foresaw  the  imminent  danger  to  which  this  constitution  was  exposed ; 
but  he  was  completely  miserable  when,  not  long  after,  he  saw  it  totally 
overturned. 

The  situation  of  a  man  who,  in  such  a  dilemma,  wishes  to  do  right,  is 
trying  and  difficult.  In  following  the  multitude  he  was  sure  of  popu- 
larity ;  this  is  always  pleasing,  and  it  is  too  dearly  bought  only  when  a 


JAMES   MOODY.  363 

man  gives  up  for  it  the  approbation  of  his  own  conscience.  He  foresaw,. 
in  its  fullest  force,  that  torrent  of  reproach,  insult  and  injury  which  he 
was  sure  to  draw  down  on  himself  and  his  family  by  a  contrary  conduct ; 
nor  does  he  wish  to  deny  that  for  some  time  these  overawed  and  stag- 
gered him.  For  himself  he  felt  but  little ;  but  he  had  either  too  much 
or  too  little  of  the  man  about  him  to  bear  the  seeing  of  his  nearest  and 
dearest  relatives  disgraced  and  ruined.  Of  the  points  in  debate  between 
the  parent  State  and  his  native  country,  he  pretended  not  to  be  a  com- 
petent judge ;  they  were  studiously  so  puzzled  and  perplexed  that  he 
could  come  to  no  other  conclusion  than  that,  however  real  or  great  the 
grievances  of  the  Americans  might  be,  rebellion  was  not  the  way  to 
redress  them.  It  requires,  moreover,  but  little  skill  to  know  that  rebel- 
lion is  the  foulest  of  all  crimes,  and  that  what  was  begun  in  wickedness 
must  end  in  ruin.  With  this  conviction  strong  upon  his  mind,  he  re- 
solved that  there  was  no  difficulty,  danger  or  distress  which,  as  an 
honest  man,  he  ought  not  to  undergo,  rather  than  see  his  country  thus 
disgraced  and  undone.  In  spite,  therefore,  of  his  incapacity,  in  spite  of 
disinclination — nay,  in  spite  even  of  concern  for  his  family — with  the 
most  ardent  love  for  his  country,  and  the  warmest  attachment  to  his 
countrymen,  he  resolved  to  do  anything  and  to  be  anything,  not  incon- 
sistent with  integrity — to  fight,  to  bleed,  to  die — rather  than  see  the 
yenerable  constitution  of  his  country  totally  lost,  and  his  countrymen 
enslaved.  What  the  consequences  of  this  resolution  have  been,  it  is  the 
intention  of  the  following  pages  to  describe. 

The  facts  now  to  be  related  have  many  of  them  been  occasionally 
published  in  the  New  York  papers,  but  in  a  state  so  mutilated  and 
imperfect  as  rather  to  excite  than  gratify  curiosity.  They  are  here 
brought  together  under  one  view  in  a  connected  narrative,  and  set  down 
just  as  they  happened.  It  is  not  pretended  that  all  his  adventures  are 
here  related,  or  that  all  the  circumstances  of  those  related  are  fully 
enumerated.  It  would  be  impolitic  and  dangerous  for  him  to  recount  at 
large  all  his  various  stratagems ;  it  would  be  barbarous  and  base  to 
divulge  all  the  means  by  which  he  has  sometimes  effected  his  almost 
miraculous  escapes.  But  were  it  otherwise,  nothing  can  be  further  from 
his  aim  than  to  make  a  pompous  display  of  any  supposed  merit  of  his 
own.  As  to  the  truth  of  his  principal  facts,  he  appeals  to  sundry  certi- 
ficates and  affidavits  now  in  his  possession  ;  nay,  he  further  appeals  to 
every  officer  of  every  rank,  who  has  either  lately  served  or  is  still  serving 
in  America.  Yet  after  all,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  the  credit  of 
some  parts  of  this  narrative  must  rest  upon  his  own  authority,  which,  he 
believes,  will  not  be  questioned  by  those  who  are  acquainted  with  his 
character. 

Of  the  true  causes  that  gave  birth  to  this  unhappy  quarrel,  Mr.  Moody 


364  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

is  unwilling  to  give  any  opinion.  He  is  no  politician  ;  and,  therefore,  by 
no  means  qualified  to  reconcile  the  contradictory  assertions  and  argu- 
ments of  the  contending  parties.  This  only,  as  an  individual  of  that 
description  of  people  of  whom  the  greatest  part  of  every  community  must 
consist,  he  thinks  it  incumbent  on  him  to  declare  that  it  did  not  originate 
with  the  people  of  America,  properly  so  called.  They  felt  no  real  griev- 
ances, and  therefore  could  have  no  inducement  to  risk  substantial  advan- 
tages in  the  pursuit  of  such  as  were  only  imaginary.  In  making  this 
declaration,  he  is  confident  he  speaks  the  sentiments  of  the  great  majority 
of  the  peasantry  of  America.  But  in  every  country  there  are  multitudes 
who,  with  little  property  and  perhaps  still  less  principle,  are  always 
disposed,  and  always  eager  for  a  change.  Such  persons  are  easily 
wrought  upon,  and  easily  persuaded  to  enlist  under  the  banner  of 
pretended  patriots  and  forward  demagogues,  of  whom  also  every  country 
is  sufficiently  prolific. 

In  America  these  popular  leaders  had  a  set  of  men  to  assist  them, 
who  inherited  from  their  ancestors  the  most  rooted  dislike  and  antipathy 
to  the  constitution  of  the  parent  State  ;  and  by  means  of  their  friendly 
co-operation,  they  were  able  to  throw  the  whole  continent  into  a  state  of 
ferment  in  the  year  1774,  and  maddened  almost  every  part  of  the 
country  with  associations,  committees  and  liberty -poles,  and  all  the 
preliminary  apparatus  necessary  to  a  revolt.  The  general  cry  was  "  Join 
or  die  !  "  Mr.  Moody  relished  neither  of  these  alternatives,  and  therefore 
remained  on  his  farm  a  silent  but  not  unconcerned  spectator  of  the  black 
cloud  that  had  been  gathering,  and  was  now  ready  to  burst  on  his 
devoted  head.  It  was  in  vain  that  he  took  every  possible  precaution 
consistent  with  a  good  conscience  not  to  give  offence.  Some  infatuated 
associations  were  very  near  consigning  him  to  the  latter  of  these  alterna- 
tives, only  because  neither  his  judgment  nor  his  conscience  would  suffer 
him  to  adopt  the  former.  He  was  perpetually  harassed  by  these  com- 
mittees ;  and  a  party  employed  by  them  once  actually  assaulted  his 
person,  having  first  nourished  their  tomahawks  over  his  head  in  a  most 
insulting  manner.  Finding  it  impossible  either  to  convince  these 
associators  or  to  be  convinced  by  them,  any  longer  stay  among  them  was 
useless,  and  an  attempt  made  on  him  soon  after  made  it  impossible.  On 
Sunday,  March  28th,  1777,  while  he  was  walking  in  his  grounds  with 
his  neighbour,  Mr.  Hutcheson,  he  saw  a  number  of  armed  men  marching 
toward  his  house.  He  could  have  no  doubt  of  their  intentions,  and 
endeavoured  to  avoid  them.  They  fired  three  different  shots  at  him,  but 
happily  missed  him,  and  he  escaped.  From  this  time,  therefore,  he 
sought  the  earliest  opportunity  to  take  shelter  behind  the  British  lines, 
and  set  out  for  this  purpose  in  April,  1777.  Seventy-three  of  his  neigh- 
bours, all  honest  men  of  the  fairest  and  most  respectable  characters, 


JAMES   MOODY.  365 

accompanied  him  in  this  retreat.  The  march  was  long  and  dangerous. 
They  were  repeatedly  annoyed  and  assaulted,  and  once  they  were  under 
the  necessity  of  coming  to  an  engagement  with  a  rebel  party  considerably 
superior  in  number.  Men  circumstanced  as  he  and  his  friends  were, 
could  want  no  arguments  to  animate  their  exertions.  The  attack  was 
sharp,  but  the  Loyalists  were  successful,  the  enemy  giving  way,  leaving 
them  at  liberty  to  pursue  their  route  unmolested.  The  whole  company, 
four  only  excepted,  arrived  safe  at  Bergen,  where  they  joined  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Barton's  brigade.  A  few  whose  professions  were  calculated  to 
render  them  useful  in  that  department,  joined  the  engineers. 

In  June  following  Mr.  Moody  and  Mr.  Hutcheson  went  privately 
about  seventy  miles  into  the  country  to  enlist  the  friends  of  government. 
They  enlisted  upwards  of  five  hundred  men.  The  British  army,  then  at 
Brunswick,  was  expected  immediately  to  march  through  New  Jersey. 
Mr.  Moody  and  his  friends  had  their  agents  properly  placed  to  give  them 
the  earliest  information  of  the  army's  moving,  when  their  plan  was  to 
disarm  the  disaffected  and  generally  arm  the  loyal.  Let  the  reader  then 
judge  of  their  mortification  when,  whilst  their  adherents  were  high  in 
spirits  and  confident  of  their  ability,  at  one  blow,  as  it  were,  to  have 
crushed  the  rebellion  in  New  Jersey,  they  were  informed  that  General 
Howe  had  evacuated  the  Province,  and  was  gone  to  the  southward. 
Notwithstanding  this  discouragement,  Mr.  Moody  and  his  party  still 
continued  in  the  country  agreeably  to  their  instructions,  in  the  hope 
that  some  opportunity  would  still  present  itself  to  annoy  the  rebellious 
and  to  assist  the  loyal.  But  no  such  opportunity  offering  immediately^ 
they  soon  received  orders  to  join  the  army  with  the  men  they  had 
enlisted  or  could  enlist. 

In  consequence  of  these  instructions  they  set  forward  with  about 
one  hundred  Loyalists  (not  more  than  that  number,  from  the  change  of 
prospects,  were  then  to  be  prevailed  upon  to  leave  their  own  country  ; 
or  if  it  had  been  otherwise  the  time  was  too  scanty,  being  not  more  than 
forty-eight  hours  to  collect  them  together,  which  it  must  be  obvious  was 
to  be  done  only  with  great  secrecy  and  caution),  on  a  march  of  upwards 
of  seventy  miles,  through  a  well-inhabited  part  of  the  Province.  The 
rebels  pursued  them  ;  and  after  several  skirmishes  at  length  came  upon 
them  with  such  force  near  Perth- Amboy,  that  they  were  obliged  to  give 
way  and  disperse.  More  than  sixty  of  the  party  were  taken  prisoners  ; 
eight  only  besides  Mr.  Moody  got  within  the  British  lines.  These 
prisoners,  after  being  confined  in  Morristown  jail,  were  tried  for  what 
was  called  high  treason,  and  above  one-half  of  them  were  sentenced  to 
die.  Two,  whose  names  were  Hiss  and  Mee,  were  actually  executed,  the 
rest  having  been  reprieved  on  condition  of  their  serving  in  the  rebel 
army.  The  love  of  life  prevailed.  They  enlisted,  but  so  strong  was. 


HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

their  love  of  loyalty  at  the  same  time  that,  three  or  four  excepted,  who 
died  under  the  hands  of  their  captors,  they  all  very  soon  after  made 
their  escape  to  the  British  army. 

On  comparing  the  number  who  had  at  first  set  out  with  him,  with 
those  who,  after  being  taken,  had  returned  to  him,  Mr.  Moody  found  that 
on  the  alarm,  some  had  escaped  ;  and  some  also,  who  had  been  taken  and 
released  being  still  missing,  he  concluded  that  they  had  gone  back  to 
their  respective  homes.  This  induced  him  to  return  without  delay  into 
the  country,  and  he  came  back  with  nineteen  men.  Convinced  that 
there  were  still  many  more,  on  whom  good  advice  and  a  good  example 
might  have  their  proper  influence,  he  again  went  out  and  brought  back 
with  him  forty-two  young  men,  as  fine  soldiers  as  are  in  the  world  ;  some 
of  them  had  just  escaped  from  jails  where  they  had  been  confined  for 
their  loyalty.  All  these  he  was  happy  enough  to  conduct  safe  to  the 
king's  army.  From  this  time  he  continued  with  his  battalion  till  1778, 
having  just  before  been  made  an  ensign. 

In  the  beginning  of  May,  1778,  he  was  again  sent  into  the  interior 
parts  of  the  rebel  country,  with  orders  to  remain  there  as  long  as  he 
could,  to  render  such  service  to  the  Government  and  its  friends  as  he 
should  have  an  opportunity  for,  and  more  especially  to  obtain  precise 
intelligence  from  Colonel  Butler  then  supposed  to  be  at  Niagara.  He 
employed  a  trusty  Loyalist  to  go  out  to  Colonel  Butler,  who  fell  in 
with  him  between  Niagara  and  Wyoming,  and  was  with  him  at  the 
reduction  of  this  last-named  fortress  ;  and  afterwards  along  with  another 
of  Mr.  Moody's  men  (who,  having  been  driven  from  him  in  the  disaster 
just  related,  had  gone  back,  and  stayed  with  Colonel  Butler  all  the 
winter,  as  the  only  place  of  safety  he  could  find)  he  returned  with  the 
necessary  information,  with  which  they  all  went  back  and  reported  them 
at  headquarters.  In  this  interval  Mr.  Moody  took  prisoner  a  Mr. 
Martin,  chief  commissioner  in  that  district  for  the  selling  of  confiscated 
estates,  a  man  remarkable  for  his  spite  and  cruelty  to  the  friends  of  the 
Government.  It  was  very  mortifying  to  Mr.  Moody  to  have  this  man 
rescued  from  him  by  a  large  body  of  the  militia  after  having  had  him  in 
his  custody  about  forty-eight  hours.  But  he  relates  with  pleasure  that 
this  incident  had  a  good  effect  on  this  furious  oppressor,  inasmuch  as  his 
behaviour  to  his  loyal  neighbours  was  ever  after  much  more  mild  and 
humane. 

On  June  10th,  1779,  an  opportunity  of  rendering  some  service  to  his 
country  now  offering,  having  first  requested  Mr.  Hutcheson  and  six  men 
and  some  guides  to  be  of  the  party,  he  marched  with  sixteen  of  his  own 
men  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Shrewsbury.  They  eluded  the  vigilance  of  a 
rebel  guard,  and  gained  a  place  called  the  Falls.  Here  they  surprised 
and  took  prisoners,  one  colonel,  one  lieutenant-colonel,  one  major  and 


JAMES   MOODY.  367 

two  captains,  with  several  "other  persons  of  inferior  note,  and  without 
injuring  any  private  property  destroyed  a  considerable  magazine  of 
powder  and  arms.  With  these  prisoners,  and  such  public  stores  as  they 
were  able  to  bring  off,  Mr.  Hutcheson  was  charged,  whilst  Mr.  Moody 
brought  up  the  rear  with  his  sixteen  men  to  defend  them.  They  were, 
as  they  had  expected,  soon  pursued  by  double  their  number  and  over- 
taken. Mr.  Moody  kept  up  a  smart  fire  on  his  assailants,  checking  and 
retarding  them  till  Mr.  Hutcheson  with  their  booty  got  ahead  to  a 
considerable  distance.  He  then  also  advanced,  making  for  the  next 
advantageous  station,  and  thus  proceeded  from  one  spot  to  another,  still 
covering  the  prisoners,  till  they  gained  a  situation  on  the  shore  at  Black 
Point  where  the  enemy  could  not  flank  them.  But  just  at  this  time  the 
pursuers  were  reinforced  with  ten  men  !  So  that  they  were  now  forty 
strong.  Mr.  Hutcheson  with  one  man  crossed  the  inlet,  behind  which  he 
had  taken  shelter,  and  came  to  Mr.  Moody's  assistance,  and  now  a  warm 
engagement  ensued  that  lasted  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour.  By  this 
time  all  their  ammunition,  amounting  to  upwards  of  eighty  rounds  of 
cartridges,  was  expended,  and  ten  men  only,  three  of  whom  were 
wounded,  were  in  any  capacity  to  follow  their  leader  to  the  charge.  The 
bayonet  was  their  only  resource,  but  this  the  enemy  could  not  withstand  ; 
they  fled,  leaving  eleven  of  their  number  killed  or  wounded.  Unfor- 
tunately, Mr.  Moody's  small  but  gallant  party  could  not  follow  up  their 
blow,  being  in  a  manner  utterly  exhausted  by  a  long  harassed  march,  in 
weather  intensely  hot.  They  found  the  rebel  captain  dead,  and  their 
lieutenant  also  expiring  on  the  field.  There  was  something  particularly 
shocking  in  the  death  of  the  former.  He  was  shot  by  Mr.  Moody  whilst, 
with  the  most  bitter  oaths  and  threats  of  vengeance,  after  having  missed 
once,  he  was  again  levelling  his  piece  at  him.  Soon  after  this  engage- 
ment one  of  the  party  came  forward  with  a  handkerchief  flying  from  a 
stick,  and  demanded  a  parley.  His  signal  was  returned,  signifying  the 
willingness  of  the  Loyalists  to  treat  with  him  ;  and  a  truce  was  speedily 
agreed  upon,  the  conditions  of  which  were  :  That  they  should  have  leave 
to  take  care  of  their  dead  and  wounded,  whilst  Mr.  Moody's  party  was 
permitted,  unmolested,  to  return  to  the  British  lines.  Happily  none  of 
the  wounds  which  any  of  his  men  received  in  this  expedition  proved 
mortal.  The  public  stores  which  they  brought  away  with  them  (besides 
those  which  they  had  destroyed)  sold  for  upwards  of  £500  sterling,  and 
every  shilling  of  this  money  was  given  by  Mr.  Moody  to  the  men  as  a 
small  reward  for  their  very  meritorious  conduct. 

About  the  middle  of  October  following,  Mr.  Moody  was  again  sent 
into  the  interior  parts  of  the  rebel  country  to  obtain  intelligence  respect- 
ing Washington's  army.  He  succeeded,  and  his  intelligence  was  com- 
municated to  General  Pattison.  Again  about  the  middle  of  November 


368  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

he  was  desired  to  find  out  the  situation  and  circumstances  of  an  army 
under  the  rebel  General  Sullivan,  which  had  lately  been  on  an  expedition 
to  the  westward  against  the  Indians.  Accordingly  he  went  eighty  miles 
into  Pennsylvania,  close  by  Sullivan's  camp,  and  obtained  an  exact 
account  of  the  number  of  men  and  horses  with  which  he  went  out  from 
Easton  on  this  Indian  expedition,  and  the  number  also  that  he  returned 
with. 

From  thence  he  went  to  Morris  County,  where  Washington  then  lay 
with  his  army.  And  here  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain  from  their 
own  books  an  account  of  the  rations  which  were  drawn  for  them.  He 
next  went  to  Pumpton,  where  General  Gates  then  was,  on  his  march 
to  the  southward,  and  here  also  he  gained  the  exact  information  not  only 
of  the  amount  of  the  force  then  with  him,  but  the  number  that  were 
expected  to  join  him.  And  now  having  pretty  well  gone  through  the 
business  entrusted  to  him,  he  returned  to  New  York,  and  continued  there 
till  next  year. 

In  May,  1780,  he  took  with  him  four  trusty  men,  and  went  into  the 
rebel  country  with  the  intention  of  surprising  Governor  Livingstone,  a 
man  whose  conduct  had  been  in  the  most  abandoned  degree  cruel  and 
oppressive  to  the  loyal  inhabitants  of  New  Jersey.  When  with  all  neces- 
sary secrecy,  Mr.  Moody  had  got  into  his  immediate  neighbourhood,  infor- 
mation was  received  that  Mr.  Livingstone  was  gone  to  Trenton  to  meet  the 
Assembly  ;  and  that  on  his  return  he  was  to  see  some  persons  on  business 
at  an  appointed  place.  This  made  it  necessary  for  the  ensign  to  alter 
his  measures,  as  he  did  immediately.  He  led  his  party  into  Sussex  County 
and  there  left  them,  himself  only  retiring  to  a  proper  situation  till  his 
plan  should  be  ripe  for  execution.  Being  under  the  necessity  of  again 
returning  into  Sussex  before  anything  could  be  done,  he  had  the  mortifi- 
cation to  find  that  one  of  his  men  had  been  taken  prisoner  by  a  rebel 
major  of  the  name  of  Hoops,  who  extorted  a  confession  from  him  that 
Moody  was  in  the  country,  and  as  he  imagined  in  quest  of  some  person 
of  note,  who  lived  near  Morristown.  This  blasted  the  whole  project ; 
the  intelligence  was  instantly  sent  to  Livingstone,  who  justly  concluded 
himself  to  be  the  person  aimed  at,  and  of  course  took  every  precaution  to 
prevent  a  surprise. 

Still,  however,  Mr.  Moody  nattered  himself  he  should  yet  be  more 
fortunate,  and  do  something  notwithstanding  the  alarm  that  was  now 
spread  through  the  country.  The  first  plausible  thing  that  offered  was  a 
plan  to  blow  up  the  magazine  at  Suckasunne  about  sixteen  miles  back  of 
Morristown ;  but  this  also  proved  abortive,  for  notwithstanding  his  having 
prevailed  on  some  British  prisoners,  taken  with  General  Burgoyne,  to 
join  him  in  his  enterprise,  the  alarm  was  now  become  so  general  and  the 
terror  so  great  that  they  had  increased  their  guard  around  this  magazine 


JAMES   MOODY.  369 

to  the  number  of  one  hundred  and  upwards,  so  that  he  was  under  the 
necessity  of  abandoning  his  project. 

Returning  again  into  Sussex  County,  he  now  heard  that  several 
prisoners  were  confined  on  various  suspicions  and  charges  of  loyalty  in  the 
jail  of  that  county,  that  one  of  them  was  actually  under  sentence  of  death. 
This  poor  fellow  was  one  of  Burgoyne's  soldiers,  charged  with  crimes  of  a 
civil  nature,  of  which,  however,  he  was  generally  believed  to  be  innocent. 
But  when  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England  interposed  with  his 
unrelenting  prosecutor,  and  warmly  urged  this  plea  of  innocence,  he  was 
sharply  told,  that  though  he  might  not  perhaps  deserve  to  die  for  the 
crime  for  which  he  had  been  committed,  there  could  be  no  doubt  of  his 
deserving  to  die  as  an  enemy  to  America.  There  was  something  so 
piteous  as  well  as  shameful  in  the  case  of  this  ill-fated  victim  to  repub- 
lican resentment,  that  it  was  determined,  if  possible,  to  release  both  him 
and  his  fellow-prisoners.  For  this  purpose  Mr.  Moody  took  with  him  six 
men  ;  and  late  at  night  entered  the  county  town  about  seventy  miles  from 
New  York.  The  inhabitants  of  this  town  were  but  too  generally 
disaffected.  This  suggested  the  necessity  of  stratagem.  Coming  to  the 
jail,  the  keeper  called  out  from  the  window  of  an  upper  room  and 
demanded  what  their  business  was.  The  ensign  instantly  replied  :  "  He 
had  a  prisoner  to  deliver  into  his  custody."  "What!  One  of  Moody's 
fellows  1"  said  the  jailer.  "Yes,"  said  the  ensign.  On  their  inquiring 
what  the  name  of  this  supposed  prisoner  was,  one  of  the  party  who  was 
well  known  by  the  inhabitants  of  that  place  to  be  with  Mr.  Moody, 
personated  the  character  of  a  prisoner,  and  spoke  for  himself.  The  jailer 
gave  him  a  little  ill  language ;  but  notwithstanding  seemed  highly 
pleased  with  the  idea  of  his  having  so  notorious  a  Tory  in  his  custody. 
On  the  ensign  urging  him  to  come  down  and  take  charge  of  the  man,  he 
peremptorily  refused,  alleging  that  in  consequence  of  Moody's  being  out, 
he  had  received  strict  orders  to  open  his  doors  to  no  man  after  sunset, 
and  that  therefore  he  must  wait  till  morning.  Finding  that  this  would 
not  take,  the  ensign  now  changed  his  tone ;  and  in  a  stern  voice  told 
him,  "  Sirrah,  the  man  who  now  speaks  to  you  is  Moody ;  I  have  a  strong 
party  with  me  ;  and  if  you  do  not  this  moment  deliver  up  your  keys,  I 
will  instantly  pull  down  your  house  about  your  ears."  The  jailer  vanished 
in  a  moment.  On  this  Mr.  Moody's  men,  who  were  well  skilled  in  the 
Indian  war-whoop,  made  the  air  resound  with  such  a  variety  of  hideous 
yells  as  soon  left  them  nothing  to  fear  from  the  inhabitants  of  New 
Town,  which  though  the  county  town,  consists  only  of  twenty  or 
thirty  houses.  "The  Indians  !  the  Indians  are  come  !" — said  the  panic- 
struck  people ;  and  happy  were  they  who  could  soonest  escape  into  the 
woods.  While  these  things  were  thus  going  on,  the  ensign  had  made  his 
way  through  a  casement,  and  was  met  by  a  prisoner,  whom  he  immediately 
24 


370  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

•employed  to  procure  him  a  light.  The  vanished  jailer  was  now  again 
produced  :  and  most  obsequiously  conducted  Mr.  Moody  to  the  dungeon 
of  the  poor  wretch  under  sentence  of  death. 

It  may  seem  incredible,  but  it  is  an  undoubted  fact  that  notwithstand- 
ing all  the  horrors  and  awfulness  of  his  situation,  this  poor,  forlorn,  con- 
demned British  soldier  was  found  fast  asleep  ;  and  had  slept  so  sound  as 
to  have  heard  nothing  of  the  uproar  or  alarm.  There  is  no  possibility  of 
describing  the  agony  of  this  man,  when  on  being  thus  suddenly  aroused, 
he  saw  before  him  a  man  in  arms,  attended  by  persons  whom,  though  they 
were  familiarly  known  to  him,  so  agitated  were  his  spirits,  he  was  utterly 
at  a  loss  to  recognize.  The  first  and  the  only  idea  that  occurred  to  him 
was,  that  as  many  of  the  friends  of  government  had  been  privately  exe- 
cuted in  prison,  the  person  he  saw  was  his  executioner.  On  Mr.  Moody's 
repeatedly  informing  him  of  his  mistake,  and  that  he  was  come  to  release 
him  in  the  name  of  King  George,  the  transition  from  such  an  abyss  of 
wretchedness  to  so  extravagant  a  pitch  of  joy  had  well-nigh  overcome 
him.  Never  before  had  the  writer  been  present  at  so  affecting  a  scene. 
The  image  of  the  poor  soldier,  alternately  agitated  with  the  extremes  of 
despair  and  rapture,  is  at  this  moment  present  to  his  imagination,  as 
strong  almost  as  if  the  object  were  still  before  him ;  and  he  has  often 
thought  there  are  few  subjects  on  which  a  painter  of  taste  and  sensibility 
could  more  happily  employ  his  pencil.  The  man  looked  wild,  and 
undoubtedly  was  wild  and  hardly  in  his  senses,  and  yet  he  laboured, 
and  was  big  with  some  of  the  noblest  sentiments  and  most  powerful 
passions  by  which  the  human  mind  is  ever  actuated.  In  such  circum- 
stances it  was  with  some  difficulty  that  the  ensign  got  him  away.  At 
length,  however,  his  clothes  were  got  on,  and  he  with  all  the  rest  who 
chose  to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  were  conducted  into  safety, 
notwithstanding  a  warm  pursuit  of  several  days.  The  humane  reader, 
Mr.  Moody  persuades  himself,  will  not  be  less  affected  than  he  himself 
was  at  the  mournful  sequel  of  this  poor  soldier's  tale.  In  the  course  of 
the  war  he  was  again  taken,  and  again  conducted  to  the  dungeon,  and 
afterwards  actually  executed  on  the  same  sentence  on  which  he  had  been 
before  convicted,  though  he  left  the  world  with  the  most  solemn  assevera- 
tions of  his  innocence,  as  to  any  crime  of  which  he  had  been  accused, 
excepting  only  an  unshaken  allegiance  to  his  sovereign. 

A  few  other  particulars  respecting  this  poor  man,  who,  though  but  a 
common  soldier  in  a  marching  regiment,  was  in  all  the  essential  and  best 
parts  of  his  character  a  hero,  the  writer  cannot  excuse  himself  from  the 
relation  of.  His  situation  and  circumstances  in  the  rebel  country  being 
peculiar,  Mr.  Moody  not  thinking  it  proper  himself  to  return  thither  so 
soon,  took  the  earliest  means  he  could  to  have  him  conveyed  safe  to  New 
York.  But  no  arguments,  no  entreaties,  could  prevail  with  him  to  leave 


JAMES   MOODY.  371 

his  deliverer.  "To  you,"  said  he,  "I  owe  my  life;  to  you,  and  in  your 
service  let  me  devote  it.  You  have  found  me  in  circumstances  of  ignominy. 
I  wish  for  an  opportunity  to  convince  you  that  you  have  not  been  mis- 
taken in  thinking  me  innocent.  I  am,  and  you  shall  find  me  a  good  soldier." 
It  was  to  this  fatal  but  fixed  determination  that  he  soon  after  owed  the 
loss  of  his  life. 

When  he  was  brought  to  the  place  of  execution,  the  persons  who  had 
charge  of  him,  told  him  they  had  authority  to  promise  him  a  reprieve,  and 
they  did  most  solemnly  promise  it  to  him  on  condition  only  that  he  would 
tell  them  who  the  Loyalists  in  the  country  were  that  had  assisted  Moody. 
His  reply  was  most  manly  and  noble,  and  proves  that  real  nobility  of 
character  and  dignity  of  sentiment  are  appropriated  to  no  particular  rank 
or  condition  of  life.  "I  love  life,"  he  said,  "and  there  is  nothing  which 
a  man  of  honour  can  do  that  I  would  not  do  to  save  it ;  but  I  cannot 
pay  this  price  for  it.  The  men  you  wish  me  to  betray  must  be  good  men 
because  they  have  assisted  a  good  man  in  a  good  cause.  Innocent  as  I 
am,  I  feel  this  an  awful  moment ;  how  far  it  becomes  you  to  tempt  me 
to  make  it  terrible,  by  overwhelming  me  in  the  basest  guilt,  yourselves 
must  judge.  My  life  is  in  your  power ;  my  conscience,  I  thank  God,  is 
still  my  own." 

Another  extraordinary  circumstance  is  said  to  have  befallen  him, 
which  as  well  as  the  preceding  Mr.  Moody  relates  on  the  testimony  of  an 
eye-witness  yet  living.  Though  he  was  a  small  and  light  man,  yet  the 
rope  with  which  he  was  suspended  broke.  Even  still  this  poor  man's 
admirable  presence  of  mind  and  dignity  of  conscious  innocence  did  not 
forsake  him.  He  instantly  addressed  himself  to  the  surrounding  multi- 
tude in  the  following  words  :  "  Gentlemen,  I  cannot  but  hope  that  this 
very  extraordinary  event  will  convince  you,  of  what  I  again  solemnly 
protest  to  you,  that  I  am  innocent  of  the  crime  for  which  you  have 
adjudged  me  to  die."  But  he  still  protested  in  vain. 

The  supposed  crime  for  which  he  suffered  was  the  plundering  and 
robbing  the  house  of  a  certain  furious  and  powerful  rebel.  But  it  would 
be  unjust  to  his  memory  not  to  certify,  as  Mr.  Moody  does,  that  he  has 
since  learned  from  the  voluntary  confession  of  a  less  conscientious  Loyalist 
that  this  honest  man  was  charged  wrongfully ;  inasmuch  as  he  himself, 
without  the  knowledge  of  the  other,  on  the  principles  of  retaliation  and 
revenge,  had  committed  the  crime.  The  name  of  the  above-mentioned 
honest  soldier  and  martyr  was  Robert  Maxwell,  a  Scotchman,  who  had 
had  a  good  education. 

Not  long  after,  obtaining  information  of  the  British  army's  moving 
toward  Springfield,  Mr.  Moody  concluded  that  the  campaign  was  open. 
There  appeared  no  way  in  which,  with  his  small  party  of  seven  men,  he 
could  be  more  useful  than  by  securing  as  many  as  he  could  of  the  rebel 


372  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

militia.  Accordingly,  it  was  not  long  before  he  contrived  to  take 
prisoners,  a  major,  a  captain,  two  lieutenants,  and  sundry  committee  men  ; 
in  all  to  the  amount  of  eighteen. 

Some  requested  to  be  paroled,  and  the  ensign  complied  with  their 
request ;  because  it  was  not  only  reasonable  and  humane,  but  because 
also  it  left  him  at  liberty  to  pursue  fresh  objects.  Some  requested  to 
take  the  oath  of  neutrality  and  it  was  not  less  willingly  administered 
to  them. 

The  rebel  part  of  the  country  was  now  again  in  an  alarm,  and  the 
ensign  was  again  pursued  and  sought,  according  to  the  strong  expression 
of  Scripture,  "  as  a  partridge  in  the  mountains."  But,  "  wandering  in 
deserts,  and  in  mountains,  and  in  dens  and  caves  of  the  earth,"  by  the 
blessing  of  God,  he  still  eluded  all  their  researches.  At  length,  however, 
being  under  a  necessity  of  returning  to  New  York  he  collected  a  few 
more  of  Burgoyne's  men ;  and  having  now  augmented  his  party  to 
thirteen  he  set  out  for  that  capital.  But  his  former  good  fortune  now 
forsook  him ;  and  he  himself  was  soon  doomed  to  feel  all  those  bitter 
calamities,  from  which  it  had  been  the  object  of  his  exertions  to  extricate 
others. 

On  the  21st  of  July,  1780,  it  was  his  ill-hap  to  fall  in  with  an  army, 
which  the  rebel  General  Wayne  was  conducting  to  the  siege  of  the 
block-house,  commanded  by  Captain  Ward.  Resistance  was  vain,  and 
retreat  impracticable.  Mr.  Moody  and  the  greater  part  of  his  men  were 
now  obliged  to  submit  to  captivity. 

He  and  two  of  his  men  were  immediately  sent  to  a  place  called  the 
Slots,  where  they  were  confined  with  their  hands  tied  behind  their 
backs.  On  the  22nd  they  were  removed  to  Stony  Point,  and  on  the  23rd 
to  Colonel  Robertson's  house  at  West  Point.  The  rebel  General  Howe, 
who  commanded  at  this  post,  treated  Mr.  Moody  with  great  civility,  and 
permitted  his  servant  to  attend  him.  From  thence,  he  was  sent  to 
Fishkill,  to  the  rebel  commissary  of  prisoners,  who  passed  him  on  to 
-^sopus.  At  JEsopus  he  remained  till  the  2nd  of  August ;  when  in  the 
night  he  was  put  into  a  strong  room,  guarded  by  four  soldiers,  two  within 
the  door  and  two  without.  The  sergeant  in  the  hearing  of  the  ensign, 
gave  orders  to  the  sentinels  who  were  in  the  room  with  him,  to  insist  on 
his  lying  down  on  a  bed,  and  instantly  to  shoot  him  if  he  attempted  to 
rise  from  it.  On  this  he  requested  and  insisted  to  see  the  commissary. 
The  commissary  came,  and  was  asked  if  these  orders  were  from  him. 
His  answer  was  :  "  The  sergeant  had  done  his  duty ;  and  he  hoped  the 
men  would  obey  their  orders."  Mr.  Moody  remonstrated,  and  urged  that 
it  was  no  uncommon  thing  with  him  to  rise  from  his  bed  in  his  sleep ;  he 
requested  therefore  only,  that  if  he  should  happen  now  to  be  overtaken 
with  such  an  infirmity,  the  men  might  be  ordered  to  call  him  by  his 


JAMES   MOODY.  373 

name,  and  at  least  to  awake  him  before  they  fired.  All  the  answer  he 
could  obtain  from  this  tyrant  minion  of  tyrant  masters,  was  a  cool  and 
most  cutting  repetition  of  his  former  words. 

After  having  twice  more  changed  the  place  of  his  confinement,  on  the 
10th  of  August  he  was  carried  back  to  West  Point.  And  here  his 
sufferings  seemed  to  be  but  beginning,  for  the  cruelties  he  experienced 
under  the  immediate  eye  of  General  Arnold,  who  then  commanded  there, 
infinitely  exceeded  all  that  he  has  ever  met  with  before  or  since. 

Nothing  can  be  further  from  Mr.  Moody's  wishes  than  to  become  any 
man's  accuser,  but  no  man  should  be  afraid  either  to  hear  or  to  tell  the 
truth,  which  is  of  no  party,  and  should  be  observed  by  all.  Humanity  is, 
moreover,  so  lovely  and  so  necessary  a  virtue,  especially  in  times  of  civil 
war,  that  Mr.  Moody  owns  he  is  proud  and  loves  to  acknowledge  and  to 
praise  it  even  in  an  enemy ;  of  course,  he  must  lament  and  reprobate  the 
want  of  it,  though  in  his  best  friend.  Under  new  masters,  it  is  hoped, 
General  Arnold  has  learned  new  maxims.  Compelled  by  truth,  however, 
Mr.  Moody  must  bear  him  testimony  that  he  was  then  faithful  to  his 
employers,  and  abated  not  an  iota  in  fulfilling  both  the  letter  and  the 
spirit  of  their  general  orders  and  instructions. 

Mr.  Moody  feels  this  to  be  an  unpleasant  part  of  his  narrative.  It  is 
with  pain  he  pursues  it.  May  it  be  permitted  him  then  to  give  the 
subsequent  part  of  it  in  the  words  of  an  affidavit  taken  in  the  Judge 
Advocate's  Office  in  New  York,  from  the  mouth  of  William  Buirtis,  who 
was  confined  for  his  loyalty  in  the  same  prison  with  Mr.  Moody  : 

"JUDGE  ADVOCATE'S  OFFICE,  NEW  YORK,  May  11,  1782. 

"  This  day  personally  appeared  William  Buirtis,  a  Refugee  from  the  County  of 
West  Chester,  in  the  Province  of  New  York,  but  now  residing  on  York  Island,  in 
the  province  aforesaid,  and  being  duly  sworn  on  the  Holy  Evangelists  of  Almighty 
God,  deposeth  and  saith  : 

"  That  some  time  in  the  month  of  August,  1780,  he  (the  deponent)  was  confined 
in  a  dungeon  at  West  Point  Fort,  under  sentence  of  death,  having  been  charged  with 
giving  certain  intelligence  and  information  to  General  Mathew,  one  of  His  Britannic 
Majesty's  generals  serving  at  that  time  in  America.  That  about  the  middle  of  the 
month  of  August  aforesaid,  Lieutenant  James  Moody,  of  Brigadier-General  Skinner's 
first  battalion,  was  brought  under  guard,  and  confined  in  the  same  dungeon  with 
him  (the  deponent)  ;  that  the  day  following  he  (Lieutenant  Moody)  was  put  in  irons 
and  handcuffed  ;  that  the  handcuffs  were  of  a  particular  sort  and  construction, 
ragged  on  the  inside  next  the  wrist,  which  raggedness  caused  his  wrists  to  be  much 
cut  and  scarified  ;  that  soon  after  he  (Lieutenant  Moody)  was  ironed  and  handcuffed 
an  officer  came  and  demanded  his  money,  saying,  he  '  was  ordered  to  take  what 
money  he  had,  and  should  obey  his  orders  punctually  ; '  that  the  money  was  not 
delivered,  as  he,  Lieutenant  Moody,  was  resolute  in  refusing,  and  determined  not 
to  give  it  up.  He  (Lieutenant  Moody)  then  petitioned  General  Benedict  Arnold,  at 
that  time  in  the  rebel  service,  and  commanding  officer  at  West  Point,  to  grant  him 
relief ;  in  which  petition  he  set  forth  the  miserable  situation  he  was  in,  as  also  the 


374  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

torment  he  suffered,  occasioned  by  the  handcuffs  ;  to  which  petition  he  received  no 
answer,  though  he  was  told  by  two  officers  in  the  rebel  service  his  petition  had  been 
delivered  to  General  Arnold. 

"  That  about  a  week  after  his  first  petition  had  been  sent,  he  petitioned  a  second 
time  for  relief  from  his  suffering,  requesting  moreover  that  he  be  brought  to  trial, 
observing  that  if  he  should  be  found  guilty  of  death  he  should  desire  to  suffer,  as 
death  was  much  preferable  to  torment,  and  being  murdered  by  inches.  Some  little 
time  after  the  delivery  of  the  second  petition,  one  of  General  Arnold's  aide-de- 
camps, whose  name  he  (the  deponent)  cannot  recollect,  came  to  the  dungeon ;  and 
on  seeing  him  (Lieutenant  Moody)  asked  if  that  was  the  Moody  whose  name  was 
a  terror  to  every  good  man  ?  On  his  replying  that  his  name  was  Moody,  he  (the 
Aide-de-Camp)  replied  in  a  scoffing  manner,  '  You  have  got  yourself  into  a  pretty 
situation  ; '  on  his  (Lieutenant  Moody's)  saying  the  situation  was  disagreeable,  but 
he  hoped  it  would  not  be  of  long  continuance ;  he  answered  he  believed  not,  as  he 
would  soon  meet  with  justice  (pointing  at  the  same  time  to  a  gallows  that  was 
erected  in  the  sight  and  view  of  the  dungeon) ;  and  also  added,  there  is  the  gallows 
ready  erected,  which  he  (meaning  Moody)  had  long  merited.  Lieutenant  Moody 
answered,  he  made  no  doubt  he  (the  Aide-de-Camp)  wished  to  see  every  loyal 
subject  hanged,  but  he  thanked  God,  the  power  was  not  in  him  ;  but  if  he 
(Lieutenant  Moody)  was  hanged,  it  could  be  for  no  other  reason  than  being  a  loyal 
subject  to  one  of  the  best  of  kings,  and  under  one  of  the  best  of  governments,  and 
added,  if  he  had  ten  lives  to  lose,  he  would  sooner  forfeit  the  ten,  as  a  loyal  subject, 
than  one  as  a  rebel ;  and  also  said,  he  hoped  to  live  to  see  him  (the  Aide-de-Camp) 
and  a  thousand  such  other  villains,  hanged  for  being  rebels.  The  officer  then  said 
he  was  sent  to  examine  his  irons,  as  he  (Lieutenant.  Moody)  had  been  frequently 
troubling  General  Arnold  with  his  petitions.  On  examining  the  irons,  he  said  'they 
were  too  bad,'  and  asked  who  put  them  on  ?  saying  '  irons  were  intended  for 
security,  not  for  torment ;  but  if  any  one  merited  such  irons,  he  (Lieutenant  Moody) 
did,  in  his  opinion.'  Lieutenant  Moody,  however,  was  not  relieved  at  that  time 
from  his  irons ;  but  about  a  week  or  ten  days  afterwards,  an  officer  came  from 
General  Washington,  ordered  the  irons  to  be  taken  off  and  Lieutenant  Moody  to  be 
better  treated.  In  consequence  of  General  Washington's  order,  he  was  better  used  ; 
that  he  (the  deponent)  knows  nothing  further  that  happened,  as  he  (Lieutenant 
Moody)  in  a  few  days  afterwards,  was  removed  from  that  place. 

"  WILLIAM  BUIRTIS. 

' '  Sworn  before  me  at  the  time  and  place  above  mentioned. 
"  RICHARD  PORTER, 

"  As.  Dy.  Judge  Advocate." 

The  above-mentioned  dungeon  was  dug  out  of  a  rock,  and  covered  with 
a  platform  of  planks  badly  jointed,  without  any  roof  to  it ;  and  all  the 
rain  which  fell  upon  it  immediately  passed  through,  and  lodged  in  the 
bottom  of  this  dismal  mansion.  It  had  no  floor  but  the  natural  rock  ; 
and  the  water,  with  the  mud  and  filth  collected,  was  commonly  ankle 
deep  in  every  part  of  it.  Mr.  Moody's  bed  was  an  old  door,  supported 
by  four  stones  so  as  just  to  raise  it  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  Here 
he  continued  near  four  weeks ;  and  during  most  of  the  time,  while  he  was 
tormented  with  irons  in  the  manner  mentioned  above,  no  food  was 
allowed  him  but  stinking  beef  and  rotten  flour,  made  up  into  balls  or 


JAMES   MOODY.  375 

dumplings,  which  were  thrown  into  a  kettle  and  boiled  with  the  meat  and 
then  brought  to  him  in  a  wooden  bowl  which  was  never  washed  and 
which  contracted  a  thick  crust  of  dough,  grease  and  dirt.  It  is  a  wonder 
that  such  air  and  such  food,  to  say  nothing  of  the  wounds  upon  his  legs 
and  wrists,  were  not  fatal  to  him,  especially  as  the  clothes  on  his  back 
were  seldom  dry,  and  at  one  time  were  continually  wet  for  more  than  a 
week  together.  After  Mr.  Washington  interfered  he  was  served  with 
wholesome  provisions,  and  he  was  allowed  to  purchase  for  himself  some 
milk  and  some  vegetables. 

The  ways  of  Providence  are  often  mysterious,  frequently  bringing 
about  its  ends  by  the  most  unlikely  means.  To  this  inhuman  treatment 
in  General  Arnold's  camp,  Mr.  Moody  owed  his  future  safety.  On  the 
1st  of  September  he  was  carried  to  Washington's  camp  and  there  confined 
near  their  Liberty-pole.  Colonel  Skammel,  the  Adjutant-General,  came 
to  see  him  put  in  irons.  When  they  had  handcuffed  him  he  remonstrated 
with  the  colonel,  desiring  that  his  legs,  which  were  indeed  in  a  worse 
condition  than  even  his  wrists,  might  be  examined,  further  adding  only, 
that  death  would  be  infinitely  preferable  to  a  repetition  of  the  torments 
he  had  just  undergone.  The  colonel  did  examine  his  legs ;  and  on  seeing 
them  he  also  acknowledged  that  his  treatment  had  indeed  been  too  bad, 
and  asked  if  General  Arnold  had  been  made  acquainted  with  his  situation. 
Mr.  Moody  feels  a  sincere  pleasure  in  publicly  acknowledging  his 
obligations  and  his  gratitude  to  Colonel  Skammel,  who  humanely  gave 
orders  to  the  Provost  Marshal  to  take  good  care  of  him,  and  by  no  means 
to  suffer  any  irons  to  be  put  on  his  legs,  till  they  were  likely  to  prove 
less  distressing. 

Mr.  Moody  attended  the  rebel  army  in  its  march  over  the  New  Bridge, 
and  had  an  opportunity  of  observing  their  whole  line  and  counting  their 
artillery.  Everything  seemed  smooth  and  fair,  and  he  felt  much  at  ease 
in  the  prospect  of  being  soon  exchanged,  when  very  unexpectedly,  he 
was  visited  by  an  old  acquaintance,  one  of  their  colonels,  who  informed 
him  that  he  was  in  two  days'  time  to  be  brought  to  trial  ;  that  Livingstone 
was  to  be  his  prosecutor,  and  that  the  court-martial  was  carefully  picked 
for  the  purpose.  He  subjoined  that  he  would  do  well  to  prepare  for 
eternity,  since  from  the  evidence  which  he  knew  would  be  produced 
there  was  but  one  issue  of  the  business  to  be  expected.  Mr.  Moody 
requested  to  be  informed  what  it  was  the  purpose  of  this  evidence  to 
prove.  It  was,  his  well-wisher  told  him,  that  he  had  assassinated  a 
Captain  Shaddock  and  a  Lieutenant  Hendrickson.  These  were  the  two 
officers  who  had  fallen  fairly  in  battle  near  Black  Point,  as  has  been 
already  related.  The  ensign  replied  that  he  felt  himself  much  at  ease  on 
that  account  as  it  could  be  sufficiently  cleared  up  by  their  own  people, 
who  had  been  in  and  had  survived  the  action,  as  well  as  by  some  of  their 


376  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

officers,  who  were  at  the  time  prisoners  to  him,  and  spectators  of  the 
whole  affair.  "  All  this,"  said  his  friend,  "  will  be  of  little  avail ;  you  are 
so  obnoxious,  you  have  been  and  are  likely  to  be  so  mischievous  to  us, 
that  be  assured  we  are  resolved  to  get  rid  of  you  at  any  rate.  Besides, 
you  cannot  deny,  and  it  can  be  proved  by  incontestible  evidence,  that 
you  have  enlisted  men  in  this  State  for  the  king's  service,  and  this  by 
our  laws  is  death." 

Ensign  Moody  affected  an  air  of  unconcern  at  this  information,  but  it 
was  too  serious  and  important  to  him  to  be  really  disregarded.  He 
resolved  therefore,  from  that  moment,  to  effect  his  escape  or  to  perish 
in  the  attempt. 

Every  precaution  had  Keen  taken  to  secure  the  place  in  which  he  was 
confined.  It  was  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  rebel  camp.  A  sentinel 
was  placed  within  the  door  of  his  prison,  and  another  without,  besides 
four  others  close  around  and  within  a  few  yards  of  the  place.  The  time 
now  came  011  which  he  must  either  make  his  attempt,  or  lose  the  oppor- 
tunity for  ever.  On  the  night,  therefore,  of  the  17th  of  September,  busy 
in  ruminating  on  his  project,  he  had,  on  the  pretence  of  being  cold,  got  a 
watch  coat  thrown  across  his  shoulders  that  he  might  better  conceal 
from  his  unpleasant  companion  the  operations  which  he  meditated 
against  his  handcuffs.  While  he  was  racking  his  invention  to  find  some 
possible  means  of  extricating  himself  from  his  fetters,  he  providentially 
cast  his  eye  on  a  post  fastened  in  the  ground,  through  which  a  hole  had 
been  bored  with  an  auger,  and  it  occurred  to  him  it  might  be  possible 
with  the  aid  of  this  hole  to  break  the  bolt  of  his  handcuffs.  Watching 
the  opportunity  therefore  from  time  to  time,  of  the  sentinel's  looking 
another  way,  he  thrust  the  point  of  the  bolt  into  the  above-mentioned 
hole,  and  by  cautiously  exerting  his  strength  and  gradually  bending  the 
iron  backwards  and  forwards  he  at  length  broke  it.  Let  the  reader 
imagine  what  his  sensations  were  when  he  found  the  manacles  drop  from 
his  hands  !  He  sprang  instantly  past  the  interior  sentinel,  and  rushing 
on  the  next,  with  one  hand  he  seized  his  musket  and  with  the  other 
struck  him  to  the  ground.  The  sentinel  within,  and  the  four  others  who 
were  placed  by  the  fence  surrounding  the  place  of  his  confinement,  imme- 
diately gave  the  alai?m,  and  in  a  moment  the  cry  was  general  :  "  Moody 
is  escaped  from  the  Provost."  It  is  impossible  to  describe  the  uproar 
which  now  took  place  throughout  the  whole  camp.  In  a  few  minutes 
every  man  was  in  a  bustle,  every  man  was  looking  for  Moody,  and  multi- 
tudes passed  him  on  all  sides,  little  suspecting  that  a  man  whom  they 
saw  deliberately  marching  along  with  a  musket  on  his  shoulder  could  be 
the  fugitive  they  were  in  quest  of.  The  darkness  of  the  night,  which 
was  also  blustering  and  drizzly,  prevented  any  discrimination  of  his 
person,  and  was  indeed  the  great  circumstance  that  rendered  his  escape 
possible. 


JAMES   MOODY.  377 

But  no  small  difficulty  still  remained  to  be  surmounted.  To  prevent 
desertion,  which  at  that  time  was  very  frequent,  Washington  had 
surrounded  his  camp  with  a  chain  of  sentinels,  posted  at  about  forty  or 
fifty  yards'  distance  from  each  other  ;  he  was  unacquainted  with  their 
stations,  to  pass  them  undiscovered  was  next  to  impossible,  and  to  be 
discovered  would  certainly  be  fatal.  In  this  dilemma  Providence  again 
befriended  him.  He  had  gained  their  station  without  knowing  it,  when 
luckily  he  heard  the  watchword  passed  from  one  to  another — "  Look 
sharp  to  the  chain,  Moody  is  escaped  from  the  Provost ! "  From  the 
sound  of  the  voices  he  ascertained  the  respective  situations  of  these 
sentinels,  and  throwing  himself  on  his  hands  and  knees,  he  was  happy 
enough  to  crawl  through  the  vacant  space  between  two  of  them  unseen 
by  either.  Judging  that  their  line  of  pursuit  would  naturally  be  toward 
the  British  army,  he  made  a  detour  into  the  woods  on  the  opposite  side. 
Through  these  woods  he  made  as  much  speed  as  the  darkness  of  the 
night  would  permit,  steering  his  course  after  the  Indian  manner  by 
occasionally  groping  and  feeling  the  white  oak.  On  the  south  side  the 
bark  of  this  tree  is  rough  and  unpleasant  to  the  touch,  but  on  the  north 
side  it  is  smooth,  hence  it  serves  the  sagacious  traveller  of  the  desert  by 
night  as  well  as  by  day  for  his  compass.  Through  the  most  dismal 
swamps  and  woods  he  continued  to  wander  till  the  night  of  the  21st,  a 
space  of  more  than  fifty-six  hours,  during  which  time  he  had  no  other 
sustenance  than  a  few  beech  leaves — which  of  all  that  the  woods 
afforded  were  the  least  pernicious  to  the  health  and  the  least  unpleasant 
to  the  taste — which  he  chewed  and  swallowed,  to  abate  the  intolerable 
craving  of  his  hunger. 

In  every  inhabited  district  he  knew  there  were  friends  of  the  Govern- 
ment ;  and  he  had  now  learned  also  where  and  how  to  find  them  out, 
without  endangering  their  safety,  which  was  always  the  first  object  of  his 
concern.  From  some  of  these  good  men  he  received  minute  information 
how  the  pursuit  after  him  was  directed,  and  where  every  guard  was 
posted.  Thus  assisted,  he  eluded  their  keenest  vigilance  :  and  at  length 
by  God's  blessing,  to  his  unspeakable  joy,  he  arrived  safe  at  Paulus 
Hook. 

On  the  6th  of  March,  1781,  Colonel  De  Lancey,  the  Adjutant-General, 
requested  Mr.  Moody  to  make  an  expedition  into  the  rebel  country  for  the 
purpose  of  intercepting  Mr.  Washington's  despatches.  He  readily  con- 
sented ;  and  set  out  on  the  expedition  the  very  next  night  and  travelled 
about  twenty-five  miles.  The  following  day  he  and  his  party  kept  concealed 
in  a  swamp.  The  next  night,  for  it  was  only  by  night  they  could  venture 
to  stir,  they  had  not  gone  far  when  the  man  who  had  undertaken  to  be 
their  guide  refused  to  advance  a  step  further.  No  arguments,  no  promises, 
no  threats,  could  prevail  with  him  to  proceed,  though  it  was  at  his  own 


378  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

express  desire  that  he  was  one  of  the  party.  Incensed  at  his  being  so 
perverse  and  wrong-headed,  Mr.  Moody  in  the  first  transports  of  his 
indignation  had  actually  cocked  his  gun  in  order  to  shoot  him,  but 
happily  he  instantly  recollected  that  the  poor  devil  had  a  wife  and  family 
who  depended  on  him  for  bread.  This  restrained  him  ;  and  ordering  his 
arms  to  be  taken  from  him,  he  was  under  the  painful  necessity  of 
returning  with  him  to  New  York. 

This  man  was  remarkably  earnest  and  vehement  in  his  resentment 
against  the  rebels.  He  had  been  much  injured  by  them  in  his  property, 
and  they  had  also  put  his  father  and  his  brother  to  an  ignominious  death. 
It  was  natural  to  suppose,  therefore,  that  such  a  man  would  be  true  and 
firm.  But  he  was  loyal  only  through  resentment  and  interest,  not  from 
conviction  and  principle.  These  Loyalists  from  principle  were  the  men  on 
whom  he  relied  and  no  one  of  these  ever  failed  him.  The  Adjutant-General 
seemed  to  be  much  disappointed  on  seeing  the  party  return,  supposing  the 
hope  of  obtaining  the  despatches  to  be  now  vain.  Mr.  Moody  informed 
him  of  what  had  happened,  but  added  that  he  had  ever  since  kept  his 
eye  on  the  renegade,  and  had  not  suffered  a  soul  to  speak  to  him  ;  and 
requested  that  this  caution  should  be  still  continued,  and  that  even  the 
sentry  who  was  to  guard  him  should  not  be  permitted  to  have  any  inter- 
course with  him.  On  this  condition  he  promised  again  to  make  the 
attempt  and  hoped  not  without  success.  Accordingly  he  set  out  a  second 
time,  and  on  the  night  of  the  10th  he  reached  the  Haverstraw  mountains. 
On  his  march  he  was  informed  that  the  post  had  gone  by  that  day.  On 
the  llth  the  weather  became  very  inclement,  and  he,  with  his  party, 
suffered  exceedingly  from  a  heavy  fall  of  snow  ;  notwithstanding  they 
pushed  forward,  hoping  by  rapid  marches  to  get  ahead  of  the  rider.  These 
efforts,  though  excessively  fatiguing,  were  as  yet  all  in  vain  ;  but  on  the 
15th  they  were  successful  and  got  possession  of  their  prize,  and  after 
some  equally  difficult  and  distressing  marches  on  their  return,  they  at 
length  arrived  safe  with  it  in  New  York.  The  inexpressible  hardships 
which  the  party  underwent  in  this  adventure,  both  from  hunger  and  cold, 
were  fatal  to  the  health  of  most  of  them.  Soon  after  Mr.  Moody  was 
made  a  lieutenant,  having  first  served  more  than  a  year  as  a  volunteer 
without  any  pay,  and  almost  three  years  as  an  ensign. 

Almost  the  middle  of  May  the  Adjutant-General  again  complained  of 
the  want  of  intelligence,  and  told  Lieutenant  Moody  that  he  could  not 
render  the  king's  cause  a  more  essential  piece  of  service  than  by  bringing 
in  if  it  were  possible  another  rebel  mail.  There  was  no  declining  such  a 
solicitation.  Therefore  on  the  night  of  the  15th,  taking  four  men  with 
him,  Mr.  Moody  set  out  and  travelled  twenty-five  miles.  Hitherto  he  and 
his  associates  met  with  no  molestation  ;  but  they  had  not  gone  far  the  next 
night,  when  they  perceived  a  considerable  party  of  men  approaching  them 


JAMES   MOODY.  37  & 

as  secretly  as  possibly.  Mr.  Moody  tried  to  get  off  by  the  left,  but  he 
found  himself  and  his  party  enclosed  on  three  sides.  On  the  right  was  a 
high  cliff  of  rocks,  so  rugged  and  steep  that  the  enemy  thought  it  impossible 
for  them  to  escape  on  that  side.  It  was  obvious,  from  these  circumstances, 
that  an  ambush  was  laid,  and  that  this  spot,  so  peculiarly  convenient  was 
chosen  for  the  purpose ;  in  short  that  Mr.  Moody  and  his  party  had  been 
betrayed  by  intelligence  sent  forward  from  New  York.  The  only  alter- 
native left  was  to  surrender  and  perish,  or  to  leap  down  from  the  top  of 
these  rocks  without  knowing  with  any  certainty  either  how  high  they 
were,  or  what  sort  of  ground  was  at  the  bottom.  The  lieutenant  bade 
his  men  follow  him,  and  sprang  forward.  Providentially  the  ground  at 
the  bottom  was  soft,  and  everything  else  just  as  they  could  have  wished 
it ;  they  escaped  unhurt  and  proceeded  for  some  time  unmolested.  But, 
at  no  great  distance  crossing  a  swamp,  just  beyond  it  they  fell  in  with 
another  party,  of  much  the  same  number  as  the  former.  Luckily  they 
saw,  and  were  not  seen.  A  little  hillock  was  at  hand  to  which  the 
lieutenant  ordered  his  men  quickly  to  retreat,  and  fall  on  their  faces  ; 
judging  that  in  case  they  were  discovered,  there  would  be  some  advantage 
in  having  to  charge  from  higher  ground,  by  which  means  if  at  all  they 
might  cut  their  way  through  the  party.  What  he  and  his  inten  felt,  when 
they  beheld  so  superior  a  force  inarching  directly  toward  them,  till  at  last 
they  were  within  fifty  yards  ;  or  when  in  this  awful  moment  they  had  the 
happiness  to  see  them,  without  being  discovered,  take  another  course,  no 
person  of  sensibility  will  need  to  be  told.  A  little  council  of  war  was 
now  held,  and  it  was  determined  to  return  whither  only  the  way  seemed 
clear.  To  advance  was  impracticable,  as  there  now  could  remain  not  a 
doubt  but  that  intelligence  of  the  intended  route  had  been  sent  from 
within  the  British  lines,  and  that  the  enemy  had  made  a  proper  use  of  it. 
They  began,  therefore,  with  all  possible  caution  to  measure  back  their 
steps,  for  they  were  still  apprehensive  of  other  plots  and  other  ambushes. 
And  now  having  gained  the  North  River,  and  being  within  four  miles  of 
New  York  they  nattered  themselves  they  were  once  more  out  of  danger. 
But  being  within  a  hundred  yards  of  a  certain  house,  how  were  they 
alarmed  when  they  saw  seventy  men  come  out  of  it,  and  advance  directly 
toward  them  !  Lieutenant  Moody  was  convinced  they  were  rebels  ;  but  the 
guide  insisted  that  they  were  Loyalists,  and  that  he  knew  several  of  them. 
On  this  the  latter  with  another  man  went  forward  to  meet  them,  notwith- 
standing that  the  former  still  persisted  in  his  opinion.  A  very  unpleasant 
salute  soon  convinced  this  unfortunate  duumvirate  of  their  mistaken  con- 
fidence. The  main  body  made  for  the  lieutenant,  who  had  no  other 
means  of  escape  than  to  climb  a  steep  hill ;  but  long  before  he  reached 
the  summit,  they  had  so  gained  on  him  as  to  be  within  fifty  yards.  He 
received  one  general  discharge,  and  thought  it  little  short  of  a  miracle 


380  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

that  he  escaped  unwounded.  The  bullets  flew  like  a  storm  of  hail  all 
around  him ;  his  clothes  were  shot  through  in  several  places  ;  one  ball 
went  through  his  hat,  and  another  grazed  his  arm.  Without  at  all 
slackening  his  pace  he  turned  around  and  discharged  his  musket,  and  by 
this  shot  killed  one  of  his  pursuers  ;  still  they  kept  up  their  fire,  each  man 
discharging  his  piece  as  fast  as  he  could  load  ;  but  gaining  an  opportunity 
of  soon  doubling  upon  them,  he  gave  them  the  slip,  and  in  due  time 
arrived  once  more  safe  in  New  York.  One  of  the  two  men  who  had 
escaped,  and  got  in  first,  mistaking  the  screams  of  the  poor  fellow  who 
was  shot  for  those  of  Lieutenant  Moody  himself,  had  given  out  that  the 
lieutenant  was  killed,  for  he  had  heard  his  cries  ;  but  the  friends  of 
the  latter  were  soon  happy  to  see  so  unequivocal  a  proof  that  the  man  was 
mistaken. 

The  very  first  night  after  his  return  to  New  York,  as  above  related, 
viz.,  on  the  18th  of  May,  Lieutenant  Moody  set  out  again  on  the  business 
of  this  expedition.  The  rebels  knew  that  he  had  been  driven  back,  and  he 
thought  it  the  properest  time  to  proceed  immediately  in  pursuit  of  his 
object.  On  that  night,  with  his  small  party  of  four  men,  he  got  as  far  as 
Seceucas.  The  next  night  they  crossed  the  Hackensack  River  by  means 
of  a  canoe  which  Lieutenant  Moody  always  kept  there  for  such  purposes, 
and  which  after  crossing  he  concealed  until  his  return.  He  then  proceeded 
on  till  coming  to  the  edge  of  a  marsh,  he  fell  in  with  a  party  of  rebels,  who 
were  patrolling  in  that  quarter,  with  a  view  only,  it  is  probable,  of  inter- 
cepting the  country  people  who  might  be  carrying  provisions  to  New 
York.  This  party  discovered  the  lieutenant  first  without  being  seen,  and 
suffered  him  to  pass  their  van,  not  hailing  him  till  some  of  them  were  in 
his  rear,  as  well  as  some  in  his  front.  He  was  instantly  ordered  to  stand, 
or  he  and  all  with  him  were  dead  men.  This  summons  the  lieutenant 
answered  by  an  immediate  discharge  which  they  returned.  He  then 
calling  on  his  rear  to  advance,  as  if  he  had  a  large  body  in  reserve, 
and  giving  a  second  fire  they  soon  dispersed.  He  was  informed  the  next 
day,  that  this  rebel  party  consisted  of  twelve  men. 

Marching  on  about  four  miles  farther,  he  came  to  Saddle  River,  which 
it  was  necessary  to  cross ;  but  apprehensive  that  there  might  be  a  guard 
stationed  at  the  bridge,  though  the  night  was  dismally  dark  and  rainy, 
and  the  river  had  greatly  overflowed  its  banks,  he  waded  for  several  yards 
through  a  considerable  depth  of  M'ater,  till  he  got  close  to  the  bridge, 
where  he  saw  as  he  had  feared  a  regular  guard.  On  this  he  retreated  with 
all  possible  speed  and  caution ;  and  was  obliged  to  wade  through  the 
river  about  half  a  mile  farther  up,  not  without  much  difficulty  and 
danger. 

The  country  being  now  much  alarmed  with  rumours  of  Moody's  being 
out,  occasioned  by  this  little  rencontre,  the  mail  instead  of  being  sent 


JAMES   MOODY.  381 

by  Pompton,  as  it  usually  had  been,  and  where  it  was  expected  to  be  met 
with,  was  now  sent  by  the  back  road  with  a  guard  to  secure  it.  On 
discovering  this,  the  lieutenant  despatched  a  trusty  Loyalist  to  a  distant 
part  of  the  Province  with  letters  to  his  friends,  and  particularly  directing 
one  of  them  whose  person,  figure  and  voice  most  resembled  his  own,  to 
pass  for  him  but  a  single  hour ;  which  he  readily  did.  In  this  friend's 
neighbourhood  lived  a  pompous  and  important  justice  of  the  peace,  who 
was  a  cowardly  fellow,  and  of  course  had  been  cruel.  At  this  man's 
house,  early  in  the  evening,  the  person  employed  raised  an  alarm.  The 
justice  came  out,  and  espying,  as  it  was  intended  he  should,  a  tall  man, 
his  fears  convinced  him  it  was  Moody ;  and  he  instantly  betook  himself 
to  the  woods.  The  next  day  the  rumour  was  general  that  Moody  was  in 
that  part  of  the  country ;  and  the  militia  was  brought  down  from  the  part 
where  he  really  was,  to  pursue  him  where  he  was  not.  This  facilitated 
the  capture  of  the  mail,  which  he  waylaid  for  five  days  before  the  oppor- 
tunity presented.  This  mail  contained  all  the  despatches  that  were  sent 
in  consequence  of  the  interview  between  General  Washington  and  the 
Count  Rochambeau  in  Connecticut. 

Lieutenant  Moody  caused  two  other  mails  to  be  taken  by  the  people 
under  his  direction.  In  one  of  these  little  expeditions  his  brother  com- 
manded, a  young  man  whose  fearless  courage  in  the  very  teeth  of  danger 
he  had  repeatedly  witnessed.  The  younger  Moody  succeeded  in  his 
attempt,  so  far  as  to  intercept  the  mail,  but  after  seizing  it  he  was 
attacked  by  a  superior  party  and  two  of  his  men  were  taken ;  yet  he 
himself  had  the  good  fortune  to  escape  with  that  part  of  the  papers 
which  was  in  his  own  custody.  Pennsylvania  was  the  scene  of  this 
enterprise. 

A  tale  far  more  melancholy  than  any  yet  related  comes  now  to  be  told, 
the  recollection  of  which  (and  it  is  impossible  that  he  should  ever  forget 
it),  will  for  ever  wring  with  anguish  the  heart  of  the  writer  of  this  nar- 
rative. In  the  end  of  October  1781,  Major  Beckwith,  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Kniphausen,  came  and  informed  Lieutenant  Moody  that  one 
Addison  had  been  with  him  on  a  project  of  high  moment.  It  was 
nothing  less  than  to  bring  off  the  most  important  books  and  papers  of 
Congress.  This  Addison  was  an  Englishman,  and  had  been  employed  in 
some  inferior  department  under  Mr.  Thompson,  the  secretary  to  the 
Congress.  He  was  then  a  prisoner,  and  the  plan  was  that  he  should  be 
immediately  exchanged,  return  in  the  usual  manner  to  Philadelphia,  and 
there  resume  his  old  employment.  The  lieutenant  was  abundantly  careful 
and  even  scrupulous  in  his  inquiries  concerning  the  man's  character,  on 
which  head  Major  Beckwith  expressed  the  most  entire  confidence,  and 
observed  that  Addison  was  equally  cautious  respecting  the  character  of 
those  who  were  to  attend  him. 


•382  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

The  matter  was  of  importance,  and  Lieutenant  Moody  was  confident 
that,  though  it  might  be  difficult  to  perform  his  part  of  the  business,  yet 
it  was  not  impracticable.  He  resolved,  however,  as  Addison  might  think 
him  an  object  worthy  of  betraying,  that  he  should  not  be  informed  of  his 
•consenting  to  be  of  the  party.  And  if  any  person  did  inform  him  of  it 
he  was  to  say  the  least,  very  imprudent.  The  lieutenant  pitched  upon 
his  only  brother,  of  whom  some  mention  has  already  been  made,  and 
another  faithful  American  soldier,  for  this  arduous  enterprise.  Their 
first  instructions  were  to  wait  on  Addison  and  to  bind  him  as  they  them- 
selves had  been  bound  to  mutual  secrecy  and  fidelity  by  an  oath,  which 
the  lieutenant  had  always  administered  to  his  followers  in  all  his  expedi- 
tions, when  the  importance  of  the  object  rendered  such  an  additional  tie 
necessary,  and  which  as  it  clearly  shows  the  principles  of  honour  and 
humanity  on  which  it  was  his  uniform  pride  and  purpose  to  act,  he  begs 
leave  here  to  subjoin,  and  it  is  as  follows,  viz  : 

"I,  the  undersigned  A.  B. ,  do  solemnly  swear  on  the  Holy  Evangelists  of 
Almighty  God,  that  I  will  stand  by  and  be  true  to  the  persons  joined  with  me  in 
this  expedition,  and  do  everything  in  my  power  to  accomplish  the  purposes  of  it ; 
and  I  do  further  swear,  that  in  case  of  our  taking  any  prisoners  I  will  endeavour  to 
treat  them  as  well  as  our  situation  will  admit  of  ;  and  I  do  further  swear,  that  in 
case  any  accident  should  happen  to  me,  and  that  I  should  be  taken,  I  will  not,  even 
to  save  my  life,  discover  or  betray  any  person  joined  with  me,  or  any  Loyalist  who 
befriends  us  with  any  information,  advice  or  other  assistance ;  and  I  do  further 
swear,  that  I  will  not  injure  nor  destroy  any  property,  even  of  a  rebel,  unless  it  be 
arms  or  ammunition,  but  faithfully  pay  the  full  price  of  anything  we  take  from  them, 
if  they  refuse  to  sell  it ;  and  I  do  further  swear,  that  I  will  not  wound  nor  take  away 
the  life  of  any  person  whatever,  unless  they  should  attempt  an  escape  when  in  our 
custody,  or  it  shall  otherwise  be  absolutely  necessary  to  our  own  defence.  So  help 
me,  God." 

After  taking  this  oath,  a  certain  number  of  nights  was  agreed  on,  in 
which  Addison  was  to  expect  them,  and  a  certain  place  also  appointed 
where  he  was  to  meet  them.  In  such  an  adventure  it  was  impossible  to 
be  exact  to  any  time ;  but  it  was  agreed  that  if  they  failed  of  being  at  the 
place  in  any  of  the  specified  nights,  he  should  no  longer  expect  them  ; 
and  they  further  promised  by  proper  means  to  apprise  him,  if  possible,  if 
any  accident  should  befall  them,  so  as  either  to  delay  or  wholly  put  an 
end  to  their  project. 

Things  being  thus  settled,  Addison  left  New  York  in  due  form  and 
manner,  as  was  generally  supposed  in  order  to  return  to  his  former 
friends  and  employment,  and  at  the  proper  time  Lieutenant  Moody  and 
his  friends  followed  him.  The  manner  and  circumstances  of  their  march, 
it  is  not  material  nor  proper  here  to  relate ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that  on  the 
night  of  the  7th  of  November,  the  first  in  the  order  of  those  that  had 
been  appointed,  they  arrived  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Philadelphia,  but 


JAMES   MOODY.  383 

on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  They  found  Addison  already  on  the 
spot,  waiting  for  them  according  to  appointment.  Lieutenant  Moody 
kept  a  little  back,  at  such  a  distance  as  not  to  have  his  person  distin- 
guished, yet  so  as  to  be  within  hearing  of  the  conversation  that  passed. 
His  brother  and  Marr  his  associate,  on  going  up  to  Addison,  found  him 
apparently  full  of  confidence  and  in  high  spirits ;  and  everything  seemed 
to  promise  success.  He  told  them  that  their  plot  was  perfectly  ripe  for 
execution,  that  he  had  secured  the  means  of  admission  into  the  most 
private  recesses  of  the  State-house,  so  that  he  should  be  able  the  next 
evening  to  deliver  to  them  the  papers  they  were  in  quest  of.  They  on 
their  parts  assured  him  that  every  necessary  precaution  had  been  taken 
to  secure  and  expedite  their  retreat,  and  that  they  had  with  them  a  sure 
friend,  who  would  wait  for  them  on  that  side  of  the  river,  who  as 
well  as  themselves  would  die  by  his  side  rather  than  desert  him  should 
any  disaster  befall  them.  He  replied  that  they  should  find  him  as  true 
and  faithful  to  them  and  their  cause  as  they  themselves  could  possibly 
be.  Soon  after  they  crossed  the  river  together  to  Philadelphia,  and  it  is 
probable  that  on  the  passage  Addison  was  for  the  first  time  informed  that 
this  friend  was  Lieutenant  Moody.  Whether  it  was  this  discovery  that 
put  it  first  into  his  head,  or  whether  he  had  all  along  intended  it,  and 
had  already  taken  the  necessary  previous  steps,  the  lieutenant  cannot 
certainly  say,  but  he  assures  himself  that  every  generous-minded  man 
will  be  shocked  when  he  reads,  that  this  perfidious  wretch  had  either  sold, 
or  was  about  to  sell  them  to  the  Congress. 

As  the  precise  time  in  which  they  should  be  able  to  execute  their  plan 
c  mid  not  be  ascertained,  it  was  agreed  that  Lieutenant  Moody  should 
remain  at  the  ferry-house  opposite  to  Philadelphia  till  they  returned. 
On  going  into  the  house,  he  told  the  mistress  of  it  by  a  convenient 
equivocation,  that  he  was  an  officer  of  the  Jersey  Brigade,  as  he  really 
was,  though  of  that  Jersey  Brigade  which  was  in  the  king's  service.  The 
woman  understood  him  as  speaking  of  a  rebel  corps,  which  was  also  called 
the  Jersey  Brigade.  To  avoid  notice  he  pretended  to  be  indisposed,  and 
going  upstairs,  he  threw  himself  upon  a  bed,  and  here  continued  to  keep 
his  room,  but  always  awake,  and  always  on  the  watch.  Next  morning 
about  11  o'clock,  he  saw  a  man  walk  hastily  up  to  the  house,  and  over- 
heard him  telling  some  person  he  met  at  the  door,  that  "  there  was  the 
devil  to  pay  in  Philadelphia ;  that  there  had  been  a  plot  to  break  into 
the  State-house,  but  that  one  of  the  party  had  betrayed  the  others,  that 
two  were  already  taken,  and  that  a  party  of  soldiers  had  just  crossed  the 
river  with  him  to  seize  their  leader,  who  was  said  to  be  thereabouts." 
The  lieutenant  felt  himself  to  be  too  nearly  interested-in  this  intelligence 
any  longer  to  keep  up  the  appearance  of  a  sick  man ;  and  seizing  his 
pistols,  he  instantly  ran  down  stairs  and  made  his  escape.  He  had  not 


384  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

gone  a  hundred  yards  from  the  house  when  he  saw  the  soldiers  enter  it. 
A  small  piece  of  wood  lay  before  him  in  which  he  hoped  at  least  to  be 
out  of  sight,  and  he  had  sprung  the  fence  in  order  to  enter  it.  But  it 
was  already  lined  by  a  party  of  horse  with  a  view  of  cutting  off  hi& 
retreat.  Thus  surrounded,  all  hopes  of  flight  were  in  vain ;  and  to  seek 
for  a  hiding  place  in  a  clear  open  field,  seemed  equally  useless.  Drowning 
persons  catch  at  straws  ;  with  hardly  a  hope  of  escaping  so  much  as  a 
moment  longer  undiscovered,  he  threw  himself  flat  on  his  face  in  a  ditch, 
which  yet  seemed  of  all  places  the  least  calculated  for  concealment,  for  it 
was  without  weeds  or  shrubs  and  so  shallow  that  a  quail  might  be  seen 
in  it.  Once  more  he  had  reason  to  moralize  on  the  vanity  of  all  human 
contrivance  and  confidence  ;  yet  as  Providence  ordered  it,  the  improba- 
bility of  the  place  proved  the  means  of  his  security.  He  had  lain  there 
but  a  few  minutes  when  six  of  his  pursuers  passed  within  ten  feet  of  him 
and  very  diligently  examined  a  thickety  part  of  the  ditch  that  was  but  a 
few  paces  from  him.  With  his  pistols  cocked  he  kept  his  eye  constantly 
on  them,  determining  that  as  soon  as  he  saw  himself  to  be  discovered  by 
any  one  of  them,  he  would  instantly  spring  up,  and  sell  his  life  as  dearly 
as  might  be,  and  refusing  to  be  taken  alive,  provoke,  and  if  possible  force, 
.them  to  kill  him.  Once  or  twice  he  thought  he  saw  one  of  the  soldiers 
look  at  him,  and  he  was  on  the  point  of  shooting  the  man ;  but  reflecting 
that  possibly  though  the  soldier  did  see,  yet  he  might  have  the  humanity 
not  to  discover  him  (as  he  would  fain  hope  was  really  the  case),  his  heart 
smote  him  for  his  rash  resolution,  and  he  thanks  God  that  he  was 
restrained  from  putting  it  in  execution. 

From  the  ditch  they  went  all  around  the  adjacent  field  ;  and  as 
Lieutenant  Moody  sometimes  raised  up  his  head  a  little  he  saw  them 
frequently  running  their  bayonets  into  some  small  stacks  of  Indian  corn- 
fodder.  This  suggested  to  him  an  idea,  that  if  he  should  escape  till  night, 
a  place  they  had  already  explored  would  be  the  securest  shelter  for  him. 
When  night  came  he  got  into  one  of  these  stacks.  The  wind  was  highr 
which  prevented  the  rustling  of  the  leaves  of  the  fodder  as  he  entered 
from  being  heard  by  the  people  who  were  at  that  time  passing  close  by 
him  into  the  country  in  quest  of  him.  His  position  in  this  retreat  was- 
very  uncomfortable,  for  he  could  neither  sit  nor  lie  down.  In  this  erect 
posture,  however,  he  remained  two  nights  and  two  days,  without  a  morsel 
of  food,  for  there  was  no  corn  on  the  stalks,  and,  which  was  infinitely 
more  intolerable,  without  drink.  He  must  not  relate,  for  reasons  which 
may  be  easily  imagined,  what  became  of  him  immediately  after  his  coming 
out  of  this  uneasy  prison ;  but  he  will  venture  to  inform  the  reader  that 
on  the  fifth  night  after  his  elopement  from  the  ferry-house,  he  searched 
the  banks  of  the  Delaware  till  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  meet  with  a 
small  boat.  Into  this  he  jumped,  and  after  waiting  a  little  for  the  tide 


JAMES   MOODY.  385 

of  flood,  which  was  near,  he  pushed  off,  and  rowed  a  considerable  way  up 
the  river.  During  this  voyage  he  was  several  times  accosted  by  people 
on  the  water,  but  having  found  the  benefit  of  putting  on  a  fearless  air, 
he  endeavoured  to  answer  them  in  their  own  way,  and  recollecting  some 
of  the  less  polished  phases  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  oar,  he  used  them 
pretty  liberally,  and  thus  was  suffered  to  pass  on  unsuspected.  In  due 
time  he  left  his  boat,  and  relying  on  the  aid  of  Loyalists,  some  of  whom 
he  knew  were  everywhere  to  be  found,  he  went  into  a  part  of  the 
country  least  known  to  him,  and  the  least  likely  for  him  to  have  thought 
of ;  and  at  length,  after  many  circuitous  marches,  all  in  the  night,  and 
through  pathless  courses,  in  about  five  days  he  once  more  arrived  safe 
in  New  York. 

All  these  efforts  for  life  were  dictated,  it  would  seem,  rather  by 
instinct  than  reason,  for  occupied  as  his  mind  had  been  with  his  own 
dangers,  and  his  own  sufferings,  he  can  truly  say  his  greatest  uneasiness 
was  on  account  of  his  brother.  There  was  not  a  ray  of  hope  that  he 
could  escape,  and  less,  if  possible,  that  he  would  be  pardoned.  He  was 
the  son  of  his  old  age  to  a  most  worthy  and  beloved  father  who  had 
himself  been  a  soldier,  and  who  loved  and  honoured  the  profession. 
Indeed,  he  was  a  most  amiable  young  man,  as  remarkable  for  the  sweet- 
ness of  his  disposition  as  for  his  undaunted  intrepidity.  Excellent 
youth  !  Every  feeling  heart  will  forgive  the  tear  which  is  now  dropped 
to  thy  memory  by  thy  sorrowing  brother  !  He  perished  by  an  ignomini- 
ous death,  in  the  twenty-third  year  of  his  age,  the  news  of  which,  as 
may  naturally  be  supposed,  well-nigh  brought  the  grey  hairs  of  a  vener- 
able father  with  sorrow  to  the  grave.  It  did  not  indeed  immediately 
cost  him  his  life,  but  it  cost  him,  what  is  more  valuable,  his  reason. 

His  fellow-prisoner  was  also  sentenced  to  death ;  but,  on  making  some 
pretended  discoveries,  of  no  considerable  moment,  he  was  reprieved. 
Lieutenant  Moody  is  sensible  it  contains  no  information  that  can  interest 
the  reader ;  yet  as  he  preserves  it  as  a  precious  relic,  he  persuades  him- 
self every  man  who  is  a  brother  will  forgive  his  inserting  an  extract  or 
two  from  his  brother's  last  letter,  dated  November  12th,  1781,  from  the 
new  jail  dungeon,  Philadelphia. 

DEAR  BROTHER, — Let  me  intreat  you  not  to  grieve  at  my  fate,  and  the  fate  of 
my  brother  soldier.  Betrayed  by  the  man  on  whom  we  depended  to  execute  the  plan 
proposed  by  Captain  Beckwith,  we  were  taken  up  as  spies,  and  have  been  tried  and 
condemned  and  are  to  die  to-morrow.  I  pray  you  to  forgive  him  as  I  do,  and 
Lawrence  Marr  does  also,  as  freely  as  we  hope  to  be  forgiven  by  our  Maker.  .  .  . 
One  more  request  I  have  to  make  to  you  is,  that  taking  warning  by  my  fate,  you 
will  not  hereafter  so  often  venture  yourself  out  of  the  British  lines.  I  am  in  irons, 
but  thanks  to  the  Almighty,  I  still  have  the  liberty  of  thought  and  speech.  Oh  ! 
may  I  make  a  good  use  of  them  and  be  prepared,  as  I  ought  to  be,  for  eternity. 
25 


386  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Sentence  has  not  been  passed  on  us  above  two  hours,  all  of  which  time  I  have 
employed  in  prayer,  and  I  will  continue  to  do  to  the  last  moment,  and  I  bless  God 
I  feel  quite  cheerful." 

Lieut.  Moody  cannot  in  justice  close  this  plain  and  unpretending 
narrative,  already  spun  out  to  too  great  a  length  without  bearing  his 
public  testimony,  feeble  as  it  may  be,  in  favour  of,  and  returning  his 
thanks,  as  he  most  cordially  does,  to  those  brave,  loyal  Americans,  whom 
though  in  the  ranks  only,  he  shall  always  think  it  the  greatest  honour  of 
his  life  to  have  commanded  in  these  expeditions.  They  were  in  general 
men  of  some  property,  and,  without  a  single  exception,  men  of  principle. 
They  fought  for  what  appeared  to  be  the  true  interests  of  their  country 
as  well  as  to  regain  their  little  plantations,  and  to  live  in  peace  under  a 
constitution,  which  they  knew  by  experience  to  be  auspicious  to  their 
happiness.  Their  conduct  in  their  new  profession  as  soldiers  verifies 
their  character ;  they  have  been  brave,  and  they  have  been  humane. 
Their  honesty  and  honour  have  been  uniformly  conspicuous.  It  was  a 
first  principle,  in  all  their  excursions,  never  to  make  war  against  private 
property,  and  this  has  been  religiously  observed.  Some  striking  instances 
of  their  forbearance  might  be  given,  if  necessary,  even  when  they  have 
been  provoked  to  retaliate  by  private  wrongs  and  personal  insults. 

And  here  it  ought  to  be  mentioned,  with  the  utmost  gratitude  and 
pleasure,  that  though  Mr.  Moody  in  the  course  of  his  adventures  was  often 
obliged  to  put  his  life  into  the  hands  of  the  Loyalists  in  different  parts 
of  the  country,  he  never  was  disappointed  or  deceived  by  any  of  them. 
In  the  year  1777,  he  continued  among  them  more  than  three  months  at 
a  time,  and  near  as  long  in  1778.  He  knew  their  character,  and  could 
safely  confide  in  them.  They  were  men  of  such  inflexible  attachment  to 
government,  that  no  temptations  could  induce  them  to  betray  their 
trust.  Though  many  of  them  were  reduced  to  indigence  and  distress, 
and  they  knew  that  almost  any  price  might  be  obtained  by  giving  up  so 
obnoxious  a  person,  yet  they  were  so  far  from  betraying  him  that  they 
even  ran  great  hazards  in  giving  him  assistance.  Surely  such  merit  as 
this  is  worthy  of  esteem  and  admiration  ;  and  it  is  humbly  hoped  that 
the  many  thousands  in  the  colonies  who  possess  it,  will  not  be  deserted 
by  government,  and  consigned  over  to  ruin  and  wretchedness,  without 
an  absolute  necessity. 

It  is  with  the  utmost  concern  Mr.  Moody  has  heard  of  the  doubts  and 
debates  that  have  been  agitated  in  England  concerning  the  number  and 
the  zeal  of  the  Loyalists  in  America.  It  might  be  uncharitable,  and 
possibly  unjust,  to  say  that  every  man  who  has  entertained  such  doubts 
has  some  sinister  purposes  to  serve  by  them ;  but  it  would  be  blindness 
in  the  extreme  not  to  see  that  they  were  first  raised  by  men  who  had 
other  objects  at  heart  than  the  interests  of  their  country.  Men  who 


JAMES   MOODY.  387 

have  performed  their  own  duty  feebly  or  falsely,  naturally  seek  to  excuse 
themselves  by  throwing  the  blame  upon  others.  It  would  ill  become  an 
obscure  individual  to  obtrude  his  opinions  ;  but  an  honest  man  may,  and, 
when  he  thinks  it  would  serve  his  country  should,  relate  what  he  has 
seen.  The  writer  of  this  narrative  has  already  disclaimed  all  pretensions 
to  any  extraordinary  share  of  political  sagacity ;  but  he  has  common- 
sense,  he  can  see  and  he  can  hear.  He  has  had  more  opportunities  than 
most  men  of  seeing  and  hearing  the  true  state  of  loyalty  in  the  middle 
colonies,  and  he  most  solemnly  declares  it  to  be  his  opinion  that  a  very 
great  majority  of  the  people  there  are  at  this  time  loyal,  and  would  still 
do  and  suffer  almost  anything  rather  than  remain  under  the  tyranny  of 
their  present  rulers.  Let  but  the  war  be  undertaken  and  conducted  on 
some  plan,  and  with  some  spirit  ;  let  but  commanders  be  employed  who 
will  encourage  their  services,  and  leave  them  under  no  apprehensions  of 
being  deserted  and  betrayed  ;  and  then,  if  they  do  not  exert  themselves, 
and  very  effectually,  let  every  advocate  they  have  had,  or  may  have,  be 
reprobated  as  a  fool  or  a  knave,  or  both  together — and  let  the  Americans 
continue  to  feel  the  worst  punishment  their  worst  enemies  can  wish 
them — nominal  independency  but  real  slavery. 

Perhaps  the  honest  indignation  of  the  writer  may  have  carried  him 
too  far ;  but,  on  such  a  subject,  who,  in  his  circumstances  could  speak 
coolly,  and  with  any  temper  1  That  he  speaks  only  what  he  thinks,  no 
man,  who  is  acquainted  with  him  will  doubt ;  and  if  after  all  he  is 
mistaken,  he  errs  with  more  and  better  opportunities  of  being  right  than 
almost  any  other  person  has  ever  had.  He  has  given  the  strongest  proofs 
of  his  sincerity,  he  has  sacrificed  his  all,  and  little  as  it  may  be  thought 
by  others  it  was  enough  for  him,  and  he  was  contented  with  it.  He 
made  this  sacrifice  because  he  sincerely  believed  what  he  declares  and 
professes.  If  the  same  were  to  do  over  again  he  would  again  as  cheer- 
fully make  the  same  sacrifice.  He  trusts  therefore  it  will  not  be  deemed 
presumptuous  in  him  to  say,  that  he  cannot  be  decently  contradicted  in 
these  matters  by  any  man  who  has  neither  had  such  opportunities  of 
informing  his  judgment,  nor  given  such  unequivocal  proofs  of  his 
sincerity.  The  writer  has  certainly  no  bye-ends  to  serve,  he  is  not  an 
ambitious  man  nor  avaricious.  The  profession  of  arms  is  foreign  from 
the  habits  of  one  who  has  lived  and  wishes  only  to  live  in  quiet  under 
his  own  vine  and  under  his  own  fig-tree  ;  and  he  can  truly  say  that  if 
his  Sovereign  should  be  graciously  pleased  to  confer  on  him  the  highest 
military  honours,  he  would  most  gladly  forego  them  all  to  be  once  more 
reinstated  in  his  own  farm,  with  his  wife  and  children  around  him,  as  he 
was  seven  years  ago. 

He  has  hitherto  received  but  a  very  trifling  compensation  for  his 
services  and  sufferings ;  and  he  looks  for  no  more  than  will  free 


388  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

him  from  indigence  and  enable  him  more  effectually  to  serve  his  country. 
In  enlisting  and  paying  men  for  public  services,  he  has  expended  what 
was  saved  from  the  wreck  of  his  own  fortune  to  a  considerable  amount, 
and  he  was  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  borrowing  from  those  whose 
better  circumstances  enabled  them,  and  whose  generous  spirits  disposed 
them  to  hazard  something  in  the  cause  of  their  country.  This  may  be 
called  enthusiasm  ;  be  it  so.  Mr.  Moody  will  not  conceal  his  wish  that 
the  world  abounded  with  such  enthusiasts.  Not  his  fortune  only  but 
his  constitution  has  been  greatly  impaired  by  the  exertions  he  has  made. 
His  physicians  recommend  a  sea-voyage,  a  change  of  air,  and  a  respite  of 
his  fatigues  and  anxiety  of  mind,  as  the  only  remedies  left  him ;  and  the 
late  commander-in-chief,  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  was  pleased  to  second  their 
recommendation  by  politely  inviting  him  to  England.  He  acknowledges 
with  gratitude  that  their  kind  intentions  with  regard  to  his  health  have 
not  been  wholly  frustrated.  He  trusts  he  will  soon  be  able,  and  he 
would  rejoice  to  be  called  by  the  service,  to  return  to  America.  He 
would  go  with  recruited  spirits,  and  unabated  ardour ;  for,  rather  than 
outlive  the  freedom  of  his  country,  it  is  his  resolution,  with  King  William 
of  glorious  memory,  even  to  die  in  the  last  ditch. 

JAMES  MOODY. 
Warder  Street,  No.  97,  November,  1782. 

The  following  certificates,  selected  from  a  great  number  of  others  in 
the  author's  possession,  are  presumed  to  be  sufficient  to  establish  the 
truth  of  this  narrative  : 

No.  I. 

' '  The  events  related  in  the  following  narrative  are  so  very  extraordinary  that 
many  gentlemen  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  Country,  and  with  the  several 
circumstances,  might  doubt  of  the  truth  of  them.  I  think  it  therefore  a  piece  of 
justice  due  to  the  merit  of  Mr.  Moody's  services,  to  declare  that  I  believe  this. 
narrative  to  be  a  true  account  of  his  proceedings. 

"WM.  FRANKLIN, 
"  Late  Governor  of  New  Jersey." 

No.  II. 

"I  do  hereby  certify  that  Mr.  James  Moody  came  within  the  British  lines  in 
April,  1777,  and  brought  in  with  him  upwards  of  seventy  men,  all  of  whom,  except 
four,  entered  into  my  brigade.  That  in  June  following  he  was  sent  into  the  rebel 
country  for  the  purpose  of  enlisting  men  for  His  Majesty's  service,  with  orders  to 
continue  there  until  a  favourable  opportunity  offered  for  him  to  disarm  the  rebels, 
and  arm  the  Loyalists,  and  with  what  men  he  could  collect  to  join  the  royal  army  ; 
but  as  he  was  prevented  from  putting  that  plan  into  execution  by  our  army's 
taking  a  different  route  from  what  was  expected.  That  Mr.  Moody,  being  thus 
disappointed,  assisted  by  two  of  ,  his  neighbours,  soon  after  embodied  about  a 
hundred  men  with  whom  he  attempted  to  join  the  British  army  but  was  unsuc- 
cessful. That  afterwards  he  made  two  successful  excursions  into  the  rebel  country, 


JAMES   MOODY.  389 

and  brought  with  him  from  Sussex  County  about  sixty  able-bodied  recruits,  nearly 
all  of  whom  entered  into  my  brigade  ;  that  after  this  time  he  made  many  trips  into 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  brought  in  with  him  many  good  men  and  gained, 
many  articles  of  important  intelligence  concerning  the  movements  of  Col.  Butler, 
the  real  state  of  the  rebel  country,  the  situation  and  condition  of  the  rebel  armies 
under  the  command  of  their  Generals  Washington,  Sullivan,  etc.  And  that  while 
Mr.  Moody  was  under  my  immediate  direction,  he  also  destroyed  a  considerable 
magazine  of  stores  near  Black  Point,  taking  prisoners,  two  colonels,  one  major,  and 
several  other  officers,  and  broke  open  the  Sussex  County  jail  rescuing  a  number  of 
Loyalists  that  were  imprisoned  in  it,  one  of  whom  was  under  sentence  of  death, 
besides  performing  many  other  important  services. 

"  I  do  also  certify  that  in  the  month  of  October,  1777,  the  said  Mr.  Moody  was 
mustered  as  an  ensign  but  received  no  pay  as  such  till  April,  1778  ;  that  he  con- 
tinued his  exertions  under  my  direction  till  1780,  about  which  time  he  was  taken 
from  the  regiment,  which  prevented  his  being  appointed  to  a  company  in  it,  as  it 
was  in  general  believed  the  commander-in-chief  intended  doing  something  better  for 
him  ;  that  I  have  every  reason  to  believe  Mr.  Moody  received  nothing  from  the 
Government  to  reward  him  for  his  extraordinary  services,  or  to  indemnify  him  for 
his  extraordinary  expenses,  till  1780  ;  that  from  the  time  of  his  joining  the  army  in 
April,  1777,  till  his  departure  for  Europe  in  May,  1782,  he  did  upon  every  occasion 
exert  himself  with  the  utmost  zeal  in  support  of  His  Majesty's  cause  in  America  ; 
and  on  the  whole,  that  I  believe  all  that  is  related  in  his  printed  narrative  to  be 
true  without  exaggeration. 

"  CORTLAND  SKINNER, 
"London,  January  30th,  1783."  "Brigadier-General,  etc. 

No.  III. 

"I  do  hereby  certify  that  during  the  time  I  was  commandant  of  New  York,  Mr. 
James  Moody  went  sundry  times  into  the  rebel  country  to  gain  intelligence  of  the 
situation  and  circumstances  of  the  rebels  ;  that  at  one  time  he  was  absent  five  weeks 
in  different  parts  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and  brought  authentic  and  full 
information  of  the  situation  and  resources  of  the  several  detachments  of  the  rebel 
army  under  command  of  Generals  Washington  and  Gates,  in  the  year  1779 ;  and 
the  prospect  the  rebels  had  at  that  time  of  procuring  a  loan  from  France.  That  in 
each  of  his  excursions  he  obtained  and  regularly  reported  to  me  very  accurate 
information  of  the  rebel  country,  and  appeared  to  be  very  zealous  and  attentive  in 
promoting  His  Majesty's  service  ;  and  from  the  knowledge  I  have  of  his  services  and 
sufferings,  I  cannot  but  recommend  him  as  a  person  who  merits  encouragement  and 
support  from  the  British  Government. 

"JAS.  PATTISOX, 

' '  Major-  General. " 

No.   IV. 

"NEW  YORK,  May  llth,  1782. 

"  Lieutenant  James  Moody,  of  the  First  Battalion  of  Brigadier-General  Skinner's 
Brigade  of  Provincial  Troops,  having  applied  to  me  for  a  certificate  of  some  particu- 
lar services  which  he  has  rendered  in  America  ;  and  which  from  their  having  been 
attempted,  and  in  a  great  measure  executed,  during  General  Knyphausen's  having 
the  command  within  this  district,  I  feel  much  satisfaction  in  complying  with  the 
request  of  this  gentleman,  and  in  expressing  that  Lieutenant  Moody  in  two  instances 


390  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

in  particular,  conducted  two  small  parties,  one  to  Jersey  and  the  other  to  Philadel- 
phia with  much  personal  risk,  great  spirit  and  good  conduct  ;  and  I  ever  found  him 
desirous  of  manifesting  his  zeal  for  the  good  of  the  king's  service. 

"GEORGE  BECKWITH, 

"Major  in  the  Army, 
"  Aide-de-camp  to  JJis  Excellency  General  Knyphausen." 

No.  V. 

"NEW  YORK,  May  10th,  1782. 

' '  By  serving  in  different  public  departments  in  the  army  in  North  America  under 
the  command  of  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  I  have  had  opportunities  of 
knowing  of  several  military  exploits,  very  essential  and  contributory  to  His  Majesty's 
service  being  performed  by  Lieutenant  James  Moody,  of  the  Provincial  Corps, 
called  the  First  Battalion  of  New  Jersey  Volunteers,  in  the  execution  of  which,  he 
not  only  underwent  the  most  severe  hardships,  but  encountered  almost  every 
possible  risk  of  his  life,  as  well  from  these  hardships  (which  naturally  affected  his 
constitution)  as  from  the  enemy.  He,  however,  persevered  in  defiance  of  every 
obstacle  with  such  an  ardour  and  resolution  as  plainly  evinced  an  uncommon  zeal 
and  attachment  to  his  king  and  country. 

"  STEP.  P.  ADYE, 

"Z>.  Judge  Advocate." 

No.  VI. 

"NEW  YORK,  May  llth,  1782. 

"I,  the  subscriber,  do  hereby  certify  that  shortly  after  Major-General  Pattison 
was  appointed  commandant  of  New  York,  and  I  was  employed  as  his  secretary, 
Lieutenant  James  Moody  of  the  First  Battalion  New  Jersey  Volunteers,  having 
returned  from  the  country,  where  he  had  been  engaged  in  collecting  intelligence, 
etc. ,  appeared  at  the  commandant's  office  and  communicated  to  me  for  the  informa- 
tion of  General  Pattison,  a  variety  of  accounts  relative  to  the  situation  of  the  rebel 
army,  etc.,  which  I  laid  before  the  general.  From  this  time  an  intimacy  com- 
menced between  us ;  and  Mr.  Moody  afterwards,  previously  and  confidentially 
consulted  me  on  the  practicability  of  several  excursions  he  intended  to  make  in  the 
rebel  country  ;  and  particularly  with  respect  to  his  intention  to  make  Governor 
Livingston  a  prisoner.  Mentioning  his  want  of  cash  to  carry  into  execution  so 
essential  a  service,  I  offered  to  supply  him  with  twenty-five  guineas  for  this  purpose, 
and  to  be  his  security,  or  to  borrow  at  interest  a  larger  sum,  it  being  out  of  my 
power  to  advance  more ;  but  being  supplied  with  money  by  His  Excellency  Lieutenant 
General  Robertson,  he  was  enabled  to  go  out  without  my  assistance.  Mr.  Moody's 
failing  in  this  attempt,  was  owing  to  one  of  his  party  being  taken  ;  by  which  means 
Mr.  Livingston  discovered  Mr.  Moody's  being  out,  took  the  alarm,  and  raised  the 
country  ;  and  with  difficulty  Mr.  Moody  escaped  falling  into  his  hands ;  but  was 
afterwards  unfortunately  taken  by  a  party  of  rebels  and  carried  to  the  provost-guard 
at  Mr.  Washington's  headquarters,  where  he  was  confined,  and  from  whence  he 
made  his  escape  and  returned  to  New  York. 

' '  Mr.  Moody  afterwards  made  various  excursions  into  the  country,  and  many 
miles  without  the  British  lines  ;  took  several  rebel  mails,  containing  intelligence  of 
great  importance,  and  brought  them  safe  to  New  York.  In  these  excursions  he  ran 
great  risques  of  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  rebels,  and  his  health  was  much 


JAMES   MOODY.  391 

exposed  from  lying  many  nights  and  days  in  woods  and  swamps  to  avoid  a  discovery. 
In  these  excursions  Mr.  Moody  disregarded  either  the  seasons,  the  fatigue  or  the 
risques  he  ran. 

"And  on  the  whole  of  his  conduct,  I  have  every  reason  to  believe  him  entirely 
disinterested  and  actuated  only  by  that  zeal  for  His  Majesty's  service  which  he  has 
on  every  occasion  exhibited.  From  Mr.  Moody's  declaration,  and  other  evidence,  I 
have  every  reason  to  believe,  that  the  contributions  he  has  from  time  to  time 
received,  were  by  no  means  adequate  to  the  expenses  incurred  on  these  occasions. 
And  I  know  that  Mr.  Moody  did  at  his  own  expense  and  credit,  support  his  men, 
whose  health  from  a  participation  of  too  much  toil  and  fatigue  with  him,  on  these 
excursions,  has  been  greatly  impaired. 

"JOHN    L.    C.    ROOME, 

"  Secretary  to  Major-General  Pattison, 

late  Commandant  of  New  York,  etc." 

No.  VII. 

"  Extract  of  a  letter  from  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brown  (a  very  respectable  clergyman  of 
New  Jersey,  now  in  New  York)  to  Rev.  Dr.  Chandler,  dated  May  10th,  1782: 

"  '  You  will  receive  Mr.  Moody  as  my  particular  friend,  and  as  one  most  firmly 
attached  to  His  Majesty,  and  the  constitution  both  in  Church  and  State.  He  has 
both  done  and  suffered  great  things  from  a  principle  of  loyalty.  You  may  give  full 
credit  to  all  he  says,  and  if  he  tells  you  some  things  seemingly  incredible,  still  you 
are  to  believe  him.  He  is  honest,  sober  and  firm — never  intimidated  by  danger,  and 
of  undeviating  probity  and  honour.' 

"Extract  of  a  letter  from  Rev.  Dr.  Inglis,  Rector  of  New  York,  to  the  same 
person,  dated  May  llth,  1782  : 

"  '  Mr.  Moody  is  one  of  the  most  active  partisans  we  have,  and  perhaps  has  run 
more  risque  than  any  other  man  during  the  war.  He  has  brought  in  three  rebel 
mails,  and  has  often  been  in  the  greatest  perils  among  false  brethren.  The  story  of 
his  adventures  will  entertain  and  astonish  you.  He  goes  home  at  Sir  Henry 
Clinton's  desire,  who  has  promised  to  do  something  for  him  adequate  to  his 
services.' 

"In  justice  to  Mr.  Moody,  I  think  it  my  duty  to  furnish  him  with  the  above 
extracts. 

"T.  B.  CHANDLER. 
"August  23rd,  1782." 

Sabine,  who  we  must  remember  is  an  American  writer,  says  in  his 
history  of  the  Loyalists,  that  Mr.  Moody  was  a  remarkable  man,  and 
warmly  eulogizes  many  features  of  his  character  and  career,  emphasizing 
with  a  very  gratifying  candour  and  fairness  the  fact  that  Mr.  Moody 
fought  from  principle,  and  most  disinterestedly,  and  from  an  honest  and 
loyal  desire  to  live  and  die  a  British  subject.  Sabine  says  :  "  His  own 
narrative,  singularly  candid  as  regards  the  Whigs,  bears  the  impress  of 
truth,"  and  further,  "  I  have  in  my  possession  more  than  twenty  letters 
and  other  papers  which,  dated  at  different  periods  and  written  by 
different  persons  of  distinguished  merit,  show  that  he  was  much  respected 
by  clergymen  and  civilians,  as  well  as  by  gentlemen  of  the  army." 


392  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

It  seems  that  the  only  rewards  he  obtained  for  his  valuable  services 
were  a  temporary  allowance  of  £100  sterling  a  year,  a  grant  of  a  tract 
of  wilderness  land  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  half-pay  of  an  officer  of  his 
rank.  In  1785  he  returned  to  Halifax,  whence  he  removed  to  his  land  at 
Sissiboo — now  Weymouth — in  the  following  year,  where  he  established  a 
new  home  for  himself  and  family,  and  lived  until  his  decease  on  the  first 
day  of  April,  1809. 

Mr.  Moody  was  a  candidate  for  a  seat  in  the  Assembly  at  the  general 
election  in  1793.  His  brother  Loyalist,  Thomas  Barclay,  was  his  col- 
league. They  were  successful,  and  represented  the  county  until  1799. 
Mr.  Moody  seems  to  have  attended  to  his  legislative  duties  with  exact- 
ness, and  to  have  taken  considerable  part  in  the  debates  of  that  period. 

Very  soon  after  his  settlement  at  Weymouth  he  commenced  an 
agitation  for  a  division  of  the  county.  In  the  petition  praying  for  an 
Act  of  the  Assembly  for  that  purpose,  he  and  his  co-petitioners  suggest 
Bear  (Imbert's)  River  as  a  proper  eastern  boundary  of  the  new  county, 
with  Weymouth  for  the  county  town,  and  speak  of  Clare  as  a  very 
flourishing  and  prosperous  district.  Their  request  was  not  granted,  nor 
did  he  succeed  any  better  after  he  became  a  member ;  and  forty-seven 
years  were  to  pass  away  before  such  a  division  was  effected.  In  attesta- 
tion of  his  sound  judgment  the  river  which  he  named  as  the  proper 
eastern  boundary  was  the  one  selected  when  the  division  was  made. 

Owing  to  the  lapse  of  his  pension  and  half-pay  at  his  death,  and 
unexpected  losses  sustained  before  that  event,  his  widow  found  herself, 
in  her  declining  years,  in  very  straitened  financial  circumstances,  and 
was  advised  to  ask  the  British  Government  to  extend  to  her,  her  deceased 
husband's  pension  for  the  remainder  of  her  life.  She  accordingly 
forwarded  to  the  Earl  of  Liverpool,  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies, 
a  memorial  setting  forth  the  facts  of  his  services  and  of  her  circum- 
stances in  detail.  This  memorial  was  accompanied  by  the  following 
certificatory  document : 

"  I  do  hereby  certify  that  James  Moody,  Esq. ,  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  petition, 
was  well  known  to  me  for  several  years  at  New  York,  during  the  American  revolu- 
tion, and  subsequently  in  London  and  Nova  Scotia ;  that  the  particulars  concerning 
him  stated  in  the  petition  are  all  correct ;  that  he  was  an  officer  in  one  of  the  regi- 
ments at  New  York,  and  very  particularly  distinguished  by  his  active  intrepidity 
in  the  most  hazardous  undertakings  in  His  Majesty's  service  ;  that  during  a  long 
residence  in  Nova  Scotia  he  was  eminently  useful  in  promoting  loyalty  and  order 
as  a  magistrate,  an  officer,  and  a  member  of  the  Legislature.  And  further,  that  the 
petitioner,  Jane  Moody,  his  widow,  is  a  woman  of  virtuous  and  very  respectable 
character,  now  reduced  to  extreme  indigence  ;  and,  therefore,  I  beg  humbly  to 
recommend  the  prayer  of  the  petition  as  every  way  deserving  of  favourable 

consideration. 

"(Signed),  CHARLES  NOVA  SCOTIA." 


EDWARD   THORNE.  393 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  transcribe  these  documents.  No  man  was 
better  qualified  from  personal  knowledge  to  speak  of  Moody's  "active 
intrepidity  in  the  most  hazardous  undertakings,"  than  Doctor  Inglis,  and 
no  man's  testimony  could  be  regarded  of  greater  value. 

[Mrs.  Jane  Moody,  through  the  influence  of  Doctor  Inglis,  and  of  His  Royal 
Highness  the  Duke  of  Kent,  who  had  been  a  warm  friend  of  her  deceased  husband, 
received  a  pension  of  £81  sterling  during  her  life. — ED.] 


EDWARD  THORNE. 

1799-1806. 

Mr.  Thorne  was  a  native  of  the  old  colony  of  New  York,  where  he  was 
born  in  1746,  and  from  which  he  emigrated  to  this  province  in  1783; 
where  he  soon  after  recommenced  life  by  making  a  new  home  in  Lower 
Granville,  on  what  is  still  known  as  "  the  old  Thorne  property."  It  is 
known  that  the  family  was  held  in  esteem  in  the  community  of  which  it 
formed  a  part  before,  and  at  the  time  of,  the  revolution,  and  that  the 
conduct  of  its  members  was  marked  by  so  strict  a  loyalty  to  the  Crown 
as  to  render  them  obnoxious  to  the  revolted  party,  to  confiscation  of 
their  property,  and  to  make  their  exile  a  necessity. 

Mr.  Thorne  was  made  a  magistrate  at  an  early  day  after  the  settlement 
in  Granville,  and  he  held  the  office  until  his  decease.  The  obituary 
notice  published  immediately  after  his  death,  states  that  he  had  been  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  fifty  years,  and  if  that  statement  be  true,  he 
must  have  held  the  position  in  New  York  as  early  as  1770,  which  is  not 
only  possible,  but  very  probable ;  but  as  he  lived  only  thirty-seven  years 
in  this  province,  he  could  not  have  held  the  appointment  for  more  than 
that  number  of  years  in  it.  In  his  official  capacity  he  was  much  respected 
and  greatly  employed. 

Mr.  Thorne  had  a  number  of  children.  His  son,  James  Thorne, 
succeeded  to  the  possession  of  the  homestead  on  his  father's  death,  and 
descendants  are  very  numerous,  some  of  whom  are  to  be  found  in 
Granville,  and  others  in  St.  John,  N.B.,  some  in  Halifax,  and  others  in 
Ottawa.  One  of  his  daughters,  Jane,  was  the  wife  of  the  late  Timothy 
Ruggles,  who  for  many  years  was  a  representative  of  Granville  in  the 
Assembly. 


394  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

THOMAS   RITCHIE. 

1806-1811,  1811-1818,  1818-1820,  1820-1824. 

The  subject  of  this  memoir  was  the  second  son  of  John  Ritchie,  M.P.P., 
and  was  born  in  Annapolis,  September  21,  1777.  His  useful  life  fills  a 
large  space  in  the  history  of  the  Province,  especially  in  its  legislative 
history,  and  deserves  a  longer  and  more  able  biography  than  this  sketch 
is  likely  to  be.  Few  men  had  greater  influence  in  the  community  in 
which  he  lived,  and  still  fewer  knew  how  to  exert  such  an  influence  so 
wisely  and  so  well. 

Mr.  Ritchie  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Thos.  Barclay,  who  had  himself 
studied  under  the  celebrated  John  Jay,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
about  1795,  and,  at  the  beginning  of  the  century,  on  the  removal  of  Mr. 
Barclay  from  the  Province,  succeeded  that  gentleman  in  a  large  and 
valuable  practice,  which  he  held  and  enlarged  until  1824,  when  he 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  Assembly,  and  accepted  a  place  on  the  Bench 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

He  entered  public  life  in  1806,  having  been  elected  as  one  of  the 
county  representatives  in  that  year.  He  was  chosen  without  opposition. 
He  speaks  of  the  county,  at  that  time,  as  being  "the  largest  and 
most  populous  in  the  Province,  Halifax  excepted,"  and  affirms  that  he 
continued  to  be  elected  without  opposition,  until  his  elevation  to  the  bench 
in  1824.  It  is  probable  that  no  man  in  Nova  Scotia  ever  held  a  seat  in 
the  Assembly  for  so  long  and  continuous  a  period  without  an  election 
contest. 

Among  the  many  bills  introduced  into  the  Assembly  by  Mr.  Ritchie 
was  one  in  1808  "to  regulate  Negro  Servitude."  (Seep.  284.)  Probably 
this  was  the  last  motion  made  in  our  Legislature  in  relation  to  slavery. 
In  relation  to  the  militia  laws,  Mr.  Ritchie  did  not  only  aid  in  their 
consolidation  and  revision,  but  by  becoming  the  lieutenant-colonel  of  one 
of  the  Annapolis  regiments,  took  care  that  their  usefulness  should  not  be 
lost  for  want  of  his  personal  services  ;  and  so  thorough  an  officer  did  he 
prove  himself  that  he  received  the  special  thanks  of  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  in  a  letter  from  the  Adjutant-General  by  His  Excellency's 
command,  dated  January  3,  1827. 

The  summer  of  1816  was  one  of  severe  drought,  in  consequence  of 
which  there  was  a  general  failure  of  crops,  and  considerable  distress  was 
felt  by  the  rural  population  throughout  the  Province.  So  pressing  and 
general  was  the  want  of  food,  that  the  farmers  were  compelled  to  use 
the  grains  usually  reserved  for  seed  for  the  following  spring's  planting. 
Mr.  Ritchie  wrote  to  the  Honourable  Michael  Wallace  on  the  4th  of  May, 
1817,  in  relation  to  this  occurrence  as  follows  :  "  The  distress  in  this  part 


HON.  THOMAS  RITCHIE, 
Judge  of  the.  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 


THOMAS  RITCHIE.  395 

of  the  Province  is  not  as  extensive  as  heretofore  reported ;  seed  corn  is 
scarce,  but  we  hear  of  few  families  who  are  altogether  destitute  ;  seed  is  of 
more  consequence  than  other  relief,  it  is  not  too  late  for  barley,  etc."  The 
Government  of  the  day  acting  with  promptness  and  wisdom,  had  ordered 
a  large  quantity  of  maize,  wheat,  rye  and  barley,  from  the  great  firm  of 
Lennox,  Maitland  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  to  enable  them  to  meet  the 
emergency ;  and  the  farmers  of  Annapolis  received  out  of  this  supply 
four  hundred  bushels  of  maize,  five  hundred  bushels  of  barley,  and  one 
hundred  and  seventy-two  barrels  of  rye  flour,  to  assist  to  carry  them 
through,  or  until  the  autumn  harvests  could  be  made  available.  These 
timely  supplies  alleviated  the  evils  under  which  the  people  laboured,  but 
they  did  not  entirely  remove  them,  and  the  ill  effects  of  their  previous 
bad  harvests  followed  them  a  year  or  two  longer.  Mr.  Ritchie's  letters, 
reports  and  recommendations  generally  attest  the  soundness  of  his 
judgments  and  his  honesty  of  purpose,  while  they  contain  many 
passages  that,  from  the  lapse  of  time,  are  beginning  to  possess 
considerable  historical  value.  In  January,  1821,  he  wrote  to  the 
Honourable  S.  S.  Blowers  representing  that  there  were  then  only  two 
magistrates  residing  in  the  extensive  township  of  Granville,  and  recom- 
mending the  appointment  of  Mr.  Samuel  Chesley  and  Mr.  Samuel  Hall, 
sons  of  former  justices.  What  a  contrast  with  the  state  of  these  matters 
to-day ! 

In  1822  Mr.  Ritchie,  as  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  the  Assembly 
on  "  Fisheries,  Agriculture  and  Commerce,"  made  a  report  to  the  House 
which  showed  how  thoroughly  his  mind  was  penetrated  by  the  conviction 
that  we  should  extend  our  trade  to  the  other  continental  colonies,  or 
Canada,  especially  to  Quebec ;  that  we  should  make  ourselves  the 
importers  of  West  India  products  to  be  sent  thither,  thus  providing 
employment  for  our  vessels,  and  by  bringing  back  cargoes  of  flour, 
rendering  the  country  independent  of  our  republican  neighbours. 

Judge  Ritchie  was  appointed  President  of  the  Court  of  Sessions  of  the 
Peace  (custos  rotulorum)  on  the  17th  of  March,  1828;  a  position  the 
functions  of  which  he  always  faithfully  and  ably  discharged.  It  seems 
to  have  been  characteristic  of  him  that  whatever  duty  he  undertook  to 
perform,  or  whatever  work  he  endeavoured  to  achieve,  he  applied  all  his 
powers  to  do  it  in  a  creditable  manner,  and  he  seldom  failed  in  his  object. 
As  legislator,  lawyer,  judge,  magistrate,  militia  officer,  or  man  of  business 
he  brought  to  his  aid  a  mind  possessed  of  a  power  of  analysis  and 
discrimination,  which  seldom  suffered  him  to  go  astray,  and  his  untiring 
industry  and  persistent  application  enabled  him  to  accomplish  creditably 
with  comparative  ease  much  that,  to  a  man  of  weaker  mental  or  physical 
development,  would  have  been  entirely  impossible  of  attainment. 

During  the  long  period  that  he  held  the  office  of  first  Justice  in  the 


396  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  Western  District  (which  embraced  the 
present  counties  of  Annapolis,  Digby,  Yarmouth  and  Shelburne),  it  was 
his  custom  to  render  term  by  term  a  detailed  and  elaborate  report  of  the 
business  of  the  Courts  over  which  he  presided,  and  of  other  matters  of 
local  interest  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor.  These  reports  are  very  full 
and  precise,  and  contain  much  interesting  and  valuable  information  upon 
the  various  topics  on  which  they  treat,  and  are  really  very  useful  in  this 
respect.  Sir  James  Kempt,  to  whom  many  of  them  were  addressed,  thus 
refers  to  them  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Ritchie  under  date  of  August  19th, 
1828: 

"  I  thank  you  for  the  report  which  accompanies  your  letter  on  the  state  of  the 
Western  District,  after  the  spring  sittings  of  the  Courts  over  which  you  preside. 
Such  reports  are  to  me  valuable  documents,  and  I  cannot  leave  the  Province  with- 
out expressing  to  you  my  obligations  for  the  impartial  manner  in  which  you  have 
discharged  the  duties  of  the  very  important  offices  which  you  fill. 

"  JAMES  KEMPT." 

In  1830  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  Attorney-General  of  the 
Province,  vice  R.  J.  Uniacke.  In  a  document  found  in  the  public 
archives,  dated  October  of  that  year,  his  public  services  are  thus 
summarized  :  "  The  public  were  largely  indebted  to  him  for  the  con- 
solidation and  amendment  of  the  militia  laws  ;  he  was  the  originator  of 
the  treasury  note  system  which  had  proved  so  beneficial  to  the  country 
since  1812;  the  loan  bill  introduced  by  him  to  alleviate  the  distresses 
caused  by  the  change  from  war  to  peace,  which  became  law  in  1819  and 
had  produced  the  results  intended,  was  his  work ;  as  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  the  Consolidated  Revenue  Acts,  he  had  done  good  service  ; 
he  had  been  offered  the  Speakership  of  the  House,  but  felt  it  his  duty  to 
decline,  and  he  was  then  the  oldest  member  of  the  bar  after  the  Chief 
Justice  and  Master  of  the  Rolls,  and  Judges  Wilkins  and  Wiswall.  He 
died  November  10th,  1852,  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age. 

The  number  of  this  gentleman's  descendants,  only  one  more  remote  than  a  grand- 
son, who  have  devoted  themselves  to  the  legal  profession,  a  large  proportion  of 
whom  attained  to  eminence,  one  the  highest  eminence  possible  in  the  Dominion,  is  so 
remarkable  as  to  deserve  mention  here.  They  are  as  follows : 

Son*  :  (1)  Hon.  John  W.  Ritchie,  Judge  in  Equity  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Nova 
Scotia  ;  (2)  Sir  Wm.  J.  Ritchie,  Chief  Justice  of  Canada  ;  (3)  Rev.  James  J.  Ritchie, 
.  Barrister  fourteen  years  before  taking  orders  ;  (4)  George  W.  Ritchie,  Barrister,  who 
lived  at  Fredericton,  N.B.  ;  (5)  Hon.  J.  Norman  Ritchie,  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Nova  Scotia.  Grandsons:  (6)  Thomas  Ritchie,  (7)  George  Ritchie,  of 
Halifax,  N.S.,  sons  of  Hon.  J.  W.  Ritchie;  (8)  William  Ritchie,  (9)  Robert  R. 
Ritchie,  of  New  Brunswick,  (10)  J.  Almon  Ritchie,  (11)  Owen  Ritchie,  of  Ontario, 
four  sons  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  Canada  ;  (12)  Charles  T.  C.  MacColla,  son  of  his 
daughter  Laleah ;  (13)  James  J.  Ritchie,  Q.C.,  of  Annapolis,  (14)  W.  B.  Almon 
Ritchie,  Q.C.,  of  Halifax,  sons  of  Rev.  J.  J.  Ritchie;  (15)  George  W.  Ritchie,  of 


THOMAS   WALKER.  39  7 

Halifax,  son  of  George  W.  Ritchie.     Great-grandson :   T.  Reginald  Robertson,  of 
Kentville,  N.S.,  son  of  Laleah,  daughter  of  Rev.  James  J.  Ritchie. 

Two  of  the  brothers  of  Hon.  Thomas  Ritchie's  first  \rife  were  eminent  lawyers 
(see  memoirs  of  John  and  Hon.  J.  W.  Johnstone),  and  a  remarkable  number  of  her 
nephews  have  also  attained  notable  positions  in  the  same  profession.  — [Eo.  ] 


THOMAS   WALKER. 

1806-1808. 

This  gentleman  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Walker,  a  native  of  Scotland,, 
who,  a  short  time  before  1770,  was  appointed  .Naval  Officer  for  the  port 
of  Annapolis,*  where  it  is  believed  he  resided  until  his  decease.  That 
the  senior  Thomas  Walker  came  to  Annapolis  after  1767  and  before  1770 
is  certain,  as  his  name  does  not  appear  in  the  census  return  of  the  former 
year,  but  is  found  in  that  of  the  latter.  His  family  then  consisted  of 
eight  souls,  including  himself  and  wife,  the  last-named  being  of  American, 
i.e.,  old  colonial  birth.  Their  six  children  were  all  of  Nova  Scotia  birth, 
though  certainly  not  all  born  at  Annapolis.  In  addition  to  these  par- 
ticulars, we  learn  from  the  same  return  that  he  was  the  owner  of  four 
hundred  acres  of  land. 

His  eldest  son,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  probably  twelve  or 
fourteen  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his  father's  removal  to  Annapolis, 
and  at  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists  he  would  have  attained  to 
complete  manhood.  It  is  possible  he  may  have  received  the  appointment 
of  Naval  Officer  after  his  father's  death,  but  it  is  more  probable  that  at 
an  early  period  of  his  life,  he  employed  himself  in  mercantile  pursuits. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  century  he  married  Phoebe,  daughter  of  Colonel 
Thomas  Millidge,  by  whom  he  had  several  children. 

At  the  general  election  which  took  place  in  1806,  he  was  brought 
forward  as  a  candidate  for  the  seat  for  the  township  in  which  he  lived, 
and  was  opposed  by  Edward  Whitman,  a  son  of  Deacon  John  Whitman. 
(See  Whitman  family,  post.)  Mr.  Whitman  lived  toward  the  eastern 
extremity  of  the  township  (near  Lawrencetown),  and  Mr.  Walker  still 
nearer  to  the  western  extremity. 

The  contest  proved  to  be  a  very  close  one,  and  was  characterized  by 
much  acrimony  of  feeling.  The  proceedings  to  which  it  gave  rise  have 
developed  some  facts,  which,  without  them,  would  probably  have  been 
lost  to  us  for  ever.  Mr.  Walker,  having  received  a  majority  of  votes, 
was  returned  as  duly  elected  by  Winniett,  the  Sheriff,  who  had  recently 
been  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  the  late 
incumbent  (Dickson).  His  opponent,  however,  petitioned  against  the 

*  In  a  MS.  of  the  author's  I  find  it  stated  that  he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  60th 
regiment,  2nd  battalion  ;  commission  dated  April,  1775. — [Eo.] 


398  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

return,  setting  forth  in  his  memorial  that  there  were  only  "  one  hundred 
and  thirty-nine  good  votes  in  the  present  township  of  Annapolis,"  out  of 
which  he  affirmed  tha*  Walker  had  polled  only  sixty -one,  whilst  seventy- 
eight  had  been  cast  for  him,  being  a  clear  majority  against  the  sitting 
member  of  seventeen  votes.  He  also  complained  that  the  Sheriff  had 
refused  to  allow  the  vote  of  John  Hicks,  a  Quaker,  who  declined  to 
«wear  to  his  qualification  as  an  elector,  though  he  was  known  by  the 
Sheriff  himself  to  be  an  opulent  freeholder ;  and  that  the  vote  of  Fairfield 
Woodbury  was  refused,  though  the  deed  of  his  property  had  been  lodged 
in  the  office  of  registry*  for  more  than  two  years  before  the  election,  and 
was  declared  by  the  Sheriff  not  yet  recorded. 

In  addition  to  these  objections,  he  further  alleged  that  "  the  Sheriff," 
had  admitted  a  minor  to  vote  for  Walker ;  and  also  "  one  Thomas  Clarke 
who  had  no  freehold  " ;  but  the  most  serious  and  important  of  his  allega- 
tions he  reserved  for  the  close  of  his  memorial,  it  was  this  :  "  That  the 
said  Thomas  Walker  had  bribed  one  Jonathan  Payson  to  vote  for  him, 
by  promising  to  discontinue  a  suit-at-law,  which  he,  the  said  Thomas 
Walker,  had  brought  against  the  said  Payson  in  the  Supreme  Court." 
The  new  House  met  on  the  18th  November,  1806,  and  on  the  llth 
December  the  Assembly  declared  the  election  void,  a  conclusion  that  did 
not  seem  to  be  satisfactory  to  either  of  the  parties.  Lewis  M.  Wilkins, 
father  of  the  late  judge  of  that  name,  was  the  Speaker  of  this  House,  and 
the  whole  case  was  referred  to  the  home  government  for  a  final  decision. 
It  was  not,  however,  until  the  3rd  of  March,  1808,  that  the  Speaker 
informed  the  House  that  "  His  Honour,"  the  Administrator  of  the 
Government,  had  received  a  despatch  from  Lord  Castlereagh,  in  which 
he  was  commanded  to  have  a  writ  issued  for  the  election  of  a  member  in 
the  room  of  Thomas  Walker  for  the  township  of  Annapolis. 

A  writ  was,  therefore,  immediately  ordered,  and  an  election  took  place, 
which  resulted  in  the  return  of  William  Robertson,  Esq.,  better  known 
as  Colonel  Robertson,  who  was  sworn  in  and  took  his  seat  on  the  19th 
of  May,  1808. 

Mr.  Walker  had  at  least  two  sons  and  at  least  four  daughters.  The 
eldest  of  these  sons,  whose  name  was  Thomas  Millidge  Walker,  died  at 
sea.  The  second  son,  Rev.  William  Walker,  D.D.,  a  minister  of  the 
Church  of  England,  lived  to  an  advanced  age  in  New  Brunswick,  in 
which  province  he  married  and  leaves  descendants.  The  daughters  of 
Mr.  Walker  were  as  follows:  (1)  Elizabeth,  married  Francis  Willoughby 
Pickman,  of  Salem,  Mass.,  afterwards  of  Annapolis  Royal  and  St.  John, 
N.B.,  and  has  left  several  sons  and  daughters.  One  of  the  latter  is  the 
wife  of  George  Lynch,  Esq.,  of  Digby,  and  another  of  Herbert  Crosskill, 
Deputy  Provincial  Secretary;  (2)  Anna  Maria,  married  George  R. 

*  The  Sheriff  was  also  Registrar  of  Deeds  for  the  county.- 


ISAIAH   SHAW — JOHN   WARWICK.  399 

Grassie,  for  many  years  Sheriff  of  Colchester,  and  afterwards  Prothono- 
tary  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Annapolis.  One  of  his  daughters  was  the 
wife  of  E.  C.  Cowling,  Judge  of  Probate ;  another,  of  Jared  C.  Troop, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Assembly;  (3)  Mary,  married  1835,  Ed.  H. 
Cutler,  Sheriff  and  Registrar  of  Deeds,  Annapolis ;  (4)  Phoebe,  died 
unmarried  in  1893;  Margaret,  who  married  in  1816,  John  Newton, 
lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Navy,  was  also  probably  a  daughter,  and  the 
eldest.  A  sister  of  Thomas  Walker  was  the  mother  of  General  Sir  W. 
Fenwick  Williams,  of  Kars. 

ISAIAH   SHAW. 

1806-1812,    1812-1819. 

As  the  author  left  no  memoir  of  this  very  useful  and  valuable  member 
among  his  papers,  nor  any  materials  by  which  I  could  compile  one,  I  can 
only  refer  the  reader  to  page  202,  and  pages  216  and  217,  ante,  and  the 
genealogy  of  the  Shaw  family,  post. — [Eo.] 

JOHN  WARWICK. 

1806-1811,   1811-1818,  1818-1820. 

John  Warwick  was  a  native  of  the  north  riding  of  Yorkshire.  He 
left  his  native  country  in  1774,  and  arrived  in  the  New  England  colonies 
in  the  same  year.  The  great  struggle  for  independence  was  about  com- 
mencing, and  in  1775  Mr.  W.  took  arms  on  the  royal  side  and  continued 
"  to  aid  and  assist  the  king  "  until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  came 
to  Digby  with  his  family,  where  he  settled  and  resided  until  his  death, 
which  took  place  in  or  not  long  after  1830. 

In  a  communication  to  Sir  James  Kempt,  in  1821,  he  says  he  was 
encouraged  to  remain  at  Digby  "  by  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  the 
public  fishery  adjoining  the  town-plot"  now  and  long  known  as  the 
"Joggins."  He  also  tells  his  correspondent  that  he  "had  cleared  and 
cultivated  two  new  farms  from  a  wilderness  state."  He  was  appointed 
deputy  post-master  in  1800,  and  continued  to  discharge  the  duties 
devolved  upon  him  in  that  capacity  for  nearly  twenty -five  years.  He 
was  first  elected  to  serve  in  the  general  assembly  at  the  elections  of 
1806,  and  was  again  returned  for  the  township  of  Digby  in  1811,  and 
served  his  constituency  for  the  full  period  of  twelve  years.  In  1818  he 
sought  the  suffrages  of  the  county  as  the  colleague  of  Thomas  Ritchie, 
Esq.,  and  was  once  more  duly  returned,  and  served  until  the  dissolution 
of  the  House  on  the  demise  of  the  Crown  in  1820. 

Mr.  Warwick  was  distinguished  for  his  uprightness  of  purpose  and 


400  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

conduct,  as  well  as  for  his  abounding  common-sense.  Conservative  in 
his  opinions,  but  liberal  in  his  charities,  he  well  deserved  the  popularity 
he  enjoyed  in  the  county  and  the  Assembly.  Foremost  in  all  acts  tending 
to  elevate  the  morals  and  secure  the  interests  of  his  constituents,  they 
were  fully  justified  in  the  long-continued  confidence  they  reposed  in 
him.* 

WILLIAM    ROBERTSON. 
1808-1811. 

This  gentleman  was  of  Scottish  descent,  perhaps  of  Scottish  birth, 
and  settled  in  Annapolis  about  the  time  of  the  influx  of  the  Loyalists,  of 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  been  one.  He  was  early  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits,  in  which  he  seems  to  have  been  employed  until  his  decease.  He 
was  long  and  generally  esteemed  as  an  enthusiastic  and  efficient  militia 
officer,  and  was  commonly  known,  first  as  "  major  "  and  afterwards  as 
"  colonel  "  Robertson.  During  the  last  quarter  of  the  past  century,  and 
the  first  decade  of  the  present,  he  played  a  leading  part  in  the  creation 
and  prosecution  of  a  direct  trade  with  the  British  and  Foreign  West 
Indies — a  trade  which,  at  the  time  of  his  decease,  had  reached  consider- 
able dimensions,  and  brought  much  wealth  to  the  town  and  surrounding 
country. 

Mr.  Robertson  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Robert  Timpany,  a  major 
in  the  New  Jersey  volunteers.  Her  father  had  been  educated  at 
Glasgow,  but  was  an  Irishman  by  birth,  and  emigrated  to  Philadelphia 
in  1760,  and  was  employed  in  educational  pursuits  until  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution,  when  he  entered  the  third  battalion  of  the  corps 
above  named,  and  saw  "  a  severe  and  continual  service  "  until  its  close 
in  1783.  Mr.  Timpany  died  in  1844  at  the  very  advanced  age  of  one 
hundred  and  two  years,  having  been  born  in  1742. 

This  marriage,  which  took  place  about  1785,  was  productive  of  a 
large  family  of  children.  Among  them  was  John,  whose  memoir  is  given 
in  another  place ;  and  James,  a  merchant,  who  afterwards  removed  to 
St.  John,  N.B.,  where  his  descendants  still  reside,!  and  Alexander,  who 
settled  in  Digby  where  he  died,  all  of  whom  left  issue. 

In  1807  Mr.  Robertson  was  appointed  agent  for  Indian  affairs  in  the 
county,  by  Sir  John  Wentworth,  an  office  the  duties  of  which  he 

*  The  above  is  only  a  skeleton  which  the  author  intended  to  fill  out  into  a  more 
extended  biography,  only  one  sheet  of  which  is  to  be  found.  Colonel  Warwick  was- 
a  very  interesting  character,  and  a  man  of  great  influence  in  Digby  in  his  day. 

-[ED.] 

t  The  wife  of  James  was  a  sister  of  Sir  W.  F.  Williams,  of  Kars,  and  they  were 
the  parents  of  Fenwick  Robertson,  a  merchant  who,  I  think,  finally  settled  in  New 
York,  and  Rev.  Thomas  Robertson,  long  Rector  of  St.  George's,  N.B.,  who  was 
father  of  the  founder  of  the  great  firm  of  Manchester,  Robertson  &  Allison. — [Ec.J 


JOHN    HARRIS.  401 

discharged  with  great  faithfulness  for  several  years.  In  1808  he  was 
elected  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  representation  of  the  township  of 
Annapolis,  caused  by  the  unseating  of  Thomas  Walker,  who  had  obtained 
the  seat  at  the  general  election  in  1806.  He  was  sworn  in,  and  took  hi& 
seat  in  the  assembly  on  the  twentieth  day  of  May,  1808,  and  remained 
the  sitting  member  until  the  dissolution  of  the  House  which  took  place 
in  1811. 

Mr.  Robertson  was  not  distinguished  for  oratorical  power,  though  he 
could,  when  occasion  required,  express  his  opinions  with  considerable 
force  and  ability  ;  and  the  well-known  integrity  of  his  character  made 
his  utterances  of  value  to  the  House.  He  is  known  to  have  possessed 
the  confidence  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived,  and  to  have  merited 
the  consideration  so  cordially  and  generally  extended  to  him. 

It  must  not  be  omitted  to  mention  that  one  of  Mr.  Robertson's 
daughters  was  the  wife  of  a  grandson  of  Brigadier-General  Ruggles, 
Dwight  Ruggle;*,  Esq.,  whose  son,  the  late  William  Robertson  Ruggles, 
was  one  of  the  leading  merchants  and  post-master  of  Annapolis,  to  the 
time  of  his  death. 

JOHN    HARRIS. 

1811-1818. 

This  gentleman  was  a  son  of  Samuel  Harris,  a  pre-loyalist  settler  in 
Granville,  in  which  township  he  is  known  to  have  resided  in  1770,  when 
his  family  consisted  of  eight  souls,  himself  and  wife  and  six  children, 
four  of  which  were  born  in  Nova  Scotia  and  two  in  Massachusetts.  It 
seems  very  doubtful  whether  there  was  any  consanguinity  between  this 
family  and  that  of  John  Harris,  of  Annapolis,  whose  memoir  has  already 
been  given.  The  former  is  said  to  have  been  of  English  birth  in  the 
census  of  1767,  and  the  latter  is  stated  in  the  returns  for  Granville  in 
1770  to  have  been  born  in  Massachusetts,  besides  the  descendants  claim 
no  blood  relationship  to  each  other.  One  circumstance,  however,  for  a 
time  caused  the  writer  much  trouble, — they  were  of  the  same  profession, 
land  surveyors,  and  one  of  them 'was  a  "junior."  After  full  investiga- 
tion it  was  found  that  the  "  junior  "  was  always  used  in  the  address  of 
the  elder  John  Harris,  who  was  the  son  of  that  John  whose  memoir  has 
been  referred  to,  and  never  to  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  They  were 
equally  distinguished  for  the  excellency  and  accuracy  of  their  surveys, 
and  were  both  deputies  of  the  Provincial  Surveyor-General. 

Mr.   Harris  was  probably  born  in  Granville,  though    he   afterwards 

settled  in   the  township  of  Annapolis  on   a  farm  about  two  and  a  half 

miles  to  the  eastward  of  the  town,  which  he  cultivated  and  improved  till 

his  death.      In    1815  he  was  employed   by   the  Government  of   Lord 

26 


402  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Dalhousie  to  survey  and  lay  out  the   Dalhousie  Road.     (See  history  of 
Dalhousie  settlement,  ante  p.  260.) 

Mr.  Harris  was  brought  out  at  the  general  election,  which  occurred 
in  1811,  as  a  candidate  for  the  representation  of  the  township  of 
Annapolis,  the  seat  for  which  had  been  filled,  since  1808,  by  Colonel 
Robertson.  Whether  he  ran  in  opposition  to  that  gentleman  or  not  is 
uncertain,  but  it  is  certain  that  he  was  returned  and  discharged  the 
functions  of  member  for  the  next  seven  years.  In  1812  he  opposed  the 
passage  of  Mr.  Ritchie's  "  Treasury  Note  Bill,"  though  he  voted  in  the 
minority  on  the  occasion.  The  "  Act  to  Encourage  Schools "  which 
passed  in  1814,  received  his  warm  support  as  well  as  approbation.  On 
the  whole,  he  appears  to  have  been  a  very  intelligent  and  industrious 
representative,  and  to  have  deserved  well  of  his  constituents.  During 
his  period  of  service  he  obtained  a  grant  of  eighty  pounds  for  the 
building  of  a  new  bridge  over  Sawmill  Creek,  which  was  constructed 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  late  Mr.  Benjamin  Fairn.  He  was  the 
Commissioner  who  laid  out  and  constructed  the  road  still  known  as  the 
Hessian  Line  road  in  1809.  In  these,  and  many  similar  services,  he 
proved  himself  eminently  useful  and  skilful.  His  legislative  career 
•closed  with  the  dissolution  of  the  Assembly,  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
in  1817.  In  1820  the  House  of  Assembly  granted  him  one  hundred 
pounds  for  his  services  in  laying  out  and  surveying  highways,  and  a  plan 
— then  much  needed — showing  the  connections  of  granted  lands  in  the 
county. 

PELEG  WISWALL. 

1812-1816. 

Mr.  Wiswall  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Wiswall,  Rector 
of  Cornwallis  and  Wilmot,  having  been  born  in  Falmouth,  Me.,  in  1762  ; 
and  when  his  father,  after  his  exile  from  Maine,  became  a  chaplain  in  the 
navy,  he  accompanied  him  in  the  ship.  He  attained  his  majority  about 
the  time  of  his  arrival  in  the  Province.  He  became  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession, and  proved  a  successful  one.  Energetic,  faithful  and  persevering 
in  all  his  conduct,  he  soon  acquired  the  confidence  and  business  of  a  large 
circle  of  clients,  and  his  legal  attainments  and  forensic  talents  secured 
for  him  a  high  place  in  the  estimation  of  the  bar  and  the  bench.  The 
western  part  of  the  Province  formed  the  chief  theatre  of  his  practice. 
His  headquarters  was  for  the  most  part  fixed  in  the  beautiful  village  of 
Digby,  which  had  special  charms  for  him,  having  been  almost  exclusively 
settled  by  brother  Loyalists.* 

*  Many  anecdotes  illustrative  of  Mr.  Wiswall's  idiosyncrasies  of  mental  constitu- 
tion and  outward  manners  were  long  preserved.  The  late  John  McGregor,  barrister, 
so  long  a  notable  citizen  of  Halifax,  used  to  relate  the  following.  When  a  youth  he 


PELEG   WISWALL.  403 

In  1812  Mr.  Wiswall  became  a  candidate  for  the  electors'  suffrages, 
with  the  late  Judge  Ritchie  as  a  colleague,  and  was  successful  in  gaining 
a  seat  in  the  Assembly  as  one  of  the  county  representatives.  His 
legislative  career,  which  was  marked  by  his  usual  activity,  and  the 
scrupulous  discharge  of  the  onerous  duties  connected  with  it,  was 
destined  to  be  of  but  short  duration.  It  was  terminated  in  1816  by  his 
elevation  to  the  bench,  as  Associate  Judge  in  the  Supreme  Court  and 
Master  in  Chancery,  an  event  which  took  place  on  the  thirty-first  of 
March  in  that  year.  For  the  long  period  of  twenty  years  from  the  date  of 
this  appointment  he  administered  the  laws  with  an  integrity,  intelligence 
and  uprightness  that  distinguished  him  and  did  him  honour. 

In  1798  Sir  John  Wentworth,  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  appointed  a 
commission  to  investigate  the  nature  of  the  complaints  concerning  the 
title  of  certain  lands  in  the  township  of  Digby,  and  Mr.  Wiswall  was 
one  of  the  gentlemen  named  in  that  document.  The  report  is  in  his 
handwriting,  and  quite  exhaustive  of  the  Subject.  In  this  document, 
whose  length  prevents  transcription,  the  mismanagement  of  the  old 
Board  of  Agents,  and  the  carelessness  of  the  early  surveyors  are 
denounced  with  considerable  severity. 

Our  manuscript  archives  abound  with  articles  from  his  pen  addressed 
to  various  individuals  connected  with  the  administration  of  public 
affairs,  and  embrace  a  wide  range  of  topics.  Some  of  these  papers 
incidentally  afford  glimpses  of  men  and  things  not  elsewhere  to  be 
obtained  and  well  worthy  of  record.  As  an  instance :  In  a  letter 
addressed  to  Sir  Rupert  D.  George,  dated  October  10th,  1827,  he  writes 
thus  concerning  the  Longley*  family,  "Referring  to  a  petition  of  William 
Longley  in  relation  to  some  (church1?)  lands,  I  wish  Government  may  be 
inclined  to  favour  Mr.  Longley,  as  he  is  of  a  family  that  early  purchased 
and  improved  in  this  county,  and  all  the  men  of  his  family  are  remarkable 

called  on  Mr.  Wiswall  to  consult  him  about  entering  on  a  course  of  legal  study,  and 
was  somewhat  abashed  at  his  singular  presence,  peculiar  dress  of  a  past  generation, 
and  quick  and  irritable  motions,  as  well  as  speech,  when  the  following  dialogue 
occurred  : 

Mr.   W . — "  Well,  my  man,  and  so  you'd  like  to  be  a  lawyer?" 
Student—"  Yes,  sir  ;  I  think  I  would  like  to  be  one." 

Mr.  W. — "Where's  your  gun,  my  Tx»y?  I  want  to  see  your  gun  my  young 
gentleman.  Fond  of  sporting,  eh  ? " 

Student — "  I  have  no  gun,  sir  ;  don't  know  whether  I'd  like  gunning." 
Mr.   W. — "  No  gun  !     Well  you  keep  a  boat  then  ;  like  boating  ? " 
Student — "  I  do  not  own  any  boat,  sir  ;  don't  know  how  to  use  one." 
Mr.   W. — "  You  wear  a  watch,  or  keep  a  dog  "  (snappishly)  ? 
Student — "  I  am  too  poor  to  wear  a  watch,  and  I  have  no  dog." 
Mr.    W.    (with    an   earnest   and   gratified    manner)— "  You'll    do,    lad,    if    you 
persevere  in  the  course  you  have  begun.     The  law  is  a  jealous  mistress,  and  cannot 
be  won  except  by  the  greatest  and  undivided  devotion.     To  gain  her  you  must 
sacrifice  everything  that  diverts  your  attention  from  her.     Remember  this,  my  lad, 
and  I  will  ensure  you  success  ;  and  you  may  rely  on  any  assistance  in  my  power  to 
aid  you  "  (the  last  sentences  in  the  kindest  and  most  sincere  way). 

*  The  William  Longley  referred  to  was  an  uncle  to  Avard  Longley,  M.P. 


404  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

for  good  husbandry,  as  well  as  for  general  respectability  of  manners  and 
conduct." 

Mr.  Wiswall,  in  a  letter  to  the  Provincial  Secretary,  bearing  date 
December  1st,  1826,  thus  wrote  on  the  subject  of  the  division  of  the 
county  :  "To  form  two  counties  out  of  the  present  County  of  Annapolis 
was  first  proposed  when  the  American  Loyalists  settled  Digby  and  the 
lands  westward.  At  that  time  there  was  not  (as  now)  good  roads  of 
communication,  and  consequently  attendance  on  the  courts  and  county 
offices  at  Annapolis,  to  the  western  settlers  was  expensive  and  difficult. 
The  present  population  of  the  county  may,  perhaps,  amount  to 
twelve  thousand  souls  and  is  increasing,  but  the  increase  (owing  to  the 
barrenness  of  the  soil  southward)  will  be  chiefly  within  the  long  and 
narrow  line  of  settlement."  In  another  part  of  this  paper  he  expresses 
himself  as  opposed  to  a  division  of  the  county,  but  very  honestly  adds : 
"  The  Government  may  have  reasons  for  it  unknown  to  me,  yet  I  feel  it 
to  be  my  duty  to  lay  beforeethem  all  the  information  in  my  power."  He 
concludes  this  communication  by  saying  that  he  thinks  the  eastern 
settlers  want  a  court-house  at  Bridgetown  and  the  line  of  division  at 
Imbert's  River,  and  naively  suggests  that  "election  calculations"  move 
those  settlers  to  desire  that  boundary. 

In  1820,  four  hundred  of  the  inhabitants  of  Digby  and  vicinity 
petitioned  the  Government  to  revoke  a  grant  made  in  the  previous  year, 
of  the  Joggins  fishing  flats,  to  Thomas  Andrews.  In  their  memorial 
they  set  forth  that  this  fishery  had  been  a  public  one  since  1772,  and 
that  it  had  always  been  managed  for  the  public  good  and  on  its  behalf, 
by  the  Court  of  General  Sessions  of  the  Peace  for  the  district,  and  that 
the  recent  granting  of  it  was  a  great  and  general  injury  and  a  public 
wrong,  which  could  be  overcome  only  by  annulling  the  patent  com- 
plained of.  This  document,  which  seems  to  have  been  drawn  up  with 
much  care  and  considerable  ability,  was  referred  to  Judge  Wiswall  by  the 
Lieutenant-Governor  for  his  opinion  and  advice.  In  his  report  on  the 
subject,  which  was  able  and  perhaps  impartial,  he  arrived  at  the  con- 
clusion that  "a  public  fishery  is  mischievous,"  and  therefore  advised  His 
Excellency  not  to  grant  the  relief  sought. 

In  1826  Charles  Budd,  afterwards  and  for  several  years  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  township,  made  application  for  a  grant  of  the  water  lot 
at  the  foot  of  "  Maiden  Lane,"  which  was  transmitted  to  the  Judge  for 
his  advice.  In  his  report  to  Sir  James  Kempt  he  says  :  "  When  the  first 
settlers  were  located  in  1783  and  1784,  and  the  township  plot  of  Digby 
laid  out,  no  mention  or  consideration  had  taken  place  respecting  any 
lands  below  high-water  mark ; "  and  therefore  recommended  compliance 
with  Mr.  Budd's  application.  This  measure  was  opposed  by  the  inhabi- 
tants who,  in  their  petition  against  it,  informed  the  Government,  "  that 


PELEG   W1SWALL.  405 

in  laying  out  the  town  plot  of  Digby  the  beach  at  the  foot  of  Maiden 
Lane  and  the  adjoining  beach  eastward  were  publicly  agreed  upon  and 
set  apart  as  a  public  slip,  and  has,  as  such,  been  invariably  held  and  used 
to  the  present  day,  being  the  only  safe  landing  on  the  whole  front  of  this 
extensive  village ;  though  by  the  indulgence  of  the  public,  several  vessels 
have  been  built  at  the  foot  of  the  said  Maiden  Lane  by  Lovett  & 
Crookshank,*  and  by  Stewart  f  &  Budd." 

Although  his  sympathies  were  easily  excited  in  favour  of  his  Loyalist 
brethren,  to  his  honour  be  it  said  they  were  not  confined  to  that  class  of 
the  population.  We  have  seen  how  kindly  he  wrote  of  William  Longley, 
a  pre-loyalist.  Of  another  gentleman,  not  a  Loyalist,  he  wrote  in  an 
equally  honourable  and  just  way.  In  the  new  general  Commission  of  the 
Peace  issued  in  1818,  the  name  of  John  Whitman  was,  from  some 
unexplained  causfc,  omitted,  though  he  had  long  served  with  credit  as  a 
magistrate.  This  omission  was  a  matter  of  public  regret,  and  a  number 
of  influential  persons  petitioned  to  have  his  name  added  to  the  roll.  In 
placing  his  signature  to  the  memorial,  Mr.  Wiswall  added  the  following 
certificate  :  "  John  Whitman,  Esq.,  has  been  known  to  me  ever  since  he 
was  first  placed  in  the  general  Commission  of  the  Peace.  He  is  exemplary 
in  private  life,  and  has  ever  conducted  himself  as  an  active,  zealous  and 
useful  magistrate." 

On  the  establishment  of  Boards  of  Health  in  1832,  Judge  Wiswall 
was  appointed  President  of  that  for  Digby,  the  other  members  being 
Charles  Budd,  John  E.  Morton,  and  Doctor  Lightfoot.  This  appointment, 
if  it  had  any  duties  attached  to  it  involving  labour,  must  have  been  very 
gratifying  to  the  good  old  judge,  who  wrote  to  Sir  James  Kempt  in  1827 
as  follows  :  "  From  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  law  regulating  my 
appointment,  it  necessarily  results  that  I  must  have  long  vacations 
between  my  public  services,  and  I  cannot  but  wish  that  so  much  useless 
time  should  be  employed  in  any  way  that  my  advanced  age  and  feeble 
abilities  are  competent  to,  in  other  offices,  together  with  that  I  now  fill, 
and  which  I  am  prohibited  from  holding.  Emoluments  I  do  not  seek,  as 
I  have  chosen  my  residence,  and  circumscribed  my  desires,  so  as  to  be  at 
ease  on  that  head,  but  conscious  inutility  is  among  the  most  unpleasant 
sensations." 

His  writings  were  as  voluminous  as  they  were  varied,  indeed  his  pen 
never  seemed  to  require  rest.  No  subject  of  any  importance  from  a 
public  point  of  view,  escaped  his  notice.  Education,  law,  agriculture, 
manufactures,  local  and  general  politics,  religion,  each,  at  one  time  or 
other  of  his  long  and  active  life,  received  elucidation  and  illustration 
from  his  pen.  It  is  therefore  to  be  hoped  that  some  loving  hand,  at  no 

*  Phineas  Lovett,  jun. ,  son  of  Colonel  Lovett.    Crookshank  was  of  St.  John,  N  B. 
t  Late  Post-master  and  Prothonotary  of  the  Supreme  Court,  at  Digby. 


406  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

distant  day,  will  be  found  to  write  an  amplified  biography  of  one  who 
has  contributed  so  largely  to  the  public  good,  and  who  has  left  behind 
him  so  many  valuable  materials  for  such  a  work. 

NOTE. — Judge  Wiswall's  only  child  was  the  wife  of  Charles   Budd,  M.P.P.  for 
the  township  of  Digby,  and  had  no  children. — [ED.] 


CERENO  UPHAM  JONES. 

1816-1818. 

Mr.  Jones  was  elected  in  1816  to  fill  the  vacancy  created  in  the 
representation  of  the  county  by  the  elevation  of  Peleg  Wiswall  to  the 
Bench  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  served  for  the  balance  of  the  term 
only,  that  is  to  say,  till  1818,  in  which  year  he  was  succeeded  by  John 
Warwick,  of  Digby.  It  does  not  appear  whether  he  sought  re-election  or 
not.  In  1822  he  was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  an  office  then 
deemed  one  of  importance  and  honour.  In  1824  he  was  one  of  the 
Associate  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  County.  His 
residence  was  at  Sissiboo,  now  Weymouth,  where  he  always  lived,  and 
died  at  an  advanced  age,  about  the  middle  of  the  century.  His  father, 
Elisha  Jones,  was  one  of  fourteen  sons  of  Colonel  Elisha  Jones,  of  Weston, 
Mass.,  six  at  least  of  whom  became  active  Loyalists  in  the  war  of  the 
rebellion,  and  at  its  close  were  exiled  to  the  provinces.  Of  these, 
Ephraim  and  another  settled  in  Upper  Canada,  »where  they  left  a  large 
posterity,  including  several  noted  judges,  Ephraim  being  father  of  the 
Honourable  Jonas  Jones  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Elisha,  Josiah,  Simeon 
and  Stephen  settled  in  what  is  now  Digby  County,  Nova  Scotia, 
but  Elisha  soon  after  the  peace  returned,  with  all  the  members  of  his 
household,  except  Cereno  Upham,  who  remained  and  left  a  very  numerous 
posterity.  He  was  the  great-grandfather  of  Herbert  Ladd  Jones,  lately 
the  talented  member  for  Digby  County  in  the  Canadian  Parliament. 
Stephen  was  grandfather  of  Honourable  A.  G.  Jones,  of  Halifax.  Josiah 
was  the  father  of  Charles  Jones  and  Edward  A.,  both  prominent  merchants 
and  public  men,  and  through  the  son  Edward,  grandfather  of  Dr.  Josiah 
Edgar  Jones,  of  Digby,  in  1896  the  Conservative  candidate  for  parliament 
in  Digby.  The  family  has  produced  eminent  men  in  the  United  States, 
and  is  descended  from  Lewis  Jones,  who  emigrated,  it  is  supposed  from 
Wales,  among  the  very  earliest  settlers.  The  descent  of  the  gentleman 
named  at  the  head  of  this  sketch  is,  I  think,  as  follows  :  Lewis,1  Josiah,2 
Josiah,3  Josiah,4  Col.  Elisha5  (the  youngest),  Elisha,6  Cereno,  or  Sereno,7 
for  the  latter  is  certainly  the  correct  spelling  of  the  Christian  name 
although  the  other  has  become  common  in  the  family. 
tThe  writer  remembers  Judge  Jones  as  a  worthy  and  venerable  aged 


THOMAS   RITCHIE — TIMOTHY   RUGGLES.  40T 

Christian,  and  "  gentleman  of  the  old  school,"  who  must  have  been  a 
most  faithful  and  honest  representative.  His  occupation  was  that  of 
farmer  and  country  merchant,  with  several  local  public  offices,  and  he 
was  a  useful  man  in  the  community  in  which  he  lived. 

NOTE.  — The  above  is  filled  up  from  a  skeleton  sketch  found  among  Mr.  Calnek's 

MSS.— [Eo.] 

THOMAS   RITCHIE. 

1819-1820. 

This  gentleman  was  a  son  of  Andrew  Ritchie,  sen.,  and  therefore  a 
cousin-german  of  John  Ritchie,  M.P.P.,  and  a  first  cousin  once  removed 
of  the  other  and  more  distinguished  Thomas  Ritchie,  unless  the  author 
and  myself  are  mistaken  in  our  genealogical  conclusions.  He  sat  but 
two  sessions.  He  was  (to  use  the  words  of  a  venerable  informant  of 
the  editor  many  years  ago)  a  "  very  capable  man,"  and  tradition  says  a 
respected  and  useful  magistrate.  He  died  in  1833,  aged  seventy, 
unmarried,  leaving  a  good  estate  which  he  divided  by  will  among  several 
nephews  and  nieces. — [En.] 


TIMOTHY  RUGGLES. 

1818-1820,  1820-1827,  1827-1830,  1830-1831. 

The  member  of  the  Assembly  of»whom  we  are  about  to  speak  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Timothy,  who  was  the  eldest  son  of  General  Timothy 
Ruggles,  and  who  had  been  many  years  settled  in  Belleisle,  where  his 
children  were  born,  with  the  exception  of  the  eldest  who  was  born  in 
1777,  the  year  after  the  arrival  of  the  family  in  Nova  Scotia,  and 
probably  at  Halifax  or  Digby.  He  was  reared  on  his  father's  farm  in 
Granville,  of  which,  on  the  occasion  of  his  decease  he  became  sole 
proprietor.  It  was  and  still  continues  to  be  a  very  valuable  estate.  In 
addition  to  agricultural  pursuits  he  added  an  extensive  and  profitable 
mercantile  establishment  which  resulted  in  his  becoming  one  of  the 
wealthiest  men  in  the  county. 

Mr.  Ruggles'  public  life  began  in  1818,  he  having  sought  and 
obtained  the  suffrages  of  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  Granville  in  that 
year.  On  the  demise  of  the  Crown  in  1820  he  was  again  returned  to  the 
Assembly,  and  filled  the  seat  until  the  general  election  in  1827,  when  he 
was  once  more  chosen  after  a  sharp  contest.  This  new  House  did  not 
live  out  half  its  days,  having  died  simultaneously  with  King  George  IV. 
in  1830.  In  the  general  election  which  followed  he  was  again  a 
candidate,  and  was  opposed  by  James  Delap,  Esq.,  and  after  a  very 


408  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

exciting  and  close  struggle,  characterized  by  great  acrimony  of  feeling, 
he  was  returned  by  a  very  small  majority.  This  was  the  fourth  time  he 
had  been  honoured  by  the  electors  of  Granville  with  their  confidence. 
His  antagonist  demanded  a  scrutiny  of  votes  and  an  expensive  and 
exhaustive  investigation  took  place,  which  ended  by  leaving  the  relative 
position  of  the  parties  precisely  as  before,  with  Mr.  Ruggles  in  possession 
of  the  seat. 

These  repeated  and  spirited  political  tournaments  were  attended  by  an 
•exhibition  of  great  partisan  warmth  and  personal  animosity,  which  after- 
wards culminated  in  an  act  of  incendiarism  on  the  night  of  the  5th  of 
October,  1830,  by  which  the  store  of  Mr.  Ruggles,  with  its  varied  and 
valuable  contents,  was  entirely  consumed.  By  this  untoward  event  he 
was  the  loser  of  two  thousand  pounds,  a  loss  which  did  not  materially 
lessen  his  wealth,  but  which  nevertheless  contributed,  in  no  small  degree, 
to  his  comparatively  early  death  in  the  following  year.  Being  a  man  of 
a  warm  and  affectionate  disposition,  when  it  seemed  certain  that  the 
destruction  of  his  property  had  been  the  deliberate  and  malicious  act  of 
an  enemy,  the  knowledge  proved  a  source  of  grief  and  irritation  injurious 
to  his  health  and  destructive  to  his  peace  of  mind  which  it  may  be  fairly 
alleged  hastened  his  decease. 

Mr.  Ruggles  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Edward  Thorne,  a  former 
member  of  the  Assembly,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons  and  several 
daughters.  One  of  his  sons  only  survives  to  the  present  time,  Timothy 
D wight  Ruggles,  Q.C.,  of  Bridgetown,  who  long  held  a  leading  position 
in  his  profession  in  the  county,  and*  still  survives.  His  second  son, 
Edward  Thorne  Ruggles,  died  in  Ontario,  and  the  youngest  son,  Stephen 
Thorne  Ruggles,  died  a  few  years  ago  in  Granville.  Neither  of  these 
gentlemen  left  descendants. 

As  a  representative,  Mr.  Ruggles  was  careful  to  watch  over  and  guard 
the  local  interests  of  his  constituents,  and  in  all  matters  of  trade  and 
finance  he  was  esteemed  as  an  authority  of  no  mean  order,  and  his 
opinions  on  such  matters  are  said  to  have  had  much  weight  in  the 
Assembly.  He  was  eminently  endowed  with  cheerfulness  of  disposition, 
as  well  as  a  genial  temperament,  and  the  ludicrous  and  witty  had 
uncommon  charms  for  him.  Conservative  in  his  opinions,  he  was  not 
easily  diverted  from  the  course  he  was  inclined  to  follow,  and  the  voice 
of  popular  clamour  had  no  effect  upon  him.  Neither  the  blandishments 
of  flattery  nor  the  allurements  of  ease  or  office  could  turn  him  aside  from 
the  purpose  which  a  sense  of  duty  had  caused  him  to  form.  He  is  still 
remembered  as  an  obliging  friend,  a  kind  and  thoughtful  neighbour,  a. 
genial  companion,  a  witty,  yet  often  wise  councillor,  a  placable  enemy 
and  a  hospitable  host. 

His  body  rests  beside  that  of  his  father  in  the   Episcopal   burial-yard 


WILLIAM   H.   ROACH.  409 

at  Belleisle,  and  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  old  family  dwelling,  which 
afterwards  became  the  property  of  John  Wade,  the  worthy  descendant 
of  Captain  John  Wade,  who  was  one  of  the  first  pre-loyalist  settlers  in 
Granville. 

WILLIAM   H.    ROACH. 

1818-1820,  1820-1827,   1827-1830,  1830-1836. 
By  the  Editor. 

William  Henry  Roach  was  a  son  of  John  Roach,  and  grandson  of 
James  Roche  or  Roach,  a  native  of  Limerick,  Ireland.  (See  genealogies.) 
He  was  born  in  Annapolis,  January  12th,  1784,  and  was  educated  in 
McNamara's  High  School,  until  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1798,  after 
which  there  is  a  tradition  that  he  attended  the  school  taught  by  Ichabod 
Corbitt.  Full  of  ambition,  at  the  age  of  nineteen  he  went  to  Jamaica, 
where  his  cousin,  Frederic  Lamont,  owned  a  plantation  and  was  a 
resident  magistrate  at  Falmouth.  On  the  voyage  the  vessel  was  boarded 
by  a  boat  from  H.  B.  M.  ship  L'Hercule,  a  number  of  sick  sailors  from 
the  man-of-war  put  on  board  of  her,  and  a  corresponding  number  of  her 
<jrew,  with  young  Roach,  her  only  passenger,  "  impressed  "  and  compelled 
to  serve  on  board  the  man-of-war.  He  was  immediately  appointed 
oaptain's  clerk  on  board  the  L'ffercule,  the  man  who  had  filled  that 
office  having  been  killed  in  battle  a  day  or  two  previously.  The  vessel 
having  put  into  Falmouth,  Jamaica,  through  the  influence  of  his  cousin, 
Mr.  Lamont,  he  was  released  from  further  service  in  the  navy,  and  found 
employment  as  a  book-keeper  on  the  Trelawny  estate,  Montego  Bay. 
Here  an  event  occurred  that  led  to  his  promotion  as  overseer  of  the 
Trelawny  plantation.  Witnessing  the  cruel  and  inhuman  beating  of  a 
female  slave,  in  a  delicate  condition,  by  a  driver  under  the  old  overseer's 
superintendence,  and  seeing  the  latter,  not  satisfied,  continuing  the 
whipping  himself,  he  rushed  upon  the  overseer,  seized  the  lash,  applied  it 
to  him,  and  knocking  him  down  held  him  till  the  poor  woman  could  be 
taken  to  the  hospital  where  she  died  from  the  effect  of  her  injuries.  The 
overseer  ordered  him  arrested,  but  he  urged  the  crowd  of  slaves  that 
accompanied  him  on  his  way  to  jail  to  commit  no  act  of  violence,  and 
they  complied  with  his  advice.  The  next  day  Mr.  Scarlett,  the  Attorney, 
and  Mr.  Irving,  the  proprietor  of  the  estate,  arrived,  and  after  an 
investigation  commended  young  Roach  for  his  conduct,  dismissed  the  old 
overseer,  and  appointed  Roach  in  his  place.  In  this  capacity  he  abolished 
whipping  on  the  estate  and  substituted  milder  punishment.  He  was  the 
first  to  substitute  the  plough  for  the  hoe,  and  carts  for  the  usual  method 
of  carrying  away  the  waste  from  cane  grinding  on  the  head  by  the  slaves. 
He  became  very  popular  among  the  planters,  and  was  soon  commissioned 


410  HISTORY   OF    ANNAPOLJS. 

captain  and  major  of  militia.  Returning  from  Jamaica,  he  married, 
March  17th,  1811,  Mary  Ann,  third  daughter  of  Major  Robert  Timpany, 
a  noted  Loyalist  of  Digby.  He  about  that  time  went  to  the  State  of 
New  York  and  established  himself  on  the  Hudson  in  the  West  India 
business;  but  when  the  war  of  1812  broke  out,  every  alien  was  obliged 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Republic,  or  leave  the  country 
within  a  limited  number  of  days.  He  did  not  hesitate  between  loyalty 
and  self-interest,  and  coming  back  to  the  Province  he  abandoned  all  his 
effects  in  the  United  States  to  the  enemy  ;  but  he  fitted  out  a  heavily 
armed  cutter  of  sixty  men,  and  sought  reprisals  in  American  waters  with 
some  success.  Very  soon,  however,  he  settled  down  in  Digby  as  a 
merchant,  and  began  to  take  a  lively  interest  in  public  affairs. 

On  Mr.  Warwick  changing  his  candidature  from  the  township  of 
Digby  to  the  county,  Mr.  Roach  was  brought  forward  as  a  candidate  in 
his  place.  He  was  opposed  by  Thomas  H.  Ruggles,*  grandson  of  General 
Timothy,  through  his  youngest  son  Richard,  and  after  a  keen  contest  was 
declared  elected  by  a  majority  of  one,  and  his  return  petitioned  against. 
The  Assembly,  which  met  on  the  llth  February,  1819,  after  the  usual 
inquiry  declared  the  seat  vacant,  and  ordered  a  new  election.  He  and 
his  old  opponent  were  again  candidates,  and  after  another  sharp  but 
decisive  battle,  Mr.  Roach  was  returned  by  twenty-one  of  a  majority, 
and  held  the  seat  until  the  dissolution  of  the  Assembly  by  the  demise 
of  the  Crown  in  1820.  The  question  of  a  division  of  the  county  was  a 
lively  one  at  this  early  period.  On  December  5th  in  this  year,  Messrs. 
P.  Wiswall,  Eobert  Timpany,  G.  K.  Nichols,  Joseph  Fitzrandolph, 
Thomas  White,  David  Rutherford  and  John  F.  Hughes,  in  a  joint  letter 
to  Mr.  Roach,  say,  "  We  fear  that  the  industry,  talent  and  interest  of 
Mr.  Ritchie  will  be  employed  to  support  the  Clements  petitioners,  and  to 
put  the  Annapolis  district  as  far  westward  as  possible,  and  in  so  doing 
he  may  entertain  a  persuasion  that  he  is  consulting  the  interest  of  the 
main  part  of  his  constituents,  especially  those  among  whom  he  resides." 
The  object  of  this  communication  was  to  guard  Mr.  Roach  against  the 
influences  that  would  be  exerted  to  secure  a  line  of  division  that  would 
be  disadvantageous  to  Digby.  The  townspeople  of  Digby  always  desired 
that  the  eastern  boundary  of  their  county  should  be  placed  as  far  east  as 
possible,  so  that  they  would  have  better  claims  for  making  Digby  the 
shire  town  rather  than  Weymouth,  which  was  desired  by  the  people  of 
that  vicinity,  and  by  the  inhabitants  of  Clare. 

In  1827  he  was  elected  for  the  County  of  Annapolis  as  a  colleague  of 
Thomas  C.  Haliburton,  and  again  in  1830  as  a  colleague  of  Mr.  Ritchie; 
but  in  1836,  when  a  strong  combination  between  the  east  and  west  was 

*  Father  of  Benjamin  Henry  Ruggles  and  the  late  Frederic  Williams  Ruggles, 
of  Westport.— [Eo.] 


WILLIAM   H.   HOACH.  411 

formed  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  a  division  of  the  county  in  spite  of  the 
lukewarmness  of  the  people  in  the  central  districts,  and  the  apprehensions 
and  ambitions  of  rival  towns  which  tended  to  retard  the  movement,  he 
was  defeated.  Mr.  Roach  was  among  the  ablest  and  most  patriotic  men 
in  the  House,  and  one  of  the  most  interesting  characters  of  his  day  in 
the  public  life  of  Nova  Scotia.  His  opposition  to  the  scheme  of  the 
Shubenacadie  canal,  in  which  he  stood  almost,  if  not  quite  alone,  is 
sufficient  to  prove  his  practical  wisdom  and  sagacity.  He  pointed  out  its 
utter  futility  in  scathing  terms,  that  have  proved  prophetic.  In  1828 
and  1829  we  find  him  actively  advocating  the  erection  of  the  piers  or 
breakwaters  at  Port  George  and  Margaretsville.  In  1832  he  proposed 
a  change  in  the  mode  of  selecting  committees  of  the  House ;  supported  a 
bill  to  establish  a  bank,  and  opposed  an  increased  grant  to  Grammar 
Schools,  on  the  ground  that  the  Common  Schools  needed  all  the  extra 
support  the  country  was  able  to  supply.  The  House  voted  itself  extra 
pay  that  session,  Mr.  'Roach  and  the  other  member  for  Annapolis  voting 
against  it.  He  carried  through  the  House  an  Act  for  the  abolition  of 
imprisonment  for  debt,  and  an  Act  for  the  inspection  of  flour  and  bread- 
stuffs,  then  a  much  required  piece  of  legislation.  He  was  a  Reformer, 
and  assailed  existing  abuses  with  a  boldness,  eloquence  and  wit  scarcely 
inferior  to  those  of  the  more  distinguished  tribune  of  the  people  who 
succeeded  him,  Hon.  Joseph  Howe.  Tradition  in  the  western  section  of 
his  constituency,  now  the  County  of  Digby,  long  assigned  to  him  the  palm 
of  popularity  over  all  the  public  men  who  ever  represented  them.  His 
removal  to  Halifax  may  have  contributed  somewhat  to  his  defeat  in  1836. 
He  resided  in  the  capital,  filling  for  many  years  the  office  of  Inspector  of 
Flour,  which  was  pressed  on  him  by  the  Governor,  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland. 
In  1850  he  returned  to  Digby  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his  days,  and 
without  the  freshness  of  his  youth,  but  with  all  his  old-time  fire  and  vigour 
he  undertook  an  election  campaign  in  1851,  and  although  a  new  genera- 
tion of  electors  had  grown  up  and  very  many  of  his  old  friends  had  passed 
away,  his  name  was  still  a  tower  of  strength.  He  was  accepted  as  the 
Conservative  candidate,  and  came  nearer  to  succeeding  than  any  other 
who  had  offered  in  that  interest  for  several  elections,  being  only  eighty 
behind  Mr.  Bourneuf,  the  Frenchman,  who  being  supported  by  the 
unanimous  vote  of  the  Acadians  of  Clare,  usually  carried  his  elections 
over  the  English,  who  were  divided  on  party  lines,  by  majorities  of 
hundreds.  In  his  speech  on  that  occasion  he  charged  the  "  Liberal  " 
Government,  led  by  Mr.  Howe  and  William  Young,  with  being  recreant 
to  the  principles  by  the  assertion  of  which  they  had  secured  public  favour, 
and  guilty  of  the  same  abuses  as  those  they  had  formerly  denounced  when 
in  opposition  to  the  old  "  Tory "  rulers  of  a  former  day,  supporting  his 
charges  in  a  speech  of  great  power  and  logic,  and  as  it  seemed  to  the 


412  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

writer,  of  genuine  Irish  eloquence.     Mr.  James  B.  Holdsworth,  a  Liberal, 
was  also  a  candidate  at  this  election  for  the  last  time. 

Mr.  Roach  was  endowed  with  a  sound  physical  constitution  and  fine 
personal  appearance,  as  well  as  great  intellectual  power  and  force  and 
eloquence  of  expression.  He  died  at  Digby,  October  6th,  1861,  in  his 
seventy-seventh  year.  "  He  was  loyal  to  his  Queen  ;  loving  to  his  kind  ; 
lenient  to  his  children.  In  Paradise  Gloria" 

NOTE. — The  above  imperfect  sketch  is  compiled  from  some  notes  of  Mr.  Calnek, 
and  from  information  supplied  me  by  my  old  friend,  Rev.  Robert  Timpany  Roche, 
D.  D. ,  now  of  Eatontown,  New  Jersey,  and  some  traditions  and  memories  of  my 
own.— [Eo.] 

SAMUEL   CAMPBELL. 

1820-1827. 

This  member  was  a  son  of  Colin  Campbell,  who  was  born  in  one  of  the 
old  colonies  in  1751,  and  who  took  an  active  part  in  the  revolutionary 
contest  on  behalf  of  the  Crown,  in  consequence  of  which  he  became  an 
exile  in  1782-83  and  settled  in  St.  Andrews,  N.B.,  where  he  was  soon 
afterwards  made  Collector  of  Customs.  He  did  not,  however,  long 
remain  in  that  province,  having  been  appointed  to  fill  a  similar  position 
in  the  then  populous  and  nourishing  town  of  Shelburne  in  this  province, 
in  which  he  lived  for  the  long  period  of  forty  years,  during  all  which  time 
he  continued  to  hold  the  collectorship  of  that  port.  He  was  chosen  to 
represent  the  County  of  Shelburne  in  the  Assembly  and  served  one  term 
of  seven  years.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  removed  from  Shelburne 
to  New  Edinburgh,*  then  in  Annapolis,  now  in  Digby  County,  where  he 
ended  his  days  in  1834  at  the  very  advanced  age  of  eighty-three  years. 

It  is  probable  that  his  son,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  born  at 
Shelburne  and  educated  there.  In  1821,  while  Mr.  Campbell  was  a 
member  of  the  Assembly,  he  forwarded  the  sum  of  $43.50,  a  contri- 
bution made  by  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  New  Edinburgh  and  vicinity, 
toward  the  fund  then  being  raised  for  the  erection  of  a  statue  in  honour 
of  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Kent.  In  the  letter  accompanying  this  remittance 
he  very  naively  uses  the  following  language,  which,  if  then  known,  would, 
from  the  justice  and  truth  they  marked,  have  proved  very  annoying  to 
the  individuals  referred  to:  "There  are,"  says  he  "in  this  vicinity 
several  persons  who  have  for  thirty  years  been  receiving  half-pay  from  the 
king,  who  in  this  instance  have  declined  to  show  their  attachment 
though  in  ample  circumstances."  In  1823  it  was  in  contemplation  to 
erect  a  riew  township  in  the  County  of  Digby,  which  was  to  include 
the  peninsula  known  as  "  Digby  Neck."  The  inhabitants  of  this  district 

*  At  the  south  side  of  Sissiboo  River,  at  its  mouth. — [ED.] 


SAMUEL   CAMPBELL.  413 

had  petitioned  the  Government  to  have  the  "  Neck  "  made  a  separate 
township. 

This  petition  was  referred  by  the  authorities  to  Charles  Morris,  Esq., 
the  Surveyor-General,  who  reported  as  follows  : 

' '  I  have  examined  the  general  plan  of  the  township  of  Digby  according  to  the 
grant  of  the  said  township,  and  submit  the  following  description  for  the  proposed 
limits  of  that  part  of  said  township  to  be  set  apart  as  a  distinct  and  separate  town- 
ship to  be  hereafter  called  the  township  of  Weymouth,  to  wit :  To  be  bounded 
easterly  by  the  easternmost  line  of  William  Saunders,  near  the  sea-wall,  so  called, 
running  across  the  peninsula  of  Digby  by  said  line  N.  40°  W.  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ; 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  on  the  south  by  the  Bay  of  St.  Mary's, 
and  on  the  west  by  the  Petit  Passage,  and  also  to  include  the  islands  called  Long 
and  Briar  islands  lyingrto  the  westward  of  said  limits  according  to  the  annexed  plan. 
The  above  to  form  part  of  the  new  township." 

The  reader  will  perceive  by  the  foregoing  description  that  the  "  Neck" 
was  to  be  severed  from  Digby  and  annexed  to  Weymouth,  a  measure 
which  was  by  no  means  pleasing  to  the  inhabitants.  The  matter  was 
now  referred  to  Mr.  Campbell,  who  was  one  of  the  representatives  of  the 
county.  In  June,  1823,  he  reported  his  concurrence  in  the  scheme 
proposed.  He  had  been  requested  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  through 
the  Honourable  William  Hill,  then  Secretary  of  the  Province,  to  ascertain 
if  the  boundaries  named  by  Mr.  Morris  would  be  acceptable  to  the 
people  whose  interests  would  be  affected,  and  especially  of  those  of  the 
peninsula.  In  his  report  in  reply,  which  is  a  lengthy  one,  he  tells  Mr.. 
Hill  as  follows  : 

' '  I  have  to  observe  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  western  part  of  Digby  are 
perfectly  satisfied  with  the  proposed  arrangement.  I  had  also  notified  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  Neck  of  the  same,  and  yesterday  crossed  over  to  Sandy  Cove,  which  is 
about  the  centre  of  the  inhabitants,  to  know  their  dispositions  on  the  subject,  and 
found  twelve  or. fifteen  of  the  chief  farmers,  some  of  which  were  from  the  eastern 
extremity,  some  from  Trout  Cove  and  other  parts  of  the  'Neck,'  among  whom  was 
John  Morehouse,  J.P.,  an  old  and  respected  inhabitant  near  Sandy  Cove,  and  William 
Johnson  *  from  near  the  western  extremity. 

"  It  appeared  that  this  latter  gentleman  had  taken  a  very  decided  part  against  the 
proposed  arrangement,  and  although  Mr.  Morehouse  said  he  had  taken  a  ride  up  the 
'  Neck '  a  day  or  two  before  and  found  nearly  all  the  people  agreeable  to  the  mode 
proposed  by  His  Excellency,  yet  Mr.  Johnson  who  had  since  been  riding  about, 
and  had  drawn  up  a  writing,  had  fojrty  or  fifty  against  it,  among  which  were  the 
widow  women,  and  many  of  the  signatures  were  in  the  same  handwriting,  and  also 
the  names  of  persons  who  had  the  day  before  held  up  their  hands  to  the  contrary. 
Mr.  Morehouse,  on  the  other  hand,  assured  me  if  he  had  set  out  the  way  Mr. 
Johnston  had  he  could  have  obtained  the  signatures  of  more  than  two-thirds  of  the 
inhabitants  in  favour  of  joining  the  new  township." 

*  Ancestor  of  the  Johnsons  of  Digby  Neck,  of  whom  I  have  an  early  recollection 
as  a  very  worthy  and  influential  old  gentleman,  on  terms  of  warm  friendship  with 
the  late  Judge  Elkanah  Morton. — [ED.] 


414  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

The  dissentients,  however,  under  the  leadership  of  Johnson  carried  the 
day,  and  were  not  included  in  Weymouth,  although  they  failed  to  get 
set  off  as  an  independent  township.  It  is  a  somewhat  curious  fact  that, 
according  to  Mr.  Campbell's  statement,  elsewhere  made  in  this  same 
report,  Long  and  Briar  islands  had  up  to  the  time  of  his  writing  never 
been  included  in  any  township.  He  concludes  his  communication  by 
stating  one  objection : 

"The  description  of  Weymouth  as  respects  the  Clare  boundary  and  New 
Edinburgh  line  is  not  so  clearly  expressed  as  to  be  satisfactory  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Clare  and  New  Edinburgh,  for  if  it  is  the  disposition  in  defining  the  new  township  to 
cross  the  Sissiboo  and  take  in  the  town  plot  of  New  Edinburgh  it  is  altogether  against 
wishes  of  both  Clare  and  New  Edinburgh  the  latter  of  which  has  always  been 
included  in  Clare  since  the  first  settlement.  The  following  is  the  description  of  the 
line  acknowledged  and  known,  and  called  the  western  boundary  of  Digby,  viz.  :  In 
the  description  after  the  word  Digby,  '  Thence  westwardly  until  it  meets  the  Clare 
line  ;  thence  northerly  along  the  said  line  until  it  strikes  four  rods  to  the  south-west 
of  Colonel  Taylor's  barn  ;  then  northerly  down  the  Sissiboo  River,  until  it  strikes  the 
large  bar  of  rocks  at  the  mouth  of  the  said  river;  thence  easterly,  etc.'  This  is 
agreeable  to  the  line  that  has  always  been  known  and  remained  from  time  to  time." 

Mr.  Campbell  was  the  colleague  of  Thomas  Ritchie  in  the  candidature 
for  the  seats  for  the  county  in  the  general  election  which  took  place  in 
1820,  in  consequence  of  the  death  of  George  III.,  and  was  duly  returned 
as  one  of  the  representatives.  He  proved  to  be  an  active  and  useful 
member,  and  held  his  seat  until  1827,  when  a  new  election  took 
place,  at  which,  I  believe,  he  declined  to  become  a  candidate.  He 
was  placed  in  the  Commission  of  the  Peace  in  middle  life,  and  bore  the 
name  of  being  an  impartial  and  intelligent  magistrate.  He  was  for 
several  years  one  of  the  local  Board  of  Land  Commissioners,  and  also 
Sub-collector  of  Customs  at  New  Edinburgh  for  a  long  period  .of  time 
and  until  his  death. 

NOTE. — He  was  half -brother  of  the  late  Hon.  John,  Campbell,  of  Liverpool,  and  of 
the  late  Colin  Campbell,  sen.,  of  Weymouth.  Registrar  of  Deeds,  and  half-uncle  of 
the  late  Hon.  Colin  Campbell,  of  Weymouth.  He  married,  first,  a  daughter  of 
Samuel  Marshall,  M.P. P.  for  Yarmouth;  and  second,  a  daughter  of  Sereno  U. 
Jones,  M.P. P.,  of  Weymouth.  A  daughter  by  first  wife  married  Henry  Dwight 
Ruggles,  M.D. ,  of  Weymouth,  and  has  many  descendants.  He  was  a  good  specimen 
of  the  "old  school"  of  colonial  gentlemen. — [Bo.] 


JOHN   ROBERTSON.  415 

JOHN   ROBERTSON. 
1820-1827. 

This  gentleman  was  a  son  of  the  late  Colonel  William  Robertson  who 
represented  the  township  of  Annapolis  from  1808  to  1811,  and  whose 
memoir  has  already  been  given  to  the  reader.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
Frederick  Davoue,  mentioned  elsewhere.* 

In  his  youth  Mr.  Robertson  manifested  so  great  a  love  for  the  sea  that 
he  ran  away  from  his  home  in  order  to  gratify  his  desire  for  a  life  upon 
its  waters.  Endowed  with  an  indomitable  will,  a  daring  spirit  and 
strong  physical  organizat'on,  he  was  admirably  suited  to  combat  the 
dangers  and  hardships  incident  to  a  sea-going  life.  He  soon  became  a 
good  sailor,  and  rose  rapidly  to  the  position  of  second  mate  in  a  large 
Indiaman,  the  name  of  which  I  have  been  unable  to  recover.  An 
anecdote  connected  with  his  service  on  board  this  ship  is  worthy  of 
record.  On  one  of  his  voyages  to  or  from  a  port  in  the  East  Indies  the 
ship  was  attacked  by  a  piratical  armed  vessel,  and  would  have  suffered 
capture  if  it  had  not  been  for  his  coolness  and  courage  on  the  occasion. 
When  the  enemy  was  discovered  she  was  a  considerable  distance  to  wind- 
ward, but  was  rapidly  bearing  down  upon  the  ship,  and  soon  after  sent  a 
shot  across  her  bow  as  a  command  to  heave  to.  The  captain  hastily 
called  a  council  of  his  officers,  informed  them  that  there  were  no  arms 
on  board  and  urged  upon  them  the  propriety  of  the  peaceful  surrender 
of  the  ship  and  her  cargo  as  the  best  means  of  saving  their  lives,  a 
course  which  would  have  undoubtedly  been  adopted  if  Robertson  had 
not  opposed  it.  He  said  it  would,  in  his  judgment,  be  better  to  sell 
their  lives,  if  necessary,  in  the  defence  of  the  vessel  and  cargo,  than  to 
submit  tamely  to  a  capture  which  could  lead  only  to  their  being 
murdered  in  cold  blood ;  that  the  crew  would  make  a  good  defence 
with  such  weapons  as  were.at  hand,  and  use  every  means  in  their  power 
to  beat  off  the  assailants,  and  that  such  a  united  and  determined  effort 
would  have,  at  least,  a  chance  of  success.  Having  then  offered  to  take 
charge  of  the  ship  and  conduct  the  defence,  by  permission  of  the  captain, 
he  was  placed  in  the  temporary  command.  He  then  addressed  the  crew 
in  a  spirited  speech  telling  them  the  danger  they  all  were  in,  and  how  he 
proposed  to  meet  it.  The  men  hailed  his  plans  and  his  pluck  with  shouts 
of  approval,  and  placing  themselves  under  his  command,  under  his 
direction  began  to  arm  themselves  with  handspikes,  marlinspikes  and 
other  bludgeons  for  the  conflict  in  which  they  were  to  contend  for 
liberty  and  life. 

Nearer  and   nearer  approached    the  piratical    cruiser  until  she   was 

*  See  page  248. 


416  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

within  easy  range  of  the  merchantman.  Robertson  now  ordered  the 
latter  to  be  hove  to,  as  if  it  were  the  intention  to  surrender  at  discretion, 
bidding  the  crew  to  conceal  themselves  behind  the  bulwarks  until  he  gave 
the  order  to  act.  In  the  meantime  boats  were  lowered  by  the  enemy, 
filled  with  armed  men  and  sent  to  take  possession  of  what  they  looked 
upon  as  a  certain  prize.  The  first  of  the  boats  approached  the  ship  on 
the  larboard  side,  and  when  her  crew  were  in  the  act  of  boarding,  they 
were  met  by  an  unexpected  attack  by  the  crew  of  the  ship,  so  sudden  and 
impetuous,  so  vigorous  and  furious  that  but  few  of  the  assailants  escaped 
destruction,  many  of  them  being  hurled  back  into  the  sea  and  drowned 
and  many  more  killed  outright.  The  other  boat,  which  approached 
the  opposite  side  of  the  ship  a  few  minutes  later,  suffered  a  similar  fate, 
her  crew  having  met  an  equally  vigorous  and  disastrous  repulse.  The 
evening  was  now  about  closing  in,  and  the  enemy  fearing  from  what  had 
taken  place  that  his  own  capture  might  follow  if  he  should  continue  his 
operations,  allowed  the  vessel  to  continue  her  voyage  without  further 
molestation. 

For  the  coolness  and  bravery  exhibited  by  Mr.  Robertson  in  thus 
saving  the  ship  and  her  cargo,  which  was  a  valuable  one — both  being 
insured  with  Lloyds — he  was  presented  by  the  underwriters  with  a  bonus 
of  £500  sterling,  as  a  recognition  of  the  valuable  service  rendered  by  him 
on  that  occasion.  He  soon  afterwards  abandoned  the  sea  and  devoted 
himself  to  mercantile  business  in  his  native  town. 

On  the  demise  of  the  Crown  in  1820  the  Assembly  was  dissolved  and 
writs  were  issued  for  a  general  election.  Mr.  Robertson  was  brought  out 
as  a  candidate  to  oppose  Phineas  Lovett,  jun.,*  a  gentleman  of  much 
influence  and  of  good  family,  who  had  previously  announced  himself  as  a 
candidate  for  the  township  seat.  Mr.  Lovett,  who,  beside  being  a 
prominent  merchant,  had  many  other  advantages  in  his  favour,  it  was 
generally  believed,  would  be  successful ;  which  he  probably  would  have 
been  but  for  the  extraordinary  tact  with  which  Mr.  Robertson  conducted 
the  campaign. 

Shortly  after  this  election,  owing  to  unforeseen  and  unexpected  losses, 
he  failed  in  business,  and  was  arrested  by  one  or  more  of  his  creditors 
and  thrown  into  prison.  On  the  meeting  of  the  Assembly  it  asserted  its 
privilege  by  demanding  his  release,  that  he  might  attend  to  his  legislative 
duties  during  the  session.  No  similar  case  had  ever  before  occurred  in 
the  history  of  the  county,  and  I  do  not  think  one  has  since  happened. 

Mr.  Robertson  died  early  in  August,  1872,  aged  88.  His  self-reliant 
and  straightforward  conduct  in  life  gained  for  him  the  respect  and  regard 
of  the  community  in  which  he  resided.  He  left  many  descendants. 

*  This  Phineas  Lovett  was  a  son  of  Colonel  Lovett,  and  grandson  of  Captain 
Phineas  Lovett.  He  never  obtained  a  seat  in  the  Assembly. 


ABRAHAM   GESNER.  417 

ABRAHAM   GESNER. 

1824-1827. 

The  subject  of  this  memoir  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  in  1755.  He 
was  a  twin  brother  of  the  late  Henry  Gesner,  of  Cornwallis,  who  was  the 
father  of  Abraham  Gesner,  M.D.,  the  well-known  geologist  and  writer. 
The  family  are  of  Swiss  origin,  and  emigrated  from  the  Fatherland  early 
in  the  eighteenth  century  to  America,  where  they  soon  became  the  owners 
of  valuable  real  estate  in  New  Jersey,  which  was  afterward  confiscated 
on  account  of  their  adhesion  to  the  Royal  cause  in  the  revolutionary- 
contest. 

In  a  memorial  to  Sir  James  Kempt,  in  1828,  asking  for  half-pay,  Mr.. 
Gesner  informed  His  Excellency  that  he  had  entered  the  military  service 
of  his  country  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  in  the  King's  Orange  Rangers,, 
then  commanded  by  Samuel  V.  Bayard  ;  that  he  was  with  Sir  Henry- 
Clinton  in  his  northern  expedition,  and  present  at  the  storming  and 
taking  of  Fort  Montgomery,  and  was  in  another  engagement  of  less  note;, 
that  he  had  bought  his  commission  from  a  Captain  Bethel ;  that  he  hadi 
sought  refuge  with  the  British  army  in  1776,  and  came  to  this  place  in 
1779;  and  that  he  had  served  in  the  militia  of  this  colony  for  the  long 
period  of  forty  years — that  is  to  say,  from  1788. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  past  century,  he  became  the  proprietor  of  the 
Noble  property,  in  Granville,  then  known  as  the  Alexander  Howe  farm, 
which  included  lots  Nos,  95,  96,  and  97,  in  that  township,  including 
an  area  of  1,500  acres  of  marsh,  pasture  and  woodland.  This  estate  he 
took  much  pride  in  improving  and  beautifying.  To  him  the  people  of 
the  county  are  greatly  indebted  for  the  present  nourishing  condition  of 
its  fruit  orchards.  So  fully  was  he  persuaded  of  the  value  of  this  branch 
of  industry  that  he  imported,  from  time  to  time,  scions  of  the  most 
approved  varieties  of  apples  from  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
at  his  own  expense,  for  gratuitous  distribution,  with  a  view  to  create  and 
encourage  a  love  for  pomological  pursuits.  He  paid  unusual  attention  to 
fruit  culture  on  his  own  farm,  and  had  the  pleasure  of  possessing  as  the 
result  of  his  skill  and  efforts,  the  finest  and  most  productive  fruit  orchard 
in  the  county,  perhaps  in  the  Province. 

In  1824,  Thomas  Ritchie  having  vacated  his  seat  in  the  Assembly,  by 
accepting  the  appointment  of  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  Inferior  Court  of 
Common  Pleas,  Mr.  Gesner,  or  as  he  was  more  generally  called,  Major 
Gesner,  was  brought  out  as  a  candidate  to  fill  the  vacancy,  and  was  duly 
returned.  His  uprightness  of  character  and  sincerity  of  purpose  com- 
manded the  respect  of  parliament  and  people,  though  he  seldom  spoke  on 
any  other  than  questions  connected  with  local  affairs. 
27 


418  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

In  the  general  election  of  1827,  he  declined  a  nomination,  urging  the 
increasing  infirmities  of  age  and  his  desire  to  finish  his  few  remaining 
years  in  the  pursuits  to  which  he  had  devoted  so  large  a  part  of  his  life, 
and  in  which  he  had  enjoyed  so  much  happiness  and  success.  His 
descendants  are  very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  still  own  and  occupy 
portions  of  the  extensive  and  valuable  homestead. 


THOMAS  CHANDLER  HALIBURTON. 

1827-1829. 

The  County  of  Annapolis  has  been  signally  fortunate  in  having  been 
represented  in  the  Legislature  of  the  Province  by  so  great  a  number  of 
distinguished  and  able  men.  Among  these  none  have  deserved  or 
obtained  so  wide  a  celebrity  as  he  whose  name  stands  at  the  head  of  this 
memoir.  As  barrister,  legislator  and  judge,  he  has  left  a  record  of  which 
his  countrymen  need  not  be  ashamed,  while  his  writings  have  gained  for 
him  a  fame  of  which  they  may  boast  with  just  pleasure  and  pride.  Mr. 
Haliburton  was  born  in  Windsor,  December  17th,  1796.  "He  was 
descended  from  an  ancient  Scottish  family  of  the  same  name  mentioned 
in  Border  history  of  the  sixteenth  century  as  '  leal,  true  and  honest  men 
and  good  borderers  against  the  English.'  In  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  near  the  close  of  Queen  Anne's  reign,  a  branch  of 
the  family  emigrated  to  Boston  in  the  (now)  United  States.  Mr. 
Haliburton  was  the  only  child  of  William  Hersey  Otis  Haliburton,  who 
was  Clerk  of  the  Peace  for  the  County  of  Hants  in  1786,  and  afterwards 
a  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  by  Lucy,  eldest  daughter  of 
Major  Grant,  an  officer  of  professional  reputation,  who  fell  while  1'esisting 
an  attack  made  by  a  body  of  rebels  during  the  American  revolutionary 
war."  The  foregoing  particulars  have  been  copied  from  Morgan's 
Bibliotheca  Canadensis,  which,  however,  errs  in  imputing  to  the  Nova 
Scotia  branch  a  Loyalist  origin,  for  the  father  of  W.  H.  O.  Haliburton 
was  among  the  settlers  in  Newport,  Hants  County,  in  1760.* 

The  following  is  culled  from  the  fragment  of  a  manuscript  of  Mrs. 
William  M.  Johnstone,  the  mother  of  the  late  Hon.  Jas.  W.  Johnstone  : 
"  Mr.  Johnstone  was  made  an  ensign  in  the  New  York  volunteers  under 

*  I  will  further  add  that  W.  H.  O.  Haliburton  was  born  September  3rd,  1767, 
in  Hants  County,  and  was  one  of  seven  children  :  ( 1 )  William,  born  September 
2nd,  1762,  died  April  16th,  1764  ;  (2)  Susanna  Hamilton,  born  May  16th,  1765  ;  (3) 
W.  H.  Otis  ;  (4)  Charlotte,  bom  September  20th,  1770 ;  (5)  Abigail,  born  June 
15th,  1773  ;  (6)  John  Gustavus,  born  January  23rd,  1775  ;  (7)  George  Mordant,  born 
June  30th,  1777.  Their  father  was  William  Haliburton,  born  April  16th,  1739, 
and  married  in  Nova  Scotia,  April  9th,  1761,  Susanna  Otis.  George,  a  brother  of 
William,  also  came  to  Nova  Scotia  among  the  early  settlers,  and  was  Registrar  of 
Deeds  of  Kings  County  in  1766.— [ED.] 


*    * 

JUDGE  T.  C.  HALIBURTON, 


Author  of  "  Sam  Slick." 


THOMAS   CHANDLER   HALIBURTON.  419 

the  command  of  an  old  Scotch  veteran  who  was  like  a  father  to  him, 
and  loved  him  as  a  son.  Mr.  Johnstone  was  near  him  when  he  fell 
dead  in  gallantly  storming  Fort  Montgomery.  His  widow  and  daughters 
came  after  the  peace  to  Nova  Scotia.  The  former  perished  in  the  snow 
at  Partridge  Island  near  St.  John,  N.B.,  along  with  Colonel  Chandler 
and  many  others.  The  daughters  married,  one  a  Chandler,  one  a  Morse, 
and  one  Mr.  Haliburton,  of  Windsor,  father  of  the  present  judge,  author 
of  <,Sam  Slick.'" 

Mr.  Haliburton  was  at  the  Grammar  School,  and  afterwards  at  the 
University  of  King's  College,  Windsor,  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  William 
Porter,  of  Brazenose  College,  Oxford,  and  the  Rev.  William  Cochran,  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  having  matriculated  in  1810.  His  career  in 
college,  where  he  graduated  in  1815,  was  marked  by  complete  success  and 
the  attainment  of  high  honours.  On  leaving  college  he  made  choice  of 
the  profession  of  law,  the  study  of  which  he  probably  pursued  at 
Windsor.  Having  concluded  his  studies  he  was  duly  admitted  a  barrister 
of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1820.  In  July,  1821,  he  removed  to  Annapolis, 
which  continued  to  be  his  home  until  his  appointment  to  the  Bench  in 
October,  1829.  It  was  during  this  period  that  he  wrote  his  "Historical 
and  Statistical  Account "  of  his  native  province.  He  had  not  been  long 
settled  in  the  '•  ancient  capital "  before  he  acquired  an  extensive  and 
lucrative  practice  and  became  a  popular  advocate.  In  1827  a  general 
•election  took  place,  and  Mr.  Haliburton  was  brought  forward  as  a  candi- 
date for  one  of  the  county  seats,  and  his  friends  were  successful  in 
returning  him  by  a  fair  majority.  He  was  at  the  same  time  judge  in 
the  Court  of  Probate  and  Wills,  an  office  which  he  continued  to  hold  as 
long  as  he  lived  in  the  county.  At  the  meeting  of  the  new  Assembly  he 
commenced  his  short  but  commendable  career  as  a  member  of  the 
Legislature.  He  is  said  to  have  possessed  brilliant  oratorical  powers. 
Murdoch  thus  speaks  in  connection  with  one  of  his  efforts  in  the  Assem- 
bly, but  I  will  quote  some  passages  from  the  speech  he  eulogizes.  One  of 
the  results  of  the  general  election  was  the  choice  of  a  Roman  Catholic 
gentleman  by  a  constituency  in  Cape  Breton.  The  "  Declarations  and 
Test  Oaths  against  Popery  "  were  a  bar  to  his  taking  his  seat  in  the 
Assembly,  because  as  a  Catholic  he  would  not  take  such  oaths.  Richard 
John  Uniacke,  on  the  meeting  of  the  House,  moved  an  "address  to  His 
Majesty  praying  him  to  dispense  with  the  oaths  hitherto  required."  Mr. 
Haliburton  seconded  the  resolution,  and  in  doing  so  delivered  a  speech 
•so  characterized  by  breadth  of  charity  and  nobleness  of  feeling,  by  regard 
for  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  by  such  true  eloquence  that  it  deserves 
to  be  reproduced.  After  some  pertinent  preliminary  remarks  he  said  : 

"  He  was  proud  to  make  the  acknowledgment  that  he  stood  there  the  unsolicited 
and  voluntary  friend  and  advocate  of  the  Catholics.  In  considering  this  question 


420  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

he  should  set  out  with  stating  that  every  man  had  a  right  to  participate  in  the 
civil  government  of  that  country  of  which  he  was  a  member,  without  the  imposition 
of  any  test  oaths,  unless  such  restriction  was  necessary  to  the  safety  of  that  govern- 
ment ;  but  when  the  Stuart  race  became  extinct  the  test  oaths  should  have  been 
buried  with  the  last  of  that  unfortunate  family.  Whatever  might  be  the  effect  of 
emancipation  in  Great  Britain,  here  there  was  not  the  slightest  pretension  for 
continuing  restrictions,  for  if  the  whole  House  and  all  the  Council  were  Catholics  it 
would  be  impossible  to  alter  the  Constitution,  for  the  governor  was  appointed  by 
the  king  and  not  by  the  people,  and  no  Act  could  pass  without  his  consent.  What 
was  the  reason  that  Protestants  and  Catholics,  in  this  country,  mingled  in  the  same 
social  circle  and  lived  in  such  perfect  harmony  ?  How  was  it  that  the  Catholic 
mourned  his  Protestant  friend  in  death  whom  he  had  loved  in  life,  put  his  hand  to 
the  bier,  followed  his  mortal  remains  to  their  last  abode,  and  mingled  his  tears  with 
the  dust  that  covered  him  ?" 

After  reference  to  the  state  of  this  matter  in  England  and  Ireland,  he 
referred  to  the  old  monastic  institutions  of  the  former  country  as  follows  : 

' '  The  property  of  the  Catholic  Church  had  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Protestant  clergy,  the  glebes,  the  tythes,  the  domains  of  the  monasteries.  Who 
could  behold  those  monasteries,  still  venerable  in  their  ruins,  without  regret  ?  The 
abodes  of  science  and  of  charity  and  hospitality,  where  the  wayworn  pilgrim  and 
the  weary  traveller  reposed  their  limbs,  and  partook  of  the  hospitable  cheer,  where 
the  poor  received  their  daily  food,  and  in  the  gratitude  of  their  hearts  implored 
blessings  on  the  good  and  pious  msn  who  fed  them  ;  where  learning  held  its  court, 
and  science  waved  its  torch  amid  the  gloom  of  barbarity  and  ignorance. 

"Allow  me,  Mr.  Speaker,  to  stray  as  I  often  have  done  in  years  gone  by,  for 
hours  and  for  days  amidst  those  ruins,  and  tell  me — for  you,  too,  have  paused  to 
view  the  desolate  scene — did  you  not  seem  to  hear,  as  you  passed  through  those 
tessellated  courts'  and  grass-grown  pavements,  the  faint  sounds  of  the  slow  and 
solemn  march  of  the  holy  procession  ?  Did  you  not  seem  to  hear  the  evening  chime 
fling  its  soft  and  melancholy  music  over  the  still,  sequestered  vale,  or  hear  the 
seraph  choir  pour  its  full  tide  of  song  through  the  long  protracted  aisle,  or  along 
the  high  and  arched  roof  ? 

"  Did  not  the  mouldering  column,  the  Gothic  arch,  the  riven  wall  and  the  ivied 
turret,  while  they  drew  the  unbidden  sigh  at  the  work  of  the  spoiler,  claim  the 
tribute  of  a  tear  to  the  memory  of  the  great  and  good  men  who  founded  them  ?  It 
was  said  that  Catholics  were  unfriendly  to  civil  liberty  ;  but  that,  like  many  other 
aspersions  cast  upon  them,  was  false!  Who  created  Magna  Charta  ?  Who 
established  judges,  trial  by  jury,  magistrates,  sheriffs,  etc.  ?  Catholics  !  To  that 
calumniated  people  we  were  indebted  for  all  that  we  most  boasted  of.  Were  they 
not  brave  and  loyal  ?  Ask  the  verdant  sods  of  Chrysler's  Farm,  ask  Chateauguay, 
ask  Queenston  Heights,  and  they  will  tell  you  they  cover  Catholic  valour  and 
Catholic  loyalty — the  heroes  who  fell  in  the  cause  of  their  coiintry  !  Here  where 
there  was  no  cause  of  division,  no  property  in  dispute,  their  feelings  had  full  scope. 
We  found  them  good  subjects  and  good  friends.  Friendship  was  natiiral  to  the 
heart  of  man,  as  the  ivy  seeks  the  oak  and  clings  to  its  stock,  and  embraces 
its  stem,  and  encircles  its  limbs  in  beautiful  festoons  and  wild  luxuriance  ; 
and  aspires  to  its  top,  and  waves  its  tendrils  above  it  as  a  banner,  in 
triumph  of  having  conquered  the  king  of  the  forest.  Look  at  the  township  of 
Clare.  It  was  a  beautiful  sight,  a  whole  people  having  the  same  customs,  speaking 


THOMAS    CHANDLER    HALIBURTON.  421 

the  same  language,  and  uniting  in  the  same  religion.  It  was  a  sight  worthy  the 
admiration  of  man  and  the  approbation  of  God.  Look  at  their  worthy  pastor,  the 
Abbe  Sigogne  ;  see  him  at  sunrise  with  his  little  flock  around  him,  returning  thanks 
to  the  Giver  of  all  good  things.  Follow  him  to  the  bed  of  sickness,  see  him  pouring 
the  balm  of  consolation  into  the  wounds  of  the  afflicted ;  into  his  field,  where  he  was 
setting  an  example  of  industry  to  his  people ;  into  his  closet,  where  he  was  instructing 
the  innocence  of  youth  ;  into  the  chapel,  and  you  would  see  the  savage,  rushing  from 
the  wilderness  with  all  his  wild  and  ungovernable  passions  upon  him,  standing 
subdued  and  awed  in  the  presence  of  the  holy  man !  You  would  hear  him  tell  him 
to  discern  this  God  in  the  stillness  and  solitude  of  the  forest,  in  the  roar  of  the 
cataract,  in  the  order  and  splendour  of  the  planetary  system,  and  in  the  diurnal 
change  of  night  and  day.  That  savage  forgets  not  to  thank  his  god  that  the  white 
man  has  taught  him  the  light  of  revelation  in  the  dialect  of  the  Indian." 

He  then  entered  into  a  detailed  account  of  the  removal  of  the 
French  Acadians,  too  lengthy  for  insertion,  and  continued,  "  As  the 
representative  of  the  descendants  of  these  people,  he  asked  not  for  the 
removal  of  the  restrictions  as  a  favour;  he  would  not  accept  it  from 
their  commiseration,  he  demanded  it  from  their  justice."  He  concluded 
by  saying  : 

' '  Every  man  who  lays  his  hand  on  the  New  Testament  and  says  that  is  his  book 
of  faith,  whether  he  be  Catholic  or  Protestant,  Churchman  or  Dissenter,  Baptist  or 
Methodist,  however  much  we  may  differ  in  doctrinal  points,  he  is  my  brother  and 
I  embrace  him.  We  all  travel  by  different  roads  to  the  same  God.  In  that  path 
which  I  pursue,  should  I  meet  a  Catholic  I  salute  him,  I  journey  with  him,  and 
when  we  shall  arrive  at  the  flammmitia  limina  mundi — when  that  time  shall  come, 
as  come  it  must ;  when  the  tongue  that  now  speaks  shall  moulder  and  decay  ;  when 
the  lungs  that  now  breathe  the  genial  air  of  heaven  shall  refuse  me  their  office  ; 
when  these  earthly  vestments  shall  sink  into  the  bosom  of  their  mother  earth,  and 
be  ready  to  mingle  with  the  clods  of  the  valley,  I  will,  with  that  Catholic,  take  a 
longing,  lingering,  retrospective  view.  I  will  kneel  with  him,  and  instead  of 
saying  in  the  words  of  the  presumptuous  Pharisee,  '  I  thank  God  I  am  not  like  this 
papist,'  I  will  pray  that,  as  kindred,  we  may  be  equally  forgiven,  that  as  brothers 
we  may  be  both  received." 

In  1829  he  received  the  appointment  of  Chief  Justice*  of  the  Inferior 
Courts  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  middle  division  of  Nova  Scotia.  He 
was  then  but  thirty-two  years  old,  being  the  youngest  judge  in  that  court, 
and  he  honourably  and  faithfully  discharged  the  duties  of  his  judicial 
position  until  the  Common  Pleas  Court  was  abolished  and  the  judges 
were  granted  pensions.  In  1841  he  was  appointed  a  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  for  fifteen  years  "  he  exercised  the  functions  of 
that  important  office  with  unvarying  zeal  and  ability."  In  February, 
1856,  he  resigned  his  seat  on  the  bench,  and  soon  after  went  to  England, 
where  he  took  up  his  residence  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

Mr.  Haliburton  visited  England  in  1838,  and  on  his  return  in  May, 


*  As  remarked  on  page  314,  note,  the  other  judges  were  not  of  the  profession,  but 
chosen  from  the  Magistrates  of  the  County. 


422  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

1839,  he  was  tendered  a  public  dinner  which  he  accepted,  and  which 
took  place  on  the  4th  of  June,  the  late 'Hon.  Jarnes  Boyle  Uniacke 
presiding.  On  the  occasion  of  the  announcement  of  the  fourth  "  toast  " 
— "  Thomas  C.  Haliburton,  Esq.,  our  distinguished  guest  and  country- 
man ;  to  him  his  native  land  is  indebted  for  the  first  record  of  its  history, 
and  by  his  talents  and  genius  his  name  is  enrolled  in  the  annals  of 
literature  "- 

In  his  reply  Mr.  Haliburton  "thanked  the  president  for  the  nattering  remarks 
with  which  he  prefaced  the  toast,  and  the  company  for  the  kindly  feelings  they  had 
evinced  on  drinking  it.  He  referred  to  the  history  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  gave  his 
reasons  for  writing  it.  As  a  native  he  knew  his  country  had  been  misrepresented  in 
all  the  books  which  had  noticed  the  Province.  It  was  declared  to  be  cold,  sterile 
and  forbidding,  and  only  a  fit  habitation  for  wolves.  The  Reverend  Doctor  Cochran 
and  the  Reverend  Mr.  Brown  had  both  taken  great  pains  in  collecting  materials, 
with  the  intention  of  submitting  similar  works  to  the  public,  but  the  hand  of  death 
had  interposed  and  their  labours  were  stopped.  He  had  written  a  history  of  Nova 
Scotia,  not  as  Tory,  Whig  or  Radical,  but  because  he  was  proud  of  his  country  and 
anxious  to  explain  its  history,  its  topography,  its  fine  harbours  and  its  great 
resources.  The  work,  he  said,  was  hastily  written,  and  while  his  time  was  occupied 
with  legislative  business  and  the  arduous  duties  of  his  profession.  He-  was  aware 
of  its  many  defects,  but  he  was  also  aware  that  they  had  been  generously  over- 
looked. Much  as  his  friends  might  think  he  had  done  for  his  country  by  the  history 
to  which  he  alluded,  still  he  was  satisfied  that  he  had  not  done  enough.  He  longed 
to  see  the  industries  and  enterprises  of  the  Province  more  fully  set  forth,  and  with 
this  view  he  had  already  given  publicity  to  the  '  Sayings  and  Doings  of  Sam  Slick,' 
with  whom  he  had  made  two  journeys,  and  intended  making  a  third.  He  repeated 
his  acknowledgments  for  the  honour  done  him  amid  applause,  and  resumed  his 
seat." 

This  occasion  afforded  him  an  opportunity  of  making  the  first  authori- 
tative announcement  of  the  authorship  of  "  The  Clockmaker  " — a  con- 
fession he  felt  it  his  duty  to  make  in  order  to  correct  the  impression 
resting  on  many  minds  that  the  author,  whoever  he  was,  intended 
nothing  more  than  to  amuse  his  readers  by  a  relation  of  laughable 
stories ;  an  object  the  furthest  removed  from  his  real  purpose,  namely, 
to  use  them  only  as  an  instrument  in  exciting  the  public  attention  to 
lessons  of  most  serious  import  to  the  public  welfare.  From  this  time 
his  readers'  minds  were  directed  to  the  serious,  practical  and  useful 
side  of  the  subjects  discussed,  and  which  was  none  the  less  effective 
because  it  came  accompanied  by  shouts  of  uproarious  laughter. 

' '  Shortly  after  Judge  Haliburton  took  up  his  residence  in  England  he  was 
solicited  to  come  forward  as  a  member  for  the  House  of  Commons  for  the  County 
of  Middlesex,  a  proposal  which  he  declined  ;  but  at  the  general  election  in  1859  he 
was  induced  to  go  into  Parliament  mainly  from  his  friendship  with  the  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  who  offered  him  his  support  as  a  candidate  for  Launceston,  where 
the  Duke's  influence  was  very  strong.  The  borough  was  small,  and  the  labours 
imposed, on  its  representative  was  light.  His  ambition  did  not,  however,  lead  him 


THOMAS   CHANDLER   HALIBURTON.  423 

to  covet  that  distinction,  and  his  health  and  feelings  rendered  parliamentary  life 
somewhat  irksome  to  him.  In  his  speech  of  acknowledgment  on  the  occasion  of 
his  election,  he  thanked  the  electors,  '  not  merely  in  his  own  name,  but  on  behalf  of 
four  million  of  British  subjects  on  the  other  side  of  the  water,  who,  up  to  the 
present  time,  had  not  had  one  individual  in  the  House  of  Commons  through  whom 
they  might  be  heard.'  The  new  member  for  Launceston  took  his  seat  in  the  House 
as  a  Conservative,  but  at  the  same  time  declared  .himself  to  be  '  a  representative  of 
all  parties  rather  than  as  a  party  man.'  " 

At  a  large  meeting  at  Teignmouth,  William  Lindsay,  M.P.,  having 
spoken  of  the  usefulness  of  the  humorous  works  of  the  author  of  "  Sam 
Slick,"  the  following  characteristic  reply  was  elicited  from  the  author  : 

"Mr.  Lindsay  has  alluded  to  my  books  and  said  there  was  an  object  of 
usefulness  in  them.  In  that  he  is  right,  for  I  should  indeed  feel  ashamed  of  myself 
—  it  would  be  very  unsuitable  and  very  incompatible  with  the  situation  of  judge, 
which  I  have  held  in  another  part  of  the  world — if  I  should  sit  down  and  write  a 
jest-book  to  make  people  laugh.  That  would  be  a  very  undignified  employment  for 
a  judge,  and  a  very  unprofitable  one  ;  but  I  thought  I  might  do  a  very  great  service 
to  my  countrymen — for  I  am  a  native  of  the  other  side  of  the  water — provided  I 
could  convey  to  them  certain  truths  which  I  thought  would  be  either  too  homely 
for  them  to  care  much  about,  or  too  dry  for  them,  unless,  like  doctor's  pills,  they 
had  a  little  sugar  put  about  them.  I,  therefore,  wrapped  them  with  a  litle  humour, 
in  order  that  when  people  read  them  for  amusement  they  might  find  that  they  had 
learned  something  they  did  not  know  before. 

"During  his  residence  at  Islesworth  he  endeared  himself  to  the  people  in 
contributing  assistance  to  their  local  institutions  and  aiding  their  philanthropical 
and  charitable  efforts,  and  in  identifying  himself  with  their  interests  generally. 
The  village  of  Islesworth  will  henceforth  be  associated  with  the  most  pleasing 
reminiscences  of  Mr.  Justice  Haliburton  ;  the  names  of  Cowley,  Thompson,  Pope 
and  Walpole  will  find  a  kindred  spirit  in  the  world-wide  reputation  of  the  author 
of  '  Sam  Slick,'  who,  like  them,  died  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames." 

He  died  at  Islesworth,  England,  August  27th,  1865. 

The  following  will  be  found  a  tolerably  correct  list  of  the  writings  of 
Mr.  Haliburton,  -and  will  possess  considerable  interest  for  our  readers  : 

1.  "An    Historical  and    Statistical  Account  of  Nova   Scotia,"   1829. 
This  work  is   too   well  known   to   require  any   special  notice  here.     It 
comprised  two  volumes  and  was  printed  in   Halifax,   and   met   with  a 
considerable   sale   and    the   thanks  of    the   provincial  Assembly.     It  is 
now  becoming  rare. 

2.  "  The  Clockmaker."     This  work  consisted  of  three  series,  and  its 
humorous  aspects  immediately  attracted  more  than  colonial  recognition, 
editions  having  been  issued  from  the  English  and  American  press,  which 
found  a  ready  and  extensive  sale  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  and  did 
more  to  make  the  author's  name  known  abroad  than  anything  he  ever 
wrote.     They  were  first  published  in  1837,  1838  and  1840  respectively. 

3.  "  The  Letter  Bag  of  the  Great  Western ;  or,  Life  in  a  Steamer," 


424  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

1840,  in  one  volume.  Compared  with  its  immediate  predecessors  this 
volume  was  decidedly  inferior,  and  not  so  well  received  by  the  public, 
though  it  found  admirers. 

'4.  "The  Bubbles  of  Canada,"  one  volume,  1839,  found  many  readers, 
but  failed  to  add  very  much  to  the  writer's  reputation. 

5.  "A  Reply  to  the  Report  of  the  Earl  of  Durham,"  one  volume,  1839. 
This  production  was  estimated  very  differently  by  different  readers, 
according  as  its  political  views  agreed  with  or  opposed  their  own. 

6.  "  Wise  Saws  and  Modern  Instances,"  one  volume,  1843.     Like  the 
last-mentioned  this  work  met  with  general  commendation,  and  had  an 
extensive  sale. 

7.  "The  Old  Judge;  or,  Life  in  a  Colony,"  one  volume,  1843.     This 
volume  was  eagerly  received  by  American  readers,  and  added  consider- 
ably to  the  author's  reputation  in  England. 

8.  "  Rule  and  Misrule  of  the  English  in  America,"  one  volume,  1843. 
This  book  has  never   received  the   credit  it  deserves.     The  labour  and 
research  bestowed  upon  it  must  have  been  very  great.     His  estimate  of 
the  Puritan  character,  religious,  social  and  political,  would  of  necessity 
render  it  unpopular  in  New  England,  and  the  indifference  of  the  middle 
classes  of  the  English  people  toward  American  historical  subjects  offered 
a  sufficient  bar  to  a  large   sale  among   them.     Notwithstanding  its  past 
neglect  we  have  an  abiding  faith  that  the  time  will  come  when  it  will 

O  O  v 

add  to  Mr.  Haliburton's  literary  fame. 

9.  "The  Attache;  or,  Sam  Slick  in   England,  one  volume,  1843  and 
1844.     The  hero  of  this  book  outdoes  himself  in  the  realms  of  drollery 
and  broad  humour,  though  he  does  not  fail  to  impress  a  moral  of  serious 
and  wholesome  import  upon  the  minds  of  his  readers. 

10.  "Nature  and   Human   Nature,"   one   volume,   1855.     Social  and 
political  philosophy  and   the  illustration  of  many  serious  truths  mingle 
with  the  smiles  excited  by  its  perusal.     It  was  a  favourite  at  home  and 
abroad. 

11  "  An  Address  at  Glasgow  on  the  Present  Condition  and  Resources 
of  British  North  America,"  1857.  This  address  was  intended  to  make 
the  native  land  of  the  author  and  the  adjoining  colonies  better  known 
and  esteemed  in  the  parent  country,  and  was  in  some  degree  instrumental 
in  carrying  its  aim  into  effect. 

12.  "  The  Season  Ticket,"  1858,  1859.     A  very  interesting  book,  not  so 
well  known  in  this  country  as  some  of  his  other  works. 

13.  "A  Speech  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  Repeal  of  the  Timber 
Duties,   and    Colonial   Wood,"   1860.     This  speech    brought   before   the 
Commons  a  view  of  the  subject  discussed  from  a  standpoint  not  easily  to 
be  attained  by  other  members   of  that  body,  and  was  of  considerable 
interest  as  presenting  the  opinions  of  a  colonist  on  the  matter,  and  not 
without  its  appropriate  influence  on  the  debate. 


THOMAS   CHANDLER   HALIBURTON.  425 

["  Traits  of  American  Humour,"  one  volume,  1843,  and  "  The 
Americans  at  Home  ;  or,  Bye-ways,  Backwoods  and  Prairies,"  one 
volume,  1843,  were  compilations  edited  by  Judge  Haliburton ;  and 
"  Sayings  and  Doings  of  Sam  Slick,  Esq.,  with  his  opinions  on  Matri- 
mony," one  volume,  1844,  "  Sam  Slick  in  Search  of  a  Wife,"  one  volume, 
1844,  and  "Yankee  Stories,"  one  volume,  1852,  were  unauthorized 
American  editions  of  parts  of  his  previously  named  works,  with  some 
interpolations  and  additions. — ED.] 

Of  his  humorous  works  a  writer*  of  no  mean  note  says  : 

"  I  have  ever  read  and  valued  the  conversations  of  Samuel  Slick,  not  for  humour, 
exquisite  and  racy  as  it  is,  in  many  of  their  chapters,  but  for  the  deep,  instructive, 
moral  and  sound  lessons  of  practical  instruction  they  convey  to  the  country.  There 
is  not  a  provincial  custom,  opinion  or  prejudice  opposed  to  steady  or  persevering 
industry,  and,  of  course,  to  the  progress  of  individual  and  general  prosperity,  which 
is  not  exposed  and  treated  with  consummate  tact  and  ridicule.  .  .  .  The  natural 
advantages  of  this  country  are  drawn  in  glowing  colours,  but  these  are  ever  set  off 
with  jokes  upon  indolence  and  want  of  energy  and  enterprise,  too  highly  coloured 
perhaps,  but  still  done  with  sufficient  skill  to  point  the  moral." 

In  relation  to  the  literary  works  of  Mr.  Haliburton  a  writer  in  the 
Bibliotheca  Canadensis,  of  Morgan,  writes  thus  concerning  them  : 

"  For  the  purpose  of  preserving  or  at  least  reviving  some  anecdotes  and  good 
stories,  that  were  then  fast  dying  out,  connected  with  colonial  life,  he  began  a  series 
of  anonymous  articles  in  the  Nova  Scotian  newspaper,  then  edited  by  Joseph  Howe, 
and  made  use  of  a  Yankee  pedlar  as  his  mouthpiece.  The  character  thus  adopted 
or  imagined  proved  to  be  a  '  hit,'  and  was  copied  by  the  American  press.  They 
were  collected  and  published  at  Halifax  anonymously,  and  several  editions  were  soon 
after  issued  in  the  United  States  of  America.  A  copy  was  taken  hence  to  England 
by  General  Fox,  who  gave  it  to  Richard  Bently,  the  publisher.  To  Judge  Hali- 
burton's  surprise  he  learned  that  an  English  edition  had  been  issued  and  was  very 
favourably  received  in  England.  For  some  time  the  authorship  was  assigned  to  an 
American  gentleman  in  London,  until  Mr.  Haliburton  visited  the  Mother  Country 
and  became  known  as  the  author.  For  his  '  Sam  Slick  '  he  received  nothing  from 
the  publisher,  as  the  work  had  not  been  copyrighted,  but  Mr.  Bently  presented  him 
with  a  silver  salver,  on  which  was  an  inscription,  written  by  the  Reverend  Richard 
Barham,  better  known  as  the  author  of  the  '  Ingoldsby  Legends/ 

"Between  Barham,  Theodore  Hook  and  Mr.  Haliburton  an  intimacy  sprang  up. 
They  frequently  dined  together  at  the  Athenieum  to  which  they  belonged,  and  many 
good  stories  told  by  Hook  and  Barham  were  remembered  by  the  Judge  long  after 
death  had  deprived  him  of  their  society." 

NOTE  BY  THE  EDITOR. — As  a  judge,  Haliburton  was  not  gifted  with  the  legal 
learning  or  calm,  judicial  mind  of  his  namesake  and  contemporary,  Chief  Justice 
Halliburton,  nor  the  acute  penetration  of  Judge  Bliss,  but  he  was  fully  equal  to  the 
average  of  the  judges  of  his  day.  He  was  reluctant  to  be  bound  by  precedents, 
and  had  a  wholesome  contempt  for  technicalities  when  they  interposed  an  obstacle 

*  George  Rennie  Young. 


426  HISTORY   OF   AN1STAPOLIS. 

to  the  administration  of  justice  and  right  between  man  and  man.  His  constant 
study  of,  and  keen  insight  into,  human  nature,  and  of  the  methods  and  habits  of 
mind  of  people  of  every  class  in  the  Province,  made  him  a  strong  judge  on  circuit, 
where  he  was  quick  to  detect  and  bold  to  denounce  perjury  and  fraud,  and  in 
criminal  cases  he  was  proverbially  a  "terror  to  evil-doers."  He  could  show  but 
scant  patience  to  a  counsel  seeking  by  technicalities,  or  by  working  on  the  feelings 
of  a  jury,  to  secure  the  acquittal  of  a  prisoner  obviously  guilty.  He  was  prompt 
and  decided  in  the  execution  of  judicial  business.  His  sense  of  the  ludicrous  and 
fondness  for  punning  were  very  conspicuous  on  the  bench,  and  sometimes  to  a  degree 
not  altogether  consistent  with  the  dignity  of  the  position,  or  the  gravity  of  the 


JOHN  E.  MORTON. 
1827-1830. 

Mr.  Morton's  father  was  probably  the  first  male  child  born  in  Corn- 
wallis  after  the  French  expulsion,  having  been  born  in  that  township  in 
1761.  He  was  descended  from  an  ancient  Scottish  family  "of  some 
repute,"  as  he  modestly  affirms  in  his  memorial  to  the  Earl  of  Dalhousie 
in  1821.  In  the  same  document  he  says  that  he  lost  his  right  leg  in  1776 
when  fifteen  years  old,  from  the  accidental  discharge  of  a  holster  pistol 
in  the  hands  of  Lieutenant-Governor  Arbuthnot,  at  a  militia  review 
which  took  place  in  that  year  in  Cornwallis.  In  1783,  being  then 
twenty-two  years  of  age,  he  removed  to  New  Brunswick  and  "  went 
into  trade  "  on  the  St.  John  River,  where  he  "  had  charge  of  building 
the  first  ship  constructed  in  that  province."  This  ship  was  called  the 
Lord  Sheffield,  and  was  sold  to  Arnold*  and  Hoyt,  merchants  of  St. 
John,  and  tradition  adds  that  the  purchasers  never  paid  the  price 
agreed  on. 

In  1794  he  was  made  a  J.  P.  for  the  county  in  which  he  resided,  but  in 
1802,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  Sir  John  Wentworth,  then  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  Province,  he  removed  hither,  and  chose  the  beautiful 
village  of  Digby  as  his  future  home.  Here  he  was  at  once  put  into  the 
Commission  of  the  Peace,  and  in  1805  was  appointed  Deputy  Registrar 
of  Deeds,  Deputy  Collector  of  Imports  and  Excise,  Preventive  Officer  of 
the  port  (without  salary)  and  Sub-collector  of  Customs.  In  1810  he  was 
made  Justice  of  the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  judge  in  the 
Court  of  Probates  and  Wills  for  the  districts  of  Digby  and  Clare. 
These  offices,  he  declared,  did  not  yield  him  a  revenue  of  £100  a  year. 
He  performed  all  the  duties  of  them  without  employing  an  assistant,  and 
he  speaks  of  them  as  being  "  arduous,  expensive  and  perilous."  In  the 
event  of  a  division  of  the  county,  which  was  then  in  agitation,  he  feared 

*  Benedict  Arnold — the  traitor,  as  our  American  cousins  delight  to  call  him—  was 
for  several  years  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  that  city.  The  descendants  of 
Hoyt,  the  partner,  are  still  to  be  found  in  New  Brunswick. 


JOHN   E.   MORTON.  427 

the  loss  of  some  of  his  official  income,  and  therefore  asked  His  Excellenc}',. 
in  such  case,  to  confirm  him  all  the  positions  he  then  held.  The  accident 
by  which  he  lost  his  leg  seems  to  have  been  a  cause  of  Mr.  Morton's 
preferment.  Arbuthnot,  deeply  regretful  of  the  injury  suffered  through 
his  act,  appears  to  have  left  him  as  a  sort  of  legacy  to  his  gubernatorial 
successors,  with  instructions  to  watch  over  and  forward  his  interests,  and 
up  to  the  close  of  the  administration  of  Sir  John  Wentworth  his  wishes 
were  generally  complied  with. 

By  the  Editor. 

The  above  sketch  of  Mr.  Morton's  father,  preliminary  to  a  memoir  of 
the  member  himself,  I  publish,  in  order  to  perpetuate  the  name  of  a  man 
once  a  very  conspicuous  figure  in  the  social  and  official  life  of  the  old 
County  of  Annapolis,  and  of  Digby  after  it  was  set  off.  A  man  of 
commanding  stature  and  stately  bearing,  he  possessed  a  well-cultured 
mind,  and  was  one  of  the  most  courteous  and  at  the  same  time  punctilious 
of  the  old  school  of  colonial  gentlemen,  filling  the  various  offices  he  held 
with  the  old-style  firmness  and  well-sustained  dignity.  He  was  one  of 
my  earliest  friends,  and  died  very  aged  before  I  had  quite  attained 
manhood.  But  the  supposed  descent  from  the  Scotch  Earls  of  Morton, 
to  which  allusion  is  made,  is  one  of  those  imaginary  pedigrees  that 
indulged  the  fancy  of  so  many  American  families  in  the  last  generation,, 
before  more  scientific  genealogical  research  revealed  the  true  old-world 
origin  of  many  of  our  New  England  forefathers.  It  is  now  settled  that 
George  Morton,  the  agent  at  London  of  the  Pilgrim  Church  at  Leyden, 
and  later  of  the  Plymouth  Colony,  was  a  native  of  Austerfield,  Yorkshire, 
2|  miles  from  Scrooby,  where  the  Pilgrim  congregation  worshipped  before- 
they  emigrated  to  Leyden.  His  son  Nathaniel,  born  1613,  in  England, 
was  long  the  accomplished  and  brilliant  Secretary  of  the  Plymouth 
Colony,  of  which  both  he  and  his  father  wrote  valuable  descriptive  and 
historical  accounts,  precious  to  subsequent  historians.  In  every  genera- 
tion they  have  produced  most  able  men  in  all  the  departments  of 
professional  and  political  life.  The  descent  of  the  M.P.P.  is  as  follows  :. 
George,1  Ephraim,  -  George, :J  Ephraim,4  Elkana,5  Elkana,  °  born  1731, 
Judge  Elkana,7  born  1761,  John  Elkana.8  The  latter  was  the  eldest 
son  and  was  born  in  1793,  probably  in  New  Brunswick.  He  died  April 
20th,  1835,  while  filling  the  office  of  Collector  of  Customs  at  Digby. 

"  Of  manly  bearing  and  kind  disposition,  he  was  much  esteemed  ;  hia 
active  and  unwearied  exertions  as  a  captain  and  adjutant  of  militia  were 
highly  appreciated,  and  as  an  M.P.P.  of  a  former  House  of  Assembly  his 
independence,  integrity  and  zeal  in  that  capacity,  as  in  all  other  stations- 
in  life,  were  eminently  conspicuous."  He  was  certainly  an  able,  influen- 
tial and  very  popular  member,  and  his  early  death  cut  short  a  career  of 


428  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

great  promise,  and  was  long  deeply  deplored  by  the  public.  His  widow, 
who  was  a  Miss  Beckwith,  with  her  children,  removed  from  Digby  to 
western  Cornwallis,  where  they  enjoyed  the  care  of  her  brother,  Samuel 
Beckwith.  Fenimore  E.  Morton,  of  Sussex  Vale,  Kings  County,  N.B., 
f<5r  a  time  Solicitor-General  of  that  province,  and  now  Judge  of  Probate 
for  his  county,  is  his  son. 

JOHN   JOHNSTONS. 

1829-1830,  1830-1836. 

This  gentleman  was  an  elder  brother  of  the  late  Judge  in  Equity,  to 
whose  record,  further  on  in  the  book,  the  reader  is  referred. 

Mr.  Johnstone's  birth  took  place  near  Kingston,  Jamaica,  on  the 
31st  of  January,  1790,  In  1823  he  married  Laura,  daughter  of  the 
Honourable  William  Stephenson,  then  a  leading  member  of  the  bar,  and 
•of  the  government  of  the  island,  and  very  soon  afterwards  removed  to  this 
province,  where  he  resumed  the  practice  of  the  law,  the  profession  to 
which  he  had  been  bred.  He  settled  in  the  town  of  Annapolis  and  soon 
acquired  a  very  considerable  and  lucrative  practice. 

A  vacancy  having  been  made  in  the  representation  of  the  county,  in 
1828,  by  the  elevation  of  Thomas  C.  Haliburton  to  a  judgeship  in  the 
Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  he  became  a  candidate  for  the  seat,  and 
was  duly  elected,  though  he  had  been  scarcely  three  years  a  resident  in 
the  county.  This  House  of  Assembly  having  been  dissolved  by  the  death 
of  the  king  (George  IV.),  he  again  sought  the  suffrages  of  the  electors, 
and  was  duly  returned.  He  held  his  seat  in  the  new  Assembly  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Falmouth,  England,  in  1836. 

Not  long  after  his  first  election  and  shortly  before  the  rising  of  the 
House  he  lost  his  first  wife  in  the  most  painful  and  distressing  manner. 
On  retiring  to  her  sleeping  apartment,  where  a  little  one  had  shortly 
before  been  laid  to  rest,  in  some  manner  never  fully  explained,  her  night- 
dress caught  fire,  and  before  it  could  be  extinguished,  she  was  burned  so 
badly  that  she  soon  afterwards  died.*  He  afterwards  married  Mary, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  James  William  Kelly,  Collector  of  Customs  at 
St.  John,  N.B. 

Mr.  Johnstone  was  a  gentleman  of  solid  rather  than  brilliant  attain- 
ments and  abilities.  His  energy,  perseverance  and  untiring  industry 
were  remarkable,  and  his  general  force  of  character,  high  sense  of  honour 
and  amiable  disposition  gained  for  him  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  all 
who  were  brought  within  the  sphere  of  his  influence.  As  a  representative 


*  The  house  stood  between  the  present  residences  of  Judge  Savary  and  Captain 
C.  D.  Pickles.  Mrs.  Johnstone's  grave  is  to  be  seen  in  the  old  cemetery,  near  that 
of  her  husband's  grandfather,  John  Lightenstone. — [ED.] 


JOHN   JOHNSTONE. 

of  the  people  he  discharged  all  the  duties  devolved  upon  him  with  a 
devotedness  that  is  remembered  to  this  day.  To  his  advocacy  the  people 
of  the  county  are  largely  indebted  for  the  existence  of  the  many  useful 
breakwaters  upon  its  shores,  especially  those  of  Wilmot. 

In  1834  Mr.  Johnstone  presented  petitions  from  the  inhabitants  of 
the  eastern  district,  praying  that  Annapolis  be  made  a  free  Port  of 
Entry ;  and  urged  upon  the  Assembly  the  propriety  of  granting  their 
request.  He  was  unsuccessful,  however,  in  his  efforts,  and  the  people 
had  to  wait  a  few  years  longer  for  the  boon  desired. 

More  than  sixty  years  ago,  John  De  Lancey,  a  son  of  Colonel  James 
De  Lancey,  erected  a  bridge  over  the  Annapolis  River  at  a  point  not  far 
from  the  dwelling  of  his  brother,  Peter  De  Lancey,  and  dedicated  it  to  the 
public  use.  It  was  built  at  his  own  cost,  and  although  the  public  were 
never  great  gainers  from  his  generous  act,  owing  to  its  sudden  destruction 
by  a  flood  two  or  three  years  after  its  completion,  it  is  proper  that  such 
a  munificent  action  should  be  held  in  remembrance.  Mr.  De  Lancey 
having  become  otherwise  impoverished  in  1830,  was  advised  by  his  many 
friends  to  seek  reimbursement  for  the  loss  sustained  in  the  construction 
of  the  unfortunate  bridge,  and  he  did  so  by  petition  to  the  Assembly. 
This  memorial  was  referred  to  a  special  committee  of  which  Mr.  Johnstone 
was  the  chairman.  The  petition  stated,  "that  about  three  or  four  years 
ago  your  petitioner  was  induced  at  the  recommendation  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Wilmot  and  by  the  wish  of  those  of  Annapolis,  in  this  part  of  the 
county,  to  erect  a  bridge  over  the  river  and  which  the  people  having 
enjoyed  the  use  of  for  a  period  of  three  years  until  last  September,  when 
an  extraordinary  fall  of  rain  so  increased  the  strength  and  quantity  of 
water  in  the  river  that  it  carried  it  away  as  well  as  three  other  large  and 
well-established  bridges."  These  facts  were  reported  to  the  Assembly  by 
the  committee,  with  a  recommendation  for  a  favourable  consideration  of 
the  petitioner's  claims. 

He  was  generally  chosen  chairman  of  the  House  committees  on  which 
he  served,  and  the  journals  of  the  Assembly  abound  in  reports  written 
by  his  hand,  some  of  them  involving  considerable  research  and  care  in 
their  preparation. 

Toward  the  close  of  1835  his  health  had  become  considerably  impaired, 
though  he  continued  to  work  during  the  session  as  he  had  done  in 
past  sessions.  In  the  spring  of  1836  he  was  advised  by  his  physician  to 
try  the  effect  of  a  sea  voyage,  in  consequence  of  which  he  embarked  for 
England,  where  he  died  as  before  stated,  in  the  forty-sixth  year  of  his 
age. 

Mr.  Johnstone  left  issue,  a  daughter  by  his  first  marriage.  By  his 
second  marriage  he  had  a  son  and  daughter.  All  these  children  survived 
him  and  two  are  still  living.  The  former  is  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  W. 


430  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

Rupert  Cochran,  son  of  Rev.  J.  C.  Cochran,  of  Halifax,  and  grandson 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Cochran,  of  King's  College,  and  lives  in  England ;  the  son  is 
James  W.  Kelly  Johnstone,  Esq.,  Barrister,  of  Halifax.  A  daughter  by 
the  second  marriage  died  young. 


CHARLES   BUDD. 

1830-1836,  1843-1847. 

Charles  Budd  was  the  son  of  Elisha  Budd,  of  White  Plains,  N.Y., 
who  was  born  there  in  1762.  The  family  afterwards  removed  to  Rye,  in 
New  York,  where  they  were  settled  when  the  revolutionary  war  began. 
-James  Budd,  the  father  of  Elisha,  was  shot  in  his  own  door  during  the 
struggle,  by  a  rebel.  The  son,  who  was  a  youth  when  this  terrible  fate 
.met  his  parents,  became  a  volunteer  in  the  British  service  soon  after,  and 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Savannah,  and  in  several  engagements  in  the 
south  in  the  last  campaigns  of  the  war.  At  the  peace  in  1783  he 
removed  to  Digby,  being  then  but  twenty-one  years  old,  where  he  settled 
and  some  time  after  married.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Isaac  Bonnell 
who  was  also  a  Loyalist  of  good  family,  and  who,  during  his  long  and 
useful  life,  held  several  offices  under  the  Government  in  that  town,  with 
-credit  to  himself  and  satisfaction  to  the  public.  This  marriage  resulted 
in  the  birth  of  five  children,  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  One  of  the 
former  is  the  person  whom  this  paper  is  designed  chiefly  to  notice. 

Mr.  Budd's  father  became  a  leading  merchant  and  ship-owner  of  the 
place,  and  was  esteemed  as  a  most  enterprising  and  worthy  man.  The 
•commencement  of  the  present  century  found  him  engaged  in  a  lucrative 
and  extensive  trade  with  the  West  Indies  and  the  Mother  Country. 
Previous  to  this  time  he  had  become  the  proprietor,  by  purchase,-  of  the 
lands  and  house  of  the  Reverend  Mr.  Brudenell,  an  Episcopal  clergyman, 
who  was  the  successor  of  Amos  Botsford  as  chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Agents,  appointed  by  Governor  Parr  to  superintend  the  settlement  of 
Loyalist  exiles  who  had  resolved  to  make  for  themselves  new  homes  on 
the  beautiful  shores  of  Digby  basin.  He  served  for  some  years  as  a 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  was  an  active  and  efficient 
magistrate.  In  1813  he  made  a  voyage  to  Liverpool,  England,  probably 
in  one  of  his  own  ships,  where  he  took  ill  and  died,  in  the  fifty-second 
year  of  his  age. 

Charles  Budd,  his  son,  who  was  born  April  1st,  1795,  first  became  a 
candidate  for  the  suffrages  of  the  electors  of  his  native  township  at  the 
general  election  which  occurred  in  consequence  of  the  demise  of  George 
IV.  in  1830.  This  township  had  long  been  noted  for  the  heat  and 
closeness  of  the  political  contests  through  which  it  awarded  the  honour 


CHARLES   BUDD.  431 

of  its  representation  in  the  Assembly — witness  the  struggles  between 
Roach  and  Ruggles  and  Roach  and  Hughes  ten  or  twelve  years  earlier. 
Budd,  however,  was  successful  on  this  occasion,  and  took  his  seat 
accordingly.  He  was  a  man  of  but  few  words,  but  of  sound  judgment 
and  sterling  integrity.  He  seldom  troubled  the  House  with  what  could 
be  called  a  "speech,"  but  not  unfrequently  in  a  few  well-chosen  and 
judicious  words  gave  it  the  benefit  of  his  opinion  on  the  subject  under- 
going debate,  and  he  was  always  listened  to  with  attention  and  respect. 
In  politics  he  was  an  unflinching  Conservative,  and  he  began,  continued, 
and  ended  his  legislative  career  as  such.  When  party  action  was  called 
for,  his  vote  could  always  be  safely  counted  on  ;  though  no  man  knew 
better  how  to  modify,  or  even  to  abandon  his  views  when  he  was 
persuaded  they  were  injurious  or  impracticable. 

In  1831  he  took  an  active  and  beneficial  part  in  the  endeavour  to 
improve  the  facilities  of  communication  between  the  western  part  of  the 
Province  and  St.  John,  N.B.  On  the  21st  December  of  that  year,  he 
wrote  to  Sir  Rupert  D.  George,  then  Provincial  Secretary,  advocating  a 
subsidy  for  James  Whitney's  steamer,  named  the  Henrietta. 

At  the  election  of  1836,  Mr.  Budd  was  again  a  candidate,  and  was 
opposed  by  James  B.  Holdsworth,  a  gentleman  of  Loyalist  descent,  and  an 
enterprising  merchant  of  Digby.  The  ferment  which  preceded  and 
accompanied  the  change  in  our  political  institutions,  called  "  Responsible 
Government,"  was  raging  with  considerable  fury.  Mr.  Budd  represented 
the  statum  quo  ;  Mr.  Holdsworth  was  the  standard-bearer  of  Reform.  A 
very  animated  canvass  had  been  made  by  both  parties,  which  was  con- 
tinued during  the  conflict,  at  the  close  of  which  Mr.  Holdsworth  was 
declared  duly  elected. 

At  the  next  election,  however,  Mr.  Budd  regained  the  seat,  and  held  it  until 
defeated,  in  1851,  by  John  C.  Wade,  Esq.  In  1855  he  unsuccessfully  opposed  Mr. 
Wade,  after  which  he  retired  from  political  life.  He  had  in  the  meantime  been 
unfortunate  in  his  business  as  a  merchant.  He  filled  until  within  a  few  months  of 
his  death  the  office  of  Registrar  of  Probate  for  the  County  of  Digby,  and  as  Gustos 
of  the  county  he  discharged  with  an  intense  and  unselfish  devotion  to  the  public 
•  interests  the  gratuitous  duties  of  that  office  until  the  sessions  were  superseded  by  the 
County  Council.  He  was  a  vestryman  of  Trinity  Church,  Digby,  for  fifty  years, 
and  was  made  an  honorary  vestryman  when  the  infirmities  of  age  prevented  his 
attendance  at  the  evening  meetings  of  the  Board.  He  died  at  Digby,  aged  89, 
April  24th,  1884.  His  wife,  who  was  a  daughter  of  Judge  Wiswall,  had  long 
predeceased  him.  They  had  no  issue.  One  of  his  sisters  was  the  mother  of  the 
distinguished  Canadian  writer,  Professor  James  De  Mille,  and  another,  of  Rev. 
E.  E.  B.  Nichols,  D.D.,  a  leading  Church  of  England  divine  of  Nova  Scotia. — [Ei>.] 


432  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

JAMES  DELAP. 
1831-1836. 

The  author  left  but  a  few  scattered  notes  of  this  gentleman.  For 
particulars  of  his  family,  see  the  genealogy.  He  was  a  farmer  and  ship- 
builder, a  man  of  some  ability  as  a  speaker,  a  son-in-law  of  a  former  very 
popular  member,  Isaiah  Shaw,  and  a  strong  Reformer  in  politics.  After 
representing  the  township  of  Granville  for  the  period  indicated,  he  was 
defeated  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Thorne  in  1836,  but  was  a  standard-bearer  of  his 
party  in  several  elections. — [ED.] 


FREDERIC  A.  ROBICHEAU. 

1836-1840. 
By  the  Editor. 

Frederic  Armand  Robicheau,  the  first  Acadian  Frenchman  elected  ta 
the  Provincial  Parliament,  an  honour  which  he  shared  with  Simon 
D'Entremont,  who  represented  the  township  of  Argyle  in  the  same 
House,  was  the  third  child  of  Armand  and  Rosalie  (Bourque)  Robicheau ; 
his  grandfather,  Prudent  Robicheau,  jun.,  who  married  Cecile  Dugas,  was 
son  of  Prudent  Robicheau,  sen.,  who  married  Anne  Dugas,  and  was 
among  the  Acadian  inhabitants  at  the  "  Cape  "  of  Annapolis,  January 
22nd,  1715,  when  the  last-named  gentleman  took  the  oath  of  allegiance. 
On  April  5th,  1727,  Prudent  Robicheau,  sen.,  was  commissioned  Justice 
of  the  Peace  in  Annapolis.  Nevertheless  his  son  and  grandson  shared 
the  fate  of  the  other  Acadians,  and,  deprived  of  all  their  possessions, 
were  removed  and  landed  in  some  other  part  of  the  continent.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  married  Marguerite,  daughter  of  Cyriacque 
Melanson,  and  settled  at  Corberrie,  near  the  shore  of  Lake  Wentworth, 
beyond  the  New  Tusket  settlement,  and  about  seventeen  miles  south 
from  Weymouth.  Want  of  roads  was  a  bar  to  much  direct  intercourse 
between  his  home  and  the  centre  of  the  Acadian  population,  then  rapidly 
growing  along  the  shore  of  St.  Mary's  Bay  in  the  extreme  western  end 
of  the  county.  But  in  that  remote  and  obscure  locality  Mr.  Robicheau 
cultivated  his  mind  and  kept  abreast  of  the  public  intelligence  of  his  day. 
Brought  out  in  1836  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Holland,  he  led  the  poll,  and 
proved  a  useful  and  very  competent  member.  Having  secured  the  divi- 
sion of  the  county,  and  the  allotment  of  a  member  to  the  township  of 
Clare,  he  was  about  running  for  the  new  County  of  Digby,  but  was 
advised  to  give  way  to  Mr.  Holdsworth,  who  had  been  defeated  in  the 
election  for  the  township  of  Digby  by  Mr.  Budd,  and  seek  election  for 


WILLIAM   HOLLAND.  433 

the  newly  enfranchised  township  of  Clare.  Unexpectedly  he  was  opposed 
in  Clare,  and  defeated  by  a  majority  of  about  sixty,  by  Mr.  Anselm  F. 
Comeau,  who  was  a  man  of  very  extensive  family  connections  and 
personal  influence.  In  1840  he  was  again  a  candidate,  and  again 
defeated  by  Mr. 'Comeau.  In  1839  he  was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace.  His  brother,  Mathurin  A.  Robicheau,  was  a  number  of  years 
later  a  member  for  the  township  of  Clare,  and  afterwards  for  the  County 
of  Digby.  Both  were  fine  specimens,  physically  and  morally,  of  their 
nationality.  He  died  April  18th,  1863,  and  in  the  Catholic  cemetery  at 
Corberrie  stands  a  fine  marble  monument  commemorating  the  fact  that 
he  was  the  "Premier  Representative  Acadien  a  la  Legislature  de  la 
Nouvelle  Ecosse." 

NOTE. — I  am  indebted  for  most  of  these  facts  to  Wilson's  "  History  of  Digby," 
now  in  press. 

WILLIAM  HOLLAND. 

1836-1840. 

The  remote  ancestors  of  this  gentleman  were  English.  One  of  them 
went  to  Ireland  about  the  year  1640,  or  a  little  earlier,  and  settled  in  the 
County  of  Armagh,  in  the  Province  of  Ulster,  where  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  born  in  1782.  His  early  days  were  spent  in  that  county,  and 
in  it  he  was  married.  His  wife  was  a  Miss  Rielly.  In  June,  1812,  he  took 
passage  in  an  American  vessel,  bound  to  New  York,  with  his  wife  and 
one  child,  with  the  intention  of  finding  a  home  in  the  United  States,  but 
fortune  had  ordained  otherwise.  The  second  American  war  was  then  in 
progress,  and  the  ship  in  which  Mr.  Holland  was  a  passenger  was 
captured  by  a  British  cruiser  and  taken  into  Halifax  ;  and  in  the  spring 
of  the  following  year  he  found  himself  in  Wilmot,  in  the  County  of 
Annapolis,  where  he  bought  a  farm  and  made  for  himself  a  new  home. 
Here  he  soon  became  prosperous,  as  he  deserved  to  be.  His  farm,  which 
was  situated  in  the  district  now  known  as  "  Torbrook,"  was  a  new  one, 
and  required  labour  and  skill  to  make  it  profitable,  and  these  requisites 
were  not  wanting  in  his  case.  He  was  a  pronounced  Methodist,  and 
with  Col.  Bayard,  in  his  later  years,  did  much  to  promote  the  influence 
of  Methodism  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county.  His  marriage  was 
blessed  by  four  children,  of  whom  three  were  born  in  this  province.  Of 
these  one,  William,  died  unmarried  at  the  age  of  thirty-two.  The  other 
two  were  daughters,  who  married  George  Allen  and  Thomas  Moffat 
respectively,  and  are  both  deceased.  Thomas,  the  eldest  son,*  who  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1810,  and  who  lived  in  Wilmot,  survived  till  a  few 

*  The  author  states  that  he  was  indebted  to  this  son,  Thomas  Holland,  for  the 
facts  stated  in  the  text.  .1 

28 


434  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

years  ago,  and  was  twice  married :  first  to  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Alexander  Walker,  of  Aylesford,  and  secondly  to  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Andrew  Henderson,  of  AnnapoHs  Royal. 

Mr.  Holland  was  selected  as  a  candidate  for  the  representation  of  the 
county  at  the  general  election  in  1836,  the  particulars  of  which  are 
mentioned  on  page  286.  After  the  division  of  the  county,  which  it  was 
the  especial  mission  of  the  two  members  then  elected  to  accomplish,  he 
does  not  seem  to  have  again  courted  political  honours,  but  lived  a  retired 
life  on  his  farm,  until  he  died  at  an  advanced  age. 


ELNATHAN  WHITMAN. 

1836-1840. 

Elnathan  Whitman,  son  of  John,  and  grandson  of  Deacon  John 
Whitman,  was  born  at  Rosette  on  the  eighteenth  day  of  November, 
1785,  and  there  he  received  such  education  as  the  district  and  the 
period  afforded,  and  was  afterwards  engaged  in  agriculture  and  fruit- 
raising  during  the  remainder  of  his  long  life.  He  was  twice  married  : 
first  to  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Thomas  Spurr,  and  about  the  time  of  this 
marriage  he  purchased  a  farm  from  the  late  Robert  Jefferson,  near  his 
father's  homestead,  on  which  he  continued  to  reside  until  his  death  in 
1868,  at  the  prolonged  age  of  eighty-three  years.  His  second  wife  was 
Charlotte,  daughter  of  Sheriff  Tupper,  of  Queens  County.  By  his  first 
wife  he  had  the  following  children:  (1)  John,  (2)  William  Esmond, 
•(3)  Charles  Bailey,  (4)  Edward,  and  (5)  George,  who  was  afterward  a 
representative  of  the  county  in  the  Assembly,  and  is  now  a  member  of 
the  Legislative  Council.  There  was  but  one  child  by  the  second  marriage 
— Maria  Louisa,  who  became  the  wife  of  Captain  Samuel  Bogart,  of 
Granville. 

At  the  general  election  in  1836,  Mr.  Whitman  consented  to  become  a 
candidate  for  legislative  honours,  and  after  an  exciting  contest  was  elected 
by  a  fair  majority  over  his  opponent,  the  late  Joseph  Fitz  Randolph,  by 
whom  a  scrutiny  was  demanded,  at  the  conclusion  of  which  the  sitting 
member  retained  the  seat.  As  a  member  of  the  Assembly  he  was 
diligent  and  attentive,  no  known  duty  being  at  any  time  left  undis- 
charged by  him,  though  he  seldom  addressed  the  House  on  other  than 
purely  local  subjects. 

Though  he  was  a  Conservative  in  politics,  he  was  at  the  same  time  a 
staunch  guardian  of  popular  rights,  so  far  as  they,  in  his  judgment, 
tended  to,  or  were  supposed  to,  contribute  to  the  general  welfare.  In 
1840  he  declined  an  offered  nomination,  legislative  position  or  honours 
yielding  no  compensation  to  him  for  the  partial  loss  of  home  enjoyments. 


JAMES   B.   HOLDSWORTH — STEPHEN   SNEDEN   THORNE.          435 

As  a  husband,  father,  friend,  neighbour  and  Christian,  he  not  only 
obtained,  but  deserved  a  "  good  report "  from  the  entire  community  in 
which  he  lived.  His  hospitalities  were  proverbial,  and  were  extended  to 
all  who  had  occasion  to  seek  them,  and  were  never  refused  on  account  of 
•condition  or  creed. 

JAMES  B.  HOLDSWORTH.* 

1836-1840,  1840-1843. 

James  Bourne  Holdsworth  was  son  of  John  and  Mehitable  (Bourne) 
Holdsworth.  His  mother  was  of  the  Bourne  family  of  the  "  Old  Colony  " 
of  Plymouth,  and  he  was  a  grandson  of  James  Ardington  and  Elizabeth 
Holdsworth.  His  father  and  grandfather  were  Loyalists.  He  was  the 
standard-bearer  of  the  old  Reform  party  in  the  western  section  of  the 
•county  after  the  death  of  John  E.  Morton,  and  in  1836  defeated  Mr. 
Budd,  the  Conservative  candidate  for  the  township  of  Digby.  In  1840, 
after  the  division  of  the  county,  he  was  defeated  by  Mr.  Budd  for  his 
first  constituency  by  thirty- three  majority,  the  whole  number  polled 
being  485  in  a  very  exciting  election  ;  but  his  friends  brought 
Mm  forward  for  the  new  County  of  Digby,  inducing  Mr.  F.  A. 
Robicheau  to  retire  in  his  favour.  He  was  returned,  Mr.  Edward  A. 
Jones,  of  Westport,  his  opponent,  retiring  after  a  day  or  two  of  the 
contest.  In  subsequent  elections  the  French  of  Clare  always  brought 
forward  a  member  for  the  county,  and  by  giving  him  a  united  support, 
carried  him  by  enormous  majorities  over  the  English  candidates,  who 
only  got  an  English  vote  divided  on  party  lines.  He  was  a  merchant 
and  farmer,  never  married,  a  man  of  pleasing  address  and  graceful  speech 
on  the  hustings,  but  took  no  part  in  the  debates  in  the  House.  A 
Commission  of  the  Peace  was  conferred  on  him,  and  when  the  revered 
Elkanah  Morton  died  in  1848,  the  arduous  position  of  Gustos  was  added, 
and  later  that  of  Commissioner  in  the  Supreme  Court.  He  died  at 
Digby,  March  24th,  1859,  aged  63,  much  regretted  as  an  amiable  and 
useful  citizen,  and  long  remembered  as  an  honourable  and  worthy 
representative  of  the  school  of  politics  to  which  he  belonged. 


STEPHEN  SNEDEN  THORNE. 

1836-1840,  1840-1843,  1843-1847,  1847-1851,  1851-1855,  1855-1858. 

Mr.  Thorne  was  born  in  Granville  in  1795.  He  was  a  son  of  James 
Thorne  and  grandson  of  Edward  Thorne,  an  American  Loyalist  of  New- 
York,  a  memoir  of  whom  has  already  been  furnished  to  the  readers  of 

*  From  Wilson's  "  History  of  Digby,"  by  permission,  with  slight  additions  and 
alterations. 


436  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

this  volume.  In  his  boyhood  he  served  an  apprenticeship  to  mercantile 
pursuits  in  the  warehouse  and  office  of  his  maternal  uncle,  the  late 
Stephen  Sneden,  a  Loyalist  gentleman  then  doing  business  in  Annapolis. 
About  the  year  1817  or  1818  he  married  Mehitable,  daughter  of  James 
Hall,  Esq.,  of  Granville,  and  granddaughter  of  John  Hall,  one  of  the 
pre-loyalist  settlers  of  that  township.  Shortly  after  this  event  he 
became  the  business  partner  of  his  uncle  by  marriage,  the  late  Timothy 
Ruggles,  a  grandson  of  General  Ruggles,  and  settled  at  Belleisle,  where 
he  continued  to  reside  until  the  destruction  of  their  warehouse  by  fire  in 
1830  or  1831,  or  the  dissolution  of  the  partnership  by  the  death  of  Mr. 
Ruggles  in  1831.  Not  long  after  he  removed  to  Bridgetown,  then 
rapidly  rising  into  importance.  Here  he  commenced  business  on  his  own 
account,  and  soon  became  regarded  as  a  man  of  strict  integrity  and 
unimpeachable  character  in  all  his  dealings,  as  well  as  amiable  in  all 
his  social  relations.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Ruggles  a  writ  was  issued  for 
the  election  of  a  representative  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  Assembly 
caused  by  that  event,  and  Mr.  Delap — a  brother-in-law  of  Mr.  Thorne — 
was  chosen,  but  much  dissatisfaction  existing  at  the  close  of  his  term  of 
service,  especially  among  the  electors  of  the  eastern  section  of  the 
township,  they  determined  to  bring  out  a  candidate  to  oppose  him 
should  he  be  brought  forward  at  the  election  of  1836.  The  writer  well 
remembers  hearing  his  father  say  on  his  return  from  a  caucus  which  had 
been  called  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  a  candidate,  that  Mr.  Thorne  was 
the  man  selected,  and  that  he  feared  he  would  decline  a  nomination.  His 
scruples  were  finally,  though  after  much  difficulty,  overcome,  and  an 
active  canvass  commenced  on  his  behalf.  The  polling  lasted  several  days, 
and  the  contest  was  a  keen  one  and  marked  by  much  bitterness  of  spirit 
on  both  sides ;  in  fact,  no  one  of  to-day  can  easily  imagine  the  bustle  and 
confusion,  and  noise,  and  tumult  that  characterized  election  struggles  in 
"  the  good  old  times,"  with  their  "  open  houses,"  their  drinking  habits, 
the  coaxing,  wheedling  and  threatening  used  to  sway  the  electors,  their 
quarrels  and  fisticuffs.  All  honour  to  the  man  who  promoted  the  reform 
that  changed  all  this  bedlam  scene  into  one  of  order  and  decorum  by 
limiting  the  contest  to  a  single  day. 

At  the  close  of  the  poll  Mr.  Thorne,  having  a  majority  of  eight 
votes,  was  declared  duly  elected  by  the  sheriff.  Mr.  Delap,  however, 
demanded  a  scrutiny*  of  votes,  and  petitioned  the  Assembly  against  the 
return.  On  the  meeting  of  the  Assembly  a  committee  was  struck  to 
whom  the  dispute  was  referred,  and  who,  after  a  patient  investigation, 
reported  in  favour  of  the  sitting  candidate.  Mr.  Thorne  was  a  staunch 

*  Scrutinies  and  petitions  against  returns  formed  a  marked  feature  among  the 
results  of  this  election.  Joseph  Fitz  Randolph  petitioned  against  the  return  of 
Eluathan  Whitman,  and  John  W.  Ritchie  against  Robicheau  of  Clare,  as  well  as 
stated  above,  Delap  against  Thorne. 


SAMUEL  BISHOP   CHIPMAN.  437 

Conservative  of  the  old  school.  The  loyalty,  and  perhaps  some  of  the 
prejudices  of  his  Loyalist  forefathers  had  been  inherited  by  him,  and  it 
is  not  a  matter  for  wonder,  therefore,  that  he  took  sides  against  the 
popular  party  in  the  agitations  that  stirred  the  Legislature  and  the 
country  for  some  years.  To  his  honour  be  it  said,  however,  that  his  vote 
was  never  denied  to  any  measure  which  he  honestly  thought  would 
promote  the  public  welfare.  In  the  very  first  session  of  the  Assembly  in 
whose  deliberations  he  was  permitted  to  take  part,  he  voted  for  the 
division  of  the  county,  which  the  influence  of  the  old  capital  had  opposed 
and  prevented  for  a  period  of  nearly,  if  not  quite,  half  a  century ;  but 
he  was  generally  averse  to  any  change  in  the  modes  of  administration 
until  he  was  fully  convinced  they  would  prove  prejudicial  neither  to  the 
rights  of  the  Crown,  nor  the  true  interests  of  the  people  at  large. 

In  1840,  so  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  friends  and  constituents 
had  he  discharged  his  public  duties,  he  was  again  brought  forward  as  a 
candidate  for  their  suffrages,  and  was  compelled  to  face  the  old  opposition 
animated  by  the  same  fierce  partyism,  and  led  and  guided  by  the  same 
determined  and  experienced  leaders.  The  canvass  which  ensued  was,  on 
both  sides,  a  very  earnest  and  exhaustive  one. 

The  close  of  the  poll  on  this  occasion  exhibited  a  majority  of  fourteen 
votes  in  Mr.  Thome's  favour.  His  friends  who  exulted  in  the  hardly- 
won  triumph  honoured  him  with  a  chairing,  and  he  was  drawn  from  the 
polling  booth  to  his  own  residence,  in  an  open  carriage,  by  a  number  of 
his  supporters  and  admirers,  and  in  the  evening  the  village  was  illumi- 
nated in  honour  of  the  victory.  Mr.  Thorne  retired  from  political  life 
on  accepting  the  position  of  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Works  in  1857, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  representation  of  the  township  by  his  son-in- 
law,  T.  D.  Ruggles,  Esq.,  who  held  it  two  years  and  is  yet  living.  He 
afterwards  held  the  office  of  Collector  of  Customs  at  Bridgetown,  until 
his  death  at  an  advanced  age,  December  30th,  1874. 

SAMUEL  BISHOP  CHIPMAN. 
1840-1843. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  the  only  son  of  Major  Chipman,  by  his 
wife,  Elizabeth  Bishop,  and  grandson  of  Hand  ley  Chipman,  who  came  to 
Nova  Scotia  in  1761,  and  his  second  wife,  Nancy  Post.  He  was  born 
August  2nd,  1803,  and  passed  his  early  days  in  agricultural  employments, 
which,  not  having  been  endowed  with  a  very  vigorous  constitution,  he 
exchanged  for  commercial  pursuits,  and  settled  in  the  then  infant  village  of 
Lawrencetown,  in  Wilmot,  as  the  proprietor  of  a  country  store,  where  by 
strenuous  application  and  business  enterprise,  he  soon  acquired  a  consider- 
able fortune.  Agreeable  and  obliging  in  his  conduct,  and  upright  and 
honourable  in  his  dealings,  he  seldom  failed  to  make  friends  of  hi  a 


438  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

customers,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  popularity  that  ultimately  carried 
him  into  public  life. 

Mr.  Chipman  was  the  first  representative  of  the  county  after  the 
severance  of  the  western  from  the  eastern  districts,  which  took  place  in 
1837.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Reform  party,  and  gave  his  warm  and 
undivided  support  to  that  party  in  the  new  Assembly  until  its  dissolution 
in  1840.  He  was  the  only  representative  from  the  county  who  voted  in 
favour  of  the  Quadrennial  Bill,  which  finally  passed  on  the  17th  of  April,. 
1838 — that  measure  having  been  opposed  by  the  township  members, 
Messieurs  Thorne  and  Whitman.  In  the  general  election  in  1843  he 
again  went  to  the  hustings  as  a  candidate,  and  was  opposed  and  defeated 
by  the  Attorney-General  of  the  day,  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Johnstone,  and 
though  he  contested  the  seat  with  that  gentleman  in  subsequent  elections 
he  never  succeeded  in  winning  the  seat  again. 

Mr.  Chipman  married  Levicia,  daughter  of  Mr.  John  Marshall,  of 
Annapolis,  by  whom  he  had  issue  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  Of  these 
the  oldest,  Edward  W.  Chipman,  was  for  many  years  one  of  the  leading 
dry  goods  merchants  of  Halifax,  of  which  city  he  was  for  some  time  an 
alderman.  In  1878  he  removed  from  the  Province ;  and  is  now  living  in 
Minnesota,  in  the  United  States.  Sophia  Levicia,  the  daughter,  married 
James  E.  Chipman,  Esq.,  the  senior  partner  in  the  well-known  firm, 
Chipman  Brothers,  hardware  merchants  of  Halifax. 

Mr.  Chipman  was  highly  esteemed  for  hospitality,  enterprise  and 
integrity.  He  filled  the  position  of  Post-master  at  Lawrencetown  for 
several  years,  and  for  a  lengthened  period  was  in  the  Commission  of  the 
Peace,  chiefly  discharging  the  duties  of  that  office  in  the  courts  of 
general  sessions  of  the  peace.  He  died  after  a  short  illness,  August  22nd, 
1855,  aged  52. 

HENRY  GATES. 

1841-1843. 
By  the  Editor. 

For  the  Gates  family,  see  genealogy.  Mr.  Gates,  the  tenth  child  of 
Jonas  Gates,  and  grandson  of  Captain  Oldham  Gates,  honourably  men- 
tioned in  the  early  history  of  the  township  of  Annapolis,  received  a 
sound  education  in  the  English  branches,  and  learned  the  trade  of  a 
blacksmith  under  the  late  Stephen  Bent.  He  early  developed  a  taste 
for  useful  reading  and  an  interest  in  the  public  affairs  of  the  town  and 
county.  He  was  a  zealous  Methodist,  and  one  of  the  leading  promoters 
and  supporters  of  the  Methodist  Church  in  the  town,  and  a  leader  in  its 
musical  services.  He  took  a  warm  interest  in  militia  affairs,  and  was 
the  popular  captain  of  a  company.  He  lived  about  two  miles  below  the 


JAMES   WILLIAM  JOHNSTONE.  4*39 

town 'of  Annapolis,  on  the  property  now  owned  by  Thomas  Cain  and 
John  Dunn.  Of  good  judgment  and  agreeable  and  genial  manners,  he 
was  a  candidate  in  the  Reform  interest  in  1841,  and  defeated  Mr.  Alfred 
Whitman;  but  on  the  dissolution  in  1843,  when  Mr.  Johnston  led  the 
Conservative  party,  he  was  defeated  by  Mr.  Whitman,  and  died  about 
1847,  much  regretted  by  many  friends  on  both  sides  of  politics. 


JAMES   WILLIAM  JOHNSTONE. 
1843-1864. 

The  subject  of  this  memoir  was  a  descendant  of  very  ancient  and 
honourable  families  both  on  the  paternal  and  maternal  sides.  His 
mother — Elizabeth  Lightenstone — was  the  granddaughter  of  the  Rev. 
Gustavus  Philip  Lightenstone,  a  Protestant  clergyman  at  Peterhoff,  in 
the  island  of  Cronstadt,  near  the  mouth  of  the  River  Neva,  in  Russia, 
and  her  father,  John  Lightenstone,  was  born  in  the  island  named  about 
1735.*  This  family,  which  had  long  been  domiciled  in  England,  was 
originally  from  Germany  where  the  name  was  spelled  Lichtenstein.  The 
Rev.  Gustavus  Philip  Lightenstone,  or  Lichtenstein,  was  born,  educated 
and  married  in  England.  His  wife — -Beatrice  Elizabeth  Lloyd — who  is 
said  to  have  bt,en  born  in  Ireland  or  Scotland,  was  probably  of  Welsh 
origin.  His  son,  the  maternal  grandfather  of  Mr.  Johnstone,  was  also 
educated  in  England,  and  when  a  young  man  sought  and  obtained 
employment  of  some  kind  in  the  British  service  which  required  his 
presence  in  the  old  American  colonies,  to  one  of  which,  Georgia,  he  went 
out  about  the  time  of  its  first  settlement.  Some  years  after  his  arrival 
there  he  married  Catherine  Delegal.  a  native  of  Georgia,  who  was, 
however,  of  French  Huguenot  extraction,  and  whose  grandfather  was 
commandant  of  the  island  of  Jersey  at  the  time  of  his  decease.  Her 
father,  Philip  Delegal,f  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  British  army,  and  went  to 
Georgia  with  General  Oglethorpe,  in  the  early  settlement  of  that  colony. 
The  ancestors  of  these  men  had  been  driven  to  seek  refuge  in  England  by 
the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  in  1685. 

The  marriage  of  John  Lightenstone  with  Catherine  Delegal  resulted 
in  the  birth  of  an  only  child,  named  Elizabeth,  who,  a  few  years 
subsequently  became  the  wife  of  William  Moreton  Johnstone,  and  still 
further  on  the  mother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  This  marriage  took 
place  in  Savannah,  Georgia,  on  the  twenty-first  day  of  November,  1779. 
Mrs.  Johnstone  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  the  tender  care  and  com- 
panionship of  her  mother  when  she  "was  just  turned  of  ten  years  of 

*  He  died  in  Annapolis,  where  a  slab,  marking  his  resting-place,  is  to  be  seen  near 
that  of  the  first  wife  of  his  grandson,  John  Johnstone. 

+  Philip  Delegal's  wife  is  said  to  have  been  a  Miss  Daley,  of  Irish  birth.— [Eo.] 


440  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

age," — a  loss  which  she  was  old  enough  to  deplore  very  deeply.  Few 
women  with  whose  history  I  am  acquainted  have  led  a  more  eventful  and 
checkered,  or  a  more  heroic  and  honourable  life  than  the  mother  of  the 
late  Honourable  Judge  Johnstone.  From  the  day  on  which  she  became 
a  wife  until  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war  she  was  doomed  to  long 
and  painful  separations  from  her  husband,  who  commanded  a  troop  of 
dragoons,  and  was  in  consequence  obliged  to  endure  severe  hardships, 
and  to  encounter  dangers  more  dreadful  to  contemplate,  either  of  which 
might  at  any  moment  terminate  the  life  of  one  whom  she  most  dearly 
loved,  and  whose  well-being  had  become  inseparable  from  her  own.  The 
war  clouds  rolled  more  and  more  rapidly  and  threateningly  toward  the 
South  during  the  last  years  of  the  strife,  and  her  husband,  who  viewed 
the  situation  from  a  standpoint  of  necessity  unknown  to  her,  determined 
on  her  removal  from  Georgia  to  St.  Augustine,  in  Florida,  then  belong- 
ing to  Spain.  Here  she  and  her  child  would  be  safe  from  the  perils 
which  surrounded  her  in  her  native  and  beloved  Georgia.  She  obeyed 
his  request  with  alacrity  and  what  cheerfulness  she  could  command, 
though  she  knew  that  in  doing  so  she  would  be  compelled  to  pass  long  and 
weary  intervals  without  any  news  or  assurance  of  his  safety,  and  that  of 
other  friends  who  would  be  still  exposed  to  the  perils  from  which  she 
alone  would  be  exempt.  At  length  peace  spread  her  white  wings  of 
joy  over  the  devastated  colonies,  but  only  to  witness  a  relentless  persecu- 
tion— a  widespread  confiscation  of  the  property  of  the  vanquished  Loyal- 
ists. The  end  of  the  fratricidal  war,  which  made  "confusion  worse  con- 
founded "  during  the  preceding  eight  years,  did  not  bring  an  end  to  the 
discomforts  consequent  upon  her  separation  from  her  husband,  nor  to  her 
prospects  of  continuous  domestic  repose. 

A  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  a  hundred  years  ago  was  a  very  different 
affair  from  what  it  is  now,  with  our  ocean  steam  palace  ships,  their  luxu- 
rious furnishings,  rapid  speed,  and  disregard  of  adverse  winds ;  yet  this 
lady,  in  the  interests  of  her  family,  braved  its  dangers  and  endured  its 
discomforts  and  hardships  no  less  than  eight  times,  including  six  voyages 
between  Great  Britain  and  Jamaica,  besides  making  several  other  trips  of 
almost  equal  length  and  danger. 

The  Johnstones  are  descended  from  a  very  ancient  Scottish  family  who 
trace  their  ancestors  to  the  days  of  the  Crusades,  if  not  to  those  of  the 
Conquest.*  The  grandfather!  of  him  whose  name  heads  this  article  was 

'The  Marquesses  of  Annandale  were  of  this  family,  and  the  title,  now  long  dor- 
mant, is  claimed  to  belong  to  the  representative  of  these  Nova  Scotia  Johnstones, 
Lewis  Johnstone,  M.D. ,  of  Stellarton. — [ED.] 

t Lewis  Johnstone,  M.D. ,  Member  of  Council  and  Superintendent  of  Police  in 
Georgia,  and  said  to  have  been  the  last  royal  governor  of  the  Province,  married  a 
Miss  Peyton,  of  an  old  Georgia  family,  of  Norman-English  origin.  The  earliest  known 
ancestor  of  the  Johnstone  family  was  one  John,  who  early  in  the  twelfth  century 


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JAMES    WILLIAM   JOHNSTONE.  441 

bred  to  the  medical  profession,  and  emigrated  to  Georgia  about  the  time 
that  witnessed  the  arrival  of  John  Lightenstone  in  that  province.  His 
family  consisted  of  several  children  of  whom  four  at  least  were  sons. 
Two  of  these  were  in  Philadelphia  pursuing  their  studies  for  the  profes- 
sion of  their  father  when  the  Revolutionary  war  commenced,  and  both  of 
them  left  the  peaceful  teachings  of  good  old  Doctor  Hossack,  exchanged 
the  scalpel  for  the  sword,  and  devoted  all  their  energies  to  the  cause  of 
the  Crown  in  that  great  and  disastrous  struggle.  William,  as  has  already 
been  stated,  obtained  a  captain's  commission  in  the  New  York  Rangers, 
— a  corps  which  performed  a  great  part  of  their  services  in  the  Carolinas 
and  Georgia.  Two  or  three  years  before  the  close  of  the  war  three  troops 
of  horse  were  raised  and  organized  in  Georgia,  and  Captain  Johnstone  was 
offered  the  command  of  one  of  them.  He  agreed  to  accept  the  offer  on 
the  condition  that  his  rank  and  pay  in  the  Rangers  should  be  continued, 
and  the  fact  that  the  condition  was  complied  with  affirms  authoritatively 
the  estimation  in  which  his  dashing  and  daring  qualities  as  a  soldier  were 
held  by  his  superior  officers. 

The  marriage  resulted  in  a  family  of  seven  children  who  reached 
maturity,  of  whom  four  were  sons  and  three  daughters.  The  sons  were 
named  Andrew,  Lewis,  John  and  James  William,  and  the  daughters  bore 
the  names  of  Catherine,  Eliza  and  Laleah. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Captain  Johnstone  was  advised  by  his  father — 
whose  Georgian  estates  had  been  confiscated,  and  his  financial  circum- 
stances much  deranged  and  straitened  in  consequence — -to  go  to  Edin- 
burgh and  complete  his  medical  education,  which  he  did.  His  old  friend, 
Colonel,  afterwards  Sir  Archibald,  Campbell,  who  was  then  about  to  sail 
for  India,  offered,  if  he  would  accompany  him  to  that  country,  to  use 
all  the  influence  in  his  power  to  further  his  interests  there.  At  the  same 
time  he  had  offers  of  similar  influence  if  he  would  go  to  Jamaica,  and  after 
due  consideration  he  resolved  to  seek  a  new  home  in  the  West  instead  of 
the  East. 

James  William  Johnstone  was  born  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  on  the 
29th  August,  1792,  and  at  an  early  age  was  sent  to  Scotland  for  educa- 
tion. For  that  purpose  he  was  placed  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Duncan,  the 
.  founder  of  savings  banks  institutions,  and  whose  name  will  long  be 
honoured  on  that  account.  It  is  believed  that  he  went  to  Scotland  with 

received  a  grant  of  land  from  the  first  or  second  De  Brus  (Bruce)  of  Annandale.  This 
property  was  called  John's  toun  (town),  and  so  his  son  was  known  as  Gilbert  de  Johns- 
toun  (Gilbert  of  John's  town) ;  and  when  surnames  became  finally  fixed  as  distin- 
guishing families,  the  name  Johnstone  was  developed,  the  Annandales,  for  the  most 
part,  zealously  clinging  to  the  old  finale.  (See  Blackwood,  January,  1896.)  Ben 
Jonson  was  of  this  stock,  illustrating  in  his  spelling  as  a  great  "  wit  "  should,  that 
' '  brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit. "  But  when  he  visited  Aberdeen  and  the  City  Council 
sought  to  do  him,  as  an  illustrious  countryman,  their  highest  honour,  they  wrote 
his  name  "  Johnestoune,"  putting  in  it  all  the  letters  they  possibly  could. — [ED.] 


442  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

his  father  on  the  occasion  of  his  visit  in  1802,  being  at  that  time  in  the 
eleventh  year  of  his  age.  He  seems  to  have  remained  under  the  tuition 
of  Duncan  until  about  the  period  of  his  father's  death,  when  he  was. 
called  to  return,  not  to  his  home  in  Jamaica*  but  to  Nova  Scotia,  where 
he  arrived  in  the  spring  of  1808,  having  nearly  completed  his  sixteenth 
year.  His  sister  Eliza  had  married  Thomas  Ritchie,  M.P.P.  for  An- 
napolis, during  the  preceding  year,  and  to  him  young  Johnstone,  his 
brother-in4aw,  was  articled  as  a  student-at-law  soon  after  his  arrival. 
As  he  did  not  attain  to  his  majority  until  1813,  he  was  not  admitted  to 
the  bar  until  that  year.  He  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Kentville,  in  Kings  County,  but  some  time  after  he  removed  to 
Annapolis,  where  he  continued  to  practise  for  some  years.  He  after- 
ward selected  the  capital  as  presenting  a  better  field  for  ultimate  success 
in  his  profession ;  perhaps  he  had  begun  to  feel  the  consciousness  of  the 
latent  powers  he  possessed,  and  which  lacked  opportunity  and  opposition 
only  to  develop  them  into  brilliant  activity.  Here  he  soon  began  to 
make  his  presence  felt  in  the  courts.  His  unflinching  integrity,  untiring 
industry,  fertility  of  resource  in  the  management  of  causes,  his  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  law,  and  the  occasional  bursts  of  eloquence  manifested 
in  his  addresses  to  juries  on  important  occasions,  soon  elevated  him  to- 
a  first  place  at  the  bar,  and  gained  for  him  the  ear  and  the  respect  of  the 
judges ;  and  the  lapse  of  each  succeeding  year  witnessed  an  augmentation 
in  the  volume  of  his  practice,  and  an  increase  to  his  growing  fame.  His 
name  soon  became  associated,  as  counsel,  with  every  cause  of  importance 
tried  in  the  capital,  or  on  the  circuits  which  he  usually  travelled.  Such 
a  person  could  scarcely  fail  to  attract  the  notice  of  those  having  in 
charge  the  administration  of  the  public  affairs ;  therefore,  on  the  29th 
July,  1834,  he  was  selected  to  fill  the  post  of  Solicitor-General,  an. 
appointment  which  was  then  made  by  the  Crown.  He  was  at  the  same 
time  created  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Council,  which  then  also- 
exercised  executive  powers.  From  his  seat  at  this  Board  he  witnessed 
and  watched  the  movement — then  just  beginning — -to  effect  a  radical 
change  in  the  system  of  colonial  government.  That  he  was  strongly 
opposed  to  the  introduction  of  violent  and  ill-considered  changes,  his 
writings  and  speeches  abundantly  testify ;  but  that  he  was  inimical  to 
such  changes  as  would  operate  beneficially  upon  the  country,  by  enlarging 
the  liberty  of  the  subject  without  endangering  the  rights  of  the  Crown, 
cannot  be  truly  asserted.  His  motto  in  these  matters  was  festina  lenti 
— hasten  slowly.  Let  the  new  succeed  the  old  by  a  series  of  gradual 
displacements  ;  do  not  tear  down  till  you  have  decided  how  and  what  to- 

*Iam  not  quite  certain  of  this.  It  seems  probable  that  he  would  first  have 
visited  his  mother  in  Jamaica,  and  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  he  did  so,  and  that 
he  was  sent  to  his  brother-in-law,  Ritchie,  from  thence. 


JAMES   WILLIAM  JOHNSTONE.  443 

rebuild  ;  retain  what  has  been  proved  of  use ;  reform  abuses  when  they 
are  known  to  exist;  "prove  all  things  and  hold  fast  that  which  is  good." 
He  was  one  of  the  delegates  appointed  by  this  province  in  1838  to 
meet  Lord  Durham,  the  newly  appointed  Governor-General,  at  Quebec, 
to  confer  with  him  touching  the  measures  required  to  restore  harmony 
in  the  political  condition  of  the  British  American  colonies.  At  the 
close  of  the  conference,  the  Nova  Scotia  delegates,  on  the  22nd  of 
September,  presented  an  address  to  that  gentleman,  which  it  is  believed 
was  the  work  of  Mr.  Johnstone,  from  which  the  following  extracts  are 
made  : 

"  The  duties  of  the  mission  with  which  we  have  been  entrusted  by  the  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  frankness  of  communication  permitted  by 
your  Lordship,  have  brought  us  into  acquaintance  with  your  Lordship's  feelings  and 
views  in  relation  to  British  North  America,  and  irresistibly  impressed  our  minds 
with  the  conviction  that  your  Lordship  cherishes  an  ardent  desire  to  elevate  the 
colonies  committed  to  your  government,  and  entertains  conceptions  calculated  to 
render  that  desire  effective." 

"  In  a  review  of  the  short  period  of  the  Government  under  your  Lordship's 
personal  direction,  we  behold  your  Lordship  with  that  feeling  so  congenial  to 
Englishmen,  which  turns  with  repugnance  from  the  shedding  of  blood  on  the 
scaffold,  blending  justice  with  mercy  ;  while  returning  tranquillity  had  already 
rewarded  an  administration  conducted  without  the  sacrifice  of  one  human  life  ;  and 
we  were  aware  that  improved  laws  and  institutions  were  in  preparation,  which, 
under  a  government  firm,  mild  and  impartial,  gave  to  the  future  the  reasonable 
prospect  of  restored  confidence  and  renovated  prosperity." 

Mr. 'Johnstone  was  much  pleased  with  Lord  Durham  and  his  visit  to* 
Quebec  on  this  occasion,  and  augured  favourable  results  from  the  action  of 
that  gentleman  in  Canadian  affairs. 

On  the  28th  of  April,  1841,  he  was  made  Attorney  and  Advocate- 
General,  and  on  the  26th  of  May  following  he  was  gazetted  Procurator 
in  the  Court  of  Vice- Admiralty  for  the  Province.  It  should  be  stated 
here  that  on  the  severance  of  the  Executive  from  the  Legislative  Council 
in  January,  1838,  he  was  reappointed  a  member  of  both  these  councils. 
In  order  to  make  plain  the  circumstances  under  which  it  became,  or 
seemed  to  become,  desirable  for  Mr.  Johnstone  to  seek  a  seat  in  the 
popular  branch  of  the  Legislature,  it  is  necessary  to  refer  to  the  political 
condition  of  the  Province  at  this  period.*  The  generation  of  to-day  have 
but  a  faint  perception  of  the  fermentation  which  preceded  and  attended 
the  remodelling  and  reconstruction  of  our  colonial  constitutions.  In 
Quebec  and  Ontario,  or  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  as  they  were  thea 
called,  the  excitement  culminated  in  open  rebellion  against  the  Crown, 
and  the  cause  of  the  Reformers  was  stained  with  blood.  In  this  province, 

*  See  also  pages  289,  290.— [ED.] 


444  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

through  the  commendable  patience  and  moderation  of  the  leaders  of  both 
the  great  parties,  better  results  were  finally  gained  without  resort  to  such 
deplorable  means.  Perhaps  they  were  insensibly  controlled  by  a  large 
and  thoughtful  body  of  men,  not  organized  as  a  party,  however,  whose 
loyal  disposition  and  dislike  of  change  from  mere  love  of  novelty, 
rendered  it  both  unwise  and  unsafe  for  the  extremists  to  press  their 
notions  too  urgently  or  too  far.  This  moderate,  unorganized  party  were 
not  averse  to  reasonable  changes  in  the  mode  of  administration  of  public 
affair — to  such  changes  as  would  increase  the  liberties  of  the  subject 
without  diminishing  the  rights  and  powers  vested  in  the  sovereign,  and 
would  thus  preserve  the  proper  balance  of  authority,  and  the  security  and 
stability  of  government.  It  may  be  said,  as  a  general  truth,  to  have 
been  led  by  the  clergy,  who,  to  their  honour  be  it  said,  in  public  and  in 
private,  without  regard  to  denominational  distinctions,  used  all  their 
influence  on  the  side  of  mutual  moderation  and  forbearance. 

So  heated  had  become  the  partisanship  of  the  extremists  of  both  the 
parties,  that  reason  and  persuasion  lost  their  powers,  argument  led  to  no 
beneficial  result,  and  conversation  on  political  subjects  but  too  frequently 
led  to  personal  incrimination  and  insult.  Families  hitherto  socially 
united  became  estranged  from  each  other,  and  even  the  members  of  the 
same  family,  having  taken  different  sides  on  the  topics  agitating  the 
public  mind,  severed  all  friendly  intercourse  and  in  some  cases  unhappily 
became  the  inveterate  enemies  of  each  other. 

No  man  knew  better  than  Mr.  Johnstone  that  in  this  condition  of  the 
body  politic  there  was  great  danger  that  reform  might  degenerate  into 
disorganization,  and  that  ill-considered  measures  might  be  adopted,  not 
only  subversive  of  the  existing  form  of  government,  but  destructive  to 
the  best  interests  of  the  people  themselves,  who,  notwithstanding  all 
that  was  said  to  the  contrary,  always  received  his  warmest  sympathies, 
and  whose  welfare  he  most  sincerely  desired.  In  evidence  of  this  we 
quote  a  passage  or  two  from  his  celebrated  Mason  hall  speech  delivered 
in  March,  1840. 

"  I  do  not  attend  here  to  sustain  any  party  or  any  peculiar  line  of  politics,  but 
to  vindicate  the  bodies  to  which  I  belong  from  imputations  which  have  been  cast 
upon  them.  I  am  not  here  to  court  applause  on  the  one  side  or  the  other.  Ever 
since  I  came  into  public  life — not  on  my  own  solicitations  but  because  I  was  called 
to  it  and  thought  it  my  duty  to  respond  to  the  call — I  have  endeavoured  to  occupy 
a  position,  which  left  me  not  without  a  hope  of  being  useful.  .  .  .  The  Province  is 
not  my  birthplace,  but  it  is  the  birthplace  of  my  children,  and  my  honour  and 
interests  are  all  bound  up  in  Nova  Scotia. 

"  Mr.  Howe  uttered  a  sentiment  which  was  cheered  by  you,  and  heartily  do  I 
respond  to  it.  He  said  that  he  wanted  to  see  the  institutions  of  the  country  such 
that  the  poorest  boy  might  see  the  highest  situations  within  his  reach  by  means  of 
intelligence  and  integrity,  and  with  my  whole  heart  I  say  amen.  .  .  .  Although  I 


JAMES   WILLIAM   JOHNSTONE.  445 

hold  office,  I  am  a  Dissenter,  and  I  am  one  who  holds  no  high  Tory  principles,  and 
never  did.  When  I  was  offered  a  seat  in  the  Council,  from  choice  I  refrained  from 
it,  and  continued  to  do  so  while  it  was  a  matter  of  choice,  and  only  consented  to 
accept  when  it  appeared  to  be  my  duty,  and  I  felt  that  as  a  Crown  officer  and 
Dissenter  that  my  influence  might  be  directed  for  the  public  good. " 

In  relation  to  responsible  government  he  said  : 

"  I  do  not  oppose  it  on  the  main  principle,  if  I  oppose  it  at  all.  It  means,  as  I 
understand  the  subject,  the  assimilation  of  the  Government  of  the  Province  to  the 
Government  of  the  Mother  Country,  and  the  power  of  the  House  of  Assembly  to  that 
of  the  House  of  Commons.  I  am  not  speaking  as  a  partisan  ;  I  am  addressing  you 
sincerely,  on  your  dearest  interests,  in  which  a  false  step  may  lead  to  great  evils. 
If  the  new  system  were  the  blessing  spoken  of — if  it  included  a  sound  constitution 
and  wholesome  institutions  well  administered,  it  would  be  desirable ;  but  be 
cautious  how  you  make  changes." 

These  extracts  ought  to  convince  the  most  sceptical  that  Mr.  John- 
stone  was  anything  but  the  stereotyped  Tory  that  it  was  the  fashion, 
in  certain  circles,  at  that  time,  to  regard  him.  To  his  wise  suggestions 
and  moderation  of  sentiment,  the  people  of  this  province  are  largely 
indebted  for  the  gradual  and  safe  development  of  the  great  change  in  the 
administration  of  its  affairs  which  was  about  being  introduced. 

The  period  now  approached  when,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  many 
and  influential  friends,  and  in  obedience  to  what  seemed  the  call  of  duty, 
he  resolved  to  seek  a  seat  in  the  Assembly  ;  and  he  at  once  resolved  to 
appeal  to  the  county  where  a  large  portion  of  his  youthful  days  had  been 
spent ;  besides,  in  Annapolis  he  was  a  freeholder,  and  therefore  possessed 
of  the  qualification  required  of  a  candidate  under  the  system  then 
prevailing. 

The  writer  well  remembers  the  clamour  that  ensued  when  the 
announcement  was  made  that  he  intended  to  contest  the  seat  for  the 
county  against  the  late  member,  Mr.  S.  B.  Chipman.  The  Reformers 
raised  the  cry  of  "lawyer"  and  "non-resident,"  and  to  influence  the 
vote  of  Churchmen,  they  were  reminded  that  he  was  an  apostate  from 
that  Church  ;  and  the  Baptists  were  told  that,  though  he  had  attached 
himself  to  their  communion,  he  was  an  interested  convert,  and  insincere 
in  his  professions.  Political  parties  were  not  then  so  distinctly  defined 
as  they  became  a  little  later  on,  and  the  canvass  began  under  any  but 
favourable  circumstances.  His  own  denomination — the  Baptists — were 
divided,  and  a  majority*  of  them  opposed  him  with  much  bitterness  and 
determination  ;  but  it  must  in  fairness  be  added  that  those  of  them  who 
gave  him  their  support  manifested  an  equal  warmth  and  earnestness  in  his 
behalf.  The  election  took  place  under  the  old  system,  and  the  polling 
continued  for  several  days.  At  the  close  of  each  succeeding  day,  while 

*  I  have  always  supposed  the  majority  of  the  Baptists  supported  him — [Eo.] 


446  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

the  scene  of  voting  was  in  the  western  sections  of  the  county,  Mr.  John- 
stone  continued  to  lead  the  poll,  with  constantly  augmented  majorities. 
This  was  a  favourable  symptom  of  the  final  result ;  but  it  was  well  known 
that  he  must  bring  to  the  east  such  a  majority  as  could  not  be  reached 
by  his  opponent,  whose  strength  was  known  to  be  in  that  direction.  In 
consequence  of  this  his  election  was  virtually  assured  before  the  voting 
was  transferred  to  Lawrencetown,  where  Mr.  Chipman  resided,  who, 
finding  success  on  his  side  hopeless,  resigned  the  contest,  leaving  his 
antagonist  to  be  returned  by  a  majority  of  377  votes.  He  was  then, 
in  1843,  fifty -one  years  of  age,  and  had  been  thirty  years  in  the  active 
practice  of  his  profession. 

Among  the  measures  introduced  by  Mr.  Johnstone  and  passed  by  this 
Assembly  none,  in  public  utility,  equalled  that  usually  known  as  the 
"Simultaneous  Polling  Act,"  under  the  provisions  of  which  the  counties 
were  divided  into  convenient  districts  or  wards,  in  which  the  polling  was 
to  take  place  on  the  same  day.  By  this  means  large  gatherings  of  the 
electors  were  rendered  impossible,  and  in  consequence  much  of  the  noise, 
drunkenness,  fighting  and  other  indecorums,  which  too  often  marked 
these  events  in  previous  years,  were  avoided  or  materially  lessened,  and 
much  valuable  time  conserved  to  the  electors  themselves.  This  bill 
became  law  on  the  seventeenth  day  of  March,  1847,  and  was  reduced  to 
practice  with  eminent  success  in  the  same  year  in  which  it  was  passed. 
The  Assembly  having  been  dissolved  by  lapse  of  time,  writs  were  issued 
for  calling  a  new  one,  and  Mr.  Johnstone  announced  himself  a  candidate 
a  second  time.  He  was  opposed  by  Mr.  Samuel  B.  Chipman,  who,  not 
daunted  by  his  former  defeat,  became  the  standard-bearer  of  the  Liberal 
party,  and  went  to  the  polls  with  what  he  declared  a  fair  prospect  of 
success.  The  canvass  had  been,  as  was  usually  the  case  in  the  county, 
a  very  thorough  and  animated  one,  but  the  termination  of  the  contest 
proved  that  the  popularity  of  his  adversary  had  not  been  diminished,  as 
he  gained  the  seat  by  a  majority  of  267  votes,  and  his  colleagues  were 
returned  for  the  townships  of  Annapolis  and  Granville. 

The  elections  throughout  the  Province  generally,  however,  had  been 
adverse  to  the  Conservatives,  who  resigned  and  gave  place  to  a  Liberal 
administration.  Mr.  Johnstone  being  chosen  as  the  leader  of  the 
Opposition,  he  continued  to  act  in  that  capacity  for  the  ten  following 
years,  during  which  his  brilliant  qualities  were  as  conspicuously  exhibited 
as  they  could  have  been  as  the  leader  of  a  government.  The  last  session 
-of  this  Assembly  witnessed  a  series  of  stormy  debates  on  a  variety  of 
subjects — railways,  elective  councils,  tariff,  etc. — in  all  of  which  he  took 
&  leading  part.  He  opposed  the  passage  of  a  bill  for  the  creating  a 
franchise  dependent  on  the  assessment  rolls  without  further  revision,  and 
-declaimed  earnestly  and  eloquently  against  it,  declaring  that  its  provisions 


JAMES   WILLIAM  JOHNSTONE.  447 

were  fraught  with  great  evils  and  injury  to  the  Province,  through  the 
manipulation  of  the  assessment  by  dishonest  assessors,  for  party  political 
purposes.  On  the  tariff  question  he  spoke  in  these  words  :* 

"  That  as  this  was  the  last  session  of  the  House,  he  had  concluded  on  second 
thought  not  to  introduce  a  resolution  which  he  had  just  prepared,  but  which  he 
would  read  as  propounding  his  views  on  the  subject  before  the  House.  He  had  been 
very  much  struck  with  an  expression  in  the  speech  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States  that  it  was  the  true  policy  of  that  large  commercial  nation  to  lay  their  duties 
so  as  to  answer  the  double  purpose  of  revenue  and  protection  of  home  industry. 
This  he  believed  -was  our  true  policy.  Could  we  indeed  enjoy  free  trade  in  its  proper 
sense,  he  had  no  doubt  it  would  be  best  for  Nova  Scotia  ;  but  so  long  as  the 
United  States  of  America  laid  our  exports  under  burdensome  and  almost  prohibitory 
duties,  it  was  absurd  to  talk  of  free  trade.  Between  the  altered  policy  of  England 
and  the  determination  of  the  United  States  to  adhere  to  her  distinctive  system,  the 
colonies  were  crushed  and  crippled,  and  it  was  now  time  for  Nova  Scotia  to  protect, 
as  far  as  she  had  the  power,  the  products  of  her  soil  and  the  industry  of  her  inhabi- 
tants. The  resolution  is  as  follows  :  Resolved,  '  That  the  policy  required  is  that 
the  duties  levied  for  the  purposes  of  revenue  should  be  regulated  by  such  a  tariff  as 
will  afford  for  us  a  high  practical  encouragement  to  the  productions  and  industries 
of  the  country.' !; 

To  the  policy  of  constructing  the  .Nova  Scotia  railways  by  the  Govern- 
ment, as  public  works,  he  offered  a  most  able  and  strenuous  opposition, 
declaring  himself  favourable  to  the  method  of  granting  subventions  to 
such  companies  as  might  be  willing  to  undertake  to  build  them  — a  policy 
which,  though  not  adopted  at  that  time,  has  since  been  recognized  as 
more  conducive  to  the  public  interests  and  general  welfare.  During  this 
session  it  was  that  he  moved  resolutions  affirming  the  propriety  of  making 
the  Legislative  Council  an  elective  body,  which  he  enforced  in  a  logical 
and  forcible  speech,  which  had  a  considerable  effect  upon  the  public 
opinion  of  the  country  in  favour  of  such  a  measure. 

The  general  election  of  1851  found  Mr.  Johnstone  again  soliciting  the 
suffrages  of  the  people  of  Annapolis,  and  for  a  third  time  he  was  opposed 
by  the  Liberals  in  the  person  of  their  old  champion,  Mr.  S.  B.  Chipman, 
but  he  was  again  returned  by  a  majority  of  275  votes.  The  elections, 
however,  still  left  Mr.  Johnstone  without  a  plurality  of  votes  in  the  new 
Assembly,  and  he  was  forced  to  continue  his  services  to  the  country  as 
the  leader  of  an  increased  and  vigorous  Opposition. 

The  railway  question  was  the  "burning"  one  of  the  day.  The  Gov- 
ernment had  declared  in  favour  of  the  policy  of  building  it  as  a  public 
work — a  policy  which  Mr.  Johnstone,  as  we  have  before  stated,  opposed 
with  all  his  powers.  In  his  first  speech  upon  the  subject,  on  the  third 

*The  reader  will  perhaps  be  surprised  to  find  that  Mr.  Johnstone  so  clearly 
stated  and  endorsed  the  "  National  Policy  "  of  to-day,  nearly  thirty  years  before 
its  adoption  by  the  Parliament  of  the  Dominion,  yet  the  speech  and  resolution  above 
quoted  are  clear  proofs  of  the  fact. 


448  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

day  of  February,  1852,  in  replying  to  some  statements  made  by  a  member 
for  Kings  County,  he  addressed  the  House  as  follows  : 

"The  honourable  gentleman  complains  of  my  inflexibility  of  character;  that 
may  be  one  of  my  characteristics,  and,  if  so,  I  am  afraid  it  is  rather  too  late  to 
commence  the  work  of  amendment  in  this  particular.  However,  I  am  not  disposed 
to  regret  its  possession,  and  certainly  there  is  no  subject  to  which  I  can  look  back 
with  more  contentment,  and  upon  which  I  feel  less  inclined  to  alter  my  course  of 
action,  than  the  subject  of  the  railway.  I  have  heretofore  expressed  in  no  measured 
terms,  my  belief  that  the  execution  of  this  work  by  Government  would  prove 
injurious  to  the  welfare  of  the  Province." 

This  struggle,  so  far  as  it  related  to  the  adoption  of  a  policy,  ended 
for  a  time  in  forcing  the  Government  to  accept  the  Facility  Bills  of  the 
Opposition.  Mr.  Annand,  in  his  "  Public  Speeches  and  Letters,"  Vol. 
II.,  page  152,  says  :  "The  House,  though  there  was  a  clear  majority  to 
sustain  the  Government,  became  equally  divided  and  brought  to  a  dead- 
lock on  the  railway  question.  .  .  .  Mr.  Howe  abandoned  the  field, 
offering  to  pass  the  Facility  Bills  required  by  the  Opposition."  This 
legislation  did  not,  however,  have  the  effect  Mr.  Johnstone  had  hoped 
for  and  expected,  as  no  company  was  organized  under  it  during  the 
time  limited  for  that  purpose,  and  the  Government  policy  was,  in  conse- 
quence, revived  in  1854.  However,  he  had  the  gratification  of  knowing 
that  his  measure  of  success  had  met  the  approval  and  secured  the  plaudits 
of  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  people  of  the  Province. 

The  Temperance  question  had  recently  come  to  the  front,  and  at  this 
time  attracted  and  demanded  the  attention  of  all  classes  of  the  people. 
Early  in  the  third  decade  of  the  century  societies  began  to  be  formed  in 
several  of  the  counties,  by  individuals  who  were  willing  to  subscribe  a 
pledge  of  partial  abstinence  from  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  ;  but  it 
soon  came  to  be  felt  that  nothing  short  of  total  abstinence  could  success- 
fully and  entirety  abate  the  evils  which  grew  out  of  the  abuse  of  these 
stimulants,  and  therefore  the  doctrine  of  "  teetotalism,"  as  it  was  called, 
supplanted  those  of  partial  abstinence,  and  out  of  the  new  opinions 
various  organizations  were  rapidly  evolved,  having  the  common  object 
of  overcoming,  and  so  far  as  possible  of  eradicating,  the  vice  of  drunken- 
ness. The  founders  of  these  bodies  had  adopted  the  principle  of  "moral 
suasion  "  as  the  means  of  accomplishing  their  ends.  Nothing  could  be 
more  reasonable  than  this  doctrine ;  nothing  could  be  more  humane  than 
the  desire,  by  such  means,  to  reclaim  the  drunkard  and  restore  him  to 
society,  and  much  good  was  done  by  the  movement  while  this  method  of 
action  remained  the  chief  plank  in  the  temperance  platform. 

Heretofore  the  liquor  traffic  had  been  controlled  by  license  laws  of  a, 
more  or  less  restrictive  character ;  but  it  did  not  require  much  acumen  on 
the  part  of  the  leaders  of  the  temperance  men,  to  draw  the  only  logical 


JAMES   WILLIAM   JOHNSTONE.  449 

sequence  from  certain  premises  which  they  had  adopted  as  being  funda- 
mentally sound  and  true,  after  they  had  entered  upon  the  second  phase 
of  their  movement.  They  declared  that  not  the  abuse  only,  but  the  use 
of  alcohol  in  all  its  forms  as  a  beverage,  was,  though  not  equally  afflic- 
tive in  its  effects,  yet  in  a  moral  sense,  equally  sinful,  dangerous,  and  to 
be  avoided  ;  in  fact,  they  went  further  and  denounced  the  moderate 
drinker  as  a  greater  criminal  than  the  absolute  drunkard.  If  the  traffic 
in  "strong  drink"  was  the  source  of  the  evils  to  be  abated — was  in 
itself  an  evil,  no  government  could  license  it  without  sin,  nor  delegate 
the  power  to  others  to  do  so  without  the  same  offence.  Therefore,  to 
be  consistent,'  the  license  laws  should  be  abolished  ;  and  in  their  place 
they  proposed  to  enact  a  law  prohibiting  the  manufacture,  importation, 
sale  and  use  of  all  spirituous  liquors,  or,  in  other  words,  to  substitute 
"  legal  suasion  "  for  "  moral  suasion." 

Mr.  Johnstone  was  a  teetotaler  from  choice  and  from  principle  long 
before  these  movements  had  commenced,  and  there  can  be  but  little  doubt 
he  had  watched  the  different  phases  they  had  assumed,  and  the  many 
changes  which  they  had  undergone  in  the  course  of  their  development, 
with  great  interest,  if  not  at  all  times  with  unalloyed  pleasure.  No  man 
could  be  more  desirous  to  mitigate  or  remove  the  evils  caused  by  the 
abuse  of  stimulants  than  he,  but  few  men  saw  the  whole  field  of  battle, 
and  knew  the  positions  of  the  combatants,  the  weak  and  the  strong 
points  in  the  ranks  of  both  armies,  and  the  ultimate  effects  of  victory 
or  defeat,  so  clearly  as  he.  Tt  had  long  been  a  maxim  with  him  that  it 
was  a  blunder  to  make  laws  in  advance  of  public  opinion  ;*  that  laws,  to 
be  effectual,  should  be  the  result  of  a  call  from  the  educated  opinion  of  a 
majority  of  the  people  whose  welfare  or  interests  they  are  intended  to 
secure.  On  one  occasion  in  the  writer's  presence,  a  lady  of  the  county 
suggested  that  he  should  avail  himself  of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  his 
return  to  power  to  introduce  an  Education  Act  to  give  the  people  free 
schools,  based  on  the  assessment  of  all.  He  spoke  in  reply  somewhat  as 
follows  :  "  Are  the  people  prepared  to  tax  themselves  to  secure  the 
advantages  afforded  by  free  schools  1  Would  not  the  more  wealthy 
among  the  rural  population  object  to  their  taxes  being  increased  in  order 
that  their  poorer  neighbours  might  have  their  burdens  lessened  ?  Would 
not  those  who  had,  at  a  very  considerable  expense,  educated  their  children, 
object  to  a  change  which  would  involve  their  continued  taxation  for  the 
benefit  of  those  who  possessed  nothing  to  tax  1  When  the  first  of  these 
questions  can  be  answered  in  the  affirmative,  and  the  two  remaining  ones 
in  the  negative,  by  any  considerable  majority  of  the  people,  legislation  will 

*  If  this  principle  had  always  governed  the  policy  of  Mr.  Johnstone  and  his 
successor  in  the  leadership  of  his  party,  neither  the  School  Law  nor  Confederation 
would  have  been  adopted  in  Nova  Scotia. — [ED.] 

29 


450  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

become  safe,  but  not  otherwise.  If,  therefore,  we  would  have  this 
measure  adopted,  the  people  must  be  instructed  as  to  its  value ;  it  should 
be  discussed  in  every  debating  club  anH  in  every  newspaper,  and  at  every 
fireside  in  the  country.  I  am  glad  that  you  are  striving  to  bring  about 
that  condition  of  public  opinion  on  the  subject  which  I  so  heartily  desire 
to  see,  and  without  which  no  law  can  be  made  a  boon  or  a  blessing  to  the 
people." 

As  in  the  educational  so  also  in  the  temperance  matter;  and  it  is 
nearly  certain  that  Mr.  Johnstone  was  not,  at  heart,  a  supporter  of 
the  principle  of  enforcing  temperance  by  legal  enactments  and  therefore 
did  not  very  deeply  regret  his  failure  to  place  such  a  law  upon  our  statute 
books.  But  to  him  and  his  colleague,  Avard  Longley,  we  were  indebted 
for  many  improvements  in  the  license  laws,  and  in  him  the  temperance 
fraternities  always  found  a  sincere  friend,  a  wise  counsellor  and  a  firm 
supporter. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  general  election  in  1855,  Mr.  Johnstone  was 
opposed  for  the  fourth  and  last  time  by  his  old  antagonist  Chipman,  but 
was  again  triumphantly  returned  as  the  county  representative.  The 
Liberals,  however,  succeeded  in  gaining  a  majority  in  the  new  Assembly, 
though  they  were  not  destined  to  guide  the  ship  of  State  much  longer. 
Events  originating  in  riots  on  the  line  of  railway  then  in  course  of  con- 
struction, led  to  a  breach  between  the  administration  and  its  Roman 
Catholic  supporters  in  the  House,  which  finally  culminated,  during  the 
second  session,  1857,  in  an  adverse  vote  which  forced  their  resignation, 
when  Mr.  Johnstone  was  called  upon  to  form  a  new  government,  a  task 
in  which  he  was  eminently  successful,  accepting  the  Attorney-General- 
ship and  the  position  of  leader.  On  going  back  for  re-election  he  was 
opposed  by  Mr.  (late  the  honourable)  William  Caguey  Whitman,  but 
was  returned  by  a  majority  of  395  votes,  the  largest  he  had  ever  received 
in  the  county. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  new  administration  was  to  take  measures, 
too  long  neglected,  toward  an  equitable  settlement  of  the  mines  question. 
All  the  ungranted  mines  and  minerals  of  the  Province  had  been  formerly 
leased  to  the  Duke  of  York,  a  younger  brother  of  George  IV.,  and  this 
lease  had  been  assigned  or  transferred  to  a  London  firm — Rundell,  Bridges 
and  Rundell — in  consideration  of  certain  moneys  paid  by  them  to  the 
creditors  of  His  Royal  Highness ;  and  these  gentlemen  formed  a  company 
afterwards  known  as  the  "  General  Mining  Association,"  for  the  purpose  of 
opening  and  working  the  mines  of  Nova  Scotia,  which  thus  became  a  close 
monopoly  during  the  continuance  of  the  lease.  Much  dissatisfaction  was 
caused  among  the  people  of  the  Province  by  these  operations.  They 
contended  that  the  king  had  exceeded  his  powers  in  granting  this  lease 
without  the  consent  of  their  Legislature.  In  1849  the  Civil  List  Bill — 


JAMES   WILLIAM   JOHNSTONE.  451 

by  which  the  estate  of  the  Crown  was  vested  in  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ment—became law  ;  and  it  was  claimed  that  no  lease  of  the  mines  was 
any  longer  valid  without  colonial  -sanction.  The  mining  business  of  the 
country  was  thus  brought  to  a  standstill,  and  the  interests  of  all  parties 
endangered.  In  the  session  of  1857,  therefore,  Mr.  Johnstone  obtained 
power  from  the  Legislature  to  appoint  delegates  to  proceed  to  England, 
with  a  view  to  bring  about,  if  possible,  a  compromise  with  the  lessees, 
subject,  however,  to  ratification  or  rejection  by  the  Assembly.  In  con- 
sequence of  this  he  and  Mr.  Adams  G.  Archibald — then  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Opposition — late  Lieutenant-Go  vernor,  were  chosen  by 
the  Executive  as  such  delegates.  They  went  to  London  in  June  of  that 
year,  and  succeeded  in  effecting  an  arrangement  with  the  Association, 
which,  while  it  secured  their  rights  in  the  mines  then  opened  and  worked 
by  them,  conceded  to  Nova  Scotia  the  ownership  of  all  others.  The 
terms  of  this  agreement  were  laid  before  the  Assembly  at  its  next  session, 
and  after  a  lively  and  full  discussion,  the  question  to  accept  them  was 
carried  by  a  vote  of  thirty-two  against  nineteen,  or  by  a  majority  of 
thirteen  votes. 

A  more  lucky  event  for  Nova  Scotia  in  a  financial  point  of  view  than 
the  settlement  of  this  vexed  question  never  occurred.  If  it  had  been 
delayed  four  years  longer,  the  terms  thus  secured  would  have  become 
impossible,  and  the  Province  would  have  been  forced  to  await  the  expira- 
tion of  the  lease  for  the  recovery  and  resumption  of  its  rights — rights 
through  which,  at  the  time  of  writing,  it  derives  nearly  if  not  quite  one- 
fifth  of  its  revenues.  In  1861  it  will  be  remembered  that  the  discovery 
of  the  existence  of  gold  in  this  country  was  made,  and  as  soon  as  the 
knowledge  of  this  important  fact  had  reached  the  ears  of  the  lessees,  they 
would,  of  course,  have  declined  to  entertain  any  terms  whatever.  To 
Mr.  Johnstone  justly  belongs  the  credit  of  having  propounded  the  measure 
which  made  a  settlement  possible,  as  soon  as  circumstances  had  placed  him 
in  a  position  to  do  so ;  and  the  highly  beneficial  results,  which  are  so 
certainly  felt  in  this  hour  of  her  history,  will  be  readily  acknowledged 
by  every  candid  son  of  Nova  Scotia. 

On  the  16th  day  of  February,  1856,  the  Attorney-General — Young — 
in  a  speech  of  great  eloquence,  moved  a  resolution  pledging  the  Assembly 
to  provide  the  sum  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  guineas,  to  be  expended  in 
the  purchase  of  a  sword,  to  be  presented  to  Sir  William  Fenwick 
Williams,  "  as  a  mark  of  the  high  esteem  in  which  his  character  as  a 
man  and  a  soldier,  and  more  especially  his  heroic  courage  and  constancy 
in  the  defence  of  Kars,  are  held  by  the  Legislature  of  his  native  pro- 
vince." This  resolution  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Johnstone  in  a  speeck 
equally  eloquent  and  appropriate,  in  which,  among  other  things,  he 
said  : 


452  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

' '  It  has  been  the  singular  fortune  of  Nova  Scotians — when  we  consider  the  com- 
paratively small  population  of  our  country — to  mark  with  pride  and  view  with 
unmingled  satisfaction  the  achievements  of  their  fellow-countrymen  abroad  ;  and 
although  we  may  have  been  called  to  mourn  their  loss,  we  have  mourned  them  as 
heroes  who  have  fallen  covered  with  glory  ;  we  have  mourned  them,  but  there  has 
been  a  pride  of  country  in  our  sorrow,  for  they  have  braved  danger  and  met  death 
with  an  undaunted  front  and  unwavering  courage.  Thus  have  we  felt  the  loss  of 
Welsford  and  Parker,  to  many  of  us  known  familiarly.  This  resolution  acknow- 
ledges the  merits  of  General  Williams,  the  hero  of  Kars.  We  are  not  called  upon 
to  mourn  him  as  numbered  with  the  dead,  for  though  we  have  occasion  for  sorrow 
when  we  reflect  that,  from  circumstances  over  which  he  had  no  control,  he  with  his 
gallant  band,  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  But  we  find  him  only  a 
victim  to  a  misfortune,  which,  if  indomitable  courage  and  consummate  skill  had 
been  able  to  avert  it,  would  never  have  overtaken  him.  ...  I  regard  the 
achievements  and  position  of  General  Williams  as  unapproached  and  unequalled  in 
the  history  of  the  present  war.  Many  have  exhibited  an  heroic  courage  not  to  be 
surpassed,  but  he  has  united  to  the  bravery  of  the  man  the  skill  and  military 
capacity  of  the  distinguished  leader.  His  professional  skill  in  perfecting  the 
defence  of  Kars  may  be  best  judged  by  its  terrible  effectiveness  on  the  day  of 
assault ;  his  talents  in  organizing  and  inspiring  troops  have  the  highest  testimony 
in  the  spectacle  of  defeated,  dispirited  and  ill-disciplined  bands  winning  laurels 
that  veterans  might  envy,  and  achieving  a  triumph  in  the  defence  of  Kars  that  will 
go  down  immortalized  to  posterity,  a  defence  carried  on  and  sustained  by  no  mere 
animal  courage,  but  with  cool,  unalterable  determination,  united  with  provident 
precaution  and  conducted  with  admirable  skill.  In  reading  the  history  of  that 
memorable  day,  as  contained  in  the  graphic  and  eloquent  despatch  of  General 
Williams,  which  may  well  compare  with  many  of  the  classic  accounts  of  ancient 
battles,  one  cannot  fail  to  be  impressed  with  a  sense  of  his  genius  and  ability. 
Under  these  circumstances  we  are  paying  to  him  no  vain  compliment,  no 
empty  honour  in  passing  this  resolution — we  are  paying  that  tribute  which  as  Nova 
Scotians,  and  the  descendants  of  Englishmen,  we  feel  due  to  a  native  of  our 
province  whose  achievements  abroad  have  been  characterized  by  a  courage  so 
exalted,  a  fortitude  so  invincible,  and  an  ability  so  great.  We  are  paying  this, 
compliment  to  one  who,  though  compelled  to  yield  to  a  dire  necessity  against  which 
neither  strength,  nor  courage,  nor  intellect  can  contend,  is  yet  covered  with  glory, 
and  who  is  endeared  but  the  more  to  the  hearts  and  sympathies  of  all  true  Britons, 
and  we  are  but  claiming  for  our  own  province  a  share  of  his  glory  by  claiming  him 
as  our  own." 

In  the  session  of  the  following  year,  1857,  the  "  Catholic  Question," 
as  it  was  then  generally  called,  was  ventilated  in  the  Assembly.  The 
discussion  arose  upon  a  resolution,  involving  a  want  of  confidence  in  the 
Liberal  ministry,  which  was  moved  by  Mr.  Johnstone  in  amendment  to 
the  address  in  reply  to  the  speech  from  the  throne.  The  debate  occupied 
about  fourteen  days,  and  was  characterized  by  the  exhibition  of  great 
ability  and  eloquence  by  speakers  on  both  sides,  as  well  as  by  considerable 
acrimony  and  warmth.  Mr.  Johnstone's  speech,  on  this  occasion, 
occupied  parts  of  three  several  days,  and  was  perhaps  the  ablest  effort  of 
his  political  life.  For  close  reasoning,  spontaneous  retort,  elegance  of 
diction,  and  eloquence  in  delivery,  it  must  always  hold  a  foremost  place 


JAMES   WILLIAM   JOHNSTONE.  453 

in  the  records  of  such  literature.  To  quote  the  whole  speech  would  be 
out  of  place  in  this  memoir,  but  we  cannot  refuse  to  insert  its  eloquent 
peroration,  which  was  intended  as  a  summary  of  the  points  made  in  it. 
He  said  : 

"  If  any  doubt  could  exist  as  to  the  imbecility  of  the  Government  last  winter, 
there  is  no  room  to  doubt  their  weakness  now.  Rebuked,  threatened,  ridiculed 
before  the  whole  people  by  two  of  their  own  officers, — the  Chief  Railway  Com- 
missioner and  the  Queen's  Pr inter, —they  meekly  submitted.  At  the  dictates  of 
these  two  insubordinates,  aided  by  some  followers  in  this  House,  they  are  willing 
to  purchase  leave  to  live  by  the  unworthy  sacrifice  of  a  political  supporter,  on  the 
poor  pretence  of  an  alleged  offence  of  the  same  nature,  but  far  less  aggravated  in 
degree,  than  that  perpetrated  by  those  two  government  officials  and  dictators. 
Outraging  by  their  conduct  a  portion  of  their  firmest  supporters,  they  now  insult 
their  understanding  by  charging  them  with  dishonour  in  allying  themselves  with 
Protestant  Conservatives  of  liberal  principles  and  practices,  and  demanding  that 
they  shall  remain  bound  to  Protestant  Liberals  who  have  abandoned  in  their 
practice  the  liberal  principles  which  they  professed. 

"  We  are  taunted  on  the  alliance  of  Conservatives  and  Catholics  as  if  one  or  both 
were  tainted  with  political  leprosy.  Sir,  we  are  men,  and  as  men  entitled  to  meet 
on  the  broad  ground  of  a  common  humanity,  for  our  platform  is,  Equality  of  Civil 
and  Religious  Freedom.  As  Christians,  I  trust  we  are  wise  enough  and  virtuous 
enough  to  know  how  to  enjoy  civil  freedom  and  political  privileges  without  the 
sacrifice  on  either  side  of  religious  independence,  a  blessing  without  which  the 
name  of  civil  liberty  were  but  a  mockery.  As  citizens  we  unite  in  valuing  the  free 
institutions  of  our  country,  and  in  the  determination  to  uphold  them,  as  they  exist 
in  Nova  Scotia,  with  inflexible  integrity  ;  and  I  trust  neither  of  us  can  claim 
precedence  in  the  loyalty  and  reverence  we  bear  our  beloved  Sovereign  as  the  head 
of  the  Empire,  or  in  the  love  we  cherish  toward  her  as  the  brightest  example  of  all 
that  adorns,  elevates  and  ennobles  her  sex. 

"  The  loyalty  of  Irishmen  has  been  questioned.  I  dare  not  assume  the  duty  of 
their  vindication  when  Erin's  own  sons  have  so  often  fulfilled  that  office  with  an 
eloquence  peculiarly  their  own,  and  which  I  can  never  reach.  I  may,  however,  be 
permitted  to  say  that  it  does  seem  harsh  and  ungrateful  that  any  imputation  like 
this  should  be  ventured  so  recently  after  the  names  of  Alma,  Inkerman  and 
Sebastopol  have  been  added  to  the  scroll  where  Britain's  glories  have  been  inscribed. 
While  yet  unmouldered  lie,  amid  the  heights  and  precipices  and  ravines  of  those 
now  historic  scenes,  commingling  in  the  same  graves,  the  remains  of  Irishmen  with 
those  of  their  fellow-countrymen — men  who  together  met  the  common  enemy,  and 
when  the  battle  fiercely  raged,  and  death  reigned  rampant  over  the  field,  indiscrim- 
inating,  reaped  the  abounding  harvest, — knew  no  rivalry  but  who  foremost  should 
reach  the  deadliest  strife,  who  first  should  pour  forth  his  life  in  his  country's 
service  !  Heroic  men  !  in  their  life  attesting,  and  sealing  in  death  the  noble  truth 
though  they  learned  it  not  from  the  classic  page — Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria 


The  speech  from  which  the  foregoing  extracts  are  made,  inculcating 
and  defending  principles  that  lie  at  the  very  ^foundations  of  civil  and 
religious  freedom,  showed,  in  an  unmistakable  manner,  the  true  sentiments 
of  the  man. 


454  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

After  an  elaborate  and  eloquent  reply  by  Mr.  Howe,  a  division  of  the 
House  was  called  when  Mr.  Johnstone  had  the  gratification  to  find  that 
he  had  carried  a  majority  with  him  against  the  Government,  which 
resigned  during  the  next  day,  as  we  have  already  seen. 

Among  the  last  speeches  made  by  Mr.  Johnstone  in  the  Assembly  was 
one  on  the  question  of  a  "  Union  of  the  Colonies,"  or  to  be  more  exact, 
on  the  "  Union  of  the  Maritime  Colonies,"  in  which  he  eloquently  set 
forth  his  views  on  the  general  subject,  a  few  extracts  from  which  will 
not  be  considered  out  of  place  here. 

"  I  may  say  that  it  has  been  among  the  first  objects  of  my  ambition,  as  a  public 
man,  to  secure  a  union  of  these  colonies.  This  aspiration  arose  from  the  conviction 
that  it  was  essentially  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  raising  us  up  and  giving  us  a 
position.  I  know  that,  divided  as  we  are,  small  in  extent  and  population,  we  must 
continue  to  occupy  a  very  inferior  position  among  the  communities  of  peoples. 
Now,  it  was  not  from  any  ambitious  motives  that  I  deprecated  our  condition  ;  not 
from  any  motive  of  power  on  behalf  of  the  community  with  which  I  might  be 
associated.  I  felt  that  the  position  we  occupied  was  unfavourable  to  the  elevation 
of  the  body  politic,  and  that  it  was  antagonistic  to  the  development  of  anything 
like  a  large  and  generous  and  ennobled  public  sentiment.  We  cannot  but  feel  that 
in  a  small  community,  where  public  measures  amount  to  matters  of  small  general 
moment,  where  parties  are  brought  into  personal  collision  so  closely,  and  personal 
interests  and  feelings  are  necessarily  made  prominent  objects  and  motives  of  action, 
it  is  impossible  there  can  be  that  unanimity  of  feeling,  that  enlargement  of  view, 
that  elevation  of  purpose  which  is  so  desirable  in  every  country.  Therefore,  it  was 
that  I,  as  an  inhabitant  of  this  country,  the  home  of  myself  and  my  children  after 
me,  felt  that  my  first  duty  was  to  endeavour  to  create  this  enlargement  and 
elevation  of  public  sentiment  by  extending  the  sphere  of  political  action,  which 
could  only  be  done  by  a  union  of  the  British  North  American  Provinces,  of  the 
Queen's  subjects  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic." 

After  comparing  the  political  condition  of  the  colonies  with  that  of 
the  United  States,  he  said  : 

"  In  early  life  I  held  strong  democratic  sentiments,  for,  strange  to  say,  though  I 
have  been  called  a  leading  Tory  in  Nova  Scotia,  I  was  in  my  youth  actuated  by  the 
Whig  principles  of  English  statesmen.  I  was  early  captivated,  as  many  young  men 
are,  with  the  illusions  of  a  Republic — of  a  Republic  that  was  working  out  the  great 
problem  they  had  taken  in  hand  ;  but  reflection  and  observation  have  gradual!}7- 
sobered  down  this  sentiment,  and  I  feel  that,  however  valuable  a  republic  may  be 
for  giving  energy  to  individual  action,  it  is  wanting  in  that  power  of  elevation  and 
nobility  of  sentiment,  and  responsibility  of  action,  which  can  alone  raise  nations  to 
that  high-toned  condition  which  we  desire  to  see,  and  our  minds  figure  before  us, 
as  the  objects  of  our  aspirations.  I  trust  that  that  portion  of  this  continent  over 
which  the  British  flag  is  waving,  will  continue  to  possess  perfect  freedom  of  action, 
with  all  the  elevation  and  refinement  which  proceed  from  connection  with 
monarchical  and  aristocratic  institutions. "... 

Returning  to  the  subject  of  a  union  he  concluded  a  most  eloquent 
speech  in  these  words  : 


JAMES   WILLIAM   JOHNSTONE.  455 

"  I  would  wish  to  see  such  a  union  as  would  unite  all  the  parts  into  a  homo- 
geneous* whole,  and  make  a  people  worthy  of  the  source  from  whence  they  sprung, 
and  perpetuate  to  all  time  to  come,  the  character,  name,  honour,  and  institutions  of 
that  great  country  of  which  we  are  proud  to  form  a  part. " 

In  the  same  year,  and  during  the  railway  discussion  which  then  took 
place,  Mr.  Johnstone  urged  the  necessity  for  the  construction  of  the  great 
Intercolonial  Railway  as  a  means  to  Union,  "  independent  of  its  commer- 
cial advantage."  In.  this  same  debate  he  paid  so  warm  and  just  a  com- 
pliment to  his  constituents  that  it  deserves  to  be  recorded  here.  He  was 
defending  himself  against  the  charge  of  inconsistency  in  proposing  to 
build  the  Pictou  railway  as  a  government  work, — a  policy  which  it  was 
said  was  distasteful  to  the  county  he  represented,  a  fact  of  which  it  had 
been  supposed  he  was  forgetful.  He  said  : 

"  It  may  seem  a  strange  position  for  me  to  occupy  ;  to  bring  forward  this  measure 
and  state  the  reasons  which  induce  me  to  do  so.  I  feel  in  doing  so  I  am  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  people  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  and  I  feel  I  am  promoting  them  in  the 
most  beneficial  way  that  is  practicable  ;  and  if  any  man  imagines  for  a  moment  that 
in  advocating  this  measure,  I  have  lost  sight  of  the  peculiar  claims  that  bind  me  to 
the  western  portion  of  the  Province,  he  utterly  misunderstands  my  character  and 
fails  to  appreciate  my  motives.  Do  I  forget  the  interests  of  my  own  constituents  ? 
Do  I  forget  the  claims  of  the  people  of  Annapolis  upon  me  ? — of  that  constituency 
that  through  twenty  years  without  fail  and  without  wavering  has  rendered  me  its 
confidence,  and'  a  large  proportion  of  those  who  compose  it  more  than  their  confi- 
dence,-— their  personal  affection,  respect  and  esteem  ?  Forget  their  interests  !  No  ; 
'  let  my  right  hand  forget  its  cunning  and  my  tongue  cleave  to  the  roof  of  my  mouth,' 
before  I  forget  the  interests  of  that  constituency." 

Mr.  Johnstone's  political  career  was  now  rapidly  drawing  to  a  -close. 
During  thirty  years  he  had  devoted  the  energies  of  the  best  years  of  his 
life  to  the  public  service, — namely,  from  his  appointment  to  the  Solicitor- 
Generalship,  in  1834,  to  his  resignation  of  the  Attorney-Generalship  and 
leadership  of  the  Government,  in  1864.  During  this  period  he  had  served 
as  Solicitor-General  from  1834  to  1841,  when  he  was  made  Attorney- 
General,  in  which  capacity  he  acted  from  1841  to  1848,  and  again  from 
1857  to  1860,  and  in  1863  and  1864.  Twenty  out  of  these  thirty  years 
he  was  the  representative  of  this  county,  and  since  1843  had  run  success- 
fully no  less  than  eight  elections,  all  of  which,  save  the  last,  were  con- 
tested. During  the  session  of  1863-64  an  Act  was  passed  authorizing 
the  appointment  of  an  additional  judge  in  the  Supreme  Court,  to  have 
special  jurisdiction  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  Equity  proceedings,  which 
had  formerly  been  vested  in  the  Court  of  Chancery,  so  called,  in  a  judge 

*  He  appears  to  have  used  the  word  "homogeneous"  as  more  expressive  of  a 
Legislative  than  a  Federal  Union.  In  this  same  speech  he  said:  "I  have  never 
favoured  a  Union  of  the  Provinces  by  way  of  Federation,  for  it  did  not  appear  to 
tend  to  the  great  object  we  had  in  view." 


456  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

styled  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  the  title  of  the  new  judge  to  be  "Judge 
in  Equity."  To  this  position  the  subject  of  this  memoir  was  appointed 
on  the  llth  day  of  May,  1864,  and  he  held  the  place  during  the  remain- 
ing period  of  his  life — about  ten  years.  It  is  a  well-recognized  fact  that 
he  was  in  this  capacity  a  most  able,  painstaking  and  efficient  judge.  The 
judgments  delivered  by  him  were  marked  by  their  clearness,  general 
soundness  and  great  ability  and  learning.* 

A  year  before  Mr.  Jjohnstone's  decease  he  visited  the  south  of  France 
on  account  of  the  state  of  his  health,  which  had  become  very  much 
impaired.  This  course  had  been  taken  under  medical  advice,  and  it  was 
hoped  that  a  season  of  rest  from  laborious  and  exhaustive  mental  labour 
would  so  recuperate  his  physical  system  that  the  life  of  the  "  old  man 
eloquent "  would  be  spared  to  the  public  for  a  few  years  longer.  But  this 
was  not  to  be. 

The  gentleman  who  for  many  years  had  been  his  great  political  antag- 
onist— Mr.  Howe — whose  health  was  also  in  a  shattered  condition,  was, 
shortly  after,  elevated  to  the  gubernatorial  chair  of  his  native  province, 
an  honour  to  which  he  was  very  justly  entitled.  lie  had  occupied  the 
position,  however,  for  only  a  few  months  when  he  died.  On  the  occur- 
rence of  this  untoward  event  Mr.  Johnstone  was  selected  by  the  Governor- 
General  to  succeed  Mr.  Howe,  and  on  the  receipt  of  the  news  of  the 
appointment,  in  France,  where  he  then  was,  he  notified  his  Acceptance  of 
the  position,  and  at  once  commenced  his  journey  homeward  with  some- 
what improved  health,  and  it  was  earnestly  hoped  that  his  life  would  be 
spared  to  assume  the  duties  thus  imposed  on  him ;  but  on  his  return  to 
England  he  suffered  a  relapse,  which  in  a  few  weeks  ended  in  his  decease 
at  or  near  Brighton,  f  The  event  caused  deep  grief  and  disappointment 
in  the  hearts  of  his  many  friends  and  admirers,  who  felt  that  he  emin- 
ently deserved  the  honour  which  had  been  conferred  upon  him  as  a  suit- 
able crowning  act  in  recognition  of  his  life-long  and  valuable  services  to 
the  people  of  Nova  Scotia. 

It  only  remains  to  add  the  following  very  just  estimate  of  the  character 
of  the  late  Judge  in  Equity,  which  is  extracted  from  a  book  bearing  the 
title  "  Acadia  College  and  Horton  Academy."  Dawson  &  Co.,  Montreal, 
1881  : 

"  A  portraiture  of  more  difficult  execution  is  required  to  present  a  just  idea  of  the 
late  Judge  Johnstone.  In  religious  discussions  and  questions  in  the  church,  always 

*  I  feel  bound  to  add  that  in  all  the  qualities  that  make  a  great  judge,  Judge 
Johnstone,  although  seventy -one  years  old  when  appointed,  was  the  equal,  if  not  the 
superior,  of  any  who  had  preceded  him  on  the  Bench  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  possessed 
in  a  most  eminent  degree  the  legal  and  judicial  mind.  His  incomparable  powers  of 
analysis,  and  ready  application  of  legal  principles  to  all  the  details  of  a  case,  and 
force,  clearness  and  logical  methods  of  expression,  would  have  given  him  high  rank 
in  any  court  of  the  Empire. — [ED  ] 

tHe  was  buried  at  Cheltenham.— [ED.] 


ALFRED    WHITMAN.  457 

the  most  modest  and  meekest  of  men,  he  nevertheless  was  intellectually  a  giant.  A 
most  impressive  sight  it  was  to  see  this  man  with  talents  which  at  the  bar  and  in  the 
legislative  halls  could  hold  men  by  the  hour  in  speechless  admiration,  take  his  place 
in  meetings  of  the  church  with  the  manifest  humility  of  one  who  felt  himself  '  less 
the  least.' 

"  In  private  and  public  life,  by  the  natural  bent  of  his  mind  as  well  as  training, 
Mr.  Johnstone  was,  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word,  a  gentleman  ;  meanness  and  false- 
hood were  abhorrent  to  his  nature,  and  his  intercourse  was  marked  by  a  delicate 
sense  of  propriety.  His  higher  moral  perceptions  also  were  remarkable  for  their 
strength  and  power.  Give  him  the  maintenance  or  defence  of  a  case  in  which,  as 
against  his  client,  justice  was  denied  or  feebleness  oppressed,  and  he  was  often  known 
to  fire  and  soar  aloft  in  a  manner  truly  wonderful.  On  such  occasions  he  often  sur- 
passed himself,  and  all  classes  of  men,  unlettered  and  cultivated,  friends  and  antag- 
onists, have  equally  expressed  themselves  with  admiration  of  his  extraordinary  power. 
Nor  was  this  quick  sense  of  justice  and  right  dependent  on  the  excitement  of  courts 
or  popular  contests  ;  private  and  intimate  intercourse  no  less  revealed  this  trait  in 
Mr.  Johnstone  as  an  original  element  of  his  moral  constitution.  To  one  knowing  him 
sufficiently,  and  contrasting  his  finely  moulded  character  with  the  coarse  natures  of 
many  men,  even  in  high  position,  how  naturally  and  mournfully  comes  now  the 
exclamation,  '  When  shall  we  look  upon  his  like  again  ? '  " 

ALFRED    WHITMAN. 

1844-1848,  1848-1852,   1852-1856. 

Alfred  Whitman  was  a  brother  of  Elnathan  and  a  son  of  John 
Whitman,  and  was  born  at  Rosette  in  1797.  When  a  young  man  he 
served  a  time  as  clerk  and  book-keeper  with  Phineas  Lovett,  who  was 
then  engaged  in  a  large  West  India  business.  Here  he  acquired  a 
general  knowledge  of  trade  matters,  which  ^proved  of  great  service  to 
him  in  after  life,  and  formed  habits  of  industry  and  attention  to  business 
which  gained  for  him  a  good  name  and  aided  him  in  conquering  success 
in  the  battle  of  life,  which  he  always  fought  in  a  brave  and  intelligent 
spirit. 

Shortly  after  leaving  the  employ  of  Mr.  Lovett,  he  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Spurr,  and  settled  on  the  farm  at  Rosette,  where 
he  continued  to  live  until,  failing  health  unfitting  him  to  pursue  so 
laborious  a  calling,  he  removed  to  the  town  of  Annapolis  and  entered 
into  trade.  He  was  thus  employed  when  in  1840  he  became  a  candidate 
for  the  suffrages  of  the  electors  of  the  township  of  Annapolis  in  the 
room  of  his  elder  brother  Elnathan.  He  was  opposed  by  the  late  Henry 
Gates,  of  the  township  of  Clements,  who  after  a  severe  contest  defeated 
Mr.  Whitman,  obtaining  the  seat  by  a  small  majority.  This  election 
took  place  during  a  period  of  ferment  attending  an  important  change  in 
the  political  constitution  of  the  Province,  and  was  characterized  by  great 
warmth  and  acrimony. 

At  the  general  election  in  1844  he  again  became   a  candidate,  and 


458  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

obtained  the  seat  by  acclamation.  He  was  again  returned  in  1847,  1851 
and  1855,  and  in  1857  he  was  elevated  to  the  Legislative  Council,  and 
continued  a  member  of  that  branch  until  his  death,  January  27th,  1861. 

MOSES   SHAW. 
1855-1859,  1859-1863. 

By  the  Editor. 

Mr.  Shaw  was  for  the  greater  part  of  his  life  a  merchant  at  Clements- 
port.  I  do  not  know  whether  in  his  earlier  years  he  was  a  supporter  of 
the  Reform  movement,  but  after  the  establishment  of  responsible  govern- 
ment, and  the  later  struggle  between  Mr.  Howe  and  Mr.  Johnstone 
mentioned  in  previous  pages  began,  he  was  a  pronounced  adherent  of  the 
new  Conservative  party  led  by  the  latter.  A  man  of  recognized  social 
standing,  good  judgment,  and  respected  by  people  of  all  classes,  he  had 
conferred  on  him,  what  had  always  theretofore  been  considered,  the 
honour  of  a  Commission  of 'the  Peace.  After  Mr.  Howe  and  his 
colleagues,  as  a  result  of  the  election  of  1847,  succeeded  to  power  in  the 
following  year,  they  advised  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  Sir  John  Harvey, 
to  cancel  all  the  old  appointments  and  issue  a  new  General  Commission 
of  the  Peace,  in  which  the  names  of  several  of  the  most  worthy  and 
respected  magistrates  in  each  county  who  were  Conservatives  in  politics 
were  omitted,  that  of  Mr.  Shaw  among  them  ;  and  a  very  large  number 
of  warm  partisans  of  the  new  Government  were  appointed,  some  of  them, 
of  course,  very  worthy  men,  but  some  inferior  in  fitness  and  social 
and  educational  qualifications  to  those  whom  they  had  superseded.  This 
act,  so  unworthy  of  a  great  statesman,  and  which  no  candid  man  can  help 
admitting  is  a  stain  on  an  otherwise  brilliant  record,  we  must  assume 
Mr.  Howe  himself  regretted  in  later  years.  It  added  intensely  to  the 
prevailing  political  bitterness  ;  and,  on  its  being  brought  to  the  notice  of 
the  Home  Government,  was  severely  censured,  as  the  gentlemen  affected, 
appointed  under  a  former  regime,  held  their  honourable  distinctions 
during  good  behaviour  on  the  faith  of  the  Crown  ;  and  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  was  threatened  with  recall  if  he  did  not  insist  on  the  injury 
done  them  being  redressed ;  but  the  Colonial  Secretary's  despatches  on 
the  subject  were  not  made  public  until  Mr.  Johnstone's  second  accession 
to  power  ten  years  later.  Mr.  Shaw,  in  January,  1849,  was  presented 
with  an  address  of  sympathy  and  confidence  on  this  occasion,  signed  by 
two  hundred  and  fifty  inhabitants  of  the  township  of  Clements  of  both 
political  parties,  among  them  Mr.  W.  H.  Ray,  then  coming  to  the  front 
as  a  prominent  Liberal ;  and  he  was  not  long  afterwards  reinstated,  as 
were  most  of  the  other  victims  of  this  deplorable  act  of  party  resentment. 

In  1855,  Mr.  Shaw  was  returned  for  the  township  of  Annapolis  as  a 


AVARD   LONGLEY.  .  459 

supporter  of  Mr.  Johnstone,  and  in  1859  was  again  returned  as  one  of 
the  three  county  members.  During  his  second  term  he  saw  fit  to  change 
his  political  relations,  and  began  to  support  the  new  Government  which 
had  supplanted  that  of  Mr.  Johnstone ;  and  was,  in  consequence,  defeated 
in  1863  by  Mr.  George  Whitman,  now  of  the  Legislative  Council.  He 
continued  in  affiliation  with  the  Liberal  party  until  his  death,  January 
23rd,  1870,  aged  61.  He  was  a  staunch  member  of  the  Church  of 
England,  a  man  of  good  presence  and  fair  ability,  and  many  amiable, 
personal  qualities. 

AVARD  LONGLEY. 

1859-1863,   1863-1867. 

Mr.  Longley  was  a  son  of  Asaph  and  a  grandson  of  Israel  Longley,  of 
Shirley,  in  Massachusetts,  who  came  to  this  province  in  1760,  or  a  little 
later,  and  settled  in  Granville,  probably  on  the  farm  recently  owned  and 
occupied  by  his  youngest  son,  the  late  Israel  Longley.  He  was  educated 
in  the  Paradise  Grammar  School,  after  which  he  was  employed  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits  until  after  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  when  he 
disposed  of  his  share  of  the  estate  to  his  elder  and  only  brother,  the  late 
Israel  Longley,  and  embarked  in  mercantile  business.  He  was  twice 
married  :  (1)  Anna  Whitman,  by  whom  he  had  one  daughter,  Ella,  wife 
of  Reuben  Harlow ;  (2)  Charlotte  Troop,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Henry  Troop,  J.P.,  by  whom  he  had  issue.  From  his  early 
youth  Mr.  Longley  manifested  a  fondness  for  books  and  a  taste  for  litera- 
ture, and  by  attaching  himself  to  literary  and  debating  societies,  lost  no- 
opportunity  of  improving  his  mental  endowments  and  in  acquiring 
rhetorical  freedom  in  the  expression  of  his  thoughts  and  opinions.  At  a. 
very  early  period  in  the  later  temperance  movements,  guided  by  the 
organization  known  as  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  he  became  associated 
with  that  order,  and  in  its  division  rooms  he  found  "  ample  room  and 
verge  enough  "  for  the  culture  and  display  of  his  debating  powers. 

The  passage  of  the  Act  which  changed  the  mixed,  or  township  repre- 
sentation to  a  purely  county  one  opened  to  the  township  of  Wilmot  equal 
franchisal  rights  with  the  other  townships,  and  therefore  gave  general 
satisfaction  to  that  division  of  the  county  whose  electors  had  hitherto, 
for  nearly  a  century,  the  privilege  of  voting  for  county  candidates  only, 
while  her  sisters,  Annapolis  and  Granville,  not  only  voted  for  them,  but 
also  for  candidates  to  represent  themselves  as  townships. 

At  the  general  election  in  1859  they  found  themselves  for  the  first 
time  on  a  perfect  equality  with  the  others,  and  Mr.  Longley,  of  that 
township,  was  selected,  with  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Johnstone  and  Moses  Shaw,, 
Esq.,  of  Clements,  as  one  of  the  Conservative  candidates.  They  were 


460  HISTORY    OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

opposed  by  W.  H.  Ray,  W.  C.  Whitman  and  Israel  Longley,  Esqs. — the 
latter  gentleman  being  Mr.  Longley's  brother — who  had  been  chosen  as 
the  Liberal  standard-bearers.  A  vigorous  canvass  was  made  by  both 
parties,  and  both  went  to  the  polls  certain  of  success  ;  but  the  Conserva- 
tives were  successful  by  considerable  majorities,  and  Mr.  Longley  was 
thus  initiated  into  public  life  as  a  member  of  the  twenty-second  parliament 
of  his  native  province. 

Mr.  Longley,  who  had  previously  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the 
question  of  temperance,  soon  became  an  exponent  of  that  cause  in  the 
Assembly,  one  of  his  acts  being  a  bill  to  amend  the  acts  relating  to  license 
then  on  the  statute  books.  He  wisely,  however,  refrained  from  taking 
•or  seeking  a  leading  part  in  the  discussions  that  occupied  the  time  of  the 
Assembly  at  this  period,  his  party  being  then  in  Opposition ;  though  he 
could  not  resist  the  impulse  to  make  a  spirited  attack  on  two  of  the 
members,  who,  having  been  elected  by  the  Conservatives,  had  subse- 
quently yielded  their  support  to  the  Government. 

In  1863  Mr.  Longley  was  again  returned — and  this  time  at  the  head 
of  the  poll — with  his  colleagues  Mr.  Johns  tone  and  Mr.  George  Whitman 
— the  latter  of  whom  was  brought  out  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Shaw,  who, 
having  voted  against  his  party  and  joined  the  ranks  of  the  Liberals,  had 
rendered  himself  obnoxious.  The  Liberal  candidates  at  this  election 
were  Israel  Longley,  W.  H.  Ray,  and  Moses  Shaw,>  Esqs.,  who  were 
defeated,  but  by  lessened  numbers,  Mr.  Ray  falling  only  seventeen  below 
the  Hon.  Mr.  Johnstone.  The  result  of  the  elections  throughout  the 
Province  having  been  generally  favourable,  the  Liberals  resigned  and  a 
Conservative  administration  was  formed  with  Mr.  Johnstone,  as  Attorney- 
General,  at  its  head.  Mr.  Longley  was  appointed  on  the  Committee  of 
Public  Accounts,  and  on  that  connected  with  reporting  and  printing. 
Laborious,  diligent  and  conscientious,  his  services  as  a  committee-man 
were  highly  esteemed,  and  never  without  fruitful  results.  In  December, 
1864,  he  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  Railways  for  Nova  Scotia,  and 
filled  the  office  with  ability  until  June,  1869.  We  shall  now  proceed  to 
give  a  few  extracts  from  some  of  his  many  parliamentary  speeches  made 
in  this  Assembly.  On  the  question  of  the  Pictou  Railway  he  said  : 

"  I  would  not  say  a  single  word  on  the  question  before  us  if  I  did  not  occupy  a 
somewhat  peculiar  position.  Since  the  inception  of  railways  in  this  province  I  have 
stood  opposed  to  them,  in  this  House  and  out  of  it,  and  in  my  own  county  particu- 
larly have  again  and  again  spoken  against  the  construction  of  railways  by  Government. 
I  feel  it,  therefore,  necessary  for  my  own  sake  to  furnish  some  reasons  to  my  consti- 
tuents for  giving  my  support  to  this  measure.  I  may  say  that  were  the  question 
now  before  the  Legislature  whether  we  should  begin  the  construction  of  railways  by 
Government  or  not,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  I  would  oppose  the  under- 
taking by  that  policy  ;  but  we  are  all  familiar  with  the  argument  based  on  the  fact 
that  we  have  got  them,  and  that  there  has  already  been  a  large  expenditure  of 


AVARD   LONG LEY.  461 

money  made  in  connection  with  these  works.  It  seems  to  me  that  it  can  be  clearly 
shown  that  it  is  not  only  for  the  interests  of  the  County  of  Pictou,  and  other 
counties  to  the  eastward,  but  really  for  the  interests  of  the  whole  country  that  the 
railway  should  be  further  extended,  not  only  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  but  also, 
at  no  distant  day,  to  the  counties  lying  west  of  the  terminus  at  Windsor.  .  .  . 
At  the  time  the  railway  system  of  this  province  was  commenced,  and  a  million  of 
pounds  expended  in  connection  with  the  undertaking,  it  was  never  contemplated, 
either  by  the  supporters  of  railways  by  Government,  or  by  those  who  opposed  that 
policy,  that  the  railway,  having  reached  certain  points  should  remain  stationary.  It 
was  believed  that  the  time  would  arrive  when  it  would  be  necessary  to  extend  it  both 
east  and  west ;  and  I  believe  that  the  time  has  now  arrived,  and  it  is  the  duty  of 
the  Government  and  their  present  supporters  to  stand  forward  as  the  advocates 
of  extension.  I  shall  not  be  surprised  if  the  people  west  express  themselves  with 
some  disapproval  at  the  road  not  proceeding  west  simultaneously  with  the  extension 
east,  but  anxious  as  I  am  to  meet  their  wishes  in  this  respect,  I  am  persuaded  the 
soundest  policy  has  been  adopted.  To  extend  east  and  west  at  the  same  time  would 
very  materially  delay  the  completion  of  the  line  to  Pictou,  and  accomplish  little  or 
nothing  for  the  west.  .  .  .  Let  us  look,  therefore,  hopefully  on  the  future,  and 
no  longer  stand  in  dread  of  disasters  to  come.  With  every  obligation  of  the  country 
met,  and  a  siirplus  of  $100,000  in  the  treasury  at  the  end  of  the  year  ;  with  a 
a  road  grant  including  extras  in  excess  of  any  former  period  ;  with  the  rich  return 
of  our  mines  and  minerals  and  general  prosperity,  why  should  we  refuse  to  proceed 
with  our  public  works,  and  thus  check  enterprise  and  mar  our  progress  to  honour 
and  future  success." 

In  moving  resolutions  for  the  repeal  of  the  "  Act  for  the  regulation 
and  support  of  Dalhousie  College,"  which  had  been  passed  during  the 
previous  session,  Mr.  Longley  said  : 

"  I  am  not  insensible  to  the  many  disadvantages  under  which  I  labour  in  speaking 
at  the  present  time.  I  have  not  the  stimulating  influences  which  operate  upon  the 
mind  of  the  Provincial  Secretary  this  evening.  A  man  cannot  but  feel  a  certain 
degree  of  excitement  when  he  knows  he  carries  with  him  even  the  sympathies  of  the 
galleries.  But  the  public  man  who  cannot  withstand  such  influences  ought  never  to 
enter  public  life.  I  feel  that  so  far  as  the  result  of  this  debate  is  concerned  it 
would  be  well  if  I  waived  the  privilege  of  closing  this  discussion,  but  I  would  be 
untrue  to  myself  as  well  as  to  a  large  proportion  of  the  people  of  this  country  whom 
I  believe  I  represent  on  this  question,  if  I  were  to  restrain  myself  from  giving 
expression  to  some  extent  of  the  indignant  feeling  which  has  been  produced  on 
my  mind  this  evening.  .  I  do  not  pretend  to  say  that  in  reference  to  this  or 

any  other  question  I  can  at  all  reach  the  marked  eloquence  that  distinguishes  other 
gentlemen  in  this  Legislature,  but  I  think  I  can  say  that  I  have  put  the  facts  that 
are  connected  with  this  question  in  a  manner  that  is  fully  appreciated  by  a  large 
proportion  of  the  people  of  this  country.  ...  I  believe  that  the  honest,  fair 
and  manly  course  to  pursue  would  have  been  for  the  Presbyterian  body,  and  I  say  it 
with  all  respect,  if  they  desired  higher  education  for  their  young  men,  to  have 
imitated  the  example  set  by  King's,  Acadiaand  Sackville,  and  have  raised  the  funds 
to  bring  up  the  institution  to  such  a  position  that  they  would  not  feel  ashamed  to 
place  it  side  by  side  with  those  of  the  other  denominations  who  have  done  so  much 
to  merit  the  gratitude  of  the  people  of  this  country.  I  know  that  as  far  as  I  am 
able  to  understand  the  necessity  of  the  country,  and  more  especially  as  far  as  relates. 


462  HISTORY   OF   ANNAPOLIS. 

to  the  peculiar  circumstances  and  views  of  my  own  denomination,  that  it  will  be  a 
long  time  before  they  are  attracted  from  an  institution  hallowed  by  so  many 
reminiscences — an  institution  which  is  indeed  the  result  of  toil  and  self-sacrifice.  I 
look  forward  to  the  time,  not  far  distant,  when  this  question  will  cause  no  little 
agitation  in  this  country,  and  I  have  been  very  considerably  influenced  in  bringing 
this  resolution  forward,  by  the  hope  that  this  Legislature  would  see  the  necessity  o 
passing  it,  with  a  view  of  settling  this  vexed  question  upon  an  equitable  basis  before 
it  is  too  late." 

The  resolution  touching  a  "Union  of  the  Maritime  Colonies,"  moved 
by  Dr.  Tupper  in  the  session  of  1864,  does  not  seem  to  have  met  the 
approval  of  Mr.  Longley,  though  he  afterwards  supported  a  larger  union. 
In  speaking  to  this  question  he  said  : 

"Somehow  or  other  it  appeared  to  be  unadvisable  to  include  Canada  in  this 
arrangement,  but  he  was  inclined  to  think,  if  there  is  to  be  any  union  at  all,  it 
should  be  one  of  all  the  provinces.  ...  A  great  deal  of  importance  has  been 
attached  to  the  argument  that  this  union  would  afford  a  wider  field  of  action  for 
our  politicians,  and  thereby  soften  the  asperities  that  arise  in  a  contracted  sphere  of 
political  action.  He  had  little  doubt  there  were  several  leading  gentlemen  in  these 
provinces  whose  ambition  sought  a  wider  range,  and  it  was  certainly  a  great  pity 
that  their  desires  could  not  be  gratified.  He  looked  upon  the  geographical  position 
of  this  province  as  far  superior  to  that  of  any  of  the  others,  and  its  resources  and 
financial  conditions  were  equally  superior,  and  he  felt  it  would  be  unwise  to 
jeopardise  a  condition  of  things  so  eminently  satisfactory.  He  did  not  accede  to 
the  doctrine  that  a  union  would  abate  sectional  jealousies  and  personal  animosities. 
He  was  very  far  from  believing  that  a  union  was  going  to  mitigate  any  existing  evil, 
but  was  rather  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  it  would  bring  into  play  various 
influences  and  interests  that  we  should  rather  seek  to  avoid." 

In  this  very  momentous  session  he  lent  his  most  earnest  assistance  in 
the  passage  of  the  Education  Bill  which  had  for  its  objects  the  establish- 
ment of  free  schools  throughout  the  Province,  and  the  general  elevation 
of  the  character  of  the  instruction  to  be  imparted  in  them.  This  Act, 
notwithstanding  its  obvious  utility,  was  for  a  time  very  unpopular  among 
a  certain  class  of  influential  voters  throughout  the  country,  and  in  no 
county  more  so  than  in  Annapolis.  Men  who  had  for  many  years  con- 
tributed generously  for  educational  purposes,  and  who  had  educated  their 
sons  and  daughters  at  their  own  expense,  thought  it  a  hardship  if  not  an 
injustice  to  be  forced  to  assist  in  the  education  of  others  by  the  payment 
of  taxes  for  that  purpose,  and  this  feeling  told  strongly  in  the  coming 
elections.  Not  even  the  anti-union  excitement  of  that  day  acted  more 
injuriously  to  the  candidates  who  had  been  members  of  the  late  As- 
sembly. It  is  scarcely  to  be  wondered  at,  therefore,  that  Mr.  Longley 
suffered  a  defeat  in  the  battle  of  1867,  when  he  contested  the  seat  for 
the  House  of  Commons.  Nor  had  the  ferment  been  so  far  diminished  as 
to  enable  him  to  obtain  a  seat  in  the  Local  Assembly  in  1871,  having 
with  his  colleague,  T.  W.  Chesley,  suffered  another  defeat.  But  with 


AVARD   LONGLEY.  463 

a  persistence  that  cannot  but  be  regarded  as  hopeful  he  contested  the 
seat  for  the  Commons  with  Colonel  Ray,  who  once  more  bore  his  standard 
to  victory.  Beaten,  but  not  dispirited,  he  resolved  to  seek  a  seat  in  the 
Local  House  in  1873,  and  with  Mr.  William  B.  Troop  for  a  colleague  he 
once  more  appealed  to  his  old  constituency,  and  after  a  sharp  conflict  suc- 
ceeded in  snatching  the  honours  from  his  opponents,  Messieurs  Bent  and 
Parker.  In  1878  he  for  the  third  time  became  a  candidate  in  opposition 
to  Mr.  Ray  for  the  seat  in  the  Parliament  of  the  Dominion,  and  succeeded, 
after  a  close  canvass,  in  scoring  a  consoling  victory,  but  retired  from  active 
public  life  at  the  expiration  of  that  parliament  in  1882,  and  died  on  the 
morning  of  his  sixtieth  birthday,  February  22nd,  1884.  Mr.  Longley 
was  on  several  occasions  Chairman  of  the  Baptist  Convention  of  the 
Maritime  Provinces. 

As  a  speaker  he  is  not  to  be  placed  among  our  Dominion  orators, 
though  he  was  considerably  above  mediocrity  in  that  particular,  and  not 
without  occasional  eloquence  and  force,  while  his  enunciation  was  distinct 
and  his  diction  agreeable.  He  took  a  great  interest  in  the  improvement 
of  stock,  and  the  creation  of  cheese  factories ;  and  by  word  and  deed 
acquired  distinguished  recognition  as  a  friend  to  the  great  cause  of 
Temperance,  having  at  various  times  been  appointed  to  first  positions  in 
the  different  organizations  formed  for  the  furtherance  of  its  principles. 

Three  other  members  of  the  pre-confederation  Parliament  of  Nova 
Scotia  from  this  county,  still  survive  among  us,  and  the  editor  expresses 
a  hope  that  the  day  is  long  distant  when  the  "  Memoir  "  of  either  of  them 
will  require  to  be  written.  T.  D.  RUGGLES,  ESQ.,  Q.C.,  of  Bridgetown 
(1857-1859),  retired  from  the  political  arena  after  two  years'  service, 
and  could  never  be  induced  to  re-enter  it.  HON.  GEORGE  WHITMAN, 
of  Round  Hill  (1863-1867),  and  HON.  W.  H.  RAY,  of  Clementsport 
(1865-1867),  are  now  useful  and  active  members  of  the  Legislative 
Council. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  AND  GENEALOGICAL  SKETCHES 

OF    THE 

FAMILIES  OF  THE  EARLY  ENGLISH  SETTLERS  AND  GRANTEES 
OF   THE   COUNTY  OF   ANNAPOLIS. 


EXPLANATION  OF  SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 

SIGNS  :  The  small  figure  over  a  Christian  name  denotes  the  generation  in  which 
the  person  is  removed  from  the  ancestor  from  whom  his  descent  is  traced  ;  thus 
John  *  denotes  that  John  is  the  ancestor,  John,2  or  James,2  the  second  generation, 
or  son  of  the  ancestor,  and  so  on,  for  each  generation. 

The  Roman  numerals  on  the  left  of  the  names  of  children  in  a  family  are  in- 
tended to  denote  the  order  of  their  births,  while  an  occasional  Arabic  numeral  still 
further  to  the  left  indicates  that  the  person  so  numbered  and  his  family  will  be 
more  fully  treated  and  the  genealogy  in  his  line  expanded  under  that  number 
further  on. 

ABBREVIATIONS  :  b. ,  born;  d.,  died,  or  dead ;  bu. ,  buried ;  m.,  married;  unm., 
unmarried  ;  ch. ,  child,  or  children  ;  g.  ch. ,  grandchild,  or  grandchildren  ;  gt. ,  great ; 
s.,  son ;  dau. ,  daughter  ;  w. ,  wife;  wid. ,  ividow  :  bpd. ,  baptized;  a.,  aged. 


ARMSTRONG.  RICHARD  ARMSTRONG,  b.  1749,  according  to  tradition  a 
native  of  Dundee,  but  who  had  lived  in  his  boyhood  and  early  youth  on 
the  border,  came  to  Halifax  in  1770  ;  and  it  is  said  either  the  late  Joseph 
Winniett,  or  the  late  Thomas  Williams  induced  him  to  come  to  Annap- 
olis, and  employed  him  for  a  few  years  in  farming  operations.  In  1776 
he  had  removed  to  Granville  for  he  was  on  duty  in  that  year  as  one  of 
the  garrison  in  the  old  Scotch  fort,  in  anticipation  of  an  expected  attack 
by  troops  from  the  revolted  colonies.  Here  he  became  acquainted  with 
Catherine  Schafner,  whom  he  married  about  1777.  Many  descendants 
are  in  Digby  and  Kings  counties  and  the  other  provinces,  and  one,  a 
rising  barrister,  in  Yarmouth. 

i.  John  Adam,  b.  1778,  m.  1808,  Lois  Phinney  :  Ch.  :  1,  Zebulon 
Phinney,  b.  1810,  m.  Margaret  Cochran  ;  2,  Richard,  b.  1812, 
m.  Mary  Foster  (dau.  of  Samuel)  ;  3,  Caleb,  b.  1815,  d.  unm. ; 
4,  Henrietta,  b.  1818,  m.  Rev.  Cornelius  Kennedy;  5,  Sampson, 
b.  1821,  d.  unm. 
30 


466  ARMSTRONG — BAILEY. 

ii.     James,  b.  1780,  m.  1806,  Ann  Phinney :   Ch.:  1,  William,  b.  1806  ; 

2,  Catharine,  m.  Hopkins ;   3,  Barnabas  ;   4,  Calvin,  b.  1819,  m. 

iii.     Richard,    b.   1782,    m.  1804,   Ann  Walker   (dau.    of   Peter) :    Ch. : 

1,  John,  b.  1805,  m.  (1st)  Ruth  Dunn,  (2nd)  Lucinda  McBride  ; 

2,  Sutton,  b.   1806,  m.  Mary  Ann  Curry  ;    3,   Walker,  b.  1809, 
m.  Eliza   Bishop  ;    4,  Eliza   Ann,    m.  James   Lynam   Marshall ; 

5,  Stilman,  m.  Louisa  Lovelace  ;    6,  James,  m.    (1st)   Elizabeth 
Pearce,     (2nd)    Elizabeth    Morse  ;      7,    Catharine,    m.    Reuben 
Hyland  ;   8,  Frances,  unm. 

iv.  George,  b.  1784,  m.  1814,  Salome  Whitman :  Ch. :  1,  Edward 
Whitman,  b.  1815,  m.  (1st)  1837,  Lucy  Worster  Halfyard, 
(2nd)  1869,  Eliza  Connor  ;  2,  George,  b.  1817,  unm. ;  3,  Anna, 
b.  1819  ;  4,  Elwood,  b.  1822,  m.  Mary  Eliza  Kent ;  5,  Edward, 
b.  1824,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Currill,  the  parents  of  ERNEST  H.  ARM- 
STRONG, Esq.,  barrister;  6,  Adelaide,  b.  1827  ;  7,  Oldham,  m. 
1846,  Dorothy  Rice  ;  8,  Schafner,  m.  Porter  ;  9,  Asa,  m.  (1st) 
Ann  Murphy,  (2nd)  Jane  Furness ;  10,  Thomas  Ansley,  m. 
Sophia  Murphy. 

v.  William,  m.  (1st)  1812,  Bertha  Thorne,  (2nd)  Ann  Milbury  : 
Ch.:  1,  Hannah,  b.  1813,  m.  William  McMillan  ;  2,  Jonathan  W., 
b.  1814,  m.;  3,  James  W.,  b. '1817,  m. ;  4,  Sands,  b.  1819,  m. 
Jane  Williams  ;  5,  Stephen,  m.  Jane  Clowry  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  : 

6,  William  Henry,  m.  Nancy  Elliott ;   7,  Bertha  Ann,  m.  Murray 
Elliott ;    8,  Sarah  E.,    m.  Aaron   Bolsor ;    9,   Maria   Sands,   m. 
William  Slocomb  ;    10,  Charles  I.,  m.  Amelia  Rumsey  ;    11,  David 
H.,  m.  Maria  S.  Marshall. 

vi.  Francis,  m.  (1st)  Nancy  Hutton,  (2nd)  Mary  Gilliland,  nee  Barnes  : 
Ch. :  1,  James,  m.  Margaret  Robinson ;  2,  George,  m.  Mary 
Creighton  ;  3,  Francis  ;  4,  Robert,  d.  unm. ;  5,  John  ;  6,  Jane, 
m.  Baxter  ;  (by  2nd  wife) :  7,  Charles  Ansley,  m.  Sybil,  dau.  of 
Calvin  Chute  ;  8,  George  Troop,  m.  Abbie  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  T. 
Odell;  9,  Catharine,  b.  1825,  m.  Thomas  Ross,  J.P.;  10,  Elsie, 
m.  (1st)  Henry  Taylor,  (2nd)  Philip  Taylor  ;  11,  James ; 
12,  Frank,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Cossaboom,  (2nd)  Hannah  Thurber. 

vii.     Charles,  d.  unm. 
viii.     Edward,  d.  unm. 

ix.  Nelson,  m.  1825,  Mary  Bolsor  :  Ch.  :  1,  Alice,  b.  1826,  m.  Peter 
Berteaux  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  1828,  m.  James  Harold  ;  3,  Abigail, 
b.  1831,  m.  Benjamin  Daniels  ;  4,  Sarah,  b.  1835,  m.  William 
Somerby  ;  5,  Eliza  Emily,  b.  1837,  m.  Simon  Goverson  ;  6,  Lois 
Ann,  b.  1839,  m.  Charles  A.  Drake  ;  7,  Catherine,  b.  1842,  m. 
Hammond. 
x.  Abigail,  m.  Anthony  Wilkins. 

xi.     Elizabeth,  m.  (1st)  James  Erskine,  (2nd)  William  Mumford. 

BAILEY.  (By  the  Editor.}  REV.  JACOB  BAILEY  was  born  in  Rowley, 
Mass.,  in  1731,  of  poor  parents,  and  graduated  at  Harvard,  where 
he  was  a  classmate  of  John  Adams,  Sir  John  Went  worth,  and  other 
eminent  men.  He  at  first  taught  school,  then  became  a  Congregational 
minister,  and,  becoming  impressed  with  the  claims  of  the  Episcopal 
order  and  authority,  he  went  to  England  and  was  ordained  in  1760. 
When  the  revolution  broke  out  he  was  in  charge  of  an  Episcopal  Church 
in  Pownal borough,  Me.  Unable  to  agree  and  unite  with  the  majority 
of  his  neighbours  he  was  soon  subjected  to  persecution  and  ill-treatment 
of  a  most  revolting  character  On  September  7th,  1774,  he  started 


BAILEY.  467 

for  Boston,  and  his  diary  of  this  journey  says  :  "  September  8th,  lodged 
at  Williams' ;  ill-treated.  23rd,  mobbed  at  Brunswick ;  got  home  at 
night.  26th,  abroad;  fled  from  the  mob,  lodged  at  George  Meirs'." 
He  kept  himself  concealed  there  for  two  days  to  avoid  the  fury  of 
these  champions  of  political  liberty  and  liberty  of  conscience.  Under 
date  October  17th  of  that  year  he  says  of  the  situation  of  the  Episcopal 
ministry  of  that  day,  "  They  are  daily  persecuted  with  provoking  insults, 
loaded  with  shocking  execrations,  and  alarmed  with  the  most  bloody 
menaces,  and  that  not  by  the  meaner  rabble,  but  by  persons  of  the 
highest  distinction ;  and  even  those  who  heretofore  were  in  the  greatest 
repute  for  moderation,  piety  and  tenderness,  have  now  lost  every 
sentiment  of  humanity,  behave  with  the  wildest  fury  and  destruction, 
and  breathe  forth  nothing  but  slaughter  and  destruction  against  all 
who  are  unwilling  to  engage  in  their  extravagant  schemes."  Late  in 
December,  1775,  or  in  January,  1776,  it  was  proposed  in  a  public  meet- 
ing that  a  Liberty-pole  be  erected  in  front  of  his  church,  and  that  if 
he  refused  to  consecrate  it  he  should  be  whipped  around  it ;  but  the 
motion  was  lost  by  a  majority  of  two.  The  malcontents  were  satisfied  on 
this  occasion  by  shooting  his  heifer  and  killing  seven  of  his  sheep  out  of 
twelve.  In  October,  1777,  after  being  concealed  in  his  own  house,  he 
managed  to  escape  to  Boston,  leaving  his  family  in  distressing  circum- 
stances. On  one  occasion  his  wife  and  children  narrowly  escaped  murder. 
In  1778  he  took  refuge  among  some  Loyalists  in  Boston,  and  thus 
describes  his  dress  before  a  friend  in  that  city  furnished  him  with 
•"a  handsome  coat,  jacket  and  breeches":  "an  old  rusty,  thread-bare 
black  coat  which  had  been  turned  and  the  button-holes  worked  with 
thread  almost  white,  with  a  number  of  breaches  about  the  elbows ;  a 
jacket  of  the  same,  much  fractured  about  the  button-holes  and  hanging 
loose,  occasioned  by  the  leanness  of  my  carcase  which  was  at  the  time 
greatly  emaciated  by  the  constant  exercise  of  temperance ;  a  pair  of 
breeches  constructed  of  coarse  bed-tick  of  a  dirty  yellow  colour,  and  so 
uncouth  as  to  suffer  several  repairs,  in  particular  a  perpendicular  patch 
upon  each  knee  of  a  different  complexion  from  the  original  piece,"  etc. 
In  October  of  that  year  he  was  "  presented  "  by  the  grand  jury  for 
preaching  "  treason,"  the  charge  being  based  on  his  having  read  one  of 
the  regular  lessons  of  the  day,  Num.  xvi.  26.  After  being  twice  fired  at, 
and  several  times  driven  to  roam  about  disguised,  he  escaped  with  his 
family  to  Halifax.  On  his  landing,  he  and  the  party  who  came  with  him 
were  struck  by  the  inquisitive  gaze  of  the  people  of  the  town,  who 
"flocked  toward  the  water  to  indulge  their  curiosity."  To  prevent,  "a 
multitude  of  impertinent  interrogations,"  he  stood  on  the  quarter-deck 
and  exclaimed  aloud  :  "  Gentlemen,  we  are  a  company  of  fugitives  from 
Kennebec  in  New  England,  driven  by  famine  and  persecution  to  take 


468  BAILEY — BAKER. 

refuge  among  you,  and  therefore  I  must  entreat  your  candour  and 
compassion  to  excuse  the  meanness  and  singularity  of  our  dress."  In 
October,  1779,  he  settled  in  Cornwallis,  where  he  remained  as  pastor  of 
the  Church  of  England  until  1782,  when  he  came  to  Annapolis,  and  was 
rector  of  St.  Luke's  Church  until  his  death  in  1808.  He  married,  August 
1761,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  Weeks,  of  Hampton,  N.H  ,  sister  of 
Rev.  Joshua  Wingate  Weeks.  She  died  1817,  aged  75.  Children  who 
survived  him : 

i.  Charles  Percy,  b.  May  3,  1777,  Captain  of  Grenadiers,  killed  at 
battle  of  Chippewa,  July  5,  1815. 

ii.     Rebecca  Lavinia,  b.  1780,  d.  Jan.  4,  1827. 

iii.     Charlotte  Maria,  bpd.  Feb.  3,  1784,  d.  June,  1857. 

iv.  Thomas  Henry,  bpd.  May  11,  1786,  m.  Elizabeth  Ward  (English),  d.. 
March  31, 1824.  She  d.  June,  1882,  aged  94.  He  was  prominent 
as  a  militia  officer,  barrack-master,  etc.,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Mary 
Eliza,  b.  Sept.  29,  1812,  d.  June,  1827  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  Dec. 
17,  1815,  d.  Oct.,  1832.;  3,  Charlotte  Wybault,  b.  Dec.  5,  1817, 
d.  1889  ;  4,  Martha  Ann,  b.  Aug.  27,  1819 ;  5,  Sarah  Jane, 
b.  March  30,  1821. 

v.  William  Gilbert,  b.  June  8,  1788,  was  a  gifted  and  successful 
lawyer  ;  m.  1809,  Elizabeth,  2nd  dau.  of  Col.  James  De  Lancey, 
and  d.  May  26,  1822.  She  d.  Dec.,  1836,  aged  47.  Ch.:  1, 
William,  b.  1813,  d.  ;  2,  Maria  Eliza,  m.  Jan.  23,  1834,  Peter 
Bonnett  ;  3,  Mary  Freer,  b.  1820  ;  had  also  by  a  second  wife 
(Maria  Mence),  Hafiz  Bailey,  removed  to  New  York,  and  Stathern 
Bailey,  long  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  who  has  left  a  highly  respec- 
table posterity  in  the  county. 

vi.     Elizabeth  Ann,  bpd.  Jan.,  1792,  m.  Jan.  14,  1816,  James  Whitman. 

BAKER.  JOHN  BAKER  was  a  descendant,  perhaps  grandson,  of  Thomas 
Baker,  who  emigrated  from  Norwich,  England.  (There  was  a  Thomas 
Baker,  born  in  Kent,  where  his  ancestors  had  held  land  since  the  days  of 
Henry  III.,  and  who  came  to  America  in  1635,  and  settled  at  Roxbury 
— a  leading  man,  and  friend  of  John  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  Indians. 
Many  of  his  posterity  have  become  noted.  In  1637  John  Baker,  born 
in  Norwich,  grocer,  aged  39,  with  wife  Elizabeth,  aged  31,  and  children 
Elizabeth,  John  and  Thomas,  and  "  4  saruants,"  came  over  to  Charles- 
town,  being  with  a  number  of  others  chartered  to  sail  in  the  John  and 
Dorothy,  and  the  Rose.  This  is  evidently  the  one  from  whom  our  author 
derives  the  Bakers  of  Wilmot.  See  Drake's  "Founders  of  New  Eng- 
land," p.  44. — ED.)  He  first  settled  about  1760,  on  some  of  the  vacated 
French  lands  in  the  Annapolis  valley,  but  sold  out  and  removed  to  the 
eastern  division,  and  finally  settled  in  Wilmot.*  He  married  in  Massa- 
chusetts, Persis  Wheeler,  and  had  children  : 

i.  John,  m.  Mary  Reagh  :  Ch. :  1,  Calvin,  m.  Charlotte  Tupper ; 
2,  Luther,  m.  Elizabeth  Stronach  ;  3,  Henry,  m.  Eunice  Bowlby, 
nee  Tupper  ;  4,  Ward,  m.  Hannah  Saunders  ;  5,  John,  m.  (1st) 
Elizabeth  Gates,  (2nd)  Isabel  Smith,  nee  Fales  ;  6,  Mary,  d.  unm. 

*  He  is  said  to  have  been  a  brother  of  Col.  Jacob  Baker,  of  Philadelphia,  whose: 
estate  is  now  worth  $40,000,000. 


BAKER — BALCOM.  469 

ii.     Judith,  m.  John  Gates. 

iii.  Jacob,  m.  Sarah  Fales  :  Ch.:  1,  Manley,  d.  unm  ;  2,  Mary,  m.  (1st) 
Edward  Goucher,  (2nd)  John  Randall  (son  of  David)  ;  3,  Betsey, 
m.  Issachar  Harris  ;  4,  Maria,  m.  John  Baker  ;  5,  Marshall,  d. 
unm. ;  6,  Seraph,  m.  Alexander  Clark  ;  7,  Harriet,  m.  Andrew- 
Harris  ;  8,  Thomas,  m.  Mary  Berteaux  ;  9,  Hepzibah,  d.  unm. ; 

10,  Susan,  m.  Samuel  Do wnie ;  11,  Jacob  Gilbert,  m.  (1st)  Mary 
Clarke,  (2nd)  Rachel  Downie. 

iv.     Sarah,  m.  James  Moody. 
v.     Hepzibah,  in.  Jonas  Gates. 
vi.     Henry,   m.  (1st)  —  Crocker,    (2nd)  —  Ward:    Ch.:    1,   John,  m. 

Maria    Baker ;    2,  Elizabeth,  m.   Robert  Sproul  ;    3,   Susan,   m. 

John  McGregor ;   4,   Mary,  m.  Thomas  Cousins  ;    5,   Sophia,   m. 

Elliott  Sproule  ;    6,  Azubah,  m.  William  Tupper  ;  7,  Eunice,  m. 

Henry   Pearce ;    8,  Tamar,    m.    Isaac   Spinney ;   (by  2nd  wife)  : 

9,    Nelson,  m.  Mary  Bowlby  (no  issue) ;    10,   Jacob,  d.    unm.  ; 

11,  Henry,  m.  Charlotte  Ray. 

vii.  Joab,  m.  1804,  Mary  Nichols  :  Ch. :  1,  William,  b.  1805,  d.  unm. ; 
2,  Jane,  b.  1807;  3,  William,  b.  1809,  m.  Ann  McGregor;  4, 
James  Parker,  b.  1812,  m.  Caroline  Banks  ;  5,  Robert,  b.  1815, 
m.  Catharine  Ward  ;  6,  Margaret,  b.  1817  ;  7,  Charlotte,  b.  1817. 

BALCOM.  JOHN  and  ISAAC  BALCOM  were  probably  sons  of  Silas  Balcom, 
who  came  with,  or  shortly  before,  Samuel,  presumably  his  brother,  one 
being  in  Granville  in  1770,  the  other  three  years  earlier.  They  were 
probably  sons  of  Samuel  and  grandsons  of  Henry  and  Elizabeth,  who 
were  living  in  Massachusetts  in  1668,  and  came  among  the  settlers  of 
1760.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Celtic  bal,  a  town,  and  the  old 
English  combe,  a  little  valley,  and  would  indicate  that  the  remote 
ancestor  from  whom  it  was  derived  was  a  resident  of  some  place  known 
as  "the  village  of  the  valley."  The  name  occurs  in  the  list  of  the 
soldiers  sent  from  the  old  colonies  to  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
in  1755,  for  the  purpose  of  seizing  the  French  region,  and  among  those 
who  participated  in  the  final  capture  of  Louisburg,  in  1768.  The  main 
branches  of  the  family  settled  at  Paradise.  Among  the  descendants  of 
these  two  brothers  have  been  several  medical  men  and  clergymen,  and 
the  more  recent  members  of  the  family  have  dispersed  themselves  into 
various  regions  on  the  continent.  Samuel  Balcom  married  Mary  Brigham 
in  Massachusetts,  and  had  children  born  in  this  county  : 

i.     Henry,  b.  1768,  d.  1850,  m.  Ann  Morse,  who  was  b.  1770,  d.  1860, 

and  had  ch. :     1,  Jonas,  b.  1797,  m.  Salome  Parker ;    2,  Ann,  b. 

1799,  m.  (1st)  Silas  Parker,  (2nd)  Joseph  Wade  ;   3,  Elizabeth,  b. 

1803  ;    4,  Lucy,  b.  1805,  m.  Jacob  Durland,  jun. ;  and  probably 

one  or  more  others, 
ii.     Jonas,  b.  1770,  m.  Miss  McLeay,  of  East  Halifax  County,  and  was 

ancestor  of  the  late  Henry  Balcom,  formerly  M.P.P.  for  Halifax 

East. 
iii.     Reuben,  b.  1772,  m.,  1796,  Phcebe  Messenger,  and  had  ch. :     1, 

Lydia,  b.  1797,  m.  Jacob  Durland  ;    2,  Mary,  b.  1799,  m.  Rev. 

Obed  Parker  ;  3,  Samuel,  b.  1801,  m.  Lucy  Parker ;  4,  Ebenezer, 
,,  b.    1803,   m.   Helen   Longley ;    5,  Maria,  b.   1806,   d.    1806  ;    6, 

Reuben,  b.  1811,  m.  Dorcas  Emily  Longley  ;  7,  Lovicia,  b.  1814, 

d.  unm. ;    8,  Eliza,  b.  1816,  m.  Obadiah  Neily  ;  9,  William  Elder, 

b.  1819,  m.  (in  N.  B.). 


470  BALCOM — BALTZOR. 

iv.  Joseph  Brigham,  b.  1774,  m.,  1801,  Phoebe  Tufts,  and  had  ch. : 
1,  Silas,  b.  1802,  in.  (1st)  Ann  VanBuskirk  ;  (2nd)  Amberman, 
wid. ;  2,  Major,  b.  1804,  m.  Mary  Hoax ;  3,  Lavinia,  b.  1806,  m. 
John  Remson ;  4,  Aurelia,  b.  1808,  d.  unm. ;  5,  William,  b.  1810, 
d.  unm. ;  6,  David  Harris,  b.  1812,  m.  Mary  Willett ;  7,  Seraphina 
Ann,  b.  1815,  m.  Paul  Amberman  ;  8,  Phillis,  b.  1816,  d.  unm.; 
9,  Theresa,  b.  1819,  d.  unm.;  10,  Leonora,  b.  1821,  m.  Jacob 
Durland,  jun. ;  11,  Joseph  Allen,  b.  1823,  m.  twice  ;  12,  Samuel 
Judson,  b.  1827,  m.  Elizabeth  Banks  ;  13,  Jonas  W.  H.,  b.  1829r 
m.  Mary  Banks, 
v.  Sarah,  b.  1776,  m.  George  Starratt. 

vi.     Asa,  b.  1778,  d.  unm. 

vii.     Lucy,  b.  1780,  m.  1803,  Abednego  Parker, 
viii.     ,  b.  1782,  m.  John  McCormick. 

ix.     Lydia,  b.  1780,  m.  Abijah  Parker. 

SILAS  BALCOM  married  Susan and  had  children  : 

i.     Abel,  m.  (2nd)  Mary  Valentine, 
ii.     Rachel,  m.  Benjamin  Harris. 

iii.     John,  b.  1776,  m.  1792,  Ellen  Gilmore,  b.  1772,  and  had  ch. :     1,, 
William,  b.  1792,  d.   unm.;    2,  James,  b.   1794,  m.  1816,  Mary 
Potter,  b.  1796  ;  3,  Mary,  b.  1796,  m.  John  Potter ;  4,  Margaret 
Ann,  b.  1799,  m.  Joseph  Potter  ;  5,  Susan,  b.  1801,  m.  Ambrose 
Bent  (no  issue);  6,  John,  m.  (1st)  Catherine  Lowe,  (2nd)  Merritt ; 
7,  Eleanor,  m.  William  Lent ;    8,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  Jesse  Warne. 
iv.     Olivia,  m.  Joseph  Potter, 
v.     Mary,  m.  John  Hardwick. 
vi.     Abigail,  m.  John  Carty. 
vii.     Lucy,  m.  —  Merritt. 
viii.     Susan,  d.  unm. 
ix.     Eunice,  d.  unm. 

x.     Isaac,  m.  1808,  and  had  ch. :  William,  m.  1806,  Ruth  McKenzie. 
xi.     Sarah,  m.  Abraham  Lowe. 

.xii.  Joseph,  m.  1808,  Sarah  Wright,  and  had  ch.:  1,  Emmeline,  b. 
1809  ;  2,  William  Henry,  b.  1811  ;  3,  James  Stanley,  b.  1813  ; 
4,  John,  b.  1815  ;  5,  Joseph  ;  6,  Allen,  b.  1820  ;  7,  Henrietta,  b. 
1822. 

BALTZOR,  or  BOLSOR.  CHRISTOPHER  BALTZOR,  with  his  wife,  two  sons 
and  a  daughter,  came  with  the  German  settlers  to  Lunenburg,  and  in 
1764  removed  to  Granville.  His  sons  Peter  and  Christopher  removed 
to  Wilmot,  the  latter  having  sold  out  the  farm  now  owned  and  occupied 
by  Henry  Calnek.  Christopher  married  in  Germany,  Barbara,  who  after 
his  death,  m.  (2nd)  Adam  Schafner  (his  2nd  wife),  and  d.  July,  1782. 
They  had  children  : 

i.  Christopher,  m.  Lydia  Woodbury  (dau.  of  Jonathan,  sen.,  M.D.) 
and  had  ch. :  1,  Foster,  m.  (1st)  Lydia  Bass  (dau.  of  Alden)r 
(2nd)  Jane  McNeily  ;  2,  Peter,  m.  Phebe  Clark  ;  3,  Jonathan 
Woodbury,  m.  Ann  S.  Thomas  ;  4,  Hiram,  m.  (1st)  Louise  Pineor 
(2nd)  Minetta  Pineo  ;  5,  Lydia,  m.  Samuel  McBride  ;  6,  Amy 
H.,  m.  William  English  ;  7,  Mahala,  m.  William  Thomas  ;  8, 
Horatia  Nelson,  m.  Zachariah  Daniels  ;  9,  Hannah,  m.  John 
Margeson  ;  10,  Love,  m.  Francis  Burns ;  11,  Margaret,  m. 
Asaph  Daniels. 


BALTZOR — BANCROFT — BANKS.  471 

ii.  Peter,  m.  Catharine  Zeiglar,  and  had  ch. :  1,  John,  m.  Sarah  ;  2, 
Frederic,  m.  Alice  Oliver  ;  3,  Zeiglar,  m.  Susan  Dickson  ;  4, 
Mary,  m.  1795,  Thomas  E.  Berteaux  ;  5,  Dorothy,  m.  Jonas 
Rice  ;  6,  Elizabeth,  m.  Simon  Riley  ;  7,  Hannah,  m.  —  Porter  ; 
8,  Andrew,  m.  Pamela  Worthylake  ;  9,  Christopher,  d.  unm. 

BANCROFT.  JEREMIAH  BANCROFT  was  descended  from  John  Bancroft, 
who,  with  his  wife  and  children,  came  over  from  London  in  1632, 
and  settled  in  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  was  the  ancestor  of 
Bancroft,  the  great  American  historian.  The  line  of  descent  was  from 
John,1  through  Thomas,2  Thomas,3  Samuel,4  and  Samuel,5  who  married 
Sarah  Holt.  Samuel,6  who  married  Sarah  Poole  in  Massachusetts,  came 
here  with  the  Massachusetts  settlers  in  1761,  or  perhaps  a  little  later, 
with  his  father  and  brothers  and  sisters,  who  all  shortly  afterwards 
returned  to  Massachusetts,  except  Hannah  and  Jeremiah.  The  former 
married  John  Starratt,  of  Granville,  and  the  latter  settled  near  Round 
Hill.  Jeremiah,  born  1763,  married  1789,  Sarah  Payson,  daughter  of 
Jonathan,  and  had  children. 

i.     Samuel,  b.   1789,  m.  Margaret  Davis,  and  had  ch. :    1,  Sarah,  m. 

Captain  Baker  ;  2,  Margaret,  m.  Gillis  ;  3,  Almira,  m.  Fowler, 
ii.     Elizabeth  Tilestone,  b.  1791. 
iii.     Ann,  b.  1793,  m.  Samuel  Starratt. 
iv.     Elisha,  b.  1795,  m.  June  21,  1838,  Sarah  Ann  Austen,  and  had  ch.: 

1,  Lucilla,  b.  Apr.  2,  1839,  d.  unm.;  2,  Joseph  Austen,  d.  unm.; 

3,  Rev.  James  William  Johnston,  b.  Aug.  11,   1844,   m.  Mary 
Fowler ;  4,  Samuel  Elisha,  b.  Dec.  15,  1847,  m.  (1st)  Alice  Mills, 
(2nd)  Anna  Laura  Parker  ;  5,  Edmund  Crawley,  b.  Feb.  5,  1849, 
d.  unm. ;  6,  Sarah  S.,  b.  Aug.  12,  1851,  m.  Charles  Davitt. 

v.  William,  b.  1798,  m.  June  11,  1821,  Rebecca  Hamilton,  and  had 
ch. :  1,  William  Allen,  b.  1824,  m.  1845,  Huldah  Ricketson ; 

2,  Elisha  L.,  b.  Aug.  4,  1831,  m.  Louisa  LeCain. 

vi.  Joseph,  b.  1800,  m.  Jane  Fitzrandolph,  and  had  ch. :  1,  Henry 
Shaw,  m.  Penelope  Lake;  2,  Caroline  D.,  d.  unm.;  3,  Edward, 
d.  unm.;  4,  Mary,  d.  unm.;  5,  Joseph,  m.  Emma  Hoskin,  wid., 
ne'e  Denton. 

vii.     Handley,  b.  1802. 
viii.     Sarah,  b.  1804,  unm. 

ix.     Caroline,  b.  1808,  m.  Adolphus  Payson. 

x.  Rev.  Jeremiah,  b.  1811,  m.  (1st)  Ann  Starratt,  (2nd)  Augusta 
Marshall,  and  had  ch.:  1,  Edwin  A.,  m.  Minerva  Hamilton; 
2,  Bessie,  m.  William  Dimock  ;  3,  Lucius  B.,  m.  Jane  Burgess  ; 

4,  Samuel  B.,   d.   unm.;  7,  Mary  Emma,   d.   unm.:  8,    Clarence 
Payson,   d.    unm.;  (by   2nd  wife) :  Ernest  Marshall,  m.  Rachel 
Mosher. 

xi.     Maria,  b.  1814,  unm. 

BANKS.  1.  RICHARD  BANKS,  the  immigrant  ancestor  of  this  family, 
came  to  America  and  settled  at  Scituate,  in  Plymouth  Colony.  He  may 
be  the  nephew  Richard,  son  of  William,  mentioned  in  the  will  of  John 
Banckes,  of  London,  1630.  He  was  afterward  sent  to  lay  out  and 
organize  new  townships  in  what  is  now  Maine,  settled  in  York  County 


472  BANKS. 

in  that  province,  and  held  several  important  public  offices  there.  He 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  and  Elizabeth  Alcocke,  of  York. 
From  them,  through  John,2  who  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter 
Turbat  Moses,3  who  married  Ruth,  daughter  of  Elias  and  Magdalen 
Weare,  came  Joshua,4  born  September  13,  1713,  married  September  18, 
1737,  Mary  Mutchmore,  who,  with  all  his  family,  came  to  this  county 
in  1760.  His  son  Moses,  on  his  marriage,  settled  in  Wilmot,  and  Joshua 
followed  him  some  years  later.  Children,  besides  others  : 

(2)  i.     Moses,  b.  1738,  or  1739. 

(3)  ii.     Joshua,  bpd.  Nov.  4,  1750. 

iii.     Joseph,    b.  May  11,    1752,   said  to   have  settled  in  eastern    New 

Jersey. 

iv.     Elizabeth,  b.  July  20,  1755,  m.  Phineas  Graves,  8  ch. 
v.     Jeremiah,  b.  about  1756,  d.  aged  80,  unm. 

2.  MOSES  BANKS,  b.  1738,  m.  (1st)  1764,  Jane  Spinney,  (2nd)  1778, 
Judith  Saunders.  Children  : 

i.     Ruth,  b.  1764. 

ii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1766,  m.  James  Austins, 
iii.     Ann,  b.  1768. 

iv.  Moses,  b.  about  1770,  m.  Olive  Morton  :  Ch.:  1,  Phineas,  m.  Eunice 
Dodge  ;  2,  Joseph,  m.  Hannah  Ward  ;  3,  Edmund,  m.  Eunice 
Morton  ;  4,  Maria,  m.  George  Duncanson  ;  5,  John,  m.  Elizabeth 
Beals  ;  6,  William,  m.  Harriet  Patterson  ;  7,  George,  m.  (1st) 
Sarah  Taylor  ;  (2nd)  Nancy  Marshall  ;  8,  Emily,  m.  James 
Duncanson. 

v.     Richard,  b.  1773,  m.  Nancy  Patterson, 
vi.     Joseph, 
vii.     Benjamin. 

By  second  wife  : 

viii.  Timothy  Saunders,  m.  1809,  Margaret  Bass:  Ch. :  *1,  Caroline,  b. 
about  1809,  m.  Jamea  Parker  Baker  ;  2,  John,  b.  1811,  m.  Ann 
Spinney  (dau.  of  Joseph)  ;  3,  Mary,  b.  1813,  in.  Benaiah  Spinney; 
4,  Alden,  b.  1815,  m.  Maria  Banks  ;  5.  David,  b.  1817,  m.  Maria 
Patterson  ;  6,  Margaret,  b.  1819,  m.  John  Burns  ;  7,  Amoret,  b. 
1821,  m.  William  Henry  Harris  at  Bear  River  ;  8,  Joseph,  b. 
1823,  d.  1876,  m.  Dorothy  Payson,  d.  1876  ;  9,  Betsey,  b.  1826, 
m.  James,  son  of  John  Banks;  10,  Dimock,  b.  1825,  m.  Elizabeth 
Goucher  (dau.  of  Edward). 

ix.     Eliphalet,   m.   Hannah   Saunders:    Ch.:  1,   Timothy  S.,    m.  Mary 
Burpee  ;    2,    Henry,    m.    Mary   Cropley  ;    3,    David,    m.     Mary 
Beaufry,    New   Brunswick ;    4,    Judith,    m.   David   Morine ;    5, 
Martha,  m.  John  Robar  ;  6,  Abraham,  m.  Sarah  Rice  ;  7,  Thomas, 
m.  Maria  Ernst ;  8,  Obadiah,  m.  Margaret  Riley ;  9,  Ezekiel,  m. 
Helen  Baker  (no  issue). 
x.     Jeremy,  d.  unm. 
xi.     Judith,  d.  young, 
xii.     Jane,  m.  Daniel  Whitman, 
xiii.     Judith,  unm. 

*  The  author  of  the  "Chute  Genealogies"  makes  Eliza,  m.  John  Crocker,  the 
eldest,  necessarily  postponing  the  births  of  Caroline  and  John,  and  says  Alden  m. 
(1st)  Hannah  Cogswell,  ( 2nd)  Seraphina  Patterson,  (3rd)  Maria  Whitman,  n6e  Banks. 


BANKS.  473 

3.  JOSHUA  BANKS,  b.   1749,  m.   1776,    Dorothea  Craft,  and  d.  1846, 
-aged  96.     Children  : 

i.  George,  b.  1778,  m.  1805,  Elizabeth  Nelson:  Ch.:  1,  Hannah,  b. 
1809,  m.  Burton  Chute  ;  2,  Sarah,  b.  1811,  m.  Silas  Jackson  ; 

3,  James  Nelson,  b.  1814,  m.  Dorothea  Beals  ;  4,  Craft,  b.  1816, 
m.  Sophia  Chute,  nee  Marshall  ;  5,  Frederic,  b.    1819,  m.  (1st) 
Naomi  Marshall,  (2nd)  Lois.  Chute  ,•  6,  Eliza  Ann,  b.   1821,  m. 
William  Jackson  ;  7,  Eleanor,  b.  1826,  m.  (1st)  Sidney  Marshall, 
(2nd)  Samuel  Moore  ;  8,  Isaac,  b.  1828,  m.  Eliza  Foster  ;  9,  Mar- 
garet Ann,  b.  1831,  m.  Howard  Mayhew. 

ii.  John,  b.  1779,  m.  1811,  Mary,  dau.  of  Joel  Farnsworth  :  Ch. :  1, 
William,  b.  1812,  m.  (1st)  Rachel  Elliott,  (2nd)  Mary  Foster  ; 
2,  Handley,  b.  1814,  in.  Armanilla  Marshall  ;  3,  Ann,  b.  1816,  d. 
1819  ;  4,  Abigail,  b.  1819,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Margaret,  b.  1820,  m.  Rev. 
Henry  Archilles  ;  6,  Maria,  b.  1822,  m.  (1st)  Wm.  H.  Roach, 
(2nd)  Archibald  Burns  ;  7,  James,  b.  1824,  m.  Elizabeth  Banks  ; 

8,  Henry,  b.  1826,  m.  (1st)  Rebecca  Vidito,   (2nd)  Rebecca  Hoff- 
man ;  9,  Mary  Eliza,  b.  1828,  m.  Weston  Johnston. 

iii.  Henry,  b.  1781,  d.  1878,  rn.  1804,  Thankful  Farnsworth,  b.  1786,  d. 
1868:  Ch. :  1,  Mary,  b.  1805,  m.  Charles  Foster;  2,  Joel  Farnsworth, 
b.  1807,  m.  Deborah  Slocomb  ;  3,  Joshua,  b.  1810,  d.  1843,  m. 
Catharine  Slocomb;  4,  Caleb,  b.  1812,  d.  1831,  unm.;  5,  Henry, 
b.  1814,  m.  (1st)  Catharine  Durland,  (2nd)  Wilhelmina  Congdon  ; 
6,  Louisa,  b.  1817,  m.  John  W.  Gilliatt  ;  7,  Frances,  b.  1819,  m. 
Gideon  Beard sley  ;  8,  Rebecca,  b.  1823,  m.  Parker  Neily  ; 

9,  Susan,  b.   1825,  m.  George  Neily  ;  10,  Caleb  Ansley,  b.  1830, 
m.  Caroline  Rafuse. 

iv.  James,  b.  1782,  m.  1810,  Sarah  Rice:  Ch.:  1.  Silas,  b.  1811,  d. 
1836,  unm.;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1812,  m.  Leah  Durland  ;  3,  James,  b. 

1812,  m.  (1st)  Margaret  Moody,  (2nd)  ;  4,  Eliza,  b.  1816, 

m.  Thomas  Elliott ;  5,  Dorothea,  b.  1818,  d.  1819  ;  6,  Jacob,  b. 
1822,  m.  Ruth  Ann  Burns  ;  7,  Sidney,  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Wilbur 
Parker. 

v.  Christopher,  b.  1785,  m.  (1st)  1811,  Phoabe  Durland,  (2nd)  Jerusha, 
dau.  Isaac  Longiey  :  Ch. :  1,  Eliza,  b.  1812,  m.  Reis  Worthylake  ; 
2,  Cornelia,  b.  1815,  m.  John  McKenzie  ;  3,  Charles,  b.  1816, 
m.  (1st)  Sarah  Ann  McKenzie,  (2nd)  Angelina  Whitman,  ne'e 
Slocomb  ;  4,  William,  b.  1818,  m.  Hannah  Rankin  ;  5,  Angelina, 
b.  1820,  m.  Israel  Brooks ;  6,  George,  b.  1823,  m.  Rebecca 
Messenger  ;  7,  Maria,  b.  1825.  m.  William  Crocker  ;  8,  John 
Ward,  b.  1827,  m.  Rachel  McKenzie  ;  9,  Russell,  b.  1829,  m. 
Lovicia  Marshall ;  10,  Sarah,  b.  1831,  m.  Solomon  Charlton  ; 
11,  Joseph  Clark,  d.  unm. 

vi.     Hannah,  b.  1786,  m.  Elijah  Beals. 
vii.     Frances,  b.  1788,  d.  1803. 
viii.     Mary,  b.  1791,  d.  1803. 

ix.     Elizabeth,  b.  1793,  m.  Bayard  Payson. 

x.  Jacob,  b.  1794,  m.  Elizabeth  Witt  :  Ch. :  1,  Louisa,  m.  John  Wilson; 
2,  Sarah  Bethiah,  m.  Albert  Sproul  ;  3,  John,  m.  Jane  Neily  ; 

4,  George  Craft,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Durland  ;  5,  Samuel,   d.   unm. ; 
6,  Ambrose,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Eliza  Whitman,  (2nd)  Matilda  Whit- 
man, (3rd)  Armanilla  Sproul ;  7,  Maria,  m   (1st)  Isaac  Whitman, 
(2nd)  Alden  Banks. 

xi.  Frederic,  b.  1797,  m.  1819,  Hannah  Graves  :  Ch.:  1,  Philo,  b.  1820, 
d.  unm.;  2,  Gilbert,  b.  1822,  unm.;  3,  Alexander,  b.  1824,  unm.; 
4,  Israel,  b.  1827,  d.  unm. ;  5,  John,  b.  1829,  m.  Rachel  Wilson  ; 
6,  Elizabeth,  b.  1831,  m.  Aaron  Carlton  ;  7,  Phineas,  b.  1834,  m. 
Harriet  Wilson  ;  8,  Eliza  Jane,  b.  1836,  m.  William  Dalton  ; 
9,  Margaret,  b.  1840,  m.  Curtis  Dalton. 


474  BANKS — BASS. 

xii.     William,  b.   1800,  m.   about  1830,   Margaret  Ann  Warwick  :  Ch  : 

1,  Mary  Eliza,   m.   Des  Brisay  Balcom  ;  2,   Jessie,  b.  1835,  m. 
Thomas  Chesley  (son  of  Samuel). 

Another  family  of  BANKS  is  noticed  by  the  author  in  his  MSS.,  but 
their  origin  and  the  usual  biographical  note  of  the  ancestor  are  wanting. 
Thomas  Wheeler  Banks  married  toward  the  close  of  last  century,  Sarah,, 
daughter  of  Abel  Wheelock,  and  had  children  : 

i.  John,  b.  Sept.  12,  1797,  m.  1826,  Nancy  Benjamin  :  Ch. :  1, 
Ezekiel  Cleaveland,  b.  March  6,  1827,  m.  Susan  Maria  Dodge  ;, 

2,  Jacob  b.  Dec.  2,  1828,  m.  Bethia  Robinson  ;    3,  Thomas,  d. 
unm. ;  4,  Elizabeth,  d.  unm. ;  5,   Mary  Salome,  m.  Jonas  W.  H. 
Balcom  ;  6,   Sarah  Amanda,  m.  James  A.  Cox  ;  7,  Ingraham  Bill, 
m.  Mary  McPhee. 

ii.     William,  m.  Harriet  Wheelock  (no  issue), 
iii.     Sarah,  m.  Andrew  Brown. 

iv.     Abel,  m.  (1st)  Susan  Freeman,  (2nd)  —  Morse  (no  issue), 
v.     Elizabeth,  m.  William  Clark  Felch. 

vi.  Rufus,  m.  Mary  Ann  Heming  :  Ch. :  1,  Asahel,  m.  Sarah  Forbes  ; 
2,  Alice  Maud,  m.  Reis  Goucher  ;  3,  Sarah  Elizabeth,  m.  Charles- 
Walcott  ;  4,  Ingram  Rufus,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Thomas,  d.  unm. ;  6, 
Edward  Manning,  unm.;  7,  Belle,  d.  unm.;  8,  Minnie  Maria, 
unm.;  9,  Annie,  d.  unm. 
vii.  Sophia,  m.  Benjamin  Wheelock. 

viii.  Thomas,  m.  Salome  Benjamin  :  Ch.:  1,  Amelia,  m.  Francis  Smith  ;. 
2,  Augusta,  m.  Manning  Armstrong  ;  3,  Mary  Eliza,  d.  unm.  ;  4, 
Annie,  m.  John  Foster  ;  5,  William  Harvey,  d.  unm. ;  6,  Charles 
Thomas,  d.  unm. 

ix.     Clarinda,  m.  Robert  Berteaux. 

x.  Zechariah,  m.  Mary  Dodge  :  Ch. :  1,  Lydia  Adelia,  m.  Albert  Dodge;. 
2,  Thomas,  unm.  ;  3,  Emma,  m.  Marius  Cooley  ;  4,  Jacob,  b. 
1828. 

BASS.  The  Bass  family  of  this  county,  of  whom  JOSEPH  BASS  was  the 
progenitor,  was  of  considerable  distinction.  John  Bass,  probably  grandson 
of  the  immigrant  ancestor,  was  born  at  Newbury,  Mass.,  about  1700,  and 
educated  at  Harvard.  Joseph  and  John,  two  of  his  sons,  came  to  this 
county  as  permanent  settlers  in  1783  ;  the  former  was  a  grantee  in  the 
township  of  Annapolis,  and  lived  near  Clark's  Ferry,  remarkable  for  hia 
hospitality,  especially  to  members  of  the  English  Church  ;  he  d.  1826; 
the  latter  settled  in  or  near  Liverpool,  Queens  County.  Edward  Bass, 
D.D.,  his  other  son,  b.  1726,  d.  1803,  was  the  first  Episcopal  Bishop  of 
Massachusetts.  In  this  province  the  name  is  now  often  spelt  Barss. 
Joseph  Bass,  b.  about  1730,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Crowell,  (2nd)  Lydia 
Alden,  and  had  children  : 

i.     William,  d.  unm.  at  Nictaux,  aged  about  80. 
ii.     Joseph,  d.  unm.  (killed  in  an  encounter  with  pirates), 
iii.     John,  a  school-teacher. 

iv.  Alden,  m.  Christina  Burns,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Mary,  m.  Caleb- 
Slocomb  ;  2,  Margery,  m.  John  Dugan  ;  3,  Lydia,  m.  William 
Rhodes  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  m.  Foster  Bolser  ;  5,  Margaret,  m. 


BASS — BATH — BEALS.  475' 

Timothy  S.  Banks  ;    6,  Joseph,  m.  Elizabeth  Robinson,  and  had 
ch. :   William,  d.  young  ;   Margaret,  m.  William  Morton  ;    George, 
m.  Sarah  A.   Brown  ;    Joseph  T.,  m.  Hannah  Starratt  ;    Robert,. 
m.  Mary  Ann  Nichols, 
v.     Elizabeth,  m.  Rev.  Charles  Scott, 
vi.     Sarah,  d.  at  Nictaux,  aged  over  70. 
vii.     Margaret,  m.  Timothy  Saunders  Banks, 
viii.     Edward,  m.  and  lived  in  Newbury  Port,  Mass, 
ix.     Thankful,  d.  unm.  at  Bridgetown,  over  80. 

BATH.  JOHN  BATH,  of  Yorkshire,  came  with  his  uncle,  William  Clark,, 
sailing  from  Hull,  aged  about  19,  bringing  his  uncle's  horses  overland  by 
the  mere  trail  which  then  existed  from  Windsor  to  Annapolis,  while  the 
latter  with  his  family  and  farm  tools  came  around  in  a  schooner.  He- 
married  in  1776,  Keziah  Hill,  a  daughter  of  one  of  the  earliest  Massa- 
chusetts settlers  ;  and  the  lot  on  which  he  lived  in  Granville  is  still  owned 
by  his  descendants.  He  was  the  first  to  convey  the  mails  to  Halifax  on 
horseback  ;  previously  they  had  been  carried  on  foot.  He  died  Nov.  3r 
1816,  aged  65.  Children  : 

i.     Elizabeth,  b.  1778. 

ii.  John,  jun.,  b.  1779,  m.  (1st)  1803,  Elizabeth  Troop,  (2nd)  1820, 
Phebe  Troop,  and  had  ch. :  1,  Hannah,  b.  1804  ;  2,  Keziah  Ann, 
b.  1806,  d.  1807  ;  3,  Keziah  Ann,  b.  1809,  m.  James  Edwin  Reed; 
4,  John  Fletcher,  b,  1811,  m.  Elizabeth  Hall  ;  5,  Mary  Eliza, 
b.  1813,  m.  Gilbert  Bent;  6,  Jacob  Valentine,  b.  1818,  d.  unm.;, 
7,  Elizabeth,  b.  1822,  m.  Charles  Fitzrandolph  (2nd  w.);  8, 
Eliza,  b.  1823;  9,  Abner,  b.  1825,  m.  —  Chipman;  10,  Hen- 
rietta M.,  b.  1833  ;  11,  Robert. 

iii.     Mary,  b.  1783. 

iv.     Tamar,  b.  1785.  m.  1806,  Valentine  Troop, 
v.     Hannah,  b.  1787,  d.  1802. 

vi.  Robert,  b.  1789,  m.  1812,  Minetta  Willoughby  :  Ch. :  1,  Augustus 
Willoughby,  b.  1814  ;  2,  Henrietta  Maria,  b.  1815,  m.  James 
Longley ;  3,  Robert  Hall,  b.  1819,  m.  Eliza  Ann  Clark  ;  4r 
Samuel  Henry,  b.  1821  ;  5,  John  Edward,  b.  1827,  m.  Elizabeth 
Wade  ;  6,  Albert  Leander,  b  1829. 

vii.     Henrietta  Cooper,  b.  1792,  m.  Abaer  Troop. 

BEALS.  ASA  BEALS  was  a  Loyalist  of  1783,  probably  from  Massa- 
chusetts. William  Beals  came  among  the  Pilgrims  to  Plymouth  in  1621,, 
in  the  Fortune,  the  next  vessel  after  the  Mayflower  •  and  there  was  an 
Asa  Beale  in  Plymouth,  1720.  Our  present  subject  was  born  in  1755, 
and  was  descended  probably  from  John  Beals  who  came  to  Hingham, 
Mass.,  from  England,  1638,  through  the  line  of  Jeremiah,2  Jeremiah, 
jun.,3  Andrew,4,  and  Abel,  sen.5  He  was  nephew  by  marriage  of  Isaac- 
Kent,  whose  daughter,  Abigail  Kent,  he  married  here,  and  settled  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  township,  where  he  was  often  employed  as  Commis- 
sioner for  laying  out  and  constructing  roads.  He  married  (2nd)  Mary 
Miller,  widow  of  Richard  Clarke.  He  gave  a  farm  to  each  of  his  eight, 
sons,  and  to  each  of  his  two  sons-in-law.  He  died  1820.  Children  : 


476  BEALS. 

i.  Andrew,  m.  Charlotte  Charlton,  and  had  ch. :  1,  Nancy,  m.  Elijah 
Reed  ;  2,  Henry  Charlton,  m.  1831,  Sarah  Felch  ;  3,  Jerusha,  m. 
Micah  Bent  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  m.  (1st)  Edward  Henshaw,  (2nd)  — 
Winchester  ;  5,  Mary,  m.  John  McGregor  ;  6,  James,  m.  1837, 
Mary  Ann  Elliott ;  7,  Andrew,  m.  Widow  Gertrude  Palmer,  nee 
Smith  ;  8,  Robert,  m.  Naomi  Grant  ;  9,  John,  m  Elizabeth 
Jefferson;  10,  Caroline,  d.  unm.;  11,  Emily,  m.  Nehemiah 
Beals  ;  12,  Samuel,  m.  Ellen  Powers. 

ii.  Abel  Beals  (3rd)  jun.,  m.  Susannah  Hennebury:  Ch.:  1,  William,  m. 
1829,  Mary  Hannatn  ;  2,  Seth,  m.  —  Fitzrandolph  ;  3,  Micah,  m. 
Jerusha  Beals  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  m.  Frank  Egerton  ;  5,  Charlotte, 
unm. ;  6,  Celia,  m.  (1st)  Francis  Gray,  (2nd)  Benjamin  Rathburn, 
(3rd)  Edward  Martin  ;  7,  Mary,  m.  William  Margeson  ;  8,  Simon, 
d.  unm. ;  9,  Richard,  d.  unm. 
iii.  Seth,  d.  1797,  unm. 

iv.  Stephen,  m.  Nancy  Henshaw,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Samuel,  b.  1815, 
m.  Sarah  Hersey  ;  2,  George  F.,  b.  1816,  m.  Ann  Boomer  ;  3, 
Sarah  Jane,  b.  1818,  m.  Micah  Kent  ;  4,  Stephen,  b.  1820,  m. 
Charlotte  Boomer ;  5,  Edward,  b.  1822,  m.  Sarah  Chute ;  6, 
Elijah,  b.  1823,  m.  Lucretia  Rand  ;  7,  Isaac,  b.  1827,  m.  Louisa 
Jane  Chute  ;  8,  Lucinda,  b.  1825,  d.  1828  ;  9,  Priscilla,  m. 
Joseph  Crewson  ;  10,  Lucy,  m.  John  Beals. 

v.  Isaac,  b.  1803,  m.  1820,  Catherine  Kent,  and  had  ch.:  1,  John 
Strong,  b.  1822,  m.  Sarah  Jane  Dennison  ;  2,  Mary  Eliza,  b.  1824, 
m.  Asa  Whitman  ;  3,  Nehemiah.  b.  1827,  m.  Emily  Beals  ;  4. 
Christina,  b.  1833,  m.  Robert  H.  Hutt ;  5,  Isaac,  b.  1837,  m. 
Mary  E.  Gates. 

<vi.  Joshua,  m.  1807,  Rebecca  Taylor  (dau.  of  James)  :  Ch. :  1,  Abigail, 
b.  1809,  m.  Frederick  Taylor  ;  2,  Sarah  Sutcliffe,  b.  1811,  m.  John 
Whitman  ;  3,  Amy,  b.  1813,  m.  Dennis  Bent  ;  4,  Isaac,  b,  1815, 
m.  Mary  Harris  ;  5,  Stephen,  b.  1817,  m.  Mary  Ann  Payson  ; 
6,  Rachel,  born  1819,  m.  William  H.  Harris  ;  7,  Rebecca,  b. 
1821,  m.  William  Phinney  ;  8,  Eleanor,  b.  1823,  m.  Edward 
Payson  ;  9,  Catherine,  b  1825,  unm. 

vii.  Elijah,  b.  1788,  d.  1847,  m.  1813,  Hannah  Banks,  who  was  b.  1786, 
d.  1870:  Ch.:  1,  Henry,  b.  1813,  m.  Frances  Ruggles  ;  2, 
Priestly,  b.  1814,  m.  Hannah  Phinney  ;  3,  Cooper,  b.  1816,  m. 
Sarah  Ann  Ruggles  ;  4,  Jacob,  b.  1819,  d.  1820 ;  5,  Jacob,  b. 
1821,  m.  Phebe  Berteaux  ;  6,  John,  m.  Lucy  Beals  ;  7,  Arod,  m. 
Margaret  Sheriff;  8,  Caleb,  m.  Eliza  Whitman;  9,  Elizabeth, 
b.  1817,  m.  John  Banks  ;  10,  Dorothy,  m.  Samuel  Banks  ;  11, 
Anna,  m.  Rice  Daniels. 

viii.  Arod,  m.  1807,  Catharine  Delong  :  Ch.:  1,  Rev.  Wesley  C.,  b. 
1808,  m.;  2,  Experience,  b.  1810,  m.  Angus  Morrison  Gidney  ; 
3,  Abel,  b.  1812,  d.  unm.;  4,  Susannah,  b.  1813,  m.  Ebenezer 
Rice  Whitman  ;  5,  Mary,  b.  1815,  m.  George  Everett ;  6,  Isabel 
Eliza,  b.  1817,  m.  James  Davenport;  7,  Elias,  b.  1819,  m. 
Seraph  Dodge  ;  8,  Catharine,  m.  Isaac  Longley. 

ix.  John  Cooper,  b.  1806,  m.  (1st)  1828,  Nancy  Clark,  (2nd)  Sarah  Ann 
Ruggles:  Ch.:  1,  Miner  C.,  b.  1828,  m.  Emmeline  Bishop  ;  2, 
Margaret  Ann,  b.  1830,  m.  Thomas  Yarrigal  ;  3,  Louisa,  b.  1832, 
m.  Judson  W.  Bishop  ;  4,  Jacob,  b.  1834,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Miller, 
(2nd)  Maggie  Warwick  ;  5,  Lavinia,  nu  Phineas  Charlton  ;  6, 
Henrietta,  m.  John  Hall  ;  7,  Mary,  m.  Ingraham  B.  Bishop  ; 
8,  Edward,  m.  Ella  Easson. 
x.  Rachel,  m.  Boyd  McNair. 

xi.     Abigail,  m.  Edward  Henshaw. 


BENSON — BENT.  477 

BENSON.  CHRISTOPHER  BENSON,  born  in  Sidwell,  Exeter,  England, 
1720,  came  to  New  York,  in  1760,  with  his  wife  and  two  children. 
When  the  war  broke  out  he  espoused  the  loyal  side,  and  was  an  efficient 
officer  in  a  Loyalist  corps;  coming  to  this  province  in  1783.  His  sons- 
were  then  twenty -two  and  fifteen  years  old  respectively.  His  son-in-law, 
William  Seaman,  accompanied  him,  and  settled  in  Granville,  where  for 
several  years  he  was  town  clerk,  but  afterwards  returned  to  New  York. 
Major  Benson  was  a  man  of  considerable  culture  and  intelligence,  and  for 
nearly  forty  years  gave  active  and  efficient  gratuitous  service  in  militia, 
affairs.  He  lived  to  a  great  age.  He  married  in  1751,  Mary  Simmons, 
b.  1731,  d.  1805.  Children: 

i.     Hannah,  b.  1753,  d.  1784. 
ii.     Mary  Simmons,  b.  1756. 

iii.  Christopher,  b.  1760,  in  New  York;  m.  1784,  Lucy  Dunn,  b  Dec., 
1760:  Ch.  :  1,  Elizabeth,  b.  1785,  m.  Jacob  Merry  ;  2,  Helen,  b. 
1786,  m.  Archibald  Hicks  ;  3,  Mary,  b.  1788,  m.  Isaiah  Sanders ; 
4,  Lucy,  b.  1791,  m.  William  Merry  ;  5,  Grace,  b.  1793,  m.  Chip- 
man  Beckwith  ;  6,  Rebecca,  b.  1795,  m.  George  Gray;  7,  Chris- 
topher, b.  1797,*  m.  (1st)  Betsy  Merritt,  (2nd)  Jemima  Letteney;. 
8,  William  S.,  b.  1799,  m.  Leonora  Merry. 

iv.     William  Simmons,  b.  1768,  m.  Tamar  Messenger  ;  several  ch. 
v.     Elizabeth  Brewerton,  b.  1771,  ni.  William  Seaman, 
vi.     Rebecca,  b.  1774. 
vii.     Mary  Demont,  b.  1778. 

BENT.  DAVID  BENT  was  descended  from  John  Bent,  a  native  of  Pen- 
ton-Grafton,  some  seventy  miles  south-west  from  London,  who  came  over 
from  Southampton  to  Sudbury,  Mass.,  in  1638,  through  his  son  Peter  and 
grandson  Hopestill  and  great-grandson  Micah,  the  father  of  David. 
Micah,  who  married  1737,  Grace,  daughter  of  David  Rice,  came  to  Annap- 
olis in  1760,  with  sons  David,  Micah,  Peter  and  Hopestill.  Peter,  who 
died  shortly  after  his  arrival,  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  of  these 
settlers  to  receive  burial  in  Canada's  oldest  grave-yard.  Hopestill  and 
Micah  returned  to  their  old  Massachusetts  homes.  David,  who  was  born 
March  18,  1739,  and  married  in  Massachusetts,  Mary,  daughter  of 
Ebenezer  Felch,  settled  shortly  after  his  arrival  in  the  locality  now 
known  as  Bentville.  He  was  one  of  the  Sudbury  men  selected  by  their 
fellows  to  view  this  valley  and  report  upon  its  eligibility  for  new  homes 
under  Governor  Lawrence's  proclamation.  His  children  were  : 

i.  Micah,  m.  Abigail  Harrington,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Beriah,  m.  Lovejoy 
Parker  ;  perhaps  others.  He  was  drowned  and  wid.  m.  Arod 
Kent. 

ii.     Ebenezer,  twin  of  Micah,  d.  unm. 

iii.  David,  in.  Ruth  Parker  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Asaph,  b.  1788,  m.  Sarah 
Fales  ;  2,  Theresa,  b.  1789  ;  3,  Isaac,  b.  1791,  m.  1815,  Miriam 

*  Christopher  Benson  and  Betsy  Merritt  had  ch. :  1,  Rebecca  Ann,  m.  James  H. 
Parker  ;  2,  Mary  Eliza  ;  3,  Georgiana  ;  4,  Adeline,  m.  William  Feindal ;  5,  John,  m 
Harriet,  dau.  of  John  C.  Wilson  ;    6,  Edgar,  m.  Catharine   Wentzel ;    7,  George,, 
m.  Ida  Nichol ;  8,  James  ;  9,  Isabel ;  10,  Christopher. 


478  BENT. 

Young  ;  4,  Rufus,  b,  1793,  m.  1820,  Ann  Starratt ;  5,  Abigail,  b. 
1795  ;  6,  David,  b.  1798,  m.  1834,  Elizabeth  Ann  Bent ;  7,  Rebecca, 
b.  1800 ;  8,  Ruth,  b.  1803  ;  9,  Miriam,  b.  1804. 

iv.  Joseph,  m.  1792,  Anna  Longley,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Warren  b.  1793,  m. 
Frances  Shafner  ;  2,  Lucy,  b.  1795,  m.  George  Willett ;  3,  Amelia, 
b.  1797,  m.  Gilbert  Ray ;  4,  Israel  L.,  b.  1799,  d.  1854,  m.  (1st) 
Hannah  Bath,  (2nd)  Susan  Foster  ;  5,  Susan,  b.  1801,  m.  George 
Fellows  ;  6,  Mary,  b.  1802,  m.  Aaron  Eaton  ;  7,  Rev.  J.  Fletcher, 
b.  1806,  m.  Susan  Berry  ;  8,  William  L.,  b.  1809,  m.  (1st)  Maria  M. 
Troop,  (2nd)  Charlotte  Hardwick;  9,  Gilbert,  b.  1813,  m.  (1st) 
Mary  L  Bath,  (2nd)  Matilda  Breeze ;  10,  John,  b.  1822,  d.  unm. 
v.  William,  J.  P.,  b.  1769,  d.  1833,  m.  1796,  Abigail,  dau.  of  Phineas 
Lovett,  and  had  ch. :  1,  William  Lovett,  M.D.,  m.  Euphemia  Long- 
mire  and  settled  as  a  physician  at  Digby  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  1800, 
m.  Caleb  Marshall  ;  3,  Abigail,  b.  1802,  m.  (1st)  John  Forrest, 
(2nd)  Edward  McLatchy,  of  Hants  Co.  ;  4,  Maria,  b,  1804,  m. 
William  Marshall  ;  5,  Phineas  L.,  b.  1807,  m.  Maria  Boehner  ; 
6,  Stillman,  b.  1810,  m.  Miss  Morse;  7,  Selina  b.  1813,  m. 
Walter  Ricketson. 

•vi.  Asa,  m.  (1st)  Lois  Tupper,  (2nd)  Mary  Tupper,  (3rd)  in  1832,  Ann 
Busby,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Ambrose,  m.  Susan  Balcom  ;  2,  Elias,  m. 
Elizabeth  Hardwicke  ;  3,  Eliakim,  m.  Naomi  Brown  ;  4,  Ann  d. 
unm. ;  5,  David,  unm.  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  6,  Mary,  m.  John  Warner  ; 

7, ,  d.  unm. ;  (by  3rd  wife) :  8,  Busby,  b.  1833,  m.  Susan  Morse 

Miller ;  9,  Ralph,  b.  1836,  m.  Sarah  Whitman  ;  10,  John  Zenas,  b. 
1839,  m.  Lucy^Gesner  ;  11,  Albenia,  m.  John  Bartlett ;  12,  Anna, 
m.  Thomas  Bowles.  There  was  probably  also  a  son  Asa,  m.  Jane 
Felch. 

vii.  Stephen,  m.  1797,  Amy  Tupper  (dau.  of  Elisha),  and  had  ch.  :  1, 
Elizabeth  Sprague,  b,  1798,  in.  Archibald  Rolk ;  2,  Jerusha  Prince, 
b.  1800,  m.  James  D'Arcy  ;  3,  Caroline,  b.  1803,  m.  Adam  Hawkes  ; 

4,  James  S.,  b.  1806,  m.  (1st)  Lucina  Morse,  (2nd)  Margaret  Boole; 

5,  Lucy  Ann,  b.   1808,  m.  Charles  Elliott ;    6,  Amy,  b.  1810,  m. 
James  Thomas  ;  7,  William  Henry,  b.  1813,  d.  unm.  ;  8,  Louisa 
Bathia,  b.   1816,  unm.  ;    9,   Susan  Murilla,   b.  1819,   m.  Obadiah 
Parker  ;  10,  Stephen  Edward,  b.  1823,  m.  (1st)  Jane  Willetu,  (2nd) 
Mary  E.  Parker,  (3rd)  Emma  Bent,  widow,  nee  Bacon. 

viii.     Silas,  m.  Mary  Newcomb,  and  had  ch. :    1,  Newcomh,  m.  Hannah 
Foster  ;  2,  Mary,  m.  Jesse  Philips  ;  3,  James  m.  Amoret  Martin  ; 
4,  Denis,  m.  Amy  Beals  ;  5,  Eliza,  m.  David  Bent, 
ix.     Sarah,  in.  John  Poole. 
x.     Dorcas,  m.  Isaac  Longley. 
xi.     Mary,  m.  Solomon  Harrington, 
xii.     Elizabeth,  d.  unm. 
xiii,   xiv.     Twins,  d. 

SAMUEL  BENT,  born  August  15,  1743,  descended  in  the  fifth  genera- 
tion from  John  Bent,  the  immigrant  ancestor  of  David  Bent,  through 
Peter,2  Hopestill,3  Peter,4  was  in  his  youth  an  apprentice  to  Captain  John 
Wade,  whom  he  followed  into  service  against  the  French  in  1759,  and  was 
in  the  battle  on  the  plains  of  Abraham  ;  and  family  tradition  says  he 
had  the  honour  to  hoist  the  British  flag  on  that  great  occasion.  It  is  said 
that  when  victory  had  become  assured  a  flag-staff  was  called  for,  and 
young  Bent  being  a  mechanic  was  detailed  to  procure  one  from  the  tall, 
.straight  fir-trees  which  lined  the  heights,  while  others  dug  the  hole  to  set 
it  in.  In  their  haste  they  forgot  to  reeve  the  necessary  lanyard  before 


BENT.  479 

the  staff  had  been  finally  "stepped."  Several  tried  to  climb  it,  carry 
up  the  line,  and  reeve  it  through  the  block,  and  Bent  at  length  succeeded, 
•carrying  up  the  end  of  the  line  in  his  teeth,  after  which  feat  he  was 
accorded  the  privilege  of  hoisting  the  flag.  The  small  hand-saw  used  by 
him  in  preparing  the  staff  is  still  in  the  possession  of  one  of  his  descend- 
ants, Joseph  Bent,  of  Granville,  who  still  owns  and  occupies  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  homestead  on  which  his  progenitor  settled  when  he  reached 
his  majority.  He  came  to  Granville  the  year  following  the  capture 
of  Quebec,  married  in  1760,  Rachel,  sister  of  Moses  Ray,  and  had 
children  : 

i.  Samuel,  b.  1765,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Leonard,  (2nd)  —  Brown  :  Ch. : 
1,  Lawrence ;  2,  Martin,  m.  -  -  Hunt  ;  3,  Rachel,  m.  1814, 
Abraham  Bogart  ;  (by  2nd  wife) :  4,  Alice,  m.  1835,  Cornelius 
Bogart ;  5,  Nedebiah,  m. ;  6,  Edward,  m. 

ii.  Nedebiah,  b.  1767,  m.  1788,  Elizabeth  Truesdal :  Ch.  :  1,  Experience, 
b.  1789,  m.  Thomas  Messenger  ;  2,  Samuel,  b.  1791,  m.  Theodosia 
Crabb  ;  3,  Abigail,  b.  1793,  m.  David  Messenger ;  4,  Alpheus,  b. 
1795,  d.  unm.  ;  5,  Mary,  b.  1797,  d.  1797  ;  6,  Phebe,  b.  1798,  m. 
Joseph  Brown  ;  7,  Jesse,  b.  1801,  m.  Mahala  Kniffen  ;  8,  K'zekiel, 
b.  1803,  m.  (1st)  Frances  Bolsor,  (2nd)  Betsey  Berteaux  ;  9,  John, 
b.  1805,  d.  unm. ;  10,  Ellen,  b.  1807,  m.  Christopher  Bolsor  ;  11, 
Rachel,  d.  unm. 

iii.  Seth,  b.  1769,  m.  (1st)  Lucy  Hackelton,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  O'Brian  : 
Ch.  :  1,  John,  m.  Phebe  Miller  ;  2,  Lucy,  d.  unm.  ;  3,  Sarah,  m. 
David  Young  ;  4,  Margaret,  m.  David  Milbury  ;  (by  2nd  wife):  5, 
Grandison,  m.  Lydia  Saunders  ;  6,  Moses,  d.  unm.  ;  7,  Edward,  d. 
unm.  ;  8,  Mary  Ann. 

iv.  Jesse,  b,  1771,  m.  1801,  Sarah  Hackelton  :  Ch.  :  1,  William,  b.  1802, 
m.  Ruth  North  (no  issue) ;  2,  Eliza,  b.  1804,  d.  unm.  ;  3,  Lee 
Vose,  b.  1806,  m.  Elvira  Wade  (no  issue) ;  4,  Seth,  b.  1810,  m.  Eliza 
Fairn  ;  5,  George,  b.  1813,  m.  Ellen  Macsweeny  ;  6,  Ambrose,  b. 
1817  m.  (1st)  Amoret  Morse,  (2nd)  Eunice  Ross,  (3rd)  Clara,  dau. 
of  W.  Y.  Foster  ;  7,  Edmund  Foster,  b.  1822,  m.  (1st)  Amanda 
Starratt,  (2nd)  Sarah  Freeman,  (3rd)  Elizabeth  Chesley,  nee  Albe, 
widow  of  Rev.  R.  A.  Chesley. 
v.  James,  b.  1772,  m. 

vi.  John,  b.  1774,  a  J.P.,  m.  1809,  Mary  Harris:  Ch.  :  1,  Mary,  b. 
1810,  m.  Henry  Gesner,  J.P.  ;  2,  Sarah,  b.  1813,  m.  Robert 
Parker,  J.P. ;  3,  John  Harris,  b.  1815,  m.  Eunice  Dodge  ;  4, 
William  Henry,  b.  1819,  m.  Caroline  Gesner  ;  5,  Euphemia,  b. 
1820,  m.  Wm.  Henry  Young  ;  6,  Emily,  b.  1822,  m.  John  Crozier. 

vii.     Ebenezer,  b.  1783,  m.  1809,  Loretta  Dench,  b.  1781,  d.  1858  :  Ch. : 

I,  Robert,   b.  1810,  m.  Theresa  Hicks  ;  2,  Henry,  b.   1812,  m. 
Olivia  Miller  ;  3,  Deborah,  b.  1814,  m.  Jesse  Dodge  ;  4,  Eunice, 
b.  1816,  m.  Ezekiel  Burns  ;  5,  Ezra,   b.  1819,  m.   Ann  Phinney  ; 
6,  Hannah,  b.  1823,  m.  Joseph  Troop  ;  7,   Abraham,  b.   1824,  m. 
Mary  Young  ;  8,  Mary,  b.  1827,  m.   Stephen  Milbury  ;  9,  Jacob 
Fritz,  b.  1827,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Witherspoon,  (2nd)  Caroline  Bent. 

viii.     Rachel,  b.  1777,  m.  John  Elliott. 
ix.     Nancy,  b.  1779,  m.  John  Fritz. 

x.  Elias,  b.  1785,  m.  (1st)  1811,  Mary  Ann  VanBlarcom,  (2nd)  Susan 
Anthony  :  Ch. :  1,  Anne,  b.  1812  ;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1816,  m.  Elizabeth 
Steadman ;  3,  Maria,  b.  1819 ;  4,  Elizabeth,  b.  1821,  m.  ;  5, 
Georgina,  b.  1823  ;  6,  John,  b.  1826,  d.  unm.  ;  7,  Ebenezer,  b. 
1828,  m.  Elizabeth  Morrison  ;  8,  Ruth,  b.  1832 ;  9,  George 
Thomas,  b.  1835,  m.  Horatio  Gesner  ;  (by  2nd  w. ) :  10,  William  ; 

II,  Alfred,  m.  Laura  Sulis. 


480  BENT — BERTEAUX. 

xi.  Charles,  b.  1787,  m.  1814,  Elizabeth  Wade  :  Ch.  :  1,  Lucy,  b.  1814, 
in.  John  Hutchison  ;  2,  Stephen,  b.  1815,  m.  Cynthia  Wade  ;, 
3,  Helen,  b.  1820,  m.  Robert  Hoseason  ;  4,  Ann,  b.  1818,  m.  John 
Roney  ;  5,  Rachel  (or  Maria),  m.  Edward  Shafner  ;  6,  Samuel,  b. 
1822,  m.  Mary  Abraham  ;  7,  Benjamin,  b.  1824,  m.  Keziah  Young ; 
8,  Daniel,  b!  1826,  m.  Elizabeth  Oliver  ;  9,  Prudence,  b.  1829, 
in.  George  Covert ;  10,  Hannah,  b.  1832,  m.  Edwin  Wade  ;. 
11,  Mary,  b.  1828. 

BERTEAUX.  1.  PHILIP  BERTEAUX  was  born  in  the  Island  of  Guernsey,, 
of  French  Protestant  parents,  who  fled  thither  from  France  after  the 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  in  1685.  He  was  commissioned 
"Master  Carpenter"  in  the  employ  of  the  Board  of  Ordnance,  and  came  to- 
Annapolis  in  that  capacity.  He  was  one  of  the  grantees  of  the  "  Cape 
Grant,"  so  called.  His  very  numerous  posterity  are  to  be  found  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  from  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  and 
in  the  United  States.  The  name  of  his  first  wife  is  not  known.  The 
second  was  Elizabeth  Gould.  He  died  about  1780,  aged  over  60.  He 
had  children  : 

(2)  i.     William,  b.  about  1750. 

ii.     Ann,  m.  Henry  Hardwick. 
iii.     Perhaps  John. 

By  second  wife  : 
iv.     Thomas  Edward,  m.  Nov.  14,  1795,  Mary,  dau.  of  Foster  Baltzor,  g. 

dau.  of  Christopher,  and  gt.  g.   dau.  of  Christopher,  sen.  :  Ch.  : 

1,  Mary,  b.  1796,  m.  (1st)  Thos.  Palmer,  (2nd)  Samuel   Slocomb  ;, 

2,  John,  b.  Dec.  13,  1797,  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Peter  Baltzor  ; 

3,  Alice,   b.  1799,   m.   Thomas,   son  of  John  Robinson  ;  4,  Ann 
Maria,  b.  Jan.  17,  1802,  m.  Chipman,  son  of  Joseph  Brown  ;  5, 
Philip,  b.  1804,  m.  Susan  Brown,  sister  of  Chipman,  11  ch.  ;  6, 
Dorothy,  b.  Dec.   14,  1806,  m.  Peter  McBride ;  7,  Elizabeth,  b. 
April  10,  1808,  m.  Ezekiel  Bent ;  8,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  July  25,  1812, 
m.    Joseph   Dugan ;    9,    Julia,    b.    March  1,    1816,   m.  William 
Howell. 

v.     Margaret  |  d    unm 
vi.     ousan        ) 

2.  WILLIAM  BERTEAUX,  probably  eldest  son  of  Philip,  born  probably- 
about  1750,  married  Ann,  daughter  of  Michael  Spurr,  and  had  children  i 

(3)  i.     Charles,  b.  1773. 

ii.     Philip,  b.  1780,  m.  1808,  Catherine  Chute,  wid.  of  John  Wear. 

iii.     Elizabeth,  bpd.  Aug.  26,  1785,  m.  William  Morehouse. 

iv.  Edward,  bpd,  June,  1787,  m.  Dec.  5,  1810,  Mercy  Whitman:  Ch.  : 
1,  Freeman,  b.  Aug.  27, 1811,  m.  Lucy  Ann  Rice ;  2,  Edward  James, 
b.  July  3,  1813,  m.  Margaret  Ann  Tupper  ;  3,  Benjamin  Spinney, 
b.  Dec.  29,  1815,  m.  Anne  Baker  ;  4,  Ann  Whitman,  b.  May  1, 
1818,  m.  William  Potter  ;  5,  Louisa,  b.  April  15,  1820,  m.  Josiab 
Potter ;  6,  David,  d.  unm. 

v.     Mary,  b.  Nov.  5,  1789,  d.  same  year. 

vi.  George,  b.  March  7,  bpd.  June  25,  1792,  w.  Dec.  29,  1817,  Eliza. 
Williams  :  Ch.  :  1,  Helen  Augusta,  b.  Dec.,  1818,  m.  Alexander 
Harris;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  May  25,  1821,  m.  William  Wells;, 
3,  Alfred,  b.  March  23,  1823,  m.  Dec.  26,  1849,  Isabella  Howe 


BERTEAUX.  481 

(dau.  of  William) ;  4,  Sarah  Jane,  b.  Aug.  5,  1825,  d.  unm.  ; 
5,  Charlotte  Ann,  b.  Aug.  12,  1827,  m.  Charles  Wells  ;  6,  Emily, 
b.  Sept.  14,  1829,  m.  John  McDormand  ;  7,  Henry,  b.  Aug,  5, 
1831,  d.  unm. ;  8,  Maria,  b.  May  18,  1833,  m.  Oliver  Bracebridge ; 
9,  Seraph,  b.  Feb.  28,  1835,  m.  George  LeCain  ;  10,  Lucinda, 
b.  Mar.  23,  1837,  m.  (1st)  Jesse  Beals,  (2nd)  George  Stevens  ; 

11,  Caroline,   b.   June  16,    1841,  m.  George  Wells  ;  12,  George 
Augustus,   b.    Feb.   27,   1843,  m.  Phoebe  Jefferson  ;  13,   Louisa, 
b.  Sept.  1,  1845,  m.  Edmund  Clark. 

vii.     Mary,  b.  Aug.  20,  1794,  m.  William  Fairn. 
viii.     Nancy,  b.  1800,  m.  Henry  Hardwick. 
ix.     Mercy,  m.  Henry  Gates,  M.P.P.  (his  2nd  wife). 

3.  CHARLES  BERTEAUX,  born,  it  is  stated,  in  1773,  but  perhaps  later, 
married  November  1,  1798,  Mary  Robinson.    Children: 

i.  William,  b.  March  3,  1800,  m.  Feb.  26,  1824,  Mary  Hardwick :  Ch.  : 
1,  John  Henry,  b.  Mar.  10,  1825,  m.  Hannah  Chute ;  2,  Emmeline 
Elizabeth,  b.  Sept.  20,  1827,  m.  Ambrose  Moore  ;  3,  Mary  Jane, 
b.  Aug.  28,  1830,  m.  ;  4,  Judson  Adoniram,  b.  Aug.  22,  1833, 
d.  unm. 
ii.  Charles,  b.  June  5,  1801,  m.  Jan.  12,  1826,  Sarah  Dunn  :  Ch.  : 

I,  Mary  Jane,   b.   Nov.  23,   1826,  m.   Aaron  Young  ;  2,  Charles 
Wesley,  b.   May  23,  1828,    m.    (1st)  Charlotte   Robinson,  (2nd) 
Abigail  Burgess  ;  3,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1831,  m.  William  Ker  Hender- 
son ;    4,    William    Henry,    b.    1833,    unm.  ;    5,    Isabel,   b.    1835, 
m.  George   Eomans ;  6,   Mezelva,    b.  1837,   unm.  ;    7,   Priscilla, 
b.  1839,   m.  George  Lynam  ;  8,  Almira,  b.  1840,  m.  William  E. 
Foster  ;   9,    Celenia,    b    1841,  d.    unm.  ;    10,   Amanda,   b.  1843, 
m.  John  McKeown  ;  11,  George  E.,  b.  1845,  m.  Jessie  Quinton  ; 

12,  Celia,  b.  1850,  d.  unm.  ;  13,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1854. 
iii.     Ann,  b.  March  23,  1803,  m.  Samuel  Wheelock. 

iv.  James,  b.  Sept.  18,  1804,  m.  1829,  Parnie  Wheelock:  Ch.  :  1,  Letitia 
Salome,  b.  1830,  m.  James  Hutchinsori  ;  2,  Harriet  Ann,  b.  1832, 
m.  Isaac  Newcomb  ;  3,  Helen,  b.  1833,  m.  Harding  Spinney  ; 
4,  Parnie,  b.  1834,  m.  Caleb  Spinney  ;  5,  Samuel,  b.  1835,  m.  Sarah 
Ann  Banks  ;  6,  Ezekiel,  b.  1837,  m.  Louisa  Nichols  ;  7,  Lucinda 
Jane,  m.  Charles  Nichols  ;  8,  James  Maynard,  m.  Desiah  Smith  ; 
9,  Emily  Jane,  m.  Ansley  Banks  ;  10,  Laleah.  m.  William  Shaw  ; 

II,  William  Burton,  m.  Mary  Jane  Allison. 

v.  Robert,  b.  Sept.  18,  1804  (twin),  m.  Olivia  Wheelock  :  Ch.  : 
1,  Lucinda,  m.  John  Patterson  ;  2,  Harvey,  m.  Frances  Morton  ; 
3,  James  Henry,  m.  Susan  Palmer  ;  4,  Albert,  m.  Harriet 
Spinney  ;  5,  Robert  Dickie,  m.  Sarah  Hutchinson  ;  6.  Adoniram 
Judson,  m.  ;  7,  Joseph,  m.  (1st)  Eliza  Rice,  (2nd)  —  Thoma?,  ne'e 
Parker. 

vi.  Edward,  b.  Aug.  7,  1807,  m.  1837,  Mercy  Whitman,  niece  of  his 
uncle  Edward's  wife  :  Ch.  :  1,  Albert,  m.  Mary  LeCain ;  2,  David, 
m.  Maggie  Shaw  ;  3,  Maria,  m.  Benjamin  B.  Hardwick  ;  4,  Edward, 
m.  Mary  Croker  ;  5,  Laleah,  m.  Marchant  Rockwell  ;  6,  Ada, 
m.  David  W.  Corning. 

vii.  John  Henry,  b.  March  9,  1809,  m.  Sarah  Neily  :  Ch.  :  1,  Obadiah, 
m.  Lydia  Eliza  Harris  ;  2,  Albert,  m.  Ella  G.  Wheelock  ; 
3,  Sophronia,  m.  James  E.  Oakes  ;  4,  Fitch,  m.  ;  5,  Edwin, 
m.  Ella  Bent ;  6,  Sophia,  m.  Melton  Nichols  ;  7,  Annie,  d.  unm.  ; 
8,  Burton,  d.  unm. 

viii.     Mary,  b.  Oct.  5,  1812,  m.  Thomas  Baker, 
ix.      Harriet,  in.  —  Jones. 
31 


482  BISHOP— BOGART. 

BISHOP.  PETER  BISHOP,  of  Connecticut,  was  a  grantee  in  the  township 
of  Horton  in  1759.  One  of  his  sons,  the  late  Deacon  William  Bishop, 
removed  to  this  county  late  in  the  century.  Nothing  is  ascertained  of 
the  immigrant  ancestor,  but  Peter  is  supposed  to  have  been  his  grand- 
father. (Probably  the  American  line  extends  back  a  generation  or  two 
more. — ED.)  William  married  1785,  Elizabeth  Copps.  Children  : 

i.     Daniel,  b.  1786,  m.  Lucy  Stevens,  nee  Kinney. 

ii.  Samuel,  b.  1788,  m.,  1809,  Elizabeth  Hutchinson  :  Ch. :  1,  Winck- 
worbh,  b.  1810,  m.  (in  United  States)  ;  2,  Eunice  Ann,  b.  1812, 
m.  Charles  Anderson  ;  3,  Rebecca,  b.  1815,  m.  Robert  Starratt  ; 

4,  Major  Chipman,  b.  1820,  m.   1851,  Frances  H.    Farrington  ; 

5,  Harriett,    m.    Robert  Graves ;  6,   Eliza,   m.    James   Bennett  ; 
7,  Emmeline,  m.  Miner  C.   Beals  ;  8,  Hannah  Thome,  d.  unm. ; 
9,  Mary  Woodbury,  m.  Greene  Tingley. 

iii.      William,    b.    1790,    m.    Rebecca   Morse  :    Ch. :    1,   Edward,  m.    - 

Collins;  2,  William  Henry,  m.  Martha  Jane  Durgin ;  3,  Elizabeth, 

m.  Charles  Woodbury  ;  4,  Charlotte,  m.  Ingraham  Fitch, 
iv.     Sherman,  b.  1792,  d.  unm. 
v.     George,   b.  1794,  m.   1817,   Diadama  Longley  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary  Ann, 

b.  1818,  m.  Samuel  Fitzrandolph  ;  2,  Mary  Eliza,  b.  1821,  d.  unm. ; 

3,  Samuel  Chipman,  b.  1823,  m.  Mary  Robinson  ;  4,  Susan  Mel- 

vina,   b.  1825,  m.  Asa  Tupper  Morse  ;  5,   William,  b.   1828,   m. 

Mary  Ann  Morse  ;  6,  Lavinia,   b.  1830  ;  7,  Harriet  Adelaide,  b. 

1832,  m.  Benjamin  Prince  ;  8,  Dorcas  Amelia,  b.  1834,  m.  James 

B.  Neily  ;  9,  Henrietta  b.  1836,  m. ;  10,  George  Ingram,  b.  1836,  m. 

Amanda  Chipman  ;  11,  Lucy  Caroline,  b.  1841,  m.  Burton  Neily. 
vi.     Elias,   b.  1797,  m.  1821,  Lovicia  Longley  :    Ch. :  1,  Isaac  Longley, 

b.  1821,  m.  Mary  Ann  Spinney  ;  2,  Diadam,  m.  Thomas  Chittick; 

3,  Selina,  m.  William  Patterson  ;  4,  Israel,  m.  Harriet  Pineo   ne'e 

Clark  (no  issue)  ;  5,   George,   m.    Margaret   Smith  ;  6,  John,  m. 

Eunice  Parker;    7,  Annie,   m.   Thomas  Welton  ;  8,  Adelaide,  d. 

unm.;    9,    Mary  E. ;    10,   David,   m.    Jane  Graves;  11,    William 

Edgar,  m.  Isabella  Spurr. 
vii.    Thomas,  b.  1799,  m.,  1823,  Ann  Fitzrandolph  :  Ch.:  1,  Eliza  Jane, 

b.  1826,  m.  Edward  Schafner  ;  2,   Randolph,  b.  1828. 

viii.     Mary  Ann,  b.  1806,  m.  (1st)  Israel  Longley,  (2nd)  Manning  Morse, 
ix.     Eliza,  b.  1808,  m.  Major  Chipman,  J.P. 

BOGAET.  The  immigrant  ancestor  of  this  family  was  among  the  best 
of  the  good  old  Dutch  settlers  of  New  Amsterdam  (New  York).  Early 
in  the  seventeenth  century  one  of  the  family  appears  among  the  founders 
of  Albany,  now  the  capital  of  that  great  State.  CORNELIUS  and  THUNIS 
BOGART,  relatives — perhaps  first  cousins — came  to  this  county  among  the 
Loyalists,  and  settled  in  Lower  Granville. 

CORNELIUS  BOGART,  had  children  : 

i.  Luke,  b.  in  New  York,  m.  1790,  Eva  Helms,  b.  in  New  York. : 
Ch.:  1,  Margaret,  b.  1792,  m.  George  Worster  ;  2,  Cornelius,  b. 
1794,  m.  Hannah  Johnston  ;  3,  Samuel  Helms,  b.  1797,  m. 
Margaret  Johnston  ;  4,  Abraham,  b.  1799,  m.  (1st)  Alice 
Brown,  (2nd)  1814,  Rachel  Bent ;  5,  John,  b.  1803,  m.  (1st) 
Sarah  Emmeline  Quigley,  (2nd)  Matilda  Vroom  ;  6,  Eleanor,  b. 


BOGART — BOWLBY.  483 

1801,  m.  Martin  Oliver  ;  7,  Isaac,  b.  1806,  m.  Atalanta  Croscup  ; 
8,  Horatio  Nelson,  b.  1807,  m.  Lucy  Croscup  ;  9,  Jacob,  b,  1809, 
m.;  10,  Margaret  Jane,  b.  1811,  m.  George  Croscup;  11,  George, 
b.  1813,  d.  1816. 

ii.  Abraham,  m.  (1st)  1810,  Alice  Brown,  (2nd)  1814,  Rachel  Bent  : 
Ch. :  1,  Cornelius,  b.  1811,  m.  1835,  Alice  Bent;  2,  Alice,  b. 
1813,  d.  1819  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  3,  Samuel,  b.  1814,  d.  1819  ; 
4,  John,  b.  1816,  m.  Mary  Ann  Durland  ;  5,  Mary,  b.  1817,  m. 
Daniel  Bohaker ;  6,  Cornelius,  b.  1819,  m.  George  Schafner  ; 
7,  Phebe,  b.  1821,  m.  Solomon  Farnsworth  ;  8,  Charles  William, 
'b.  1822,  d.  1825  ;  9,  Charles,  b.  1825,  m.  Cassie  Sloan  ;  10,  Mar- 
garet, b.  1827,  d.  unm.;  11,  William  Henry,  b.  1830,  d.  unm. 

THUNIS  BOGART,  b.  1750,  m.  1778  :  Children: 

i.     Abraham,  b,  1778,  d.  unm. 
ii.     Isaac,  b.  1780,  d.  unm. 

iii.  Jacob,  b.  1782,  m.  Elizabeth  Hart  :  Ch. :  1,  Matilda,  m.  Robert 
Wylie,  a  native  of  Invernesshire,  Scotland  ;  2,  Mary,  m.  Zebediah 
Croscup  ;  3,  Thomas  Hart,  d.  unm.;  4,  Henrietta,  m.  J.  Bernhardt 
Calnek. 

iv.     Thunis,  b.  1785,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Ann  Anderson,  (2nd)  Mary  Lambert- 
son  :  Ch. :  1,  Thunis,  m.  Georgina  McCormick. 
v.     Katrina,  m.  Edward  Thome, 
vi.     Miry,  m.  (Isc)  John  Lambertson,  (2nd)  Eiias  Quereau. 

BOWLBY.  The  father  of  RICHARD  BOWLBY,  the  progenitor  of  this  family, 
was  born  in  Lancashire,  England,  and  came  to  America  in  1700,  and  after- 
wards married  and  settled  in  New  Jersey.  In  an  obituary  notice  a  few 
years  since,  of  his  grandson,  Adam  Bowlby,  of  Ontario  (whose  son,  Ward 
Hamilton  Bowlby,  M.A.,  LL.B.,  is  County  Crown  Attorney  of  Waterloo 
County,  Ontario),  it  was  stated  that  his  ancestor  was  one  of  the  twelve 
associated  with  Penn  in  the  charter  or  administration  of  the  government 
of  Pennsylvania.  I  cannot  explain  that  statement.  Richard  Bowlby 
came  here,  a  Loyalist,  from  New  Jersey  with  his  wife  and  family  in 
1783,  and  settled  about  two  miles  east  of  Lawrencetown  on  land  lately 
owned  by  Charles  Elliott,  where  he  died  at  the  age  of  ninety-nine  years 
and  ten  months.  His  eldest  son,  after  his  marriage,  settled  on  Gates' 
Mountain.  The  wife  of  the  Adjutant- General  of  the  Dominion,  at 
Ottawa,  is  a  descendant  of  Richard  Bowlby,  being  a  daughter  of  his 
grandson  Adam,  and  so,  but  in  a  female  line,  is  the  widow  of  the  author, 
and  other  descendants  are  among  the  people  of  note  in  Ontario,  New 
Brunswick,  Michigan,  and  elsewhere.  A  brother  settled  in  Shelburne 
County.  His  wife  was  Mary  Drake  ;  and  children  : 

i.  Richard,  jun. ,  m.  1786,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Adam  Hawkesworth  and 
Elizabeth  Wedgwood,  both  natives  of  Yorkshire  :  Ch. :  1,  Josiah, 
b.  1787,  d.  1803,  unm.  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  1790,  d.  1803,  unm.  ; 
3,  Richard,  b.  1792,  m.  Leah  Elliott;  4,  Adam,  b.  1793, 
m.  —  Soverene  (in  Ontario) ;  5,  Samuel,  b.  1794,  m.  Rachel  Gates  ; 
6,  George,  b.  1795,  m.  Mary  Miller  ;  7,  Elizabeth,  b,  1797,  m. 


484  BOWLBY — BRINTON — BROWN. 

Asahel  Walker  Dodge  ;  8,  Sidney  Smith,  b.  1799,  m.  —  Sover- 
ene  (in  Ontario) ;  9,  Sarah,  b.  1802,  m.  Lawrence  Phinney  ; 
10,  Thomas,  b.  1803,  m.  (1st)  Ann  Gates,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Downie, 
(3rd)  Thankful  Bowles  ;  11,  Mary,  b.  1805,  m.  Thomas  Harris  ; 
12,  John  Wedgewood,  b.  1811,  m.  Lavinia  Gates. 

ii.     George,   in.    (1st)  'Elizabeth   Chesley,   (2nd)  —  :  Ch. :  1,   Abraham, 
m.    Rachel   Phinney  ;    2,    Jordan,    m.     1821,     Eunice,    dau.    of 
Thomas  Tupper,   brother   of  Rev.   Charles  ;  he  d.  1828,  and  she 
m.  (2nd)  Henry  Baker ;  3,  Martha,  m.  Calvin  Phinney ;  4,  Achsa, 
m.  William  Chesley  ;  5,  George,  m.  Sarah  DeWitt  ;  6,  Solomon, 
m.    Susan    Spriggs  Slocomb  ;    7,    Ann,    m.    Barnabas   Phinney  ;, 
8,  Amelia,  m.  Thomas  Kempton  ;  9,  Mary  m.  Richard  Kempton. 
iii.     Thomas,  in.  (in  Ontario), 
iv.     Catharine,  m.  Solomon  Simpson, 
v.     Mary,  m.  —  Wilson, 
vi.     Rachel,  m.  Jolly  Longshore, 
vii.     Sarah,  m.  —  Bray, 
viii.     Martha,  m.  — . 


BRINTON.  JOHN  BRINTON,  or  BRENTON,  who  is  said  to  have  been  a 
native  of  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  to  have  been  a  weaver  by  trade, 
married  Jemima,  daughter  of  John  Clark,  of  Yorkshire.  The  family, 
which  are  not  numerous,  are  still  largely  located  in  the  vicinity  of  his 
settlement.  A  great-grandson,  Rev.  Charles  John  Brenton,  M.A.,  is  a 
clergyman  of  the  English  Church  in  British  Columbia.  Children  : 

i.  John,  m.  (1st)  1814,  Susan  Quereau,  (2nd)  Marv  Messenger:  Ch.: 
1,  Sarah  Ann,  d.  1825  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  1816,  m.  (1st)  Francis 
Lent,  (2nd)  —  ;  3,  Charles,  b.  1829,  m.  Ellen  Young  ;  4,  Elias, 
b.  1825,  m.  Hannah  Chute  ;  5,  Joshua,  b.  1822,  m.  Nancy  Mes- 
senger ;  6,  Ethalinda,  b.  1827,  m.  James  Mitchell  ;  7,  Sarah  Ann, 
b.  1831,  m.  John  Starratt  ;  8,  Ansley,  b.  1830,  m.  Sarah  Starratt 
(no  issue)  ;  9,  Melissa,  m.  Joseph  Graves. 

ii.  Charles,  m.  1817,  Charity  Quereau  :  Ch. :  1,  Francis,  b.  1823,  m. 
Sarah  Ann  Chute  ;  2,  Sarah  Elizabeth,  b.  1817,  m.  (1st)  Francis 
Lent  ;  3,  Judith  Ann,  b.  1820,  m.  Joseph  Corbitt  ;  4,  Charles  H., 
b.  1829,  m.  Elizabeth  Chute. 

iii.     Ellen,  m.  Beverley  Robinson  Beardsley. 


BROWN.  THOMAS  BROWN  was  a  native  of  England,  probably  of  York- 
shire, who  came  over  not  long  after  the  arrival  of  the  Massachusetts 
settlers,  for  in  1767  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Peter  Starratt,  then 
living  in  Granville.  Soon  after  this  he  became  owner  of  a  farm  a  little 
to  the  eastward  of  Bridgetown.  He  had  children  : 

i.  John,  m.  1800,  Mary  Farnsworth  :  Ch.  :  1,  John,  b.  1801,  d.  unm.  ; 
2,  Mary,  b.  1802,  d.  1826,  unm. ;  3,  Charles,  b.  1803,  d.  1830, 
unm.  ;  4,  Lucy,  b.  1805,  m.  Timothy  Strong  ;  5,  Frances,  b.  1807, 
m.  Isaac  Marshall  ;  6,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1809,  m.  Thomas  Brown  ; 
7,  Abigail,  b.  1812,  m.  James  Cornwell  ;  8,  Ansley,  b.  1814, 
m.  (1st)  Mary  Morse,  (2nd)  Ann  Manning  ;  9,  Louisa,  b.  1816, 
m.  (1st)  George  Crowe,  (2nd)  Eliakim  Tupper  ;  10,  Manning,, 
b.  1818,  m.  Mary  Ann  Foster. 


BROWN— CALNEK.  485 

'ii.  George,  m.  1796,  Ann  Clark  :  Ch.  :  1,  Thomas,  b.  1797,  m.  Sarah 
Ann  Brown  ;  2,  George,  b.  1801,  m.  Harriet  (or  Dorcas)  Longley  ; 
3,  Mary,  1798,  m.  James  Hall ;  4,  Joseph,  b.  1803,  m.  Ellen 
Gates  (dau.  Jos.)  ;  5,  William,  b.  1805,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Cornwell, 
(2nd)  Mary  Shaw  ;  6,  Seth,  b.  1807,  m.  Jane  Snow  ;  7,  Ann, 
b.  1808,  m.  Joseph  Rice  ;  8,  Sophia,  b.  1810,  m.  Silvanus  Snow  ; 
9,  Susan,  b.  1814,  d.  1833,  unm.  ;  10,  Eliza,  b.  1812,  m.  David 
Harris  ;  11,  Loretta,  b.  1815,  d.  unm.  ;  12,  Simon,  b.  1819, 
m.  Rachel  Dill. 

CALNEK.*  JACOB  CALNEK,  my  grandfather,  was  of  Jewish  ancestry,  and 
himself  a  "  Hebrew  of  Hebrews."  He  was  born  in  Saxe  Coburg-Gotha  in 
1745,  and  died  in  central  Granville,  1831,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty- 
six  years.  He  married  in  1771,  at  Arolsen,  the  capital  of  the  dominions 
of  the  Margrave  of  Anspach,  Rosina  Wolf,  a  native  of  Berlin,  whose 
grandfather,  Bernhardt  Wolf,  was  a  native  of  Hartzfeldt,  in  Franconia. 
His  father,  Jacob  Bernhardt  Wolf,  removed  to  Berlin  where  he  married 
Hendel  Burnett  of  that  city,  where  my  grandmother  was  born  in  1753. 
She  died  in  1822  in  Granville.  She  was  also  of  Jewish  parentage.  My 
grandfather's  only  sister,  of  whom  I  have  any  knowledge,  married  Johan 
Stiglitz,  and  was  the  grandmother  of  the  late  Baron  Alexander  Von 
Stiglitz,  of  St.  Petersburg,  who  was  one  of  the  millionaires  of  that  wealthy 
capital,  and  who  died  without  issue,  leaving  $75,000,000,  Canadian 
•currency,  to  his  nephews,  the  Herren  Herders  of  that  city.  In  1775 
Jacob  Calnek,  the  ancestor  of  the  American  family  of  Calnek,  was 
commissioned  "  Quarter  Master  "  of  the  first  battalion  of  Anspach,  whose 
services  in  the  revolutionary  war  were  employed  on  behalf  of  the  Crown. 
At  the  close  of  the  contest,  having  first  received  the  consent  of  the 
Margrave,  he  determined  to  settle  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  having  been 
recommended  by  Sir  Guy  Carleton  as  being  entitled  to  a  grant  of  land, 
he  obtained  one  in  Clements,  in  which  township  many  of  his  countrymen, 
who  had  been  employed  in  the  same  service,  were  about  to  settle.  He 
then  wrote  to  his  wife  in  Berlin,  from  whom  he  had  been  separated  for 
the  previous  seven  years,  to  join  him  here  with  four  children  then  born 
to  them,  which  she  did  in  1784.  In  the  meantime  her  husband  had 
•caused  a  log-house  to  be  erected  on  his  lands — those  lately  occupied 
by  Charles  Jefferson,  in  Clements — which  were  situated  in  the  wilds  of 
that  township.  On  her  arrival  she  transferred  herself,  children,  and 
such  valuables  as  she  possessed,  and  they  were  not  few,  nor  of  scant 
worth,  into  the  new  dwelling,  which  had  been  prepared  for  them,  and 
commenced  a  new  and,  to  her,  a  strange  life.  Not  many  months  had 
elapsed  before  an  event  occurred  which  left  them  in  extreme  poverty. 
'Their  house  and  its  entire  contents  were  destroyed  by  fire  during  their 
temporary  absence,  and  the  loss  they  sustained  was  the  loss  of  everything 

*  This  I  copied  verbatim  from  the  author's  MS. — [En. 


486  CALNEK. 

they  possessed,  except  the  clothing  they  stood  in,  and  their  children. 
After  some  years  of  incessant  struggle  and  deprivation  they  bought  a 
farm  in  Granville,  and  gradually  became  more  easy  in  financial  circum- 
stances, and  one  of  the  grandsons  still  owns  and  occupies  the  old  home- 
stead. Their  descendants  are  comparatively  small  in  number,  and  are 
greatly  scattered.  Thomas  Maurice  Calnek,  M.D.,  is  a  leading  physician 
in  Costa  Rica,  and  another  great-grandson  is  paymaster  on  the  railways 
of  that  State ;  another  is  deputy  manager  of  the  Acadian  coal  mines  in 
Pictou  County,  and  two  others  are  settled  in  Manitoba.  Others  are 
living  in  the  island  of  Jamaica  and  in  the  United  States,  but  the  larger 
number  have  homes  in  their  native  county  and  province. 

1.  JACOB  CALNEK,  b.  1745,  d.  1831,  m.  Rosina  Wolf,  b.  1753,  d.  1822, 
Children : 

i.     Samuel,  b.  1772,  d.  1837,  m.  —  Arundel  (in  Jamaica) :  Ch.  :  1  (only)> 

Thomas,  d.  unm. 

ii.     Rachel,  b.  1773,  d.  1852,  unm. 
iii.     Bernhardt,  b.  1775,  d.  1812,  unm. 

(2)  iv.     Maurice,  b.  1777. 

v.     William,  b.  1786,  d.  1829,  unm. 

(3)  vi.     Jeremiah,  b.  1789. 

^ 

2.  MAURICE    CALNEK,    b.    1777,   m.    1820,  Elizabeth  Longmire,   and 
d.  1848.     Children: 

(4)  i.     John  Bernhardt,  b.  182  L. 

(5)  ii.     Henry,  b.  1823. 

iii.     Mary  Hester,  b.  1825,  m.  Rev.  John  Moore  Campbell,  M.A.,  Rector 

of  Granville. 
iv.     Sarah  Jane,  b.  1827,  m.  John  McCormick. 

3.  JEREMIAH  CALNEK,  b.  1789,  m.  1821,  Anne  Marshall,  and  d.  1880. 
Children  : 

(6)  i.     William  Arthur,  b.  1822. 

ii.  Robert  Wolf,  b.  1823,  d.  unm. 

iii.  Rosina  Wolf,  b.  1825,  m.  Rev.  Henry  Harris  Hamilton. 

iv.  Benjamin  Marshall,  b.  1827. 

v.  Ann  Maria,  b.  1828,  uum. 

vi.  Alfred  Augustus,  b.  1829,  d.  unm. 

vii.  Edward  George,  b.  1831,  m.  Mary  Edna  Colby. 

4.  JOHN  BERNHARDT  CALNEK,  b.  1821,  m.   1850,   Henrietta  Bogart,. 
d.  1896.     Children: 

i.  Thomas  Maurice,  M.D.,  unm. 

ii.  Gilbert,  m.  Blanche  Willett  (no  issue), 

iii.  Julia,  m.  William  Young, 

iv.  Rosina  Wolf,  unm. 

v.  Agnes,  m.  Alfred  William  Randall,  a  native  of   Antigonish.     (See 

Randall.) 

vi.  Matilda  Wylie,  unm. 


CALNEK — CHARLTON.  487 

5.  HENRY  CALNEK,  b.  1823,  m.  Annie  Eaton  :  still  living.    Children  : 

i.     Jacob,  m.  1887,  Mary  Bohaker  :    Ch. :   1,  Hulda  M.,  b.  1888,  d. 

1890  ;  2,  Annie  Atalanta. 

ii.     Laura,  m.  Rev.  Alton  Bent,  Rector  of  Pugwash. 
iii.     Emma,  unm. 

6.  WILLIAM  ARTHUR  CALNEK,  b.  1822,  m.   1851,  Armanilla,  daughter 
of  Lawrence  Phinney,  d.  1892.     Children  : 

i.  Bertha,  b.  1852,  m.  William  West. 
ii.  Ernest  Robert  Wolf,  b.  1853,  unm. 
iii.  Mary  Campbell,  d.  unm. 

iv.     Frederic  Hamilton  Stiglitz,  m.  1887,  Margaret  Simpson, 
v.     Mary  Bowlby  Wedgewood,  d.  unm. 

vi.  Carl  Casper  Jacob,  m.  1885,  Elizabeth  McBride  :  Ch. :  1,  William 
Arthur,  b.  1886  ;  2,  Edith  Elizabeth,  b.  1888.  He  resides  in 
Winnipeg. 

vii.     Sarah  De Wolfe,  m.  1890,  William  F.  Farmer, 
viii.     Bessie  Blair,  unm. 
ix.     Edith  Victoria,  unm. 

CHARLTON.  JOHN  CHARLTON  came  from  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  England, 
to  this  county  about  the  same  time  as  the  Massachusetts  settlers,  and 
obtained  a  grant  of  land  in  western  Wilmot.  In  1765  he  had  cleared 
fifty  acres  on  lots  Nos.  26  and  27,  and  had  a  stock  of  twenty-five  head  of 
horned  cattle.  He  built  the  first  saw-mill  in  that  section  of  the  county, 
for  which  he  obtained  a  bounty  offered  by  the  Government  in  1786.  It 
was  situated  about  midway  between  the  old  post  road  and  the  present 
Brooklyn  road,  on  the  stream  generally  known  as  Palmer's  brook.  Henry 
Charlton,  one  of  his  sons,  went  to  the  upper  provinces,  and  it  is  said  was 
ancestor  of  John  Charlton,  M.P.  for  North  Norfolk.  Henry  Charlton, 
b.  1723,  d.  1816,  m.  1762,  Mary  Crane,  b.  1739,  d.  1815.  Children  : 

i.     Experience,  b.  1762,  d.  1851,  m.  Simon  Delong. 

ii.  Aaron,  b.  1765,  d.  3838,  m.  Grace  Dunn:  Ch.:  1,  Elizabeth,  b. 
1793,  m.  Jonathan  Woodbury  (son  of  Foster)  ;  2,  Letitia,  b.  1795, 
m.  Isaac  Dodge  ;  3,  Henry  Dunn,  b.  1797,  m.  Amy  Nichols  ;  4, 
Sarah,  b.  1799,  m.  Mark  Simpson  ;  5,  Mary,  b.  1801,  m.  Edward 
Thorne  Young  ;  6,  Edward,  b.  1805,  d.  unm. 

iii.     Mary,  b.  1767,  d.  1843,  m.  Charles  Worthylake. 

iv.  James,  b.  1768,  d.  1846,  m.  1784,  Sarah  Simpson  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary, 
b.  1785,  m.  Henry  Grant ;  2,  Henry,  b.  1788,  m.  Catharine 
Gardner  ;  3,  James,  b.  1790,  m.  Rachel  Graves  ;  4,  Silas  Crane, 
b.  1793,  m.  Ann  Graves  ;  5,  Elizabeth,  b.  1795,  d.  unm.  ;  6, 
Charlotte,  b.  1797,  m.  (1st)  —  Dunn,  (2nd)  Benjamin  Sabin  (the 
father  of  Charlton  Sabean,  J.P.,  long  Gustos  of  the  District  of 
Clare,  Digby  Co.);  7,  William,  b.  1799,  m.  Lydia  Marshall  ;  8, 
Harris,  b.  1802,  d.  1805  ;  9,  Thomas,  b.  1804,  m.  Ann  Katherns  ; 
10,  Sarah,  b.  1807,  m.  (1st)  Cornelius  Brooks,  (2nd)  Peter 
Mosher. 
v.  Henry,  b.  1770,  m.  — .  Removed  to  one  of  the  upper  provinces. 


488  CHARLTON — CHESLEY. 

vi.     Charlotte,  b.  1773,  d.  1871,  m.  Andrew  Beals. 
vii.     Isabella,  b.  1775,  d.  1850,  m.  Henry  Grant,  of  Weymouth. 
viii.     Robert,  b.  1778,  d.  1874,  in.  1806,  Elizabeth  Starratt :  Ch. :  1  (only), 
Theresa,  m.  Wheelock  Chipman. 


CHESLEY.  1.  PHILIP  CHESLEY,  the  immigrant  ancestor  of  this  family, 
was  probably  from  the  vicinity  of  Dover,  England,  and  was  among  the 
founders  of  the  city  of  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  in  1642.  Thomas,2  his 
son,  the  first  of  the  name  born  in  America,  was  killed  by  Indians  in  1697, 
and  Philip.2  another  son,  had  two  sons,  Capt.  Samuel3  and  James,3  killed 
in  military  service  in  1707,  probably  in  the  attack  on  Port  Royal  in  that 
year.  Capt.  Samuel  had  a  son  Samuel,4  b.  1691,  who  also  had  a  son 
Samuel,5  b.  1713,  and  m.  1733.  Samuel0  Chesley,  a  son  of  the  latter, 
joined  the  colonial  forces  raised  against  Louisburg  in  1758,  but  arriving 
too  late  to  participate  actively  in  the  siege,  spent  the  winter  of  1758-59  in 
Halifax,  and  was  sent  in  the  spring  to  survey  the  lots  of  five  hundred 
acres  set  off  to  the  N.  E.  emigrants  to  Granville ;  took  up  one  of  them 
himself,  and  in  1761  married  Eleanor,  a  daughter  of  Samuel  Moore,  who 
had  removed  thither  in  1760.  He  induced  his  brothers  Joseph6  and 
Benjamin"  to  come  ;  and  the  former  took  a  lot  of  five  hundred  acres 
adjoining  Samuel's,  but  soon  returned  to  New  Hampshire,  selling  out  to 
Samuel  for  £'20.  BENJAJIIN°  settled  in  Wilmot  near  t-he  present  site  of 
Middleton.  SAMUEL,"  an  intelligent  and  well-read  man  and  leading 
magistrate,  planted  the  first  orchard  of  any  importance  in  Wilmot,  on  a 
farm  called  "  Cold  Spring,"  which  he  gave  his  son  James.  Benjamin 
'also  soon  planted  a  large  orchard  on  his  farm,  some  of  the  trees  of  which 
still  bear  fruit.  Samuel,0  b.  1734,  d.  1818,  in.  Eleanor  Moore,  who  d. 
1822.  Children : 

i.  Samuel,  b.  1763,  m.  (1st)  Eunice  Fellows,  (2nd)  Louisa  Lovett : 
Ch. :  1,  William  Smith,  m.  1817,  Achsa  Bowlby  ;  2,  Phebe,  m. 
Robert  Ansley  ;  3,  Samuel,  m.  Mary  Ann  Delap  ;  4,  Maria,  m. 
William  Nichol  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  5,  Thomas  Willett,  barrister, 
b.  1814,  m.  (1st)  Amelia  Bishop  (no  issue),  (2nd)  Rachel 
Clark  (no  issue)  ;  6,  Rev.  Robert  Ansley,  b.  April  16,  1816,  m. 
Hannah  Albe  ;  7,  Charles  Lovett,  b.  1819,  m.  Mary  Fitch  ;  8, 
Phebe,  b.  1821,  m.  Edward  T.  Knowles  ;  9,  Henry  Shaw,  b.  1825, 
m.  Mary  Godfrey  ;  10,  Phineas  Lovett,  b.  1827,  m.  Helen  T. 
Croscup. 

ii.     Molly,  b.  1764,  m.  Horace  Thomas  Clements. 

iii.     Betty,  b.  1766,  m.  George  Bowlby. 

iv.      Susannah,  b.  1769,  m.  Andrew  Marshall. 

v.  Benjamin,  b.  1772,  d.  1804,  m.  Ann  Dodge  (dau.  of  Asahel),  and 
had  ch.:  1  (only),  Benjamin,  b.  1804,  m.  Harriet  Letteney. 

vi.     Hepzibah,  b.  1773,  m.  Elijah  Phinney. 

vii.     Nancy,  b.  1776,  d.  1806,  unm. 

viii.  James,  b.  1779,  m.  1805,  Patience  Hicks  (dau.  of  Thomas)  :  Ch. : 
1,  Russell,  b.  1806,  m.  (1st)  Lydia  Barnaby,  (2nd)  Selina  Wood- 
worth  ;  2,  Hicks,  b.  1808,  m.  Sophia  Chute  ;  3,  Hanson,  b.  1810, 
m.  Eliza  Woodworth  ;  4,  Nancy,  b.  1814,  m.  John  Rice ;  5, 


CHESLEY — CHIPMAN.  489 

Robert,  b,  1816,  m.  Harriet  Marshall  ;  6,  Mary  E.,  b.  1818,  m. 
(1st)  John  Archibald,  (2nd)  William  Marshall;  7,  Edward,  b. 
1820,  m.  Margaret  Morse  ;  8,  Samuel  ;  9,  Benjamin  ;  10,  James 
(triplets,  all  d.). 

BENJAMIN6  CHESLEY  (brother  of  Samuel)  was  born  1736,  and  died  1823. 
He  married  (1st)  —  Hill,  (2nd)  Joanna  Hatch.     Children  : 

i.     Benjamin,  b.  1770,  d.  1771. 

ii.  Joseph,  b.  1773,  m.,  removed  to  U.  S.:  Ch.:  Charles  and  others, 
iii.  Lucretia,  b.  1775,  m.  (1st)  George  Munroe,  (2nd)  William  Pearce. 
iv.  Amy,  b.  1776,  m.  Benjamin  Rumsey. 

v.     Asa,   b.  1777,  m.  Rachel  Davidson:    Ch.:   1,  George  Edward,   b. 
1820,  m.  (1st)  —  Fowler,  (2nd)  Charlotte  Balcom,  ne'e  Marshall  ; 

2,  Eunice  Amelia,  b.  1821,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Amy  Lucretia,  b.  1823,  m. 
John  Ansley  ;  4,  Alexina,  b.  1826,  d.  unm.  ;  5,  Charlotte  Hill,  b. 
1828,  m.  Elizabeth  Landers. 

By  second  wife  : 
vi.     John,   b.    1779,   m.    Lucretia  Longley :    Ch. :    1,   John    Nelson,  b. 

1805,    m.   Elizabeth  Young ;    2,   William  Ambrose,   b.  1807,  m. 

(1st)  Waite  Sanford,  (2nd)  Mary  Ann  Alger  ;  3,   Martha  Eliza,  b. 

1809,    m.    Allan   Morse  ;    4,    Benjamin,    b.    1812,    m.    Elizabeth 

Leonard  ;    5,  Diadama  Ann,  b.  1814,  m.    Noble  H.   Beckwith  ; 

6.  Phebe  Lovicia,  b.  1817,  m.  John  Huston  ;  7,  Bethia,  b.  1820, 

unm. 
vii.     Paul,    b.  1781,  m.  Ann  McKenzie  :    Ch.:  1,  Ichabod,   b.   1816,   d. 

unm. ;  2,   William,  b.  1817,  d.   unm.  ;  3,  Mary   Ann,    b.    1819  ; 

4,  Eleanor,  b.  1820  ;  5,  Susan,  d.  unrn. 
viii.     Joanna,  b.  1784,  m.  Joseph  Stirck. 
ix.     Sarah,  d.  unm. 

x.     Elizabeth,  b.  1789,  m.  William  Elliott. 
xi.     Eachel,  b.  1792,  m.  Henry  Robinson,  M.D. 
xii.     Samuel,  b.    1794,  m.  Rebecca  Durland  :   Ch. :  1,  Phoebe,  b.  1824, 

m.   Edward   Palmer  ;    2,   Caroline,   b.    1825,    m.  Joseph  Palmer  ; 

3,  William  H.,  b.  1827,   m.  Adelia  Whitman  ;  4,  Eliza,  b.  1828, 
m.  Avard  Vroom  ;  5,  Havilah,  b.  1831,  m.  Parker  ;   6,  Joanna,  b. 
1833,  m.  Ingram  Beals  ;  7,   — ,   m.  Sampson  Beals. 

xiii.     Patience,  b.  1797,  m.  John  Pearce. 
xiv.     Ichabod,  b.  1800,  d.  1811. 

CHIPMAN.  (The  name  was  no  doubt  originally  a  place-name  from 
<Jhippenham,  by  a  not  uncommon  inversion  in  the  development  of  names. 
— ED.)  JOHN  CHIPMAN,  of  Dorsetshire,  England,  came  to  Plymouth 
Colony  in  1631  in  the  same  ship  that  brought  Endicott.  He  married 
(1st)  Hope,  daughter  of  the  celebrated  Pilgrim,  John  Howland,  a  pas- 
senger in  the  Mayflower ;  (2nd)  Ruth,  daughter  of  William  Sargent  and 
widow  of  Jonathan  Winslow  and  of  Rev.  Richard  Bourne.  He  had 
eleven  children,  descendants  of  whom  in  prominent  positions  have  been 
domiciled  in  nearly  every  State  of  the  Union  and  Province  of  the 
Dominion,  and  in  some  of  the  West  India  Islands.  His  tenth  child, 
John,2  b.  March  3,  1669-70,  m.  (1st)  Mary,  dau.  of  Stephen  Skiff,  (2nd) 
Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Thomas  Handley.  a  native  of  London,  (3rd)  Hannah 
Hoxie.  The  eleventh  child  of  John  Chipman  was  by  his  second  wife, 


490  CHIPMAN. 

and  named  HANDILY,"  b.  August  31,  1717,  m.  (1st)  April  24,  1740,. 
Jean,  dau.  of  Col.  John  and  Margaret  Allen,  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  He 
came  to  Cornwallis,  N.S.,  1761.  He  m.  (2nd)  December  14,  1775, 
Nancy,  dau.  of  Stephen  and  Elizabeth  (Clarke)  Post.  He  filled  the 
offices  of  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Judge  of  Probate.  He  died  May  27, 
1799,  leaving  some  MS.  comments  on  the  New  Testament,  and  other 
interesting  literary  relics.  (See  p.  187.)  Children  : 

i.     Elizabeth,  b.  Feb.  19,  1741,  m.  William  Dexter,  of  Cranston,  R.I. 

ii.     John,  b.  July  21,  1742,  d.  in  infancy. 

iii.     Margaret,  b.  July  17,  1743,  m.  Richard  Bacon,  Providence,  R.I. 

iv.     John,  b.  Dec.  18,  1744,  m.  1764,  Eunice  Dixon  and  had  15  ch. — 8- 
sons  and   7    daughters  ;    lived  in  Cornwallis,  was  Gustos  of  the 
County,  d.  1836,  a.  91. 
v.     Catherine,  b.  Nov.  11,  1746,  m.  John  Beckwith,  jun. 

vi.     Handley,  b.  Oct.  9,  1748,  d.  in  Nov. 

vii.     Rebecca,  b.  Nov.  8,  1750,  m.  Samuel  Beckwith. 
viii.     Anthony,  b.  1754  ;  was  a  soldier  in  American  Army. 

ix.  Rev.  Thomas  Handley,  b  Jan.  17,  1756,  m.  (1st)  Mary,  dau.  of 
John  Huston,  of  Cornwallis,  (2nd)  1786,  Jane  Harding,  of  Boston, 
(3rd)  1820,  Mrs.  Mary  Briggs,  Portland  Me.,  (4th)  Mary  Dunn. 
He  came  to  Annapolis  County  about  1790,  settled  on  the  farm., 
owned  more  recently  by  Calvin  Corbett,  and  in  1807  removed  to  a, 
lot  in  Nictaux,  on  which  a  grandson  now  or  lately  lived.  He  d. 
Oct.  11,  1830.  Ch.:  1,  Jane,  b.  Oct.  20.  1777,  m.  Nov.,  1798, 
John  M.  Morse  ;  2,  Margaret,  b.  Sept  8,  1779,  m.  George  Troop  ,-, 
3,  John  H,  b.  June  12,  1781,  m.  (1st)  March,  1801,  Hopestead 
Barnaby,  (2nd)  Ann  Prince,  nee  Johnston  ;  4,  Ann,  b.  Aug.  6, 
1784,  m.  Daniel  Lovett  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  5,  Helen,  m.  William  D. 
Randall  ;  6,  Mary,  m.  George  Fitch  ;  7,  Thomas  H.,  d.  unm.; 
8,  Samuel  Lord,  b.  1803,  m.  (1st)  Oct.  25,  1827,  Mercy  Fitz- 
randolph,(  2nd)  Ann  Tomlinson  nee  Schafner  ;  9,  Joseph  Whee- 
lock,  m.  Jan.  25,  1824,  Theresa,  dau.  of  Robert  Charlton  ;  10, 
Eliza,  m.  John  Quirk. 
By  second  wife  : 

x.  William  Allen,  b.  Nov.  8,  1757,  d.  aged  about  85,  m.  Nov.  20,  1777, 
Ann,  dau.  of  Samuel  Osborne  :  Ch. :  1,  Rebecca,  b.  June  28,  1779r 
m.  April  28,  1795,  John  Barnaby  ;  2,  Rev.  William,  b.  Nov.  29, 
1781,  m.  (1st)  Feb.  24,  1803,  Mary  McGowan  Dickey,  (2nd)  Eliza 
A.,  dau.  of  his  uncle  Thomas  Holmes  Chipman,  and  had  21  ch., 
one  of  the  eldest,  the  late  W.  H.  Chipman,  M.P,  and  the  youngest, 
His  HONOR  JUDGE  CHIPMAN,  of  Kentville  ;  3,  Handley,  b.  July 
25,  17.84,  m.  (1st)  Oct.  4,  1809,  Polly  Burbidge,  (2nd)  June- 
19,  1815,  Annie  Hoyt  ;  4,  Sarah,  b.  Aug.  10,  1788,  m.  Sept.  3, 
1805,  James  R.,  son  of  Phineas  Lovett ;  5,  Hon.  Samuel,  b.  Oct. 
18,  1790,  d.  Nov.  10,  1891,  m.  (1st)  May  16,  1815,  Elizabeth 
Gesner,  (2nd),  Jessie  Hardie  ;  G,  Anna,  b.  Dec.  16,  1795,  m.. 
Thomas,  son  of  Phineas  Lovett. 

xi.     Nancy,  b.  Oct.  6,  1772,  m.  May  27,  1793,  Capt.  Abner  Morse. 

xii.  Thomas  Holmes,  b.  (in  N.  S.)  Jan.  17,  1777,  m.  Nov.  10,  1798; 
Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Israel  Andrews:  Ch.:  1,  Handley;  2,  Israel, 
both  b.  1799,  d.  same  year ;  3,  Wm.  Handley,  b.  Feb.  10.  1801 , 
lived  at  Bridgetown  ;  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Joseph  Troop  r 
(2nd)  Lorena,  dau.  of  Jonathan  Woodbury  ;  4,  James  Andrews,  b.. 
Dec.  26,  1802,  d.  1823  ;  5,  Wentworth  Allen,  b.  Nov.  10,  1804,  m. 
June  23,  1831,  Mary  Jane  Troop  ;  6,  Eliza  A.,  b.  July  3,  1807,  m.. 
Rev.  William  Chipman  ;  7,  Noble,  b.  Feb.  1810,  d.  young  ;  8,  John 


CHIPM  AN— CHUTE.  491 

A.,  b.  May  18,  1812,  m.  Feb.  25,  1836,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Alpheus 
Harris  ;  9,  Zachariah,  b.  April  18,  1814,  lived  at  St.  Stephen, 
N.B.,  father  of  Lady  Tilley,  2nd  wife  of  Sir  S.  L.  Tilley  ;  10, 
Sarah  M.,  b.  April  22, 1816,  d.  May  ;  11,  Harriet,  b.  Aug.  19,  1818. 
xiii.  Zachariah,  b.  March  20,  1779,  m.  Nov.  29,  1800,  Abigail,  dau.  of 
James  and  Mary  (Dodge)  Brown,  Wenharn,  Mass.,  widow  of 
Joseph  Shaw,  Yarmouth  ;  lived  in  Yarmouth,  d.  July,  1,  1860  : 
Ch.:  1,  Bethia,  b.  Dec.  10,  1801,  m.  Sept.  11,  1828,  John  C. 
Wilson,  of  Wilmot ;  2,  Thomas  Dane,  b.  July  27,  1803,  m.  Mary 
Alice,  dau.  of  Rev.  Harris  Harding,  grandf.  of  LEWIS  CHIPMAN, 
Barrister.  Yarmouth ;  3,  Rev.  Holmes,  b.  Dec.  10,  1804,  m. 
Jan.,  1827,  Eliza,  dau.  of  Alexander  Bayne  ;  4,  Abigail,  b. 
May  3,  1806,  m.  Jan.  27,  1825,  Jacob  Flint ;  5,  Zachariah,  b.  May 
17,  1813,  d.  in  Oct.  ;  6,  Nancy  Jane,  b.  April  25,  1816,  m.  Obed 
McKenna. 

xiv.  Major,  b.  Dec.  4,  1780,  m.  Nov.  25,  1802,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Wm. 
Bishop,  lived  near  Lawrencetown,  Gustos,  etc.,  d.  March  28, 
1871  :  Oh.:  1,  SAMUEL  B.,  (M.P.P.),  b.  Aug.  2,  1803,  m.  Lovicia 
Marshall  ;  2,  Nancy,  b.  March  2,  1805,  d.  young  ;  3,  Edward,  b. 
Nov.  2,  1807,  d.  young  ;  4,  Lavinia,  b.  Feb.  2,  1811,  m.  William 
Morse. 

xv.  Stephen,  b.  June  29,  1784,  m.  (1st)  March  24,  1804,  Nancy  Tupper, 
(2nd)  1847,  Jane  Tupper,  of  St.  John,  N.B.:  Ch.:  1,  Miner 
Tupper,  b.  Dec.  9,  1805,  d.  Nov.  2,  1826  ;  2,  Maria,  b.  Feb.  15, 
1807,  d.  Aug.  11,  1824  ;  3,  Alfred,  b.  Aug.  9,  1809,  d.  1831,  unm.; 
(by  2nd  wife) :  4,  Nancy  Maria,  b.  July  2,  1848,  m.  (1st)  Rev. 
Donald  Gordon,  (2nd)  Thomas  Kelly. 

The  sixth  child  of  John  Chipman,  the  immigrant,  was  Samuel,2  b. 
April  15th,  1661  ;  he  was  father  of  Eev.  John,3  b.  Feb.  16,  1691.  The 
Rev.  John  was  father  of  Ward4  Chipman,  b.  1754,  graduate  of  Harvard, 
a  Loyalist,  who  was  father  of  Hon.  WARD5  CHIPMAN,  Chief  Justice  of  New 

Brunswick. 

k 

CHUTE.  All  the  numerous  family  of  Chute  in  this  and  the  neighbor- 
ing counties  are  descended  from  JOHN  CHUTE,  who  was  born  at  Byfield, 
in  Rowley,  Mass.,  June,  1792,  and  married  at  Timberlane,  now  Hamp- 
stead,  N.H.,  Judith,  dau.  of  Benjamin  and  Sarah  Foster,  a  sister  of  the 
Isaac  and  Ezekiel  who  founded  the  Nova  Scotia  families  of  Foster.  He 
was  great  great-grandson  of  Lionel  Chute,  the  noted  school-teacher  of  the 
infant  town  of  Ipswich,  who  came  over  from  Dedham,  Essex  County, 
England,  in  1634,  and  was  of  a  family  that  came  over  with  William  the 
Conqueror.  Baron  Le  Chute  commanded  a  regiment  of  Norman  troops 
at  the  battle  of  Hastings.  John  Chute  came  here  in  1759  and  was 
probably  the  first  artificer  in  iron  to  settle  in  Granville.  The  lot  he 
settled  on^was  in  recent  times  still  occupied  by  the  late  Dimock  Chute  in 
his  lifetime.  He  died  November,  1791.  The  County  of  Annapolis  in 
every  section  owes  much  to  the  thrift  and  energy  of  the  descendants  of 
John  Chute.  Children: 

i.  Samuel,  b.  Feb.  16,  1746-7,  drowned  Nov.  12,  1786,  m.  July  11, 
1768,  Sarah,  dau.  of  Nathaniel  Barnes:  Ch.:  1,  Elizabeth,  fa- 
Dec.  31,  1768,  m.  Joseph  Weare  ;  2,  Mary,  .b.  Dec.  24,  1770,  m.. 


492  CHUTE. 

Ebenezer  Woodworth  ;  3,  Daniel,  b.  Oct.  7,  1772,  m.  Sarah 
Weare  ;  4,  Abraham,  b.  Feb.  18,  1775,  m.  Mehitable  Foster ; 
5,  William,  b.  June  2,  1777,  m.  Mary  Marshall  ;  6,  Sarah,  b. 
July  9,  1779  ;  7,  Samuel,  b.  Aug.  5,  1781  ;  8,  Prior,  b.  Dec.  18, 
1783,  m.  Elizabeth  Randall,  d.  1820 ;  9,  Rachel,  b.  Dec.  29, 
1785,  m.  Solomon  Marshall,  June,  1805. 

ii.     John,  b.  April  7,  1748,  d.  May  7,  1748. 
iii.     Hannah,  b.  Sept.  16,  1749,  d,  Nov.  1,  1749. 

iv.  John,  b.  April  9,  1752,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Capt.  Paul  Crocker,  of 
Lunenburg,  Mass.,  moved  to  "The  Joggin,"  near  Digby,  d. 
March  8,  1841 :  Ch. :  1,  Joanna,  b.  July  9,  1772,  m.  1799,  Timothy 
Brooks ;  2,  Crocker,  b.  Jan.  23,  1774,  m.  1797,  Cynthia  Dodge, 
moved  to  Lunenburg,  Mass.  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  P.,  b.  April  18,  1776, 
m.  1792,  Richard  Chandler,  from  Yorkshire,  England  ;  4,  George 
Washington,  b.  April,  27,  1778,  m.  1797,  Anna  Bathrick,  and 
lived  in  Lunenburg,  Mass. ;  5,  Daniel  Austin,  b.  March  16,  1780, 
d.  1796  ;  6,  Paul,  b.  1782,  m.  Aug.  5,  1804,  Befchia,  dau.  of  Dr. 
Azor  and  Gloriana  Betts,  lived  at  "The  Joggin,"  near  L'igby  ;  7, 
Mary,  b.  April  19,  1785,  m.  (1st)  1801,  Solomon  Farnesworth,  (2nd) 
Feb.  15,  1813,  John  Ellis  ;  8,  Lydia,  b.  April  19,  1785,  m.  Samuel 
Foster  ;  9,  Peter  Prescott,  b.  May  27,  1787,  m.  1808,  Lucy,  dau. 
of  David  Randall,  d.  1865  ;  10,  Eleanor,  b.  July  11,  1789,  m. 
James,  son  of  John  and  Sarah  Adams  ;  11  John,  b.  Oct.  14,  1790, 
m.  Dec.  20,  1813,  Abigail,  dau.  of  Stephen  Jones,  and  lived  near 
"The  Joggin,"  Digby  ;  12,  Leah  Fowler,  b.  April  7,  1793,  m.  1814, 
Robert,  son  of  Jacob  and  Mary  Woodman  ;  13,  Joseph  Fowler,  b. 
Feb.  21,  1795,  m.  July  25,  1816,  Susan  Harris  Pelham,  lived  near 
Digby. 

v.  Benjamin,  b.  Sept.  27,  1754,  m.  1777,  Martha,  dau.  of  Ezekiel  and 
Mary  Foster:  Ch.:  1,  James,  b.  April  19,  1778,  m.  Feb.  5, 
1801,  Phebe,  dau.  of  Thomas  Chute  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  May  21,  1780, 
m.  Jan.  8,  1801,  Aquila,  son  of  John  and  Patience  Longley  ; 
Seth,  b.  Sept.  15,  1782,  m.  Dec.  16,  1805,  Ann,  dau.  of  Caleb 
Fowler  ;  4,  Hannah,  b.  Dec.  16,  1784,  m.  Handley  Chute  ;  5, 
Benjamin,  b.  April,  14,  1787,  m.  Oct.  1808,  H,epzibah,  dau.  of 
Israel  and  Susanna  Fellows  ;  6,  Ezekiel,  b.  Jan.  6,  1790,  m.  March 
11,  1819,  Lydia,  dau.  of  Aaron  Morse  ;  7,  Joseph,  b.  Dec.  9, 
1792,  m.  Nov.  29,  1831,  Theresa,  dau.  of  Amos  Randall  ;  8,  Eaton, 
b.  Aug.  25,  1795,  d.  Sept.  22,  1796  ;  9,  Martha,  b.  Aug.  17,  1799, 
m.  Nov.  18,  1823,  Isaac  Woodbury,  jun. 

vi.  Thomas,  b.  March  13,  1757,  m.  1778,  Sybil,  dau.  of  William  and 
Lydia  Marshall  :  Ch.  :  1,  Catharine,  b.  March  ],  1797,  m.  John 
Weare  ;  2,  Thomas,  b.  June  14,  1780,  m.  (1st)  Oct.  30,  1804,  Mary, 
dau.  of  John  and  Eunice  Troop,  (2nd)  Dec.  7,  1818,  Jane,  dau.  of 
David  Shook,  lived  at  Bear  River,  Annapolis  County,  and  moved 
to  Malahide,  Ont. ;  3,  Phebe,  b.  Jan.  13,  1782,  m.  James  Chute  ; 
4,  Susannah,  b.  March  12,  1784,  d.  Oct.,  1797;  5,  Esther,  b.  Oct. 
19,  1785,  m.  July  7,  1807,  Rev.  Gilbert  Spurr  ;  6,  Sarah,  b.  Oct. 
30,  1787,  m.  Dec.  '16,  1811,  William,  son  of  Isaac  Marshall;  7, 
Andrew,  b.  Sept.  15,  1789,  m.  Feb.  17,  1814,  Olive,  dau.  of 
Eleazer  Woodworth  ;  8,  Abel,  b.  Oct.  5,  1791,  m.  Dec.  7,  1817, 
Sophia  Potter,  lived  on  Hessian  Line  road,  a  licentiate  preacher, 
father  of  Harris  Harding  Chute,  M.P.P.;  9,  Elizabeth,  b.  June 
30,  1793,  d.  Dec.  22,  1813 ;  10,  Calvin,  b.  Oct.  23,  1795,  m. 
Dec.  27.  1819,  Maria,  dau.  of  Joseph  and  Maria  Gilliland;  11, 
John,  b!  Sept.  25,  1797,  m.  Sept.  25,  1821,  Eliza,  dau.  of  Joseph 
Potter,  2nd  jun.  ;  12,  Susan,  b.  Oct.  22,  1799,  m.  Abram  Chute  ; 

13,  Binea,  b.  June  23, 1801,  m.  Nov.  12,  1829,  Louisa  Jane  Foster  ; 

14,  Sophia,  b.  June  26,  1803,  m.  Boemer  Chute  ;   15,  Hicks,  b. 
Aug.  14;  1806,  died  Aug.  18,  1806  ;  16,  James  Edward,  b.  May  5, 
1810,  m.  Sarah  Matilda,  dau.  of  Asa  Foster. 


CHUTE — CLARK.  493 

vii.     Sarah,  b.  Nov.  3,  1758,  m.  1777,  Thomas  Hicks. 

viii.  James,  b.  Jan.  22,  1762  (the  first  in  Granville),  m.  (1st)  1783,  Eliza- 
beth, dau.  of  Abner  and  Anna  Morse,  (2nd)  Jan.  28,  1802,  Eliza- 
beth, dau.  of  John  and  Sylvia  (Harris)  Wright :  Ch.  :  1,  Abner, 
b.  Dec.  2,  1783,  m.  Feb.  28,  1807,  Sophia,  dau.  of  Edward  and 
Lois  McBride,  killed  by  lightning,  Aug.  15,  1842  ;  2,  John,  b. 
1785,  d.  1797  ;  3,  Silas,  b.  June  15,  1787,  m.  Nov.  26,  1812, 
Mary  Roach,  lived  at  Upper  Clarence  ;  4,  Jacob,  b.  Feb.,  1789, 
d.  Oct.  19,  1817  ;  5,  Handley,  b.  Dec.  13,  1790,  m.  Jan.  13,  1814, 
Hannah,  dau.  of  Benjamin  and  Martha  Chute,  lived  at  Chute's 
Cove  (now  Hampton);  6,  Helen,  b.  1792,  d.  Nov.,  1797;  7, 
David  Morse,  b.  Jan.  3,  1795,  m.  Jan.  20,  1818,  Sarah,  dau.  of 
Richard  and  Elizabeth  Chandler  ;  8,  Ann,  b.  1797,  d.  soon  ;  (by 
2nd  wife) :  9,  Dimock,  b.  Jan.  17,  1803,  m.  Sept.  2t!,  1850, 
Minetta  Ann,  dau.  of  Ezekiel  and  Lydia  A.  Chute  ;  10,  Sydney, 
b.  Oct.,  1804,  d.  June  17,  1826  ;  11,  Christopher  Harris,  b.  Jan. 
3,  1807,  d.  Aug.  2,  1853  ;  12,  Angus,  b.  May  14,  1809,  teacher  in 
St.  Louis,  1860 ;  13,  George,  b.  March  30,  1812,  d.  May  19, 
1823  ;  14,  Rev.  Obed,  b.  Aug.  8,  1814,  m.  Mary  Jane,  dau.  of 
Charles  and  Janet  Cox  ;  15,  Caroline  Hadassa,  b.  March  28,  1819, 
d.  April  3,  1886  ;  16,  Elizabeth  Charlotte,  b.  Aug.  13,  1822,  d. 
Nov.  29,  1843. 

ix.     Hannah,  b.  Jan.  22,  1764,  m.  1785,  Obadiah  Morse. 
x.     Susan,  b.  Dec.  10,  1767,  m.  Feb.  5,  1788,  Amos  Randall. 

REV.  OBED  CHUTE,  M.A.,  born  near  Bridgetown,  was  a  prominent,, 
able  and  much  esteemed  Baptist  clergyman,  and  father  of  Rev.  ARTHUR 
CRAWLEY  CHUTE,  now  the  accomplished  and  able  pastor  of  the  First 
Baptist  Church,  Halifax. 

The  reader  is  referred  to  the  full  and  very  valuable  genealogies  of  this 
family  and  its  connections  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Chute. 

CLARK.  WILLIAM  CLARK,  a  highly  respectable  tenant  farmer  of  York- 
shire, came  with  his  family  of  four  children  and  nephew,  John  Bath,  in 
1774,  his  wife  having  died  just  before  his  departure  from  Hull.  On  his 
arrival  at  Halifax  he  bought  a  lot  in  Granville  from  Mr.  Fletcher,  the 
Deputy  Provost  Marshal  of  the  County.  In  about  a  year  he  returned  to- 
England,  and  when  he  came  out  again,  brought  with  him  his  brother 
John,  who,  with  his  wife  and  five  daughters,  settled  in  the  eastern 
suburbs  of  Bridgetown,  on  the  farm  more  lately  known  as  the  Joseph 
Troop  farm,  where  he  died  in  1782,  leaving  no  male  issue.  William 

Clark  married  (1st)  1759,  Dorothy ,  and  (2nd)  Mary,  dau.  of  Mrs. 

James,*   a  widow,   of  Annapolis,   formerly  of  Kilkenny,   Ireland,   who 
married  for  a  second  husband,  Robert  Walker,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Mary,  m.  Andrew  Walker. 

ii.     William,  b.  1764,  m.  Elizabeth  Oatley,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  William,  m. 
(1st)  1833,   Henrietta  Durland,   (2nd)  Mary  Eaton  Fellows  ;   2, 

*  In  the  biographical  sketch  Mr.  Calnek  says  he  married  the  daughter  of  a  Widow 
James,  and  that  there  were  no  children  by  the  union.  In  the  genealogy  he  says  he 
married  the  Widow  James,  and  mentions  several  children  born  in  Nova  Scotia. 


•494  CLARK — CORBITT. 

Mary,  m.  Amos  Dillon,  of  Digby  ;  3,  Richard,  m.  Susan  Harris  ; 
4,  John,  m.  (1st)  Ann  Whitman,  (2nd)  Emma  Tanner  ;  5,  Eliza- 
beth, m.  Benjamin  Langley ;  6,  Dorothea,  d.  unm.  ;  7,  Thomas  ; 
8,  Mary,  unm. 

iii.  Richard,  b.  1766,  m.  Mary  Miller  (dau.  of  Francis) :  Ch.  :  1,  Maria, 
m.  James  Harris  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  m.  Joseph  Harris  ;  3,  William, 
m.  Joanna  Dunn  ;  4,  Rachel,  m.  Jacob  Dodge  ;  5,  Nancy,  m. 
Cooper  Beals  ;  6,  Joseph,  m.  Maria  Morgan  ;  7,  Mary,  m.  David 
Bent  Longley  ;  8,  Richard,  m.  Mary  Elizabeth  Warwick. 

iv.     Rachel,  b.  1768,  m.  Francis  Miller  (his  2nd  wife). 
By  second  wife  : 

v.  Robert,  b.  1777,  in  N.S.,  m.  Catherine  Bohaker  :  Ch.:  1,  Mary,  b. 
1804,  m.  David  Foster  ;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1805,  in.  Hannah  Gilmore, 
ne'e  Eagleson  ;  3,  James,  b.  1806,  d.  unm.  ;  4,  James,  b.  1808,  d. 
unm  ;  5,  Charlotte,  b.  1810,  m.  Thomas  Granville  Walker  ;  6, 
Richard,  b.  1812,  m.  Elizabeth  Ann  Shafner  ;  7,  Charles,  b.  1814, 
m.  Barbara  Beck,  nee  Byrne  ;  8,  Daniel,  b.  1816,  m.  (1st)  Eliza 
Wheelock  (dau.  of  Sumner),  (2nd)  Louisa  Hall  ;  9,  Robert,  b. 
1820,  m.  ;  10,  Rachel,  b.  1818,  m.  Thomas  W.  Chesley,  Q.C.; 
11,  Edmund,  b.  1822,  m.  Irene  Walker ;  12,  Hannah  Elizabeth, 
b.  1823,  m.  Henry  Greenwood. 

vi.  James,  b.  1779,  m.  Mary  McGrath  :  Ch. :  1,  James,  b.  1818,  d. 
1833  ;  2,  Robert,  b.  1819,  d.  1822  ;  3,  Felinda,  b.  1822,  m.  (1st) 
Leonard  McCormick,  (2nd)  Jonathan  Taylor  ;  4,  Robert  Miner, 
b.  1827,  unm.;  5,  Eliza  Ann,  b.  1824,  m.  Robert  H.  Bath,  J.P.  ; 
6,  Joseph  Norman,  b.  1829,  d.  1884  ;  7,  Rachel  Adelaide,  b.  1833, 
m.  Abner  Troop. 

vii.  John,  b.  1782,  m.  Mary  Robinson  :  Ch. :  1,  Amoret,  m.  Sidney 
Poole  ;  2,  Mary,  m.  William  Gates  ;  3,  John,  m.  Louisa  Berry  ; 
4,  Tamar,  m.  James  Van  Buskirk  ;  5,  Robert  Ralph,  m.  Maria 
Durland  ;  6,  Nancy,  m.  Andrew  Lee  ;  7,  Caroline,  m.  Albert 
Lyons  ;  8,  Wallace,  d.  unm. 

viii.  Thomas,  b.  1784,  m.  Mary  Crocker:  Ch.:  1,  Elijah,  m.  (in 
Fredericton,  N.B.)  ;  2,  Gilbert,  m.  (in  Yarmouth)  ;  3,  Nancy  ; 
perhaps  others. 

ix.     Henry,  b.  1786,  m.  Sarah  Robinson  :  Ch. :  1,  Henrietta,  m.  Edward 
Foster  Thorne  ;    2,   William    Henry,   m.    (1st)  Prudence   Reagh, 
(2nd)  Ceretha  Chute  ;  3,  Mary  Matilda,  m.  John  King  ;  4,  Edwin 
Ruthven,  m.  Lydia  Steadman  (in  U.S.A.). 
x.     Nancy,  b.  1788,  m.  Gilbert  Fowler. 

xi.     Joseph,  b.  1791,  d.  unm. 

CORBITT.  ISAIAH  CORIUTT,  whose  name  is  found  in  the  census  of  1768, 
•came,  tradition  says,  from  some  place  "  back  of  Boston,"  with  the  other 
early  Massachusetts  settlers.  He  had,  besides  perhaps  others,  a  son 
Ambrose  Alvan,  whose  name  appears  in  the  capitation  tax  list  of  1794. 
AMBROSE  ALVAN  CORBITT  was  married  twice  ;  the  name  of  the  first  wife 
I  do  not  know  ;  the  second  was  Martha  Clark.  He  had  children,  perhaps 
•besides  others  : 

i.  Ichabod,  b.  1780,  "died  March  30,  1861,  aged  80."  Having  received 
an  injury  to  his  knee  which  hindered  him  from  following  out-door 
pursuits,  he  is  said  to  have  begun  teaching  school  at  the  age  of  14, 
and  followed  that  calling  until  his  death.  He  married,  1802, 
Elizabeth  Fairn  :  Ch.:  1,  Ambrose  Alvan,  b.  April  5,  1803,  m. 
—  Dunn,  d.  Dec.  22,  1865  ;  2,  Benjamin  Uriah  Stearns,  b. 
Jan.  11,  1808,  d.  Feb.,  1879,  unm.;  3,  Sarah,  b.  March  28,  1810, 


CORBITT — COVERT.  495 

d.  Nov.  17,  same  year  ;  4,  William  Henry,  "b.  Apr.  6,  1812,  m. 
April  7,  1833,  Freelove  Kniffen  ;  5,  Elizabeth  Ann,  b.  Dec.  28, 
1814,  m.  George  Orde  ;  (5,  Mary  Louisa,  b.  April,  17,  1817,  tn. 
John  Bacon  ;  7,  Arthur  Wellington,  b.  April  30,  1819,  m.  Mary 
E.  Holland,  and  was  long  a  leading  merchant  and  lately  post- 
master of  Annapolis  ;  8,  James  Edward,  b.  April  12,  1822,  m. 
June  20,  1847,  Elizabeth  LeCain  ;  9,  Helen  Sophia,  b.  April  4, 
1824,  m.  John  Rice  ;  10,  Caroline,  m.  John  Spurr. 
By  second  wife  : 

ii.  John,  b.  1783,  m.  Feb.  8,  1817,  Maria  Marshall  (dau.  of  John)  : 
Ch  :  1,  Mary  Ann,  b.  Aug.  8,  1818,  m.  Henry  Gilliatt ;  2,  John, 
b.  Sept.  10,  1820,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Eliza,  m.  John  Samuel  Woodworth  ; 
4,  Selina,  m.  Dudley  Woodworth  ;  5,  Calvin,  m.  Lucy  Croscup  ; 
6,  Alfred,  d.  unm.;  7,  Charlotte,  m.  Solomon  Marshall  ;  8,  Maria 
Sawyer,  d.  unm. ;  9,  Melvina,  m.  Peter  Nickerson  ;  10,  Ada,  m. 
Robert  Marshall  (son  of  Stephen),  of  Marshalltown. 

iii.     Ariel,  in.  Margaret  Foster  ;  several  ch. 

COVERT.  WILLIAM  COVERT,  of  a  very  respectable  old  New  York 
Dutch  family,  and  brother  Abraham,  Loyalists,  came  here  in  1783,  and 
jfirst  sat  down  in  Wilmot,  but  soon  William  moved  to  Granville,  and 
Abraham  to  New  Brunswick.  The  late  Hon.  John  Covert,  and  Rev.  W.  S. 
Covert,  Rector  of  Grand  Manan,  N.B.,  are  descendants  of  the  latter. 
About  the  same  time,  John,  a  cousin  of  these  brothers,  settled  in  lower 
Granville.  W'illiam  Covert  married  Charlotte  McBride  and  had  children  : 

i.     Edward,  m.  1819,  Rosanna  Wade  and  had  ch. :  1,  Osborne,  b.  1820, 
m.  Deborah  Fraser  ;  2,    Charlotte,  b.    1822,  m.  Alfred   Young  ; 

3,  Keziah,    b.    1823,    unm.;   4,    David   W.,    b.    1824,   m.    Mary 
Anthony;  5,  William,  b.  1826,  unm.;  6,  Elizabeth,  b.   1829,  m. 
Isaiah  Young  ;  7,    Phebe   A.,  b.    1831,    m.  William    White  ;    8, 
James,  b.   1834,  d.   (at  sea)  unm. ;  9,  Augusta,   m,   Robert  Hill 

Young ;    10,    Daniel    W.,    m.    (1st)    Hannah   Maria ,    (2nd) 

Martha  E.  Hogan. 

ii.     Elizabeth,  unm. 

iii.  Abraham,  m.  1823,  Sarah  Young  (dau.  of  Samuel)  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary 
Ann,  b.  1824,  m.  Enos  Flewelling ;  2,  Amoret,  b.  1825,  m. 
Samuel  Flewelling  ;  3,  George  A.,  b.  1828,  m.  Prudence  Bent ; 

4,  Charles  W.,  b.   1833,  m.   (1st)  Woodbury,  (2nd)  Sanders,  nee 
;  5,  Samantha,  b.  1836,  m.  Bayard  Margeson. 

iv.     John,  d.  unm. 
v.     Mary,  m.  Thomas  Wade. 

vi.     Japhet,  m.  Margaret  Kinsman  (no  issue). 

vii.     Phebe,  m.  Elisha  Fitch. 
viii.     Sophia,  d.  unm. 

ix.  William,  m.  Mary  Ann  Crosbie  :  Ch.:  1,  John,  m.  Ann  Gesner  ;  2, 
Robert,  unm. ;  3,  Charles,  m.  Hannah  Nutter :  4,  Samuel,  d. 
unm.;  5,  Amelia,  umm. ;  6,  Elizabeth,  m.  Russell  Longmire  ;  7, 
Frederic,  m.  Mary  Hester  Longmire ;  8,  Gertrude,  unm. ;  9, 
Caroline,  unm.;  10,  Fenwick,  d.  (at  sea)  unm.;  11,  Herbert, 
d.  unm. 

JOHN  COVERT,  cousin  of  the  preceding,  born  in  New  York,  1754,  m. 
Mary  Mussels.  Children  : 

i.     Mary,  d.  unm. 


496  COVERT — CROPLEY — CROSCUP. 

ii.  William",  m.  Matilda  Snow  :  Ch. :  1,  Luke,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth 
Everett,  (2nd)  Ceretha  Jane  Tanch  ;  2,  Jonathan  D.,  d.  unm. ;  3, 
Sarah  H.,  m.  (1st)  James  Woodland,  (2nd)  William  Tracey  ;  4, 
Mary  E.,  d.  unm.;  5,  William  Henry,  d.  unm.;  6,  James  (abroad)  -r 
7,  Matilda  Wylie,  d.  unm. ;  8,  Hannibal,  d.  unm. ;  9,  Georgina, 
m.  Myrus  Branscombe  (no  issue). 

iii.     Luke,  d.  unm. 

iv.     John,  d.  unm. 

v.  Edward  Thorne,  m.  Maria  Roop  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary  Ann,  m.  Joseph 
Barnett  ;  2,  John,  m.  Mary  Elizabeth  Chute  (dau.  of  Ezra)  ;  3,. 
Elizabeth,  John  Johnson  ;  4,  Caroline,  m.  Samuel  Ryder  ;  5, 
Cynthia,  m.  George  Peabody  ;  6,  Emma  Eliza,  m.  Richard  Burpee 
Chute  :  7,  Edward  Wallace,  m.  Caroline  Croscup. 

CROPLEY.  WILLIAM  CROPLEY,  a  native  of  Suffolk  County,  England, 
came  here  in  1783,  a  widower,  with  one  child,  a  son  about  twelve  yeara 
old,  and  settled  on  Hanley  Mountain,  which  was  for  some  years  the 
most  populous  and  prosperous  settlement  in  Wilmot.  Mr.  Cropley, 
being  a  member  of  the  Church  of  England,  officiated  as  lay-reader  in 
the  absence  of  the  rector,  Rev.  Mr.  Wiswall,  for  many  years.  He  was 
also  the  first  school-master  there,  being  appointed  by  the  Society  for  the- 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel.  His  son,  JOHN  CROPLEY,  born  in  1771, 
married  in  1794,  Mary,  daughter  of  Anthony  Marshall,  and  died  in 
1858.  He  had  children  : 

i.  William,  b.  1794,  m.  1813,  Elizabeth  Hall  :  Ch, :  1,  John,  b.  1814, 
m.  Charlotte  Durland  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  1816,  m.  Henry,  son  of 
Eliplmlet  Banks;  3,  William  H.,  b.  1819,  m.  —  Foster;  4, 
James,  b.  1822,  m.  Martha  Hall  ;  5,  Peter,  d.  unm. 

ii.      Mary,  b.  1800,  m.  James  Downie. 

iii.  Henry  Alline,  b.  1803,  m.  Maria  Miller:  Ch.:  1,  Sarah;  2, 
Bamford,  m.  Lucinda  Milbury  ;  3,  Maria,  unm. ;  4,  Lavinia,  m. 
(1st)  Isaac  Milbury,  (2nd)  Henry  Pearce  ;  5,  Charlotte,  m.  Edward 
Pearce. 

iv.     Catharine,  b.  1805,  m.  George  Miller. 

v.  John,  b.  1807,  m.  Louisa  Miller  :  Ch. :  1,  James  Edward,  m.  Sarah 
Hawkesworth,  now  Mrs.  J.  F.  Saunders,  Digby  ;  2,  Sarah 
Elizabeth,  m.  Robert  Miller  ;  3,  Mary,  m.  Oldham  Bowlby  (no- 
issue)  ;  4,  Adelaide,  m.  George  Mosher  ;  5,  Alexander  Stephen, 
m.  Adelia  Kerr  (no  issue)  ;  6,  Jacob,  m.  Alma  Lyle  ;  7,  Emma, 
d.  unm  ;  8,  Wallace,  m.  Mary  Stephenson  ;  9,  Anna,  m.  William  B. 
Hawkesworth,  of  Digby,  now  of  Marblehead. 

vi.     Rachel,  b.  1809,  m.  1830,  Ambrose  Gates, 
vii.     Edward,  b.  1813,  m.  Susan  Graves  (several  children), 
viii.     David,  b.  1815,  m.  Amoret  Starratt  (several  children). 

x.     James,  b.  1818,  m.  Rebecca  Elliott. 

CROSCUP.  LUDWIG  CROSCUP,  of  German  extraction,  came  here  among^ 
the  Loyalists  of  1783  with  a  considerable  family,  and  settled  not  far  from 
Goat  Island,  Granville.  He  had  been  married  in  New  York.  He  had 
children  : 

i.  John,  b.  1775,  m.  (1st)  —  Fowler,  (2nd)  Ann  Quereau  :  Ch.  r 
1,  John,  m.  Mary  Hall;  2,  Esther,  m.  James  Shafner;  3,  Benjamin, 


CROSCUP — DANIELS.  497 

m.  1823,  Ann  Healy  ;  4,  Edward  Fowler,  m.  Catharine  Shafner  ; 
(by  2nd  wife) :  5,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  George  Dexter,  M.D.  ;  6,  Stephen 
de  Gros,  m.  Sarah  Anderson  ;  7,  Joshua,  m.  Rebecca  Ann  Hicks 
(she  d.  Nov.  26,  1889). 

ii.     Ann,  b.  1777,  m.  John  Quereau. 

iii.  Daniel,  b.  1779,  m.  (1st)  1808,  Lucy  Hall,  (2nd)  Sarah  Quereau  :  Ch.  : 
1,  Mary,  b.  1809,  in.  Joseph  Anderson  ;  2,  Atalanta,  b.  1811, 
m.  Isaac  Bogart ;  3,  George,  b.  1813,  m.  Jane  Bogart ;  4,  Lucy, 
b.  1815,  m.  Nelson  Bogart ;  5,  Daniel,  b.  1817,  d.  1824 ;  6,  William, 
b.  1819,  m.  Hannah  Amelia  Schafner  ;  (by  2nd  wife) :  7,  Sarah 
Elizabeth,  b.  1825,  d.  unm.  ;  8,  Daniel,  b.  1826,  unm.  ;  9,  Susan, 
b.  1829,  m.  Robert  Purdy. 

iv.  George,  b.  1781,  m.  1809,  Martha  Hall  :  Ch.  :  1,  Joseph  William, 
b  1810,  m.  Armanilla  Ricketson  ;  2,  John,  b.  1812,  m.  (1st)  Eliza 
Hall,  (2nd)  — . 

v.  Ludwig,  b.  1783,  m.  1807,  Elizabeth  Calkin  :  Ch.  :  1,  George 
Lampson,  b.  1808,  d.  unm.  ;  2,  Ludwig  Zebediah,  b.  1810  (no 
issue) ;  3,  Ezekiel  Henry,  b.  1813,  m.  (1st)  Ann  Bent,  (2nd)  Eliza 
Grouse  ;  4,  William,  b.  1818,  m.  Hannah  Cutten  ;  5,  Mary  Ann, 
b.  1822,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  Caroline  E.,  b.  1829,  m.  Captain  John 
Henry  Bogart. 

DANIELS.  1.  ASA  DANIELS  was  an  original  grantee  of  the  township 
of  Annapolis,  coming  in  the  Charming  Molly.  He  settled  near  the 
centre  of  the  township,  and  his  descendants  still  reside  in  that  portion 
of  it.  The  family  is  of  English  origin,  and  the  immigrant  ancestor  was 
among  the  early  settlers  in  the  old  colonies.  He  was  born  1733,  and 
married  Mary  Kider,  who  was  born  1731,  and  died  1810.  He  died  1813. 
Children  : 

(2)  i.     Ephraim,  b.  1761. 

(3)  ii.     Joseph,  b.  1763. 

iii.     Deborah,  m.  Nathaniel  Langley. 

2.  EPHRAIM  DANIELS,  born  1761,  married  Anna  Langley,  and  had 
children  : 

i.     Levi,    b.   ,  m.  April    13,    1809,    Elizabeth    Woodbridge  :    Ch.  : 

1,  Cyrus,  b.  April  18,  1810  ;  2,  Israel  Fellows,  b.  Sept.  28,  1811  ; 
3,  Stephen,  b.  Oct.  14,  1813  ;  4,  Samuel,  b.  May  25,  1816  ;  5,  John 
Elliott,  b.  Jan.  25,  1818. 

ii.     Asa,  m.  Nov.  24,  1819,  Frances  Oliver  :  Ch. :  1,  James,  b.  Aug.  14, 

1821  ;  2,  Benjamin,  b.  July  2,  1824. 
iii.     Ephraim,  in.  Dec.  25,  1828  :  Ch.  :  1,  Jeremiah,  b.  June  12,  1831  ; 

2,  Israel  Edmund,  b.  May  31,  1833 ;  3,  Harriet  Elizabeth,  b.  Sept. 
22,  1835  ;  4,  William  Henry,  b.  Sept.  17,  1838  ;  5,  Phehe  Jane, 
b.  June  25,  1842;  6,  Sydney  Harris,  b  April  30,  1846;  7,  Norman 
Wallace,  b.  April  12,  1851. 

iv.     James,  d.  1820 
v.     Benjamin,  m.  Ann  Beardsley.* 

*  REV.  JOHX  BEARDSLEY,  of  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.,  b.  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  1732, 
was  in  1778,  Chaplain  of  the  Loyal  American  Regiment,  commanded  by  Col.  Beverley 
Robinson.  In  1783  he  came  with  his  regiment  to  St.  John,  N.B.,  lived  at  Mauger- 
ville  and  Kingston,  and  d.  1810.  His  youngest  son,  Hon.  Bartholomew  C.,  promi 
nent  in  public  life  in  New  Brunswick,  d.  at  Toronto,  1855.  Other  descendants  have 
32 


498  DANIELS — DAVIES. 

vi.  Joel,  m.  Dec.  31,  1830,  Eliza  Langley  :  Ch. :  1,  Busby,  b.  Nov.  27, 
1831 ;  2,  Charlotte,  b.  Feb.  28,  1832  ;  3,  Winchester,  b.  July  25, 
1835  ;  4,  Asa,  b.  Aug.  18,  1838  ;  5,  Hennigar,  b.  June  6,  1844  ; 
6,  Alice  Isadora,  b.  April  23,  1853. 

vii.     Patience,  m.  Thomas  Moore. 

viii.     Sarah,  d.  Aug.  2,  1821. 

3.  JOSEPH  DANIELS  was  born   1763,  married  June   13,    1786,  Mary 
Langley  :  Children : 

i.     Joseph,  b.  April  18,  1788,  m.  Aug.  24,  1809,  Mercy  Tufts  :  Ch.  : 

1,  Simeon,    b.    Oct.    21,    1810;    2,    Phebe,    b.    June   13,    1813; 

3,  Hannah,  b.  Sept.  30,  1816  ;  4,  George,  b.  Sept.  26,  1821. 
ii.     Mary,  b.  July  19,  1791,   m.   (1st)  Robert  Thomas,  (2nd)  Thomas 

Callahan. 

iii.     Phebe,  b.  Oct.  29.  1793,  m.  Thomas  Margeson. 
iv.     Asa,  b.  Nov.  18,  1795,  m.  Margaret  Balsor. 
v.     Alpheus,   b.  Aug.   13,  1798,  m.   Oct.   5,    1821,   Mary  Oliver:  Ch. : 

1,  Eliza  Ann,  b.  Jan.  18,  1823  ;  2,  David  Oliver,  b.  July  6,  1825  ; 

3,  Caroline  Francis,  b.  Sept.  27,  1831. 
vi.     Zephaniah,  b.  May  27,  1801,  m.  Nov.  4,  1829,  Sarah  Langley  :  Ch.  : 

1,   William  Burton,  b.  April  27,  1833  ;  2,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  Aug. 

28,  1836. 
vii.     Zachariah,   b.  Aug.    13,   1804,   m.  Jan.  16,   1823,   Horatia   Nelson 

Balsor :    Ch. :    1,    Wellington,    b.    Jan.   24,    1824  ;    2,    Samuel, 

b.  April  14, 1826;  3,  Mahala  Elizabeth,  b.  July  6, 1828;  4,  Ebenezer 

Rice,    b.   July   15,    1831;   5,    John   Henry,    b.    Jan.    11,    1834; 

6,  Alexander  C.,  b.  July  25,  1836  ;  7,  Thersey  (Theresa?),  b.  Mar. 

22,    1839  ;  8,  Alpheus,  b.  Aug.  31,  1841  ;  9,  Mahala  Elizabeth, 

b.  April  3,  1842.     (Wellington  Daniels,  eldest  son  of  Zachariah, 

ia    father    of    ORLANDO    T.     DANIELS,     Esq.,    Barrister-at-law, 

Bridgetown.) 

viii.     Eli,  b.  April  4,  1806. 
ix.     Beriah  Bent,  b.  April  8,  1808,  m.  Nov.  7,  1833,  Susan  Langley  ; 

5ch. 
x.     William,  b.  1810. 

DAVIES.     JOHN  WILLIAM  DAVIES,  of  Wales,  came  to  Annapolis  1749, 

married  in  1753,  Ann ,  and  died  in  1794.     He  left  at  least  one  son, 

GEORGE  DAVIES,  who  married  January  4,  1791,  Mary,  daughter  of 
Abraham  Spurr,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Mary  Elizabeth,  b.  May  15,  1792,  m.  May  4,  1816,  John  George 

Struve. 
ii.     Ann  Martha,  b.  Dec.  1, 1793,  m.  March  8,  1815,  Fred.  LeCain.    She 

d.  Nov.  30,  1819. 

iii.  Thomas  Harris,  b.  Jan.  11,  1799.  REV.  THOMAS  HARRIS  DAVIES 
went  to  St.  John,  left  the  Church  of  England  for  the  Methodist, 
was  ordained,  and  went  to  Sheffield,  N.B ,  in  1823,  and  preached 
on  various  circuits  in  the  two  provinces,  including  Cape  Breton. 

been  conspicuous  in  that  province.  Col.  Beverley  Robinson  Beardsley,  probably  a 
son,  m.  Sarah  Hatch,  and  lived  at  or  near  Port  Lome,  Annapolis  County,  many 
years  :  Ch. :  1,  John,  m. ;  2,  Sarah,  m.  Thomas  Rhodes;  3,  Samuel  Campfield,  m. 
Lavinia  Margeson;  4,  Beverley  R. ,  jun.,  m.  Nellie  Brinton ;  5,  Elizabeth,  m.  David 
Marshall ;  6,  Anna,  m.  Edward  Moore  (his  2nd  wife) ;  Patience,  d.  young.  The 
name  still  nourishes  in  the  county.  — [ED.  ] 


DAVIES — DAVOUE — DE  LANCEY — DELAP.          499 

He  was  a  faithful  and  able  minister.  He  married  Lavinia  Drew  : 
Ch.  :  1,  George  S.,  m.  Mary  Ann  Schmidt ;  2,  Mary  E.,  m.  (1st) 
Owen  Chapman,  (2nd)  William  Etter  ;  3,  Lavinia  Drew  ;  4,  Anna 
M.,  m.  Nicholas  Mosher ;  5,  Sarah  E.,  m.  John  H.  Hicks; 
6,  Thomas  William,  removed  to  New  Hampshire ;  7,  Charlotte  N. ; 
8,  Edward  James  ;  9,  Theresa  C. ;  10,  Henrietta  A. ,  m.  Enoch 
Dodge;  11,  Augusta  B.,  m.  Rev.  George  E.  Tufts,  Bangor,  Me. ; 
12,  Emma  S.,  m.  Robert  Johnston. 
iv.  William  Henry,  b.  1804. 

DAVOUE.  COL.  FREDERIC  DAVOUE  was  a  prominent  figure  in  the  social 
and  public  life  of  the  county  after  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists.  He  mar- 
ried (1st)  Bethia,  daughter  of  Gabriel  Purdy,  (2nd)  Bethia  Sterns.  This 
lady  was  a  widow,  and  had  by  first  husband  a  daughter,  Margaret  Ann, 
who  married  Sereno  U.  Jones,  Esq.,  of  Weymouth,  his  second  wife,  and 
became  the  mother  of  Sterns  Jones,  Esq.,  of  Weymouth,  and  others. 
Eliza,  a  daughter  by  his  first  marriage,  married  1792,  Luke  Spenser. 
Bethia  Ann,  his  eldest  daughter  by  second  marriage,  married  January 
4,  1814,  John  Robertson,  Esq.,  whose  daughter  Charlotte  married  Reed 
Willett,  and  is  now  living  in  Annapolis ;  several  descendants.  Floriana, 
another  daughter,  married  January  29,  1815,  Anthony  Vancrossen 
Somersill  Forbes,  of  H.  M.  64th  Regiment,  father  of  Dr.  Forbes,  M.P., 
and  grandfather  of  Judge  Forbes,  of  Liverpool,  N.S.  Col.  Davoue  died 
February  4,  1811,  aged  87,  and  is  buried  in  a  small  lot  near  the  "mile 
board,"  where  some  of  the  de  St.  Croix  family,  also  Huguenots,  rest. 

DE  LANCEY.*  COL.  JAMES  DE  LANCEY  was  born  September  6,  1747, 
and  married  Martha  Tippett.  He  died  May  2,  1 804.  Children  : 

i.  William,  b.  April  9,  1783,  d.  July,  1869,  m.  Oct.  2,  1808,  Elizabeth, 
dau.  of  Stephen  De  Lancey  :  Ch. :  1,  Maria  Esther,  b.  Aug.  6, 
1810  ;  2,  Stephen  James,  b.  Aug.  20,  1812  ;  3,  William  Peter, 
b.  March  3,  1814. 

ii.     Maria,  b.  Jan.  23,  1786,  m.  1809,  William  Gilbert  Bailey, 
iii.     Elizabeth,  b.  Aug.  27,  1789,  m.  Feb.   1,  1808,   Henry  Goldsmith 

(no  issue). 

iv.     James,  b.  April,  1789,  d.  1813,  in  Canada, 
v.     John,  b.  June,  1791. 

vi.     Oliver,  b.  April  30,  1793.     Killed  in  battle, 
vii.     Susan,  b.  April  3,  1798,  d.  Sept.,  1813. 
viii.     Stephen,  b.  March  27,  1800,  d.  without  issue, 
ix.     Peter,   b.   April  24,  1802,   m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  John  and  Mary 

(Saunders)  Starratt,  and  had  two  sons  and  several  daughters. 
x.     Ann,  b.  June  10,  1804,  m.  Nov.  13,  1825,  Stephen  Bromley,  son  of 
Walter  Bromley,  of  the  Royal  Acadian  School,  Halifax. 

DELAP. — In  1729  the  ship  George,  and  Ann,  Rymer  master,  was 
chartered  to  sail  from  Dublin  to  Philadelphia  with  114  passengers;  the 
real  number  on  board  was  said  to  be  190.  They  set  sail  on  May  29th 

*  See  memoirs  of  Stephen  and  James  De  Lancey,  p.  339. 


500  DELAP — DE   ST.   CROIX. 

provisioned  for  two  months,  but  the  voyage  was  prolonged  to  135  days,, 
during  which  more  than  half  died  of  privation  and  disease.  The  surviv- 
ing passengers  suspecting  a  design  of  the  captain  to  compass  their 
destruction  in  order  to  possess  himself  of  their  money  and  effects,  over- 
powered him  and  demanded  that  he  land  them  at  the  nearest  place, 
which  proved  to  be  Monotony  Point,  near  Eastham,  Mass.  The  captain 
proceeded  with  his  ship  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  was  prosecuted  for 
his  misconduct,  convicted  and  executed.  A  passenger  named  Delap, 
from  Cavan,  Ireland,  with  wife  and  four  daughters,  all  died,  the  mother 
not  till  after  the  landing,  leaving  one  son,  JAMES,  aged  14.  He  learned 
the  trade  of  a  blacksmith,  and  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
O'Kelly,  at  Yarmouth,  Mass.,  June  22,  1738.  She  was  born  April  8, 
1720.  They  lived  at  Barns  table,  Mass.,  over  thirty  years,  and  then 
moved  to  Granville  in  the  spring  of  1775,  probably  as  Loyalist  refugees. 
He  died  there  in  1787,  aged  72.  Their  children  were  : 

i.     Eose,  b.  1739,  m.  1759,  Ebenezer  Scudder. 

ii.     Abigail,  b.  1741,  m.  1764,  John  Coleman. 

iii.     Catherine,  b.  1743,  m.  Amos  Obis,  Barnstable. 

iv.     Thomas,  b.  1745,  died  in  shipwreck  on  Nantucket,  Dec.  6,  1771. 
v.     Mary,  b.  1747,  m.  Seth  Backus,  of  Barnstable. 

vi.     Sarah,  b,  1750,  m.  Capb.  James  (or  Jonas)  Farnsworth,  4  ch. 
vii.     Jane,   b.  1752,    m.   1774,   Jonas   Farnsworbh,   eousin  to  the  ot 

10  ch. ,  1  was  Rev.  James  Delap  Farnsworth^ 
via.     Hannah,  b.  1765,  m.  Samuel  Street,  or  Steel,  captain  British  Navy. 

ix.     Temperance,  b.  1757,  m.  Deacon  Thaddeus  Harris  (son  of  Lebbeus) 
lived  in  Cornwallis,  di.  1832.     5  ch. 

x.  James,  b.  1759,  m.  (1st)  1779,  Sarah  Walker,  who  d.  about  1828, 
(2nd)  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Lieut.  Samuel  Pickering,  of  the  American 
Army,  and  wid.  of  John  Pingree  (son  of  Moses).  He  d.  April  17, 
1841  :  Ch.:  1,  Thomas,  b.  about  1780,  m.  Mary  Ann  Lloyd  and 
had  10  ch.,  who  were  related  to  the  celebrated  Wm.  Lloyd  Garri- 
son— I  think  cousins  ;  2,  James.  JAMES  DELAP  was  an  efficient 
and  respected  member  of  the  Provincial  Parliament,  m.  (1st) 
Mary,  dau.  of  Isaiah  Shaw,  (2nd)  Eliza,  dau.  of  James  Hall,  11 
ch. ;  3,  Robert,  m.  Hannah  Hall  (dau.  of  Samuel);  4,  William, 
m.  Sophia,  dau.  of  Rev.  David  Harris  (son  of  Libbeus)  ;  5,  Mary, 
m.  James  Hall  ;  6,  Jane,  m.  Samuel  Pickup  ;  7,  Sarah,  m.  Weston 
Hall;  8,  Hannah,  m.  Thomas  Robblee  ;  9,  Temperance,  m.  Samuel 
Hall,  jun.;  10,  Abigail,  d.  1867,  a.  70.  (The  order  in  which 
these  are  inserted  is  not  the  order  of  the  birth  of  the  ch.  of  James.) 


DE  ST.  CROIX.      JOSHUA   DE   ST.   CROIX,  of  Huguenot  extraction,  a 
prominent  Loyalist,  married  Leah  Gauladette,  and  had  children : 

i.     Leah,  m.  Samuel  Willett. 

ii.     Mary,  m.  (1st)  Caleb  Fowler,  (2nd)  Isaac  Woodbury. 

iii.     Benjamin,  lived  in  Prince  Edward  Island. 

iv.     Joshua,  d.   unm. 

v.  Peter,  m.  Euphemia  Palmer  :  Ch.  :  1,  Leah,  m.  Thomas  Sinclair,. 
M.D.  ;  2,  Joshua,  d.  unm.  ;  3,  Benjamin,  lived  in  U.S.  ;  4, 
Euphemia,  m.  Isaac  Bonnett  ;  5,  Peter  Lewis,  lived  in  U.S. 


DITMARS — DODGE.  501 

DITMARS.  The  Ditmars  family  of  this  county  are  descended  from  Jan 
Jansen,  of  Ditmarsen,  in  the  Duchy  of  Holstein,  Lower  Saxony,  who  had 
a  grant  of  land  at  Dutch  Kills,  Long  Island,  State  of  New  York,  in 
1647.  He  died  before  1650,  early  in  which  year  his  widow,  Neeltie 
Douwe,  remarried,  leaving  sons  John2  and  Douwe,2  or  Dow.  One  Dow 
Ditmars,  in  1758,  held  a  commission  as  a  lieutenant  in  a  company  that 
went  under  General  Abercrombie  to  Ticonderoga.  Another  DOUWE  or 
Dow  DITMARS  came  to  Nova  Scotia  with  the  Loyalists  of  1783,  and, 
according  to  the  best  information  I  can  get,  was  born  in  1724,  and 
married  in  1747.  I  cannot  give  the  names  of  the  ancestors  intervening 
lineally  between  John2  or  Douwe2  and  him.  There  was  also  a  Loyalist 
John  J.  Ditmars,  who  died  here  in  1829,  aged  97.  1.  DOUWE  DITMARS, 
the  Loyalist,  was,  in  1777,  a  trustee  to  provide  fuel  and  other  articles 
for  the  hospital  on  Long  Island,  and  afterwards  an  ensign  in  the  loyal 
forces.  He  had  children  : 

(2)         i.     Isaac,  b.  1748. 

ii.  Douwe,  b.  1750,  m.  1779,  Kate  Snediker  :  Ch.  :  1,  Catherine,  b. 
1780,  m.  Nicholas  Jones  ;  2,  Phebe,  b.  1783  ;  3,  Mary  b.  1787, 
m.  John  Roop  ;  4,  Sarah,  b.  1790,  d.  1814. 

iii.  John,  b.  1752  m.  1776,  Magdalen  Vanderbilt,  d.  1822  :  Ch  :  1,  Dow, 

b.  1777  ;  2,  Jeremiah,  b.  1779,  m.  Elizabeth ,  and  d.  1824  ;  3, 

Catherine,  b.  1781,  d.  1795,  4,  John,  b.  1783,  m.  1805,  Jane 
Vroom,  d.  1851  ;  5,  Abigail,  b.  1786,  m.  Henry  Vroom  ;  6,  Jane, 
b.  1789,  m.  1813,  Lemma  Vroom  ;  7,  Magdalen,  b.  1792,  d.  1795  ; 
8.  Mary,  b.  1794,  d.  1795  ;  9,  Catherine,  b.  1796,  m.  Rev.  Israel 
Potter  ;  10,  Mary  Magdalen,  b.  1798,  m.  William  L.  Ray. 

2.  ISAAC  DITMARS,  born  1748,  married  Jane,  daughter  of  George  Vroom, 
and  had  children : 

i.  Douwe  Isaac,  b.  1772,  m.  1794,  Elizabeth  Fowler :  Ch.  :  1,  John 
Henry,  b.  1795,  m.  (1st)  Horatia  Gesner,  (2nd)  Jane  E.  Burns  ; 
2,  Jane,  b.  1797,  m.  Peter  Boice  ;  3,  Isaac,  b.  1798,  m.  Elizabeth 
Spurr ;  4,  Gilbert  Fowler,  m.  (1st)  Welthea  Ryerson,  (2nd)  Har- 
riett Ruggles  (dau.  of  Thomas  H.) ;  5,  William. 

ii.     Sarah,  b.  1774,  m.  Samuel  Purdy. 

DODGE.  JOSIAH  DODGE,  ancestor  of  the  Granville  family  of  the  name, 
was  born  in  Massachusetts,  about  1718,  and  was  descended  from  Kichard 
Dodge,  of  Salem,  1638,  who  was  son  of  John  Dodge,  of  Somersetshire, 
England.  Josiah  Dodge  served  in  the  expedition  against  Louisburg  in. 
1758,  and  in  1759  was  sent  to  assist  in  the  survey  of  that  township; 
after  completing  this  service  he  returned  to  his  old  home,  and  came  here 
in  1761  with  his  family  and  the  machinery  for  a  grist  mill,  which  he 
erected  on  the  Phinney  brook,  so  called.  He  married  (1st)  Susanna 
Knowlton,  who  died  1758,  (2nd)  1760,  Hannah  Conant.  The  first  grant 
of  the  township  being  to  a  number  of  proprietors  as  tenants  in  common 
on  certain  conditions,  was  voided,  and  a  new  one  made  in  severalty,  and 


502  DODGE. 

he  was  appointed  to  carry  out  the  plan  of  the  Government,  and  ably  dis- 
charged the  duty.  The  homestead,  to  which  his  son  Benjamin  succeeded, 
was  the  lot  a  part  of  which  has  been  in  this  generation  owned  and 
occupied  by  David  Phinney,  about  three  miles  west  of  Bridgetown : 
Children : 

i.     Josiah,  b.  1740,  m.  Martha  Wheelock. 

ii.     Susannah,  b.  1742,  m.  Israel  Fellows, 

iii.     Rhoda,  b.  1744,  m.  Abraham  Hinds. 

iv.     Sarah,  b.  1745,  m.  Jonathan  Leonard. 

v.  Asahel,  b.  1751,  m.  1792,  Anna  Walker  :  Ch.  :  1,  Asahel  Walker,  b. 
1793,  m.  Elizabeth  Bowlby  ;  2,  Benjamin  b.  1795,  m. ;  3,  William, 
b.  1787,  m.  Mary  Phinney  ;  4,  Sarah,  m.  ;  5,  Josiah,  m.  1819, 
Sarah  Randall  ;  6,  Ann,  b.  1799,  m.  (1st)  Benjamin  Chesley, 
(2nd)  Lot  Phinney  ;  7,  Susanna,  m.  Daniel  Logan  ;  8,  Thomas,  m. 
Sarah  Benedict. 

vi.  Benjamin,  b.  1754,  d.  March,  1825,  m.  1776,  Tabitha  Perkins  :  Ch.  : 
1,  Esther,  b.  1780,  m.  William  Longley ;  2,  Ruth,  b.  1784,  m.  - 
Rhodes  ;  3,  Susanna,  b.  1786,  d.  1820  ;  4,  Benjamin  Knowlton, 
b.  1790,  m.  1817,  Abigail  Addison  iic'e  Cormery  ;  5,  Reuben,  b. 
1793,  m.  (1st)  Catharine  A.  Dodge,  (2nd)  Louisa  Sanders. 

vii.     Phebe,  b.  1758,  d. 
viii.     Eunice,  b.  1761. 

ix.     Mary,  b.  1764. 

STEPHEN-"'  DODGE,  a  descendant  of  Tristram1  Dodge,  of  Block  Island, 
Rhode  Island,  through  William,2  Jeremiah,3  Tristram,4  was  born  at 
Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island,  N.Y.,  1748,  came  with  his  wife  Blanche 
Shadwin  and  several  children,  a  worthy  Loyalist  of  1783,  and  settled 
first  in  Granville,  but  afterwards  in  Wilmot,  where  he  obtained  a  grant 
to  the  rear  of  the  river  grants,  north  of  Middleton  West.  He  died 
1808.  Children  : 

i.     Sarah,  b.  1771,  m.  David  Nichols. 

ii.  Charles,  b.  1773,  m.  (1st)  1794,  Mehitable  Gates,  (2nd)  Margaret 
Ruloffson  :  Ch.:  1,  Ambrose,  b.  1795,  m.  (1st)  Abigail  Parker, 

(2nd) ;  2,  Susannah,  b.  1797,  m.  Christopher  Margeson  ;  3, 

Maria,  b.  1800,  m.  Robert  Nichols ;  (by  2nd  wife):  4,  Minetta  Ann, 
b.  1808,  m.  George  Moore  ;  5,  Mary  Helen,  b.  1810,  m.  Walter 
Welton  ;  6,  Mehitable,  b.  1813,  m.  Lemuel  Nichols  ;  7,  Emily,  b. 
1815,  m.  John  Wheelock  ;  8,  Charles  Rulof,  b.  1817,  m.  Jane 
Walker ;  9,  Louisa,  b.  1819,  m.  Joseph  Spinney  ;  10,  Lindly 
Moore,  b.  1821,  m.  Harriet  Sandford  ;  11,  Elizabeth  Amy,  b. 
1824,  m.  Elizabeth  Cleveland  Wheelock  ;  12,  William  Allen,  b. 
1826,  m.  Lois  Ruggles  ;  13,  Samuel  Fowler,  b.  1829,  m.  Lydia 
McGill. 

iii.  Samuel,  b.  1775,  m.  1806,  Lydia  Woodbury  :  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth,  b. 
1806,  m.  William  Huston  Chipman  ;  2,  Arthur,  m.  Rebecca 
Chipman  ;  3,  Emily,  b.  1810,  m.  Luther  Morse  ;  4,  John,  b. 
1813,  d.  1887,  m.  Harriet  Woodbury  ;  5,  George,  b.  1815,  m. 
Harriet  Parker ;  6,  Mary,  b.  1817,  m.  Zachariah  Banks ;  7, 
Edwin,  b.  1819,  m.  Keziah  Dodge ;  8,  Charles,  b.  1822,  m. 
Parker  Dodge ;  9,  Harriet,  b.  1825,  m.  Obadiah  Dodge  ;  10, 
Lavinia,  b.  1829,  m.  Valentine  Troop. 

iv.     Mary,  b.  1778,  m.  Elias  Moore. 


DODGE — DURLAND.  503 

v.     Freelove,  b.  1781,  m.  Isaac  Longlej'. 

vi.     Stephen,  b.  1784,  d.  unm. 

vii.     Jacob,  b.  1786,  m.  (1st)  Rachel  Clark,  (2nd)  a  widow,  nee  Grouse. 

viii.  John,  b.  1789,  m.  1819,  Mehitable  Ruloffson  :  Ch. :  1,  Ann,  b.  1820, 
m.  Artemus,  son  of  Ward  Wheelock  ;  2,  Alfred  Gilpin,  b.  1822, 
m.  (1st)  Harriet  Randall,  (2nd)  Amelia  Chipman,  (3rd)  Charlotte 
Lamont ;  3,  Mary  Priscilla,  b.  1824,  m.  Wm.  Morehouse  ;  4,  John 
Alline,  b.  1826,  d.  in  infancy  ;  5,  Ethelinda,  b.  1828,  m.  William 
C.  Bill;  6,  Isaiah  Shaw,  'b.  1830,  m.  (1st)  Anna  Bill,  (2nd) 
Martha  Palfrey  ;  7,  Arabella  Adelia,  b.  1833,  m.  William  C.  Bill, 
M.P.P.  ;  8,  Henrietta,  b.  1835,  d.  unm. 

ix.  Isaac,  m.  (1st)  Letitia  Charlton,  (2nd)  Grace  Young,  (3rd)  Cynthia 
Messenger  :  Ch.:  1,  Evalina,  m.  David  Fitzrandolph  ;  2,  Letitia, 
m.  George  Hewling  ;  3,  Sarah,  rn.  Henry  Munroe  ;  4,  John 
Wesley,  m.  Samantha  Covert. 


DURLAND.  DANIEL  DURLAND,  a  highly  respectable  Loyalist  from  New 
York,  settled  in  Wilmot  in  1783,  and  was  one  of  the  original  grantees  of 
Mount  Hanley.  Probably  it  is  the  same  name  as  Dorland,  of  which 
James  is  mentioned  by  Sabine  as  coming  to  Shelburne  from  New  York, 
and  perhaps  of  German  origin ;  and  it  may  have  originated  from  the 
Dutch  Van  der  Lind.  Mr.  Durland  married  Sarah  De  Mothe,  or  De 
Mott,  a  lady  of  Huguenot  extraction.  Children  : 

i.     Zebulon,  J.P.,  m.  Catharine  Miller  :    Ch. :  1,  Mary,  b.  May,  1786, 

d.  ;    2,  Mary,   b.  1788,  m.   Asaph  Whitman  ;    3,  Jacob,  b. 

1790,  m.  1815,  Lydia  Balcom  ;  4,  Catharine,  b.  1792  ;  5,  Freelove, 
b.  1794,  m.  Philo  Beardsley  ;  6,  Sarah,  b.  1797,  m.  John  Ross ; 
7,  Zebulon,  b.  1800,  m.  Sophia  Ann  Starratt ;  8,  Louisa,  b.  1805, 
m.  John  Dunn  ;  9,  Daniel,  b.  1807,  m.  Susan  Leonard  ;  10, 
Rachel  Ann,  b.  1809,  m.  Richard  Durland. 

ii.  Daniel,  m.  Sarah  Hawksworth :  Ch.  :  1,  Cornelia,  b.  1799,  m. 
Anthony  Wilkins  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  1800,  m.  William  Brown  ;  3, 
Rebecca,  b.  1803,  m.  Samuel  Chesley  ;  4,  Sarah,  b.  1805,  m. 
William  Sproul  ;  5,  Caleb  R.,  b.  1807,  m.  Louisa  Whitman  ;  6, 
Elijah  Phinney,  b.  1810,  m.  Hannah  Phinney  ;  7,  Ann,  b.  1812, 
m.  Benjamin  Brown  ;  8,  Adam  Easton,  b.  1814,  m.  Deborah 
Young  ;  9,  Caroline,  b.  1817,  m.  George  Young  ;  10,  Leonora, 
b.  1819,  m.  Joseph  Banks  ;  11,  Isaac,  b.  1821,  m.  —  Beardsley. 

iii.  John,  d.  1800,  m.  Cynthia,  dau.  of  Joseph  Ruggles  :  Ch.:  1,  James 
Harvey,  b.  1792,  d.  aged  26  ;  2,  Demotte,  b,  1793  ;  3,  Joseph, 
b.  1795,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Brown,  (2nd)  Dorothy  Jane  (Wiswall) 
Russell,  lived  at  Specht's  Cove,  now  Barton,  Digby  Co.;  4,  John, 
b.  1800,  m.  Ann  Brown. 

iv.     Sarah,  m.  Jacob  Miller. 

v.  Joseph,  m.  Elizabeth  McBride  :  Ch. :  1,  Harriet,  b.  1799,  m.  John 
Elliott ;  2,  Alexander,  b.  1800,  m.  Amoret  Brown  ;  3,  Miranda, 
b.  1802,  m.  Joseph  Lee  ;  4,  Catharine,  b.  1805,  m.  John  Stirck  ; 

5,  Hannah,  b.  1807,  m.  William  Clark  ;   6,  Charlotte,  b.  1809, 
m.  John  Cropley. 

vi.  Demotte,  b.  1771,  d.  1845,  m.  Elizabeth  Milbury  :  Ch.:  1,  Phineas, 
b.  1800,  m.  Mary  McNayr  ;  2,  Richard,  b.  1802,  m.  Rachel  Ann 
Durland  ;  3,  William,  b.  1803,  m.  Julia  Maund  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  b. 
1805,  m.  Thomas  Grinton  ;  5,  Mercy,  b.  1807,  m.  John  Eagan  ; 

6,  Pamela,  b.  1810,  m.  Croaker,  M.D.;  7,  Marietta,  b.  1813,  m. 
Henry  Zwicker. 


504  DURLAND — EASSON. 

vii.     Charles,  d.  in  infancy. 

viii.  Charles,  m.  Charlotte  Robinson  :  Ch. :  1,  Charlotte,  m.  Michael 
Hinds  ;  2,  Phebe,  m  Isaac  Noyes  ;  3,  Charles,  m  Elizabeth 
Longley  ;  4,  Maria  A.,  m.  Ralph  Clark  ;  5,  Dernotte,  m.  Eliza- 
beth Durland  ;  6,  Mary,  m.  Charles  Durland  ;  7,  Catharine,  m. 

;    8,  Thomas  O.,   m.  Sarah  Slocomb  ;    9,  John  Dallas,   m. 

Harriet  Durland. 

ix.     Thomas,  in.  Amelia  Congdon  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary,  m.  William  Bent ;  2, 
Eunice,  m.  James  Best  ;    3,    Joseph,  b.  Feb.,  1815,  m.    Lavinia 
Marshall  ;   4,  Elizabeth,  m.  Demotte  Durland  (son  of  Charles)  ;  5, 
Brian,    m.    Fanny  Ryan  ;    6,    Charles,   m.    (1st)  Mary  Durland, 
(2m3)    Annie    Best  ;     7,    Zebulon,    m.    Jan.    10,    1849,    Matilda 
Anderson  ;    8,    William,    m.    Charlotte   Hinds ;    9,   Harriet,    m. 
John  Durland  ;  10,  Amelia,  m.  John  Late. 
x.     Elizabeth,  rn.  Lot  Phinney. 
xi.     Mary,  m.  1802,  Alexander  James, 
xii.     Catharine,  m.  Joseph  Neily. 
xiii.     Phebe,  m.  Christopher  Banks. 

EASSON.  1.  JOHN  EASSON  was  commissioned  in  1737  by  the  Board  of 
Ordnance  in  London  as  a  Master  Artificer,  and  sent  on  service  to  Annap- 
olis Royal.  He  afterwards  married  in  Nova  Scotia  a  young  Scotch  lady 
to  whom  he  was  engaged  before  he  came  over,  and  who,  according  to 
tradition,  when  the  time  arrived  at  which  he  became  able  to  marry, 
came  out  to  Nova  Scotia,  his  duties  here  preventing  him  from  leaving. 
The  name  was  often  spelt  Easton.  He  received  a  grant  of  the  lands  of 
one  Gautier,  a  native  of  France,  and  son-in-law  of  Louis  Allain,  who  had 
owned  them,  after  they  had  been  confiscated  for  Gautier's  disloyalty  in 
1745.  This  was  the  Allain  from  which  Allain's  creek  or  river  derived 
its  name.  The  condition  of  Mr.  Easson's  grant  was  that  he  should  keep 
up  the  mill.  He  married  January  27,  1741,  Avis  Stewart,  and  had 
children : 

i.     John,  b.  Jan.  7,  1742,  d.  Aug.  3  same  year, 
ii.      Euphemia,  b.  May  15,  1744,  d.  unin. 

(2)  iii.     David,  b.  Aug.  25,  1748. 

iv.  William,  b.  Aug.  27,  1750,  m.  in  Jamaica  Mary  Moffatt  Utten  :  Ch. : 
1,  James  Utten,  d.  1833  ;  2,  Eliza  Surrey,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Avis 
Phillips,  m.  the  distinguished  divine,  Rev.  John  William  Dering 
Gray,  D.D.,  long  Rector  of  Trinity  Church,  St.  John,  N.B.,  and 
was  mother  of  the  late  Benjamin  G.  Gray,  Esq.,  Barrister,  of 
Halifax. 

2.  DAVID  EASSON  was  born  August  25,  1748,  and  married  Elizabeth 
Fisher,  widow  of  Charles  Mott,  and  had  children : 

(3)  i.     William  Stewart,  b.  Sept.  20,  1771. 

ii.  David,  b.  May  3,  1773,  m.  Zeruiah  Fairn  :  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth  Ann, 
m.  Sidney  Sanders  ;  2,  Mary  Fisher,  m.  Tarbell  Wheelock  ;  3, 
John,  b.  Jan.  25,  1811,  m.  Mary  Miller  Hoyt,  and  had  ch. : 
Alexander,  James,  Mary  Ann  and  Elizabeth. 

iii.  Elizabeth,  b.  Dec.  20,  1775,  m.  Matthew  Ritchie  (son  of  Andrew, 
sen.). 


EASSOX—  ELLIOTT.  505 

iv.     John,  b.  Nov.  13,  1778. 

v.     Avis,  b.  March  1,  1780,  m.  Robert  Ritchie  (son  of  Andrew,  sen.). 

vi.     Sarah,  b.  May  22,  1782,  m.  Frederic  Hardwick. 

vii.  Thomas,  b.  Dec.  29,  1784,  m.  1809,  Catharine  Ryerson  :  Ch. :  1, 
Sarah  Ann,  b.  1810,  unm.;  2,  Letitia,  b.  1812,  m.  William  Jones; 
3,  Frances  Maria,  b.  1814,  d. ;  4,  Mary,  b.  1817,  m.  1843,  Stephen 
Payson  ;  5,  Charlotte,  b.  1821,  m.  1845,  William  E.  Ruggles  ;  6, 
Frances,  b.  1823,  m.  1811,  Stephen  M.  Ruggles. 

viii.  Alexander,  b.  1786,  m.  1813,  Zeruiah  Easson,  nee  Fairn  :  Ch. :  1, 
Avis  Stewart,  b.  1815,  m.  James  F.  Hoyt  ;  2,  Deborah,  b.  1816, 
d.  unm. ;  3,  Helen,  b.  1818,  m.  Alfred  Hoyt  ;  4,  Benjamin,  b. 
1819,  d.  same  year ;  5,  David,  m.  Sarah  Ritchie  ;  6,  Caroline,  d. 
unm. ;  7,  Henry,  m.  Mary  Allan  ;  8,  James,  m.  Hannah  Reed  ; 
9,  Thomas,  b.  1831  ;  10,  Emma  Avis,  b.  1834. 

3.  WILLIAM  STEWART  EASSON  was  born  September  20,  1771,  married 
Barbara  Polham,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Eliza,  m.  Henry  Hardwick. 
ii.     Frances,  m.  Abraham  Lent. 

iii.  David,  m.  (1st)  Miss  Baker,  (2nd)  Harriet  Marshman  :  Ch. :  1, 
William,  b.  1816,  m.  (1st)  Margaret  McArthur,  (2nd)  Charlotte 
Fitch,  nee  Bishop  ;  2,  Thomas,  b.  1818,  m.  Margaret  Ann  Nichols  ; 

3,  Frances,  b.  1820,  m.  Isaac  William  Marshall  ;  4,  Benjamin,  b. 
1823,  d.  unm. ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  5,  Mary  Jane,  b.  1826,  m.  Peter 
Johnston  ;  6,  Willett,  b.  1828,  m.  Elizabeth  Messenger  ;  Henry 
Allan,  b.  1830,  went  abroad  ;  8,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1832,  m.  Uriah 
Johnbton  ;  9,  Harriet  Johnston,   b.  1835,  unm. ;    10,  Barbara,   b. 
1836,  m.  James  Hall  ;  11,  Eunice,  b.  1839,  m.   Robert  Chute. 

iv.     Barbara,  m.  William  Hardwick. 

ELLIOTT.  JOH.V  ELLIOTT,  the  ancestor  of  one  family  of  the  name,  was 
a  native  of  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  came  to  the  Province  quite  young. 
There  is  a  tradition  that  his  parents  died  of  ship-fever  on  the  passage  out. 
He  was  brought  up  on  a  farm  in  Granville,  but  removed  to  the  Hanley 
Mountain  after  his  marriage  to  Rachel,  daughter  of  Samuel  Bent,  in 
1792.  He  had  children  : 

i.  William,  b.  1793,  m.  Elizabeth  Chesley  :  Ch. :  1,  John,  m.  Lucy 
Ann  Buckman  ;  2,  Ann,  m.  William  Banks  ;  3,  Rachel,  m. 
Thomas  Rowland  ;  4,  Lucy,  m.  Richard  Bolsor  ;  5,  Lorena,  m. 
George  Newcomb  ;  6,  Henry,  d.  unm.;  7,  Edward,  m.  1848, 
Azubah  Buckman  ;  8,  Rebecca,  m.  James  Cropley. 

ii.     Nancy,  b.  1795,  m.  (1st)  John  West,  (2nd)  — 

iii.     Leah,  b.  1797,  m.  Richard  Bowlby. 

iv.     John,  b.  1799,  m.  Harriet  Durland  :  Ch.:  1,  Russell,  m.  Anne  Lee  ; 

2,  Wentworth,  m.  Sarah  Wilkins  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  in.  Peter  Bolsor ; 

4,  Murray,  m.  Bertha  M.  Armstrong  ;  5,  Nancy,  m.  (1st)  William 
Armstrong,  (2nd)  John  Bolsor  ;  6,  Charles  A.,  m.  Ruth  Slocomb  ; 
7,  Samuel,  m.  Lavinia  Slocomb  ;  8,  Henrietta,  m.  Joseph  Fritz  ; 
9,  Euphemia,  m.  Henry  Brown  ;  10,  Clark,  d.  unm. ;  11,  Zebalon, 
m.  Susan  Brown. 

v.  Benjamin,  b.  1801,  m.  Ann  Ackerly  :  Ch. :  1,  Abraham,  m.  Caroline 
Bent  (no  issue);  2,  Isaac,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Bowlby,  (2nd)  —  Parker  ; 

3,  Rachel,  m.  Samuel   Bowlby  ;    4,    Jacob,  m.   Harriet  Lee  ;  5, 
Bayard,    m.    Zeruiah   Dempsey  (no  issue);    6,    John,  m.    Maria 
Morton  ;  7,  Phebe,  m.  Enoch  Bowlby. 


506  ELLIOTT — FAIRN. 

vi.  Rachel,  b.  1803,  m.  Samuel  Marshall, 

vii.  Charles,  b.  1805,  m.  Lucy  Bent  :  2  sons  d.  unm,  3  daus. 

viii.  Margaret,  b.  1807,  m.  Thomas  Marshall. 

ix.  Robert,  b.  1810,  m.  Lavinia  Brown  :  6  sons  and  5  daus. 

x.  Thomas,  b.  1812,  m.  Eliza  Banks  :  7  sons  and  4  daus. 


SAMUEL  ELLIOTT  was  the  ancestor  of  another  family  of  Elliotts,  and 
came  from  the  same  part  of  Ireland  about  the  same  time  as  John,  but 
there  is  no  consanguinity  known  between  the  families.  Tradition  says 
that  he  also  lost  his  parents  on  shipboard.  He  certainly  lost  his  father 
when  a  child,  was  brought  up  on  a  farm ,  at  Granville,  and  removed  to 
Wilmot,  in  which  township  he  settled  in  East  Clarence.  He  married, 
1789,  Priscilla  Fellows,  and  had  children  : 

i.     John,  b.  1791,  m.  Elizabeth  Huntington,  b.  1786,  d.  1868  (no  issue), 
ii.     Phebe,  b.  1794. 

iii.     Catharine,  b.  1796,  m.  Abner  Foster, 
iv.     Samuel,  b.  1799,  d.  unm. 

v.     Israel,   b.    1804,   m.  Hopestead'  Barnaby  :    Ch.:  1,  Leander  S.,  b. 
1834,  m.   Phebe  Jane  Balcom  ;  2,  Margaret  Elizabeth,  m.  Parker 
Morse  :  3,  George,  m.  Adelia  Barnaby  ;  4,  Edville,  m.  Nellie  Smith, 
vi.     Abigail,  b.  1806,  m.  Robert  Stone. 

vii.     Joseph,  b.  1809,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Leonard  :  Ch.:  1,  Jane  Josephine, 

m.  James  Moore  ;  2,  James  Rupert,  m.  Mary  Betts  ;   3,  Leonard 

William,   m.  Carrie  Mary  Freeman  ;  4,  Edwin  James,   m.   Ella 

Moore  Miller. 

viii.     Sarah  Ann,  b.  1811,  m.  (1st)  Edward  Morse,  (2nd)  Warren  Longley. 


FAIRN.  This  is  certainly  a  Scotch  name,  but  our  author,  while  assign- 
ing the  family  to  an  English  origin,  says  that  BENJAMIN  FAIRN,  who  came 
here  in  1783,  then  scarcely  of  age,  may  have  been  of  German  extraction. 
(I  think  he  was  a  descendant  of  a  Scotch  immigrant  to  New  England. — 
ED.)  He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Ebenezer  Rice,  and  settled  near 
him  in  the  vicinity  of  Saw-mill  Creek,  011  land  some  of  which  is  still 
owned  by  descendants.  He  had  children  : 

i.     Nancy,  m.  (1st),  James  G.  Roach,  (2nd)  Oldham  Whitman. 

ii.     Elizabeth,  m.  Ichabod  Corbitt. 

iii.     Sarah,  m.  Jasper  Williams. 

iv.  William,  m.  1813,  Mary  Berteaux  :  Ch. :  1,  Edward,  b.  1813,  m. 
Eliza  Oakes  ;  2,  Benjamin,  b.  1815,  m.  Mary  Ann  Hoyt  (no 
issue)  ;  3,  William,  b.  1817,  m.  Harriet  Gates  ;  4,  Charlotte 
Maria,  b.  1819,  m.  William  Hard  wick  ;  5,  Augusta,  b.  1822,  m. 
Abraham  Ditmars  ;  6,  Mercy,  b.  1824,  m.  Henry  Lockwood  ;  7, 
Charles  Henry,  b.  1826,  m.  Elizabeth  Ann  Hardwick  ;  8,  John  L. , 
b.  1828,  m.  Lavinia  Hardwick  (no  issue) ;  9,  Eleanor,  b.  1830,  m. 
Thomas  Hardwick  ;  10,  Sarah,  b.  1832,  m.  Gilbert  Purdy. 

v.     Zeruiah,  m.  Alexander  Easson. 

vi.  Henry,  m.  Mary  Robinson  :  Ch. :  1,  James,  d.  unm. ;  2,  Ann,  m. 
Joseph  Tomlinson  ;  3,  Susan,  m.  John  Burbidge  ;  4,  Eliza,  m. 
Seth  Bent ;  5,  Francis,  m.  Frances  Chapman  ;  6,  Henrietta,  m. 
John  Prince. 


FALES — FARNSWORTH.  507 

FALES.  EBENEZER  FALES  with  his  son  BENJAMIN  came  here  about  1760 
from  Taunton,  Mass.,  and  obtained  a  grant  of  land  at  the  eastern  end  of 
the  township  of  Wilmot,  near  the  stream  known  as  "  The  Fales  River." 
The  son  settled  on  a  farm  which  he  purchased  on  the  Stronach  Mountain 
from  Brigadier-General  Ruggles.  Benjamin  Fales  had  married  Rachel 
Bassett,  of  Taunton,  who  had  a  brother  Richard  educated  at  Harvard, 
a  brilliant  and  ready-witted,  but  eccentric  young  man,  who  once,  during 
the  recess  of  a  sitting  of  the  Court  of  which  his  uncle  Fales  was  clerk, 
was  challenged  by  the  latter,  who  was  fond  a  joke,  to  extemporize  a 
verse  or  rhyme  that  would  turn  the  laugh  against  him,  and  promptly 
expressed  himself  thus  : 

"  The  children  of  Israel  asked  for  meat, 

And  Jehovah  sent  them  quails  ; 
The  Court  of  Taunton  wanted  a  clerk, 
And  the  devil  sent  it  Fales." 

It  is  said  this  tendency  to  ready  wit  and  humor  still  characterizes  the 
descendants  of  Rachel  (Bassett)  Fales,  whose  dust  reposes  in  one  of  the 
Wilmot  church-yards.  Children  : 

i.  Benjamin,  jun.,  m.  Harriet  Gates:  Ch.:  1,  Benjamin,  d.  unm.;  2, 
Oldham,  m.  Eliza  Marshall  ;  3,  Joel,  m.  (U.S.) ;  4,  Amos,  m. 
(1st)  Sarah  Morton,  (2nd)  Eliza  Whitman;  5,  Rachel,  m.  (1st) 
William  Neily,  (2nd)  Thomas  Ward  ;  6,  Abigail,  m.  Harris  Ward. 

ii.  Daniel,  m.  Elizabeth  Larlie:  Ch. :  1,  Margaret,  b.  1806,  m.  Nelson 
Stronach  ;  2,  Isaac,  m.  Mary  Baker ;  3,  Jacob,  m.  Charlotte 
Baker  ;  4,  Sarah,  m.  (1st)  Lot  Phinney,  (2nd)  Asaph  Bent,  (3rd) 
Elias  Fales  ;  5,  Abraham,  b.  1809,  m.  Francis  Ray  ;  6,  Amos, 
m.  Eliza  Burns  (no  issue)  ;  7,  Daniel,  m.  Hannah  Fales  ;  ^8, 
Elizabath,  m.  Thomas  Eaton  ;  9,  Rosanna,  m.  Stephen  Burns.  M) 

iii.  Ebenezer,  m.  1803,  Hannah  Brown  :  Ch. :  1,  Joseph,  b,  1804,  d. 
unm.;  2,  Benjamin,  b.  1806,  d.  unm  ;  3,  Daniel,  unm.;  4,  John, 
m.  Cassie  Brown  ;  5,  James,  d.  unm. ;  6,  Elias,  m.  Sarah  Fales  ; 
7,  Isaac,  m.  Phebe  Cook  ;  8,  Elizabeth,  m.  (1st)  John  Smith, 
(2nd)  John  Baker  ;  9,  Mary,  m.  Timothy  Grimes  ;  10,  Rachel,  m. 
William  Ogilby  ;  11,  Anna,  m.  Edmund  Brown;  12,  Miriam,  d. 
unm. 

iv.     Mary,  m.  George  Stronach. 
v.     Abigail,  m.  Joel  Farnsworth. 

vi.     Rachel,  m.  James  Gates. 

vii.     Sarah,  m.  Jacob  Baker, 
viii.     Betsey,  m.  John  Gates. 

FARNSWORTH.  AMOSS  FARNSWORTH,  born  Nov.  27,  1704,  was  a  grand- 
son, through  Benjamin2  Farnsworth,  sen.,  by  his  wife  Mary,  dau.  of  Jonas 
Fresco tt,  of  Matthias1  Farnsworth,  who  was  born  in  1612,  in  Lancaster, 
England,  and  came  to  Lynn,  and  later  settled  at  Groton,  Mass.  Amos 
came  from  Groton  in  1760,  and  secured  lot  No.  77  in  Granville,  a  portion 
of  which  has  in  recent  years  been  occupied  by  Robert  Parker,  J.P.  On 
this  lot  was  a  house,  said  to  have  been  the  only  house  of  the  dispersed 


508  FARNSWORTH. 

Acadians  that  escaped  conflagration,  being  saved  by  a  sudden  shower. 
He  returned  to  G-roton,  but  did  not  bring  his  family  here  until  1763. 
Returning  to  Massachusetts  on  some  business,  he  was  drowned  crossing 
the  Nashua  River,  Dec.  5,  1775.  He  had  ch.:  1,  Sarah,  b.  Oct.  10,  1736, 
d.  Sept.  19,  1756  ;  2,  Rachel,  b.  Jan.  29,  1738,  m.  June  16,  1761,  Jabez 
Holden;  3,  Lydia,  b.  Nov.  24,  1739,  m.  Sept.  26,  1765,  Wm.  Shedd ;  4, 
Susanna,  b.  Aug.  25,  1741,  m.  Aug.  25,  1761,  John  Sawtell,  jun.;  5, 
Lucy,  b.  Nov.  1743,  m.  Solomon  Farnsworth  (cousin) ;  6,  Amos,  b.  June 
24,  1746,  d.  July  9,  1749;  7,  Lt.  Jonas,  b.  Aug.  18,  1748,  m.  1774,  Jane, 
dau.  of  James  and  Mary  Delap  (probably  removed  to  Wilmot),  d.  July 
16,  1805;  8,  Mary,  b.  1757,  m.  Joseph  Potter,  jun.;  9,  Amos,  jun.,  b. 
April  28,  1754  (was  an  active  revolutionary  officer,  attaining  rank  of 
Major  of  artillery);  10,  Benjamin,  b.  Oct.  24,  1757  (drowned  with  his 
father). 

BENJAMIN3   FARNSWORTH,   JUN,   an   older   son    of    Benjamin,2  sen.,  b. 

Jan.    16,  1699,  m.    (1st)  Patience ,  (2nd)  March    19,  1736,   Rebecca 

Pratt,  of  Maiden,  had  5  ch.,  of  whom  one,  SOLOMON,  was  b.  1738,  m.  (1st) 
Dec.  6,  1770,  in  Nova  Scotia,  a  cousin,  Lucy  Farnsworth,  (2nd)  May 
23,  1801,  Mary,  dau.  of  John  Chute,  and  settled  at  Chute's  Cove:  Ch.: 
1,  Sarah,  b.  June  4,  1773,  m.  Michael  Miller;  2,  Frances,  b.  Oct.  11, 
1774,  m.  (1st)  1796,  Rev.  James  Manning,  (2nd)  Henry  Troop,  (3rd) 
Aaron  Morse;  3,  Lucy,  b.  June  15,  1777,  m.  James  Eaton;  4,  Mary,  b. 
1779,  m.  John  Brown;  5,  Solomon,  b.  1781,  d.  1782;  6,  Benjamin,  b. 
Feb.  1,  1802,  m.  (1st)  Anna  Matilda,  dau.  of  John  and  Rebecca  Ellis, 
(2nd)  1822,  Phebe,  dau.  of  Henry  Milbury ;  7,  Peter,  b.  July  9,  1803,  m. 
April  29,  1827,  Mary,  dau.  of  Michael  and  Abigail  Holden;  8,  John 
Chute,  b.  Oct.  11,  1805,  m.  (1st)  Feb.  15,  1826,  Mary  Cecilia,  dau.  of 
Job  Pack,  (2nd)  Nancy,  dau.  of  James  and  Phebe  Chute,  (3rd)  Elizabeth 
Charlotte  Chute ;  9,  Mary,  b.  1807,  m.  William  Hall;  10,  Solomon,  b. 
Oct.  9,  1809,  m.  (1st)  Nov.  19,  1833,  Anna  B.,  dau.  of  James  Cummings, 
(2nd)  Phebe,  dau.  of  Abraham  Bogart  (lived  at  Stony  Beach). 

JoNAS3  FARNSWORTH,  another  son  of  Benjamin,  sen.,  b.  Oct.  14,  1713,  m. 
Thankful  Ward  (dau.  of  Obadiah),  and  had  9  children,  of  whom  ISAAC* 
the  6th  and  JOEL*  the  9th,  came  to  Granville.  ISAAC/  b.  Aug.  9,  1750,  m. 
(1st)  Hannah  Hill,  (2nd)  Martha  Barth,  and  afterwards  lived  in  Jones- 
boro',  Me.  Ch.:  1,  Daniel,  b.  about  1774,  m.  Dec.  8,  1803,  Jerusha  Earl, 
of  Horton,  and  settled  at  Aylesford ;  2,  Ichabod ;  3,  Royal;  4,  Asa,  m. 
Betsey  Weston ;  5,  Amaziah ;  6,  Isaac  ;  7,  Martha,  m.  Reuben  Libbey ; 
8,  Hannah,  m.  Joseph  Libbey ;  9,  Mary. 

JoEL,4b.  May  28,  1757,  m.  (1st)  Abigail  Fales,  (2nd)  Sarah  Perkins, 
lived  at  Clarence,  and  had  1 1  daughters. 


FELLOWS.  509 

FELLOWS.  1.  ISRAELS  FELLOWS,  or  FELLOWES,  was  a  descendant  of 
William,  who  was  born  in  England  in  1609,  and  came  to  Ipswich,  Mass., 
in  1639,  through  Joseph,2  who  m.  1675,  Ruth  Frails,  and  d.  1729; 
Joseph,3  who  m.  1701,  Sarah  Kimball ;  Benjamin,4  b.  1711,  m.  (1st)  Eunice 
Dodge,  whod.  1747,  (2nd)  Mrs.  Sarah  Elwell,  who  d.  1777,  (3rd)  1778, 
Mrs.  Rebecca  Louther,  who  d.  1802.  Israel,  who  was  born  Jan.  4,  1741, 
at  Ipswich,  came  to  Granville  in  1761,  and  in  1768  bought  lot  147  from 
John  Crocker,  one  of  the  grantees.  He  m.  (1st)  March  29,  1762,  Susanna, 
dau.  of  Josiah  Dodge,  (2nd)  Joanna  Smith,  and  died  1815.  Children  : 

i.  Eunice,  b.  Feb.  11,  1763,  m.  John,  son  of  Valentine  Troop. 

(2)        ii.  Joseph,  b.  March  17,  1735. 

iii.  Susannah,  b.  1767,  d.  in  infancy. 

iv.  Susannah,  b.  Feb.  23,  1769,  m.  Edward,  son  of  John  Dunn, 

v.  Ann,  b.  May  15,  1772,  m.  Samuel  Chesley. 

vi.  Cynthia,  b.  April  12,  1775,  m.  Uliver  Foster. 

vii.  Phoebe,  b.  1777,  d.  young. 

viii.  Sarah,  b.  1780,  d.  young, 

ix.  Ebenezer,  b.  1782,  d.  unm. 

x.  Priscilla,  b.  1785,  m.  Samuel  Elliott, 

xi.  Hepzibah,  b.  1787,  m.  Benjamin  Chute,  jun. 

2.  REV.  JOSEPH  FELLOWS,  b.  March  17,  1765,  m.  April  10,  1788, 
Catherine  Troop,  and  died  April  18,  1820.  Children  : 

i.  Israel,  b.  March  27,  1789,  m.  1811,  Ann  Phinney  Hall,  and  d.  at 
St.  John,  N.B.,  1863:  Ch. :  Mary  Ann,  b.  1811,  m.  John  Bath 
Longley  ;  2,  Catherine,  b.  1815,  m.  J.  V.  Troop,  of  St.  John, 
M.P.P.,  etc.;  3,  Susan  Eliza,  b.  1820,  m.  George  Camber;  4, 
Havilah  Hall,  b.  1824,  m.  Stephen  Sneden  Hall ;  5,  JAMES 
ISRAEL,  b.  1826,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Allen,  (2nd)  Jane  Hamlyn 
Crane. 

ii.  Joseph,  born  July  30,  1792,  m.  (1st)  1820,  Sophia  Rice,  dau.  of 
Joseph  Troop,  (2nd)  1828,  Charlotte  Sophia  Hians,  who  was  a 
sister  of  Hetty  Hians,  wife  of  John  Howe,  Postmaster-General, 
half-bro.  of  Hon.  Jos.  Howe  :  Ch. :  1,  Olivia,  m.  James  Hardwick  ; 
(by  2nd  wife)  :  2,  Richard  Henry,  b.  1830,  d.  unm  ;  3,  Catherine 
Howe,  b.  1831,  m.  David  M.  Dickie;  4,  George  Edward,  b.  1833, 
m.  Nancy  Dickie  ;  5,  John  Howe,  b.  1835,  d.  1838  ;  6,  William,  b. 
1837,  m.  (1st)  Augusta  Best,  (2nd)  Jane  Nichols,  nee  Dickinson  ;  7, 
John  Israel,  b.  1839,  m.  Althia  Stowers  ;  8,  Joseph  Howe,  M.D., 
b.  1840,  d.  unm. ;  9,  Benjamin  Smith,  m.  Annie  Shafner. 
iii.  George  Troop,  b.  Dec.  30,  1795,  m.  Susan  Morse,  dau.  of  Joseph  Bent : 
Ch.:  1,  Sophia,  b.  1823,  m.  Obadiah  Parker  ;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1826, 
m.  Annie  Parker  ;  3,  Amelia  R.,  b.  1830,  m.  Charles  Parker  ;  4, 
Mary,  b.  1832,  m.  Wm.  Clark  ;  5,  George,  b.  1840,  d.  1874  ;  6, 
Charlotte,  b.  1837,  d.  1846. 

iv.  James  Edward,  m.  Eliza,  dau.  of  Augustus  Willoughby,  and  d. 
1824  :  Ch. :  1,  James  Edward,  b.  1822,  d.  1840  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b. 
1824. 

v.  Benjamin  Smith,  b.  Feb.  26,  1805,  m.  Eliza  Willoughby,  his 
brother's  wid.:  Ch. :  1,  James  Edward,  b.  1827,  m.  Charlotte  S., 
dau.  of  Wm.  H.  Morse ;  2,  Minetta,  b.  1829,  m.  Joseph  F. 
Ballister  ;  3,  Margaret,  b.  1832,  d.  young  ;  4,  Anna,  b.  1835,  m. 
Hon.  Samuel  Leonard  Shannon,  Q.C.,  D.C.L. ;  5,  Maria  S.,  b. 
1839,  m.  John  M.  Parker,  d.  1892  ;  6,  Lucretia,  b.  1839,  d.  in 
infancy  ;  7,  Bertha,  b.  1845,  m.  John  R.  Mitchie. 


510  FITZRANDOLPH— FOSTER. 

FITZ RANDOLPH.  This  is  a  purely  Norman  name,  as  all  proper  family 
names  beginning  with  Fitz  are.  This  prefix  is  the  old  Norman  equiva- 
lent to  the  modern  Frenches,  a  son.  In  days  when  second  names  were 
beginning  to  be  used  to  distinguish  families,  the  sons  of  a  man  named 
Randolph  or  Gerald,  would  be  designated  Fitzrandolph  or  Fitzgerald. 
The  family  must  therefore  be  of  very  ancient  repute  in  England.  The 
Annapolis  branch  derive  from  Edward,1  who  was  born  1614  in  Notting- 
hamshire, and  came  to  America  in  1630,  and  married  at  Scituate,  May 
10,  1637,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Edward  Thomas  Blossom,  of  Plymouth, 
through  Nathaniel, 2  Edward, :5  Nathaniel, 4  ROBERT,  5  who  came  to  Annap- 
olis among  the  Loyalists,  bringing  his  wife,  Phebe  Pearsall,  and  five 
children  with  him.  and  first  settled  in  what  is  now  Digby  County,  but 
later  on  lands  granted  to  him  at  Lawrencetown.  Later  still  he  exchanged 
lands  with  Christopher  Prince,  from  whom  he  received  what  is  still  known 
as  the  "Bell"  Farm,  near  Bridgetown,  until  lately  owned  in  this  family. 
He  died  December  15,  1830,  aged  93.  His  widow  died  December  15, 
1832,  aged  83.  He  had  children  : 

i.     Mary,  b.  at  Woodbridge,  Mass.,  1773. 

ii.  Samuel,  b.  at  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  m.  Mary  McLean  ;  descendants 
in  New  York  ;  perhaps  the  celebrated  publisher,  Anson  D.  Fitz- 
randolph is  among  them. 

iii.     Mercy,  b.  at  Elizabethtown,  N.J. 

iv.  Joseph,  b.  1781,  at  Staten  Island,  N.Y.,  m.  (1st)  Charlotte  Burkett, 
(2nd)  Catharine  Dewolf:  Ch.:  1,  Edward  H.,  m.  Sarah  Little,  nee 
Fitzrandolph ;  2,  John,  m.  Anne  Gorham ;  3,  James  H.,  m. 
Susan  Menzies,  lived  at  Digby,  a  leading  merchant  and  magistrate, 
posterity  numerous  and  respectable,  but  scattered  ;  a  distinguished 
son,  Hon.  Archibald  Fitzrandolph,  resides  at  Fredericton,  N.B. ; 
4,  Maria,  m.  Alexander  Sawers,  M.D. ;  5,  Charles,  m.  Elizabeth 
Bath. 

v.  Robert,  m.  (1st)  Sept.  15,  1802,  Jane  Lee,  she  died  March  29,  1812, 
in  her  27th  year,  (2nd)  Oct.  29th,  1812,  Sarah  Nichols,  she  d. 
May  17,  1816,  (3rd)  May  18,  1817,  Mary  Nichols,  she  d.  April  23, 
1821,  (4th)  Phebe  Tupper  :  Ch.  :  1,  Ann,  b.  July  29,  1803,  m. ; 
2,  Mary,  b.  Oct.  4,  1805,  m.  Seth  Beals  ;  3,  Eliza,  b.  May  12,  1808 ; 
4,  Phebe,  b.  May  13,  1811,  d.  July  29,  1813;  (by  2nd  wife) :  5, 
Samuel  Rowland,  b.  Nov.  4,  1813,  m.  Maria  A.  Bishop ;  6, 
David  Nichols,  b.  March  13,  1815,  m.  Evaline  Dodge  ;  (by  3rd 
wife)  :  7,  Mary  Charlotte,  m.  Kinsman  Neily  ;  8,  Henrietta,  b. 
Feb.  24,  1819  ;  9,  John  Lindley,  b.  Nov.  23,  1820,  m.  Maria 
Shafner  ;  (by  4th  wife)  :  10,  Robert  Elias,  m.  Isabella  Runciman. 

vi.  John  Lindley,  a  physician,  m.  Sept.  11,  1811,  Eliza  Willis,  in  New 
York  ;  he  d.  at  St.  John  N.B.,  June  5,  1823  :  Ch.  :  1,  William 
Walter,  b.  Nov.  16,  1812  ;  2,  James  Cornwall,  b.  April  28th, 
1814 ;  3,  Edmond,  b.  Sept.  9,  1817  ;  4,  John  Richardson,  b. 
April  1, 1820;  5,  Caroline  Eliza,  b.  (posthumus)  Oct.  26,  1823. 

FOSTER.  BENJAMIN  FOSTER,  great-grandson  of  Reginald,  who,  born 
about  1595,  came,  probably,  from  Exeter,  England,  in  1638,  to  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  through  Isaac,  his  son,  and  Jacob,  his  grandson,  was  born  October 
6,  1689,  married  March  15,  1725,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Ezekiel  Woodward, 


FOSTER,  511 

and  died  either  in  Hampstead,  N.H.,  or  immediately  after  his  arrival 
'in  Nova  Scotia.  In  1760,  his  widow  with  sons  Isaac,  Ezekiel  and 
-Jeremiah,  settled  in  Granville,  where  she  died  in  1805,  aged  104. 
Jeremiah  returned  to  the  old  colonies  and  settled  it  is  supposed  in  Maine. 
The  descendants  of  the  other  two  are  very  numerous  in  Nova  Scotia, 
including  lawyers  (the  present  Judge  of  Probate  of  Halifax  is  one  of 
them)  physicians,  clergymen,  merchants  and  shipbuilders.  No  individual 
family  has  done  more  than  this  in  the  planting  of  orchards  and  changing 
the  wilderness  landscapes  of  a  century  ago  into  objects  of  value  and 
beauty.  Monuments  of  their  industry  and  intelligence  are  conspicuous 
in  every  township  and  hamlet  of  the  county.  Benjamin's  daughter 
Judith,  born  1726,  married  John  Chute,  and  daughter  Elizabeth  married 
1761,  Francis  B.  LeCain,  whose  first  wife  was  Alicia  Maria  Hyde,  and 
lived  in  Annapolis.  Sarah  married  Abel  Wheelock. 

ISAAC  FOSTER,  born  in  Massachusetts,  1728,  married  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, October  31,  1754,  Mehitable  Worthing  (dau.  of  Samuel).  He  died 
1819.  Children: 

i.  Benjamin,  b.  May  24,  1755,  m.  (1st)  Jan.  23,  1776,  Elizabeth,  dau. 
of  Col.  Philip  Richardson,  (2nd)  Mary  Pamela,  dau.  of  Edward 
Robinson  and  Mary  Chandler,  widow  of  John  Park  :  Ch.  :  1, 
Mehitable,  b.  May  6,  1778,  m.  Abrani  Chute  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b. 
Sept.  1,  1780,  m.  James  Taylor  ;  3,  Benjamin,  b.  Aug.  2,  1782, 
m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Samuel  Randall  ;  4,  Samuel,  b.  Sept.  9,  1784, 
m.  (1st)  March  17,  1805,  Lydia  Chute  (dau.  of  John),  (2nd) 
Dec.  4,  1835,  Catherine,  dau.  of  Thomas  Crips,  d.  July  29,  1879  ; 

5,  Susanna,  b.  Aug.  31,  1786,  m.  Francis  Tupper  (son  of  Charles) ; 

6,  Mary,  b.  Dec.  29,  1788,  m.  Samuel  Tupper  (brother  to  Francis) : 

7,  Isaac,   b.  April  9,   1791,  m.    Oct.  6,   1814,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
John  Patterson,  d.  Nov.  19,  1867  ;  8,  Abner,  b.  May  9th,  1793, 
m.  (1st)  Oct.  29,  1818,  Sarah,  dau.  of  Benjamin  Wheelock,  (2nd) 
Katie  Elliot ;  9,  Lucy,  b.  May  24,  1795,  m.  1816,  William  Wood 
worth,  son  of  Eleazer  ;  10,  Solomon  F.,  b.  Aug.  3,  1797,  m.  Susan 
Phinney,  dau.  of  Zaccheus  ;  11,  Philip,  b.  July  3,  1799,  m.  Susan 
dau.  of  William  Frail ;  12,  Helen  F.,  b.  Aug.  3,  1801,  d.  Dec.  10, 
1833  ;  13,  Catherine,  b.  Nov.  28,  1804,  m.  Enoch,  son  of  Gardner 
Dodge. 

ii.     Jacob,  b,  1757,  d.  1759. 

iii.     Sarah,  b.  Aug.  15,  1760,  m.  1779,  John  Adams, 
iv.     Isaac,  b.  Aug.  24,  1763,  m.   1790,  Betsey,  dau.  of  William  Gilliatt : 

Ch.  :    1,   Charles,  b.  about  1795,   m.   (1st)  1820,  Mary,   dau.   of 

Henry  Banks,   (2nd)  Mary  Ann  Green  ;    2,   Mary,  b.   1797,  m. 

Charles,  son  of  John  Dunn  ;  3,  Betsey  M.,  b.   1799,  m.  Daniel 

Vaughan  ;  4,  Hannah,  b  1801,  m.  Edward,  son  of  Samuel  Foster ; 

5,  Ann,  b.  Aug.  20,  1803,  d.  Sept.  15,  1889;   6,  Archie  G.,  b. 

1805,  d.  1811  ;   7,  Jerusha,  b.  April  7,  1807,  m.  Phineas,  son  of 

Thomas   Phinney ;    8,  William,    b.    Dec.  27,    1813,  m.    Hannah 

Huntington. 
v.     Mehitable,  b.  March  23,  1766,  m.  Oct.  29,  1786,  Thos.  Phinney  (son 

of  Isaac  and  Anna), 
vi.     Elizabeth,   b.   Dec.    17,    1768,    m.    Dec.   24,   1789,   Jordan,    son   of 

Abednego  Ricketson. 


512  FOSTER. 

vii.  Samuel,  b.  Oct.  1,  1770,  m.  Elizabeth  Wilson  :  Ch.:  1,  Edward  W., 
m.  Hannah,  dau.  of  Isaac  Foster,  jun. ;  2,  Margaret,  m.  Ariel 
Corbitt ;  3,  Clark  ;  4,  Mary,  m.  Edward  Bruce  ;  5,  Zipporah, 
m.  Edward  Gilliatt  ;  6,  Matilda,  m.  John  Milner  ;  7,  Eliza,  m. 
Richard  Armstrong  ;  8,  John  ;  9,  Ichabod  Corbitt,  m.  Hannah 
Allen. 

viii.  Oliver,  b.  May  1,  1773,  m.  (1st)  Cynthia,  dau.  of  Israel  Fellows, 
(2nd)  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Daniel  Saunders,  had  ch.  :  1,  David,  b. 
June  19,  1797,  m.  (1st)  1827,  Mary  Clarke,  (2nd)  Azubah  Whee- 
lock  ;  2,  Cynthia,  b.  March  24,  1799,  m.  Job  Randall  ;  3,  Archi- 
bald Marsden,  b.  April  14,  1801,  m.  Eliza  Bent ;  4,  Ann,  b.  July 
1,  1803,  m.  William,  b.  1794,  son  of  Fred.  Fitch  ;  5,  Maria,  b. 
Aug.  23,  1807,  died  April  25,  1822  ;  6,  Jerusha,  b.  May  19,  1809, 
m.  July  18,  1829,  Henry,  son  of  Wm.  Ruffee,  3  ch.  ;  7,  Robert 
H.,  b.  March  5,  1812,  m.  Elizabeth  Hall  (dau.  of  John)  ;  8,  Susan, 
b.  Nov.  8,  1813,  m.  Israel,  son  of  Joseph  Bent  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  : 
9,  Oliver,  b.  1817,  m.  Betsey  Woodbury  ;  10,  Israel,  b.  1819, 
m.  (1st)  Minetta,  dau.  of  Asa  Foster,  wid.  of  Obadiah  Moore, 
•  jun.,  (2nd)  Ann  Manning,  wid.  of  Ainsley  Brown  ;  11,  Mary 
Ann.  b.  1821,  m.  (1st)  William  Morse,  (2nd)  J.  M.  Brown  ;  12, 
Daniel  J.,  b.  1824,  m.  Mary  J.  Edgerly  ;  13,  Charles  William,  b. 
1826. 

ix.  Asa,  b.  Nov.  24,  1776,  m.  July  26,  1798,  Rhoda  Hicks,  and  lived 
below  Bridgetown,  farmer  and  mill-owner,  d.  Sept.  20,  1854:  Ch.  : 
1,  Harriet,  b.  April  26,  1799,  m.  Nathan,  son  of  Amos  and  Susan 
Randall ;  2,  Irene,  b.  March  17,  1802,  m.  Charles,  son  of  Maurice 
Peters  ;  3,  Avicia,  b.  Oct.  12,  1804,  m.  James  Peters  (bro.  of 
Charles);  4.  William  Worthing,  b.  Aug.  15,  1806,  m  (1st) 
Harriet  Calvert,  1837  (2nd)  Hannah  Wheelock  (dau.  of  Asaph)  ; 
5,  Susan  Ann,  b.  Sept.  16,  1808,  m.  1833,  Jacob,  son  of  Benjamin 
Foster,  jun.  ;  6,  Louisa  Jane,  b.  May  4,  1811,  m.  Binea  Chute  ; 
7,  Minetta,  b.  Feb.  7,  1813,  m.  (1st)  Obadiah  Morse,  jun.,  (2nd) 
Israel  Foster  ;  8,  Oliver  G.,  b.  Dec.  11,  1816,  m.  Eliphal  Ann 
Chute,  d.  (Bayham,  Ont.)  1894;  9,  S.  Matilda,  b.  Dec.  16,  1818, 
m.  J.  M.  Chute;  10,  Leah,  b.  Jan.  27,  1820  ;  1L,  Eliza,  b.  March 
5,  1823,  m.  Jan.  30,  1850,  Charles,  son  of  Theodore  Hill. 

EZEKIEL  FOSTER,  b.  in  Massachusetts  about  1730,  d.  Jan.  29,  1819,  m. 
(1st)  in  Hampstead,  N.H.,  Oct.  31,  1754,  Mary  Roberts,  (2nd)  Sept. 
30,  1770,  Ruth,  dau.  of  William  Farnsworth.  Children: 

i.     Sarah,  b.  1756,  d..  1760. 

ii.     Martha,  b.  Aug.  13,  1757,  m.  Benjamin  Chute. 

iii.  John,  b.  in  New  Hampshire,  March  29,  1760,  m.  Dec.  26,  1781, 
Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Abednego  Ricketson,  a  minister  in  the  Meth- 
odist Church,  d.  Sept.  29,  1827  :  Ch. :  1,  Phoebe,  b.  May  28,  1783, 
d.  June  6  ;  2,  John,  b.  April  11,  1784,  m.  July  14,  1813,  Sarah 
Brown,  d.  Feb.  21,  1857  ;  3,  Ruth,  b.  Aug.  12,  1787,  m.  May  21, 

1807,  Walter  Wilkins  ;  4,  Phebe,  b.  Jan.  28,  1790,  m.  1823,  James 
Roach  ;  5,  Frederick,  b.  May  13,  1792,  m.  1814,  Rachel  Benedict, 
5  ch.  ;  6,  Willis,  b.  Nov.  15,  1794,  m.  (1st)  1826,  Susanna,  dau. 
of  Wm.   Pierce,   (2nd)  Nancy,   dau.   of  Ezra  Foster,   5  ch.  ;   7, 
Elizabeth,  b.  Dec.  23,  1796,  m.  Oct.  10,  1817,  James,  son  of  Win. 
Pierce  ;  8,  Henry,  b.    May  20,   1799,   m,  March  15,  1827,  Jane 
Truesdale  ;  9,  Ezekiel,  b.  July  26,  1801,  m.  Sept.  5,  1822,  Eliza, 
dau.  of  John  and  Margaret  Dugan  ;  10,   Mary  Ann,  b.  Jan.  10, 
1804,  m.   Jan.  1,   1829,   Zebulon  Neily  ;  11,   Bayard,  b.  July  8, 

1808,  m.  Mary  Ann,  dau.  of  Ezra  F.  Foster. 


FOSTER — GATES.  513 

iv.  Ezekiel,  jun.,  b.  March  30,  1763,  m.  May,  1803,  Elizabeth  Bacon, 
dau.  of  Joseph  Dring  :  Ch.:  1,  Thomas,  b.  1804,  m.  Feb.  12,  1827, 
Mary,  dau.  of  Benjamin  Wheelock  ;  2,  Ezra,  b,  1807,  m.  Nov.  8, 
1831,  Hannah  Bohaker  (dau.  of  Michael) ;  3,  Elizabeth  Ann,  b. 
1809,  m.  Abel  Wheelock  (bro.  of  Mary)  ;  4,  Mary  F.,  b.  1811,  m. 
William  Banks ;  5,  Tamar  B.,  m.  Benjamin  Randall ;  6,  Ethelinda, 
b.  1816,  d.  May  9,  1846  ;  7,  Adolphus  W.,  b.  1818,  m.  Caroline, 
dau.  of  Jonathan  Woodbury  ;  8,  Israel,  b.  1821,  d.  1822;  9, 
Martha,  b.  1824,  m.  Rev.  Isaac  McCann. 

v.  Joseph,  b.  Oct.  18,  1771,  m.  Jane,  dau.  of  Moses  Ray :  Ch. :  1, 
Ruth,  b.  1796,  d.  March,  1814  ;  2,  Ezekiel,  b.  1799,  m.  June  21, 
1821,  Mary  A.  Waters  ;  3,  Jane,  b.  1801,  m.  Abel  Wheelock  (son 
of  John) ;  4,  Hannah,  b.  1802,  m.  Newcomb  Bent  ;  5,  Joseph,  b. 
1805,  m.  Zilpah,  dau.  of  Michael  Martin;  6,  John  M.,  b.  1807, 
m.  Lucilla,  dau.  of  Fairfield,  son  of  Jonathan  Woodbury  ;  7, 
Sophia  Ann,  b.  1807,  m.  Edward,  son  of  Michael  Martin  ;  8, 
Ezra,  b.  Sept.  1814,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Ann  Burkitt,  (2nd)  Mary  Ann 
VanBuskirk. 

vi.  Ezra  Farnsworth,  b.  Aug.  1,  1773,  m.  Jan.  24,  1798,  Susanna,  dau. 
of  John  Troop  :  Ch. :  1,  Nancy,  b.  Jan.  25,  1799,  m.  Jan.  29, 
1833,  Willis,  son  of  John  Foster  ;  2,  Gilbert,  b.  Sept.  16,  1800,  d. 
18135  ;  3,  Rufus,  b.  June  3,  1802,  m.  Aug.  4,  1838,  Christina 
Tough  (2  sons)  ;  4,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1804,  m.  Bayard  Foster  ;  5, 
William  Young,  b.  May  23,  1806,  m.  Minetta,  dau.  of  Seth 
Leonard  ;  6,  George,  b.  Aug.  18,  1808,  d.  unm.;  7,  Lucy,  b.  Aug. 
2,  1810,  m.  William  Tough  ;  8,  Eunice,  b.  Oct.  25,  1812,  m. 
Fred.  L.  B.  Vroom  (son  of  George);  9,  Israel,  b.  May  8,  1815,  d. 
young  ;  10,  Frances  Eliza,  b.  July  6,  1817,  m.  William  Vroom 
(bro.  to  Frederic)  ;  11,  Susanna,  b.  July  1,  1822,  unm. 

GATES.  1.  STEPHEN  GATES,  with  wife  Ann,  and  children  Thomas  and 
Simon,  came  over  in  the  Diligent  in  1638  from  Norwich,  England,  to 
Hingham,  and  thence  to  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  died  1662.  Capt.  Old- 
ham  Gates,  born  in  Cambridge,  1716,  was  his  great-grandson,  through  his 
son  Simon  and  grandson  Amos,  who  married,  1703,  Hannah,  daughter 
of  Samuel  Oldham,  her  mother  being  Hannah  Dana.  OLDHAM  GATES 
married  (1st)  1745,  Mehitable,  daughter  of  John  Trowbridge,  (2nd) 
Patience  (or  Frances)  Bartlett,  (3rd)  Thankful  Adams,  (4th)  Jennie  Dow 
or  Dowe,  (5th)  Jemima  Potts,  widow.  He  arrived  here  as  early  as  1760, 
and  in  1763  he  was  commissioned  Captain  of  the  militia.  (According  to 
the  "Chute  Genealogies"  he  was  in  1775  in  the  Royal  forces,  and  wounded 
at  Bunker  Hill ;  but  I  would  suggest  some  nephew,  perhaps  son  of  his 
brother  Amos,  for  that  distinction. — ED.)  He  was  a  grantee  in  both 
divisions -of  the  township,  and  about  1783  sold  his  lands  in  the  first 
division  and  removed  to  those  assigned  him  in  the  second  division,  the 
Nictaux  district.  One  of  his  sons,  Oldham,  and  three  grandsons,  sons 
of  his  son  John,  settled  on  the  North  Mountain,  north  of  Middleton,  and 
gave  their  name  to  that  portion  of  it.  They  were  the  founders  of  Port 
George,  which,  it  is  to  be  regretted,  was  not  called  Gates ville  in  their 
honor.  In  1812  Charles  Dodge  and  the  brothers  Gates  built  the  first 
vessel  ever  launched  there,  and  perhaps  the  first  ever  built  on  the  whole 
33 


514  GATES. 

North  Mountain.     She   was  intended   for  a  privateer  (see  p.  286).     He 
had  children  : 

(2)         i.     Jonas,  b.  1746. 

ii.     Dorothy,  m.  Edward  Whitman,  sen. 
By  second  wife  : 

iii.  James,  b.  1753,  m.  Rachel  Fales,  and  lived  in  Melvern  Square  : 
Ch.:  1,  John,  m.  Catherine  Smith,  dau.  of  Francis  and  g.  dau.  of 
Austin  ;  2,  Benjamin,  m.  Elizabeth  Goucher;  3,  Ruth,  m.  John, 
son  of  David  and  Amy  Randall  ;  4,  Mary,  m.  Alex.  Clark  ;  5, 
Ella,  m.  Samuel  Miller  ;  6,  Oldham,  m.  Lavinia  McNeill ;  7, 
Rachel,  d.  1822  ;  8,  Daniel,  m.  Harriet,  dau.  of  Stephen  Jeffer- 
son ;  9,  Eliza,  d.  young  ;  10,  Sarah,  m.  John  Hayes. 

iv.     John,   b.   according  to  "Chute  Genealogies,"  in    1756,*  m.  Judith 
Baker  :    Ch. :  1,  James,   b.   1783,    m.    Mary  Ward  ;    2,   Elias,   b. 
1785,  m.  (1st)  Hannah  Ward,  (2nd)  Olivia  Hurst,  ne'e  Farnsworth ; 
3,  Jacob,  b.  March  7,  1788,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Brown,  (2nd)  Mary 
Pierce  ;  4,  Azuba,  b.  1789,  m.  Ward  Wheelock,  son  of  Elias  ;  5, 
Ann,  m.  Jonathan,  son  of  Austin  Smith  ;  6,  Susanna,  m.  William 
Pierce,  jun. ;  7,  Silas,  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Joel  Farnsworth. 
By  third  wife  : 
v.     Amos,  m.  Margaret  Larley  (no  issue). 

vi.     Mary,  b.  1758,  m.  Ezekiel  Brown. 

vii.     Thankful,  b.  1760,  m.  Paul  Crocker,  jun.,  lived  in  Aylesford. 
viii.      Hannah,  b.  about  1763,  m.  Benjamin  Fales. 

ix.  Oldham,  jun.,  b.  1765,  m.  (1st)  Rachel,  dau.  of  George  Stronach, 
(2nd)  Eleanor,  dau.  of  John  Slocum  :  Ch. :  1,  George,  b.  1807, 
m.  Louisa,  dau.  of  Isaac  Landers  ;  2,  Rachel,  m.  Samuel  Bowlby; 
3,  Lavinia,  b.  Jan.  3,  1815,  m.  John  Hawkesworth  ;  4,  Maria, 
b,  Sept.  15,  1816  ;  5,  William,  b.  1818,  m.  Sarah  E.,  dau.  of 
Ambrose  Gates,  (2nd)  Susan,  dau.  of  Win.  Hawkins  ;  6,  Amos, 
b.  1820,  d.  1848  ;  7,  Sarah  E.,  b.  1822,  m.  William  VanBuskirk  ; 
8,  Caleb,  b.  1824,  m.  Anna,  dau.  of  Andreas  Bohaker. 

x.  Samuel,  b.  1772,  m.  July  16,  1797,  Sarah,  dau.  of  William  Marshall  : 
Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth,  b.  July  16,  1799,  m.  1818,  Willard  Graves  ; 
2,  Ambrose,  b.  Dec.  20,  1802,  m.  1830,  Rachel,  dau.  of  John 
Cropley  ;  3,  Amoret,  b.  Jan.  26,  1804,  m.  Edward,  son  of  Joseph 
Brown  ;  4,  Samuel,  b.  Aug.  8,  1807,  d.  abroad  ;  5,  William,  b. 
Sept.  26,  1810,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  John  Clark,  removed  to  Michi- 
gan or  California  ;  6,  Willett,  b.  Aug.  25,  1814,  m.  1844,  Mary, 
dau.  of  Joseph  Neily  ;  7,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  Dec.  18,  1819,  m.  Daniel, 
son  of  Enoch  Wood. 


2.  JONAS  GATES,  son  of  Captain  Oldham,  born  probably  at  Spencer, 
Mass.,  1746,  married  Hepzibah  Baker,  died  about  1823.     Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  about  1785,  m.  Elizabeth  Fales,  d.  about  1835:  Ch.:  1, 
Ruth,  m.  (1st)  Levi  Phinney,  (2nd)  Betsey  Marshall  ;  2,  Ann,  m. 
Thomas,  son  of  Richard  Bowlby  ;  3,  Caroline,  m.  Joseph,  son  of 
Stephen  Goucher  ;  4,  Joseph  Dimock,  m.  Eliza,  dau.  of  James 
and  Rachel  Ray  ;  5,  Burton,  d.  young  ;  6,  Enoch,  m.  Mary 
Eliza  Marshall,  (dau.  of  William,  jun.)  ;  7,  Evaline,  m.  George  S. 
Phinney  ;  8,  Mary,  m.  Oliver  Randall ;  9,  Elijah,  m.  Eliza,  dau. 
of  John  Eagan  ;  10,  Hepzibah,  m.  John,  son  of  John  Spinney. 

*  The  Chute  genealogj'  mentions  a  tradition  that  John  and  not  James  was  by 
first  wife. 


GATES — GESNER.  515 

ii.  Thomas,  m.  June  18,  1804,  Mary  Ann  VanBuskirk  :  Ch.:  1,  T. 
Handley  Chipman,  b.  June  15,  1805,  m.  Mary  Hardy  Marshall  ; 
2,  Mehitable,  b.  Oct.  2,  1806,  m.  Oliver  Brown  ;  3,  Phebe,  b. 
June  10,  1808,  m.  Wm.  Cook  ;  4,  Bathsheba,  b.  March  5,  1860, 
m.  Elijah  Downey  ;  5,  Thomas  Ansley,  b.  March  6,  1812,  m. 
Eliza  Downey  ;  6,  Elizabeth,  b.  March  25,  1814,  m.  John  Baker, 
jun.  ;  7,  Henry,  b.  Dec.  7,  1815,  m.;  8,  Burtis,  b.  Feb.  3,  1818, 
m.  in  Maine;  9,  George  Neily,  b.  Feb.  23,  1820,  m.  in  Maine;  10, 
Rev.  Lawrence  VanB  ,  b.  1823  ;  11,  Susan,  m.  George  Boynton 
(Ontario). 

iii.     Mehitable,  m.  Charles  Dodge. 

iv.     Susan,  b.  Jan.,  1778,  m.  Nathan  Randall. 

v.     Sarah,  b.  1786,  m.  John  Reagh. 

vi.     Elizabeth,  b.  1794,  m.  George  Neily  (son  of  Joseph), 
vii.     Prudence,  b.  1796,  m.  William,  son  of  John  McKenna. 
viii.     Hepzibah,   b.    1797,    m.   (1st)    William   Stronach,    (2nd)    Ephraim 
Downie. 

ix.  Joseph,  m.  1812,  Hulda  Brown,  d.  1860,  aged  about  70  :  Ch. : 
7  sons  and  2  daus. 

x.  Henry,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Van  Home  Tupper,  (2nd)  July  6,  1813, 
Mercy,  dau.  of  William  Berteaux  ;  was  M.P.  P.  for  township  of 
Annapolis  one  term  :  Ch. :  4  sons  and  4  dans.,  one  EDWIN  GATES, 
Esq. ,  High  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  Annapolis. 

GESNER.  The  Gesners  of  Annapolis  County  are  descended  from 
HENDRICK  GESNER,  a  native  of  Germany  who  settled  in  New  York,  in 
1709.  A  son  John  married  Famitcha  Brauer,  of  New  York,  of  respectable 
Dutch  origin,  and  two  of  the  nine  children  of  this  marriage — Henry 
and  ABRAHAM,  twins  born  in  1756 — obtained  commissions  in  one  of  the 
loyal  regiments,  and  came  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1783.  Henry  settled  in 
Cornwallis.*  Abraham's  biography  will  be  found  among  the  memoirs  of 
the  M. P.P's.  He  married  1786,  Elizabeth  Steadman,  and  had  children: 

i.     Hannah,  b.  1787,  d.  1883,  m.  John  Troop, 
ii.     Famitcha,  b.  1788,  d.  1879,  m.  Andrew  Walker, 
iii.     Jacob,  b,  1791,  m.  Elizabeth  Trites  (Westmoreland,  N.B.)  :  Ch.  : 

I,  Catherine,  m.  1837,  Abraham  Jones  ;  2,  Elizabeth  Caroline,  m. 
1844,  William  Henry  Bent  ;  3,  Thomas,   m.  1855,   Olive  Cutler  ; 
4,  Isaac,  m.  1852,   Mary  Farrell  ;    5,   Malcolm,   m.   1855,   Eliza 
Thorne  ;  6,   Edward,   m.   Elizabeth  Murdoch  ;  7,    Abraham,   m. 
1860,  Barbara  Wallace  ;  8,  Jacob,  m.  1862,  Catharine  Carpenter  ; 
9,  Margaret,  m.  Mariner  Hicks  ;  10,  William,  m.  Sophia  Briggs  ; 

II,  Alice,  m.  Alfred  Bonnell. 
iv.     Elizabeth,  b.  1793,  d.  1883,  unm. 

v.  Maria,  b.  1795,  d.  1886,  unm. 

vi.  Henry,  b.  1797,  d.  1869,  m.  Mary  Bent, 

vii.  Horatia,  b.  1799,  m.  John  Henry  Ditmars. 

viii.  Caroline,  b.  1802,  m.  Moses  Shaw,  M.P. P. 

*  HENRY,  m.  in  Cornwallis,  1786,  Sarah  Pineo,  and  died  1850.  They  had  ch. :  1, 
Rebecca,  b.  1787,  m.  Elkanah  Terry;  2,  John  Henry,  b.  1789;  3,  Elizabeth,  b. 
1791,  m.  Hon.  Samuel  Chipman;  4,  David  Henry;  5,'  Famitcha,  b.  1795,  m.  1821, 
Benjamin  Cossitt ;  6,  Dr.  ABRAHAM,  the  distinguished  naturalist,  b.  1797,  m. 
Sophia,  dau.  of  Dr.  J.  Webster,  and  d.  1864;  7,  Gibbs  Henry,  b.  1799  ;  8,  Sarah  C., 

b.  1802,  m.  Dr.  Carr  ;  9,  Henry,  b.  1804,  m.  Kidston  ;  10,  Ann  Maria,  b.  1806, 

m.  Edward  Hamilton  ;  11,  Lucy,  b.  1809;   12,  Charlotte  Ann,  b.    1813,  m.  Samuel 
Barnaby. — [Eo.] 


516  GESNER — GILLIATT. 

ix.     Isaac,  b.  1804,  d.  1824,  unm. 

x.  Abraham,  b.  1806,  m.  Christina  Young,  d.  1853  :  Ch. :  1,  Ann,  m. 
John  Covert  ;  2,  Horatia,  m.  George  Bent  ;  3,  Mary  Grassie,  m. 
Joseph  Bennett  ;  4,  Famitcha  Sibronte,  m.  James  Gordon  ; 
5,  Abraham,  unm. ;  6,  Isaac,  m.  Frances  Hazlewood. 

xi.  De  Lancey  Moody,  b.  1809,  m.  (1st)  Lucy  A.  Longley,  (2nd)  Jane 
Eagleson  :  Ch.:  1,  Elizabeth,  b.  1869,  unm.;  2,  Samuel,  m. 
Elizabeth  Brinton,  ne'e  Chute  ;  3,  Famitcha,  m.  John  Z.  Bent  ; 
4,  Leander,  unm. ;  5,  Mary,  unm. ;  6,  Rupert  Derby,  in.  Hannah 
Covert  ;  7,  Alice,  m.  Watson  Jones  ;  8,  Percy  Eugene,  unm. ;  (by 
2nd  wife)  :  9,  Jacob  Valentine,  unm. ;  10,  Edith  May  ;  11,  Arthur 
Wesley  ;  12,  Hannah  Gladis  ;  13,  Bessie  Maud. 

xii.  George  Provost,  b.  1812,  d.  1882,  m.  Phebe  Young  :  Ch. :  1,  James 
Edward  ;  2,  Ann  Amelia,  m.  Jacob  Boehner  ;  3,  Margaret  Jane, 
m.  Alfred  Bent  ;  4,  Agnes  Emma,  m.  Albert  D.  Munroe  ;  5,  Wil- 
liam Young,  m.  Mary  Ann  Ley  ;  6,  Elizabeth  Cordelia  Lawrence, 
m.  John  B.  Gesner  ;  7,  Horatio  Nelson,  m.  (1st)  Anna  Boop  (no 
issue),  (2nd)  Margaret  Bent  ;  8,  George  Rawlings,  m.  Amazetta 
Hazelwood  ;  9,  Armanilla,  m.  Sylvester  Bent  ;  10,  Maria  R.,  m. 
Norman  Roop  ;  11,  Abraham  Van  D.,  d.  unm. ;  12,  Seth  Leonard, 
d.  unm. ;  13,  John  Henry,  in.  Floretta  Hawke. 

GILLIATT.  WILLIAM  GILLIATT  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  1738,  came  to 
Granville  about  1774,  and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Granville,  on  which  the 
homestead  is  still  occupied  by  his  descendants.  He  married  in  England 
Rebecca  Appleby,  born  1743,  and  had  children  (of  whom  perhaps  three 
were  born  in  England)  : 

i.     Elizabeth,  b.  1769,  m.  Isaac  Foster. 

ii.  William,  b.  1771,  m.  1801,  Lydia  Potter  :  Ch. :  1,  Susanna,  b.  1802, 
m.  William  Henry  Shipley  ;  2,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1805,  m.  William 
Franklin  Potter  ;  3,  Joseph,  b.  1807,  m.  Keziah  Witherspoon  ; 

4,  Rebecca,  b.  1809,  m.  (1st)  Walter  Willett,  (2nd)  Samuel  Hall  ; 

5,  David,  b.  1811,  m.  Mary  Ann  Hardwick  ;  6,  Israel,  b.  1813,  m. 
Sarah  Potter  ;  7,  William  Allen,  b.    1815,   m.   Olivia  Phinney  ; 
8,  James,  b.  1817,  m.  Jerusha  Kinsman. 

iii.      Mary,  b.  1773,  m.  John  Wheelock. 

iv.     Rebecca,  b.  1774,  m.  Douwe  Amberman.f 

v.     Ann,  b.  1776,  m.  Thomas  Hamilton, 
vi.     John,  b.  1778,  m.  Susan  Potter:  Ch.:  1,  Eliza,  m. ;  2,  Esther,  m. ; 

3,  Ann,  m.;   4,   Harriet,  m.   Nelson  Miller;    5,  John,  m.  Sabina 
Benson  ;  6,  Edmund,   m.    Susan    Dunn  ;    7,    Warren,   d.    unm. ; 
8,   James,  d.   unm. 

vii.     Catharine,  b.  1780,  m.  James  Van  Blarcom. 

viii.     Thomas,  b.  1782,    m.  Catharine   Webber  :  Ch. :  1,   James,   m.  Mar- 
garet Anderson;  2,  William,   m.   Susan   Starr;  3,  Jeremiah,  m.; 

4,  Thomas  Henry,   m.    (1st)  Zipporah  Foster,  (2nd)   Mary  Ann 
Corbitt  ;  5,   Catharine  m.    Silas   Potter  ;  6,  Mary  Magdalen,  m. 
Josiah  J.  Ruggles  ;  7,  Christopher,  m.  Mary  Ann  Potter. 

ix.     Hannah,  b.  1784. 
x.     Sarah,  b.  1786,  m.  Stephen  Parker. 

f  Douwe  Amberman,  b.  in  the  old  colony  of  New  York,  of  Dutch  or  German 
origin,  came  to  Granville  probably  with  father  and  brothers,  Loyalists:  Ch. :  1, 
Mary  Ann,  b.  1801  ;  2,  William,  b.  1803  ;  3,  Paul,  b.  1805  ;  4,  Jane,  m.  Robert 
Mills  (son  of  William);  5,  Sarah  A.,  b.  1807  ;  8,  Douwe,  m.  Elizabeth  Letteney 
(dau.  of  William) ;  9,  Catharine,  b.  1811  ;  10,  David,  b.  1813  ;  11,  John,  b.  1816. 


GILLIATT — GOUCHER.  517 

xi.  Michael  b.  1789,  m.  1810,  Amelia  Parker:  Ch.:  1,  Rebecca  Ann, 
b.  1810,  m.  John  Oliver;  2,  William,  b.  1813,  m.  Margaret 
Parker  ;  3,  John  Wesley,  b.  1816,  m.  Louisa  Banks  ;  4,  James, 
b.  1819,  m.  (1st)  Susan  Spurr,  (2nd)  Martha  Chute  (no  issue)  ;  5, 
Edmund,  b.  1823*  m.  Amoret  Chute  ;  6,  George,  b.  1826,  m. 
Sophia  Zwicker. 


GOUCHER.  EDWARD  and  STEPHEN  GOUCHER  came  to  the  county  in 
1783.  They  may  have  been  sons  or  brothers  of  the  Joseph  Goucher,  a 
Loyalist,  who  was  a  grantee  of  St.  John  at  the  same  period.  Stephen 
named  a  son  Joseph.  STEPHEN  GOUCHER,  b.  1762,  m.  1785,  Mary  Gage, 
b.  1764,  d.  1848.  Children: 

i.  William,  b.  1785,  m.  Mehitable  Crocker  :  Ch. :  1,  Susan,  m.  Jacob 
Jewet  ;  2,  Mary,  m.  John  Brown;  3,  Wesley,  d.  unm. ;  4, 
Rebecca,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Lindley,  d.  unm. ;  6,  John,  d.  unm. ;  7, 
James,  m.  Maria  Weaver  ;  8,  Phebe,  m.  Daniel  Ward  ;  9,  Maria, 
in.  Robert  Early  ;  10,  David,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  McGranaham, 
(2nd)  Bertha  Graves  ;  11,  Alpheus,  m.  Rachel  Marshall  ;  12, 
Wesley,  m.  Maggie  Wilkins. 

ii.     Edward,   b.   1787,   m.   Mary  Baker  :    Ch. :  1,   Lovicia  ;    2,  Reis,   m. . 
(1st)    Flannagan,    (2nd)    Elizabeth    Woodbury  ;    3,    Seraph,    m. 
Leason  Baker  ;    4,  Elizabeth,  m.   Dimock    Banks  ;    5,   Ann,    m. 
Samuel  L.  Tilley. 

iii.  Joseph,  b.  1789,  m.  Caroline  Gates  (dau.  of  John):  Ch. :  1,  Eliza- 
beth, m.  William  Stephenson  ;  2,  Dimock,  m.  Martha  Saunders  ; 

3,  Rosanna,   m.  John  Welsh,   of  Digby  ;  4,  Henry,  m.  Margaret 
Parker  ;    5,    Rev.    John,    m.   Angelina   Marshall  ;    6,    Mary,    m. 
Silvanus  Mimroe  ;  7,  Inglis,  m.  Ella  Tilley. 

iv.  Mahley,  b.  1791,  m.  Susan  Randall  :  Ch.:  1,  Ambrose,  m.  (1st) 
Amanda  Palmer,  (2nd)  Mary  Tilley  ;  2,  George,  m.  (1st)  Augusta 
Nichols,  (2nd)  Lavinia  Nichols  ;  3,  Sidney,  m.  Fannie  Goucher  ; 

4,  James,  m.  Abigail  Parker  ;  5,    Charles,  m.  Edna  Burkett  (no 
issue);  6,  Sarah  Jane,  m.  Samuel  Patterson  ;  7,  Lavinia,  m.  Job 
Randall ;    8,   Sophia,  d.  unm. ;  9,    Margaret,  d.  unm.;  10,  — ,  d. 
unm. 

v.     David,  b.  1793,  m.  Mary  Ann  Gage  :    Ch.  :    1,    Phebe,   m.  James 
Upton  ;    2,  Charles,  m.  Bessie  Perkins  ;    3,   Fannie,  m.   Sidney 
Goucher  ;  4,  George,  m.  Anna  White  ;  5,  Frederic,  d.  unm. 
vi.     John,  m.  Diadama  Wiggins, 
vii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1797,  m.  Benjamin  Gates. 
viii.     Hannah,  b.  1799,  m.  William  McKenna. 
ix.     Phebe,  b.  1802,  m.  John  Simmons. 


EDWARD  GOUCHER,  married  Hannah  Wilson,  and  had  children : 

i.     Rebecca,  m.  (1st)  George  Starratt,  (2nd)  William  Phinney. 

ii.     Mary,  m.  James  Armstrong. 

iii.  John,  m.  (1st)  Nanoy  Grimes,  (2nd)  Nancy  Grimes,  her  niece  : 
Ch.:  1,  — ,  d.  unm.;  2,  Rev.  Walter,  m.  Sarah  Saunders;  3, 
Hannah,  d.  unm.;  4,  William,  m.  (1st)  Phebe  Swallow,  (2nd) 
Sophia  Ocker  ;  5,  Rev.  John,  m.  —  (lives  in  England,  where  he  is 
rector  of  a  parish) ;  6,  Rebecca,  m.  Peter  Margeson  ;  7,  James, 
m.  Elizabeth  Durland  ;  8,  Mary  Ann,  m.  Silas  Margeson  ;  9, 
Hugh  Parker,  m.  Mary  Trask. 


518  HALL. 

HALL.  1.  JOHN  HALL  came  here  in  1760  with  his  brother  Zechariah, 
from  Medford,  Mass.,  and  settled  in  Lower  Granville.  (See  memoir,  page 
336.)  He  was  descended  from  Nathaniel  Hall,  who  came  from  England 
to  Dorchester,  Mass.,  in  1634,  through  his  son  John,  who  was  born  in 
1626,  m.  April  2,  1656,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Percival  and  Ellen  Greer, 
and  was  "select-man"  of  Medford  in  1690;  and  grandson  John,  b. 
Dec.  13,  1660,  who  in.  Jemima,  dau.  of  Joseph  Sill  ;  and  great-grandson 
John,  who  was  born  1690,  and  m.  1720,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Timothy 
Walker;  was  a  representative,  had  9  other  children,  and  d.  Aug.  8,  1746. 
One  of  his  children,  b.  1730,  d.  in  Boston,  1792,  m.  Abigail  Brooks,  may 
have  been  the  Joseph  whose  name  is  in  the  capitation  tax  list  of  Annap- 
olis in  1792.  John,  fourth  of  the  name  in  lineal  order,  was  born  1720, 
and  m.  (1st)  1746,  Mary  Keizer,  who  died  1782,  aged  62,  (2nd)  about 
1790,  Mary  Kelley,  widow  of  James  Delap,  and  died  1792.  Children  : 

(2)  i.     John,  b.  July  24,  1747. 

ii.  Henry,  b.  June  29,  1749,  d.  1841,  unm. 

iii.  Moses,  b.  Nov.  28,  1750,  m.  Martha  Sprague. 

iv.  Aaron,  b.  1752.     These  two  did  not  come  to  Nova  Scotia. 

v.  Mary,  b.  1755,  d.  1757. 

vi.  Lucy,  b.  1757,  m.  George  Wooster. 

vii.  Samuel,  b.  1759,  d.  1760. 

viii.  Elizabeth,  b.  1761,  in  N.S.,  m.  Capt.  Henry  Harris,  Bear  River. 

(3)  ix.  James,  b.  1764. 

(4)  x.     Samuel,  b.  1767. 

Perhaps  David  Hall,  b.  May  30,  1746,  and  Thomas,  b.  Aug.  14,  1748, 
were  also  of  this  family. 

2.  JOHN  HALL  was  born  July  24,  1747,  and  in  1773  m.  Elizabeth, 
dau.  of  William  Pritchard,  and  lived  in  Granville.  Children  : 

i.     John- Taylor,  b.  1774,  d.  young. 
Mary,  b.  1776,  d.  1779. 
Elizabeth,  b.  1778,  d.  1800. 
Atalanta,  b.  1780,  m.  William  Porter, 
v.     William,  b.  1783,  d.  young. 
vi.     Joseph  Cossins,  b.  1785,  m.  (1st)  Hannah  Shafner,   (2nd)  Deborah 

Calkins  :  Ch. :  1,  John,   m.  Catherine  Longley  ;    2,   Hannah,  m. 

William  Henry  Munroe  ;    (by  2nd   wife) :    3,   Ann,   m.   Ryder ; 

4,  Margaret,  m.  Asa  Porter  ;  5,  Eliza,  m.  John  Croscup. 
'ii.     George  Wooster,  b.    1785  (twin*),   m.  'Elizabeth,   dau.   of   Joseph 

Thomas  :    Ch. :  1,   Sarah,   m.   Daniel  Kennedy  ;  2,   Elizabeth,  m. 

William  Blaney ;  3,    Martha,  m.  Andrew  Randall  ;  4,  Joseph,  m. 

(1st)   Priscilla   Gushing,    (2nd)     Abigail     Young,    ne'e   Litch  ;    5, 

Armanilla,    d.   unm  ;     6,   George,    d     unm.   ;  7,   Mary  Ann,   m. 

Isaac  Vroom. 
iii.     Moses,  b.  1787,  m.  Sybil,  dau.  of  James  Thome  :  Ch. :  Elizabeth  P., 

b.  1831,  m.  John  H.  Foster. 
x.  Thomas,  b.  1790,  d.  1856,  unm. 
x.  Sarah,  m.  (1st)  Daniel,  son  of  Andreas  Bohaker,  d.  1812,  (2nd) 

John  Croscup. 

xi.     Lucy,  m.  Daniel  Croscup. 
[ii.     Martha,  m  George  Croscup. 

St.  Luke's  church  record  has  "  twins  of  John  Hall,  bpd.  July  1,  1798." 


HALL.  519 

: 

3.  JAMES  HALL  was  born  in  1764,  and  m.  (1st)  1790,  Havilah  Shaw, 
(2nd)  1816,  Mary  Delap;  was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  in  1807. 
Mr.  Millidge,  Gustos  of  the  County,  in  a  report  to  the  Governor,  advised 
against  Mr.  Hall's  appointment  as  a  magistrate  on  account  of  his  alleged 
democratic  principles,   and  because  he  was  a  "Newlight."     The  loyalty 
of  these  seceders  from  old  Congregationalism  was  suspected.     He  died  in 
1846.     Children^ 

i.  Mary  Keizer,  b.  1791,  m.  Samuel,  son  of  John  Morehouse. 
ii.  David  Shaw,  b.  1793,  m.  (1st)  Catherine  Wade,  (2nd)  Susan  Hall, 
nee  Reed,  (3rd)  Mrs.  Lawrence  :  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth  Ann,  b.  1816, 
m.  J.  Fletcher  Bath,  J.P.;  2,  James  Henry,  b.  1820,  m.  (1st) 
1842,  Mary  S.  Cutler  ;  3,  Edward  Fellows,  b,  1822,  m.  Jerusha 
Tupper  ;  4,  David  Reid,  b.  1828,  d.  1833  ;  5,  Mary  Jane,  b.  1832. 

iii.  James  Harris,  b.  1795,  m.  Jane,  dau.  of  James  Thorn  :  Ch. :  1, 
James,  b.  1823,  m.  Ann  W.  DeForest ;  2,  David  Harris,  b.  1824, 
m.  Susan  Mary  Gove  ;  3,  Stephen  S.,  b.  1826,  m.  Havilah  Shaw 
Fellows  ;  4,  Havilah,  b.  1828,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Annie  Maria,  b.  1830, 
m.  George  DeForest. 

iv.     Mehitable  Patten,  b.  1797,  m.  Stephen  Sneden  Thome,  M.P.P. 
v.     Elizabeth  Catharine,  b.  1799,  m.  James  Delap,  M.P.P. 

vi.     Ann  Phinney,  b.  1800,  m.  Israel  Fellows. 

vii.     Thomas  Harris,  b.  1802,  m.  Susanna  Reid  :  Ch. :  1,  Lucy,  m.  Robert 

Mills,  J.P. ;  and  others. 

viii.  Lawrence,  b.  1804,  m.  1828,  Ann  Eliza  Eaton  :  Ch. :  1,  Edward  H., 
b.  1829,  m.  Caroline  Hall,  d.  1884  ;  2,  Mary  Eliza,  b.  1830,  d. 
1833  ;  3,  Harris,  b.  1832,  m.  Bathia  Mechie,  d.  1858  ;  4,  Law- 
rence, b.  1835,  m.  twice,  ;  5,  Jacob,  b.  1837,  d.  1838  ;  6,  Jacob  V., 
b.  1839,  d.  1850  ;  7,  Charles  W.,  b.  1841,  m.  Eliza  Wing,  d.  1877  ; 
8,  Samuel,  b.  1844,  m.  Alice,  dau.  of  Tarbell  Wheelock  ;  7,  Mary 
Ann,  b.  1847,  m.  George  Hoyt. 

ix.  Zebina,  b.  1807,  m.  Sarah  Harris  (dau.  of  Alpheus):  Ch. :  1,  Zebina 
S.,  m.  Georgina  Carlisle  ;  2,  Alpheus  Harris,  m.  Sarah  Banks 
(Newfoundland);  3,  Havilah,  m.  David  Bath;  4,  Lucille,  m. 
Henry  Fairweather  ;  5,  Henry,  d.  unm. ;  6,  Elvidge,  d.  unm. ;  7, 
Stephen,  m.  Elizabeth  Macdonald  ;  8,  William,  m.  Sophia  Duncan. 

x.  William  Henry,  b.  1809,  m.  Ann  Robblee  :  Ch.:  1,  Moses  Shaw, 
m.  Frances ;  2,  Thomas  Harris,  m.  Emma  Kate  Estabrooks. 

xi.  Joseph  Reid,  b.  1812,  m.  Susan  Robblee:  Ch.:  1,  Mary  Havilah, 
m.  William  Smith  ;  2,  Susan,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Hannah  Jane,  m. 
George  W.  Mills  ;  4,  James  Reid,  m.  Elizabeth  Pritchard  Hall  ; 
5,  Laura  Judson,  m.  Nelson  Lutz. 

xii.     Samuel,  b.  1815,  m.  Louisa  Hall:    Ch.:    1,   Mary  Ann,  m.  Weston 
A.  Fowler. 
By  second  wife  : 

xiii.     Joseph,  b.  1819,  m.  Phebe  Shaw. 
xiv.     Havilah,  b.  1826,  d.  young. 

4.  SAMUEL  HALL,  b.  1767,  m.  1791,  Ruth  Hicks  (dau.  of  John),  who 
was  born  1765,  d.  1856.     Children  : 

i.  Weston,  b.  1792,  m.  1816,  Sarah,  dau.  of  James  Delap:  Ch.:  1, 
Elizabeth,  b.  1818,  m.  Robert  Foster ;  2,  Louisa  Jane,  b.  1821, 
m.  (1st)  Samuel  Hall,  (2nd)  Daniel  Clark  ;  3,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1824, 
m.  Stephen  Eaton  ;  4,  James  Weston,  b.  1829,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Ruth, 
b.  1833,  m.  William  Winchester. 


520  HALL — HARDWICK. 

ii.  Hannah,  b.  1794,  m.  (1st)  Robert,  son  of  James  Delap,  (2nd)  Robert 
Randall. 

iii.  Henry,  b.  1795,  m.  Nancy,  dau.  of  James  Eaton  :  Ch. :  1,  Lucy  Ann, 
b  1826,  m.  Joseph  Robblee  ;  2,  Stephen,  b.  1829,  d.  unm.;  3, 
Watson,  d.  unm.;  4,  Moses,  b.  1831,  in.  Frances  Murphy;  5, 
Caroline,  b.  1835,  m.  David  Delap  ;  6,  Henry,  b.  1837,  m.  Eliza- 
beth Fowler  ;  7,  Edward,  d.  unm.;  8,  John,  d.  unm.;  9,  Hannah, 
m.  Stephen  Blaney. 

iv.     Nancy,  b.  1796,  m.  Thomas  Young. 

v.     Phebe,  b.  1798,  m.  James,  son  of  Sylvester  Wade. 

vi.     Samuel,  b.  1800,  m.  1825,  Temperance  Delap  (no  issue). 
vii.     John,  b.  1802,  d.  Oct.,  1867,  unm. 
viii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1804,  d.  1809. 

ix.     Elizabeth  Ruth,  b.  1809,  m.  Edward  Eaton,  J.P. 

JOHN  HALL,  progenitor  of  another  family  of  the  name,  was  a  native  of 
the  city  of  Bristol,  England.  He  resided  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
county  before  1790.  In  1793  he  married  Nancy,  daughter  of  the  then 
late  Lieut.-Col.  Henry  Munroe,  and  settled  on  the  North  Mountain,  near 
the  line  between  Wilmot  and  Granville.  Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  1795,  m.  1817,  Eleanor  Clark  :  Ch.:  1,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1819, 
d.  unm.;  2,  Mary  Matilda,  b.  1821,  m.  Eleazer  Woodworth  ;  3, 
David,  b.  1823,  m.  Ann  Foster  ;  4,  Eleanor,  b.  1825,  m.  William 
Lawrence  ;  5,  John  Allen,  b.  1827,  d.  1829  ;  6,  Eliza,  b.  1829,  m. 
Charles  Hogan  ;  7,  Elizabeth,  b.  1832,  unm. ;  8,  William  Clark, 
d.  unm.;  9,  Uriah,  m.  Julia  M.  Graves. 

ii.  James,  b.  1797,  m.  1820,  Mary  Brown  (dau.  of  George)  :  Ch. :  1, 
Peter,  b.  1820,  m.  Almira  Brown  ;  2,  Elizi,  b.  1822,  m.  Dewitt  ;  3, 
George,  b.  1823,  m.  Eliza  Jane  Johnston  ;  4,  Charles  H.,  b.  1825, 
m.  (1st)  Louisa  Roach,  (2nd)  Jane  Messenger  ;  5,  Hezekiah,  b. 
1827,  m.  Lorena  Gates  ;  G,  Thorn-is,  b.  1829,  m.  (1st)  Lizzie 
Whitney,  (2nd)  Mary  Wyman  ;  7,  Charlotte,  b.  1831,  m.  Solomon 
Chute  ;  8,  Susan,  b.  1832,  in.  George  W.  Wilson  ;  9.  Sarah  Lavinia, 
b.  1833,  m.  Robert  Early  ;  10,  Mary  Matilda,  b.  1836,  m.  George 
W.  Wilson  ;  11,  James,  m.  Barbara  Easson  ;  12,  Samantha,  d. 
unm. 

iii.  Henry,  b.  1799,  m.  Seraphina  Brown:  Ch. :  1,  Charles  Wesley,  m. 
(1st)  Sarah  Beardsley,  (2nd)  Harriet  Snow  ;  2,  Susanna,  m.  David 
Hamilton  ;  3,  John  H.,  m.  Naomi  Ogilby  ;  4,  Rev.  William  E., 
m.  Margaret  Bass  (dau.  of  George). 

iv.  William,  b.  1801,  m.  Mary  Farnsworth  :  Ch. :  1,  Solomon,  m.  Mary 
Jane  Fisher;  2,  Manning,  d.  unm. ;  3,  John  W.  (in  Australia); 
4,  Mary  Eliza,  m.  Samuel  Haines  ;  5,  Jacob  Reis,  m.  Armanilla 
Reagh  ;  6,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  Elkana  Bowlby^  7,  William,  unm. ;  8, 
Joshua  C.,  d.  unm.;  9,  George,  d.  unm.;  10,  George,  d.  unm. 

Mary,  b.  1803,  m.  William  Cropley. 

Charlotte,  b.  1805,  m.  Joseph  Hoffman. 

Ann,  b.  1807,  m.  Peter  Margeson. 

HARDWICK.  The  oldest  census  returns  for  the  township  of  Annapolis, 
those  for  1767,  state  the  household  of  Heinrich  or  Henry  Hard  wick  to 
consist  of  five  members,  of  whom  two  were  of  foreign  birth.  (I  should 
have  taken  Hardwick  for  a  purely  English  name,  but  if  the  Christian 
name  was  spelt  Heinrich,  it  must  have  been  in  this  instance  German ; 


HARDWICK — HARRIS.  521 

especially  if  "  foreign,"  was  meant  to  indicate  that  they  were  born  outside 
the  King's  dominions,  and  not  merely  outside  the  Province.  Harttman, 
the  maiden  name  of  his  wife,  is  certainly  German. — ED.)  He  obtained 
lands  probably  within  the  limits  of  the  banlieue,  and  soon  became  a 
prosperous  farmer.  Children : 

i.  Henry,  m.  1798,  Ann  Berteaux  :  Ch. :  1,  Ann,  b,  1799,  m.  John 
Lockwood  ;  2,  Thomas,  b.  1800,  d.  unm.;  3,  William  Henry,  b. 
1802,  m.  Barbara  Easson  ;  4,  Edward,  b.  1804,  m.  (1st)  Jane 
Dickie,  (2nd)  Hannah  Marshall ;  5,  James,  b.  1806,  m.  (1st) 
Rebecca  Dickie,  (2nd)  Olivia  Fellows,  (3rd)  Rebecca  McLatchy  ; 
6,  Louisa,  b.  1808,  m.  Nathan  Tupper  ;  7,  Alexander,  b.  1810,  m. 
Harriet  Troop  ;  8,  George,  b.  1813,  m.  Susan,  dau.  of  Andrew 
Henderson  ;  9,  Charlotte,  b.  1815,  m.  William  Bent ;  10,  Mary 
Jane,  b.  1820,  m.  George,  son  of  Andrew  Henderson, 
ii.  Frederic,  m.  1801,  Sarah  Easson  :  Ch. :  1,  Catharine,  b.  1802,  d. 
uivi).;  2,  Christina,  b.  1804,  m.  William  Whitman;  3,  Bethiah, 
b.  1807,  d.  unm. ;  4,  William,  b.  1809,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Simpson, 
(2nd)  Charlotte  Fairn  ;  5,  Henry  Petre,  b.  1811,  m.  Maria  Fleet  ; 
6,  Andrew  Bierdman,  b.  1813,  m.  Caroline  Whitman  ;  7,  Hen- 
rietta, b.  1815,  m.  David  Fitzrandolph  ;  8,  Frederic,  b,  1817, 
unm.;  9,  James,  b,  1819,  m.  Sarah  Coleman,  nee  Brown; 
10,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1821,  m.  David  Gilliatt ;  11,  Alfred,  b.  1821, 
m.  Mary  Eliza  Potter  ;  12,  Edmund,  b.  1823,  m.  Mary  Elizabeth 
Hardwick. 

iii.  John,  m.  Mary  Balcom  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary,  m.  William  Berteaux  ; 
2,  Elizabeth,  m.  Elias  Bent  ;  3,  Henry,  m.  1825,  Eliza  Easson  ; 
4,  Josiah,  m.  Henrietta  Starratt ;  5,  John,  m.  Jane  Neily,  nee 
Burchill ;  6,  Susan,  m.  Jacob  Starratt ;  7,  James,  m.  Susan 
Starratt. 

iv.     Lucretia,  m.  John  Kent, 
v.     Mary,  m.  Zara  Kent. 

HARRIS.  Three  families  of  Harris  settled  in  Annapolis  County  dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  the  last  century.  1,  JOHN  HARRIS,  the  progenitor 
of  the  oldest  of  these  families,  came  before  1755.  According  to  the 
memoir  of  John  Harris,  M.P.P.,  Thomas,  one  of  his  sons,  was  Adjutant 
of  Militia  in  1776,  during  the  threatened  invasion  of  that  and  the 
following  year,  and  John,  another  son,  was  a  Deputy  Crown  Land 
Surveyor  from  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists.  He  was  married 
in,  or  before,  1752,  and  had  sons  : 

(2)  i.     Thomas,  b.  probably  1753. 

(3)  ii.     John,  jun. 

(4)  iii.     Henry,  b.  1757. 

2.  THOMAS  HARRIS,  born  probably  1753,  may  have  been  the  second 
but  probably  the  eldest  son  of  John,  sen.  He  married  about  1775,  Mary 
LeCain,  and  had  children  : 

i.  Capt.  John,  b.  1775,  or  1776,  m.  1799,  Mary  Shaw  :  Ch. :  1,  Thomas 
(lived  in  Eastport)  ;  2,  Henry,  d.  (at  sea)  unm. ;  3,  Nelson,  d.  (at 
sea)  unm. ;  4,  Charles  B. ,  d.  (in  Ontario)  ;  5,  John  McNamara,  m. 


522  HARRIS, 

Diadama   McDormand  ;  6,    Moses,   m.    (1st)  Rachel  Rice,    (2nd 
Sophia  Rice  ;  7,  Isaiah,  d.  unm. ;  8,  Mary,  m.  George  Ryerson  ; 

9,  Susan,  d.  unm. 

ii.     Thomas,  b.  1777,  d.  (abroad)  unm. 

3.  JOHN  HARRIS,  JUN.,  date  of  birth  unknown,  but  a  John  Harris, 
according  to  the  church  records,  was  buried  Sept.  5,  1822,  aged  70.  He 
married  (1st)  Maria  Dunn,  (2nd)  Mary  De  Lancey.  Children  : 

By  first  wife  : 

i.     Henry,  b.  1780,  d.  1797. 
ii.     Polly,  b.  1781,  m.  John  Bent, 
iii.     Sarah,  b.  1786,  bpd.  April  7,  1787,  d.  1808. 
iv.     John,  b;  1786,  d.  1808. 

v.  George,  b,  1788,  m.  Sarah  Parker:  Ch.:  1,  Stephen,  m.  Catharine 
Potter  ;  2,  Lydia,  m.  (1st)  Israel  Chute,  (2nd)  Alexander  Ross  ; 
3,  John,  m.  Mary  A.  Balcom  (dau.  of  Henry)  ;  4,  Sarah  Ann,  m. 
William  Miller  ;  5,  Elizabeth,  m.  William  Henry  Balcom  ; 
6.  George  H.,  m.  (1st)  Lovicia  Balcom,  (2nd)  Harriet  Parker, 
(3rd)  Mary  Parker  ;  7,  Mary,  m.  Caleb  S.  Phinney  ;  8,  David,  m. 
Angelina  Troop  ;  9,  Alden,  m.  Sophia  Allison, 
vi.  Letitia,  b.  1790,  d.  1790. 

By  second  wife  : 

vii.     Charlotte,  b.  1792,  m.  William  Davis. 
viii.     Mary  Ann,  b.  1794,  d.  1797. 
ix.     Ann  Seabury,  b.  1796,  d.  1798. 

x.  James  DeLancey,  b.  1799,  d.  Dec.,  1832,  m.  Mary  Woodbury  (who 
after  his  death  m.  Wm.  B.  Perkins) :  Ch. :  1,  Isabel,  b.  1822,  m. 
J.  Millidge  Harris  ;  2,  Charlotte,  b.  1824,  m.  Robert  Longley  ; 

3,  DeLancey,  b.  1827,  m.  Mehitable  Walker  ;  4,  Mary  W.,b.  1829, 
m.  Cory  Odell  ;  7,  James  Bonnett,  m.  Ann  Eliza  Pitman. 

4.  HENRY  HARRIS,  b.  1757,  m.  1783,  Elizabeth  Hall  (dau.  of  John), 
and  probably  inherited  the  homestead.  Children  : 

i.     Mary,  b.  1784,  m.  Edward  Morgan. 

ii.  Joseph  Hall,  b.  1785,  bpd.  Dec.  12,  m.  Elizabeth  Clark:  Ch.: 
1,  Richard,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Brennan  ;  2,  William  Henry,  m.  (1st) 
Rachel  Beals,  (2nd)  Arnoret  Banks  ;  3,  Mary,  m.  Isaac  Beals  ; 

4,  Henrietta,  m.  William  H.  Dunn  ;  5,  Elizabeth  Jane,   m.  (1st) 
Elizabeth  Turnbull,  (2nd)  David  Rice  ;  6,  Louisa,  m.  Edmund  E. 
Johnston  ;  7,  Abigail,  m.  Israel  McFadden. 

iii.  James,  b.  1787,  m.  (1st)  Maria  Clarke,  (2nd)  Sarah  Green  :  Ch. : 
1,  Edward,  m.  (1st)  Maria  Lumley,  (2nd)  Sarah  —  ;  2,  Nancy,  m. 
Elisha  Woodbury  ;  3,  Louisa,  m.  Joseph  Godfrey  ;  4,  Harriet, 
m.  William  Grouse  ;  5,  Sutcliffe,  m.  Rebecca  Pitman  ;  6,  Matilda, 
m.  George  A.  Purdy  ;  7,  Susan,  m.  Richard  Clark  ;  (by  2nd  wife) : 
8,  Isaac  Seth,  d.  unm. ;  9,  Albert,  m.  Frances  M.  Ryerson  ; 

10,  Leah,  m.   William  F.  Rice  ;  11,  Robert,  d.  unm  ;  12,   Emma, 
m.  Silas  Parker. 

iv.  William  Henry,  b.  1788,  bpd.  Sept.  7,  m.  (1st),  1810,  Hannah 
Hetrick,  (2nd),  1829,  Ann  Pine  :  Ch.:  1,  Samuel  Andrew,  b.  1811, 
m.  April  30,  1834,  Eliza  Rice  ;  2,  Elijah,  b.  1813,  m.  Mary 
Grouse  ;  3,  Thomas,  b.  1814,  m.  (1st)  Keziah  Troop,  (2nd) 
Angelina  Oakes,  nee  Kempton  ;  4,  John  Millidge,  b.  1824,  m. 
Isabel  Harris  (no  issue)  ;  5,  Hannah,  b.  1826,  m.  John  Troop  (no 
issue);  6,  Wallace,  b.  1828,  m.  Sophia  .Reed  ;  7,  Eliza  Ann,  m. 
Henry  Copeland. 


HARRIS.  523 

v.  Samuel,  b.  1790,  m.  Debby  Ann  McAlister  (in  Ontario), 

vi.  Elizabeth,  b.  1792,  bpd.  Jan.  17,  1793,  m.  John  Carty. 

vii.  John    Vankirk,    b.    1794,    bpd.    Sept.    14,    m.    Jane   Holmes   (in 

Ontario). 

viii.  Lucy,  b.  1796,  m.  Robert  Ludlow  Harris, 

ix.  Amelia,  b.  1798,  d.  unm. 

x.  Ann,  b.  1801,  m.  Abraham  Spurr. 

SAMUEL  HARRIS  came  to  Annapolis  in  1760  or  1761.  He  had  married 
in  1755,  Mary  Cook,  daughter  of  Caleb  Cook,  descendant  of  Francis 
Cook  of  the  Mayflower,  and  was  himself  a  great-grandson  of  Arthur 
Harris,  who  came  from  Plymouth,  Devonshire,  England,  to  New  England, 
and  was  of  Duxbury,  Mass.,  in  1640,  and  one  of  the  original  proprietors 
of  Bridgewater,  and  first  settlers  of  West  Bridgewater,  1652.  Arthur's 
son  Isaac,  born  about  1644,  married  Mercy,  daughter  of  Robert  Latham. 
Mercy  Latham's  mother  was  Susannah,  daughter  of  John  Winslow,  and 
granddaughter  of  Mary  Chilton,  who,  according  to  tradition,  was  the 
first  person  to  land  on  "  Plymouth  Rock."  Isaac  had  a  son  Samuel,  born 
about  1669,  who  married,  in  1710,  Abigail  Harden.  Their  son  Samuel, 
born  in  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  1728,  moved  to  Plympton,  thence  to  Boston, 
thence  to  Nova  Scotia,  with  wife  and  three  children.  More  than  fifty 
years  afterwards  his  eldest  son  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Provincial 
Parliament  for  the  township  of  Annapolis.  (See  his  memoirs.)  Other 
descendants  have  kept  up  the  honours  of  the  name.  John  S.  Harris, 
founder  of  the  great  iron  foundry  and  car  factory  of  Harris  &  Allan, 
St.  John,  N.B. ;  Michael  S.  Harris  and  his  sons,  prominent  merchants  at 
Moncton,  N.B.,  and  one  leading  lawyer,  one  leading  clergyman,  and  one 
able  physician  in  this  province  testify  to  the  far-reaching  importance  of 
the  migration  to  Annapolis  County  of  Samuel  Harris.  Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  1758,  m.  (1st)  Oct.  30,  1785,  Abigail,  dau.  of  Michael 
Spurr,  (2nd)  Aug.  3,  1806,  Anna,  dau.  of  William  Letteney  : 
Ch. :  1,  Sarah,  b.  Aug.  20,  1786,  m.  Robert  Jefferson,  jun. ; 
2,  John  Spurr,  b.  Dec.  23,  1787,*  m.  Jan.  27,  1814,  Christina, 
dau.  of  John  Conrad  Heterick  ;  3,  Josiah,  b.  Dec.  24,  1789,  d. 
Sept.  22,  1808  ;  4,  Harriet  (or  Henrietta),  b.  Dec.  27,  1791,  m. 
Edmund  Ward  Johnson,  of  Digby  County  ;  5,  George,  m.  (1st) 
June  25,  1819,  Elizabeth  Whitman,  (2nd)  Anna  Purdy  (no  issue)  ; 
6,  Arzarehah  Morse,  b.  Feb.  13,  1796,  m.  Anna  Vaughan,  Provi- 
dence, R.I.,  d.  in  Boston  ;  7,  Anna,  b.  Feb.  25,  1798,  m.  (1st) 
Asaph  Whitman,  (2nd)  John  Whitman  ;  8,  Horatio  Nelson,  b. 
April  20,  1800,  m.  Ann  Maria  Robinson  ;  9,  Caroline  (twin  of 
H.  Nelson),  m.  Spinney  Whitman  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  10,  Evans,  b. 
1807,  d.  1807  ;  11,  Sidney  Smith,  b.  Dec.  8,  1808,  m.  about  1834, 
Sarah  Allen  ;  12,  Arthur  William,  b.  Jan.  7,  1810,  m.  Oct.  22, 
1833,  Caroline,  dau.  of  Phineas  Oakes,  J.P.  ;  13,  Alexander,  b. 
March  24,  1813,  m.  Helen  Augusta  Berteaux  ;  14,  Hannah  Eliza, 
b.  Feb.  16,  1815,  m.  Dec.  15,  1834,  Phineas  Lovett  Oakes  ;  15, 
Philip  Richardson,  b.  Jan.  16,  1818,  m.  Oct.  14,  1841,  Charlotte 
A.,  dau.  of  Jasper  Williams. 

*  The  burial  of  a  John  Harris  appears  on  the  church  record,  February  3rd,  1839, 
aged  52. 


524  HARRIS. 

ii.     Lydia,  b.  1759,  m.  1792,  Robert  Laidley. 

iii.  Sylvia,  b.  1760,  in.  John  Wright,  from  Halifax  (had  son,  Stanley, 
whose  descendants  are  in  Digby  County). 

iv.     Sarah,  b.  1761,  m.  Samuel  Hill  (Machias,  Me.). 

v.  Samuel,  b.  April  21,  1763,  d.  Nov.  11,  1834,  m.  Jan.  4,  1798,  Eliza- 
beth Evans  J'efi'erson  (dau.  of  Robert)  :  Ch.:  1,  Elizabeth  J.,  b. 
Dec.  1-2,  1798,  d.  April  25,  1855,  unm. ;  2,  Henry  J.,  b.  Sept.  11, 
1800,  d.  July  27,  1839,  aged  39  ;  3,  Stephen,  b.  1802,  d.  1803;  4," 
Sarah  J.,  b.  Aug.  6,  1804,  d.  June  22,  1846  ;  5,  Mary  A.,  b.  July 
14,  1806,  d.  Nov.  25,  1889  ;  6,  J..siah,  b.  Sept.  19,  1808,  d.  July 
27,  1822  ;  7,  Henrietta,  b.  March  26,  1811,  d.  1896  ;  8,  Robert 
Jefferson,  b.  May  18,  1813,  m.  Rebecca,  dau.  of  Col.  Isaac  Dit- 
mars,  and  grand-niece  of  Governor  Peter  D.  Vroom,  of  New 
Jersey  ;  9,  Samuel,  b.  April  16,  1815,  d.  May  29,  1877  ;  10,  John, 
b.  Feb.  3,  1818,  m.  Aug.  9,  1860,  Sarah,  dau.  of  Richard  W.  Jones, 
of  Wt-ymouth  ;  11,  William,  b.  April  21,  1820,  m.  Phebe  Ann 
Witherspoon ;  held  prominent  positions  in  County  of  Elgin, 
Ontario,  and  he  and  his  wife  were  honoured  by  a  monument 
erected  by  the  citizens  of  lona  and  vicinity  in  that  county. 

vi.  Benjamin,  b.  1764,  m.  Rachel  Balcom(dau.  of  Silas):  Ch.  :  1,  Thomas, 
bpd.  Sept.  23,  1789,  m.  Leaphy,  dau.  of  John  Roop  ;  2,  Sylvia, 
m.  Nov.  3,  1825,  James  M.  Potter  ;  3,  Frederic,  b.  about  1797, 
d.  about  1828,  unm.  ;  4,  Christopher  Prince,  b.  about  1800, 
d.  unm.  ;  5,  James  Stanley,  b.  Oct.  25,  1803,  m.  Nov.  8,  1836, 
Louisa  Ann,  dau.  of  Benjamin  Wilson,  of  Dorchester,  N.B.  ; 
6,  Mary  Emma,  in.  —  Elliott. 

vii.  Christopher  Prince,  b.  Aug.  8,  1767,  m.  July  25,  1791,  Elizabeth, 
dau.  of  Abraham  Spurr,  and  lived  on  the  Digby  side  of  Bear 
River:  Ch.  :  1,  Robert  Laidley,  b.  June  9,  1792,  m.  April  25, 
1816,  Lucy  Hall,  dau.  of  Henry  Harris  ;  2,  Mary  Amelia,  b. 
June  25,  1794,  m.  Feb.  19,  1824,  Andrew,  son  of  John  Hennigar  ; 
3,  Jane  Elizabeth,  b.  Dec.  23,  1796,  m.  Jan.  24,  1819,  Joel,  son  of 
Thomas  McDormand  ;  4,  Ann,  b.  Sept.  20,  1799,  m.  Nov.  25, 
1825,  Thomas  P.  Williams,  jun  ;  5,  Eli/a,  b.  Feb.  9,  1802,  d.  Oct. 
19,  1808 ;  6,  Michael  Spurr,  b.  Sept.  22,  1804  (mayor  of  Moncton, 
etc.),  m.  in  Annapolis,  May  11,  1826,  Sarah  Ann,  dau.  of  John 
Troop,  Esq. ;  7,  George  Davis,  b.  May  20,  1808,  m.  July  27,  1832, 
Sophia  H.  M.,  dau.  of  Fred.  Rupert,  St.  John,  N.B.  ;  8,  Edmund 
Reece,  b.  Jan.  23,  1811,  m.  Dec.  23,  1840,  Susan,  dau.  of  Rev. 
Henry  Saunders  ;  9,  Eliza  Maria,  b.  Sept.  7,  1814,  m.  William 
Short,  from  Plymouth,  England  ;  10,  Benjamin  James,  b.  March 
2,  1817,  m.  Sept.  11,  1854,  Susan  Amanda,  dau.  of  James  Potter, 
viii.  Joseph,  twin  of  Christopher  P.,  d.  unm. 

ix.     Josiah,  b.  Aug.,  1770,  d.  unm. 

A  third  family  of  Harrises  sprang  from  JOHN  HARRIS,  a  native  of 
Dublin,  who  was  born  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  entered  the 
army,  attained  the  rank  of  sergeant,  fought  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill, 
and  after  twenty  years'  service,  got  his  discharge  in  Annapolis,  where  his 
company  was  then  stationed,  and  soon  after  married  Elizabeth  Graves, 
of  Granville.  Children  : 

i.     Esther,  m.  John  Burkitt. 

ii.     Charlotte,    m.    (1st)  Richard    Hawkins   (killed  at    the   capture   of 

Castine),  (2nd)  James  Moore, 
iii.     Rachel,  m.  James  Ray. 
iv.     Susan,  m.  Edmund  Morton. 


HARRIS— HA  WKESWORTH — HEALY.  525 

v.     John,  settled  and  married  in  Maine. 

vi.  David,  b.  1800,  m.  Eliza  Brown  :  Ch.  :  1,  John,  m.  Leah  Bowlby  ; 
2,  George,  m.  Mary  Jane  Spinney  ;  3,  William,  m.  Gertrude 
Graves  ;  4,  Fletcher,  d.  unm.  ;  5,  Alonzo,  m.  Mary  Woodbury  ; 

6,  Rachel,  m.   Christopher  McLean  ;  7,  Lavinia,  m.  (1st)  D'Arcy 
Phinney,  (2nd)  Napoleon  Morris ;  8,  Asa,  d.  unm.  ;  9,  Mary  Jane, 
d.  unm  ;  10,  Emma,  d.  unm.  ;  11,  David,  d.  unm. 

vii.  Thomas,  b.  1802,  m.  Mary  Bowlby,  b.  1808 :  Ch.  :  1,  Charlotte, 
d.  unm  ;  2,  Emma,  d.  unm.  ;  3,  James  (abroad);  4,  John,  d.  unm.  ; 
5,  Susan,  m.  James  Phinney  ;  6,  Richard,  m.  Mary  Prime ; 

7,  Harriet,  m.  Ambrose  Miller  ;  8,  William,  m.  Cecilia  Cropley. 
viii.     Eliza,  m.  Joseph  Dodge. 

HAWKESWORTH.  ADAM  HAWKKSWORTH,  born  about  1740  in  Yorkshire, 
came  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1763,  with  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Wedge  wood,  and 
lived  in  Annapolis  and  Digby  counties.  He  died  about  1805.  Children  : 

i.     Hannah,  b.  1764,  m.  James  Smith. 
ii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1765,  m.  Richard  Bowlby. 

iii.  John,  b.  1768,  m.  Sarah  Slocomb  :  Ch.  :  1,  Adam  Hueston,  b.  1795, 
m.  Mary  Slocomb,  3  ch.  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  1799,  m.  Robert 
Douglas  ;  3,  John  Slocomb,  b.  1803,  m.  Ruby  Clark  ;  4,  George, 
b.  1806,  m.  Hannah  Young  ;  5,  Joshua,  b.  1808,  m.  (1st)  Mary 
McCormick  (dau.  of  Daniel),  9  ch.,  (2nd)  Rachel  McCormick  (dau. 
of  John). 

iv.     George,  b.  1773,  m.  Catherine  Zeiglar. 
v.     Sarah,  b.  1775,  m.  Daniel  Durland. 
vi.     Mary,  b.  1777,  m.  Cephas  Welton. 
vii.     Ann,  b.  1782,  m.  —  McBride. 
viii.     Ruby,  b.  1785,  m.  John  Slocomb. 

HEALY.  This  family  comes  from  a  very  ancient  and  eminent  Devon- 
shire stock.  The  name  has  in  some  generations  been  spelt  Hele.  It  is 
entirely  distinct  from  the  Irish  family  of  the  same  name,  although  they 
both  may  have  been  descended  from  a  Norman  ancestor,  one  of  whose 
sons  may  have  settled  in  Ireland.  But  it  is  stated  on  the  authority 
of  so  great  a  genealogist  and  herald  as  Burke,  that  the  family  possessed 
the  manor  of  Heale  or  Hele  in  the  Parish  of  Bradich,  North  Devon, 
long  before  the  Conquest,  hence  the  name,  de  la  Hele.  Burke  assigns  to 
a  family  of  Healy  a  coat  of  arms  very  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  Hele. 
William  Heley,  b.  1613,  was  of  Marshfield,  Mass.,  in  1643,  and  of 
Roxbury  in  1649.  He  was  married  five  times:  (1st)  1643,  Grace  Ives, 
of  Watertown ;  ("2nd)  1650,  Mary  Rogers  (daughter  of  Rev.  Nathaniel), 
who  left  a  son  William,  b.  1652;  (3rd)  1653,  Grace  Buttrice,  who  left 
a  son  Nathaniel,  b.  1659;  (4th)  1661,  Phebe  Green,  who  left  sons, 
Samuel,  b.  1662,  and  Paul,  b.  1664;  (5th)  1667,  Sarah  Brown,  of 
Hampton,  N.H.  EBENEZER  HEALY,*  from  Marblehead,  Mass.,  who 
was  among  the  first  grantees  of  Yarmouth,  in  1762,  was  a  descendant, 

*His  daughter  Hannah  married  Wm.  Haskell,  and  was  the  mother  of  the  Editor's 
mother's  mother.  Allen  Haley,  Esq.,  M.P. ,  of  Windsor,  is  from  his  son  Comfort, 
through  Jeremiah,  and  Allen,  sen. 


526  HEALY — HICKS. 

but  through  which  of  these  sons  I  do  not  know.*  He  married  Grace 
Boleynf  for  his  second  wife,  and  his  fourth  son,  JOHN  HEALY,  removed 
early  to  Granville.  He  married  (1st)  1795,  Mary  Morrison,  b.  Sept. 
15,  1773,  d.  1795  ;  (2nd)  Mary,  dau.  of  Benjamin  Brown  1st,  an  original 
grantee  of  Yarmouth,  who  d.  1797  :  she  was  born  1773  and  died  1803; 
(3rd)  Sarah  Anderson  ;  and  had  children  : 

i.     Josiah,  b.  1795,  ra.  Jane  Kennedy :  Ch.  :  1,  Daniel,  d.  unm. ;  2,  John, 
m.  Angelina  Shafner  ;   3,  Margaret,  m.  Robert  Delap. 
By  second  wife  : 

ii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1798,  m.  James  Morrison. 

iii.     John,  b.  1799,  d.  unm. 

iv.     Mary  Ann,   b.   1801,    m.    (1st)    Benjamin    Croscup,    (2nd)   Thomas 
Anthony,  (3rd)  James  Anthony. 

v.     Grace  Matilda,  b.  1803,  d.  unm. 
By  third  wife  : 

vi.     Ebenezer,  b.  1805,  d.  unm. 

vii.     Mary,  b.  1806,  m.  William  Fash. 

viii.  Isaac  William,  b.  1808,  m.  (1st)  Amelia  Keans,  (2nd)  Elizabeth 
Crisp  :  Ch.  :  1,  John  Henry,  b.  1836,  m.  Sarah  Jane  Whitman  ; 
2,  Joseph  Comfort,  b.  1837,  m.  —  Armstrong  ;  3,  William  C., 
b.  1839,  m.  Henrietta  Whitman  ;  4,  Anderson,  m  (1st)  Lavinia 
Anderson,  (2nd)  Isabella  Elliott  ;  5,  Theron  P.,  b.  1844,  m.  Anna 
Jefferson  ;  6,  Eleanor  Erena,  b.  1846,  m.  Edward  McDormand  ; 
7,  Charles,  b.  1849,  d.  1852;  8,  Granville  B.,  b.  1851,  m.  Eliz-ibeth 
Smith. 

ix.     Anderson,  b.  1810,  m.  Mary  Dellimer,  several  ch. 
x.     Joseph  Comfort,  b.  1812,  m.  Eunice  Bishop. 

xi.     Eliza  Ann,  m.  William  Roop. 

xii.     Charles  William,  m.  Louisa  Turple. 

HICKS.  JOHN  HICKS  was  a  descendant  in  the  fifth  generation  from 
Robert  Hicks,  who  came  to  'Plymouth  colony  from  Bermondsey,  South- 
wark,  London,  in  1621,  in  the  Fortune,  which  brought  the  second  party 
of  Pilgrim  Fathers,  the  line  of  descent  being  Samuel,2  Thomas,3  Thomas.4 
He  is  said  to  have  been  son  of  James,  born  about  1550,  grandson  of 
Baptist,  born  about  1526,  great-grandson  of  Thomas,  born  about  1470, 
and  great-great-grandson  of  John  Hicks,  who  was  descended  from  Ellis 
Hicks,  knighted  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince  after  the  battle  of 
Poictiers.  |  He  married  in  Friends'  Meeting,  at  Tiverton,  R.I.,  in  1740, 
Elizabeth  Russell.  He  was  in  religion  a  Quaker,  the  first  of  that  per- 
suasion to  settle  in  the  county.  (See  further  memoirs  of  John  Hicks, 
M.P.P.,  p.  334.)  One  of  the  family  was  founder  of  the  sect  of  Quakers 
called  Hicksites.  Three  of  his  sons,  John,  Benjamin  and  Thomas,  settled 
in  the  township  of  Annapolis.  His  son  Weston,  born  at  Falmouth,  in 
1760,  owned  the  farm  now  occupied  by  his  grandson,  Weston  A.  Fowler, 

*See  "  N.  E.  Historic-Genealogical  Register"  for  1892,  p.  207. 
t  So  Mr.  Calnek  says  ;  but  I  find  a  tradition  that  she  was  2nd  wife    of  Josiah 
Healey,  the  son  or  a  brother  of  the  grantee  of  Yarmouth. — [ED.] 
I  Chute  Genealogies. 


HICKS — HOW.  527 

and  was  many  years  in  the  Commission  of  the  Peace.  These  men  were 
reckoned  among  our  wealthiest  and  most  successful  farmers  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  last  century  :  Children  : 

i.     Hannah, 
ii.     Ephraim,  b.  1744. 
iii.     Seth,  b.  1746. 
iv.     Russell,  b.  1747. 
v.     Patience,  b.  1752. 

vi.  Benjamin,  b.  1750,  m.  Elizabeth  Morrison  :  Ch.  :  1,  Joseph,  b.  April 
18,  1773  ;  2,  Archibald,  b.  June  16,  1774,  m.  Helen  Benson  ; 
3,  Russell,  b.  March  4,  1776  ;  4,  Findlay,  b.  Nov.  10,  1777,  m. 
Theresa  Church  ;  5,  Benjamin,  b.  July  18, 1779  ;  6,  Mary,  b.  May 
20,  1781,  m.  Parker  Oakes  ;  7,  Seth,  b.  April  1,  1783,  d.  March 

I,  1800  ;  8,  Ruth,  b.  Dec.  24,  1784,  d.  March  11,  1812;  9,  Hannah, 
b.  April  10,   1786,  in.  John  Sanders  ;   10,  Prudence,  b.  Feb.  19, 
1789,  d.  Sept.  5,  1790  ;  11,  John,  b.  Sept.  6,  1790. 

vii.  John,  b..Nov.  4,  1755,  d.  1815,  m.  Sarah  Church,  b.  1767,  d.  1819: 
Ch.  :  1,  Hannah,  b  1778,  m.  David  Morse  ;  2,  Elizabeth,  b.  1780, 
d.  unm.  ;  3,  Constant,  b.  1783,  m.  Eliza  Johnston  ;  4,  Martha,  b. 
1784,  m.  David  Jess  ;  5,  Rebecca,  b.  1787,  d.  1799  ;  6,  John,  b. 
1789,  m.  (1st)  1820,  Phebe  Church,  (2nd)  Theresa  Morse  (dau.  of 
Obadiah);  7,  Sarah,  b.  1791,  d.  1813  ;  8,  Mary,  b.  1794,  m.  John 
Lockhart;  9,  Lucinda,  b.  1796,  m.  John  Church  ;  10,  Margaret, 
b.  1797,  m.  Abner  Morse  (son  of  Obadiah). 

viii.     Thomas,  b.  1758  or  1759,  d.  1826,  aged  67,  m.  1778,  Sarah  Chute  : 
Ch.  :  1,  Patience,  b.  1778,  m.  James  Chesley  ;  2,  Sarah,  b.  Feb. 

II,  1780,  m,  John  Rice  ;  3,  Mary,  b.  Feb.  23,  1783,  m.  Nicholas, 
Haines  ;  4,  Ruby,  b.  Jan.  26,  1785,  m.  Asa  Foster  ;  5,  Job,  b.  Feb. 
3,  1786,  in.   1809,  Bridget  Burrows  ;   6,  Susan,  b.  1788,  m.  John 
Rice  ;    7,  Charles,    b.   April  7,   1790,   m.  Mary  Kirk  ;   8,  Amelia, 
b.  June  9,  1793,  m.  David  Welch  ;  9,  Gilbert,  b.  Feb.  1,  1795, 
d.    1834,  unm.;    JO,   Harriet,   b.  1797,    m.  John  Murdoch;    11, 
Joseph,  b.  June  10, 1799,  m.  Lavinia  Langley  ;  12,  Horatio  Nelson, 
b.  July  29,  1801,  m.  Elizabeth  Mongard. 

ix.     John  Weston,  b.  1760. 
x.     Hannah,  b.  17C3,  d.  unm. 
xi.     Ruth,  b.  1765,  d.  unm. 

EDWARD  How — His  FAMILY  AND  TIMES.  Two  How  or  Howe  families 
have  lived  and  prospered  in  Nova  Scotia.  Of  the  elder  of  these — elder 
in  the  time  of  its  domiciliation  here — I  desire  now  to  give  some  account. 
Of  the  latter,  everybody  knows  that  it  was  of  Loyalist  antecedents,  and 
that  its  most  distinguished  member  became,  in  his  last  days,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  his  native  province,  after  a  brilliant  political  career,  during 
which  he  conferred  upon  it  many  a  boon  and  benefit  not  soon  to  be 
forgotten  by  a  grateful  and  appreciative  people. 

"John  How,  or  Howe,  of  Hodinhule,  or  Hodinhull,  in  Warwickshire, 
was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Massachusetts,  and  his  son  John  was  one 
of  the  original  proprietors  and  settlers  of  the  town  of  Sudbury,  in  that 
province.  He  took  the  freeman's  oath  in  May,  1640,  and  was  select-man 
and  marshal  in  1642.  He  was  one  of  the  thirteen  inhabitants  of  said 
town  who  petitioned  for  a  tract  of  eight  miles  square  for  the  town  of 


528  HOW. 

Marlboro' ;  and,  according  to  tradition,  the  first  English  person  who  came 
to  reside  in  that  town.  He  lived  near  the  Indian  plantation  fields,  con- 
ciliating by  his  prudence  and  kindness  his  savage  neighbours  and  enjoying 
their  highest  respect  and  confidence,  being  made  their  umpire  in  all  their 
differences.  In  1661  he  was  appointed  to  keep  a  house  of  entertainment, 
and  kept  the  same  when  there  were  but  two  houses  between  his  tavern 
and  Worcester.  His  descendants  occupied  the  same  place  for  many 
generations.  He  died  about  1686  (his  will  was  proved  in  1689),  and  he 
had  by  his  wife  Mary,  who  died  about  1698,  twelve  children  born  between 
1641  and  1663,  ten  sons  and  two  daughters,  of  whom  the  second  son, 
Samuel,  born  Oct.  20,  1642,  married  Martha  Bent  in  1663,  and  had  in 
Sudbury,  before  1675,  seven  children,  of  whom  the  seventh,  David,  born 
Nov.  2,  1674,  married  Hepzibah  Death*  in  1700,  and  kept  the  'How 
Tavern/f  at  Sudbury,  which  has  been  continued  by  his  descendants  of  the 
same  name,  upon  the  same  spot,  to  the  present  time  (1850),  the  same 
boingnow  kept  by  Lyman  How,  Esq.  He  had  six  children  between  1702 
and  1721,  of  whom  David,  the  fifth  child,  married  Abigail  Hubbard, 
March  15,  1742  or  1743,  and  had  ten  children:  Bulkeley,  Persis,  Peter, 
Abigail,  Joseph,  Israel,  Alice,  David,  Rebecca  and  Lucy." 

The  subject  of  my  memoir  was  probably  an  elder  brother  of  David 
How  who  married  Hepzibah  Death,  and  therefore  belongs  to  the  eldest 
branch  of  the  family. 

"The  descendants  of  John  How,  living  in  Marlboro'  and  in  other 
towns  in  the  vicinity,  are  very  numerous.  They  sustain,  generally  as  is 
believed,  a  reputation  which  reflects  no  dishonour  upon  their  ancestry, 
many  of  whom  were  distinguished  as  leading  men  in  the  new  settlements, 
and  all,  as  far  as  is  known,  as  fearless  and  undaunted  in  times  of  peril 
and  alarm.  Of  the  early  members  of  the  family,  John,  the  son  of  John 
the  first  named,  was  killed  in  an  engagement  with  the  Indians  in  1675. 
Thomas,  another  son,  was  a  colonel,  sheriff,  justice  of  the  peace,  and  one 
of  the  leading  men  of  the  town  of  Marlboro'  for  many  years. 

u  The  coat  of  arms  of  John  How,  the  original  received  from  England 
by  him,  being  now  in  the  possession  of  Lyman  How,  at  the  '  How  Tavern,' 
Sudbury,  bears  the  following  inscription  :  '  Creation.  The  most  Noble 
and  Puissant  Ld.  Charles  How,  Erl.  of  Lancaster  and  Baron  How  of 
Wormleighton,  1st  Commissary  of  the  Treasury,  1st  Gentleman  of  ye 
Bedchamber  to  his  Majesty,  Knight  of  the  Garter,  and  one  of  ye,  Govr. 
of  the  Charter  House.  Created  Baron  of  Wormleighton  in  the  Co.  of 
Warwick,  Nov.  18,  1606,  in  the  4th  of  James  ye  1st,  and  Erl.  of  Lan- 
caster, June  8,  1643,  in  ye  19th,  Charles  ye  1st,  of  this  family,  which 
derived  themselves  from  a  younger  branch  of  ye  antient  Baron  Hows, 

*  A  corruption  of  the  Norman  name  D'Aeth. — [ED.  ] 

fThe  scene  of  Longfellow's  "Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn."— [ED.] 


HOW.  529 

men  famous  many  ages  since  in  England,  among  which  were  Hugh  How, 
the  father  and  son.  great  favourites  of  King  Edward  ye  2nd — John  How, 
Esquire,  son  to  John  How,  of  Hodinhule,  in  the  Co.  of  Warwick,  &c.' 
Arms  he  beareth, — Gules  a  chevron  Argent,  between  three  cross-crosslets 
Or,  three  wolf's  heads  on  ye  same  crest  on  a  wreath,  a  wyvern  or  Dragon 
partid  per  pale,  Or  and  Vert,  perced  through  ye  mouth  with  an  arrow, 
'  by  the  name  of  How,'  ye  Wolfs  are  ye  famous  arms,  ye  crosslets  for 
great  actions  done  by  ye  Erl.  &c."* 

So  much  for  the  ennobled  ancestors  of  the  How  families  of  Nova 
Scotia. f  Edward  How,  whose  life  was  mainly  passed  in  this  county  and 
province,  was  born  in  Massachusetts  toward  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  On  his  arrival  at  Annapolis  he  was  young  and  unmarried.  The 
possession  of  Acadia  by  the  English  meant  to  the  people  of  the  old 
colonies  a  participation  in  its  valuable  and  profitable  peltry  trade,  and 
in  its  almost  inexhaustible  fisheries,  and  some  of  them,  in  consequence, 
eagerly  embraced  the  opportunity  of  settling  in  it.  Young  How  appears 
to  have  been  one  of  these,  and  he  seems  to  have  fixed  his  headquarters  at 
the  old  capital.  The  precise  time  of  his  coming  is  nowhere  stated,  but 
it  was  probably  between  1720  and  1725.  Here  his  business  transactions 
with  the  French  habitans  and  Indians  made  a  study  of  their  respective 
languages  necessary,  and  he  successfully  applied  himself  to  acquiring  a 
knowledge  of  them.  During  this  period  he  had  cultivated  the  acquaint- 
ance and  friendship  of  the  members  of  the  Government,  as  well  as  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  town,  and  about  1730 — perhaps  a  little  earlier  or 
a  little  later — he  married  Mary  Magdalen  Winniett,  the  third  or  fourth 
daughter  of  William  Winniett,  then  and  afterwards  the  leading  vessel- 
owner  and  merchant  in  all  Acadia.  From  this  time  he  began  to  be 
regarded  as  a  leading  man  in  the  community,  and  to  be  employed  by 
the  Government  (whom  he  appears  to  have  kept  posted  on  the  schemes 
and  conduct  of  the  French  and  Indians),  whenever  emergency  required 
his  aid.  No  man  in  the  country  had  acquired  so  great  an  influence  over 
the  Indians,  and  the  French  inhabitants  regarded  him  with  much  esteem 
and  confidence.  This  ascendancy  was  twofold,  being  based  on  his  know- 
ledge of  their  languages,  and  the  integrity  he  uniformly  exhibited  in  all 
his  dealings  with  them.  The  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  the 
Government  procured  him  a  seat  at  the  Council  Board  in  1736,  a  position 
which  he  retained  until  his  death  in  1750,  a  period  of  fourteen  years. 
Previously,  however,  to  his  appointment  to  a  seat  in  the  Council  he  had 

*  The  foregoing  paragraphs  have  been  compiled  and  extracted  from  a  work 
entitled  "  Memorial  of  the  Morses,"  by  the  late  Rev.  Abner  Morse,  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

tHon.  Joseph  Howe  was  descended  from  Abraham,1  of  Roxbury,  Mass.,  supposed 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Hatfield,   Broad  Oak,   Essex,  England,  through  Isaac,2 
Isaac,3  Joseph,4  John,5  the  Loyalist. — [Ed.] 
34 


5oO  HOW. 

been  a  resident  of  Canso  for  some  time,  where  he  filled  with  complete  satis- 
faction to  the  Government  the  offices  of  Commissary  of  Musters,  High 
Sheriff  or  Provost  Marshall,  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Captain  in  the 
militia.  As  a  magistrate  at  this  period  he  took  occasion  to  preserve  the 
authority  of  the  civil  over  the  military  power.  Aldridge,  a  captain  in  the 
40th  regiment,  was  as  commandant  at  Canso,  charged  by  How  and  others 
with  having  deprived  them  of  some  of  their  civil  rights,  and  appealed 
to  Lieutenant-Governor  Armstrong  at  Annapolis  to  interfere  on  their 
behalf ;  and  to  the  honour  of  Armstrong  be  it  said  he  took  instant  steps 
to  stop  the  outrage.  He  wrote  to  Aldridge  that  he  had  assumed  powers 
not  vested  in  Phillips  or  himself,  and  told  him  that  he  had  always 
referred  civil  matters  to  the  justices  of  the  peace  and  a  committee  of  the 
people  at  Canso.  He  said  in  addition  that  the  officers  in  command  were 
•entitled  to  sit  as  president  in  all  the  meetings  on  civil  affairs. 

The  reader  is  referred  to  pages  111  to  113  for  an  account  of  the 
battle  of  Grand  Pre  on  the  night  of  February  llth,  1747  ;  of  Mr.  How's 
position  there  as  commissary  of  provisions,  of  his  being  wounded  in  the 
struggle,  captured  and  exchanged.  He  was  at  that  time  also  acting  as 
the  judge  in  the  Court  of  Vice- Admiralty,  and  was  thenceforth  frequently 
engaged  in  the  conduct  of  matters  of  importance  on  behalf  of  the  rulers 
of  the  Province,  and  having  a  knowledge  of  both  the  French  and  Micmac 
tongues,  he  was  enabled  to  conduct  negotiations  with  the  people  of 
those  nations  with  better  discretion,  and  a  greater  certainty  of  success 
than  one  not  so  accomplished. 

On  the  arrival  of  Cornwallis  as  governor  in  1749,  he  was  summoned 
from  Annapolis  by  that  gentleman,  and  sworn  as  a  member  of  the  new 
council  which  was  then  formed.  Among  the  last  acts  of  his  useful  and 
active  life  was  the  negotiation  of  a  new  treaty  with  the  Indian  tribes 
distributed  along  the  northern  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  or  perhaps 
more  correctly  to  induce  them  to  renew  the  treaty  which  they  had  ratified 
in  1746.  He  succeeded  in  this  mission,  and  at  a  council  held  on  board 
the  Beaufort,  in  Halifax  harbor  (no  house  had  yet  been  built  where  the 
city  now  stands),  on  the  14th  of  August,  1749,  in  reply  to  the  first  ques- 
tion put  to  the  Sachems  by  the  governor  as  to  their  object  in  coming  to 
see  him,  they  replied*  :  "  Captain  How  told  us  that  your  Excellency 
ordered  us  to  come,  and  we  came  in  obedience  to  your  orders." 

The  chiefs  agreed  to  renew  the  treaty,  and  were  told  that  after  their 
return  Mr.  How  would  be  sent  to  them  as  the  bearer  of  presents,  in  case 
their  tribes  consented  to  ratify  what  they  had  agreed  upon.  In  due  time 
he  received  the  formal  ratification  by  the  Indians,  and  distributed  the 
:  gifts  as  promised.  An  interesting  incident  occurred  in  connection  with 
.his  visit  to  the  Indians  of  St.  John  River  about  this  time.  Cornwallis, 

*  See  Nova  Scotia  Archives— printed  volume — p.  572. 


HOW.  531 

in  his  despatch  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  dated  20th  August,  1749,  says  : 
"  Your  Grace  will  desire  to  know  what  happened  at  St.  John  Rivef. 
'They  (Captain  Rous,  commander  of  the  ship  Albany,  and  Mr.  How) 
found  nobody  at  the  old  forts,  and  for  some  time  saw  no  inhabitants  at 
all,  French  or  Indian.  At  last  a  French  schooner  arrived  with  provisions. 
Captain  Rous  took  the  schooner,  and  agreed  to  release  her,  provided  the 
master  would  go  up  the  river  and  bring  down  the  French  officers. 
Accordingly  the  master  went  up  in  his  canoe,  and  next  day  a  French 
officer,  with  thirty  men  and  150  St.  John  Indians  (French  colours  flying) 
came  opposite  to  the  Albany,  and  planted  their  colours  on  the  shore 
within  musket-shot.  Captain  Rous  sent  Mr.  How  to  order  them  to 
strike  their  colours.  The  officers  made  great  difficulties,  and  many 
apologized.  Captain  How  answered  he  did  not  come  to  reason  the 
matter,  but  to  order  it  to  be  done  ;  that  he  could  not  answer  for  the 
consequences  if  it  was  not  done  immediately.  The  officer  begged  him  to 
propose  to  Captain  Rous  to  allow  him  to  march  back  with  the  colours 
flying,  and  he  would  return  next  day  without  them.  How  carried  the 
message  to  Captain  Rous,  who  repeated  the  order  that  the  colours  should 
be  struck  that  minute,  which  was  accordingly  done.'  " 

The  years  1747,  1748  and  1749  witnessed  most  determined  efforts  on 
the  part  of  the  French  to  secure  their  alliance  with  the  Indians,  and  to 
inspire  the  habitans  of  Acadia  with  the  belief  that  France  would  soon 
drive  the  English  from  the  peninsula.  They  already  claimed  all  parts  of 
the  country  outside  that  district,  and  had  erected  fortifications  at  Chig- 
nectOj  and  on  the  River  Misseguash.  In  order  to  carry  out  their  purpose 
in  exciting  the  hostilities  of  the  Indians,  the  Governor  of  Canada  sent 
Louis  Joseph  de  la  Loutre,  a  priest  whose  long  residence  in  the  country 
had  made  him  familiar  with  the  names,  habits  and  languages  of  those 
people,  to  clinch  them  to  their  interests,  and  to  use  them  as  instruments 
to  annoy  and  distress  the  English  garrisons  and  settlers,  especially  to 
Halifax,  in  1749.  To  oppose  this  shrewd  and  wily  agent,  Governor 
Cornwallis  looked  to  Edward  How  for  assistance.  How  possessed  all  the 
good  qualities  of  de  la  Loutre  without  his  bad  ones,  and  was  the  only 
man  in  the  Province  who  possessed  a  tithe  ©f  the  influence  over  the 
aborigines  necessary  to  compete  with  the  Frenchman,  and  he  was  there- 
fore almost  continually  employed  in  distributing  presents,  and  conducting 
negotiations  tending  to  checkmate  the  doings  of  his  antagonist  during 
the  years  named,  and  it  was  while  discharging  these  duties  that  he  met 
with  his  sudden  and  untimely  death. 

A  French  officer,*  connected  with  Louisburg,  has    left    on  record  a 

*  Pichon,  who  could  hardly  be  called  a  French  officer,  for  although  ostensibly 
such,  he  conducted  a  traitorous  correspondence  with  the  English.  He  was  a  native 
of  Marseilles,  but  his  mother  was  an  English  woman  named  Tyrrell. — [ED.] 


532  HOW. 

protest  against  the  charge  that  his  countrymen  in  the  service  at  Beau 
Sejour,  had  any  hand  in  this  cruel  murder.  He  says  :  "  What  is  not  a 
wrecked  priest  capable  of  doing?  He  (De  la  Loutre)  clothed  an  Indian 
named  Cope  *  in  an  officer's  regimentals,  and  laying  an  ambuscade  of 
Indians  n-ear  to  the  fort,  he  sent  Cope  to  it,  waving  a  white  handker- 
chief in  his  hand,  which  was  the  usual  sign  for  admittance  of  the  French 
into  the  English  fort,  having  affairs  with  the  commander  of  the  fort. 
The  Major  of  the  fort,  a  worthy  man,  and  greatly  beloved  by  all  the 
French  officers,  taking  Cope  for  a  French  officer,  came  out  with  his  usual 
politeness  to  receive  him.f  But  he  no  sooner  appeared  than  the  Indians 
in  ambush  fired  at  him  and  killed  him.  All  the  French  had  the  greatest 
horror  and  indignation  at  La  Loutre's  barbarous  actions,  and  I  dare  say 
if  the  Court  of  France  had  known  them,  they  would  have  been  very 
far  from  approving  them,  but  he  had  so  ingratiated  himself  with  the 
Marquis  de  la  Gallissonniere,  that  it  became  a  crime  to  write  against 
him." 

The  following  is  the  account  of  this  tragedy  as  given  by  Governor 
Cornwallis,  in  a  despatch  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  dated  Nov.  27th, 
1750  :  "  I  have  now  an  affair  of  a  more  extraordinary  nature  to  inform 
you  of.  Captain  How  was  employed  upon  the  expedition  to  Chiegnecto 
as  knowing  the  country  well,  and  being  better  acquainted  both  with  the 
Indians  and  inhabitants,  and,  poor  man,  fancied  he  knew  the  French 
better,  and  personally  those  villains  La  Corne  and  La  Loutre.  His 
whole  aim  and  study  was  to  try  at  a  peace  with  the  Indians,  and  to  get 
our  prisoners  out  of  their  hands.  For  which  purpose  he  had  frequent 
conferences  with  La  Loutre  and  the  French  officers  under  a  flag  of  truce. 
Captain  How  and  the  officers  held  a  parley  for  some  time 
across  the  river.  How  had  no  sooner  taken  leave  of  the  officer,  than  a 
party  that  lay  perdue  fired  a  volley  at  him  and  shot  him  through  the 
heart." 

William  Cotterell,  then  acting  as  Provincial  Secretary,  in  a  letter 
under  date,  June  3,  1754,  addressed  to  Captain  Otho  Hamilton,  of 
Annapolis,  to  whom  La  Loutre  had  written  expressing  a  desire  on  his 
part  to  put  a  stop  to  the  hostility  of  the  Indians,  which  had  resulted  too 
frequently  in  acts  not  recognized  in  the  codes  of  civilized  warfare, 
says  :  "  Having  so  often  experienced  his  (La  Loutre)  proneness  to  all 
manner  of  mischief  and  iniquity,  I  do  not  believe  in  his  good  intentions ; 
and  I  can  for  my  own  part  assure  you,  that  he  made  the  very  same  pro- 
posal, nearly  verbatim,  that  you  have  now  transmitted,  to  Captain  How 
and  me  at  Chignecto  about  three  days  before  he  caused  that  horrible 

*  "  Whom  I  saw  some  years  afterwards  at  Miramichi — has  hair  curled,  powdered 
and  in  a  bag." 

t How  is  here  styled  "  Major,"  and  Cornwallis  often  calls  him  "Captain,"  why 
I  cannot  tell,  as  I  am  not  aware  of  his  having  any  military  rank. 


HOW.  533 

treachery  to  be  perpetrated  against  poor  How,  who  was  drawn  into  it 
under  a  pretence  of  conference  with  La  Loutre  upon  this  very  subject."* 

The  sad  event  occurred  in-  October  of  the  year  1750.  His  untimely 
death  left  a  blank  in  the  society  of  the  old  capital  not  easily  filled. 
His  widow  was  left  with  a  large  family  of  children,  the  youngest  of 
which  was  but  a  few  months  old,  and  who  in  after  years  filled  a  pro- 
minent place  in  the  country.  The  eldest  daughter,  Deborah,  became  the 
wife  of  Samuel  Cottnam,  who  was  a  captain  in  the  40th  regiment  so 
long  stationed  at  Annapolis,'  in  which  place  they  were  married.  There 
was  probably  another  daughter,  who  married  Winkworth  Tonge,  and  was 
the  mother  of  William  Cottnam  Tonge  (well  known  toward  the  close  of 
the  last  century,  and  during  the  first  decades  of  the  present,  as  one  of 
the  clever  men  of  the  day),  and  the  grandmother  of  the  clever  young 
poetess,  Griselda  Tonge,  whose  early  death  alone  prevented  her  from  fitly 
carving  her  name  on  the  shield  of  Fame. 

Of  the  sons,  I  think  William  was  the  eldest,  and  it  is  more  than 
probable  that  he  and  his  brothers  were  sent  by  their  father  for  education 
to  Boston.  This  son  settled  in  what  is  now  known  as  the  County  of 
Cumberland,  where  he  married  the  widow  of  Joseph  Morse,  the  founder 
of  Amherst.  Her  maiden  name  was  Olive  Mason,  of  Medfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  after  the  confiscation  of  her  young  husband's  property  for 
treason,  she  went  to  her  native  town,  where  she  lived  until  her  death  in 
1807,  at  the  age  of  eighty-three  years.  Her  husband  having  failed  in  his 
wild  attempt  to  bring  this  province  into  line  with  the  revolted  provinces, 
he  was  obliged  to  cross  the  borders,  which  he  did,  and  where,  having 
obtained  the  commission  of  a  major,  he  fought  for  the  revolutionists  until 
the  close  of  the  struggle.  Whether  he  left  descendants  or  not  I  do  not 
know,  nor  when  nor  where  he  died.  At  the  time  of  his  treason,  he  was 
a  coroner,  and  seems  to  have  been  the  near  neighbour  and  intimate  friend 
of  the  disaffected  families  then  residing  there.  Mr.  How's  second  son 
was  named  Edward,  and  lived  and,  I  think,  died  in  Annapolis.  He  was 
gazetted  a  Justice  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  on  the  18th  February, 
1785,  and  most  probably  died  soon  after,  as  I  find  John  Ritchie 
appointed  to  the  same  office  in  1786.  He  was  probably  never  married. 
Another  son  entered  the  military  service  and  was  an  officer  in  the  Royal 
Fusiliers — the  seventh  regiment  of  foot — and  died  abroad,  probably 
unmarried.  Joseph — who  was  the  youngest  son  but  one — entered  the 
navy  as  a  lieutenant  on  board  His  Majesty's  ship  Leviathan,  and  was 
present  at  the  great  naval  engagement  near  Cape  Trafalgar,  in  1805. 

*  La  Loutre's  apologists,  notably  Father  Maillard,  a  worthy  priest,  say  the 
Indians  alone  were  guilty,  being  inspired  by  religious  fanaticism,  How,  as  they 
thought,  having  spoken  irreverently  of  the  Virgin  Mary  fourteen  years  before. 
(See  Parkman's  "  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,"  Vol.  I.,  p.  119). — [ED.] 


534  HOW — HOYT — JAMES. 

He  too  died  in  the  service,  leaving  no  issue  that  I  am  aware  of.  A 
memoir  of  his  youngest  son,  Alexander  Howe,  M.P.P.,  appears  on  p.  355. 
[There  are  many  descendants  of  Edward  How  in  the  other  provinces 
of  Canada  of  high  social  and  official  rank — among  them,  Theodore 
Doucet,  M.P.;  his  sister,  Lady  Middleton,  wife  of  the  late  Commander-in- 
chief ;  the  Countess  de  Bligny,  Edmund  Barnard,  Esq.,  Q.C.;  Lieut.-Col. 
Hughes,  Chief  of  Police,  Montreal ;  Odilon  Doucet,  Esq.,  P.O.  Depart- 
ment, Ottawa;  Antoine  Prince,  M.P.P. ;  Auguste  Richard,  Vice-Consul  of 
France,  Winnipeg ;  Canons  Jean  and  Joel  Prince,  and  Edouard  Richard, 
Author. — ED.] 

HOYT.  JESSE  HOYT,  born  in  1744,  married  in  1764,  Mary  Raymond, 
came  here  a  Loyalist  in  1783  from  Norwalk,  Conn.  He  was  a  descend- 
ant in  the  sixth  generation  from  Simon  Hoyt  who  came  to  Charleston, 
Mass.,  in  1628,  and  settled  later  at  Scituate;  and  afterwards  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  the  line  being  Simon,1  Walter,2  Zerubbabel,3  Joseph,*  James,0  the 
latter  of  whom,  born  perhaps  about  1720,  married  1743,  Hannah  Gould, 
Children  : 

i.  Silas,  b.  1765,  m.  1802,  Jane,  dau.  of  Sheriff  Dickson,  and  settled 
near  Annapolis  :  Ch.:  1,  Alexander  Dickson,  b.  1803,  m.  1827, 
Sophia,  dau.  of  Stephen  Jones,  J.P. ,  and  settled  at  Weymouth, 
where  his  widow  lives,  in  1896,  a.  102  ;  2,  Polly  Miller,  b.  1805, 
m.  1837,  John  Easson  ;  3,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1806,  m.  Benjamin 
Fairn  ;  4,  James  Frederic,  b.  1809,  m.  Euphemia  Stewart  Easson: 
(Ch.  :  1,  Jesse,  m.  Clara  Jane  Cogswell  ;  2,  John  Miller,  m.  Mary 
Manning  Drew  ;  3,  Alexander  Easson,  m.  Georgina  Adelaide 
Tremain  ;  4,  William  Henry,  m.  Mary  Hatch,  of  London,  Eng. ; 
5,  Agnes  Miller,  m.  George  LeCain  ;  0,  James  Alfred,  m.  Eleanor 
Cochran  ;  7,  Zaidee,  m.  Frederic  V.  Tremain  ;  8,  Benjamin 
Fairn;  9,  Mary  Jane,  d.  unm.;  10,  Fannie  Helen);  5,  William 
Henry,  b.  1811,  m.  Eliza  J.  Doucet ;  6,  Alfred,  b.  1817,  m.  1841, 
Helen  Edson  ;  7,  George,  b.  1819,  m.  1845,  Maria  Alfrida  Doucet; 
8,  Charles,  b.  1822,  m.  Sarah  Jane  Quirk. 

ii.  Jesse,  b.  1767,  d.  1838,  m.  Irene  Wheelock  :  Ch.:  1,  Mary  Ann, 
b.  1805;  2,  Harriet,  b.  1808,  m.  James  Smallie  ;  3,  Edward  Miller, 
b.  1810,  m.  Hannah  R.  Betts,  lived  in  St.  John,  KB. 

iii.     Mary,  b.  1767,  m.  1787,   Nathan  B.  Miller. 

iv.     Hannah,  b.  1774,  d.  1777,  at  Huntingdon,  L.I. 

v.  Frederic,  b.  1776,  d.  unm.  (lost  in  the  woods  at  Weymouth  and 
perished). 

vi.     Hannah,  b.  1775,  d.  1779,  at  Oyster  Bay,  N.Y. 
vii.     Harriet,  b.  1781,  d.  1796. 
viii.     Alfred,  b.  1783,  at  Annapolis,  d.  1783,  at  Weymouth. 

ix.     Ann,  b.  1784,  m.  1814,  Handly  Chipman. 

x.     James  Moody,  b.  1789,  m.  Mary  Nesbit. 

JAMES.  See  memoir  of  Benjamin  James,  M.P.P.  He  was  born  1742, 
and  married,  1767,  Elizabeth  Wright,  born  1743,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Elizabeth,  b.  1768,  m.  Henry  Sinclair, 
ii.     Benjamin,  b.  1770,  d.  unm.  (see  the  memoir,  p.  350). 


JAMES— -JEFFEUSONT.  535 

iii.     Christopher,  b.  1771,  d.  unm. 
iv.     John  William,  b.  1774,  d.  unm. 
Sarah  Ann,  b.  1778. 
Peter  P.,  b.  1781,  m.  Miss  Warren. 

Daniel  Weir,  b.  1782,*  m.  Ann,  dau.  of  John  Ritchie,  M.P.P.,  and 
settled  in  Annapolis:  Ch.:  1,  Benjamin  John  Ritchie,  d.  unm.; 
2,  Thomas  Andrew  Taylor,  m.  Abigail  Kent  ;  3,  Charles 
McCarthy,  b.  1810,  bpd.  Jan.  11,  1811,  m.  —  Bulleye  ;  4,  William 
Johnston,  bpd.  Jan.,  1813  (abroad) ;  5,  Daniel  Weir,  m.  Lecain  ; 
6,  John  Wyman,  m.  (1st)  Ann  Phinney,  (2nd)  Ann  Ritchie,  was 
long  postmaster  at  Lawrencetown. 

viii.     Thomas  Wright,  b.  1785,  m.  Mary  Jacobs  ;  was  Deputy  Provincial 
Secretary  many  years. 

JEFFERSON.  ROBERT  JEFFERSON  came  from  Yorkshire,  England,  where 
he  was  born  in  1750,  to  Halifax,  and  thence  to  Annapolis,  where  he 
was  employed  by  Col.  Evans  to  assist  him  in  managing  his  farm  near 
Round  Hill,  and  eighteen  months  afterwards  married  the  colonel's 
daughter  Elizabeth.  He  then  became  sole  manager  of  the  farm,  and 
on  the  death  of  his  father-in-law,  the  owner  of  it,  and  died  1812,  leaving 
many  descendants  now  scattered  far  and  wide.  Children  : 

i.     Abigail,  b.  1774,  m.  (1st)  Richard  Mongarde,  (2nd)  Gideon  Clark. 

ii.  Stephen,  b.  1776,  m.  Elizabeth  Griffin:  Ch.:  1,  Stephen  Henry, 
m.  Margaret  Ann  Jefferson  ;  2,  Jane,  m.  Lot  Hutt  ;  3,  Betsey, 
m.  David  Swallow ;  4,  Sarah,  m.  Benjamin  Hutt ;  5,  Phebe,  m. 
Peter  Mosher  ;  6,  Harriet,  m.  Daniel  Gates. 

iii.     Henry  Evans,  b.  1778,  d.  unm. 

iv.     Elizabeth  Evans,  b.  1779,  m.  Samuel  Harris. 

v.     Sarah,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  William  Halliday,  (2nd)  Elias  Woodworth. 

vi.  Robert,  b.  about  1782,  m.  Sarah  Harris  :  Ch. :  1,  Abigail  Spurr,  b. 
1811,  m.  (1st)  John  G.  Fitzgibbon,  (2nd)  Charles  D.  Strong  ;  2, 
George  Henry  Evans,  b.  1812,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Purdy,  (2nd)  Mary 
Welch  ;  3,  James  Edmund  Harris,  b.  1815,  m.  Mary  Potter  ;  4, 
Robert  John,  b.  1817,  m.  Jane  Wilson  ;  5,  Charles  Clancy,  b. 
1819,  m.  (1st)  Frances  Purdy,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Adelaide  Ruggles  ; 

6,  Caroline  Augusta,  b.  1821,  m.  George  Edmund  Johnston  ;  7, 
Elizabeth  Evans,  b.  1824,  m.  Anthony  Potter  ;  8,  William  Jesse, 
b.  1826,  m.  Emmeline  Strong  (no  issue) ;    9,  Helen  Sophia,   b. 
1828,  m.  (1st)  John  Wilson,  (2nd)  Wallace  Lent;  10,  Louisa,  b. 
1830,  m.  Charles  Campbell. 

vii.     John,   b.   1784,    m.   (1st)   Catharine  McNair,   (2nd)  Ann  McNair : 
Ch. :    1,    Evans,    m.    Susan   Floyd;    2,    Catharine,    m.    Edward 
Marshall  ;  3,  Maria,  m.  Rowland  Marshall  ;  4,  Rachel,  m.  David 
Starratt ;  5,  John,  m.  Ella  Saunders  ;   6,  Elias,  m.  (1st)  Emma 
Saunders,  (2nd)  Zebia  Plumb, 
viii.     Mary  Ann,  b.  1786,  d.  unm. 
ix.     Jane,  b.  1790,  m.  Aaron  Hardy, 
x.     Amelia  Maria,  b.  1792,  m.  Stephen  Jefferson. 

xi.  Thomas,  b.  1794,  m.  Nancy  Vidito  :  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth,  m.  (1st) 
Andrew  Ritchie,  (2nd)  George  Ritchie  ;  2,  Henry  E.,  m.  Nancy 
Telfer  ;  3,  Eleanor,  d.  unm.  ;  4,  Maria,  m.  Henry  Walker  ;  5, 
Richard,  d.  unm. ;  6,  William  Bernard,  m.  Mary  Jane  Walker  ; 

7,  Thomas,  m.  Seraph  Hindon  ;  8,  Harriet,  m.  Charles  Ritchie  ; 

*  February  27,    1828,   the    St.   Luke's    church    records   have    "Daniel  James, 
buried,  aged  49." 


536  JEFFERSON — -KENT: — LANGLEY. 

9,  John,  d.  unm. ;  10,  William,  m.  Isabel  Clark  ;  11,  James,  unm. ; 

12,  Minetta,  unm. 

xii.  Phebe,  b.  1796,  m.  John  Copeland. 
xiii.  Harriet,  b.  1798,  m.  John  Webster, 
xiv.  William,  b.  1800,  m.  1832,  Maria  Burton  (dau.  of  James  John,  a 

native  of  England) ;  Ch.  :  six  sons  and  four  daughters,  many  of 

them  now  living. 

KENT.  ISAAC  KENT,  one  of  the  original  grantees  of  the  township,  came 
from  one  of  the  old  colonies  in  1760  with  his  wife  and  children,  and 
settled  near  Round  Hill,  on  a  lot  which  I  believe  is  in  part  owned  by 
some  of  his  posterity  to-day.  It  is  not  improbable  that  Chancellor  Kent, 
the  author  of  the  Commentaries,  well  known  to  every  student  of  law, 
was  descended  from  the  immigrant  ancestor.  (Probably  the  first  of  the 
name  in  America  was  Richard  Kent,  who  came  in  the  Mary  and  John, 
arriving  at  Ipswich,  Massachusetts  Bay,  about  May  1,  1634. — [En.]) 
Isaac  Kent  had  children  : 

i.     Isaac,  remained  in  Massachusetts. 
ii.     John,   m.  Lucretia  Hardwick,   and  removed  to  one  of  the  eastern 

counties, 
iii.     Zarah,  m.   Mary   Hardwick  :  Ch. :  1,   John,  m.  Rebecca  Burket ;  2, 

Elizabeth,    m.    John    Warner  ;    3,    Catharine,    m.   Isaac   Beals ; 

4,  Henry,  m.  Margaret  Whitman  ;  5,  Mary,  m.  William  Brennan; 

6,  Christina,  unm.;  7,  Isaac,  unm.;  8,  Ann,  unm. 
iv.     Arod,  m.   1801,  Abigail  Bent,  nee  Harrington :  Ch. :  1,  Micah,  m. 

Jane  Beals  ;  2,  Abigail,   m.  Thomas  A.  James  ;  3,   Eliz  i,  d.  unm. 
v.     Anna,  m.  Israel  Longley. 
vi.     Abigail,  m.  Abel  Beals. 

LANGLEY.  A  pre-loyalist  family  from  Massachusetts,  JOHN  LANGLEY 
came  over  with  wife  and  several  children,  and  obtained  a  grant  of  five 
hundred  acres  in  the  township  of  Annapolis.  He  married  in  Massachu- 
setts, Patience  Tollman.  Children : 

i.     John,    m.    Beulah    Winchester :     Ch. :    1,    Patience,    m.    Frederic 

Boehler  ;    2.   John,    m.     Hannah   Oliver;    3,    Nathan    W.,    m. 

Elizabeth  Walker  ;  4,  Martha,  m.  Peter  Long, 
ii.     Nathaniel,    m.   Deborah  Daniels  :    Ch. :    1,    Betsey,    m.    Nathaniel 

Whitman ;    2,    Mary,   m.    Joseph    Wilson ;  3.  Samuel,  m.    1809, 

Hannah  Tufts  ;    4,  Amy,  m.  —  Risteen  ;  5,  Susan,    m.   Beriah 

Bent  Daniels  ;  6,  Deborah,  m.  William  Pool  ;  7,  Sarah  ;-  8,  Lucy, 

m.  —  Gregory  ;  9,  Asahel. 
iii.     Mary,  m.  Joseph  Daniels, 
iv.     Ann,  m.  Ephraim  Daniels. 
v.     Aquila,  m.   1800,  Mary  Chute  :  Ch. :  1,  Sophia,  b.   1802,  d.  unm. ; 

2,  Benjamin,  b.  1805,  m.  Elizabeth  Clark  ;  3,  Levi,  b.   1807,  m. 

Abigail  Messenger;    4,   Lavinia,   b.   1810,  m.  Joseph  Hicks;    5, 

Ezekiel,  b.   1814,   d.    unm  ;  6,  Martha,  b.    1819,   m.   William  B. 

Long. 

vi.     Sarah,  d.  unm. 
vii.     William,  m.  1803,  Ann  Messenger  :  Ch. :   1,  Nathaniel,  b.   1806,  d. 

unm. ;    2,   Elizabeth,   b.   1809,  m.  John  Abbott ;  3,  Diadama,  b. 

1810,  unm. ;  4,  Daniel,  b.   1817,  'm.  Helen  Langley  ;    5,    Phebe 

Ann,  b.  1821,  d.  unm. 


LECAIN.  537 

LECAIN.  The  name  of  this  family  was  formerly  spelt  LEQUESNE,  it 
being  a  purely  French  name.  1.  FRANCIS  BARCLAY  LsQuESNE,  whose 
name  became  Anglicised  to  its  present  form,  came  to  Annapolis  from  the 
Island  of  Jersey  as  "  Master  Artificer  "  or  "  Armourer  "  in  the  employ  of 
the  Board  of  Ordnance.  The  family  were  of  the  gentry,  and  their  coat  of 
arms,  "  ar.  a  lion  pass,  gules,"  motto,  "  Suis  ducibus  usque  fidelis."  The 
following  obituary  notice  of  him  in  Minns'  Weekly  Chronicle,  published  at 
Halifax  in  1806,  is  presumably  from  the  pen  of  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey  :  "  Died 
at  Annapolis  Royal,  Francis  Barclay  Lecain,  aged  85  years — the  oldest 
settler  in  this  county,  and  who  lived  sixty-four  years  in  this  town.  He 
was  always  an  honest  and  worthy  man,  and  left  about  100  descendants. 
He  was  fifty-five  years  a  Freemason."  He  must,  if  these  figures  were 
correct,  have  arrived  here  just  five  years  after  the  arrival  of  John  Easson, 
who  had  pre-deceased  him  by  about  twenty  years.  He  married  (1st), 
September  1,  1745,  Alicia  Maria,  only  daughter  of  Thomas  Hyde,  who 
also  had  been  a  "  Master "  in  the  Ordnance  Department.  She  died 
September  23,  1758.  He  married  (2nd)  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
and  Mary  (Woodward)  Foster  His  second  daughter  married  John 
Ritchie,  and  thus  became  the  grandmother  of  the  Chief  Justice  of 
Canada  and  his  distinguished  brothers.  In  his  long  residence  here  he 
was  an  eye-witness  of  all  the  stirring  and  fateful  events  of  which  this 
historic  town  was  the  centre,  and  was  contemporary  of  the  long  series  of 
brilliant  men  mentioned  in  these  pages,  from  Mascarene  to  De  Lancey, 
all  of  whom  were  his  friends  and  associates.  Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  Oct.  30,    1746,  m.    Sarah  Providence  ;    accidentally  shot, 
leaving  small  family,  not  traced. 

ii.  Alicia  Maria,  b.  Jan.  5,  1748,  m.  John  Ritchie,  M.P.P. 

iii.  Elizabeth,  b.  May  17,  1750,  m.  Thomas  Harris. 

iv.  Annie,  b.  Feb.  17,  1752,  m.  John  Skelton,  removed  to  Canada. 

v.  Mary,  b.  June  21,  1754,  m.  Abraham,  son  of  Michael  Spurr. 

(2)  vi.  Thomas,*  b.  Aug.  20,  1756. 

By  second  wife  : 

(3)  vii.     Fjancis,  b.  1762. 

viii.  Benjamin,  b.  1764,  m.  Mary  Winchester,  no  issue, 
ix.  Nicholas,  b.  1765,  m.  Catherine  Jost ;  had  sons  :  1,  Francis  Barclay, 
m.  Margaret  Bond  (no  issue)  ;  2,  John  William,  d  unm. ;  3,  Arthur 
Walter  Wilkie,  d.  unm. ;  4,  George  Frederic  Augustus,  m.  Susan 
B.  Oxner,  and  lived  in  Halifax  and  afterwards  in  Berwick  (had 
seven  sons  and  three  daughters)  ;  daus. :  1,  Catherine  Elizabeth, 
m.  Felix  King,  of  H.  M.  dockyard,  Halifax,  (had  two  daus.,  one 

*  I  take  the  dates  of  births  of  Francis  B.  LeCain's  children  from  an  affidavit 
made  by  him  in  claiming  for  them  a  legacy  left  his  wife  by  her  aunt,  Lady  Mary 
Keate,  sister  of  Thomas  Hyde's  wife.  Many  years  later  a  belief  became  prevalent 
that  a  colossal  fortune  awaited  the  heirs  of  some  Thomas  Hyde,  and  1  have  found 
that  numerous  descendants  of  Francis  B.  Le  Cain  by  his  second  wife,  ignorant  of  the 
second  marriage,  spent  money  and  time  in  trying  to  investigate  and  recover  this 
fortune,  under  the  erroneous  impression  that  they  were  descendants  of  Alicia  Maria 
Hyde,  instead  of  Elizabeth  Foster. — [ED.] 


538  LECAIN. 

m.  Rev.  Arthur  W.  Cook,  of  Kingston,  Ont.);  2,  Eliza,  m.  Rev. 
John  Stannage  ;  3,  Ann,  m.  James  Cameron  ;  4,  Alicia  Maria,  d. 
young ;  5,  Sophia  Edwina,  m.  Joshua  Kaulbach,  merchant, 
Lunenburg  ;  6  (10th  child),  Susan  Parker,  m.  Edward  Pierson 
Archbold,  son  of  late  Capt.  P.  Archbold,  Royal  Meath  Regiment, 
and  had  two  sons,  Edward  Thorn  Ambrose  and  Rev.  Francis 
H.  W.  Archbold,  Honorary  Curate  of  St.  Paul's,  Halifax. 
(4)  x.  William,  b.  1767. 

2.  THOMAS  LECAIN,  b.  Aug.  20,  1756,  m.  Martha  Wilkie.     Children  : 

i.  David,  m.  Feb.,  1808,  Ann  Dickson  :  Ch.:  1,  Thomas  Henry,  b. 
Aug.  7,  1809,  d.  unm.;  2,  Mary  Jane,  b.  Nov.  22,  1811,  m.  Silas 
Hancock  ;  3,  Frederic,  b.  Aug.  7,  1813,  d.  1888,  m.  Mary  Lecain 
(dau.  of  Peter)  ;  4,  Margaret  Eliza,  b.  April  26,  1816,  d.  unm.;  5, 
Walter  William  Wilkie,  b.  April  16,  1818,  m.  —  Ross,  in  Batavia. 

ii.  Frederic,  m.  (1st)  Ann  Davies,  (2nd)  an  American,  and  removed  to 
United  States. 

iii.     Walter,  m.  Frances  Thomas,  lived  in  St.  John  and  died  there. 

iv.     Francis,  d.  unm. 
v.     Maria  Lavinia,  bpd.  Aug.  16,  1796. 

3.  FRANCIS  LECAIN.     The  first  child  of  Francis  Lecain,  by  his  second 
wife,  married  Margaret  McNeish  Ritchie  ;  she  died  Aug.,  1843,  aged  81, 
and  had  children : 

i.  Charles,  b.  June  22,  1785,  m.  March  4,  1820,  Maria  Eliza  Mence  : 
Ch.:  1,  Margaret,  b.  Dec.  31,  182(5,  m.  Kobert  S.  Spurr  ;  2,  Bar- 
clay Farquharson,  b.  Feb.  16,  1829. 

ii.  Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  20,  1786,  m.  David  Fleet;  4  ch.,  2  sons  and  2 
daus. 

iii.     Andrew  Ritchie,  b.  May  18,  1788,  bpd.  Ojt.  16,  d.  unm. 

iv.  James,  b.  June  26,  1790,  m.  1817,  Frances  Ryerson  :  Ch.:  1,  Anna 
Maria,  b.  June  14,  1818,  m.  Avard  Gates  ;  2,  Margaret  Eliza,  b. 
July  1,  1821,  m.  John  L.  Rice;  3,  James  Francis,  b.  Oct.  20, 
1823,  m.  Jan.  13,  1850,  Sarah,  dau.  of  James  Morse  ;  4,  Sarah 
Ann,  b.  June  11,  1825,  m.  Isaiah  Potter  ;  5,  John  M.,  b.  March 

1,  1827,   m.   Adelaide  Durkee,   d.   in   Yarmouth  ;    6,  George,  b. 
1829,  m.  Agnes  Hoyt  ;  7,  Amasa,  b.  1831,  d.  unm. ;  8,  Thomas,  b. 
1833,  d.  unm.;  9,  Mary,  m.  Albert  Berteaux. 

v.     Margaret  McNeish,  b.  Dec.  27,  1791,  m.  Joseph  Wells. . 
vi.     John,  b.  April  11,  1794,  m.  Dec.  31,  1828,   Maria  Eliza  Stewart : 
Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth  Georgina,  b.  Oct.  22,  1832,  d.  Aug.  18,  1848  ; 

2,  Maria  Louisa,  b.  Sept.  26,  1835,  m.  Elisha  Bancroft ;  3,  George 
Augustus,  b.  Nov.  4,  1839,  m.  Seraphina  Berteaux  ;    4,  Georgina 
Mence,  b.  Sept.  15,  1849,  m.  William  M.  Bailey. 

vii.  Nicholas,  b.  Jan.  18,  1796,  m.  Feb.  27,  1840,  Margaret  Lucretia 
Williams:  Ch.:  1,  Francis,  b.  Sept.  15,  1840,  d.  young;  2, 
William,  b.  Aug.  29,  1844,  .m.  Zeruiah  Williams  ;  3,  Andrew,  b. 
Dec.  18,  1845,  m.  Emma  Sanders  ;  4,  Margaret  McNeish,  b.  Nov. 
9,  1847,  m.  William  Hard  wick. 

viii.     Benjamin,  b.  March  23,  1800,  d.  Sept.  4,  1801. 
ix.     Alicia  Maria,  d.  unm. 

4.  WILLIAM    LECAIN,  born   1767,  and   married   Sarah    Henshaw ;    he 
died  1830.     Children: 


LECAIX — LEONARD.  539 

i.  Peter,  m.  Mary  Tomlinson  :  Ch.:  1,  Mary,  m.  Frederic  Lecain  ;  2, 
Elizabeth,  m.  James  Corbett  ;  3,  Eliza,  m.  James  Wright  ;  4, 
Margaret,  m.  Andrew  Hogan  ;  5,  Sarah,  m.  Duncan  Miller  ;  6, 
Susan,  m.  George  Stailing,  d.  in  Digby. 

ii.  Thomas,  m.  Sarah  Orde  :  Ch. :  1,  William,  m.  Margaret  Sweenie  ; 
2,  Thomas,  m.  Minetta  Rhodda  ;  3,  John,  m.  Rebecca  Hannan  ; 
4,  James,  in.  —  Berry  ;  5,  Frank,  m.  —  ;  0,  Colin,  m.  Rachel 
Merritt;  7,  Elizabeth,* m.  (1st)  Robert  Jestings,  (2nd)  Thomas  P. 
Berry  ;  8,  Mary  Hester,  m.  Edward  C.  Berry  ;  9,  Susan,  m.  John 
Purdy  ;  10,  Martha,  m.  William  Milner  ;  11,  Sarah,  m.  Long  ; 
12,  a  dau.,  m.  Joseph  Rawding. 

hi.  William,  m.  Ellen  Ritchie  (dau.  of  Robert),  and  had  ch. :  1,  John, 
d.  unm. ;  2,  Alexander,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Sarah,  d.  unm. ;  4,  Avis,  d. 
unm. ;  5,  Malvina,  d. ;  6,  Charlotte,  d.  unm  ;  7,  Fanny,  m.  Israel 
Young  ;  8,  Harriet,  m.  Daniel  Dukeshire. 

iv.     Elizabeth,  m.  Alexander  Ritchie. 

v.     Ann,  m.  William  Webb. 

LEONARD.  JONATHAN  LEONARD  was  born  at  Lyme,  Conn.,  between 
1735  and  1740.  After  his  arrival  here  he  married  in  1764,  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Josiah  Dodge.  He  was  at  one  time  possessed  of  one 
thousand  acres  of  the  best  land  in  the  township  of  Granville,  which  he 
disposed  of  at  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists  and  removed  tx> 
the  Paradise  District,  where  he  built  one  of  the  first  saw-mills  in  the 
township,  and  died  in  1812.  It  is  probable  he  served  in  the  expedition 
against  Louisburg  in  1758.  (At  least  two  Leonards  came  to  America 
from  Wales  among  the  earliest  emigrants.  Solomon,  born  in  Monmouth- 
shire, was  with  the  Pilgrims  at  Leyden,  and  settled  in  Duxbury,  before 
1637  ;  and  Thomas  came  from  Pontypool,  in  the  same  county,  and 
settled  in  Taunton,  Mass.  There  were  several  prominent  Loyalists  of 
the  name,  and  many  became  eminent  in  the  United  States  in  various 
callings. — ED.)  Children: 

i.     Phebe,  b.  1765,  m.  John  Wade,  jun. 
ii.     Seth,  b.  1767,  d.  1786,  unm. 
iii.     Mollie,  b.  1770,  m.  Samuel  Bent,  jun. 
iv.     Jonathan,  b.  1772,  d.  1772. 
y.     Deborah,  b.  1773,  d.  1773. 

vi.  Abiel,  b.  1775,  m.  Letitia  Hackelton :  Ch.  :  1,  Seth,  d.  unm.; 
2,  William,  m.  Louisa  Anderson  (went  abroad) ;  3,  Sarah,  m. 
Martin  VanBlarcom  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  m.  Job  Young. 

vii.     Bettie,  b.  1777,  m.  (1st)  John  de  Witt,  (2nd)  Samuel  McCormick,  jun. 
viii.     Putnam,  b.   1779,  m.  1804,  Ann  McGregor  (dau.   of  John) :  Ch.  : 
1,   Richard  Saunders,   b.   1805,  m.   Hannah  McLellan  ;  2,  John, 
b.  1807,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Susan,  b.  1809,  m.  Daniel  Durland  ;  4,  Parker, 
b.  1812,  d.  unm. 
ix.     Susanna,  b.  1782,  m. 

x.  Seth,  b.  1787,  m.  1808,  Elizabeth  Merry  (dau.  of  William)  :  Ch.  : 
1,  Benjamin  Dodge,  b.  1809,  m.  (1st)  Susan  Longley,  (2nd)  Louisa 
McCormick  ;  2,  Ann,  b.  1811,  m.  Joseph  Elliott ;  3,  Susanna, 
b.  1814,  m.  Amherst  Martin  Morse ;  4,  Minetta,  b.  1816,  m. 
William  Young  Foster. 

*  Mr.  Chute  informs  me  that  this  should  be  Sarah. — [Eo.] 


540  LONGLEY. 

LONGLEY.  This  eminent  Annapolis  County  family  are  descended  from 
WILLIAM  LONGLEY,  who  came  from  England  to  America  in  1636,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Groton  in  that  colony.  He  had  a  son  William,2 
and  the  latter  had  a  son  William,3  who  married  Experience  Crisp,  by 
whom  he  had  a  family  which  in  1694,  with  two  exceptions,  were  murdered 
by  the  Indians,  including  both  the  parents.  A  little  girl  of  eleven  years, 
and  a  boy  still  younger,  had  been  captured  by  the  Indians  the  evening 
previous  to  the  massacre,  while  in  a  field  near  the  edge  of  the  forest,  a 
short  distance  from  the  habitation.  They  were  taken  to  Ville  Marie,  now 
Montreal,  where  Lydia,  the  girl,  was  ransomed  by  the  Mother  Superior 
of  the  convent  there,  and  educated  in  the  faith  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  to  which  she  became  a  devoted  adherent,  and  finally  became 
herself  Mother  Superior  of  the  same  institution.  In  her  letters  written 
in  after  years  to  her  relatives,  she  ardently  urged  them  to  return  to  the 
bosom  of  the  Holy  Catholic  Church.  Her  brother  John  was  brought  up  to 
the  nomadic  life  of  his  captors.  When  in  after  years  he  was  redeemed, 
it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  he  was  persuaded  to  abandon  this  life, 
and  to  return  to  his  kindred,  his  inheritance,  and  civilization.  In  the 
traditions  of  the  family  he  is  spoken  of  as  "John  the  Captive."  He  was 
twice  married,  his  first  wife  being  Sarah  Prescott,  and  his  second,  Deborah 
Houghton.  He  died  in  1750,  ten  years  before  his  son,  WILLIAM  LONGLEY 
(who  was  born  in  1708),  with  his  wife,  Mary  Parker,  and  son  Israel,  at 
that  time  fifteen  years  old,  came  to  this  county,  and  settled  on  a  lot  in 
the  Belleisle  District,  where  some  of  his  descendants  are  still  living. 
After  Israel  had  attained  majority,  the  father  relinquished  this  farm  to 
him  and  returned  to  his  old  home  in  Shirley,  Mass.,  where  he  died  in 
1788.  Israel,  who  was  born  in  1745,  married  1770,  Anna,  daughter  of 
Isaac  Kent,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Isaac,  b.  1771,  m.  (1st)  Dorcas  Bent,  (2nd)  Freelove  Dodge  :  Ch.  : 

1,  Maria,   b.   1795,   m.  James  Whitman  ;  2,   Israel,   b.   1797,  m. 
Mary   Ann   Bishop  ;  3,    Diadama,   b.    1799,    m.    George   Bishop  ; 
4,   Lovicia,   b.    1801,   m.   Elias   Bishop  ;    5,    Anne,   b.    1802,    m. 
Benjamin   Whitman ;    6,    Lucy,    b.    1804,    m.    Richard   Nichols  ; 
7,   David  Bent,  b.  1806,  m.  Mary  Clark  ;  8,  Elizabeth,  b.  1809, 
m.  Charles  Durland  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  9,  John  Fletcher,  b.   1815, 
d.  unm. ;  10,   Dorcas  Emily,   b.    1817,   m.   Reuben  Balcom  ;   11, 
Minetta,  b.  1819,  d.  unm.  ;  12,  Isaac,  b.  1823,  m.  Catharine  Beals. 

ii.     Anna,  b.  1773,  m.  Joseph  Bent, 
iii.     William,   b.   1775,   m.    Esther  Dodge  :  Ch.  :  1,   Bethiah,  d.  unm.  ; 

2,  Susan,  m.  Benjamin  D.  Leonard  ;  3,  Warren,  m.  (1st)  Minetta 
Morse,  (2nd)  Sarah  Ann  Morse,  nee  Elliott. 

iv.  Asaph,  b.  1776,  m.  (1st)  1804,  Grace  Morse,  (2nd)  1807,  Dorcas 
Poole  :  Ch. :  1,  Warren,  b.  1805,  d.  unm.  ;  (by  2nd  wife) :  2,  Helen, 
b.  1808,  m.  Ebenezer  Balcom  ;  3,  Caroline  Sarah,  b.  1810,  m. 
John  Hall ;  4,  Israel,  b.  1813,  m.  Frances  Manning,  the  father 
of  HON.  J.  WILBERFORCE  LONGLEY,  M.P.P.,  Attorney-General 
of  Nova  Scotia ;  5,  Harriet  Sophia,  b.  1815,  m.  (1st)  George 
Brown,  (2nd)  William  Sproul ;  6,  William,  d.  unm. ;  7,  HON. 
AVARD  LONGLEY,  M.P.P.,  M.P.,  etc  (see  his  memoir). 


LONGLEY — LOVETT.  541 

v.     Israel,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  1804,  Mary  Bath,  (2nd)  Minetta  Willoughby : 
Ch.  :  1,   Tamar  Cecilia,    b.   1805,    unm.  ;  2,  John  Bath,   b.  1808, 
m.   Mary  Ann  Fellows  ;  3,  Israel  James,  b.  1811,  m.  Henrietta 
Bath  ;  4,   Lucy  Ann,    b.    1813,    m.    Delancy   Gesner  ;  5,   Samuel 
Charles,  b.  1815,  m.  Eliza  Isabella  Fowler  :  6,  Nehemiah  Fletcher, 
b.  1817,  d.  unm.  ;  7,  Robert  Wesley,  b.  1821,  m.  Charlotte  Harris; 
8,  Mary  Elizabeth,  b.  1824,  in.  John  Milbury. 
vi.     Christina,  b.  1785,  m.  John  Chesley. 
vii.     Diadama,  b.  1782,  m.  John  McNeill. 
viii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1787,  m.  John  Tupper. 
ix.     Lucy,  b.  1789,  d.  unm. 
x.     Wesley,  b.  1794,  d.  (at  sea)  uum. 

LOVETT.  See  memoir  of  Phineas  Lovett,  sen.,  M.P.P.  PHINKAS 
LOVETT,  JUN.,  b.  1745,  was  elected  for  the  Township  of  Annapolis,  in 
1775,  and  then  father  and  son  were  contemporary  members  for  one 
session,  during  which,  perhaps,  neither  of  them  attended.  In  the  list 
in  the  Almanac  for  1776,  copied  in  Murdoch,  Vol.  ii.,  p.  582,  his  name 
does  not  appear.  It  reappears  in  1777,  and  he  evidently  sat  until  1784. 
He  m.,  1769,  Abigail  Thayer,  and  d.  June,  1828.  Children  : 

i.     Beulah,  m.  John  Fitzrandolph. 

ii.  Daniel,  m.  Anna,  dau.  of  Rev.  Thos.  H.  Chipman:  Ch.:  1,  Phineas, 
b.  1806,  m.  (in  England);  2,  Eliza  Ann,  b.  1808,  d.  unm.;  3, 
Abigail,  b.  1810,  m.  Zebulon  Phinney,  d.  Jan.  19,  1890;  4, 
Harriet  Jane,  b.  1811,  d.  unm.;  5,  Daniel  Merritt,  b.  1815,  m. 
Lydia  Pitman  ;  6,  John  Heuston,  b.  1820,  m.  Rachel  Dodge  ;  7, 
Maria,  b.  1822.  m.  Ebenezer  H.  De Wolfe. 

iii.     William,  d.  unm. 

iv.     Rachel,  m.  Phineas  Oakes. 

v.     Elizabeth,  m.  Elisha  Bishop. 

vi.  JAMES  RUSSELL,  b.  1781,  m.  1806,  Sarah,  dau.  of  William  Allen 
Chipman,  was  M.P.P.  for  the  Township  of  Annapolis  from  1827 
to  1836,  and  d.  1864:  Ch.:  1,  William  Henry,  b.  Mar.  30,  1807, 
d.  1886,  unm.;  2,  Mary  Ann,  b.  Feb.  16,  1810,  m.  J.  Edw.  Starr  ; 
3,  Elizabeth  Albro,  b.  Sept.  11,  1812,  d.  1869,  unm.:  4,  James 
Russell,  b.  June  23,  1814,  d.  1838,  unm. ;  5,  Sarah  Rebecca,  b. 
Sept.  25,  1816,  d.  1837,  unm. ;  6,  John  Chandler,  b.  June  10, 
1319,  d.  1840,  unm. ;  7,  Thomas  Edward,  m.  in  England,  d.  1869; 
8,  Sa,muel  Bagshaw,  d.  in  Florida,  unm.;  9,  Eunice  S.,  m.  Nov. 
25,  1847,  George  Thomson,  Esq.,  of  Halifax  ;  10,  Maria  C.,  m. 
William  Smellie,  of  Scotland  ;  11,  Adelaide,  m.  Peter  McPhee, 
of  Halifax,  d.  1870. 

vii.  Phineas,  m.  1800,  Margaret  Rutherford  (dau.  of  Henry,  M.P.P.): 
Ch. :  1,  Surah,  b.  1801,  d.  1801  ;  2,  Mary  Eliza,  b.  1803,  m.  Charles 
Moody  ;  3,  Henry  Rutherford,  b.  1805,  unm  ;  4,  Margaret  Jane, 
b.  18^7,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Charles  Phineas,  b.  1809,  d.  1816  ;  6,  Amelia 
Maria,  b.  1812,  d.  1812;  7,  Ann  Isabella,  b.  1819,  m.  —  Golding  ; 
8,  Sophia  Amelia,  b.  1821,  m.  W.  Forsyth  Turnbull,  of  Digby. 
viii.  Thomas,  m.  Ann,  dau.  of  William  Allen  Chipman:  Ch. :  1, 
Margaret,  m.  James  L.  De  Wolfe  ;  2,  Mary,  d.  unm.  :  3,  Sarah, 
unm.;  4,  Henry,  m.  Annie  Johnstone,  dau.  of  Dr.  Lewis  and 
niece  of  Hon.  J.  W.  Johnstone  ;  5,  Agnes  T.,  m.  James  W. 
King,  of  Windsor,  M.P.P.,  etc. 

ix.     Abigail,  m.  William  Bent,  J.P. 

x.     Louisa,  m.  Samuel  Chesley,  J.P. 

xi.  Mary,  m.  (1st)  Henry  Shaw,  merchant  of  Digby,  (2nd)  Richard 
Stephens,  of  Digby,  a  native  of  England  (no  issue). 


542  MARGESON — MARSHALL. 

MARGESON.  GIDEON  MARGESON  was  a  worthy  Loyalist  of  1783.  The 
first  of  the  name  in  America  was  Edmund  Margeson,  who  came  in  the 
,  Mayflower  in  1620,  but  he  died,  it  is  said,  unmarried,  and  certainly  very 
young,  during  the  first  year  of  the  settlement.  The  name  does  not 
appear  again  among  the  early  settlers  of  Massachusetts.  He  married 
Lavinia,  daughter  of  Robert  Wilson,  of  New  York,  and  sister  of  Chris- 
topher Wilson,  an  immigrant  of  1774  from  Yorkshire.  Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  1785,  m.  1810,  Hannah  Bolsor  :  Oh. :  1,  John,  b.  1811, 
m.  (1st)  Lydia  Morine,  (2nd)  Wilhelmina  Ann  Newcomb  ; 

2,  Jonathan  Woodbury,   b.  1815,  d.    1884,  m.  Rebecca  Condell  ; 

3,  Thomas,  b.  1816,   m.   Miriam  Simpson  ;  4,  Margaret,  b.  1818, 
m.  George  Bezanson  ;  5,    William,   b.   1820,   m.   Susan  Randall  ; 

6,  Benjamin,     b.    1823,    m.    (1st)   Eunice    White,    (2nd)    Sarah 
Nichols  ;  7,    Edward,    b.   1826,    m.   (1st)  Caroline   Wilson,   (2nd) 
Harriet  Brown  ;  8,  Leander,   b.  1827,  m.    (1st)  Jane  McGorical, 
(2nd)  Mary  Ann  Parker  ;  9,  Love,  b.  1829,  m.  John  Woodworth ; 
10,  Hannah,  b.  1832,  m.  Milan. 

ii.  Robert,  b.  1787,  m.  1813,  Rachel  Fritz  :  Ch. :  1,  William,  b.  1814, 
m.  Mary  Beals  ;  2,  James,  b.  1815,  m.  Margaret  Morris  ;  3,  Jane 
Wilson,  b.  1817,  m.  Patrick  Stephenson  ;  4,  Mary,  b.  1819,  m. 
John  Phillips  :  5,  Nancy,  m.  James  Collins  ;  6,  Peter,  m.  (1st) 
Sarah  Jane  Pool,  (2nd)  Rebecca  Whitman,  ne'e  Goucher  ; 

7,  Lavinia,  m.  Morgan  Connell  ;  8,  Margaret,  b.  1820,  d.  unm. 
iii.*     Silas,  -m.  (1st)  Mehitable  Reagh,  (2nd)  Ann  Merick,  nee  Brown: 

Ch. :  1,  Susanna  m.  Bayard  Margeson  ;  2,  John  Wesley  m.  Sarah 
Amelia  Gesner  :  3,  Lavinia  m.  (1st)  Ansel  T.,  Baker,  (2nd)  Rev. 
Mr.  Martel  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  m.  (1st)  Henry  McKeiina,  (2nd) 
James  Morsr,  (3rd)  Adam  Bowlby  ;  5,  Sarah  Jane,  d.  unm.  ; 
6,  Isaac,  m.  Mary  Piice  ;  7,  Margaret,  m.  Sidney  Burden ;  8,  Mary, 
in.  Isaac  Parker. 

iv.     Lavinia,  m.  Samuel  Campfield  Beardsley. 

v.  Thomas,  m.  1813,  Phebe  Daniels  :  Ch. :  1,  Christopher,  b.  1814,  m. 
Margaret  Reagh  ;  2,  Ella,  b.  1817,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Mary  E.,  b.  1819, 
m.  James  N.  Spicer ;  4,  Robert  C.  b.  1822,  m.  (1st)  Rebecca 
Spicer,  (2nd)  Jane  Smithers  ;  5,  Thomas,  b.  1825,  m.  Hannah 
Spicer  ;  6,  Lavinia,  b.  1827,  m.  Wellington  Daniels  ;  7,  Phebe 
Ann,  b.  1813,  m:  Lewis  Morris  ;  8,  Silas,  b.  1829,  m.  Mary  Ann 
Goucher  ;  9,  Ellen,  b.  1834,  m.  John  Berteaux. 

vi.     Peter,  m.  Ann  Hall, 
vii.     Christopher,  m.  Susan  Dodge  (dau.  of  Charles). 

MARSHALL.  This  name  is  derived  from  the  title  "  Mareschall,"  and 
the  English,  Irish  and  Scotch  Marshalls  claim  descent  from  Roger  le 
Mareschall,  or  "the  Marshall,"  who  at  Hastings  arrayed  the  forces  of 
the  Conqueror  for  the  battle.  The  title  of  Earls  Marshalls  of  England 
became  hereditary  in  the  family,  and  by  the  marriage  of  William  the 
Protector  with  the  only  daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  Strongbow,  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  and  Eva  his  wife,  they  became  Earls  of  Pembroke  in  England. 
In  Ireland  members  of  this  family  were  Princes  Palatine  of  Leinster, 

*  The  order  in  which  the  remainder  are  placed  may  not  be  correct. 


MARSHALL.  543 

and  the  title  of  Marshall  of  Ireland  became  vested  in  a  younger  branch 
by  letters  patent.  William,  the  immigrant  to  America,  became  one  of 
the  founders  of  Dedham,  Mass.  In  1760  four  of  the  name,  supposed  to 
have  been  his  great-grandsons,  came  over  to  Nova  Scotia.  (For  ISAAC 
and  WILLIAM,  see  page  199.)  ANTHONY  settled  first  at  Wilmot,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  and  founded  Marshalltown,  Digby  County  ;  SOLOMON 
settled  in  the  township  of  Annapolis.  William's  eldest  (surviving)  son, 
Andrew  Willett  Marshall,  cut  the  first  tree  in  what  is  now  the  beautiful 
district  of  Clarence  Centre.  While  these  four  pioneers  are  supposed  by 
most  of  their  descendants  to  have  been  brothers,  Solomon  is  reported  to 
have  come  over  to  Massachusetts  from  Pennsylvania,  and  Anthony  from 
Rhode  Island.  WILLIAM  MARSHALL  married  April  22,  1761,  Lydia, 
•daughter  of  George  Willett,  of  Roxbury,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Sybil,  b.  Feb.  3,  1762,  m.  Deacon  Thomas  Chute, 
ii.     William,  b.  Oct.  21,  1763,  d.  Sept.  6,  1764. 

iii.     William,  b.  Aug.  5,  1765,  d.  Sept.  30,  1776. 
iv.     Catharine,  b.  Sept.  10,  1767,  d.  Jan.  5,  1779. 

v.  Andrew  Willett,  b.  Feb.  23,  1770,  m.  Jan.  29,  1792,  Susannah,  dau. 
of  Samuel  Chesley,  d.  Sept.  28,  1865  :  Ch.  :  1,  Nancy,  b.  Aug. 
27,  1793,  m.  Oct.  23,  1821,  Jeremiah,  son  of  Jacob  Calnek  ;  2, 
Andrew,  jun.,  b.  Oct.  31,  1795,  m.  Oct.  21,  1819,  Abigail  Morse  ; 
3,  Caleb,  b.  Nov.  30,  1797,  m.  Nov.  11,  1823,  Eliza,  dau.  of  Wil- 
liam Bent  ;  4,  Susan,  b.  Aug.  24,  1800,  m.  Joseph  Starratt  ;  5, 
Eliza,  b.  Aug.  16,  1802,  m.  Nov.  4,  1829,  Daniel,  son  of  Richard 
Nichols  ;  6,  Benjamin,  b.  July,  1804,  m.  1830,  Eliza  Beattie  ;  7, 
Helen,  b.  Feb.  11, 1807,  d.  May  24,  1849  ;  8,  Sidney,  b.  April  16, 
1809,  d.  1811  ;  9,  Sidney,  b.  May  31,  1814,  m.  Feb.  23,  1837, 
Tamar  Chute. 

•vi.  John,  b.  April  20,  1772,  m.  Oct.  17,  1797,  Nancy,  dau.  of  Abednego 
Ricketson  :  Ch.  :  1,  Maria,  b  Oct.  14,  1798,  in.  Feb.  8,  1820, 
John,  son  of  Alvan  Corbitt  ;  2,  Susanna,  b.  March  9,  1800  ;  3, 
Willett,  b.  Feb.  9,  1802,  m.  1826,  Margaret,  dau.  of  Joseph 
Johnson  ;  4,  Lovicia,  b.  Nov.  8,  1803,  m.  Samuel  Bishop  Chip- 
man,  M.P.P.  ;  5,  William,  b  April  22,  1805,  m.  May  10,  1831, 
Maria,  dau.  of  Wm.  Bent ;  6,  Calvin,  b.  April  2,  1807,  d.  ;  7,  Sophia, 
b.  Aug.  14,  1810,  m.  Dec.  19,  1838,  William,  son  of  Joseph  John- 
son ;  8,  Eliza,  b.  July  31,  1812,  m.  Jan.  4,  1848,  Thomas  A.,  son 
of  Antonio  Gavaza  ;  9,  Mary  Ann,  b.  Feb.  10,  1816,  m.  June  22, 
1847,  William  Freeman  Marshall  (his  first  w.)  ;  10,  John  James, 
b.  June  7,  1818,  m.  Dec.  16,  1852,  Maria  Randolph. 

vii.  Abel  R.,  b.  May  13,  1774,  m.  Jan.  4,  1798,  Esther,  dau.  of  Daniel 
Felch  :  Ch.  :  1,  William,  b.  1798,  m.  July  4,  1822,  Mary  Fritz  ; 
2,  Samuel,  b.  Nov.  25,  1800,  m.  Rachel,  dau.  of  John  Elliott  ;  3, 
Deacon  Thomas  A.,  b.  Nov.  7,  1802,  m.  Margaret  Elliott  (sister  of 
Rachel),  11  ch.  ;  4,  Lydia,  b.  Feb.  12,  1805,  m.  W.,  son  of  James 
Charlton  ;  5,  Rufus,  b.  Sept.  15,  1810,  m.  Mary  Jane  Webster. 

viii.     Elizabeth,  b.  March  28,  1776,  m.  William  Marshall  (son  of  Isaac), 
ix.     Calvin,  b.  April  16,   1778,   m.  Helen  Phinney  (dau.  of  Zaccheus), 

lived  at  Petitcodiac. 
x.     Sarah,  b.  Aug.  27,  1780,  m.  Samuel  Gates. 


544  MARSHALL. 

SOLOMON  MARSHALL,  born  about  1745,  m.  (1st)  in  Pennsylvania,  Sarah 
Clarke  (or  Simpson),  (2nd)  Hannah  Kendall.     Children  : 

i.     Sarah,  b.  about  1773,  m.  Benjamin  Milbury. 
By  second  wife  : 

ii.     Mary,  b.  1776. 

iii.  Elisha,  b.  1778,  m.  1806,  Cynthia  Marshall  (dau.  of  Isaac)  :  Ch.  :  1, 
Caroline,  b.  1807,  m.  James  Sullivan  ;  2,  Eliza,  b.  1809,  m.  Old- 
ham  Fales  ;  3,  Rev.  Levi  Baptist,  b.  1811,  m.  Ann  Collins  ;  4, 
Seth,  m.  (1st)  Maria  Fritz,  (2nd)  Isabella  Urthing  ;  5,  Lucy,  m. 
David  F.  Milbury  ;  6,  Emily,  in.  Wm.  Locke  ;  7,  Mercy,  m.  Jacob 
Locke  ;  8,  Jacob,  m.  Mary  Ward  ;  9,  Gardiner,  d.  unm.  ;  10, 
Enoch,  d.  unm. 

iv.  Samuel,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  Nancy  Risteen,  (2nd)  Ann  Tufts,  (3rd) 
Mary  Chute,  me,  Marshall,  (4th)  Cynthia,  dau.  of  James  Jarvis, 
and  wid.  of  Hughy  Gray  :  Ch.  :  1,  Sophia,  b.  1807,  m.  Edward 
Arminson  ;  2,  William,  b.  1809,  m.  Hannah  Ward  ;  3,  Elizabeth, 
b.  1811,  m.  (1st)  Stephen  Brown,  (2nd)  Nelson  Baker  ;  4,  Louisa, 
b.  1813,  m.  Stephen  Tufts  ;  5,  Rebecca,  m.  James  Mitchell  ;  6, 
Abigail,  m.  Robinson  Palmer  ;  7,  Joseph,  m.  Rebecca  Walker  ; 

8,  Mary  Ann,  m.  John  Hawkesworth  ;  9,  Catherine,  m.  James  De- 
vinney  ;  10,  Samuel,   m.   Fanny   Welton  ;  11,  Salome,   m.  Israel 
Bent. 

v.  Obadiah,  b  1781,  d.  1857,  m.  1805,  Margaret  Eaton:  Ch.  1, 
Pamela,  b.  1806,  m.  James  Brown  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  1809,  m.  Hand- 
ley  C.  Gates  ;  3,  Lucy,  b.  1812,  m.  Phineas  Hudson  ;  4,  John,  b. 
1815,  m.  Sarah  Marshall  ;  5,  Margaret,  b.  1817,  m.  Rufus  Rob- 
bins  ;  0,  William,  b.  1819,  m.  Margaret  Flannagan  ;  7,  Robert,  b. 
1821,  m.  Margaret  Morse  ;  8,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  Daniel  Whitman  ; 

9,  Eunice,  m.  (1st)  Whitman,  (2nd)  Munroe  ;  10,  Elias,  m.  Nancy 
Freeman. 

vi.     Rebecca,  b.  1783,  m.  Joseph  Snell. 

vii.     Solomon,    jun.,   b.   1785,   m.  June,   1805,   Rachel   Chute:  Ch. :  1, 
Nelson,  b.   1810,   d.   without  issue  ;  2,   James  Lynam,    m.   Eliza 
Ann  Armstrong  (dau.  of  Richaid). 
viii.     Seth,  b.  1787,  went  abroad, 
ix.     Hannah,  b.  1789,  d.  1790. 

x.  Levi,  b.  1790,  d.  1869,  m.  (1st)  Catharine  (2nd)  Mary,  daus. 
of  Rev.  John  White  :  Ch.  :  1,  Lamitty  Ann,  d.  unm.  ;  2,  James 
Manning,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Whitman,  (2nd)  Freelove  Bruce  ;  3, 
Frances  Maria,  m.  Jabez  Morton  ;  4,  Sarah,  m.  John  Marshall  ;  5, 
Edward,  m.  Margaret  Moffatt ;  6,  Henry  Worth,  m.  (1st)  Ann  M. 
Morton,  (2nd)  Phebe  Morton  ;  7,  Catharine,  m.  James  Peyton 
Pierce  ;  8,  Zachariah,  d.  unm.  ;  9,  Adoniram  Judson,  m.  Barbara 
Rafuse. 

xi.     Susanna,  b.  1792,  m.  Levi  Cole, 
xii.     Sarah,  b.  1794,  m.  1812,  Wm.  Greenham. 
xiii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1798. 


ISAAC  MARSHALL,  b.  1738  (Mr.  Chute  says  June  10,  1748),  married  (1st) 
1772,  Mary  Robbins,  (2nd)  Ruth  Morton,  nee  Parish.     Had  children : 

VI  i.  Otis,  b.  Feb.  21,  1773,  m.  July  12,  1796,  Silence,  dau.  of  Daniel 
Felch,  Esq.,  lived  at  Marshall's  Cove,  now  Port  Lome  :  Ch.  : 
1,  Daniel,  b.  1797,  m.  1834,  Amoret  McKean  ;  2,  Lucy,  b.  1799, 
d.  young  ;  3,  Mary,  b.  1802,  m.  Wm.  Vidito  ;  4,  Isaac,  b.  Oct.  14, 


MARSHALL — M'BRIDE — M'CORMICK.  545 

1804,  m.  Frances  Brown  (dau.  John) ;  5,  Rebecca,  b.  Oct.  14,  1804 
m.   Allen  Clark  ;  6,  John,  b.   1806,  m.  Rachel  Kathern,  5  ch. 
7,  Oliver,  b.    1808,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Jesse  Videtoe,  10  ch.  ;  8 
Diadama,  m.  Elkana  McLeod,  6  ch.  ;  9,  George  Gardner,  b.  1811 
m.  Caroline,  dau.  of  Jesse  Viditoe  ;  10,  Louisa,  m.  Chesley  Stark 
11,  Allen,  m.  Rachel,  dau.  John  Henry  Snyder  ;  12,  Calvin,  m. 
Lucy,  dau.  of  Peter  Strong  ;  13,  Eliza,  m.  Alex.  Jackson, 
ii.     Lucy,  b.  Jan.  6,  1775,  m.  George  Gardner. 

iii.  William,  b.  Aug.  14,  1777,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Marshall,  (2nd)  Sarah 
Chute  :  Ch. :  1,  Asaph,  b.  Aug.  27,  1802,  m.  Eliza  Morse  (dau. 
Jonathan);  2,  William,  jun.,  b.  July  17,  1804,  m.  Grace  Smith 
(dau.  Frank,  g.  dau.  Austin);  3,  Calvin,  b.  and  d.  1808  ; 
4,  Elizabeth,  b.  Jan.  12,  1811,  m.  Levi  Phinney. 

iv.     Mary,  b.    Sept.  10,  1779,  m.  Jan.  30,  1801,  William  Chute  (son  of 

Samuel), 
v.     Cynthia,  b.  Nov.  27,  1781,  m.  Elisha  Marshall. 

vi.     Prictlla,  b.  Nov.  29,  1783,  m.  Henry,  son  of  John  Dunn. 

vii.  David,  b.  Sept.  17,  1786,  m.  Aug.  23,  1806,  Elizabeth  Beardsley, 
and  lived  near  Port  Lome  :  Ch.  :  1,  Enoch,  b.  1807,  m.  Jane 
Hanselpicker ;  2,  Beverly  Robinson,  b.  1809,  m.  Susan  Mess- 
enger ;  3,  Ebenezer  Robbins,  b.  1811,  d.  unm.  ;  4,  Wellington, 
b.  1813,  m.  Hannah  Bolsor  ;  5,  Mary,  b.  1815,  m.  Samuel  Foster, 
jun. ;  6,  Elizabeth,  b.  1817,  m.  VanBuren  Foster  ;  7,  David,  b. 
1819,  d.  unm. ;  8,  Lavinia,  b.  1821,  m.  Joseph,  son  of  Thomas 
Durland  ;  9,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1822,  m.  Warren,  son  of  Benjamin 
Foster  ;  10,  Olivia,  b.  1824,  m.  Henry  O.  Dalton  ;  11,  Ebenezer, 
b.  1825,  m.  Barbara  Ann  Grant ;  12,  Isaac  William,  b.  1828,  m. 
Frances  Easson. 
viii.  Catharine,  b.  July  2,  1791,  d.  young. 

ANTHONY  MARSHALL,  who  went  to  Digby,  has  a  very  large  posterity. 
He  had  children  : 

1,  Abigail,  b.  1765,  m.  John  Henry  Snyder  ;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1766,  m.  Tem- 
perance Eldridge  ;  3,  Richard,  b.  Jan.  30,  1768,  m.  (1st)  Hannah  Bacon,  (2nd) 
Martha  Marshall,  ne'e  Ingles  ;  4,  Isaac,  b.  March  12,  1770,  m.  Rachel,  dau.  of 
James  and  Elizabeth  Potter;  5,  Rachel,  b.  1771,  m.  Richard  Collins;  6,  Mary, 
b.  1773,  m.  John  Cropley  ;  7,  William,  b.  1776,  m.  Rebecca  White,  and  lived 
at  South  Range,  Digby  County ;  8,  Solomon,  b.  1779,  m.  May  13,  1802, 
Martha,  dau.  James  Ingles,  and  lived  at  Marshalltown  ;  left  eight  sons. 

A  full  record  of  them  is  in  the  Chute  Genealogies. 


McBRiDE.  EDWARD  McBRiDE,  an  immigrant  from  the  north  of  Ire- 
land, married,  1765,  Lois  Hill,  and  had  children: 

1,  Charlotte,  b.^1766  ;  2,  Samuel,  b.  1768,  whose  dau.  Elizabeth  m.  Joseph 
Durland  (son  of  Daniel);  3,  Japhet,  b.  1770  ;  4,  Bettie,  b.  1772  ;  5,  Edward, 
b.  1774  ;  6,  Sophia,  b.  1776,  m.  Abner  Chute  ;  7,  William,  b.  1780  ;  8,  Anne, 
b.  1781. 


McCoRMiCK.     The    family  of   this   name,   who  with  all  deference,    I 
think,  ought  to  spell  the  name  MacCormac,  or  McCormack,  the  former 
being  nearer  the  original  name,  are  descended  from  Samuel  McCormick^ 
35 


546  M'CORMICK. 

a  native  of  the  north  of  Ireland,  although  probably  of  Scottish  origin, 
who  was  born  in  1741,  and  emigrated  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  It  is  said  the  vessel  that  brought  him  was  bound  to  New  York, 
but  put  into  Halifax  from  stress  of  weather.  Shortly  after  his  arrival 
there  he  removed  to  Horton,  where  he  remained  a  few  years,  and  coming 
afterwards  to  the  township  of  Granville,  he  purchased  a  lot  of  five 
hundred  acres  in  the  vicinity  of  which  many  of  his  descendants  now 
reside.  Some  of  his  descendants  have  figured'  very  largely  in  ship- 
building, commerce,  and  prominent  public  service,  not  forgetting  news- 
paper enterprise.  He  married,  1770,  Mary  Blair,  and  died  June  12, 
1823.  She  died  December  27,  1826.  Children: 

i.     Jane,  b.  1770,  m.  Robert  Young. 

ii.  Samuel,  b.  1772,  m.  1802,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  John  DeWitt,  and 
dau.  of  Jonathan  Leonard  :  Ch.  :  1,  Samuel  Leonard,  b.  April  7, 
1804,  m.  Bethia  Robertson  ;  2,  William,  b.  Feb.  2,  1806,  in.  Miss 
Burnham,  of  Digby  ;  3,  Sarah,  b.  March  8,  1808,  m.  Benjamin 
Sanders,  of  Rosette  ;  4,  John,  b.  Nov.  2,  1809,  m.  Margaret  J., 
dau.  of  Richard  James,  Esq.  ;  5,  Seth,  b.  Sept.  22,  1811,  d.  Dec.  25, 
1813 ;  6,  Louisa,  b.  June  25,  1813,  in.  Benjamin  Leonard, 
Paradise  ;  7,  Ambrose,  b.  May  23,  1815,  m.  Phebe  Post,  of  Digby. 
iii.  John,  b.  1774,  d.  1849,  m.  1803,  Phebe  Balcom  :  Ch.  :  1,  William, 
m.  Letitia  Withers  ;  '2,  Samuel,  m.  Oct.  29,  1850,  Elizabeth 
McDormand  ;  3,  Maria,  m.  William  Wade  ;  4,  Lydia,  m.  Leonard 
Wade  ;  5,  Jane,  m.  John  Mills  ;  6,  Sarah,  m.  Stephen  Troop  ; 
7,  Rachel,  m.  Joshua  Hawkesworth  ;  8,  George,  b.  March  10, 
1821,  m.  Bessie  Bent ;  9,  John,  m.  Sarah  Calnek  ;  10,  Gilbert, 
b.  July  4,  1823,  m.  Martha  Tupper. 

iv.  Daniel,  b.  June  2(5,  1782,  m.  1808,  Susanna  Young  (dau.  of  William). 
She  d.  June  8,  1830  :  Ch.  :  1,  William  Young,  b.  Nov.  17,  1809, 
d.  Sept.  8,  1835,  unm.  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  Nov.  16,  1811,  m.  Joshua 
Hawkesworth  ;  3,  James  Parker,  b.  May  3,  1814,  d.  unm.  ; 
4,  Miriam  Jane,  b.  June  29,  1816,  m.  Win.  Chaloner,  an  English- 
man living  in  Boston  ;  5,  Edward  Thome,  b.  Sept.  13,  1818,  m. 
Miss  Neville,  Granville  ;  6,  Hannah  Maria,  b.  Feb.  23,  1821,  m. 
(1st)  Charles  Edward  Farnham,  of  Digby,  (2nd)  Frank  Smith,  of 
St.  John,  a  native  of  Ireland  ;  7,  Margaret  Catherine,  b.  July  27, 
1823  ;  8,  Statira  Ann,  b.  Jan.  26,  1826,  m.  Abner  Rice  ;  9,  Job 
Young,  b.  Nov.  3,  1829,  m.  Miss  Melick,  of  Wilmot. 

v.  Thomas,  b.  1785,  m.  Sept.  15,  1811,  Elizabeth  Winchester  (dau.  of 
Spencer) :  Ch.  :  1,  Grace,  b.  June  28,  1812,  m.  Winslow  Odell ; 
2,  Frances,  b.  Aug.  30,  1813,  m.  Wm.  Letteney  ;  3,  Thomas,  b. 
Feb.  18,  1815,  drowned  June  8,  1835  ;  4,  Hannah,  b.  June  11, 
1816,  m.  Captain  Wm.  Bogart  ;  5,  Elizabeth,  b.  June  12,  1818,  m. 
(1st)  Thomas  Daley,  (2nd)  Moses  Dykeman,  (3rd)  Rev.  George 
Armstrong  ;  6,  Henry,  b.  March  3,  1820,  drowned  June  8,  1835 ; 
7,  Ann,  b.  Sept.  30,  1821,  d.  unm.  ;  8,  Henrietta,  b.  May  25, 
1823,  m.  William  Sullivan  ;  9,  Jacob,  b.  May  19,  1825,  d.  'Nov. 
14,  1828  ;  10,  James,  b.  July  12,  1827,  rn.  Miss  Stackhouse  ; 
11,  Edward,  b.  Oct.,  1829,  m.,  living  in  Texas  ;  12,  Samuel,  twin 
of  Edward,  m.  Miss  Cole,  of  Carleton,  N.B. ,  now  in  Dacotah  ; 
13,  Stephen,  b.  March  3,  1832,  m.  1854,  Miss  Watts,  St.  John, 
N.B. ;  14,  Mary  Catherine,  b.  June  26,  1834,  d.  April  21, 1836. 


M'DORMAND — M'KENZIE. 


547 


McDoRMAND.  (By  the  Editor.}  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Chute,  author  of 
the  "  Chute  Genealogies,"  for  the  following  information  :  William 
McDormand,  from  an  ancient  Ulster  family  of  Scotch  origin  and  good 
repute,  removed  with  his  wife  and  family  from  the  valley  of  the  Brandy- 
wine  to  Annapolis  in  1761,  under  the  auspices  of  Henry  Evans,  and 
occupied  lot  9,  about  three  miles  from  the  town.  His  sons  were  : 

i.  William,  jun.,  b.  May,  1739,  first  settled  in  Digby,  then  at  Gulli- 
ver's Cove,  Digby  Neck,  and  then  again  in  Digby,  occupying  the 
lot  on  which  the  Baptist  Church  now  stands,  and  d.  before  1807. 
His  widow  in  that  year  opened  her  house  for  the  first  Baptist 
services  in  that  place.  He  in.  (1st)  Meribah,  dau.  of  Wm.  Fitz- 
Gerald,  sen.,  of  Wilmot  ;  (2nd)  May  25,  1802,  Tabitha,  dau.  of 
Joseph  Webber,  and  wid.  of  George  Schreiber,  a  Loyalist  :  Ch. : 
1,  J<ine,  m.  James  Robinson;  2,  Mary,  m.  David  Cossaboom;  3, 
Margaret,  in.  Edward  W.,  s.  of  John  C.  Small ;  4,  Susan  m.  —  ; 
5,  Sarah,  in.  John  McKay  ;  6,  John,  in.  —  ;  7,  James,  m.  - 
Cypher  ;  8,  Charles,  m.  Jane  McKay. 

ii.  Robert,  m.  Mary  Morrill,  first  settled  in  Digby,  and  in  1811 
removed  to  Western  Canada,  where  she  d.  1817,  and  he  survived 
several  years  :  Ch. :  1,  Nancy,  m.  James  Mclntyre  ;  2,  Mary,  m. 
—  ;  3,  Rev.  Cormac,  m.  (1st)  Miss  Watt,  (2nd)  Prudence  Morrill ; 
4,  Robert,  m.  Rebecca  Arnold  ;  5,  Thomas,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth 
McDormand,  (2nd)  Margaret  Snow  ;  6,  Wilson,  m.  Lucy  Buck- 
man  ;  7,  Jane,  m.  David  Cossaboom  ;  8,  James,  m.  Deborah, 
dau.  of  Robert  Morrill  ;  9,  Rev.  William,  m.  Jerusha  Wells. 

iii.  Thomas,  m.  1790,  Lavinia  Webber,  of  Granville  :  Ch. :  1,  Joel,  b. 
1792,  m.  Jane  Elizabeth  Harris  ;  2,  John,  m.  Dorinda  Whitman, 
5  ch. ;  3,  Joseph,  m.  in  England  ;  4,  William,  a  mariner  ;  5, 
Elizabeth,  d.  young. 

iv.  James,  m.  Ann,  dau.  of  Judah  Rice,  lived  at  Westport,  Briar  Island, 
but  removed  to  Port  Burwell,  Ont.,  about  1830:  Ch. :  1,  Sarah, 
m.  Elisha  Payson  ;  2,  James,  fate  unknown  ;  3,  Mary,  m.  Samuel 
Teed  ;  Rachel,  m.  Francis  Harris,  jun.;  5,  Elizabeth,  m.  Thomas 
McDormand  ;  6,  Jane,  m.  (1st)  William  Bailey,  (2nd)  Lemuel 
Morehouse  ;  7,  Charlotte,  m.  John,  s.  of  Jacob  Medlar  ;  Frances, 
m.  Isaac  Titus,  jun.;  9,  Nelson,  m.  Eleanor  McConnell ;  10, 
Sidney,  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Isaac  Morehouse. 


As  the  name  would  clearly  indicate,  this  family  is  of 
Scotch  origin.  Alexander  McKenzie,  born  about  1733,  came  over  to 
Halifax  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  soon  came  down  to 
Granville,  and  there  married  in  1765,  Mary,  daughter  of  Walter 
Wilkins,  who  was  born  in  Halifax,  probably  in  1749.  They  settled  at 
•Stony  Beach,  below  Granville  Ferry.  He  died  July  14,  1820.  She  died 
1843,  aged  93.  Children: 

i.     Sarah,  b.  June  24,  1766,  m.  (1st)  June  15,  1786,  Joseph  Thomas, 

(2nd)  1829,  Deacon  Thomas  Chute. 
ii.     Mary,  b.  1768,  d.  young, 
iii.     Walter,  b.  May  4,  1770,  a  master  mariner,  d.  probably  unm. ,  Dec. 

24,  1799,  in  his  vessel,  in  Annapolis  River, 
iv.      William,  b.  May  4,  1770,  m.   Hannah,  dau.  of  Ebenezer  Corning, 

1795,  lived  at  Stony  Beach,  d.  March,  1859  :  Ch.  :    1,  Alexander, 


548  M'KENZIE — MESSENGER. 

b.  May  4,  1796,   m.   Mary,  dau.  of  Dr.   Andrew  Sideler,  10  ch.  ; 

2,  Bethiah,    b.  Sept.  15,  1797,  m.  John,  son  of  Mana^seh  Litch  ; 

3,  Abigail,   b.    Sept.    1,   1799,   m.   James  Martin,  who   d.   seven 
months  later  ;  4,  Mary,  b.  Aug.  3,  1802,  m.  Gilbert  Cress,  7  ch.  ; 
5,  Hannah,  b.  June  7,  1804,  m.  James  Litch  ;   6,  Elsie,  b.  April 
5,   1807,  m.  William  Turple  ;   7,  Eleanor,  b.  June  27,  1809,  m. 
Thomas  Sproul,  jun.  ;  8,  Eliza  M.,  b.  Jan.  18,  1812,  m.  (1st)  John 
B.,  son  of  Jonathan  McKenzie,  (2nd)  James  Killam  ;  9,  Sarah  A., 
b.  May  1,  1813,  m.  Rev.  John  O.  Woodworth  ;  10,  Margaret  Jane, 
b.  Sept.  3,  1815,  m.  Thomas,  son  of  John  Perry. 

v.     Abba,  b.  1773,  d.  1776. 

vi.  Elizabeth,  b.  1776,  m.  Oct.  3,  1799,  George,  son  of  Gideon  Witt, 
who  came  from  Lynn,  Mass. ,  to  Granville,  13  ch. 

vii.     John,  b.  about  1779,  a  follower  of  Rev.  Henry  Alline,  and  an  evan- 
gelist or  preacher, 
viii.     Nancy,  m.  Paul  Chesley. 

ix.  Alexander,  b.  1784,  m.  (1st)  Mary,  dau.  of  Willoughby  Sollows,  of 
Yarmouth,  (2nd)Edith,  dau.  of  Joseph  Saunders,  widow  of  William 
Harris  :  Ch.  :  1,  Walter,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Ansel  Crosby ;  2, 
William,  m.  Rachel,  dau.  of  John  Landers  ;  3,  Eleanor,  m.  Nathan, 
son  of  Jabez  Landers  ;  4,  Ruth,  m.  William,  son  of  Isaac  Balcom ; 
5.  Mary  Caroline. 
x.  Susan,  b.  Sept.  26,  1786,  m.  James  C.  Steadman. 

xi.     Mary,  b.  1790,  m.  Henry,  son  of  Abednego  Ricketson,  no  ch. 

MESSENGER.  HENRY1  MESSENGER  came  from  England  to  Boston  in 
1637 ;  married  Sarah  — ,  and  had  a  son  Thomas,2  born  1661,  who 
married  Elizabeth  Mellows;  they  had  a  son  Ebenezer,3  born  in  1697, 
who,  in  1719,  married  Rebecca  Sweetzer ;  and  from  this  marriage  came 
Ebenezer4  Messenger,  jun.,  who  was  born  in  1723  (or  1720),  and  came  to 
Nova  Scotia  with  the  other  early  Massachusetts  settlers,  bringing  his 
wife  with  him.  She  died,  and  he  married  (2nd)  Madame  de  Chevry,  but 
his  children  were  by  the  first  wife.  He  died  at  Annapolis  in  1806,  said 
to  be  aged  86.  His  children  were  :  1,  Ebenezer,5  who  married  Margaret 
Hooper;  2,  Lydia,  married  William  Lawrence;  3,  John.  Ebenezer,5 
who  came  with  his  father,  married  Margaret  Hooper.  Had  children  : 

i.  Henry,  m.  Dec.  15,  1792,  Anna  Wilson,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Amelia,  b. 
1794,  m.,  probably,  Elijah  Phinney;  2,  Ann,  b.  1796,  m.  George 
Munroe ;  3,  Henry,  b.  1798,  m.  Hannah  Abott,  6  ch. ;  4,  Timothy, 
b.  1800,  m.  Eliza  Messenger,  4  ch.  ;  5,  James,  b.  Dec.  15,  1801, 
m.  (1st)  Susan  Thomas,  7  ch.,  (2nd)  Grace  (Smith)  Marshall;  6, 
David,  b.  Feb.  20,  1804,  m.  Catharine  Parsons ;  7,  Mary,  b.  1806, 
m.  Samuel  Parker  ;  8,  Jane  Elizabeth,  b.  1807,  d.  1828  ;  9,  Michael 
(or  Lewis),  b.  1809,  m.  (1st)  Phebe  Ann  Bruce,  (2nd)  Grace 
Payzant  ;  10,  Cynthia,  b.  1811,  m.  Isaac  Dodge  ;  11,  Eliza  Ann, 
b.  Dec.,  1813,  d.  Nov.  9,  1828;  12,  Major,  b.  1817,  m.  Sarah 
Kinsman,  6  ch. 

ii.     John,  m.  1808,  Nancy  Truesdell,  4  ch. 

iii.  Ebenezer,  m.  1805,  Mary  Munroe  :  Ch.  :  1,  Thomasine,  b.  1806, 
m.  William  Benson  ;  2,  Ebenezer,  b.  1808,  m.  Margaret  Bruce  ; 
3,  Emily,  b.  1810  ;  4,  Louisa,  b.  1813,  m.  James  Craft;  5,  Eliza 
Ann,  b.  1816,  m.  Timothy  Messenger  ;  6,  Maria,  b  1819,  m.  John 
Bruce  ;  7,  Armanilla,  b.  1821,  m.  John  T.  Craft  ;  8,  Amelia, 
b.  1824,  m.  —  ;  9,  Isaiah,  b.  1826,  m.  Mehitable  Sampson. 


MESSENGER— M1LBURY.  549 

iv.  Ezekiel,  m.  Mary  Ricketson  :  Ch.  :  1,  Obadiah,  m.  Ann  McGregor  ; 
2,  Daniel  m.  ;  3,  Jordan,  m.  Elizabeth  Munroe ;  4,  Eli,  m.  Christina 
Marshall  ;  5,  Lawrence  m.  1832,  Mary  Ann  Soper  ;  6,  Mary,  m. 
JohnBrinton  ;  7,  Phebe,  m.  Andrew  Munroe ;  8,  Eliza,  m.  William 
Merritt ;  9,  Susan,  m.  (1st)  Beverley  R.  Marshall,  (2nd)  William 
Brown  ;  10,  Elsie  Ann  ;  11,  Lovicia  ;  12,  Emmeline  ;  13,  William 
Henry,  in.  Mary  Roach  ;  14,  Nancy,  b.  1820,  m.  Joshua  Brinton, 
b.  1819. 

v.     George  Nugent,  b.  1784,  m.  Mary  Harrington,  4  ch. 

vi.     Thomas,  m.  Experience  Bent,  3  ch. 
vii.     David,  m.  Abigail  Bent,  8  ch 
viii.     Phebe,  m.  Reuben  Balcom. 

ix.     Ann,  m.  William  Longley. 

x.     Lydia,  m.  Daniel  Bruce. 

MILBURY.  Our  author  made  no  note  on  the  founder  of  this  family, 
except  a  memorandum  that  seems  to  indicate  that  he  was  from  York,  but 
the  author  of  the  "Chute  Genealogies"  says  "from  Ireland."  It  seems  a 
purely  English  name.  THOMAS  MILBURY  married  1764,  Elizabeth 
Barnes  (daughter  of  Nathaniel),  and  had  children  : 

i.  Thomas,  b.  1765,  m.  Phebe  Saunders  :  Ch. :  1,  Phebe,  b.  1797,  m. 
Nathaniel  Harris  (son  of  Benjamin  and  g.  son  of  Samuel,  of  Yar- 
mouth); 2,  Thomas,  b.  1799,  drowned  ;  3,  Joseph,  b.  1802,  m. 
1828,  Rebecca  Weare  ;  4,  David,  b.  1803,  d.  1804. 

ii.  Benjamin,  b.  1767,  m.  Sarah  Marshall  (dau.  of  Solomon):  Ch.:  1, 
Mercy,  m.  (1st)  James  Bryan,  (2nd)  James  Nickerson  (perhaps 
Nicholson);  2,  Willard,  m.  Eunice,  dau.  of  John  Weaver  ;  '3, 
Samuel,  b.  1804,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Silas  Bent  ;  4,  Solomon,  m. 
(1st)  Phebe  Sproul  (dau.  of  W.  Roach);  5,  Benjamin,  m.  Clarissa, 
dau.  of  John  Viditoe  (lived  in  Digby  and  d.  by  an  accident.  A  son 
Alfred  Henry,  being  partly  brought  up  by  a  Savary,  adopted  that 
surname,  served  in  American  navy  and  settled  in  United  States); 
6  and  7,  Simeon  and  Thomas,  b.  1810,  d.  soon  ;  8,  John  Wesley, 
b.  1812,  m  (1st)  Hannah  Ward  (dau.  of  Jonas);  9,  Lucinda,  b. 
1814,  m.  Asaph,  son  of  Reis  Stronach  ;  10,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1817,  m. 
Edwin  Downey  ;  11,  Whitfield,  b.  1820,  m.  Eunice  Sproul. 

iii.  James,  b.  1770,  m.  Sarah  (Fletcher)  Milbury  :  Ch. :  1,  Joseph,  b. 
Dec.  14,  1796,  m.  Priscilla,  dau.  of  Wm.  Chute;  2,  James,  b. 
July  8,  1798,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Henry  Milbury  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  b. 
July  27,  1800  ;  4,  Henry,  b.  Oct.  18,  1801,  m.  Mary  Young  ;  5, 
Susanna,  b.  Feb.  22,  1803,  m.  John  Brown  ;  6,  Anna,  b.  Jan.  21, 
1805,  m.  William  Armstrong  ;  7,  Mary,  b.  June  21,  1807,  m, 
William  Nichols  ;  8,  David  F.,  b.  Sept.  8,  1810,  m.  Lucy  Marshall 
(dau.  of  Elisha)  ;  9,  Lucy,  b.  Nov.  17,  1812,  m.  James  Lynam 
Chute  ;  10,  John,  m.  Seraphina  Chute  (dau.  of  William)  ;  11, 
Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  2,  1817,  m.  Harrington  Messenger  ;  12, 
Fletcher,  b.  July  30,  1819,  m.  Sarah  J.  Sproul. 

iv.     Mary,  b.  1772,  m.  Demotte  Durland. 
v.     Elizabeth,  b.  1774. 

vi.     Joseph,  b.  1776,  d.  at  sea. 

vii.  Henry,  b.  1778,  m.  (1st)  1804,  Sarah,  dau.  of  John  Wade,  (2nd) 
Mary  (Fletcher)  Young  :  Ch.:  1,  Mary,  b.  1805,  m.  James  Mil- 
bury  ;  2,  David,  b.  1807,  m.  Margaret  Bent ;  3,  John,  b.  1809, 
m.  Mary  Elizabeth  Longley  ;  4,  Phebe,  b.  1812,  m.  Benjamin 

•  Farnsworth  ;    5,   Jame's   Priestly,   b.  1815,   m.   Henrietta  Clark  ; 

6,  Stephen,  b.  1817,  m.  Mary  "Bent ;    7,  Seth,  b.  1819,  m.  (1st) 


550  MILBURY — MILLER. 

Keziah  Kedy,   (2nd)  Elizabeth  Crooks  ;    8,   Edward,  b.  1823,  m. 
Margaret  Holland. 

viii.     Samuel,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  Katy  Nye,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Fowler, 
ix.     Richard,  b.  1782,  m.  Phebe  Everett. 
x.     Sarah,  b.  1785,  m.  Joseph  T.  Barnes. 

MILLER.  FRANCIS  MILLER  came,  .according  to  family  tradition,  from 
New  York  to  Granville  not  long  after  the  Massachusetts  settlers  of  1760. 
In  1770  he  had,  according  to  the  census  returns,  8  children,  6  of  whom 
were  of  Nova  Scotian  birth.  His  eldest  son  Henry,  when  a  young  man, 
returned  to  New  York,  where  an  uncle  resided,  married  and  left  descend- 
ants there.  His  son  Francis  removed  to  Bear  River,  married  Rachel,  a 
daughter  of  William  Clark,  and  Jacob,  at  the  time  of  his  marriage,  settled 
in  Wilmot.  He  married  Molley and  had  children  : 

i.      Henry,  b.  1765,  m.  and  lived  in  New  York, 
ii.     Catherine,  1).  1768,  in.  Zebulon  Durland. 
iii.     Molley,  b.  1770,  m.  Richard  Clarke, 
iv.     Adam  Francis,  b.  1771,  m.  1805,  Rachel  Clark  :  Ch. :   1,  Thomas,  b. 

1806,  m.  Mary  Wade  ;  2>  William,  b.  1808,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Harris; 

3,   Mary,    b.    1810,   m.   William    Dunn  ;    4,    Sophia,   b.   1812,  m. 

Joseph  Rice  ;  5,  Nelson,  b.  1811,  m.  Harriet  Gilliat  ;  6,  Margaret 

Ann,  b.  1814,  m.  Jacob  Troop, 
v.     Jacob,  b.  1774,  m.  1798,  Sarah  Durland  :  Ch.:  1,  Mary,  b.  1799,  m. 

George  Bowlby  ;  2,  George,  b.  1800,  m.  (1st)  Eliza  Rhodes,  (2nd) 

Catherine  Cropley  ;    3,   Eliza,   b.   1802,  m.  William   Slocomb  ;  4, 

Phebe,  b.  1804,  m.  John  Bent  ;  5,  Martha,  h.  1806  ;  6,   Sarah,  b. 

1808,  m.  Thomas  Nee  ;   7,  Louisa,  b.  1810,  m.  John  Cropley  ;  8, 

Francis,   b.   1812,  m.  Elizabeth  Slocomb  ;    9,  John,  b.  1816,  m. 

Phebe  Hayes  ;  10,  Jacob,  b.  1814,  m.  Cecilia  Morse  ;  11,  Henry, 

b.  1819,  m.  Lavinia  Slocomb. 

MICHAEL  MILLER,  of  German  extraction,  a  New  York  Loyalist,  by 
tradition  of  the  same  family  as  the  last  named,  but  not  within  known 
degrees  of  relationship,  married  (1st)  Sarah,  daughter  of  Solomon  Farns- 
worth,  (2nd)  1801,  Susanna  Grimes.  Children: 

i.  Solomon  Farnsworth,  m.  Sarah  Travis,  and  had  ch. :  1,  Ann,  m. 
(1st)  John  Morrison  Wade  ;  2,  Mary  Jane,  m.  Stephen  Fowler  ; 
3,  Elizabeth,  d.  unm. ;  4,  Olivia,  m.  Henry  Bent;  5,  John,  d. 
.unm.;  6,  Solomon,  d.  unm.;  7,  Solomon,  m.  Elizabeth  Easson  ; 
8,  William  E.,  m.  Jane  Easson. 

ii.     William,  d.  unm. 

iii.  Harris,  m.  1818,  Sarah  Gaskell :  Ch.:  1,  Sophia,  b.  1819,  m.  (1st) 
Eaton  Chute,  (2nd)  Solomon  Chute  ;  2,  Michael,  b.  1822,  m. 
Elizabeth  Chute  ;  3,  William,  b.  1825,  m.  Elizabeth  Sanders  ;  4, 
Benjamin,  b.  1828,  m.  Catharine  Sanders  ;  5,  Mary,  m.  Alexander 
Witt, 
iv.  Edward,  d.  unm. 

v.  James,  m.  1822,  Eleanor  Chandler  :  Ch. :  1,  Eliza  Matilda,  b.  1824, 
m.  (1st)  Charles  Lingley,  (2nd)  Thomas  Delap  ;  2,  Sarah  Ann,  b. 
1826,  m.  (1st)  Jacob  Bogart,  (2nd)  Charles  Mills  ;  3,  Catherine, 
b.  1828,  d.  unm.;  4,  James  Edward,  b.  1830,  m.  Horatia  Stead- 
man  ;  5,  Weston  Hicks,  b.  1832,  m.  Almaretta  Sanders  ;  f>,  Lois, 
m.  David  Tucker  ;  7,  Louisa,  b.  1836,  m.  James  Harvey. 


MILLER — MILLS — MILNER.  551 

By  second  wife  : 
vi.     Hanley,  d.  unm.' 
vii.     Thomas  Hanley,  b.  1805. 
viii.     Michael,   b.    1807,   m.    1834,   Lucy  Ann  Merry  ;    3  sons  d.  unm., 

several  daus. 
ix.     Sarah  Ann,  b.  1808. 
x.     Jacob  Edward,  b.  1812,  d.  unm. 
xi.     Irene  Salome,  d.  unm. 

MILLS.  The  Mills  family  of  Granville  are  a  branch  of  a  family  long 
domiciled  at  or  near  Scarborough,  Yorkshire,  whose  patronymic  was 
M ilnes,  the  change  in  the  spelling  of  the  name  being  adopted  about  the 
time  of  the  arrival  of  the  immigrant  ancestor  in  Nova  Scotia.  Milnes 
is  a  conspicuous  name  among  the  gentry  of  Derbyshire,  which  adjoins 
Yorkshire  on  the  south.  Three  brothers,  whose  father's  Christian  name 
is  lost,  but  whose  mother's  maiden  name  was  said  to  be  Milner,  came 
over  about  1773  or  1774.  The  eldest,  Francis,  never  married.  He  was  a 
magistrate  for  several  years  and  highly  esteemed.  William  Mills,  the 
next  eldest,  married  Hannah  McCormick,  and  had  children  :  1,  John, 
long  a  J.P.  and  leading  merchant  and  ship-builder,  m.  Jane  McCormick  ; 
the  father  of  JOHN  B.  MILLS,  ESQ.,  M.P.,  10  children  in  all;  2,  Elizabeth, 
m.  David  Witherspoon  :  3,  Ann,  m.  Robert  Witherspoon  ;  4,  Robert,  in. 
Jane  Amberman,  4  children ;  5,  William,  m.  Emily  Troop,  9  children  ; 
6,  David,  m.  Mary  Halfyard,  11  children. 

Robert  Mills,  the  youngest,  married  Hannah  Lovett,  and  had 
children  :  1,  Robert,  m.  Lucy  Hall,  6  children;  2,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  Alfred 
Troop. 

There  was  an  Elizabeth  Mills,  m.  Oct.  12,  1790,  John  Weatherspoon, 
jun.,  perhaps  a  sister  of  the  three  immigrant  brothers. 

MILNER.  JONATHAN  MILNER  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and 
came  to  this  province  in  the  last  quarter  of  the  last  century.  He  married 
Ann  Oliver,  was  a  farmer,  and  settled  in  Clements.  Another  immigrant 
named  Milner,  distinctly  cognate,  settled  in  Granville  in  1812.  Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  about  1776,  m.  Tamar,  dau.  of  Daniel  Pine  :  Ch.:  1,  Mary, 
b.  1804,  d.  unm.;  2,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1805,  m.  James  Fraser,  jun.; 
3,  John  K.,  m.  Dorcas  Pinckney  ;  4,  Rebecca,  m.  Samuel  West- 
lake  ;  5,  Hannah,  d.  unm.;  6,  Daniel  P.,  b.  1810,  m.  Ann  Mott 
(dau.  of  John). 

ii.  Jonathan,  jun.,  m.  (1st)  Lois  Potter,  (2nd)  Hannah,  dau.  of  Daniel 
Pine:  Ch. :  1,  Ann,  b.  about  1800,  m.  Daniel  W.  Milner; 
2,  John,  b.  1810,  d.  1840  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  3,  Mary  Ann,  m.  Peter, 
son  of  Thos.  Berry  (his  2nd  wife)  ;  4,  Samuel,  m.  Mary  Eliza 
Jones ;  5,  Sutliffe,  m.  Cecilia  Kiley ;  6,  Louisa,  m.  Ezekiel 
Sanford. 

iii.  Thomas,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Warner,  (2nd)  Nancy  Ham,  wid.  of 
Jacob  Weilant :  Ch.:  1,  Daniel  W. ,  m.  Anna,  dau.  of  Jonathan 
Milner  ;  2,  Thomas  H.  m.  Lovicia,  dau.  of  James  Wright  (no 


552  MILLER— MORSE. 

issue)  ;  3,  Frederic,  m.  Bethiah,  dau.  of  James  Wright  ;  4,  James, 
m.  Mary,  daughter  of  Andrew  Dukeshire  ;  5,  Mary,  m.  William, 
son  of  James  Wright ;  6,  Hannah,  m.  Ward  Wright  ;  7,  J. 
Conrad,  m.  Diadama,  dau.  of  Win.  Spurr  ;  8,  Joshua,  b.  1816, 
m.  Sarah  Hines  ;  9,  Oliver,  d.  aged  20 ;  10,  Elsie,  b.  1822,  m. 
John  Potter  (son  of  Benjamin)  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  11,  William,  m. 
Martha  LeCain  (dau.  of  Thomas)  ;  12,  Rebecca,  m,  John,  son  of 
Peter  Berry  ;  13,  Ann  Oliver,  m.  Edward  Manning  Sanford. 

iv.     Sarah,  d.  unm.,  aged  80. 
v.     Elche,  m.  John  Trimper. 

vi.     Beulah,  d.  unm.,  aged  about  70. 

vii.     Mary,  d.  unm.,  aged  about  75. 
viii.     Anna,  m.  William  McNeill. 

ix.     Elizabeth,  m.   1814,  Benjamin  Lecain,  and  d.  1805,  aged  87.     He 
d.  1892. 

MORSE.     SAMUEL   MonsE,1  born  in  England,   1585,  was  son  of  Rev 
Thomas    Morse,  of    Foxearth,   Essex    County,   England,  and    with    wife 
Elizabeth    came    to    New    England    in   the    ship    Increase,    Robert  Lee, 
master,  in  1625,  and  settled  at  Dedham,  and  died  at  Medfield,  Mass., 
April  5,  1654,  aged  69.     His  eldest  son,  Daniel,2  born  in  1613,  married 

Lydia ,  and  lived  in  Medfield  and  Sherborn,  Mass.,  and  died  June  5, 

1688,  leaving  a  son  Daniel,3  born  1640,  who  married  1669,  Elizabeth 
Barbour,  of  Sherborn,  and  died  Sept.  29,  1702.  His  son  Daniel,4  born 
July  10,  1672,  married  Susannah  Holbrook,  1696,  and  died  1717;  had 
a  son  Obadiah,5  born  at  Sherborn,  Aug.  15,  1704,  married  1728,  Mercy 
Walker,  and  died  in  1753.  This  Obadiah  was  the  father  of  Abner  and 
Samuel  Morse,  who  came  to  this  county,  and  were  grantees  in  the 
township  of  Annapolis. 

ABNER  MORSE,  born  in  Sherborn,  Mass.,  1731,  married,  1754,  Anna 
Church,  and  had  children  : 

i.  Abner,  jun.  (called  Capt.  Abner),  b.  Dec.  6,  1756,  d.  Dec.  4,  1839, 
m.  (1st)  1774,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Timothy  Saunders,  (2nd)  May 
27,  1793,  Nancy,  dau.  of  Handley  Chipman  :  Ch.:  1,  Ann,  m. 
Henry  Balcom ;  2,  Church,*  b.  1777,  m.  1800,  Elizabeth  Parker 
(dau.  of  Nathaniel) ;  3,  Diadama,  m.  Nathan  Parker,  jun. ;  4, 
Hannah,  b.  1782,  m.  Henry  Alline  Parker  ;  5,  Rachel,  b.  1788, 
m.  William  McGregor;  (by  2nd  wife):  6,  Hanley  C.,  b.  May  7, 
1795,  m.  Jerusha,  dau.  of  Asa  Tapper  ;  7,  Elizabeth,  b.  March  2, 
1797,  m.  1813,  Deacon  John  Wilson  ;  8,  Rebecca,  b.  April  9, 
1799,  m.  William,  son  of  Thomas  Bishop  ;  9,  Abigail,  b.  April  23, 
1801,  m.  Andrew  Marshall,  jun.;  10,  Lucy  Grant,  b.  1803,  m. 
John  VanNordea ;  11,  Caroline,  b.  March  7,  1805,  m.  Abel 

*  Our  author  makes  Church  Morse  the  twelfth  child  of  the  first  Abner  and  Anna 
Church.  I  have  followed  Mr.  Chute's  later  conclusion  with  some  doubt.  Church 
had  children :  1,  Helen,  b.  April  6,  1801,  m.  Abner  Parker  ;  2,  Benaiah,  b.  Dec.  22, 
1802,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  (widow  Baker),  dau.  of  John  Robinson,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Cutler ; 
3,  Jonathan,  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Samuel  Spinney  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  b.  Jan.  17,  1807, 
m.  (1st)  Jarnes  Saunders,  (2nd)  William  Copeland  ;  5,  Nathan  Parker,  b.  Dec.  12, 
1809,  m:  (1st)  Mary  A.  Roach,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Elliott ;  6,  Charlotte,  b.  and  d.  1812  ; 
7,  Abner,  b.  July  1,  1813,  m.  Nov.  9,  1834,  Mary  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Elijah  Purdy. 


MORSE.  553 

Banks  ;  12,  Emmeline,  b.  July  4,  1807,  m.  Edward  Bauckman  ; 
13,  Harriet,  b.  June  22,  1809,  in.  Ambrose  Poole  ;  14,  Abner,  b. 
Nov.  15,  1811,  m.  Sarah  Ann,  dau.  of  David  Morse  ;  15,  Eunice, 
b.  1814,  m.  (1st)  Stephen  Harris,  (2nd)  James  Purdy,  (3rd)  John 
Bennett,  of  Digby. 

Anna,  b.  Nov.  30,  1758,  m.  Jacob  Troop. 

Elizabeth,  b.  March  2,  1761  (in  N.S.),  m.  James  Chute. 

Obadiah,  b.  Feb.  13,  1763,  m.  Hannah  Chute  :  Ch.  :  1,  Sophia,  b. 
April  9,  1786,  m.  March  29,  1807,  Robert  Neily  ;  2,  Peter,  b.  Oct., 
1788,  m.  1811,  Mary,  dau.  of  John  Wheelock  ;  3,  Judith,  b.  Sept. 
13,  1791,  m.  Sept.  30,  1815,  Guy,  son  of  Lemuel  Newton  ;  4, 
Alexander,  b.  1793,  m.  (1st)  March  11,  1816;  Amy  Chesley, 
(2nd)  Mary  Ann  Truesdale,  her  half-sister  ;  5,  Abner,  b.  July  29, 
1795,  m.  (1st)  Feb.  22,  1821,  Margaret,  dau.  of  John  Hicks, 
(2nd)  Oct.  16,  1834,  Mary,  dau.  of  Jonathan  Parker,  (3rd)  1856, 
Caroline  S.,  dau.  of  Archibald  Hicks ;  6,  Luther,  b.  May  28,  1798, 
m.  (1st)  Oct.  12,  1833,  Mary,  dau.  of  Fairfield  Woodbury,  (2nd) 
Nov.  6,  1851,  Emily  Dodge  ;  7,  Lavinia,  b.  Aug.  14,  1801,  m. 
Stephen  Taylor :  8,  Theresa,  b.  1803,  in.  John  Hicks,  jun.  ; 
9,  Hannah  Maria,  b.  April  8,  1806,  m.  Jan.  20,  1829,  Rev.  Obed 
Parker  ;  10,  Obadiah,  jun.,  b.  Dec.  20,  1809,  m.  Sept.  11,  1834, 
Minetta,  dau.  of  Asa  and  Ruby  Foster. 

Jonathan,  b.  July  6,  1765,  m.  (1st)  Margaret  Beckwith,  (2nd)  Lucy 
Grant,  2  daus. 

Silas,  b.  Aug.  26,  1767,  m.  (1st)  July  25,  1791,  Helen,  dau.  of  Capt. 
Grant,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Osborne,  wid.  of  John  H.  Chipman,  (3rd) 
Sarah  Bishop,  wid.  of  Daniel  Chipman  :  Ch.  :  1,  Robert  Grant, 
b.  1794,  d.  about  1820  ;  2,  William  Haliburton,  b.  1796,  m.  1824, 
Catharine,  dau.  of  Joseph  Troop;  (by  2nd  wife):  3,  Silas  L. 
(Barrister,  Q.C.),  d.  unm. ;  4,  John  Osborne,  m.  (1st)  Rhoda 
Parker,  (2nd)  Harriet  Stephens  ;  5,  Helen  G. ;  6,  Sarah,  b.  1812  ; 
7,  Charles,  b.  1815,  m.  Margaret  Henderson  ;  8,  Elizabeth,  b. 
1816,  m.  James  Smith,  Windsor ;  9,  Thomas  A.,  b.  Jan.  23,  1820, 
m.  Marguerite  Maria,  dau.  of  George  B.  Oxley. 

vii.     Mercy,  b.  Feb.  3,  1770,  m.  George,  son  of  Valentine  and  Katy  Troop, 
viii.     Daniel,  b.  Feb.   5,   1772,  m.   Jane,  dau.  of  Isaac  Woodbury  :  Ch.  : 

1,  Sampson,  d.  at  4  years  ;  2,  Susan,  m.  Abel  Parker  ;  3.  Seraph, 
m.  Amos  Patterson  ;  4,  Daniel,  m.   Susanna  Parker  ;  5,  Isabel, 
m.  Sidney  Welton  ;  6,  Jane,  m.  Rev.  David  Chase  ;  7,  Leverett, 
in.  Hannah  Chase. 

ix.     John  Martin,  b.  July  21,  1774,  m.  Nov.,  1798,  Jane,  dau.  of  Rev.  T.  H. 
Chipman  :  Ch.  :  I,  William  Huston,  b.  1799,  m.  Miriam  Parker  ; 

2,  Mary  A.,  b.  1801,  m.  Jonathan  Crane  ;  3,  Louisa,  b.  1805,  m. 
Elijah  Parker  ;  4,   Margaret,   b.    1809,  m.  John  Balcom  (son  of 
Henry)  ;  5,   Evaline,   b.   1811,   m.   Edward  Parker  ;  6,  Gaines,  b. 
1813,  d.  young  ;  7,  M.  Rosenblade,  b.   Oct.   23,  1815,  m.  Char- 
lotte Johnson  ;  8,  Rev.  John  Chipman,  b.  1819,  m.  (1st)  Isabel, 
dau.  of  Abner   Wood  worth  ;    (2nd)   Frances   L.    Dakin   (dau.  of 
Edward)  ;  9,  Eliza  Q.,  m.  Isaac  Hamilton. 

x.     David,  b.  Jan.  16,  1777,  m.  Hannah,  dau.  of  John  Hicks,  jun. :  Ch. : 
1,  Constant,  m.  Sarah  Songster  ;  2,  Edward,  m.  Elizabeth  Spurr, 
wid.  of  William  Ditmars  ;  3,  John  A..,  m.  Sarah  Smith  ;  4,  David, 
jun.,  m.   Harriet  Morse  (dau.  of  Jonathan  C.)  ;  5,  William,    d. 
1894,    aged   80  ;  6,    Lucinda,    m.  James,  son  of   Stephen  Bent  ; 
7,    Mary,   m.   Ansley,   son  of  John  Brown  ;  8,    Sarah   Ann,   m. 
Abner  Morse,  2nd  jun. 
xi.     Abigail,  b.  April  18,  1779,  d.  Aug.  18. 
xii.     Hannah,  b.  Oct.  14,  1780,  m.  Moses  Rice  (son  of  Judah). 


•554  MORSE— MORTON. 

S \MUEL  MORSE  was  born  at  Sherborn,  Mass.,  1739,  married  about 
176">,  Lydia  Church.  Children  : 

i.  Samuel,  b.  about  1768,  m.  1796,  Amoret,  dau.  of  Elias  Wheelock  : 
Ch. :  1,  Elias,  b.  1798,  m.  Lucy  Boehner  ;  2,  Samuel,  b.  1800,  m. 
Eliza,  dau.  of  Stephen  Boehner ;  3,  Major,  b.  March  16,  1802,  m. 
Margaret  Kennedy  ;  4,  Amoret,  b.  1804,  d.  1825,  unm. ;  5,  Amherst 
Martin,  b.  1806.  m.  Susan  Leonard  ;  6,  Abigail,  b.  1809,  d.  1827; 
7,  Wellington,  b.  1812,  d.  1818  ;  8,  Sophia,  b.  1815,  m.  Stillman 
Bent  ;  9,  Lydia,  b.  1818. 

ii.  Aaron,  b.  Dec.  5,  1770,  m.  (1st)  1796,  Eleanor  McGregor,  (2nd) 
1828,  as  her  third  husband,  Frances  Farnsworth,  wid.  of  Rev. 
James  Manning  and  Henry  Troop  :  Ch. :  1,  Aaron,  b.  1796,  m. 
Seraph,  dau.  of  Michael  Martin  ;  2,  Lydia  A.,  b.  Dec.  2,  1797,  m. 
Ezekiel  Chute  ;  3,  William,  m.  Lavinia,  dau.  of  Major  Chipman  ; 
4,  Edward  Manning,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Ann,  dau.  of  v\  illiam  Bishop, 
and  wid.  of  Israel  Longley,  (2nd)  Lucretia  C.  Croscup,  wid.  of 
Israel  Delap  ;  5,  Joseph,  b.  1806,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  Eleanor,  b.  1808, 
m.  James  Starratt  ;  7,  Henry  Alline,  b.  1813,  m.  Mary  Elizabeth, 
dau.  of  Peter  Starratt. 

iii.     Jonathan  Church,  m.  1800,  Susanna,  dau.  of  William  Longley:  Ch.  : 

1,  Samuel  Edward,  b.  1801,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Elliott  (dau.  of  John); 

2,  Israel   Longley,    m.    Susan    Sturmey  ;    3,   Eliza,    b.    May   23, 
1805,  m.   Asaph  Marshall  ;  4,  Susan  Harriet,   b.   1807,  m.  David 
Morse,  jun.;  5,  Lucy  Adelia,  b.   1810,  m.  Arthur,  son  of  John  J. 
Palmer  ;  6,  Caroline  Herdersay,  b.  1813,  m.  Lawrence  Phinney  ; 
7,  Minetta,  b.  1817,  m.  Warren  Longley  ;  8,  Mary  Cecilia,  b.  1821, 
m.  Jacob  Miller,  jun. 

iv.  Lydia,  m.  Samuel  Young. 
v.  Grace,  m.  Asaph  Longley. 
vi.  Abigail,  m.  Obadiah  Parker. 

The  Rev.  Arzai-elah  Morse,  descended  probably  from  William,  who 
came  from  Maryborough,  Wilts,  to  Newbury,  in  1635,  born  January  16, 
1745,  B.A.  Harvard  1761,  was  in  Annapolis  County  between  1770  and 
1790;  perhaps  later.  His  daughter  Diadama  married  Michael  Spurr, 
jun.  (See  Spurr.) 

MORTON.  JOSEPH  MORTON  came  from  Massachusetts  in  1760,  returned 
to  settle  his  affairs  there,  and  it  is  said  was,  while  in  the  harbor  of 
Boston,  accidentally  thrust  overboard  from  the  deck  of  the  vessel  on 
which  he  was  about  coming  back,  by  a  friend  with  whom  he  was  trying 
his  skill  as  a  wrestler,  and  notwithstanding  all  efforts  to  rescue  him  he 
was  drowned.  For  his  ancestry  see  memoir  of  John  Elkanah,  M.P.P. 
I  cannot  fix  the  parentage  of  this  Joseph  among  several  of  the  name 
who  can  be  traced.*  His  only  son  Joseph  married  in  1771,  Eleanor 
Blood,  and  after  her  death,  Ruth  Parish,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Susanna,  b.  1772,  m.  Thomas  Dodge. 

ii.  Solomon,  b.  1774,  m.  Mary  Roberts:  Ch. :  1,  Martha,  m.  David 
Leavitt ;  2,  Eliza,  m.  Thomas  Dakin  (Digby  Co.);  3,  Eunice,  m. 
Edmund  Banks  ;  4,  Allen,  m.  —  ;  5,  Abraham,  m.  —  Merritt  ; 
6,  George  ;  7,  Levi  ;  8,  Lucy  Ann,  m.  —  Bryan  ;  9,  Solomon. 

*  He  is   certainly  one   of   the  Josephs  mentioned   in  Davis'    "Landmarks  of 
Plymouth/'  p.  190. 


MORTON — MUNROE.  ODD 

iii.     Olivia,  b.  1776,  m.  Moses  Banks. 

iv.  Abraham,  b.  1778,  d.  1844,  m.  Miriam  Roberts:  Ch. :  1,  Martha 
Hall,  b.  1802,  m.  Robert  Foster  ;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1805,  m.  Deborah 
Morse  ;  3,  William,  b.  1807,  m.  Mary  Morehouse  ;  4,  Lydia,  b. 
1804,  d.  1805  ;  5,  SilaaH.,  b.  1809,  d.  abroad  ;  6,  Lydia,  b.  1811; 
7,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1813,  m.  William  Dakin  ;  8,  Susan,  b.  1815,  m. 
John  Dakin;  9,  Charles,  b.  1819;  10,  Sarah  Jane,  b.  1823,  m. 
Robert  Cossaboom  ;  11,  James  Whitney,  b.  1825,  m.  Sophia 
Morehouse  ;  12,  Daniel  D.,  b.  1827,  m.  (1st)  Charlotte  Farns- 
worth,  (2nd)  Adelaide  Jordan  ;  13,  Elkana,  b.  1830,  m.  Eliza 
Welch. 

v.  Frederic,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  1809,  Rachel  FarnsWorth,  (2nd)  Sarah 
Whitman,  (3rd)  Elizabeth  Cousins  :  Ch. :  1,  Rachel,  b.  1809,  m. 
Abraham  Foster  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  2,  Sarah,  b.  1811,  m.  Amos 
Fales  ;  3,  Daniel  W.,  b.  1812,  m.  Margaret  Bass;  4,  Zaccheus,  b. 
1813,  in.  Eliza  Gould  ;  5,  Mary,  b.  1816,  m.  George  Valentine; 
6,  Susanna,  b.  1818,  m.  William  Hawkins  ;  7,  Robert  S.,  b.  1820, 
m.  Hannah  Morse. 

vi.     Alethea,  b.  1782,  m.  Miriam  Roberts. 

vii.  Edmund,  b.  1784,  m.  Susan  Harris:  Ch. :  1,  Joseph,  b.  1812,  m. 
Matilda  Woodbury  ;  2,  Ek-anor  Blood,  b.  1815,  m.  Daniel 
Starratt  ;  3,  William  Fairfield,  b.  1816,  m.  —  Clark  ;  4,  Anna 
Maria,  b.  1818,  m.  Foster  Woodbury  ;  5,  James  Robert,  b.  1819, 
m.  Lucy  Gates  ;  6,  John,  b.  1821,  m.  Louisa  Taylor  ;  7,  Louisa 
b.  1823,  m.  John  McXeill  ;  8,  Eliza,  b.  1826. 
viii.  Eleanor,  b.  1786,  m.  Benjamin  Taylor. 

ix.     Thomasine,  b.  1788,  m.  Stephen  Taylor. 

x.     Huldah,  b.  1790,  died  with  her  mother. 
By  second  wife  : 

xi.     James,  b.  1795. 


MUNROE.  See  memoir  of  LIEUT. -CoL.  HENRY  MUNROE,  M.P.P.,  the 
ancestor  of  this  family.  He  married  1767,  Sarah  Hooper,  and  had 
children : 

i.  George,  b.  1768,  m.  Lucretia  Chesley  :  Ch. :  1,  George,  m.  Ann 
Messenger;  2,  Sarah,  m.  Ezekiel  Newcomb;  and  probably  others. 

ii.  Henry,  b.  1770,  m.  1806,  Elizabeth  Green,  b.  1782,  d.  1874  :  Ch. :  1, 
Ennis,  b.  1806,  m.  Miriam  Young  ;  2,  Henry,  b.  1808,  m.  Susan 
Young  ;  3,  Maria,  b.  1810,  unm. ;  4,  Mercy,  b.  1813,  m.  Thomas 
Crocker  ;  5,  Sarah,  b.  1813,  m.  Charles  Henry  Green  ;  6,  Ruche!, 
b.  1815,  m.  Ray  Hewland  ;  7,  Catherine,  b.  1817,  m.  Henry 
Smith  ;  8,  Margaret,  b.  1817,  m.  Henry  Dodge ;  9,  Thomas 
Green,  b.  1817,  m.  Rebecca  Kent  (these  three  were  triplets);  10, 
Mary,  b.  1820,  unm.;  11,  Elizabeth,  b.  1821,  m.  George  Young  ; 
12,  Martha,  b.  1823,  m.  John  Angel  ;  13,  James  Edward,  b. 
1826,  m.  (1st)  Patience  Wilcox,  (2nd)  Dora  Yates. 

iii.  John,  b.  1772,  m.  1799,  Era  Bohaker  :  Ch. :  1,  Andreas,  b.  1800, 

m.  Phebe  Messenger  ;  2,  John,  b.  1803,  m.  (1st) ,  (2nd) 

Sarah  Picket  ;  3,  William  Henry,  b.  1806,  m.  Hannah  Hall  ;  4, 
Michael  Bohaker,  b.  1808,  m.  Loretta  A.  Newcomh  ;  5,  Daniel,  b. 
1810,  m.  (1st)  Olivia  Ann  Stevens,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Lent  ;  6, 
Wellington,  b.  1812,  d.  1828  ;  7,  Foster,  b.  1815,  m.  Caroline 
Jar  vis. 

iv.  Robert,  b.  1774,  m.  1806,  Penelope  Green  (dau.  of  Thomas) :  Ch. : 
1,  Caroline,  b.  1807,  m.  Rev.  Nathaniel  Vidito  ;  2,  Thomas,  b. 
1808,  m.  Tryphena  Dolliver ;  3,  John,  b.  1809,  m.  Matilda 


556  MUNRO— NEILY. 

Burke;  4,  Elizabeth,  b.  1810,  m.  Jordan  Messenger;  5,  Alfred, 
b.  1812,  m.  Mary  Ann  Macpherson  ;  6,  Valentine,  m.  Deborah 
Smith  (dau.  of  James  and  Esther  Savery  Smith,  of  Digby  Co.)  ; 

7,  Millidge,    b.    1817,   d.    unm. ;    8,   Sophia,   b.    1818,    m.    John 
Munroe  ;    9,   Penelope,  b.  1820,  m.  William  Elder  Thomas  ;  10, 
Desiah,  b.  1822,  m.   Richard  Merry  ;    11,   Georgina,   b.    1823,  m. 
William  Beach  ;    12,  Mary,  b.  1825,  m.   Abraham  Thomas  ;    13, 
William  Ruffee,  b.  1827,  m.  Maria  Shipley  ;  14,  Robert,  b.  1830, 
m.  Susan  Marshall. 

v.  David,  b.  1776,  m.  (1st)  Rhoda  Simpson,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Katherns : 
Ch. :  1,  Robert,  d.  unm.  ;  2,  John,  m.  Sophia  Munroe  ;  3,  David 
Davidson,  m.  Abigail  Winchester  ;  4,  Sarah,  d.  unm. ;  5, 
Ethelinda,  m.  Daniel  Messenger  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  6,  Alexander, 
b.  1816,  m.  Rachel  Dakin  ;  7,  Walter,  b.  1819,  m.  Julia  Dakin  ; 

8,  Lucinda,  b.  1817;  9,  Nancy,  b.  1821,  unm.;  10,  Allan,  b.  1823, 
d.  unm.;  11,  Ruffee,  b.  1827,  m.  Freelove  Sharp  ;  12,  Eunice,  b. 
1825  ;    13,   Pauline,   b.    1829,  d.   unm.  ;    14,   Helen,  b.  1833,  m. 
—  Stevens. 

vi.     Elizabeth,  b.  1778,  m.  William  Ruffee. 
vii.     Sarah,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  David  Hendrick,  (2nd)  Francis  Crabb. 


NEILY.  JOSEPH  NEILY,  with  brother  ROBERT  and  brother-in-law 
James  Reagh,  who  had  married  his  sister  Martha,  arrived  in  the  Province 
about  1765,  and  spent  some  time  near  Windsor,  where  he  married  Jane 
Clark,  daughter  of  his  employer,  John  Clark,  a  leading  farmer  there. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Neily,  and  was  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland 
about  1745.  In  1768  they  came  to  this  country, 'and  Joseph  settled  on 
the  farm  next  east  of  the  Wilmot  Creek.  Robert  lived  awhile  on  the 
adjoining  lot,  and  then  removed  to  Walton,  Hants  County.  Joseph  had 
children : 

i.  Joseph,  m.  1805,  Catharine  Durland  :  Ch. :  1,  Ward,  b.  1807,  m. 
Caroline  Young  ;  2,  Joseph  Clark,  m.  Eliza  M.  Porter  ;  3,  Irene, 
b.  1810,  m.  Edward  Brown;  4,  Harriet  P.,  b.  1812,  m.  Daniel 
North;  5,  Catharine,  b.  1813,  m.  Moses  Young  ;  6,  Mary,  b.  1816, 
m.  Willett  Gates ;  7,  E.  Kinsman,  b.  1818,  m.  Charlotte  Fitzran- 
dolph  ;  8,  George,  b.  1820,  m.  Susan  Banks  ;  9,  James  Parker, 
b.  1822,  m.  Rebecca  Banks  ;  10,  Ann,  b.  1825,  m.  William  Hians. 
ii.  Robert,  m.  (1st)  1807,  Sophia  Morse,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Gates,  ne'e 
Goucher  :  Ch. :  1,  Susan  Jane,  b.  1808,  m.  (1st)  James  Parton, 
(2nd)  John  Hard  wick  ;  2,  John  Clark,  b.  1810,  m  Georgina  Merry  ; 
3,  Sarah,  b.  1813,  m.  John  Berteaux  ;  4,  Obadiah,  b.  1816,  m. 
Eliza  Balcom  (no  issue)  ;  5,  Samuel  Theophilus,  b.  1818,  m.  Sarah 
Wheelock  ;  6,  Robert  Voorhies,  b.  1820,  m.  Leah  Burchille,  d. 
1850  ;  7,  James  B.,  b.  1823,  m.  Amelia  Bishop  ;  8,  William  A., 
b  1825,  m.  Elizabeth  Grant;  9,  Ingraham  Elder,  b.  3828,  m. 
Mary  Schafner  ;  10,  Adoniram  Burton,  b.  1831,  m.  Lucy  Bishop, 
iii.  John,  m.  1803,  Elizabeth  Durland:  Ch.:  1,  Zebnlon,  b.  1805,  m. 
Mary  Foster  ;  2,  Robart,  b.  1807,  m.  Ann  Woodbury  ;  3,  Jacob, 
b.  1809,  m.  Lucy  Ann  Welton  ;  4,  George,  b.  1811,  m.  Sarah 
Spinney  ;  5,  Maria  Durland,  b.  1813,  m.  Parker  Welton  ;  6. 
Susanna  Inglis,  b.  1816,  m.  William  Rhodes  ;  7,  Andrew  Inglis, 
b.  1819,  m.  Lydia  Saunders  ;  8,  John,  b.  1823,  m.  Helen  Wilson  ; 

9,  William,  b.  1825,  m.  (1st)  Anne  Marshall,  (2nd)  Eliza  Jacques  ; 

10,  Joseph,  b.  1827,  m.  Susan  Blair. 


NEILY — NICHOLS.  557 

George,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Gates,   (2nd)  Catharine  Walker  :    Ch.  : 

1,  William,  d.  unm  ;  2,  Helen,  m.  Austin  Welton  ;  3,  John  Clark, 
m.  Eunice  Sandtord  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  4,  George,  m.  Emily  Palmer  ; 
5,   Archibald,    lu.   Jane  Abbott ;    6.  Margaret  Ann,  m.  William 
Woodbury  ;    7,  Emily,  m.  James  Palmer  ;    8,  Jane,  m.  Thomas 
Handley  Saunclers  ;    9,  Joseph,  m.  Udavilla  Welton  ;    10,  Susan, 
m.  James  Craig. 

Peter,  m.  1811,  Ann  Wilson  (of  Parrsboro') ;  Ch. :  1,  John,  b.  1812  ; 

2,  Anna,  b.  1813,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Jane,  b.  1815  ;  4,  Anne  ;  5,  Richard 
Wilson,  d.  unm. ;  6,  Rebecca  Wilson,  b.  1818. 

Mary,  m.  Joab  Baker. 

Margaret,  m.  (1st),   —  Mumford,  (2nd) — . 

Jane,  m.  John  West. 

Francis,  m.  Zebina  Roach. 


NICHOLS.  Probably  the  name  Richard  Nichols  in  the  capitation  tax 
list  of  1791  may  be  meant  for  THOMAS  RICHARDS  NICHOLS,  son  of  William, 
a  Loyalist,  who  was  descended  from  a  younger  son  of  Colonel  Nichols, 
Governor  of  New  York  early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  who  settled 
in  Connecticut ;  perhaps  a  grandson.  He  married  Mary  Richards. 
Tradjtion  says  while  in  service  on  the  loyal  side  he  was  taken  prisoner 
and  treated  with  great  severity.  He  was  much  feared  and  dreaded  by  the 
enemy,  and  being  informed  it  was  their  design  to  put  him  to  death  on 
some  pretext,  he  planned  an  escape.  He  and  other  prisoners  seized  and 
gagged  the  inner  guard,  secured  his  musket,  overpowered  all  opposition, 
and  escalading  the  outer  wall  of  the  prison,  fled  to  the  nearest  forest, 
through  which  they  pushed  toward  the  Delaware  River,  which  then 
formed  the  limit  of  the  rebel  lines.  Finding  no  boat  there,  his  com- 
panions shrank  from  the  attempt  to  cross  the  river,  then  filled  with 
floating  ice,  as  fraught  with  certain  death.  "My  capture  will  be  the 
signal  of  certain  death  to  me,"  said  he  as  he  sprang  in,  and  fighting  his 
way  among  the  ice-floes,  succeeded  in  reaching  the  opposite  shore,  a  feat 
which  caused  his  death  a  few  months  later  from  the  chill  he  received. 
His  widow,  with  her  three  sons  and  one  daughter,  came  here  in  1783 
with  the  Loyalists,  and  afterwards  married  Ezekiel  Welton.  Descend- 
ants are  in  Kings  County,  Eastern"  Annapolis  and,  I  think,  Digby 
County.  Another  branch  of  this  family,  George  K.  Nichols,  a  nephew 
in  some  way,  I  think,  of  Judge  Wiswall,  came  about  the  same  time, 
studied  law  with  Mr.  Wiswall  while  he  was  at  Bar,  and  settled  in  Digby, 
married  a  daughter  of  Elisha  Budd,  and  had  a  son  eminent  in  the 
Church,  Rev.  Edward  Elisha  Budd  Nichols,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Liverpool. 
William  Nichols  and  wife,  Mary  Richards,  had  children  : 

i.     William,  d.  aged  20. 

ii.  David,  m.  1789,  Sarah  Dodge  (dau.  of  Stephen) :  Ch. :  1,  Sarah,  b. 
1790,  m.  Robert  Fitzrandolph  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  1792,  m.  Robert 
Fitzrandolph  ;  3,  William,  b.  1794,  in.  (1st)  Phebe  Young,  (2nd) 
Mary  Milbury ;  4,  Amy,  b.  1797,  m.  Henry  D.  Charlton ;  5, 


558  NICHOLS — OAKES. 

Stephen,  b.  1799,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Ruloffson,  (2nd)  Miriam  Wilkins, 
nee  Nichols  ;  6,  Freelove,  b.  1802,  d.  1821,  unm. ;  7,  Lois,  b.  1804, 
m.  James  Payzant. 

iii.  Thomas  Richards,  m.  Mary  Robinson  :  Ch.  :  1,  Margaret,  m.  Thomas 
Ruggles  (son  of  Joseph) ;  2,  Sarah,  d.  unm. ;  3,  William  Richards, 
m.  Lavinia  Patterson  ;  4,  Robert,  m.  Maria  Dodge  ;  5,  John, 
m.  Sarah  Patterson  ;  6,  Thomas,  m.  Alethea  Patterson  ;  7,  Daniel, 
m.  (1st)  Eliza  Marshall  (dau.  of  Solomon,  Digby),  (2nd)  Hannah 
Hardwick,  ne'e  Marshall  (no  issue)  ;  8,  Elijah,  rn.  Maria  Patter- 
son ;  9,  Lemuel,  m.  Mehitable  Dodge  ;  10,  Mary,  m.  Rev.  Martin 
Randall  ;  11,  George,  m.  Minetta  Dodge. 

iv.  George,  m.  Catharine  Ricketson  :  Ch.:  1,  Susan,  m.  Daniel  Bruce  ; 
2,  Henry,  m.  Ann  Boutilier  ;  3,  William,  m.  Azubah  Smith  ;  4, 
Miriam,  in.  (1st)  Anthony  Wilkins,  (2nd)  Stephen  Nichols ;  5, 
Sarah,  m.  Abraham  Moore  ;  6,  George,  m.  Ann  Sproul. 

v.     Lois,  m.  (1st)  Joseph  Ruggles,  (2nd)  Nicholas  Beckwith. 

OAKES.  JESSE  OAKES,  a  Loyalist  of  1783,  after  a  residence  of  some 
years  in  Digby,  removed  to  the  township  of  Annapolis,  and  settled  near 
Bridgetown,  on  the  farm  now  occupied  by  John  Hicks.  His  second  wife 
was  Deborah  Baldwin,  believed  to  have  been  a  sister  of  the  Rev.  John 
Baldwin,  D.D.,  of  Boston.  Henry,  his  only  son  by  his  first  wife,  married 
Mary  Fitzrandolph,  settled  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Joggiii  near  Digby, 
and  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Digby  people  of  the  name.  Phineas,  the  eldest 
by  the  second  wife,  settled  in  the  District  of  New  Albany ;  Israel  and 
Jesse  settled  in  Bridgetown,  but  the  former '  afterwards  removed  to 
Bridgewater,  and  thence  to  Halifax,  Delancey  Oakes,  railway  contractor, 
being  one  of  his  sons.  The  latter  died  in  Bridgetown,  leaving  an  only 
child,  a  son,  the  late  Morrison  Oakes,  M.  D.  Parker  Oakes,  another  son 
of  the  Loyalist,  removed  to  WiJmot,  near  Lawrencetown.  Children  of 
Jesse  Oakes  : 

i.  Henry,  m.  Mary  Fitzrandolph  :  Ch. :  1,  Edward  Henry,  m.  Anna 
M.  Littelle,  of  New  York;  2,  Edwin  Randolph,  M.P.  and  M.L.C., 
m.  Georgina  J.  M.  Bragg  ;  3,  Eliza,  m.  Daniel  Ansley  (no  issue)  ; 
4,  Anne,  m.  William  Payson  ;  5,  Adelaide  M.,  m.  Barzillai  For- 
syth  ;  6,  George,  d.  unm. 
By  second  wife  : 

ii.  Phineas,  d.  1854,  m.  1806,  Rachel  Lovett  :  Ch. :  1,  Phineas  Lovett, 
m.  Eliza  Harris  ;  2,  Abigail,  b.  1808,  m.  Joseph  Whitman  ;  3, 
Jesse,  b.  1809,  m.  Eliza  Whitman  ;  4,  Eliza,  b.  1811,  m.  Edward 
Fairn  ;  5,  Caroline,  b.  1814,  m.  Arthur  Harris  ;  6,  Mary  Jane,  b. 
1817,  m.  Ansley  Whitman  ;  7,  Charles  Henry,  b.  1819,  m.  Char- 
lotte Parker  ;  8,  Louisa,  m.  Gordon  Bishop  ;  9,  Deborah,  m. 
Enoch  Bishop. 

iii.  Parker,  m.  (1st)  1810,  Ruth  Hicks,  d.  1812,  (2nd)  Nancy  Hicks  : 
Ch.:  1,  Ruth,  b.  1812,  m.  George  Bruce  ;  (by  2nd  wife) :  2,  John 
Wellington,  b.  1814,  unm. ;  3,  Elizabeth  Ann,  b.  1815,  m.  William 
Bent ;  4,  Olivia,  b.  1817,  m.  William  Bent ;  5,  Hannah,  b.  1819, 
unm. ;  6,  Nancy,  b.  1820,  m.  Edwin  Nichols  ;  7,  Caroline,  b.  1822, 
d.  unm.;  8,  Millidge  Rupert,  d.  unm. 

iv.     Israel,  m.  1813,  Maria  Dickson  :  Ch. :  1,  Robert  Dickson,  b.  1815, 

m.    Eliza   Turner ;    2,    William    Baldwin,  b.   1817,    m.  ;  3, 

Henry  Charles,  b.  1820 ;  4,  Stephen  Delancey,  m. . 


OAKES — PARKER.  559 

v.     Jesse,  m.  1811,  Catharine  Morrison  :  Ch. :  1,  Adelia  Maria,  b.  1813, 
d.   unm. ;  2,   Carman,  h.   1815,   d.   unin.;  3,   Morrison  (M.D.),  b. 
1817,  m.   Agatha,  dau.  of  Richard  James,  Esq.,   who,  after  his 
death,    m.    Dr.    Jennings,    of   Halifax.      Their  dau.    Maria,    m. 
George  Braganza,  son  of  E.  R.   Oakes,  of  Digby,  and  leaves  one 
son,  Morrison, 
vi.     Seth,  d.  unm. 
vii.     Priscilla,  m.  Weston  Hicks. 

PARKER.  MAJOR  NATHANIEL  PARKER,  from  whom  one  of  the  families 
of  the  name  in  this  county  derives  its  origin,  was  grandson  of  Nathaniel, 
of  Shrewsbury,  Mass.,  through  his  son  William,  and  was  born  1743, 
in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  and  was  a  soldier  in  the  British  army  at  the  siege 
of  Quebec.  He  settled  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  county.  It  is  said 
that  for  several  years  those  that  fed  at  his  table  numbered  twenty, 
including  two  children  of  his  first  wife.  All  of  his  sixteen  children 
grew  to  adult  age,  married,  and  had  families.  He  and  his  wife  were  the 
first  persons  in  the  county  to  receive  baptism  by  immersion,  to  obtain 
which  they  were  obliged  to  travel  on  horseback  (she  on  a  pillion  behind 
him),  through  an  immense  wilderness,  the  greater  part  of  the  distance 
from  Annapolis  to  the  Gaspereaux  Valley  in  Kings  County.  He 
was  a  leading  man  among  the  early  settlers,  and  had  much  to  do  with 
the  laying  out  and  construction  of  roads  and  in  other  public  affairs.  His 
descendants  are  very  numerous  in  this  county  and  in  Kings,  among 
whom  may  be  mentioned  nearly  (or  perhaps  quite)  half  a  score  of  Baptist 
ministers,  and  one  if  not  two  Methodist  ministers,  besides  physicians, 
dentists,  farmers,  mechanics,  manufacturers  and  teachers.  He  married 
about  1766,  Anna  Hardy,  who  died  about  1778;  (2nd)  Salome,  dau.  of 
Deacon  John  Whitman,  widow  of  Major  Ezekiel  Cleveland,  and  died 
1830,  having  had  children  : 

i.  William,  b.  about  1770,  m.  1790,  Lydia  Benjamin,  lived  in  Ayles- 
ford,  and  had  ch.:  1,  Silas,  b.  Dec.,  1790,  m.  Nancy  Balcom,  and 
d.  1860  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  1792,  m.  (1st)  Job  Randall,  (2nd)  Joseph 
Wade  ;  3,  Deacon  Abel,  b.  Nov.  8,  1793,  m.  Jan.  25,  1821,  lived 
in  Berwick  ;  4,  Salome,  b.  Sept.  2,  1796,  m.  Feb.  25,  1823,  Jonas, 
son  of  Henry  Balcom  ;  5,  Miriam,  b.  Sept.  1,  1799,  m.  (1st) 
William  Chase,  (2nd)  Foster  Chute  ;  6,  Rev.  Obed,  b.  Nov.  24, 
1803,  m.  (1st)  Hannah  Maria  Morse,  (2nd)  Jan.  24,  1837,  Mary, 
dau.  of  Reuben  Balcom.  He  d.  July  1,  1890  ;  7,  Susanna,  b. 
Nov.  24,  1805,  m.  Daniel  Morse,  jun. ;  8,  Edward,  b.  March  1, 
1808,  m.  Evalina,  dau.  of  John  W.  Morse  ;  9,  Nathaniel,  b.  Oct. 
14,  1810,  d.  July  18,  1880  ;  10,  Rev.  James,  b.  Aug.  25,  1813,  m. 
July  12,  1842,  Phebe,  dau.  of  Zebulon,  and  g.  dau.  of  Daniel 
Durland,  d.  Jan.  26,  1876. 

ii.  Nathaniel,  b.  1772,  m.  (1st)  1799,  Diadama  Morse  (dau.  of  Capt. 
Abner),  (2nd)  1855,  Sarah  Ann,  dau.  of  Stephen  Parker,  wid.  of 
George  Harris,  lived  at  Bear  River,  and  d.  1860,  having  had  ch. :  1, 
Abner,  m.  Helen,  dau.  of  Church  Morse,  d.  1873  ;  2,  Edward,  m. 
Betsey,  dau.  of  Henry  B/ilcom,  d.  1876  ;  3,  Alfred,  in.  Charlotte 
McGee  ;  4,  Lucy,  m.  Samuel  Balcom  ;  5,  William,  m.  (1st)  Eliza, 
dau.  of  Foster  Woodbury,  jun.,  (2nd)  John,  son  of  Jesse  Viditoe  ; 


560  PARKER, 

6,  Harriet,  m.  John,  son  of  Shippy  Spurr  ;  7,  Nathaniel,  m.  Ann 
Baker  ;  8,  Mary,  d.  a.  18  ;  9,  Benjamin  Hardy,  m.  Abigail,  dau. 
of  Alex.  Morse  ;  10,  John,  m.  Minetta,  dau.  of  Alex.  Morse  ;  11, 
Elizabeth  A.,  m.  Jacob  Wood. 

iii.  Allen  or  Alline,  b.  1774,  m.  Hannah  Morse  (dau.  of  Abner  and  g. 
dau.  of  Obadiah),  d.  1871  :  Ch.:  1,  Stephen,  b.  1802,  d.  unm.;  2, 
Deidamia,  b.  1803,  m.  Enoch  Parish  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  b.  1805,  m. 
Ezekiel  Banks;  4,  Rachel,  b.  1807,  m. ;  5,  Daniel,  b.  1811,  d. 
unm.  1885  ;  6,  Handley,  b.  1814,  m.;  7,  Willard  G.,  b.  1816,  m. 
Lois  Nichols  Ruggles  ;  8,  Church,  b.  1820,  m.;  9,  Sophia,  b.  1822, 
m.  Henry  Ewing  ;  10,  Andrew  B.,  b.  1824;  11,  Rev.  Warren 
Longley,  b.  1826,  m.  Sarah  Ewing;  12,  Miriam,  d.  unm.; 
13,  Lydia,  d.  unm. 

iv.     Mary,  b,  1775,  m.  Daniel  Benjamin,  Horton,  N.S. 
v.     Miriam,  b.  1776,  m.  Elias  Graves,  5  ch. 
vi.     Lucy,  b.  1778,  m.  Deacon  Cephas  Welton,  7  ch. 

By  second  wife  : 

vii.  Henry,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  Eleanor  Starratt,  (2nd)  Sophia  Prentiss, 
nee  Tupper  :  Ch. :  1,  George  Starratt,  m.  (1st)  Abigail  Payzant, 
(2nd)  Susan  Smith  ;  2,  Matilda  Christopher  ;  3,  Harvey,  d.  unm.; 
4,  Salome,  d  unm.;  5,  Evalina,  d.  unm.;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  6,  Lydia, 
m.  Edward  Christopher  ;  7,  Eleanor,  m.  William  T.  Christopher  ; 
8,  Sophia,  m.  Elnathan  Christopher  ;  9,  Charlotte,  [m.  Charles 
Oakes. 
viii.  Elizabeth,  b.  1781,  m.  1800,  (1st)  Church  Morse,  9  ch.,  (2nd)  Samuel 

Felch. 

ix.     Parnie,  b;  1783,  m.  1801,  Abel  Wheelock,  9  ch. 
x.     Irene,  b.  1785,  m.  Hugh,  son  of  Patrick  Grimes,  d.  1823,  10  ch. 
xi.     Mittie,  b.  1788,  in.  John  WTheelock. 
xii.     Lovefry,    b.    1790,    m.    (1st)   Beriah    Bent,    (2nd),    1828,    Simeon 

Freeman. 

xiii.     Charlotte,  b.  1792,  m.  Deacon  Zoeth  Freeman,  5  ch. 
xiv.     Letitia,  b.  1794,  m.  Daniel  (or  Donald)  McPherson,  9  ch. 
xv.     Rev.  Maynard,  b.  1795,  m.  (1st)  1821,   Catharine  Spurr,  (2nd)  Mar- 
garet (Miller)  Norwell,  d.  1860,  13  ch. 
xvi.     Maria,  b.  1800,  m.  Deacon  Luther  Leadbetter,  d.  1874,  5  ch. 

ABIJAH  PARKER,  our  author  thinks,  probably  came  from  Lunenburg, 
Worcester  County,  Mass.,  to  Nova  Scotia  :  but  be  that  as  it  may,  he  was 
descendant  of  a  branch  of  the  Parker  family,  early  settled  in  Groton, 
Middlesex  County,  Mass.,  his  father  being  Obadiah,  grandfather  Nathan- 
iel, and  great-grandfather  Thomas.  He  was  among  the  early  settlers  in 
Granville,  and  in  1764  married  Miriam  Johnson,  widow  of  Timothy 
Ricketson.  He  accumulated  a  considerable  estate  (including  several 
seven-  and  fourteen-acre  marsh  lots)  in  the  Belleisle  District  and  in 
Wilmot,  and  died  in  1780.  One  of  his  sons  built  the  first  brick  dwelling 
in  the  township,  which  still  stands.  His  sons  Isaac  and  Timothy  settled 
in  Wilmot.  Children  : 

i.  Abijah,  b.  1766,  m.  1789,  Lydia  Balcom  :  Ch. :  1,' Stephen,  b.  1790, 
Sarah  Gilliatt ;  2,  Amelia,  b.  1791,  m.  Michael  Gilliatt  ;  3,  Sarah, 
b.  1793,  m.  George  Harris  ;  4,  Samuel,  b.  1795,  m.  Mary  Mes- 
senger; 5,  Abijah,  b.  1798,  d.  unm. ;  6,  Abednego,  b.  1800,  m.  Sarah 
Brennan  ;  7,  Marsden,  m.  Maria  Halliday  :  8,  Mary,  m.  Jacob 
Stark  ;  9,  Elizabeth,  m.  John  Carter. 


PARKER--PHINNEY.  561 

ii.     Abednego,  b.   1768,  m.   1803,  Lucy  Balcom  :  Ch. :  1,   Susanna,  b. 

1804,  m.  George  Troop  ;  2,  Wilbert,  b.  1806,  m.  Charlotte  Rice  ; 
3,  Timothy,  b.  1808,  m.  —  ;  4,  Jonas,  m.  Jane  Douglas  ;  5,  Oba- 
diah,   m.   Sophia  Fellows  ;  6,   Susan,   m.  —  ;  7,   Mary  Ann,  m. 
James  Douglas  ;  8,  William,  m.  Rebecca  Christopher. 

iii.     James,  m.  (1st)  1795,  Hannah  Young  (no  issue),  (2nd)  Mary  Chute, 

nee  Roach, 
iv.     Timothy,  m.  1800,  Mary  Ann  McGregor:  Ch.:  1,  John,   b.    1801, 

m. ;  2,  James,   b.  1803,   m.  Mary   Slocum  ;  3,  George  Harvey,   b. 

1805,  m.  Mary  Ann  Young  ;  4,  Shadrach,  b.  1809,  m.  Sarah  Ann 
Amberman  ;  5,   Mary  Ann,    b.    1811,    m.    Prescott  ;  6,   Margaret 
Fell,  b.  1813  ;  7,  Helen,  b,  1815  ;  8,  Hannah,  b.  1818,  m.  Israel 
Young  ;  9,  Keziah,  b.  1821,  d.  unm. 

v.  Obadiah,  b.  1775,  m.  (1st)  Keziah  Morse,  (2nd)  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
John  Bath  :  Ch.:  1,  Abigail,  m.  Ambrose  Dodge;  (by  2nd  wife): 
2,  John  Bath,  b.  1804,  m.  Phebe,  dau.  of  James  Eaton  ;  3,  Keziah, 
b.  1805,  d.  unm.;  4,  Robert,  b.  1809,  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  John  Bent 
(no  issue)  ;  Charles  W.,  b.  1811,  m.  Margaret,  dau.  of  Abner 
Troop  ;  6,  Ambrose,  b.  1812,  m.  Horatia,  dau.  of  James  Stead- 
man  ;  7,  Tamar,  b.  1814,  m.  Jonathan  Anderson  ;  8,  Harriet,  b. 
1817,  m.  George,  son  of  Samuel  Dodge  ;  9,  Obadiah,  jun.,  b.  1822, 
m.  Murilla,  dau.  of  Stephen  Bent ;  10,  Keziah,  b.  1821.  Obadiah, 
jun.,  was  father  of  J.  G.  HENNIGAR  PARKER,  barrister. 

vi.      Hannah,  m.  William  Young. 
vii.     Miriam,  m.  Jordan  Ricketson. 


PHINNEY.  This  family  is  probably  descended  from  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  of  Plymouth,  Mass.  The  ancestor  is  perhaps  John  or  Robert 
Finney,  both  of  whom  came  from  England  with  their  mother  in  1638,  and 
were  the  ancestors  of  a  very  numerous  posterity.  (See  Davis'  "  Landmarks 
of  Plymouth,"  App.,  p.  109.)  ISAAC  PHINNEY,  the  progenitor  of  one  of 
the  families  of  the  name  in  this  county,  was  born  at  Barnstable,  Cape 
Cod,  in  1739,  and  came  to  Granville  in  1760.  About  the  same  time  came 
ZACCHEUS  PHINNEY,  who  was  born  in  1720,  said  by  some  to  have  been  a 
cousin,  by  others  a  nephew,  of  Isaac.  He  was  son  of  Benjamin,  grandson 
of  John,  great-grandson  of  John,  and  great-great-grandson  of  John,  who 
was  at  Scituate,  Mass.,  about  1630,  and  may  have  been  the  John  Finney 
of  1638.  Isaac  married,  1763,  Ann  Thomas,  of  Welsh  origin.  Some 
years  later  ZACCHEUS  married  Lois  Starratt,  and  removed  to  Paradise 
District,  where  he  settled  and  reared  his  children  : 

i.      James,  m.    Mary  Sproule  :    Ch. :  1,   Susan,  b.    1802,  m.   Solomon 

Foster  ;  2,  Martha,  b.  1804,  m.  Handley  Chute  ;  3,  Mary  Ann,  b. 

1806,   m.   Conrad  ;   4,    Zaccheus,    b.   1808,    m.    Elizabeth   Clark  ; 

5,  John,  b   1810,   m.  Helen  Starratt  :  6,  Eleanor  (or  He'en),  b. 

1812  ;  7,  Hannah,  b.  1814  ;  8,  Lois,  b.  1815,  m.  William  Spurr  ; 

9,   Zeruiah,  b.  1817,    m.  —  ;  10,   Elijah,   b.    1819,   m.    Mary  E. 

Foster  ;  11,  Sarah,   b.  1820,  m.  Gilbert  Hill ;  12,  James,  b.  1822, 

d.  unm. 

ii.     Lois,  m.  John  Armstrong, 
iii.     Mary,  m.  Caleb  Schafner. 
iv.     Rachel,  m.  Abraham  Bowlby. 
v.     Ellen,  m.  Calvin  Marshall. 

36 


562  PHINNEY — PICKUP. 

vi.     Calvin,  m.  (1st)  Maria  Rumsey,  (2nd)  Martha  Sprou'e,  ne'e  Bowlby  : 

Ch. :  1,  William,  b.  1823,  m  Martha  Graves  ;  2,  Ann,  b.  1827,  m. 

Israel  Bent ;  3,  Benjamin,  b.  1829,  d.  unm. ;  4,  Amy,  b.  1831,  m. 

Alfred  Clark  ;  5,  Maria,  b.  1834,  unm. 
vii.     Barnabas,  m.  (1st)  Eunice  West,  (2nd)  Ann  Bowlby  :  Ch. :  1,  James, 

m.  Amelia  Morse  ;  2,  Caleb  S.,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Harris,  (2nd)  Lavinia 

Bent  ;  (3)  George  B.,  d.  unm. 
viii.     Ann,  m.  James  Armstrong. 

ISAAC  PHINNEY,  born  at  Barnstable  in  1739,  married  in  1763,  Ann 
Thomas,  and  settled  on  a  lot  in  Granville,  about  midway  between  Bridge- 
town and  Belleisle.  His  name  has  been  given  to  a  section  of  the  North 
Mountain  lying  to  the  northward  of  his  dwelling,  the  "  Phinney  Moun- 
tain," and  in  the  township  of  Wilmot  a  similar  section  of  this  range  of 
.hills,  once  called  "  Ruggles'  Mountain,"  is  now  called  "  Phinney  Moun- 
tain "  after  one  of  his  sons.  Children  : 

i.     Mehitable,  b.  1764,  m.  Ruloff  Ruloffson. 

ii.  Thomas,  b.  1765,  m.  1780,  Mehitable  Foster,  who  was  b.  1764,  d. 
1858  :  Ch.  :  1,  Isaac,  b.  1787,  d.  1867,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Borden, 
(2nd)  Cynthia  Willett,  nee  Troop  ;  2,  William,  b.  1789,  d.  1877, 
m.  (1st)  1813,  Rebecca  Starratt,  (2nd)  Mary  Marshall,  wee  Bennett; 
3,  Ann,  b.  1791,  d.  1794  ;  4,  Cynthia,  b.  1793,  m.  Thomas  Hors- 
field  ;  5,  Elizabeth,  b.  1795,  d.  1796  ;  6,  Ann,  b  1797,  m.  William 
Walker  ;  7,  Walter  W.,  b.  1799,  d.  1826,  unm.  ;  8,  Caroline,  b. 
1801,  d.  1863,  m.  David  Dill ;  9,  Elizabeth,  b.  1803,  m.  Daniel 
Felch  ;  10,  Phineas,  b.  1808,  m.  Jerusha  A.  Foster. 

iii.  Lot,  b.  1767,  m.  (1st)  1786,  Elizabeth  Durland,  (2nd)  Ann  Chesley, 
nee  Dodge  :  Ch.  :  1,  Elijah,  b.  1787,  m.  (1st)  Amelia  Messenger, 
(2nd)  —  Messenger  ;  2,  Zebulon,  b.  1789,  m.  (1st)  Hannah 
Roberts,  (2nd)  Abigail  Lovett  ;  3,  Lawrence,  m.  (1st)  1821,  Sarah 
Bowlby,  (2nd)  Caroline  Morse  ;  4,  Stephen,  b.  1792,  m.  Jane 
D'Arcy  ;  5,  Levi,  m.  (1st)  Ruth  Gates,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Marshall ; 
6,  John,  d.  unm.  ;  7,  Abigail,  b.  1794,  m.  Wells  Congdon  ;  8, 
Elizabeth,  m.  John  Stephenson  ;  9,  Mary,  m.  William  Dodge 
(his  2nd  wife)  ;  10,  Ann,  m.  John  W.  James. 

iv.     Levi,  b.  1769,  went  to  Mass.,  no  further  record, 
v.     Abigail,  b.  1771,  m.  Walter  Willett. 

vi.  Elijah,  b.  1773,  m.  1796,  Hepzibah  Chesley  :  Ch.  :  1,  Stephen  A., 
b.  1797,  d.  unm.  ;  2,  Lot,  b.  1798,  d.  unm.  ;  3,  Benjamin,  m. 
(1st)  Olivia  Sangster,  (2nd)  Mary  Burns  ;  4,  Margaret,  m.  Handley 
Tupper  ;  5,  Ann  Felix  McNeill  ;  6,  Ellen,  m.  Francis  D'Arcy  ;  7, 
Deidamia,  m.  John  Shaw ;  8,  Mary,  m.  (1st)  Israel  Miller,  (2nd) 
William  Shaw  ;  9,  Sarah,  m.  Benjamin  Sangster  ;  10,  Harriet, 
m.  William  Shaw  ;  11,  Elij  ih,  m.  (1st)  Lydia  Masters,  (2nd) 
Abigail  Newcomb. 

vii.     Desiah,  b.  1776,  m.  David  Shaw. 

PICKUP.  SAMUEL  PICKUP  served  in  the  38th  regiment,  from  which  he 
retired  in  1783,  and  threw  in  his  lot  with  the  Loyalists.  At  the  time  of  his 
arrival  here  he  had  been  married  eight  years,  and  had  four  children.  In 
the  muster  rolls  of  1784  he  is  said  to  be  domiciled  in  the  township  of 
Annapolis,  as  he  still  was  in  1792,  but  he  probably  died  in  Clements,  where 
•his  son  George,  married  and  settled.  The  first  two  generations  of  the 


PICKUP — POTTER.  563 

family  were  devoted  to  farming,  but  the  succeeding  ones  have  found  a 
more  congenial  pursuit  in  mercantile  and  shipping  business.  William 
D.  Pickup,  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  and  London,  Eng.,  died  some  years  ago 
leaving  considerable  fortune,  while  his  brother  Samuel  carried  on  an 
extensive  ship-building  and  shipping  business  at  Granville  Ferry  for  many 
years.  The  son  of  the  latter,  Samuel  W.  W.  Pickup,  Esq.,  of  the  same 
place,  a  member  of  the  municipal  council,  is  the  present  head  of  the 
family.  Samuel  Pickup,  the  Loyalist,  married,  1774,  Mary  Brown,  and 
had  children  : 

i.     George,  b.  1775,  m.  1797,  Sarah  Balcom,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Susan,  b. 
1798,    d.    1833,   m.  ;  2,    Mary,    b.    1800,    m.  James  Randall  ;  3, 
Elizabeth,  b.  1803,  m.  William  Jones  ;  4,  George,  d.  unm. 
ii.     William,  b.  1777,  m.  1803,  Sarah  Timberlake. 
iii.     Margaret,  b.  1780,  m.  —  Morgan. 

iv.     Samuel,   b.  1783,  m.  1810,  Jane  Delap,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Sarah  Ann, 
b.  1811,  m.  John  Roop,  jun.  ;  2,  William  D.,  b.  1813,  d.  unm.  in 
England  ;  3,   James,  b.   1815,    d.  (abroad)   unm.  ;  4,   George,  b. 
1817,  d.   unm.  ;  5,   Samuel,  b.   1818,  m.  (1st)  Rachel  Ray,  (2nd) 
Celina  Willett. 
v.     James,  b.  1780,  d.  unm. 
vi.     Jane,  m.  John  Roop,  sen. 

POTTER.  The  JOSEPH  POTTER  who  took  refuge  here  from  the  dangers 
and  evils  of  the  revolutionary  war,  appears  to  have  lived  only  four  years 
after  the  peace  of  1783.  His  son  Joseph  must  have  been  in  the  valley  as 
early  as  1772,  for  he  in  that  year  married  Mary  Farnsworth,  who  although 
born  in  Massachusetts,  had  then  been  twelve  years  in  the  county. 
Benjamin  was  in  the  county  in  1774.  It  seems  probable  that  their  father 
came  here  about  1770.  (Nicholas  and  Robert  Potter,  supposed  to  be  sons 
of  Robert  Potter,  came  to  Lynn,  Mass.,  about  1634.  Robert  being  perse- 
cuted as  a  Quaker,  moved  to  Rhode  Island,  where  he  founded  the  town 
of  Warwick.  He  was  probably  the  ancestor  of  Bishop  Potter,  of  New 
York.  Nicholas  had  a  son  Robert  born  before  1630.  He  married,  Jan. 
25,  1660,  Ruth,  sixth  child  of  Robert  and  Phebe  Driver,  of  Lynn.  He 
had  a  son  Robert  born  March  18,  1661,  who  married,  1682,  Martha  Hale, 
and  had  son  Ephraim.  Ephraim  was  the  father  of  Joseph  Potter  above 
mentioned  who  was  born  in  Marlboro,'  Middlesex  County,  Mass.,  Feb.  3, 
1713,  married  1735,  and  died  April  1,  1791.  This  I  take  from  the 
"  Chute  Genealogies."— ED.)  He  had  children  : 

i.  Mary,  b.  July  3,  1736. 

ii.  Betty,  b.  June  22,  1738,  m.  Goudey. 

(2)       iii.  Joseph,  b.  Aug.  23,  1741. 

iv.  Robert,  b.  Nov.  7,  1745. 

<3)         v.  Benjamin,  b.  May  9,  1749. 

vi.  Eben,  b.  Aug.  11,  1751. 

vii.  Sarah,  b.  Nov.  21,  1753. 

viii.  John,  b.  March  31,  1757. 

ix.  Reuben,  b.  Dec.  9,  1759. 


564  POTTER. 

2.  JOSEPH  POTTER,  born  in  Marlboro',  Mass.,  Aug.  23,  1741,  m.  (1st) 
1761,  Zebudah  Hadyn,  (2nd)  in  Nova  Scotia,  Mary  Farnsworth.  Mr. 
Potter  volunteered  into  military  service  in  a  regiment  raised  by  Governor 
Shirley,  and  commanded  by  Col.  Jonathan  Bailey,  and  was  at  the  battle 
of  Ticonderoga,  July  8,  1758,  where  Lord  Howe  was  killed.  (See  Park- 
man's  "  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,"  p.  97).  After  the  revolution  he  was 
active  in  promoting  the  operations  of  the  iron  mines  at  Clementsport. 
Children  : 

i.     Aaron,  b.  July  11,  1762,  d.  young. 

ii.  Israel,  b.  July,  1763,  m.  Jan.  7,  1786,  Mary,  dau.  of  Capt.  John 
Rice,  and  became  a  zealous  and  faithful  preacher  of  the  Gospel  in 
the  Baptist  communion  :  Ch. :  1,  Aaron,  b.  Sept.  3,  1786,  m. 
Susanna,  dau.  of  Anthony  Purdy  ;  2,  Zebudah,  b.  March  22, 
1788,  m.  1807,  Josiah  Spurr  ;  3,  Rev.  Israel,  jun.,  b.  Jan.  7,  1790, 
m.  Catharine,  dau.  of  John  Ditmars;  4,  John,  b.  Jan.  17,  1792, 
m.  (1st)  Mary,  dau.  of  John  Balcom,  (2nd)  Maria  Marshall  ; 

5,  Joseph,  b.  Jan.  31,  1794,  m.  Margaret,  dau.  of  John  Balcom  ; 

6,  Mary,  b.  May  16,  1796,  m.  James  Balcom  ;  7,  Sarah,  b.  Dec., 

1798,  m.  Josiah. Spurr  (his  2nd  wife)  ;  8,  Fanny,  b.  Jan.  11,  1800  ; 

9,  James  Manning,  b.  April  7,  1802,  m.  (1st)  Sylvia,  dau.  of  Ben- 
jamin Harris,  (2nd)  Caroline,  dau  of  Benjamin  Wilson,  St.  John  ; 

10,  Jacob,  b.  Feb.  10,    1804,   m.  (1st)  Catharine   Warne,   (2nd) 
Maria  Cook  ;  11,  Susanna,  b.  Feb.  10,  1804,  m.  Henry  Watkeys  ; 
12,  Ann,  m.  Rev.  J.  B.  Cogswell ;  13,  Josiah  Spurr,  b.  Feb.  22, 
1810,  m.  (1st)  Louisa,  dau.  of  Edward  Berteaux,  (2nd)  Naomi  G. 
Brown,  widow  of  Eliakim  Bent ;   14,  Zeruiah,   b.  Dec.  24,   1812, 
m.  Thomas,  son  of  Jonathan  Hurd  ;  15,  Isaiah  S.,  b.  Oct.  9,  1814, 
m.  Sarah  A.  LeCain. 

hi.     Mary,  b.  Feb.  7,  1766,  m.  John,  son  of  Matthias  Rice. 

iv.  Joseph,  b.  June  14,  1773,  m.  (1st)  1796,  Lois  Hadyn,  (2nd)  Olive, 
dau.  of  John  Balcom  :  Ch. :  1,  Warren,  b.  July  15,  1797, 
m.  Martha  Lewis,  of  Long  Island,  N.S.  ;  2,  Sophia,  b.  March  25, 

1799,  m.  Abel  Chute  ;  3,  Eliza,  b.  Aug.  7,  1801,  m.  John  Chute 
(son  of  Thomas) ;  4,  Louisa,  b.  March  3,  1804,  m.   Feb.  6,   1825, 
James  Purdy  ;  5,   Joseph  Lyman,   b.   May  30,   1807,   m.   Lydia 
Witt ;  6,  William  Franklin,  b.  Oct.  16,  1809,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Ann, 
dau.  of  William  Gilliatt,  (2nd)  Mrs.  Phebe  Kennedy,  nee  German  ; 

7,  Mary,  b.  Jan.  23,  1811,  m.  (1st)  Asahel  Howard,  (2nd)  Solomon, 
son  of  George  Bowlby;  8,  Sally,  b.  March  6,  1814,  in.  Israel,  son 
of  William  Gilliatt  ;  9,  Silas,  b.  Nov.  5,  1816,  m.  Catharine,  dau. 
of  Thomas  Gilliatt. 

v.     Samuel,  b.  Dec.  9,  1774. 
vi.     Sarah,  b.  Aug.  4,  1776,  m.  John  Dyer,  and  went  to  Marietta,  Ohio. 

vii.  Benjamin,  b.  Dec.  11,  1777,  m.  Jane,  dau.  of  Abraham  Spurr, 
d.  June,  1861  :  Ch.  :  1,  Eliza,  b.  1799,  m.  Caleb  Soulice  (Sulis)  of 
French  Huguenot  extraction  ;  2,  Thomas,  b.  April  1,  1800, 
m.  Sarah  A.,  dau.  of  Jeremiah  SmitTi,  jun.  ;  3,  John  L.,  m. 
Caroline  Hunt  (dau.  of  Elijah,  and  sister  of  Rev.  Abraham  S.); 
4,  William  F.,  b.  about  1804,  m.  Abigail  O.,  dau.  of  Capt. 
Simpson  ;  5,  Henry,  b.  about  1807,  m.  Polly  Rice  (dau.  of  Silas); 
6,  Cynthia,  b.  about  1810,  m.  William  Jones,  jun.  ;  7,  Jane, 
b.  about  1812,  m.  John,  son  of  Jeremiah  Ditmars  ;  8,  James  M., 
b.  about  1815,  m.  Elizabeth  Sharp  ;  9,  Edward  W.,  b.  about  1818, 
m.  Abigail  Sulis  ;  10,  Emmeline,  b.  about  1822,  m.  George  S. 
Sulis. 

viii.     Lydia,  b.  Oct.  29,  1779,  m.  1801,  William  Gilliatt,  jun. 


POTTER— PRINCE.  565 

ix.  Franklin,  b.  April  28,  1781,  m.  (1st)  Cynthia  Boice,  (2nd)  Abigail 
O'Brien,  (3rd)  Mrs.  Durkee,  nee  Robbins,  of  Yarmouth  :  Ch. : 
1,  George  Boice,  b.  1807,  m.  Sarah  Payson,  was  many  years  a 
J.P.,  and  some  years  Warden  of  Digby  County  ;  2,  Mary  Ann, 
m.  Holland  Payson  ;  3,  Mehitable,  m.  Ethel  Davis  ;  4,  William, 
m.  Ann  Welch  ;  5,  Joseph  J.,  d.  at  sea  ;  6,  Edward  J.,  m.  Ellen 
Boudreau,  an  Acadian  French  lady,  posterity  in  Clare  ;  7,  Charles 
J.,  m.  Cynthia  White  ;  8,  Franklin,  m.  Rachel  Payson;  9,  Cynthia, 
m.  John  D.  Southern;  10,  Thomas  Rankin,  d.  in  West  Indies;  11, 
Phebe  Susan,  m.  Joseph  Southern. 

x.     Martha,  b.  April  9,  1783,  m.  Thomas  Rice. 

xi.     Susan,  b.  Feb.  18,  1785,  m.  John  Gilliatt. 

xii.  Esther,  b.  March  16,  1787,  m.  (1st)  1809,  John  Armstrong,  (2nd) 
Stephen  Taylor. 

3.  BENJAMIN  POTTER,  b.  in  Marlboro',  Mass.,  May  9,  1749,  m.  1773, 
Sarah  Angler,  and  died  in  Clements,  January  16,  1823.  Children  : 

i.     Hannah,  b.  1774,  m.  John  Burns. 

ii.     Sarah,  b.  1776. 

iii.     Mary  E.,  b.  1778,  m.  David  Spinney. 

iv.     Joseph,  b.  April  5,  1781,  m.  1811,  Susan,  dau.  of  Samuel  Cutting, 

and  settled  in  Framingham,  Mass, 
v.     Louisa,  b.  July  22,  1784,  m.  Jonathan  Milner. 

vi.     Asa,  b.  1786. 

vii.  Benjamin,  b.  Aug.  10,  1789,  m.  Jan.  21,  1811,  Ruth  Weare,  d.  Nov. 
27,  1850  :  Ch. :  1,  Phebe,  b.  Aug.  1811,  m.  John,  son  of  Philip 
Lightizer  ;  2,  Ann,  b.  June  24,  1813,  m.  Elijah,  son  of  James 
Berry  ;  3,  Sarah  E.,  b.  May  14,  1815,  m.  Edw.  J.  Woodworth  ; 
4,  Asa,  b.  April  30,  1817,  m.  Jan.  1,  1847,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
Abraham  Bowlby  ;  5,  Emmeline,  b.  Sept.  7,  1819,  m.  Joseph 
Weare  Robbins  ;  6,  Deacon  Ezra,  b.  Oct.  26,  1821,  m.  Zebuda, 
dau.  of  Aaron  Potter  ;  7,  John,  b.  Oct.,  1823,  m.  Elche,  dau.  of 
Thomas  Milner  ;  8,  Maria,  b.  March  24,  1825,  m.  John  Henry 
Lecain  ;  9,  Rebecca,  b.  June  13,  1827,  m.  Aaron  Potter,  jun.  ; 
10,  Benjamin,  b.  June  10,  1830,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Joseph 
Lightizer;  11,  Ruth,  b.  Nov.,  1835,  m.  John  Henry  Milner. 

PRINCE.  See  memoir  or  Christopher  Prince,  M.P.P.  He  was  descended 
in  the  fourth  generation  from  John1  Prince,  b.  1610,  student  at  Oxford, 
son  of  Rev.  John,  of  East  Shefford,  Berkshire,  through  Thomas,2  Job.3 
John1  came  to  Cambridge,  Mass,  1633,  thence  to  Hull,  and  d.  1676. 
Christopher  married  (1st)  Mary  Foster,  (2nd)  Ann  Payson,  and  had 
children  : 

i.  Benjamin,  a  Doctor  of  Medicine,  m.  Jerusha  Tupper  ;  went  to  New 
York. 

ii.     John,  m.  (abroad), 
iii.     Granville,  drowned,  unm. 
iv.     Sarah,  m.  Samuel  Randall. 
By  second  wife  : 

v.  Christopher  Kimball,  m.  Ann  Johnston  :  Ch. :  1,  Olivia  Sophia, 
b.  1816,  m.  George  Leavitt ;  2,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1818,  m.  Abner 
Parsons ;  3,  John  Christopher,  b.  1820,  m.  Henrietta  Fairn ; 
4,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1822,  m.  Isaac  Chute  ;  5,  Benjamin,  b.  1824, 
m.  Harriet  A.  Bishop  ;  6,  Christopher  Kimball,  jun.,  b.  1826, 
d.  1828 ;  7,  George  Johnston,  b.  1827,  d.  1829. 


566  PRINCE — PURDY. 

vi.  Elizabeth,  m.  (1st)  William  Cagney,  (2nd)  Edward  Whitman,  jun. 
The  burial  of  a  Wm.  Prince,  aged  80,  is  found  in  the  church 
records,  Annapolis,  April  30,  1829. 


PURDY.  The  Purdys  of  Annapolis  and  Digby  counties  came  of  sturdy 
and  sterling  Loyalist  stock,  many  of  the  name  having  left  a  very  honor- 
able record  on  that  side  of  the  revolutionary  struggle.  (See  "  Sabine's 
Loyalists.")  GABRIEL,  the,  immediate  ancestor  of  this  branch,  belonged  to 
the  Province  of  New  York.  (He  was  descended  in  the  fourth  generation 
from  Francis  Purdy  who  died  at  Fairfield,  Conn.,  in  1658,  through  the 
latter's  son  Francis  and  grandson  Samuel. — ED.)  Two  of  his  sons, 
Anthony  and  Josiah,  were  grantees  in  the  township  of  Clements,  erected 
in  1784.  Gabriel,  who  held  the  commission  of  captain,  was  born  in  1721, 
and  died  in  1803.  He  married  Bethiah  Miller  in  New  York,  and  had 
§  children  : 

i.     Gloriana,  b.  1747,  m.  Dr.  Azor  Betts. 

*ii.     James,  b.  1749,  d.  1749. 

iii.     Gabriel,  b.  1750,  d.  1752. 

iv.     Samuel,  b.  1752,  d.  1758. 
v.     Gabriel,  b.  1755,  m.  Jane  — . 

vi.  Anthony,  b.  1757,  m.  1784,  Frances  Russell  :  Ch  :  1,  Gloriana,  b. 
1785,  d.  unm. ;  2,  Susanna,  b,  1787,  m.  Aaron  Potter  ;  3,  Bethiah, 
b.  1790,  m.  John  Burritt ;  4,  Gabriel,  b.  1792,  m.  Jane  Ward  ; 
5,  Ann,  b.  1794,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  James  Russell,  b.  1799,  m.  (1st) 
Louisa  Potter,  (2nd)  Eliza  Ann  Gilliatt,  (3rd)  Eunice  Harris,  ne'e 
Morse  ;  7,  Elizabeth,  b.  1801,  d.  unm.  ;  8,  Josiah,  b.  1803,  m. 
Hannah  Witt  ;  9,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1805,  m.  1824,  John  Charles 
Closson. 

vii.     Lewis,  b.  1758,  in.  Sarah  Robinson, 
viii.     Bethiah,  b.  1761,  m.  Frederic  Davoue. 

xi.     Josiah,  b.  1704,  m.  probably  Hannah  Witt. 

x.  Samuel,  b.  1765,  m.  1797,  Sarah  Ditmars  :  Ch.  :  1,  Bethiah,  b.  1798, 
m.  Thomas  Andrews  ;  2,  Jane,  b.  1799,  d.  unm.  1846;  3,  Gabriel 
James,  b.  1801,  m.  Jane  Dodge  (in  Ontario);  4,  Isaac  Ditmars, 
b.  1802,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Vroom  ;  5,  Maty  E.,  b.  1804,  m.  Henry  F. 
Vroom  ;  6,  Sarah,  b.  1806,  d.  1808  ;  7,  Henry,  b.  1807,  m.  Letitia, 
dau.  of  Jeremiah  Ditmars  ;  8,  John  V.,  b.  1809,  m.  Mary  Vroom 
(daughter  of  George);  9,  William  S.,  b.  1811,  m.  Harriet  Augusta 
Ryerson  ;  10,  Samuel,  b.  1813,  died  1890,  unm.  ;  11,  Sarah  Ann, 
b.  1814,  m.  Captain  Hiram  Betts  ;  12,  Douw,  6,  1816,  m.  Eliza 
J.  Burns  ;  13,  Frances  Gloriana,  b.  1817,  m.  Capt.  William 
Anthony  ;  14,  George  A.,  b.  1820,  m.  Matilda  Harris  ;  15,  Sereno, 
b.  1822,  m.  Mary  Jane,  dau.  of  John  Ditmars. 

xi.  Elijah,  b.  1767,  m.  Mary  Elizabeth  Henrietta  Schenk,  d.  1837  :  Ch. : 
1,  James  Lewis,  b.  1802,  m.  Sarah  Robinson  ;  2,  Eleanor  Ann, 
b.  1804,  m.  (1st)  Richard  Ruggles,  jun.,  (2nd)  Henry  Fowler 
Vroom  ;  3,  Bethiah  Davoue,  b.  1806,  m.  Rev.  John  C.  Austen  ; 

4,  Mary  Elizabeth,   b.    1808,  m.  Abner  Morse  (son  of  Church)  ; 

5,  Sarah,   b.    1810,  m.  George  Jefferson  ;   6,  Margaret,  b.  18l4  ; 
7,  Sterns,  b.  1816,  m.  Elizabeth  Dukeshire  ;  8,  Susanna  Gloriana, 

.  b.  1817,  m.  James  T.  Hinxman  ;  9,  William  Henry,  b.  1820,  d. 
unm. ;  10,  Frances,  b.  1822,  m.  Charles  Clancy  Jefferson  ;  11, 
Robert,  b.  1824,  m.  Susan  A.  Croscup. 


RANDALL — RAY.  567 

RANDALL.  The  Randalls  of  this  county  are  descended  from  John 
Randall,  who  was  of  Westerly,  R.I.,  in  1684-.  David,  son  of  his  son 
Stephen,  was  born  at  Stonington,  Conn.,  May  4,  1719  ;  married  at 
Preston,  Conn.,  Nov.  6,  1739,  Keziah  Davidson;  removed  to  Nova 
Scotia  in  1766,  and  died  in  Kings  County  in  1784.  His  sons,  among 
whom  was  the  David  in  the  list  of  capitation  tax-payers,  1792,  were 
most  useful  pioneer  settlers  wherever  they  went,  transmitting  to  their 
posterity  more  than  average  intellectual  power.  Children  : 

i.     Nathan,  d.  young. 

ii.     Keziah,  m.  March  4,  1743,  —  Murchant,  in  New  York. 

hi.     Lucy,  b.  Feb.  4,  1744. 

iv.     Sarah,  b.  Jan.  2,  1746,  m.  John  Newcomb. 

v.  David,  b.  in  Preston,  Conn.,  Jan.  17,  1748,  m.  Nov.  23,  1775,  Amy, 
dau.  of  Elisha  Whitney,  of  Hanley  Mountain,  living  in  the 
township  of  Annapolis,  but  finally  settled  in  Aylesford  :  Ch.:  1, 
John,  m.  (1st)  Ruth  Gates,  (2nd)  Nancy  Downy,  (3rd)  Mary 
Goucher  ;  2,  Lucy,  b.  1780,  d.  young  ;  3,  Jonathan,  b.  Aug.  15, 
1781,  lived  in  Maine ;  4,  William  D  ,  b.  Oct.  1783,  m.  Helen, 
dau.  of  Rev.  T.  H.  Chipman;  5,  George,  d.  young  ;  6,  Lucy,  m. 
Peter  P.  Chute  ;  7,  Amy ;  8,  Eunice  ;  9,  David,  b.  Mar.  28,  1793  ; 
10,  Olive. 

vi.     Jonathan,  b.  April  2,  1751,  m.  a  dau.  of  S.  Willoughby. 
vii.     Samuel,     b.    Sept.   10,    1753,   m.    1783,    Sarah   Ann,    dau.    of   Col. 

Benjamin  Prince,  and  lived  in  Aylesford. 

viii.  Amos,  b.  Dec.  30,  1755,  m.  1789,  Susanna  Chute,  and  lived  near 
Bridgetown,  he  d.  March  24,  1837  :  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth,  b.  1789, 
m.  Benjamin  Chute  ;  2,  Nathan,  b.  1791,  m.  Harriet  Foster  ;  3, 
John,  b.  1794,  m.  Ceretha  Dexter  ;  4,  Susanna,  b.  1796,  d.  1799  ; 
5,  James*  b.  1798;  m.  Mary  Pickup;  6,  Thomas,  b.  1800,  d.  in 
Antigonish,  May  12,  1830  ;  7,  Susanna,  b.  1802,  m.  James  Fitz- 
maurice  ;  8,  Mary,  b.  1805,  d.  unm.  ;  9,  Theresa,  b.  1807,  m. 
Joseph  Chute  ;  10,  Benjamin,  b.  1810,  m.  Tamar  Foster  ;  11, 
Charlotte,  b.  1813,  m.  James  Fitzmaurice. 

ix.     Hezekiah,  b.  Jan.  29,  1758. 

x.  Elisha,  b.  1760,  m.  Mary  Atwater,  ne'e  Tuttle,  and  settled  at 
Antigonish. 

xi.     John,  b.  1762,  d.  young. 

xii.  Nathan,  b.  May  7,  1764,  m.  1795,  Susanna,  dau.  of  Jcnas  Gates, 
and  had  10  children,  among  them  Rev.  Charles  Randall,  Baptist, 
of  Weymouth,  and  Rev.  Samuel  Martin  Randall. 

RAY.  The  MOSES  RAY  of  1791  was  probably  a  native  of  Belfast, 
and  came  to  the  county  about  the  year  1764,  when  the  Neilys, 
Burnses  and  McBrides  of  the  north  of  Ireland  came  over.  He  married 
Ann,  a  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Barnes,  one  of  the  Massachusetts  settlers 
in  Granville,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Jane,  b.  177^,  m.  Joseph  Foster. 

ii.  John,  b.  1777,  m.  Deborah  Farnsworth,  and  had  ch. :  1,  Rachel  ; 
2,  Henry,  m.  Lavinia  Beardsley  ;  3,  Sarah,  m.  John  Quin  ;  4, 
William,  m.  Sarah  Rhodes ;  5,  John,  m.  Elizabeth  Wheelock 
(dau.  of  Calvin)  ;  6,  Judson,  m.  Lavinia  Rhodes  ;  7,  Ichabod,  m. 
Maria  Foster. 


568  RAY — REAGH — RICE. 

iii.     Moses,  b.  1781,  m.  and  d.  in  Ireland,  where  he  was  said  to  have 

become  rich, 
iv.     James,  b.  1785,  m.  Rachel  Harris  (dau.  of  John),  a  native  of  Dublin, 

who  served  as  a  sergeant  in  a  British  regiment  at  Bunker  Hill  : 

Ch. :  1,  Ann,  m.   Wesley  Reagh  ;  2,   Charlotte,  m.  Henry  Baker  ; 

3,  Eliza,  m.  Dimock  Gates  ;  4,  Jane,  m.  Parker  Bowlby  ;  5,  Susan, 

m.  John  Ward  ;    6,  Frances,  m.   Abraham  Fales  ;    7,  John,    m. 

Rachel    Vantassel   (in  N.Y.)  ;     8,    James,    m.     (1st)    Elizabeth 

Sproule,  (2nd)  Lucinda  Clark,  ne'e  Graves. 

1||  REAGH.  The  word  reagh  is  of  Celtic  origin,  meaning  ruler  or  lord, 
equivalent  to  the  terminal  rih,  or^rich,  in  old  Gothic  and  Norse  names. 
(See  Ritchie.)  The  Latin  rex,  a  king,  and  verb  rego,  to  rule,  are  no  doubt 
from  the  same  root.  Thus  Castlereagh  is  the  lord  or  ruler  of  the  castle. 
JAMES  REAGH,  a  native  of  Belfast,  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  with  his 
brothers-in-law  Neily  and  newly  wedded  wife,  Martha  Neily  (dau.  of 
John),  their  sister.  He  bought  a  farm  on  the  Ardoise  Hills,  on  the  old 
Halifax  road,  but  on  his  death,  about  ten  years  later,  his  widow  removed 
to  Wilmot.  His  son  Joseph  went  to  one  of  the  upper  provinces.  His 
son  John  married  Sarah  Gates,  and  became  a  resident  in  what  is  now 
Margaretsville,  and  was  the  faithful  steward  and  agent  of  Hon.  John 
Halliburton,  who  owned  an  extensive  grant  there.  John  Reagh  had 
children  (besides  Joseph) : 

i.  John,  b.  1773,  m.  1804,  Sarah  Gates,  b.  1785  :  Ch. :  1,  Wesley,  b- 
1804,  m.  Ann  Ray  ;  2,  Gilbert,  b.  1806,  m.  Jane  Beach  ;  3, 
Mehitable,  b.  1807,  m.  Silas  Margeson  ;  4,  Susanna,  b.  1809,  m- 
Abraham  Stronach  ;  5,  Abraham,  b.  1811,  m.  Sarah  Tapper  ;  6, 
Mary,  b.  1813,  m.  (1st)  Rees  Stronach,  (2nd)  John  McKeown  ; 
7,  Isaac,  b.  1815,  m.  Anne  Tupper  ;  8,  Prudence,  b.  1818,  m. 
William  Clark  ;  9,  Elizabeth,  b.  1820,  m.  Adam  Bowlby ;  10, 
Margaret,  b.  1822,  in.  Christopher  Margeson  ;  11,  Sarah  Ann, 
b.  1824,  m.  Bayard  Margeson  ;  12,  Helen,  b.  1826,  m.  Elias 
Phinney  ;  13,  Jacob,  b.  1825,  d.  unm. 

ii.     Joseph,  m.  Nancy  Durland,  ne'e  Hawkesworth. 

iii.      Polly,  m.  John  Baker,  jun. 

iv.     Catherine,  m.  Jonas  Wood. 

RICE.  The  three  families  bearing  this  name  came  to  this  county  in 
1760,  and  are  derived  from  a  common  and  not  very  remote  ancestor.  It 
is  probable  that  BERIAH  RICE  was  uncle  to  JOHN  and  EBENEZER,  who  are 
believed  to  have  been  cousins ;  for  he  was  an  old  man  in  1760,  and  died 
about  four  or  five  years  after  his  settlement.  He  and  several  of  his  sons 
were  grantees  of  the  township,  in  which  they  held  lots  Nos.  86,  87,  88,  89, 
90,  91,  92  and  93,  in  the  western  end,  and  Nos.  2,  3  and  46  in  the  eastern 
division.  These  lots  contained  4,672  acres  of  the  choicest  land  in  the 
county.  Beriah  Rice,  sen.,  of  Westboro',  in  the  County  of  Worcester,  was 
born  1702.  One  of  his  sons  settled  in  Cape  Breton.  Rice,  the  photo- 
graphic artist  in  the  Greely  polar  expedition,  was  a  descendant.  Judah 


RICE.  569 

Rice,  his  oldest  son,  soon  after  his  father's  death  sold  his  farm  near 
Bloody  Creek,  and  removed  to  Lower  Granville,  where  he  built  a  house 
near  Stony  Beach,  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  dwelling  erected  at 
that  place,  and  there  the  greater  number  of  his  children  were  born.  He 
had  been  married  in  Massachusetts,  probably  about  1758,  and  his  eldest 
son  was  born  -there  in  1759.  About  the  beginning  of  the  century  he 
removed  to  Briar  Island,  and  soon  afterwards  died  at  Westport.  His 
sons,  Moses,  Simeon  and  William,  settled  on  Briar  Island.  (The  editor 
remembers  some  worthy  old  men  of  the  name  on  the  island,  but  it  does 
not  exist  there  now,  although  there  are  several  descendants  in  female 
lines.)  In  his  will  he  gave  his  son  Stephen  all  his  real  estate  in  Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and  New  Hampshire,  which 
proves  he  was  a  man  of  some  wealth  before  he  came  to  Nova  Scotia, 
His  sons,  Timothy,  Benjamin  and  Joseph,  remained  on  their  lands  near 
Bridgetown,  the  latter  finally  settling  near  Round  Hill,  where  he  died, 
1839,  at  an  advanced  age. 

The  lands  granted  to  EBEXEZER  RICE  (who  had  previously  been  a 
country  merchant)  were  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  Saw-mill 
Creek,  now  known  as  Moschelle.  When  he  came  here  he  had  been 
eighteen  years  married,  his  youngest  child  being  six  and  his  eldest, 
Ebenezer,  being  eighteen  in  1760.  He  lived  here  thirty-two  years,  and 
had  been  married  fifty  years  when  he  died.  The  dates  of  his  children's 
births  were  found  in  an  old  ledger  preserved  by  the  Fairn  family,  the 
immediate  ancestor  of  which  married  his  daughter. 

JOHN  RICE,  who  was  born  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  December  26,  1738, 
came  here  unmarried.  On  his  marriage,  May  6,  1761,  to  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Zephaniah  and  Eunice  Smith,  he  settled  on  the  farm  of  Colonel 
Jonathan  Hoar,  who  owned  a  grant  of  five  hundred  acres  on  the  west 
side  of  Lequille  River.  There  John  Rice's  eight  children  were  born. 
At  Colonel  Hoar's  death  he  purchased  part  of  the  farm,  of  which  he  was 
succeeded  in  the  possession  by  his  youngest  son  James,  who  from  his 
birth,  in  1790,  lived  on  it  until  his  death,  February  4,  1886,  nearly 
ninety-six  years.  The  family  was  descended  from  Edmund  Rice,  of 
Birkhamstead,  Hertfordshire,  England,  in  1627,  who  came  to  America 
in  1638,  and  settled  in  Sudbury,  Mass.;  through  Thomas,  the  latter's 
fourth  child ;  Gershom,  eighth  child  of  Thomas  ;  and  Matthias,  the  fifth 
child  of  Gershom — John  being  the  eldest  son  of  Matthias. 

1.  BEBIAH  RICE  married  Mary  Goodnow,  and  had  children. 

(2)         i.  Judah,  b.  1731. 

ii.  Asaph,  b.  1733,  m.  Mary  Morse, 

iii.  Timothy,  b.  1740,  m. 

iv.  Mercy,  or  Mary,  b.  1742,  m.  Paul  Hazeltine  (no  issue). 

v.  Rachel,  b.  1744,  m.  Obadiah  Wheelock,  M.P.P. 


570  RICE. 

(3)       vi.  Beriah,  jun.,  b.  1746. 

vii.  Sarah,  b.  1748,  m.  Elias  Wheelock,  J.P. 

viii.  Benjamin,  b.  1749,  m. 

ix.  Stephen,  b.  1751  (returned  to  Massachusetts), 

x.  Joseph,  b.  1753,  m.  Fairn. 

xi.  Lucy,  b.  1755,  m.  Elkanah  Morton. 

2.  JUDAH    RICE,    b.    1731,    m.    1758,    Sarah    Kelly,    of    Leominster, 
Worcester  County,  Mass.,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Anna,  b.  1759,  m.  James  McDormand. 

ii.  Simeon,  b.  1761,  m.  Nancy  Burton,  and  had  ch. :  1,  Elizabeth,  m. 
Andrew  Coggins,  Westport  ;  probably  others. 

iii.     Azubah,  b.  1763,  m.  Samuel  Buckman. 

iv.     Stephen,  b.  1765,  m.  Jane  DeWolf,  of  Liverpool,  N.S.,  and  had  ch. : 

1,  Eliza  Jane,  d.  unm.;  2,  Stephenson,  d.  unm. 

v.  Moses,  b.  1768,  m,  Hannah  Morse  (dau.  of  Abner),  and  had  ch. :  1, 
Aaron,  m.  Ann  Payson  ;  2,  Harriet,  m.  John  Payson  ;  3,  Eunice, 
m.  Thomas  Haycock  ;  4,  Edward,  m.  Cecilia  Bailey  ;  5,  Elizabeth 
Ann,  m.  James  Titus  ;  6,  John,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Mary,  m.  Thomas 
Haycock  ;  8.  Hanley,  b.  1804,  m.  Eliza  Jane  Bailey  ;  9,  Caroline, 
m.  Rice  Coggins  ;  10,  Phebe,  b.  1808,  m.  Jacob  Merrill  (perhaps 
Morrell). 

vi.     Aaron,  b.  1770,  d.  unm.  in  West  Indies. 

vii.     Letitia,  b.  1772,  m.  William  Johnson,  of  Granville. 
viii.     Mary,  b.  1774,  m.  Benjamin  Berry. 

ix.  John,  b.  1776,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Hicks,  (2nd)  Susan  Hicks, 
x.  William  Pickett,  b.  1776,  m.  Eunice  Prentiss  :  Ch. :  1,  Louisa,  m. 
John  Payson  ;  2,  William,  in.  Sarah  Ann  White  ;  3,  Mary,  m. 
Tileston  Payson  ;  4,  Lucy,  d.  unm.;  5,  Julia,  m.  Thomas  Horse- 
field  ;  6,  John,  m.  Charlotte  Turner  ;  7,  Sophia,  m.  Benjamin 
JHenry  Ruggles  ;  8,  Henry,  d.  unm.;  9,  Sarah  Jane,  m.  Charles 
Bailey. 

xi.     Sarah,  b.  1778,  m.  William  Johnson. 

xii.     Lucy,  b.  1781,  m.  Francis  Ogsbury,  or  Augsbury,  of  New  York. 

3.  BERIAH  RICE,  JUN.,  b.  1746,  m.  (1st)  in  Cape  Breton,  Miss  Mc- 
Sweeny,  (2nd)  Naomi  McQuillan,*  and  had  children  : 

i.     Asaph,  m.  1803,  Nancy  Elderkin,  and  had  ch. :  1,  Sidney  Smith, 
M.D.,  b.  1804  ;  2,  William,  b.  1805,  m.  Mary  Ann  Allen  ;  3,  John, 
b.  1808,  m.  Lucy  Hicks  ;    4,  Timothy,  b.  1811,  m.  1838,  Mary 
Alice   Newcomb  ;   5,  James  Benjamin,    b.   1813,  m. ;   6.  Joseph 
Troop,  b.  1818,  d.  unm.;  7,  Asaph,  b.  1^21,  d.  unm.;  8,  Jephtha, 
b.  1823,  m.  (1st)  Mrs.  Roundy,  widow,  (2nd)  —  Morse, 
ii.     Sarah,  m.  Joseph  Troop, 
iii.     (Perhaps)  Beriah. 

1.  JOHN  RICE,  married  (1st)  May  6,  1761,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Zephaniah 
and  Eunice  Smith,  (2nd)  Mary,  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Zebudah  Potter, 
and  had  children  : 

(2)         i.     Silas,  b.  1762. 

ii.     John,  b.  1764,  d.  1784. 

*  There  may  be  an  error  here.  It  may  have  been  a  son  of  Beriah  who  married 
Naomi  McQuillan 


RICE.  571 

Sarah,  b.  1766,  d.  1784. 

Mary,  b.  1769,  m.  Rev.  Israel  Potter,  d.  1849. 

Joseph,  b.  1771,  d.  1784. 

William,  b.  1774,  m.  Ann,  dau.  of  Aaron  Hardy,  lived  east  side  of 
Bear  River,  d.  about  1834  :  Ch.:  1,  Ann,  b.  about  1800,  d.  urm.; 
2,  Stephen,  m.  Mercy  (or  Martha),  dau.  of  George  and  Sarah 
Kniffen  ;  3,  William,  m.  Jane,  dau.  of  Benjamin  Gushing  (and 
was  father  of  Benjamin,  b.  about  1822,  Ambrose,  b.  1824,  Leaphy, 
Stephen,  Charles,  and  some  who  d.  young)  ;  4,  James,  m.  Eliza 
McMullin,  removed  to  Eastport  ;  5,  John,  m.  (1st)  Leah,  dau.  of 
John  Grouse,  (2nd)  Jane  Sweeny  ;  6,  Mary,  m.  Ambrose,  son  of 
John  Taylor,  jun. 

Thomas,  b.  May,  23rd,  1779,  m.  about  1800,  Martha  Potter  (dau.  of 
Joseph)  and  was  the  first  settler  at  Bear  River  village,  built  the 
first  bridge  there,  and  was  a  pioneer  ship-builder  and  mill-owner, 
handing  down  these  enterprises  to  three  or  four  successful  genera- 
tions of  his  posterity  :  Ch. :  1,  David,  b.  1801,  m.  (1st)  Mary,  dau. 
of  George  and  Sarah  Kniffen,  (2nd)  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Joseph 
Harris,  widow  of  William  Turnbull,  d.  Jan.  12,  1881,  left  6  chil- 
dren, of  whom  4  sons  are  well-known  and  prominent  citizens, 
influential  in  both  counties  ;  2,  Rev.  Israel,  b.  1803,  m.  (1st)  Lois 
Whitman,  (2nd)  Jan.  1,  1829,  Susan,  dau.  of  John  Grouse,  had  13 
ch. ;  3,  Mary,  b.  1805,  m.  John,  son  of  Abraham  Lent  ;  4,  Zebuda, 
b.  1807,  m.  Henry  Alline  Rice,  a  cousin  ;  5,  Deidamia,  b.  1809, 
m.  John  Copeland,  jun. ,  9  ch. ;  6,  Franklin,  b.  1811,  m.  (1st)  Susan, 
dau.  of  Silas  Hardy,  (2nd)  Eliza  Hardy,  her  sister,  (3rd)  Mary 
Amelia  Rhodes,  5  ch.  by  1st,  and  4  by  2nd  wife  ;  7,  Jane,  b.  1814, 
m.  Harris  Morgan,  6ch.;  8,  Esther  Ann,  b.  Nov.  25,  1816,  m. 
William  Reed  (son  of  Samuel,  of  London,  England) ;  9,  Martha, 
b.  April  19,  1819,  m.  Alfred  Rice  (son  of  John,  of  Silas),  8  ch. ;  10, 
Catherine,  b.  March  18,  1822,  m.  (1st)  Thomas,  son  of  John 
McLearn,  (2nd)  Edward,  son  of  Edwin  Christopher  ;  11,  Silas,  m. 
Elizabeth  Hughes  ;  12,  Cynthia,  m.  Alexander  Ross,  of  Irish 
descent. 

Joseph,  b.  1787,  d.  1795. 

James,  b.  near  Annapolis,  1790,' m.  (1st)  Feb.  11,  1813,  Dorothy, 
dau.  of  Miner  Tupper,  (2nd)  June  18,  1818,  Ann  Evans,  d.  Feb. 
14,  1886,  a.  96:  Ch.:  1,  John  L.,  b.  1813,  m.  Eliza  LeCain,  d. 
1882  ;  2,  Mary  D.,  b.  1815,  m.  Stephen  Young  ;  3,  Elizabeth  S., 
b.  1819,  m.  Arthur  Ruggles  (son  of  Richard  J.),  6  ch. ;  4,  Char- 
lotte A.,  b.  1821  ;  5,  Sarah  D.,  b.  1823,  m.  Joseph  Potter  (son  of 
Rev.  Israel) ;  6,  Esther  R,,  b.  1825,  d.  1826  ;  7,  William  E.,  b. 
1826,  d.  1833  ;  8,  Henry  J.,  b.  1829,  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Abner 
Morse  ;  9,  Rebecca  W.,  b.  1830,  m.  Harvey  Hennigar ;  10, 
Arthur  S.,  b.  1832,  d.  1833  ;  11,  Catherine,  b.  1835,  d.  1837  ;  12, 
Harriet  A.,  b.  1837. 


2.  SILAS  RICE,  b.  Annapolis,  1762,  m.  Sarah3  Kniffen  (descendant  of 
George,1  of  Stratford,  Conn.,  1666,  through  George,2  George,3  George4). 
Lived  in  Hillsburgh,  Digby  Co.,  a  highly  respected  farmer,  d.  1853,  aged 
91.  She  d.  1856,  aged  90.  Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  1786,  m.  (1st)  Mary,  dau.  Aaron  Hardy,  (2nd)  Margaret 
Potter,  wid.,  nee  Balcom,  (3rd)  Elizabeth,  wid.  of  John  Balsor 
Rice,  ne'e  Chute  :  Ch.  (by  1st  wife)  :  1,  Alfred,  b.  July  11,  1819, 
m.  Martha,  dau.  of  Thomas  and  Martha  (Potter)  Rice  ;  2,  James, 
d.  unm.;  3.  Eliza,  m.  Samuel  A.  Harris  ;  4,  Caroline  ;  5,  Emily  ; 


572  RICE — RICKETSON. 

(by  2nd  wife) :  6,  John  G.,  m.  (1st)  Armanilla,  dau.  of  Richard 
Ruggles,  (2nd)  Margaret  Ray  ;  7,  Margaret,  m.  Charles  Ingles  ; 
(by  3rd  wife)  :  8,  Henry,  m. 

ii.     Sally,  m.  James,  son  of  Joshua  Banks,  3  children. 

iii.  George,  a  master  mariner,  m.  Harriet,  dau.  of  Richard  Clarke,  and 
had  ch. :  1,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  John  Yerghall,  or  Yarrigle  ;  2,  Robert, 
m.  Maria  Peters  ;  3,  Minetta,  m.  David  Lent ;  4,  Isaiah,  d.  unm. ; 
5,  Edward,  m.  Margaret  Bogart. 

iv.     Betsey,  b.  1794,  m.  William,  son  of  Thomas  Berry,  7  children. 

v.  Joseph,  b.  1798,  m.  (1st)  Sophia,  dau.  of  Francis  Miller,  (2nd)  Anna 
Brown,  d.  1871  :  Ch. :  1,  Francis,  m.  Louisa  Purdy  ;  2,  Wm. 
Henry,  m.  Sophia  Marshall  ;  3,  Edward,  m.  Bridget  —  ;  4, 
Norman,  m.  (1st)  Julia  Lent,  (2nd)  wid.  Potter,  nee  Robblee  ; 
5,  Mary  Ann,  in.  Abraham  Lent  ;  also  according  to  the  "  Chute 
Genealogies,"  Rachel,  Thomas,  Whitefield,  Sophia  and  Leonard, 
10  in  all. 

vi.     Mary,  m.  Henry,  son  of  Benjamin  and  Jane  Potter. 

vii.     Henry  Alline,  b.    1803,  m.    (1st)  Zebudah,    dau.    of  Thomas  and 

Martha  Rice,  (2nd)  Leonora,  dau.  of  Deacon  Aaron  Chute  :  Ch. : 

1,  Lois  ;  2,  David  ;  3,  Alline  ;  4,  Aaron  ;  5,  Thomas  ;  6,  Wesley  ; 

7,  Melissa  ;  8,  Melvina  ;  9,  Mary  Elizabeth  ;  10,  Alexander  Ross. 

viii.     Dorothy,  b.  1806,  m.  Oldham,  son  of  James  Armstrong,  2  children. 

ix.     Charlotte,  in.  Wilber,  son  of  Abednego  Parker. 

x.     Aaron,  b.  Dec.  22,  1813,  m.  Ann,  dau.  of  Wm.  Aymar,  4  children. 

EBENEZER  RICE,  JUN.,  was  descended  in  the  seventh  generation  from 
the  immigrant  ancestor,  Edmund,1  through  Thomas,-  Thomas,3  Percy,4 
Phineas,5  Ebenezer.0*  He  was  born  in  1743,  married  a  Miss  Balcom  in 
1778,  and  had  children  : 

i.  Jonas,  b.  1779,  m.  1801,  Dorothy  Balsor  :  Ch. : .  1,  Samuel,  b.  1802, 
m.  (1st)  Martha  Watt,  (2nd)  Strong  ;  2,  Hannah,  b.  1804,  m. 
(1st)  John  Crouse,  (2nd)  Jacob  Dodge  ;  3,  John,  b.  1806,  d. 
young  ;  4,  John,  b.  1810,  m.  Elizabeth  Chute  ;  5,  Ebenezer,  b. 
1812,  m.  Eliza  Thomas  ;  6,  Elizabeth,  b.  1816,  m.  John  Thomas, 
ii..  Levi,  b.  1781,  m.  Margaret  Robinson  :  Ch. :  1,  John,  m.  Helen 
Corbitt  ;  2,  Abner,  m.  Statira  McCormick  :  3,  William,  m.  (1st) 
Jane  Spurr,  (2nd)  Margaret  Mott  ;  4,  Benjamin,  m.  Helen 
Spurr  ;  5,  Jonas,  m.  Avis  Spurr  ;  6,  Levi,  m.  Statira  Hawkes- 
worth  ;  7,  Lucy  Ann,  m.  Freeman  Berteaux  ;  8,  Susan,  d.  unm. ; 
9,  Diah,  m.  John  Sulis. 
iii.  Ann,  b.  1783,  m.  Michael  Spurr. 

RICKETSON.  The  name  is  probably  an  old  corruption  of  Richardson, 
and  of  Northern  origin.  ABEDNEGO  and  TIMOTHY  came  perhaps  from 
Ricketsonville,  Mass.,  but  there  is  a  tradition  that  they  had  lived  in  one 
of  the  Carolinas  before  they  came  to  Nova  Scotia.  Timothy  died  of 
small-pox  before  1770.  Abednego  settled  about  half-way  between 
Bridgetown  and  Belleisle.  He  married  in  1757,  Phebe  Tucker,  and  died 
1778.  Children: 

*  Besides,  and  younger  than  Ebenezer,  jun. ,  Ebenezer,  sen. ,  had  :  2,  Joseph,  m. 
(1st)  Mary  Green,  (2nd)  Huldah  Wilcox  ;  3,  Benjamin,  m.  Sarah  Green  ;  4,  Anna,  d. 
young  ;  5,  William,  d.  young  ;  6,  Sarah,  m.  Benjamin  Fairn  ;  7,  Elizabeth,  m.  John 
Whitman. 


R1CKETSON  -  RITCHIE.  573 

i.     Bathsheba,  b.  1758,  m.  1779,  Robert  Sproule. 

ii.     Henry,  b.  1760  (in  N.S.),  m.  Mary  McKenzie  (no  issue), 
iii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1762,  m.  1781,  John  Foster. 

iv.     Phebe,  b.  1765,  m.  Matthew  Roach. 

v.  Jordan,  b.  1767,  m.  (1st)  1789,  Elizabeth  Foster,  (2nd)  1796,  Hannah 
Parker:  Oh.:  1,  Henry,  b.  1790,  m.  1814,  Charlotte  Thomas; 
2,  Phebe,  b.  1792,  m.  Theodore  Hill  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  b.  1795,  m. 
Frederic  Roach  ;  4,  Miriam,  b.  1801,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Abednego,  b. 
1804,  d.  unm. ;  6,  Jordan,  b.  1806,  d.  1822,  unm. ;  7,  Charlotte, 
b.  1808,  m.  William  K.  Wheelock  ;  8,  Shadrac,  b.  1811,  m.  Sarah 
Hester  Thorne  ;  9,  Susanna,  b.  1811,  m.  (1st)  Jacob  Lowe,  (2nd) 
William  H.  Everett ;  10,  Ann,  b.  1813,  unm. ;  11,  James  Parker, 
b.  1817,  m.  Eliza  Bohaker  (no  issue). 

vi.     Catharine,  b.  1770,  m.  Litch. 
vii.     Patience,  b.  1770,  m.  George  Nichols. 

viii.  Frederic,  b.  1772,  m.  (1st)  Charlotte  McKenzie,  (2nd)  1810,  Mary 
Thomas:  Ch.:  1,  Walter,  b.  1810,  m.  (1st)  1837,  Selina  Bent, 
(2nd)  Ella  E.  Johnston  ;  2,  Joseph  Henry,  b.  1813,  m.  —  Stead- 
man  ;  3,  Armanilla,  b.  1815,  m.  George  Johnston  ;  4,  Mary  Ann, 
b.  1817,  m.  Edward.  Backman  ;  5,  Elizabeth,  d.  unm. ;  6,  John, 
m.  —  (in  Maine). 

ix.     Mary,  b.  1775,  m.  Ezekiel  Messenger. 

x.     Nancy,  b.  1777,  m.  John  Marshall. 

RITCHIE.  (By  the  Editor.}  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Gothic  and 
old  German  root  word  rich  or  rih,  signifying  rule  or  dominion,  generally 
found  in  terminations,  as  Heinrich,  from  old  German  heim,  home,  trans- 
lated Henry,  and  interpreted  to  mean  "  Prince,  or  Ruler  of  Home " ; 
Friedrich,  translated  Frederic,  "  Prince  of  Peace  ";  thus  sometimes  in 
English  taking  the  favourite  English  termination  y,  and  in  other  names 
retaining  the  sound  of  c.  It  -is  often  found  at  the  beginning  of  a  name, 
as  in  the  familiar  Richard,  Richmond,  etc.  The  surname  Richan  is 
another  instance.  The  name  Rich  by  itself  is  a  well-known  name,  and 
no  doubt  the  original  of  this  name,  the  terminal  syllable  being  an  after- 
growth. Rich,  MacRich,  MacRichie  or  McRitchie,  Ritchie  would  be  the 
natural  order  of  development.  The  family  is  said  to  have  been  a  sept  of 
the  clan  McPherson.  In  Ireland  the  name  is  generally  spelt  Richey ;  in 
modern  Scotland  it  usually  takes  the  t.  JOHN  RITCHIE,  Esq.,  a  native, 
it  is  supposed,  of  Glasgow,  came  to  Annapolis  from  Boston  as  early  as 
1775,  probably  earlier,  and  perhaps  one  or  two  years  before  the  arrival  of 
his  uncle*  Andrew,  whose  family  will  be  next  recorded.  (See  memoir,  p. 

*  There  was  no  point  on  which  the  deceased  author  was  more  positive  than  on 
this  relationship.  He  says,  however,  that  they  were  probably  natives  of  Ardoch, 
in  Perthshire,  and  erroneously  assigns  Andrew's  death  to  the  year  1781.  Anxious 
to  clear  up  this  genealogical  problem  in  a  remarkable  family,  I  consulted  Mr. 
William  A.  Ritchie,  of  this  town,  who  has  long  familiarized  himself  with  the  tradi- 
tions of  the  Easson,  LeCain  and  Ritchie  families,  and  he  gives  me  what  he  has  found 
among  the  descendants  of  Andrew  Ritchie,  and  some  of  the  descendants  of  John, 
naming  especially  as  his  informants  the  following  persons,  who  lived  contemporary 
with  those  who,  it  is  to  be  supposed,  would  know  :  His  grandmother,  whose  husband, 
William  LeCain,  was  the  brother  of  the  wife  of  the  first  John  Ritchie  ;  and  Andrew 
Stirling  Ritchie,  born  in  1785,  youngest  son  of  the  first  John.  The  tradition  he 


574  RITCHIE. 

341.)  He  married,  as  for  reasons  stated  in  the  note  I  now  believe,  (1st) 
in  1770,  when  about  twenty-five  years  old,  in  Edinburgh,  a  lady  whose 
Christian  name  was  Janet;  (2nd)  at  Annapolis,  not  later  than  the 
summer  or  autumn  of  1776,  Alicia  Maria,  daughter  of  Francis  B. 
LeQuesne,  or  LeCain,  and  became  the  father  of  a  District  Chief  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  grandfather  of  three  Supreme  Court 
judges  (one  the  Chief  Justice  of  Canada),  and  great-grandfather  of  a 
present  Judge  of  our  County  Courts.  His  widow  survived  him  twenty- 
seven  years.  They  had  children  : 

i.  John  Corbett,  b.  July  11,  1775.  His  "  birthday  "  I  learn  from  his 
only  surviving  daughter  ;  the  year  from  the  church  records  of 
Sydney,  where  his  burial  is  registered,  "July  16,  1860,  a.  85 
years."  As  a  young  man  of  fine  martial  appearance  he  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  who  induced  him  to  accept 
a  commission  in  the  Royal  Nova  Scotia  Regiment,  raised  in  1793, 
and  recruited  to  its  full  strength  of  officers  and  men  in  the  autumn 
of  1794.  (Murdoch,  Vol.  3,  p.  131.)  His  name  first  appears  as 
an  officer  in  1796,  when  the  name  of  Anthony  George  Kysh,  who 
that  year  sold  out  his  commission,  disappears  from  the  list  as  a 
lieutenant,  and  that  of  John  C.  Ritchie  appears  as  the  junior 
lieutenant.  In  the  list  of  officers  when  the  regiment  was  disbanded 
in  1802  (Murdoch,  Vol.  2,  p.  210),  his  name  appears  the  eighth  in 
order  of  seventeen  lieutenant*,  and  second  before  that  of  Timothy 
Ruggles,  who  was  b.  March  7,  1776.  Afterwards  he  removed  to 
Sydney,  where  he  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  >  the  lessees  of  the 
coal  mines,  and  is  described  in  the  church  records  as  "clerk  of 

gives  me  is  that  Andrew  Ritchie  came  to  Boston  with  wife,  Margaret  McNeish, 
and  his  first  two  children ;  that  in  due  time  he  sent  his  eldest  son  John  to 
Glasgow  to  school ;  that  while  this  son  was  in  Glasgow  a  brother  of  Andrew  died, 
leaving  a  son  JOHN  ;  that  the  latter  came  out  to  Boston  with  his  cousin  John, 
and  was  thenceforth  an  inmate  of  his  uncle  Andrew's  household  until  he  attained 
his  majority,  when  he  went  into  partnership  with  or  was  set  up  in  business  by 
his  uncle.  He  tells  me  that  the  late  Andrew  Stirling  Ritchie  claimed  expressly  to 
have  been  named  in  honour  of  his  father's  uncle  Andrew,  whose  full  name  was 
Andrew  Stirling,  although  he  never  used  the  second  or  its  initial  in  practice.  I  may 
here  observe  that  a  second  Christian  name  was  seldom  or  never  known  among 
English-speaking  people  until  towards  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  and  the 
second  name,  or  its  initial,  was  generally  disused  until  very  recent  times.  (Of  this 
the  case  of  Thomas  Barclay,  M.P.P. ,  is  an  example.)  The  only  two  grandsons  of 
Andrew  Ritchie  now  surviving,  think  the  latter  came  to  Boston  before  the  birth  of 
his  second  child  ;  and  one  of  them,  aged  84,  but  with  naturally  excellent  mental 
capacity  entirely  unimpaired,  tells  me  one  brother  with  a  son  came  over  with,  or 
immediately  after,  Andrew,  but  the  other  nephew  John,  father  of  Judge  Thomas 
Ritchie,  came  some  years  later.  He  states  that  he  knew  both  the  judge  and  A.  S. 
Ritchie  in  their  lifetimes,  and  was  known  by  them  as  second  cousins  ;  and  another 
reliable  man,  son  of  a  deceased  grandson  of  Andrew,  well  remembers  his  father  and 
Andrew  Stirling  Ritchie  associating  and  conversing  together  on  the  footing  of  second 
cousins,  grandsons  of  brothers.  It  is  notable  that  the  four  children  of  John  were 
given  the  very  same  names  as  the  first  four  children  of  Andrew,  sen. ;  and  a  man 
born  in  1788,  who  took  an  intelligent  interest  in  the  politics  of  the  county  in  1819, 
informed  me  about  forty  years  ago  that  the  two  Thomas  Ritchies  who  sat  for  the 
county  and  township  respectively  in  1819  were  cousins.  About  the  relationship  of 
two  prominent  public  men,  it  does  not  seem  likely  that  contemporary  opinion  would 
be  misinformed.  But  seeking  to  verify  or  disprove  these  traditions,  I  sought 
traces  of  the  family  in  Boston,  and  found  on  the  Suffolk  Court  files,  folio  72,446, 
under  date  of  February  28th,  1754,  that  Andrew  Ritchie  "from  the  country" 
(which  my  informant,  Rev.  Anson  Titus,  a  most  accomplished  archaeologist  and 
genealogist,  assures  me  is  a  mere  lapsus  plumce  for  "from  the  old  country  ")  had 


RITCHIE.  575 

the  mines,"  and  was  long  a  prominent  citizen.  He  m.  (1st)  while 
stationed  at  Halifax,  Aug.  18,  1800,  Alexis,  dau.  of  Col.  Campbell, 
21st  regiment,  (2nd)  at  Sydney,  Nov.  18,  1807,  Amelia,  dau.  of 
Hon.  David  Matthews,  a  Loyalist,  Attorney-General  of  Cape 
Breton  :  Ch. :  1,  Harriet  Despard,  bpd.  Dec.  14,  1801,  lived 
when  young  with  her  uncle  Thomas  at  "  The  Grange,"  Annapolis, 
m.  Charles l?oggs,  d.  at  Windsor,  several  ch. :  2,  Helen  Ann,  bpd. 
Sept.  11, 1803,  d.  at  Halifax,  unm.;  3,  Thomas  Campbell,  b.  1805, 
whose  baptism  is  not  recorded  at  Sydney,  the  parish  being  vacant 
for  a  year  at  chat  period  ;  he  went  away  when  a  young  man  and 
d.  abroad  ;  4,  Alexis  Jane,  bpd.  July  14,  1806,  d.  1837,  bu.  Jan. 
19  (her  mother  d.  at  her  birth) ;  (by  2nd  w.):  5,  Caroline  Maria, 
b.  Sept.  21,  bpd.  Oct.  17,  1808,  m.  Hon.  Edmund  Murray  Dodd, 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  (his  2nd  w.),  and  is  the  mother  of 
His  Honour  EDMUND  MURRAY  DODD,  Judge  of  the  County  Courts, 
and  had  9  other  ch.  Amelia  (Matthews)  Ritchie  d.  April  14,  1816. 
By  second  wife  :* 

Thomas,  b.  Sept.  21,  1777.  (Seememoirof  THOMAS  RITCHIE,  M.P.P., 
p.  394.)  Hem. (1st)  July  27,1807,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  William  More- 
ton  Johnstone.  She  d.  June  (bu.  23rd),  1819,  a.  32  ;  (2nd)  May 
20,  1823,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  George  Best,  of  Pershore,  County  of 
Worcester,  England,  a  sister  of  the  Rector  of  Granville.  She  d. 
—  ;  (3rd)  Sept.  30,  1830,  Anne,  dau.  of  Col.  Joseph  Norman 
Bond,  of  Yarmouth  :  Ch.  :  1,  John  William,  b.  March  26,  1808, 
m.  Amelia,  dau.  of  Hon.  William  Bruce  Almon,  M.D.,  d.  1889; 
2,  Thomas  Andrew,  b.  1810,  m.  Laleah  Almon  (sister  of  Amelia), 
d.  1889  (no  issue);  3,  William  Johnstone,  b.  Oct.  28,  1813,  m. 
(1st)  Miss  Strange,  of  St.  Andrews,  N.B.,  (2nd)  Grace  Vernon, 
dau.  of  Thomas  L.  Nicholson,  Esq.,  of  St.  John,  and  step-dau.  of 
Admiral  W.  FitzW.  Owen,  R.N.,  d.  Sept.  25,  1892  ;  4,  Laleah, 


"been  in  the  town  "fifteen  days";  and  folio  73,520,  under  date  of  October  1st,  1754, 
says  Andrew  Ritchie,  with  wife  and  child,  "hath  been  here  some  time."  His 
second  child,  Ann,  according  to  her  recorded  age  at  burial,  must  therefore  have 
been  born  between  October  1st  and  November  24th,  1754.  In  1762  Mr.  Andrew 
Ritchie  was  appointed  constable,  but  declined  to  serve.  The  prefixes  "Mr."  and 
"Mrs."  in  those  days  in  New  England  were  carefully  confined  to  persons  of  recog- 
nized standing  in  the  community.  "Good-man"  and  "good-wife"  denoted  people 
of  humbler  rank.  Finally,  under  date  of  October  26th,  1770,  in  Suffolk  Court  files, 
folio  89,902,  we  have,  "John  Richie  and  wife  Jennet  (Janet),  last  from  Edinburgh, 
come  to  town  with  Capt.  John  Dunn  the  21st  October,  1770,  in  the  ship  Olasco. 
They  lodge  now  at  Mr.  Andrew  Richie's,  in  Marlborough  Street."  I  cannot  but 
conclude  that  these  were  the  Andrew  and  John  who  came  to  Annapolis,  and  it 
would  follow  that  John  Ritchie  was  a  widower  when  he  married  Miss  LeCain,  which 
is  very  likely,  seeing  that  he  was  born  in  1745,  and  men  in  those  days  very  rarely 
indeed  remained  single  after  the  age  of  twenty-four  or  twenty-five.  He  was  no 
doubt  son  of  an  elder  brother  of  Andrew,  whose  name,  there  is  reason  to  suppose, 
was  Thomas,  and  probably  both  he  and  his  uncle  possessed  means  as  well  as  social 
standing.  The  substance  of  the  traditions  seems  fully  confirmed  by  the  entries  cited, 
and  by  the  recorded  age  at  death  of  John's  son,  John  Corbett  Ritchie,  while  Judge 
Thomas  Ritchie,  on  the  stone  erected  by  him  in  honour  of  his  mother,  describes 
himself  as  her  eldest  son.  The  fact  that  no  tradition  of  another  marriage  survives, 
and  that  in  some  lines  of  John's  descendants  the  tradition  of  a  relationship  between 
Andrew  and  John  is  lost,  is  no  surprise  to  a  genealogist ;  but  it  is  surprising  that  no 
obituary  notice  of  so  prominent  a  public  man  as  John  Ritchie  can  be  found  in 
Halifax  or  Boston  papers,  or  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  of  the  period.  His  descend- 
ants claim  as  the  arms  of  the  family  the  following,  which  differ  from  those  of  the 
Ritchies  of  Craigtown,  granted  as  late  as  1758,  chiefly  in  substituting  griffins'  heads 
for  lions'  heads  :  "1st  and  4th,  three  griffins'  heads  erased  on  a  chief  gules  ;  2nd  and 
3rd,  a  crescent  between  three  crosses  molino  argent ;  crest :  a  unicorn's  head  erased  ; 
motto :  virtute  acquiritur  honos." 

*  I  find  a  very  faint  tradition  in  the  town  that  John  C.  and  Thomas  were  only 
half-brothers. 


576  RITCHIE. 

m.  (1st)  June  3,  1835,  Charles  Thomas  Cunningham  MacColla, 
Barrister,  (2nd)  Aug.  28,  1852,  Anthony  Francis  Forbes,  son  of 
Capt.  Anthony  VanSomersill  Forbes  ;  5,  Rev.  James  Johnstone, 
b.  Feb.  9,  1816,  d.  Jan.  22,  1892,  ni.  (1st)  Eliza  Almon  (sister  of 
Amelia),  2  sons  and  2  daus.,  (2nd)  Sophia  Barr,  wid.,  nee  Garretson, 
of  N.Y.,  one  son,  George  W.;  6,  Elizabeth  Lightenstone,  b.  1817, 
bpd.  Jan.  25,  1818,  ni.  Nov.  19,  1840,  Hon.  William  Johnstone 
Almon,  Senator  (bro.  of  Amelia)  ;  7,  George  Wildman,  b.  1819 
(bpd.  Oct.  3),  m.  Miss  Jane  Cudlip,  of  New  Brunswick,  d.  young, 
several  ch.  ;  (by  3rd  wife)  :  8,  Alicia  Maria,  bpd.  April  11,  1833, 
d.  young  ;  9,  Joseph  Norman,  b.  May  25,  1834,  m.  (1st)  April  14, 
1858,  Anne  Mary,  dau.  of  Septimus  E.  Scaife,  (2nd)  June  7,  1877, 
Mary,  dau.  of  John  Cochran,  Esq.,  Newport,  (3rd),  June  4,  1895, 
her  cousin,  Alice  Maud,  dau.  of  James  H.  Cochran,  of  Brooklyn, 
Hants  County. 

iii.  Ann,  b.  Aug.,  1781,*  m.  Daniel  W.  James.  She  was  buried 
"March  26,  1854,  a.  72." 

iv.  Andrew  Stirling,  b.  probably  autumn  of  1785,  bpd.  April  23,  1786, 
"  Andrew  Ritchie,  of  Rosette,  buried  Dec.  12,  1859,  a.  74  "  (St. 
Luke's  Ch.  rec.)  He  for  some  years  was  a  merchant  of  St.  John, 
N.B.,  where  he  m.  Margaret,  dau.  of  Dr.  Adino  Paddock,  and 
represented  the  city  and  County  of  St.  John  in  the  Provincial 
Parliament  from  1821  to  1827  inclusive,  his  colleagues  in  his  first 
term  being  Ward  Chipman,  afterwards  Chief  Justice,  John 
Wilmot  and  Charles  Simonds,  all  distinguished  men.  He  then 
returned  to  Annapolis,  and  lived  on  St.  George's  St.,  lower  town, 
but  removed  to  Dalhousie  and  thence  to  Rosette  :  Ch.  :  1,  Mar- 
garet Paddock,  m.  1853,  George  Gilmour  ;  2,  William  Pagan,  m. 
and  lives  in  Perry,  Me.  ;  3,  Alicia  Maria,  ni.  William  Gormley  ; 
4,  Thomas  Heaborn,  b  1823,  d.  Feb.  2,  1896,  m.  Jan.  29,  1852, 
Margaret  Elizabeth  Copeland,  and  had  son  John,  b.  1854,  now 
in  railway  employ,  Clarence  and  others  ;  5,  Andrew  Stirling,  b. 
1827,  bu.  Jan.,  1850,  a.  22,  unm.  ;  6,  Elizabeth  Johnstone,  bpd. 
May  7,  1833,  d.  a.  4  years  ;  7,  Anna  Thurgar,  b.  May  27,  1835,  m. 
Sept.  11,  1876,  John  Wyman  James,  Esq.  ;  (probably)  8,  Edward, 
b.  May  15,  1843,  m.  Nov.  21,  1872,  Annie,  dau.  of  Richardson 
Harris,  Esq. 

Of  the  above  sons  of  Thomas  Ritchie,  Hon.  JOHN  W.  RITCHIE  was 
Solicitor-General  and  M.L.C.,  1864-67,  member  of  the  Colonial  Confer- 
ence on  the  union  of  the  Provinces,  1866-67,  Senator,  1867,  and  appointed 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  Equity,  September  28,  1870.  SIR 
WILLIAM  JOHNSTONE  RITCHIE  practised  law  in  St.  John,  N.B.,  was  a 
member  of  the  Government  in  1854,  Judge  of  Supreme  Court,  1855, 
Chief  Justice  of  New  Brunswick,  December  6,  1865,  and  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Canada,  October,  1875,  and  knighted  after  being 
appointed  Chief  Justice  of  Canada,  January  11,  1879.  Hon.  JOSEPH 
NORMAN  RITCHIE  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Nova 
Scotia,  September  26,  1885,  and  is  still  living. 

1.  ANDREW  RITCHIE  married  in  Scotland,  Margaret  McNeish,  and  came 
to  Boston,  Mass.,  with  his  first-born  child,  and  therefore  between  17.52 
and  1755.  The  rest  of  his  children  were  born  in  Boston.  He  seems  to 

*  See  p.  164. 


REV.  JAMES  J.  RITCHIE, 

Hector  of  St.   Luke's,  Annapoli*. 


RITCHIE.  577 

have  remained  in  Boston  till  September  3,  1777,  when  he  was  denounced 
by  the  "Committee  of  Correspondence  and  Safety"  as  being  "inimical  to 
this  State ; "  after  which  he  doubtless  hastened*  to  join  his  nephew  at 
Annapolis,  with  his  daughters  and  young  children,  but  the  two  or  three 
eldest  sons  probably  remained  and  took  some  part  in  the  war  on  the  loyal 
side,  for  in  the  muster  rolls  of  Loyalists  and  discharged  soldiers  at 
Annapolis  taken  between  18th  and  24th  June,  1784,  the  following  names 
appear  as  "Loyalists  settled  at  Annapolis":  Andrew,  Andrew  2nd, 
Thomas,  Matthew,  James  and  John  Ritchie,  of  whom  Andrew,  sen.,  and 
John  were  married,  and  each  had  a  child  under  ten.  In  the  Digby  grant 
of  February  20,  1784,  the  names  Andrew  Ritchie,  Andrew  Ritchie,  jun., 
and  Thomas  Ritchie  follow  one  another,  300  acres  to  Andrew,  sen.,  and 
100  to  each  of  the  others  ;  and  at  some  distance  down  there  is  a  grant 
of  300  to  John,  which  would  seem  to  imply  that  Andrew,  jun.,  and 
Thomas  were  both  unmarried.  The  author  quoted  the  "  customs 
accounts  "  in  the  archives  as  showing  that  Andrew  and  the  first  John 
Ritchie  were  merchants  in  Annapolis  as  early  as  1776.  Andrew,  sen., 
was  a  leading  spirit  of  the  town  from  the  time  of  his  arrival  till  his 
death,  October  3,  1807.  The  dates  of  the  birth  of  his  children  I  get  from 
their  recorded  ages  at  burial,  except  Andrew  and  Matthew,  of  whom  I 
can  find  no  such  record,  and  only  place  Matthew  after  James  because  he 
is  so  placed  when  named  with  James  in  their  father's  will.  Children  : 

(2)  i.     John,  b.  1751  or  1752. 

ii.     Ann,  b.  before  Nov.   24,   1754,  ra.   William  Cross  ("bu.   Nov.  27, 

1842,  a.  88  "). 
iii.     Margaret,  b.  about  1757,  m.  Francis  B.  LeCain,  jun. 

(3)  iv.     Andrew,  b.  1760. 

v.  Thomas,  b.  about  1763.  THOMAS  RITCHIE  lived  on  a  farm,  took  a 
great  interest  and  wielded  some  influence  in  public  affairs  ;  was 
elected  a  member  for  the  township  of  Annapolis,  and  made  a  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace  in  1819  ;  never  married  ;  was  buried  May  13, 
1833,  aged  70,  a  capable  and  worthy  public  man. 

vi.  James,  b.  before  May  14,  1767,  bu.  May  14,  1847,  a.  80,  m.  Rebecca 
Messenger,  probably  dau.  of  Bbenezer*  :  Ch.  :  1,  Elizabeth,  m. 
James  Copeland  ;  2,  Harriet,  m.  Thomas  Hindon  ;  3,  John,  m. 
-  Wright,  of  Clements,  and  at  one  time  lived  at  North  Range, 
Digby  County,  where  his  brother-in-law,  Stanley  Wright,  had 
settled,  probably  several  ch.  ;  4,  James,  settled  and  m.  in  N.B. ; 
5,  Daniel,  m.  Milbury  (sister  of  Beecher  M.);  6,  Elliott,  m.  Lydia 
Potter,  nee  DeWitt;  7,  Charles,  m.  in  N.B. ;  8,  Thomas,  d.  unm. 

(4)  vii.     Matthew. t     (His  surviving  son,   David,  aged   95,  thinks  Matthew 

should  be  next  after  Thomas.) 

(5)  viii.     Robert,  b.  about  1772. 

*  Tradition  says  he  escaped  violence  by  flight  in  the  night  to  Marblehead,  where 
he  got  on  board  a  British  man-of-war. 

t  Wherever  I  have  met  any  family  of  this  surname,  however  spelt,  I  have  found 
Matthew  a  favourite  Christian  name  in  it. 
37 


578  RITCHIE. 

2.  JOHN  RITCHIE,  born  1751,  married,  perhaps  in  Boston,  Elizabeth 
Prescott,  or  Proctor,  and  lived  on  the  place  a  little  to  the  eastward  of  the 
Cape,  now  occupied  by  the  widow  of  Alexander  Ritchie,  son  of  Andrew, 
2nd,  and  near  what  was  known  as  the  Fred.  Hardwick  place.  If  he  went 
to  school  in  Glasgow,  as  tradition  says,  and  came  home  with  the  other 

.John,  his  cousin,  he  must,  on  his  return,  have  been  about  nineteen.     He 

vdied  January  1,  1835,  aged  83.     Children  : 

i.     Margaret,  b.  about  1774,  in.  1791,  Charles  Mott. 
ii.     Elizabeth,  b.  about  1776,   m.  (1st)  George,  son  of  Peter  Pineo,  jun. 

(who  lost  his  life  at  Allain's  Creek  bridge  during  its  construction), 

(2nd)  —  Bulleye. 
iii.     John,  b.  1779,  d.  1781. 
iv.     Thomas,  b.  1782  (?),   descendants  not  traced.     There  was  a  Thomas 

Ritchie,  bpd.  Dec.  28,  1786,  whom  I  cannot  place,  unless  he  is  of 

this  family.* 

v.     John,  b.  1785,  d.  unm.  at  sea  (perhaps  the  one  bpd.  Dec.  28,   1786). 
vi.     Rebecca,   b.  1790,  bpd.  June  28,   m.   1810,   Sergeant-Ma j or  Robert 

Trotter,  23rd  Regt.  Royal  Welsh  Fusiliers, 
vii.     Mary  Ann,  b.  1793,  bpd.  March,   1794,  d.   unm. 
viii.     Robert  (a  son  or  dau.  of  John,  name  not  entered,  was  bpd.  Jan.  2, 

1799),  m.  March  8,  1820,  Martha  Mossman  :  Ch. :  1,  Ninetta,  bpd. 

July   2,    1821  ;    2,    Azelia   Lonsdale,    bpd.    June    1,    1823.      He 

removed  to  N.  B. ,  where  he  probably  had  other  children. 


3.  ANDREW  RITCHIE  was  baptized  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
Boston,  June  1,  1760,  and  is  the  only  one  of  the  children  of  the  first 
Andrew  whose  baptismal  record  I  can  find.  He  married,  one  would 
judge  from  the  dates  of  his  children's  births,  after  1790,  Elizabeth  Card, 
of  Windsor,  or,  as  some  traditions  have  it,  a  woman  whose  mother's  name 
was  Card.  Perhaps  she  was  a  widow — and  there  is  some  reason  for 
supposing  he  may  have  been  previously  married,  and  the  father  of  James 
Ritchie,  who  lived  near  Yarmouth.  He,  after  living  some  years  at 
Windsor,  returned  to  the  county,  and  died  at  the  house  of  his  son 
Andrew  at  Rosette,  or  Moschelle,  about  1828.  His  widow  was  buried 
April  27,  1853,  aged  85.  Children  : 

i.  Matthew,  b.  probably  1797  (a  son  or  dau.  of  Andrew  R.  was  bpd. 
Jan.  14,  1798),  m.  June  2,  1823,  Jane  Ellis  :  Ch.:  1,  Wilkinson 
James  Exshaw,  bpd.  Oct.  27,  1824,  m.  Sept.  29,  1845,  Ann 
Balsor,  several  ch. 

ii.  William  H.,  b.  1798,  bpd.  Jan.  2,  1799,  m.  (1st)  May  14,  1821,  Mary 
Ritchie  (dau.  of  Robert),  (2nd)  Jan.  18,  1849,  Mary  MacLauchlan  : 
Ch. :  1,  Jane  Eliza,  bpd.  1826,  m.  June  20,  1844,  Stathern  Bailey  ; 
2,  Charles,  bpd.  1826  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  3,  Mary,  m.  Joseph  Cope- 
land  ;  4,  Fannie,  d.  unm. 

*  The  few  first  year's  entries  of  Mr.  Bailey's  register  are  admittedly  made  after 
the  event,  and  therefore  defective,  owing,  he  writes,  to  his  not  being  able  to  procure 
.a  suitable  book,  and  no  records  kept  previous  to  his  arrival  can  be  found.  He 
alleged  that  they  had  been  taken  to  Halifax,  and  I  think  it  likely  they  are  in  the 
military  archives  in  London.  A  William  Ritchie  was  baptized  August,  1784. 


RITCHIE.  579 

iii.  Andrew,  b.  about  1804,  d.  Nov.  28,  1851,  a.  47,  m.  (1st)  Catharine 
Barker,  (2nd)  Aug.  13,  1837,  Elizabeth  Evans  Jefferson  :  Ch. :  (by 
1st  w.)  1,  Thomas,  b.  at  Rosette,  1829,  m.  and  lives  in  Yarmouth  ; 
(by  2nd  w.)  2,  Adeline  Alexis,  m.  Joseph  R.  Kinney,  of  Yarmouth, 
M.P.P.  (his  1st  w.)  ;  3,  John  Reid.  d.  —  ;  James  Henry,  resides 
in  California  ;  5,  Mary  Reid,  m.  George  Kinney,  of  Yarmouth — 
these  last  four  were  all  baptized  Nov.  21,  1844  ;  6,  Cornelia,  bpd. 
June  4,  1846,  m.  J.  Moore  Campbell  McDorrnand  ;  7,  Alexander, 
m.  Nov.  30,  1875,  Sarah  Harris  (dau.  of  Alexander) ;  8,  Andrew  ; 
9,  Charlotte,  m.  William  Spurr. 

iv.  Thomas  H.,  b.  1806,  m.  June  14,  1829,  Jane  Copeland,  and  d. 
Dec.  25,  1852,  a.  46  :  Ch.  :  1,  Charles,  b.  Jan.  20,  1830,  m.  Dec. 
30,  1855,  Harriet  Jefferson  ;  2,  John  Arthur,  b.  Jan.  20,  1831,  m. 
Harriet  McDonald  (lived  at  Milton,  Queen's  County),  two  sons  ; 

3,  William,  b.  June  28,  1834,  m.  Janet  McMullen  (in  Liverpool)  ; 

4,  Edmund,  b.  March  28,  1836,  m.  Feb.  4,  1864,  Jane  Copeland 
(dau.   of  James)  ;  5,   Robert  Miller,  b.  July,   3,    1838,   m.  (1st) 
Mary    Hennesy,    (2nd)    Agnes,    dau.    of   Sylvester    Cohieau,    of 
Marshalltown  ;  6,  George,  b.  July  16,  1840,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Thomas, 
b.  Aug.,  1843,  m.  Maria  Christopher  (lived  in  Boston);  8,  James, 
b.  Feb.  12,  1846,  m.  Evaline  Ritchie  (dau.  of  Alexander,  son  of 
Andrew)  ;    9,    Henry   Albert,  b.    Nov.    12,    1850,    m.    Elizabeth 
Ritchie  (dau.  of  Thomas,  son  of  Andrew  Stirling). 

iv.     George,  said  to  be  younger  than  the  preceding,  m.  Elizabeth  Ritchie, 
nee  Jefferson  :  Ch. :  1  only,  Jennie,  m.  Jesse  Jefferson.     A  George 
Ritchie  d.  1878,  bu.  Oct. '28,  said  to  be  "aged  74." 
vi.      Susan,  m.  John  Langley. 

vii.     Caroline,  m.  William  Hindon. 

viii.  Alexander,  b.  1813,  m.  Nov.  21,  1844,  Mary  Jane  Sweet.  He  d. 
188(5,  a.  73.  Ch. :  1,  Margaret  LeCain,  bpd.  May  17,  1846  ;  2, 
Fanny,  b.  July  31,  1850  ;  4,  Evaline,  b.  Apr.  21,  1852,  perhaps 
others.  • 


4.  MATTHEW  RITCHIE  married  Elizabeth  Easson,  who  was  born  1775. 
He  was  a  master  mariner.  She  was  buried  October  1,  1847,  aged  72. 
Children  : 

i.  Thomas  Easson,  b.  Oct.  3,  1793,  m.  Nov.  11,  1821,  Jane  Thompson  : 
Ch. :  I,  John  Edmund,  b.  1824  ;  2,  James,  living  on  Virginia 
Road;  3,  Charlotte  (these  two  were  bpd.  Jan.  6,  1830);  4,  Charles, 
bpd.  Sept.,  1833  ;  5,  Mary  Jane,  bpd.  Sept.  15,  1835  ;  6,  Avis, 
bpd.  Feb.  3,  1838  ;  7,  Dorinda  Thompson,  bpd.  Feb.  27,  1840  ; 
8,  George,  bpd.  Aug.  8,  1841.  One  dau.  m.  William  Pinkney, 
one  m.  James  Robertson. 

ii.     Maria,  b.  Aug.  15,  1795,  d.  1815. 

iii.     John,  b.  Sept.  29,  1798,  m.  Mary  Stiles:  Ch.:  1,  Enoch  ;  2,  Free- 
man ;  and  others. 

iv.     Andrew,  b.  Sept.  22,  1799,  d.  March,  1888,  unm. 

v.  David  Easson,  b.  Oct.  9,  1801,  m.  March  3,  1831,  Catherine 
Ryerson  :  Ch. :  1,  Simeon,  d.  unm.;  2,  Sarah,  m.  David  Easson  ; 
3,  Charles,  d.  unm. ;  4,  Selina,  m.  Dec.  13,  1858,  Charles  Steadman  ; 
5,  Stephen  Delancey  Ryerson,  m  Nov.  9,  1871,  Fannie  Sanders. 

vi.     Avis,  b.  April  10,  1804,  m.  Thomas  R.  Spurr  (son  of  Michael  3rd), 
vii.     Harriet,  b.  March  13,  1806,  m.  William  Wheaton. 
viii.     Clara,  b.  Jan.  6,  1807,  d.  unm. 

ix.     William,  b.  June  24,  1810,  m.  June  10,  1851,  Maria  Sweet  :  Ch. : 

Several  daus. 
x.     Mary  Ann,  b.  Sept.  22,  1813. 


580  RITCHIE — ROACH. 

5.  ROBERT  RITCHIE,  born  about  1772,  married  Avis  Easson,  was  a 
school-teacher,  and  died  June  (bu.  June  5),  1853,  aged  81.  Children: 

i.  Alexander  Easson,  bpd.  Dec.,  1799,  m.  Jan.  8,  1830,  Elizabeth 
LeCain,  d.  Aug.  24,  1834  :  Ch.:  1,  William  A.,  b.  April  15,  1831, 
m.  Jan.  30,  1857,  Fannie  Foster  (had  one  child  Norman  F.,  died 
without  issue)  ;  2,  John  Moore  Campbell,  b.  May  5,  1832,  m. 
Joanna  Daly  (two  daus.,  Mary,  d.,  and  Bessie). 

ii.  John  Easson,  b.  Jan.  19,  1813,  m.  1838,  Harriet  L.  Mayberry;  was  in 
early  life  an  artificer  and  dealer  in  tin  and  hollow  ware,  and  later 
general  merchant  in  Annapolis,  and  now  resides  at  Yarmouth,  a 
much  respected  citizen  :  Ch  :  1,  Sarah  Bruce,  b.  July  10,  1839, 
m.  Edward  Brown  ;  2,  Ann  Elizabeth,  b.  Aug.,  1840,  d.  young  ; 
3,  Emma  Thomas,  b.  Nov.  8,  1842,  m.  Henry  Noble  ;  4,  Caroline 
Baker,  b.  Nov.  10,  1843  ;  5,  David  Alexander,  b.  Dec.  15,  1845, 
m.  Emma  Penaligon,  of  St.  John,  N. B.,  resides  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.;  6,  Robert  Hynman  Davidson,  b.  Aug.  27,  1847,  m.  Ada 
Brown  ;  7,  Maria  Rogers,  b.  Oct.  15,  1850,  m.  Benjamin  Patten  ; 
8,  Ella  Avis,  b.  June  5,  1853,  m.  (1st)  Wm.  H.  Kinney,  (2nd) 
James  Whitman,  d.  Dec.  10,  1895  ;  9,  Bessie  Dakin,  b.  April  2, 
1857. 

iii.     Mary,  m.  William  Ritchie  (son  of  Andrew). 

iv.     Sarah,  d.  unm. 

v.     David,  bpd.  Nov.  26,  1821,  d.  May,  1845,  aged  30,  unm. 

vi.     Colin,  bpd.  Oct.  15,  1828,  m.  Oct.  5,  1852,  Sarah  Lovett,  sister  of 
John  W.  Lovett,   Esq.,  of  Yarmouth:  Ch.:  1,   John  Lovett,    b. 
Feb.  8,   1854  ;    2,    Francis,   b.  May   18,   1856  (both  d.  young). 
Colin  Ritchie,  Rosette,  d.  Feb.  10,  1888. 
vii.     Helen,  m.  William  LeCain. 
viii.     Emma  Malvina,  m.  William  Thomas. 

ROACH,  or  ROCHE.  JAMES  ROACH,  or  ROCHE,  a  native  of  Limerick, 
came  to  Annapolis  as  an  artificer  in  the  employ  of  the  Board  of  Ordnance, 
and  died  in  1752,  the  year  of  the  birth  of  his  son  John.  The  family  is 
no  doubt  of  Norman  descent,  and  was  originally  de  la  Roche.  Burke's 
"General  Armory"  gives  Roach  as  a  variation  of  the  name  Roche,  and 
the  coat  of  arms  of  the  Roche  family  presents  the  heraldic  play  on  the 
words  roche  (French),  a  rock,  and  roach,  the  name  of  a  species  of  fish. 
Roche,  of  Carasse,  County  of  Limerick,  Baronet  (baronetcy  extinct  1801), 
bore  arms,  "  Gules,  three  roaches,  naiant  ar.,  a  bordure  engr.  of  the 
last ;  crest,  a  rock,  thereon  a  stork  close  charged  on  the  breast,  with  a 
torteaur  and  holding  in  his  dexter  claw  a  roach,  all  ppr.;  motto,  Dieu  est 
ma  roche."  Another  Limerick  family  is  mentioned  with  arms  slightly 
variant.  Roche,  created  Earl  of  Fermoy  by  James  II.  after  his  abdica- 
tion, was  son  of  a  mayor  of  Limerick  and  grandfather  of  Sir  Boyle  Roche, 
the  distinguished  member  of  the  old  Irish  Parliament.  James  Roach 
had  children  as  follows,  but  perhaps  not  exactly  in  the  order  here  given  : 

i.     James,  d.  in  the  West  Indies, 
ii.     Thomas,  d.  in  Boston,  unm.,  accidentally  killed. 

iii.     A  daughter,  m.  Marmaduke  Lament,  an  English  gentleman,  Clerk 
of  the  Cheque  to  the  Board  of  Ordnance,  who  returned  with  her 
to  England. 
(2)       iv.     John,  b.  1752. 


ROACH.  581 

2.  JOHN  ROACH,  born  1752,  died  August  31,  1828,  married  Lydia 
Frost,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Margaret,  b.  Dec.  22,  1775,  d.  unm. 

ii.  James,  b.  Jan.  4,  1778,  m.  Feb.  27,  1819,  Elizabeth  Tomlinson  : 
Oh.:  1,  Lydia  Maria,  b.  Jan.  17,  1820,  m.  Jan.  6,  1839,  Thomas 
Burton  ;  2,  Martha  Ann,  b.  Sept.  12,  1822,  m.  Richard  Hughes  ; 
3,  William  Henry,  b.  Aug.  15,  1824,  m.  May  13,  1849,  Mary 
Biggar  ;  4,  Florella  Jane,  b.  July  6,  1827,  m.  William  Hawke. 

iii.     Elizabeth,  b.  Jan.  24,  1780,  m.  Michael  Spurr  (son  of  Abram). 

iv.     John,  b.  Nov.  5,  1782,  d.  unm. 

v.  William  Henry  (see  memoir  of  WILLIAM  H.  ROACH,  M.P.P.),  b. 
Jan.  12,  1784,  m.  1812,  Mary  Ann,  dau.  of  Major  Robert 
Timpany,  a  distinguished  Loyalist  :  Ch. :  1,  Charlotte  Isabel,  b. 
Sept.,  1813,  d.  unm.;  2,  Mary  Ann,  b.  1815,  in.  —  Parkman; 
3,  Lydia  ;  4,  Sarah  Jane,  b.  Dec.  28,  1819,  m.  G.  A.  Seymour 
Crichton,  of  Halifax ;  5,  Robert  Timpany,  b.  Feb.  25,  1823.  Rev. 
ROBERT  TIMPANY  ROCHE,  D.D.,  who  now  resides  at  Eatontown, 
New  Jersey,  m.  Jan.  12,  1852,  at  Charlottetown,  P.E.I.,  Sara, 
3rd  dau.  of  James  Barden  Palmer,  Attorney-General  of  Prince 
Edward  Island,  and  has  five  ch.,  one  of  whom,  Rev.  Hibbert 
Henry  Patrick  Ruche,  Rector  of  Long  Branch,  N.J.,  is  a  rising 
minister  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States. 

vi.     Mary  Ann,  b.  March  28,  1787,  d.  unm. 

vii.     Martha  Maria,  b.  Oct.  27,  1789,  m.  Anthony  Hannan,  Esq.,  J.P. 
viii.     Frederic  Lament,  b.  Dec.  18,  1792,  d.  aged  15. 

ROACH.  PATRICK  ROACH,  the  progenitor  of  this  family,  came  with 
the  north  of  Ireland  families — Burns,  Dunn,  McBride,  Neily  and  others 
— either  unmarried  or  married  shortly  before  his  emigration,  for,  accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  1770,  all  his  children  were  born  here.  He  settled 
first  in  Granville,  but  his  eldest  son,  Matthew,  on  his  marriage,  removed 
to  Wilmot.  His  son  James  married  and  settled  in  Annapolis,  where  he 
died,  leaving  an  only  child,  a  son,  who  died  in  1888,  in  Massachusetts,  at 
an  advanced  age,  leaving  descendants  there  and  in  this  county.  His 
remaining  son,  Patrick,  moved,  before  the  beginning  of  the  century,  to 
the  United  States.  He  had  children  : 

i.     Martha,  b.  1763,  m.  —  Dalton. 

(2)  ii.     Matthew,  b.  1764. 

(3)  iii.     James,  b.  1765,  m.  Nancy  Fairn. 
iv.     Mary,  b.  1767,  d.  same  year. 

v.     Patrick,  b.  1768,  m. 
vi.     Hannah,  b.  1773. 

2.  MATTHEW  ROACH,  b.  1764,  m.  1785,   Phebe  Ricketson  :  Children: 

i.  James,  b.  1786,  m.  Phebe  Foster :  Ch. :  1,  Eliza,  m.  Joseph 
Fleming ;  2,  William  H.,  m.  Isabella  VanBuskirk  ;  3,  Mary  Ann, 
m.  Parker  Morse  ;  4,  Charlotte,  m.  Thomas  Orpin  ,  5,  James 
Grandiaon,  m.  (1st)  Priscilla  Parker,  (2nd)  Lucy  Freeman  ; 
6,  Abraham,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Mary  Lavinia,  m.  Thomas  Colley ; 
8,  John  Frederic,  m.  Hannah  Freeman  ;  9,  Susan,  m.  Henry 
VanBuskirk. 

ii.     Mary,  b.  1787,  m.  (1st)  Silas  Chute,  (2nd)  James  Parker. 

iii.  Frederick,  b.  1789,  m.  1817,  Elizabeth  Ricketson  (dau.  of  Jordan) : 
Ch. :  1,  Mary  Elizabeth,  b.  1818  ;  2,  William  Henry,  b.  1821  ; 


582  ROACH — ROBBLEE. 

3,  Israel,   b.  1823  ;  4,   Louisa,    b.    1827  ;  5,  James  E.,  b.  1831  ; 

6,  Eber,  b.  1834 ;  7,  Susan  Ann,  b.  1836. 
iv.     Zebina,  b.  1791,  m.  1812,  Francis  Neily  :  Ch. :  1,  William  Marsden, 

b.   1815,  m.   Caroline  Masters  ;  2,  Hannah  Parker,  b.  1817,  m. 

Ingerson  Spinney  ;  3,  Mary,  b.  1819,  d.    1821  ;  4,  John   Neily, 

b.  1821,  m.  Mary  Jane  Reagh  ;  5,  Mary  Jane,  b.  1823,  m.  William 

Foster  ;  6,  James  Parker,  b.  1825,  in.  Hannah  A.  Chute  ;  7,  Isaac, 

b.   1827,    m.    Elizabeth   Newcomb  ;  8,  Sarah  Ann,    b.    1830,  m. 

Samuel   Spinney;    9,    Robert,   d.    unm.  ;    10,    Phebe,   d.    unm.; 

11,  George,  m.  Elizabeth  Rhodes. 

v.     John,  b.  1793,  m.  Jerusha  West,  nee  Belong  (no  issue). 
vi.     Abraham,  b.  1795,  d.  unm. 
viii.     Isaac,    m.    Mercy   Welton  :  Ch. :  1,   Gilbert,    m.    Lucy   Smith  ;  2, 

George,   m.    Susan  Gates  ;  3,    Gracina,   m.    John    Anderson ;  4, 

Ezekiel,  m.  Mary  Whooten  ;  5,  Isaac,  d.  unm. 
viii.     Warren,  d.  unm. 
ix.     Walter,  d.  unm. 
x.     Patrick,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Whitman,  (2nd)  Nancy  Baker,  nee  Churchill : 

Ch.:  1,  Phebe  Ann,  m.  Robert  Patten  ;  2,  Levi,  d.  at  sea,  unm.; 

(by  2nd  wife) :  3,  Matthew,  d.  unm.;  4,  Benjamin,  m. 
xi.     Phebe. 
xii.     Miriam,  d.  unm. 

3.  JAMES  ROACH,  b.  1765,  m.  Nancy  Fairn,  and  had  child  : 

i.  James,  m.  Eliza  Schofield  :  Ch.:  1,  James  Henry,  m.  Mary  E. 
Woodbury  ;  2,  Caroline,  m.  David  D.  Tupper  ;  3,  Charles 
Edward,  d.  unm.;  4,  Benjamin,  m.  Margaret  Pollock  ;  5,  William 

H.,  m.  Mary  D.   Whitman;    6,  George  Frederick,  m.  (no 

issue)  ;  7,  Eliza,  d.  unm. 

ROBBLEE.  By  family  tradition,  the  Robblees  are  of  Scotch  origin,  but 
more  probably  the  name  is  an  Anglified  form  of  the  German  Rapalye. 
(Sabine  mentions  several  prominent  Loyalists  of  New  York  named 
Rapalje  and  Rapelje. — ED.)  This  name  when  spoken  sounds  to  English 
ears  very  like  Rabbalee,  from  which  the  transition  to  Robblee  is 
easy.  JOHN  ROBBLEE  came  with  other  Loyalists  to  Clements,  where 
so  many  of  Dutch  and  German  extraction  settled,  bringing  with  him  his 
eldest  son,  Thomas.  Before  1800  the  latter  was  in  Granville,  on  a  farm 
which  comprised  the  most  interesting  spot,  historically,  in  the  Dominion, 
perhaps  on  the  continent — the  site  of  Demonts'  first  fort  and  settlement, 
and  of  the  Scotch  settlers  of  1621-1630  ;  and  when  he  took  possession 
the  outlines  of  the  old  Scotch  works  were  plainly  visible.  A  dwelling 
house,  built  twenty  to  thirty  years  ago,  stands  on  the  very  spot  where 
Champlain's  map  of  1605  shows  the  bakery  stood.  In  digging  the  cellar, 
a  bar  of  iron,  such  as  would  be  used  to  support  the  arch  of  an  oven, 
several  cannon-balls  and  shells,  and  fire-bricks  of  foreign  make  were 
unearthed.  John's  sons,  William  and  Joseph,  went  to  New  Brunswick 
and  Prince  Edward  Island,  and  founded  families  in  those  provinces. 
THOMAS  ROBBLEE,  son  of  Joseph,  adopted  by  his  uncle  Thomas,  who  had 
no  children,  was  born  1774,  died  1854,  married  1798,  Hannah  Delap, 
born  1780,  died  1877.  Children  : 


ROBBLEE — ROOP — RUGGLES.  583 

i.  John,  b.  1799,  in.  Eliza  Olivia  Harris,  of  Horton  :  Ch.:  1,  Judson, 
m.  Sybil  Croscup  ;  2,  Rebecca,  m.  John  Littlewood  ;  3,  Mary, 
rn.  George  Randall  ;  4,  Pamela,  m.  James  Bogart  ;  5,  Lucilla,  m. 
(1st)  Charles  Potter,  (2nd)  Norman  Rice  ;  6,  John,  m.  Frances 
Covert;  7,  Emma,  m.  Robert  Parker;  8,  Thomas,  d.  unm. ; 
9,  Kirtland,  d.  unm. ;  10,  Hannah,  m.  Silas  Littlewood. 
ii.  James,  b.  1801,  d.  unm. 

iii.  Thomas,  b.  1803,  m.  Hannah  Elizabeth  Croscup :  Ch. :  1,  Mary,  d. 
unm. ;  2,  William,  m.  Susan  Leitch  ;  3,  Sarah,  m.  John  Mc- 
Gibbou  ;  4,  Moses,  m.  Anna  Baxter ;  5,  Atalanta  Grace,  m. 
Frederic  Anderson  ;  6,  Frank,  m.  Mary  Jane  Burney. 

iv.     Mary,  b.  1805,  m.  Edward,  s.  of  Rev.  Edward  Harris. 

v.  Harris,  b.  1808,  m.  Eunice  Eaton  :  Ch.:  1,  Thomas,  m.  (1st)  Mary 
S.  Webber,  (2nd)  Gertrude  Carvell;  2,  Jacob,  m.  Minnie  Wallace; 

3,  Sarah,  unm. ;  4,  Elizabeth,  m.  Richard  Bennett  ;  5,  Hannah, 
m.  Rev.  William  Rideout ;  6,  Eunice,  m.  William  Skinner  Fisher  ; 
7,  William,  m.  Sarah  Miller. 

vi.     Ann,  b.  1810,  m.  William  H.  Hall, 
vii.     Susan,  b.  1813,  m.  Joseph  Reid  Hall. 

viii.     Joseph,  b.  1815,  m.  Lucy  Hall  (dau.   of  Henry):  Ch.:  1,   Stephen 
H.,  m.  Annabel  Chute  ;  2,  James,  d.  unm.;  3,  Watson,  d.  unm.; 

4,  Julia,  m.  Joseph  Croscup  ;  5,  Harriet, 
ix.     Judson,  b.  1815,  m.  Sybil  Croscup. 

x.     Elizabeth,  b.  1819,  m.  James  Townshend  Thome, 
xi.     William,  b.  1821,  d.  unm. 
xii.     Sarah,  b.  1825,  m.  Stephen  B.  Troop. 


ROOP.  JOHN  ROOP,  probably  of  German  descent,  came  to  this  county 
among  the  Loyalists,  had  considerable  family,  and  left  a  large  posterity, 
especially  in  Digby  County.  One  of  his  sons,  John  Roop,  jun.,  m.  (1st) 
Mary  Ditmars,  (2nd)  Oct.  12,  1826,  Jane  Pickup.  Children  : 

1,  John,  b.  1808,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Pickup  ;  2,  Catharine,  b.  1809,  m.  James 
Hains  ;  3,  Margaret,  b.  1812,  m.  Gilbert  Parker ;  4,  Douw  Ditmars,  b.  1814,  in.; 
5,  Sarah,  b.  1815,  m.  — Bacon;  6,  Mary,  b.  1817,  m.  Michael  Sypher;  7,  Ann, 
b.  1819,  m.  Jan.  9,  1840,  James  Merritt  ;  8,  Christopher,  b.  1821,  m.  (U.S.A.); 
9,  Isaac,  b.  1823,  m.  (U.S.A.)  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  10,  William,  m.  Christina  Munro ; 
11,  Susan,  m.  Israel  Potter  ;  12,  Olivia,  m.  Cornelius  Letteney  ;  13,  Joseph,  m. 
Asenath  Charlton  ;  14,  James,  m.  Lemma  Potter ;  15,  Melissa,  in.  Harris 
Jefferson  ;  16,  Louisa,  m.  Abraham  Potter. 

RUGGLES.  The  name  de  Ruggele  and  de  Ruggeley  can  be  found  in 
England  as  a  name  of  local  note  early  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  of 
more  general  distinction  in  the  next  century.  The  immigrant  ancestor  of 
the  American  family  was  descended  from  Thomas  Ruggle,  who  was  of 
Sudbury,  Suffolk  County,  in  1547,  and  who  had,  among  other  sons,  a  son 
Nicholas,  who  had  a  son  Thomas.  The  name  of  the  wife  of  this  Thomas 
is  not  known;  but  he  removed  to  Nazing,  Essex.  He  had  two  sons, 
Thomas  and  John,  who  settled  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  1637  and  1635 
respectively,  and  no  doubt  other  children.  This  Thomas,  son  of  Nicholas, 
and  grandson  of  Thomas  of  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  has  been  erroneously  con- 
founded with  another  Thomas,  of  Lavenham,  Suffolk,  who  m.  Margaret 


584  RUGGLES. 

Whatlock,  and  had  eight  children,  and  was  a  grandson  of  William,  a 
brother  of  the  Thomas  first  mentioned,  and  therefore  a  second  cousin  to 
the  father  of  the  two  immigrant  ancestors  of  the  New  England  family. 
Thomas,  the  immigrant  to  Roxbury,  was  born  in  1584  ;  had  a  son  Samuel, 
b.  1629,  m.  (1st)  Hannah,  dau.  of  George  Fowle,  of  Charlestown,  (2nd) 
Ann,  dau.  of  Henry  and  Ann  Bright,  of  Watertown.  He  was  a  promi- 
nent citizen  and  public  officer  in  Roxbury,  and  so  was  his  son  Samuel,  b. 
1658,  by  his  first  wife.  Samuel  (the  younger)  m.  Martha  Woodbridge 
(dau.  of  Rev.  John  Woodbridge,  and  granddaughter  of  Rev.  John  Wood- 
bridge,  of  Wiltshire,  who  came  with  his  uncle,  Rev.  Thomas  Parker,  first 
minister  in  Newbury),  and  became  the  father  of  Rev.  Timothy  Ruggles, 
and  grandfather  of  BRIGADIER-GENERAL  TIMOTHY  RUGGLES,  who  was 
born  October  11,  1711,  graduated  at  Harvard  1732,  m.  Bathsheba,  only 
daughter  of  Melatiah  Bourne,  and  widow  of  William  Newcomb,  and  thus 
there  is  a  kinship  between  the  Ruggles  family  of  Annapolis  County,  and 
the  Holdsworths  of  Digby  County,  whose  Loyalist  ancestor  married  a 
Miss  Bourne. — [ED.] 

A  sketch  of  the  history  and  services  of  this  distinguished  man  may  be 
appropriately  introduced  by  quoting  the  following  description  of  the 
English  home  of  his  ancestors  in  Essex,  from  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register  for  April,  1874  : 

GENERAL  TIMOTHY  RUGGLES.  "  The  rural  village  of  Nazing,*  in  Essex, 
the  'home,'  as  it  has  been  called  by  an  American  author,  'of  our  fathers,' 
around  which  were  clustered  the  affections  and  remembrances  of  their 
youth,  comprises  the  north-west  corner  of  Waltham  half  hundred.  There 
is  a  peculiar  feature  about  this  quiet  little  village  and  its  surroundings, 
which  is  strikingly  characteristic  of  the  many  rustic  homesteads  and 
picturesque  spots  for  which  old  England  is  noted.  One  might  imagine 
from  the  great  number  of  gable-fronted  cottages,  with  low  thatched  roofs 
and  overhanging  eaves  that  abound  in  Nazing  upland  especially,  and  the 
distance  it  is  from  any  line  of  rail,  that  it  had  undergone  but  little 
change  during  the  past  three  hundred  years. 

' '  The  old  parish  church  is  situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill  overlooking  part  of 
Hertfordshire  and  Middlesex,  and  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  River  Lea,  and  on  the 
west  and  south  by  Waltham  Abbey  and  Epping.  It  consists  of  a  chancel,  nave  and 
north  aisle,  with  a  square  embattled  tower  containing  five  bells.  The  body  and  aisle 
are  divided  by  four  pointed  arches,  rising  in  circular  clustered  columns.  Behind  the 
first  column,  which  is  apparently  hollow,  is  a  small  door,  leading  by  a  narrow  wind- 
ing stairs  to  an  aperture,  in  front  of  the  chancel,  sufficiently  large  to  exhibit  a  person 
nearly  at  full  length,  to  the  congregation.  This  was,  no  doubt,  the  entrance  into 
the  rood-loft ;  but  whether  it  was  intended  originally  as  a  place  of  penance  is  not 
certainly  known.  It  is  evident,  however,  that  at  no  remote  period  it  was  used  for 

*  From  Noere  or  Nare — Nose. 


RUGGLES.  585 

purposes  of  general  thanksgiving,  as  on  a  wooden  tablet  beneath  the  aperture  is 
inscribed  the  one  hundred  and  sixteenth  Psalm,  '  I  will  pay  my  vows  unto  the  Lord 
in  the  sight  of  all  the  people. ' 

' '  This  church  was  appropriated  by  King  Harold  to  his  then  newly  founded  church 
in  Waltham,  and  was  first  supplied  by  the  Canons  of  Waltham,  or  by  persons 
appointed  by  them." 

It  was  from  this  historic  and  interesting  village  that  the  progenitors 
of  the  Ruggles  family  emigrated  to  America.  Frequent  mention  is  made 
of  the  name  in  old  Judge  Samuel  Sewell's  diary,  1680-1720.  In  1708, 
under  date  December  16th,  on  the  occasion  of  the  death  of  a  member  of 
his  family,  he  says  :  "  I  go  to  the  Governor's  (Dudley*)  and  speak  about 
[pall]  bearers,  —  he  leaves  it  to  me;  so  does  my  son.  As  I  come  home  I 
speak  for  Sirf  Ruggles — Timothy,  son  of  Martha  Woodbridge,  my 
ancient  acquaintance  and  townsman,"  etc. 

The  name  Timothy  has  continued  to  designate  the  eldest  son  of  the 
eldest  son,  in  that  branch  of  the  family  to  the  present  time — Timothy 
Dwight  Ruggles,  of  Bridgetown,  barrister-at-law,  Q.C.,  being  the  sixth 
who  in  successive  generations  has  borne  it.  His  son  Timothy  marks 
the  seventh  generation. 

The  first  Timothy  and  his  sisters  Hannah  and  Patience  Ruggles  were 
admitted  to  full  communion  in  1709,  his  sister  Martha  in  1710,  and 
Sarah  in  171  l.j 

Joseph  Ruggles,  whom  I  take  to  be  him  who  afterwards  settled  in 
Aylesford,  owned  two  negro  servants  in  1768,  whose  names  were  Ishmael 
and  Venus.  A  curious  method  was  adopted  by  members  of  the  Ruggles 
family,  1675-1690,  to  distinguish  the  three  existing  Johns, — the  terms 
major,  minor  and  middle  being  used  for  that  purpose. 

To  the  Ruggleses  and  Paysons — who  also  came  to  America  in  the 
same  ship,§  during  the  first  generation,  was  applied  the  name  of  the 
"  Nazing  Christians."  Thomas  Ruggles  was  the  first  of  these  to  die, 
having  departed  this  life  November  18th,  1644. 

The  fact  that  the  "  Roxbury  Land  Records  "  are  filled  with  the  names 
of  this  family,  proves  beyond  dispute  their  early  and  continuous  residence 
in  that  district. 

The  Rev.  Timothy  Ruggles,  minister  of  Rochester,  Mass.,  having  first 
graduated  in  Harvard,  being  the  second  of  the  name  to  have  achieved 
that  honour,  married  and  was  ordained  about  the  same  time,  and  his 
first  child — the  man  of  whom  we  are  writing — was  born  in  that  town  on 
October  llth,  1711.  The  long  ministry  of  this  gentleman  among  the 
good  people  of  Rochester  bears  ample  testimony  of  his  diligence  and 

*  Governor  Dudley  was,  I  think,  Sewell's  son-in-law. 

t  ' '  Sir  "  seems  to  have  been  a  title  given  to  Harvard  students  in  their  second  year. 

I  These  facts  have  been  gleaned  from  parish  records. 

§  Lists  of  Emigrants  by  Camden  Totten.     Leg.  Lib. 


586  RUGGLES. 

faithfulness  as  a  pastor,  and  affords  undoubted  proof  of  the  regard  and 
esteem  in  which  he  was  held  by  those  whom  he  served.  Though  his  life 
seems  to  have  been  a  busy  one,  he  is  said  to  have  found  time  to  superin- 
tend the  earlier  education  of  his  young  son,  the  future  lawyer,  statesman 
and  general,  who  was  thus  fitted  at  an  early  age  to  pass  the  matricula- 
tion examinations  necessary  to  his  entrance  upon  his  college  course.  He 
graduated  in  1732,  being  then  just  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  on 
leaving  college  he  at  once  proceeded  to  the  study  of  the  law.  He  had 
not  been  at  the  Bar  long  before  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Assembly,  in  which  he  was  instrumental  in  the  passage  of  an 
Act,  still  in  force,  to  prohibit  sheriffs  filling  writs.  In  his  professional, 
as  well  as  in  his  legislative  capacity,  he  soon  gave  evidence  of  a  degree 
of  ability  far  above  mediocrity,  and  it  was  not  a  very  long  time  before 
he  found  himself  occupying  a  high  place  at  the  Bar  of  his  native  pro- 
vince, and  taking  high  rank  among  the  most  fluent,  finished  and  forcible 
speakers  in  the  halls  of  its  legislature. 

Speaking  of  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  in  his  profession,  a 
writer  of  some  note  tells  us  :  "  His  reputation  was  so  great  that  he  was 
early  and  frequently  employed  in  the  adjoining  counties  of  Barnstable 
and  Bristol,  and  was  the  principal  antagonist  of  Colonel  Otis  in  causes  of 
importance."*  About  this  time  (1740-1745)  he  removed  from  Rochester 
to  Sandwich,  where  he  prosecuted  his  profession  with  constantly 
increasing  reputation  until  1757,  when  he  was  made  a  Justice  in  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas.  Five  years  later  he  was  gazetted  Chief  Justice 
in  that  court,  a  place  which  he  held  acceptably  until  the  beginning  of 
that  great  revolution  which  ultimately  drove  him  into  exile  and  com- 
parative poverty.  The  Seven  Years'  War,  1756-1763,  which  was  termin- 
ated by  the  treaty  of  Hubertsburg  and  of  Paris  in  the  latter  year,  raged 
violently  on  this  continent ;  the  old  colonies,  particularly  Massachusetts, 
lending  every  possible  aid  to  the  Mother  Country  in  her  attempts  to  curb 
or  destroy  the  power  of  France  in  America.  In  1756,  and  almost 
immediately  before  Mr.  Ruggles'  appointment  to  the  Bench,  he  accepted 
a  colonel's  commission  in  the  forces  raised  by  his  native  province,  for 
service  on  the  frontiers  of  Canada.  In  the  campaign  which  followed,  he 
served  "under  the  command  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  and  did  good 
service  in  the  expedition  against  Crown  Point,  and  in  September  of  the 
same  year,  he  was  second  in  command  under  that  leader  at  the  battle  of 
Lake  George,  in  which  the  French  under  Baron  Dieskau,  met  a  signal 
defeat,  after  very  severe  and  obstinate  fighting,  in  which  he  distinguished 
himself  for  coolness,  courage  and  ability  ;  and  so  highly  were  his  services 
esteemed  on  that  occasion,  that  he  was  promoted  to  the  position  of 
General  of  Brigade,  and  placed  under  the  command  of  the  Commander- 

*  G.  A.  Ward  in  Curwens  Journal,  London,  1842. 


RUGGLES.  587 

in-chief.  In  1758  he  commanded  the  third  division  of  the  provincial 
troops  under  Abercrombie,  in  the  unsuccessful  attack  upon  Ticonderoga, 
which  was  defended  by  Montcalm,  who  resisted  all  the  efforts  of  the 
English,  defeating  them  with  a  loss  of  550  killed,  and  nearly  1,400 
wounded.  Brigadier  Ruggles  also  served  with  distinction  and  credit  in 
the  campaigns  of  1759-1760,  under  Amherst.  In  the  winter  of  1762, 
while  the  belligerent  forces  on  both  sides  were  in  winter-quarters,  he 
had  the  honour  to  be  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
The  conduct  of  Mr.  Ruggles  as  a  military  commander  has  been  highly 
praised  by  most  competent  judges.  The  writer,  whom  I  have  before 
quoted,  and  who  was  in  a  position  to  be  well  informed,  says  on  this 
head  :  "  Few  men  in  the  Province  were  more  distinguished,  and  few 
more  severely  dealt  with  in  the  bitter  controversies  preceding  the 
revolution ;  as  a  military  officer  he  was  distinguished  for  cool  bravery 
and  excellent  judgment  and  science  in  the  art  of  war,  and  no  provincial 
officer  was  held  in  higher  esteem  for  those  qualities.  His  appearance 
was  commanding  and  dignified,  being  much  above  the  common  size  ;  his 
wit  was  ready  and  brilliant ;  his  mind  clear,  comprehensive  and  pene- 
trating ;  his  judgment  was  profound  and  his  knowledge  extensive  ;  his 
abilities  as  a  public  speaker  placed  him  among  the  first  of  the  day  ;  and 
had  he  been  so  fortunate  as  to  have  embraced  the  popular  sentiments 
of  the  times,  there  is  no  doubt  he  would  have  ranked  among  the 
leading  characters  of  the  revolution."*  This  is  very  high  praise  ;  but 
there  is  certainly  no  doubt  of  its  being  well  deserved,  and  has  additional 
weight,  coming  as  it  does  from  one  who  had  been  "  so  fortunate  as  to 
have  adopted  the  popular  sentiment  of  the  times." 

The  war  having  terminated  in  1760,  his  military  services  were  no 
longer  required,  and  he  at  once  exchanged  his  military  uniform  for  his 
barrister's  gown  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  About  this 
time,  1753,  he  removed  from  Sandwich  to  Hardwick,  where  he  built  a 
dwelling,  so  substantial  that  it  is  said  to  subsist  to  the  present  day. 
During  the  following  eight  or  ten  years,  I  have  only  occasional  glimpses 
of  him.  I  have  already  said  that  he  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  1762,  and  following  years,  and  that  he  was  at  the 
same  time  Chief  Justice  in  the  Common  Pleas,  f  As  the  disputes  and 
distractions  which  were  ultimately  to  culminate  in  war,  grew  to  volume 
and  virulence,  and  the  people  began  to  take  sides,  there  was  no  doubt 
as  to  the  party  to  which  Mr.  Ruggles  intended  to  attach  himself.  By 

*  It  has  been  said  by  men  competent  to  judge  that  he  would  have  been 
appointed  Commander-in-chief,  and  been  the  first  President  of  the  United  States 
in  lieu  of  Washington. —[ED.] 

t  About  this  time  he  was  appointed  "  Surveyor-General  of  the  King's  Forests," 
"an  office  of  profit  attended  with  little  labour."  This  was  a  reward  for  his 
military  services. 


588  RUGGLES. 

pen  and  tongue,  in  the  halls  of  the  Legislature,  and  on  the  platform  he 
declared  against  rebellion  and  bloodshed.  Says  a  writer  of  the  period  : 
"  In  consequence  of  the  grievous  exactions  of  the  British  Government, 
delegates  were  chosen  by  the  Legislature  to  meet  the  delegates  from  the 
other  colonies,  at  New  York,  to  seek  out  some  public  relief  from  imme- 
diate and  threatened  evils  by  a  representation  of  their  sufferings  to  the 
king  and  Parliament."  Mr.  Ruggles  was  chosen  as  one  of  the  delegates, 
on  the  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  was  also  elected  "  President  of  that 
celebrated  Congress  of  distinguished  men  from  nine  of  the  colonies." 
He  openly  dissented  from  the  resolves  passed  by  the  Congress,  over 
whose  proceedings  he  presided,  and  thus  not  only  incurred  their  dis- 
pleasure, but  the  anger  of  the  Assembly  which  had  chosen  him  to  repre- 
sent them  as  a  delegate,  for  we  are  told  that  he  "  was  censured  by  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  reprimanded  by  the  Speaker  in  his  place." 

When  the  appeal  to  arms  had  been  finally  decided  on  by  the  American 
people,  the  popular  excitement  was  at  a  fearful  height,  and  all  those  who 
had  counselled  moderation,  either  in  demand  or  action,  were  declared  to 
be  enemies  to  their  country  and  traitors  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  as 
such  worthy  of  death.  No  man  in  Massachusetts  was  regarded  as  so 
inimical  to  the  cause  of  rebellion  as  General  Ruggles,  whose  known  and 
recognized  ability,  great  energy,  and  unflinching  courage  made  him  an 
object  of  fear  as  well  as  dislike ;  and,  to  crown  his  unpopularity,  he  was 
made  a  Mandamus  Councillor,  a  position  which  he  accepted  at  the  hands 
of  the  Crown,  and  for  which  he  qualified  himself  in  due  form,  notwith- 
standing all  the  influences  brought  to  bear  upon  him  to  prevent  him  doing 
so.  This  last  fact  was  deemed  a  defiance,  on  his  part,  of  the  powers  of 
the  rebels,  and  they  proceeded  to  denounce  him  as  a  malignant,  and 
openly  threatened  his  life.  In  consequence  of  this  violence  he  was  forced, 
with  his  family,  and  such  of  his  neighbours  as  remained  loyal  to  the  Mother 
Country,  to  seek  safety  and  refuge  with  the  British  forces  in  Boston.  On 
the  evacuation  of  that  city,  Mr.  Ruggles  went  with  it,  and  was  I  believe 
in  Long  Island  during  its  operations  against  the  rebel  forces  in  that  direc- 
tion, but  I  have  failed  to  discover  many  particulars  concerning  his  life  and 
doings  at  this  time.  In  1783  I  find  him  an  exile  from  his  native  province 
in  his  old  age,  but  still  as  vigorous  as  he  was  loyal.  He  was  living  in  the 
county  in  that  year,  and  at  Digby  or  Annapolis.  He  had  made  an 
application  for  a  grant  of  lands  in  that  portion  of  the  Province,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  year,  as  will  more  fully  appear  from  the  letter  which  the 
Surveyor-General  addressed  to  him  under  date  July  2nd  in  that  year. 

Mr.  Morris'  letter  was  as  follows  : 

"  SIR, — I  am  directed  by  Governor  Parr  to  assure  you  he  will  pay  every  atten- 
tion to  your  application  for  ten  thousand  acres  of  land,  being  fully  convinced  of  your 
merit,  and  sensible  of  the  many  misfortunes  you  have  suffered  in  the  late  unhappy 


RUGGLES.  589 

contest.  He  is  apprehensive  that  the  lands  you  mention  will,  in  some  degree,  inter- 
fere with  the  present  settlement  forming  there,  and  has  directed  me  to  point  out 
other  land  for  you.  I  therefore  beg  leave  to  recommend  land  to  the  eastward  of 
Granville,  and  to  the  northward  of  the  farms  settled  in  Wilmot ;  that  is  to  say,  be- 
tween those  farms  and  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  This  land  is  said  by  those  who  know  it 
best,  to  be  among  the  finest  in  the  Province,  and  the  increasing  settlement  in  Wilmot 
(adds  to)  the  value  of  it  every  day. 

"  I  hope,  after  inquiring  into  the  matter,  you  will  accept  of  a  location  in  some 
part  of  this  tract,  or  in  some  of  the  lands  on  the  back  of  Annapolis,  which  have  been 
represented  to  be  extremely  good,  and  which  have  been  applied  for  by  many  per- 
sons, but  not  yet  assigned  to  any  one.  Mr.  Williams  has  a  grant  of  1,500  acres 
somewhere  thereabouts  ;  he  will  give  you  every  necessary  information  in  these 
matters.  I  have  to  intreat  the  favour  of  a  line  from  you  in  answer  as  soon  as 
you  can  be  informed  in  which  tract  to  choose.  I  have  the  honour  to  be,"  etc  ,  etc. 

On  the  19th  of  the  same  month,  the  Surveyor-General  having  received 
a  reply  from  General  Ruggles,  to  the  foregoing  letter,  wrote  to  him  again 
in  the  terms  following  : 

"  SIR, — I  have  been  honoured  with  the  favour  of  your  letter,  delivered  me  by 
Colonel  Small,  and  have  since  had  frequent  opportunities  of  talking  with  the  Gover- 
nor upon  your  particular  situation,  and  the  great  desire  you  have  to  procure  some- 
thing permanent  for  your  family.  He  has  given  me  in  writing  the  following 
directions — to  assure  General  Ruggles,  and  all  other  Loyalists  applying  for  land, 
that  he  wishes  to  accommodate  all  of  them  as  much  as  is  in  his  power,  but  from  the 
vast  numbers  who  have  already  come,  and  are  continuously  coming  to  settle  in  the 
Province,  he  finds  it  indispensably  necessary  to  postpone  any  further  arrangement 
until  he  receives  His  Majesty's  instructions  upon  the  subject.  Agreeing  with  you, 
that  '  the  primary  object  of  Government  is,  and  ought  to  be.  the  settling  of  the 
colony,  and  next  to  that,  to  extend  donations  to  such  as  have  suffered  most,'  he  has 
directed  me  to  assure  you  that  as  soon  as  His  Majesty's  pleasure  is  made  known  in 
respect  to  these  matters,  that  you  are  the  foremost  to  receive  what  favour  and 
indulgence  it  may  be  in  his  power  to  give. 

"  Messrs.  Botsford,  Hauser  and  Cummings  were  recommended  to  Sir  Andrew 
Hammond  by  General  Carleton,  in  the  strongest  terms  possible,  as  agents  for  a 
number  of  Loyalists  who  came  with  them,  and  others  that  were  to  come,  and  in- 
treated  Sir  Andrew  to  exert  himself  in  their  behalf.  In  consequence  of  this  recom- 
mendation, and  a  repetition  of  it  to  Governor  Parr,  the  Government  upon  their 
recommendation  gave  me  orders — a  copy  of  which  I  enclose  you — by  which  you  will 
see  that  all  the  land  from  Annapolis  to  St.  Mary's  Bay  and  round  the  Bay  to  the 
Cape  and  to  Yarmouth,  before  unappropriated,  were  desired  to  be  laid  out  in  fifty 
acre  farm  lots,  and  proper  town  plots,  for  the  reception  of  the  Loyalists.  Under 
this  order  my  deputies*  are  at  present  acting.  For  these  reasons  I  was  induced  to 
take  the  liberty,  with  the  Governor's  approbation,  to  recommend  other  lands  to  you  ; 
and  I  beg  leave  again  to  assure  you,  sir,  that  either  of  the  tracts  I  recommended  are 
far  superior  lands  to  any  in  the  above  districts,  and  all  persons  of  any  knowledge  of 
the  country,  and  of  these  tracts  in  particular,  will  join  me  in  this  opinion.  There 
have  been  many  applications  for  that  back  of  Annapolis,  in  particular,  by  our  old 

*  His  deputies  in  this  county  at  this  time  were  Thomas  Millidge,  Phineas  Mill- 
idge,  John  Harris,  Joseph  Ruggles,  John  Morrison  and  one  or  two  others,  whose 
names  have  escaped  me. 


590  RUGGLES. 

inhabitants,  who  have  frequent  opportunities  of  searching  out  the  best.  I  hope, 
therefore,  you  will,  after  having  a  share  for  yourself  and  family,  accept  of  the 
remainder  in  one  of  those  places  proposed,  or  in  any  other  part  of  the  Province  where 
it  could  be  located  to  your  advantage,  without  interfering  with  the  settlements  now 
going  on. 

"  I  have  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Watson*  and  other  friends  in  New  York, 
recommending  you  in  a  particular  manner,  and  our  worthy  friend,  Colonel  Small,  has 
said  so  much  on  your  behalf  that  I  hold  myself  bound  by  every  tie  of  friendship  and 
of  honour,  to  assist  you  in  my  professional  line  to  the  utmost  of  my  power  ;  and  you 
may  rest  assured,  most  worthy  sir,  that  you  and  your  family  shall  claim  my  par- 
ticular attention  to  their  interests,  and  that  it  was  with  this  sentiment  I  first  did 
myself  the  honour  to  write  you  on  this  subject.  I  have  the  honour  to  be,  sir,  with 
the  highest  regard  and  esteem,"  etc.,  etc.f 

General  Ruggles  finally  determined  to  accept  his  grant  in  the  township 
of  Wilmot,  and  it  is  probable,  though  not  certain,  that  he  commenced 
clearing  his  lands  in  1784.  The  spot  he  selected  for  his  new  dwelling 
house  was  on  the  face  of  and  near  to  the  top  of  the  North  Mountain, 
which  during  his  lifetime  and  for  a  few  years  afterwards  bore  the  name 
of  the  "  Ruggles  Mountain  ";  but  after  the  commencement  of  the  century, 
and  to  this  day  it  has  been  better  known  as  the  "Phinney  Mountain," 
from  the  late  Lot  Phinney,  who  became  the  purchaser  of  the  property  on 
the  occasion  of  its  sale  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Ruggles. 

I  regret  that  the  Morris-Ruggles  correspondence  is  so  meagre  and  that 
the  letters  of  the  latter  are  entirely  wanting.  I  am  induced  to  add  one 
more  short  note  of  Mr.  Morris  to  the  General,  because  it  contains  refer- 
ences of  interest.  Under  date  of  September  14th,  1783,  he  says:  "I 
have  had  the  honour  to  receive  your  favour  of  the  2nd  inst.,  enclosing  a 
sketch  of  the  lands  you  wish  to  obtain.  The  1,300  acres  is  pre-engaged 
— all  the  other  tracts  may  be  granted  you,  and  in  lieu  of  this  engaged 
I  shall,  in  the  description  of  the  grant,  extend  the  western  line  of  the 
oblong  square  to  the  line  of  Arbuthnot's,  and  the  western  boundary  to 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  which  will  then  contain  10,000  acres,  with  ample 
allowances.  .  .  .  The  king's  fine  of  ten  shillings  for  every  hundred 
acres,  I  suppose,  will  be  remitted.  I  will  make  a  return  of  your  grant 
as  soon  as  I  hear  that  you  approve  of  what  I  now  propose." 

In  the  following  year  the  grant  was  issued,  and  the  undismayed  grantee 
commenced  a  labour  at  the  age  of  more  than  seventy  years  which  few,  if 
any,  of  the  young  men  of  to-day  would  voluntarily  undertake.  The  work 
of  chopping  down  the  forests  and  clearing  the  lands  for  crops,  and  of 
preparation  for  building  went  on  simultaneously  and  rapidly  under  his 
direction.  Two  young  men,}  Stronach  and  Fales,  were  engaged  to  work 
with  him  for  a  limited  number  of  years  and  to  receive  their  pay  in 

*  Afterward  Sir  Brooke  Watson,  Lord  Mayor  of  London. 

t  Letter  Book  of  the  Hon.  Chas.  Morris  for  1783,  in  N.  S.  Archives. 

J  See  Stronach  and  Fales  Genealogies. 


RUGGLES.  591 

land.  They  did  their  work,  and  he  paid  them  as  agreed  upon,  and  their 
descendants  are  now  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  many  a  fair  home 
in  the  beautiful  township  of  Wilmot.  It  was  the  hands  of  these 
men  that  excavated  the  noble  cellar  over  which  the  old  Loyalist  erected 
his  new  mansion,*  their  hands  it  was  which  prepared  the  land  on  which 
an  orchard  of  apple  trees  was  soon  planted,  and  it  was  their  hands  also 
which  planted  it.  Their  orders  were  to  dig  this  piece  of  ground — say, 
about  an  acre — three  feet  deep,  and  to  throw  out  every  root  and  stone 
from  it.  The  trees  were  brought  from  Massachusetts,  and  when  planted 
formed  the  first  orchard  in  that  section  of  the  country.  Some  of  the 
trees,  I  believe,  are  still  in  bearing.  Nearly  south  from  the  position  of 
the  house  is  a  deep  gulch  in  the  mountain  side,  formed,  probably,  by  the 
gradual  washing  away  of  a  wedge  of  magnesian  limestone  which  once 
filled  it.  In  this  vault,  as  it  was  generally  called,  and  which  was  shel- 
tered on  all  sides  except  the  south,  Mr.  Ruggles  introduced  many  exotic 
plants,  among  others,  peaches,  grapes  and  quinces,  and  more  than  one 
black  walnut  tree. 

Not  much  remains  to  be  told  concerning  him,  and  I  shall  now  glance 
briefly  toward  members  of  his  immediate  family.  His  four  daughters 
were  married  before  the  Revolution  broke  out,  and  as  their  husbands 
probably  preferred  returning  to  their  homes  and  property  to  the  pre- 
servation of  their  loyalty  at  the  expense  of  the  loss  of  both,  they  never 
came  to  this  colony.  Three  of  his  sons  followed  him  into  exile  and 
settled  in  this  county.  These  were  Timothy,  John  and  Richard,  two 
of  whom,  Timothy  and  John,  are  known  to  have  been  married  before 
their  advent  to  the  county. 

General  Ruggles  was  afflicted  with  hernia,  and  tradition  affirms  that 
about  the  beginning  of  August,  1795,  he  accompanied  some  visiting 
friends  to  his  "vault"  garden  before  alluded  to,  and  that  in  clambering 
up  its  steep  sides  he  so  aggravated  the  disease  that  it  terminated  his  life 
four  days  afterwards,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty  years.  I  conclude 
this  memoir  of  the  famous  old  Loyalist  by  copying  the  concluding  part  of 
the  obituary  notice  of  him  which  appeared  in  the  Royal  Gazette  in  August, 
1795,  and  which  was  presumably  written  by  the  late  Rev.  John  Wiswall, 
who  officiated  at  his  obsequies  :  "The  idea  that  his  advanced  age  would 
not  permit  him  to  reap  the  fruit  of  his  labours  never  dampened  the  spirit 
of  improvement  by  which  he  was,  in  a  most  eminent  degree,  animated  ; 
and  the  district  of  country  in  which  he  lived  will  long  feel  the  benefits 
resulting  from  the  liberal  exertions  he  made  to  advance  the  agricultural 
interests  of  the  Province."  It  may  not  be  without  use  to  remark  that 
for  much  the  greater  part  of  his  life  he  ate  no  animal  food  and  drank  no 

*  This  cellar  was  said  to  "be  nine  feet  in  height,  and  the  steps  leading  to  it  were 
of  dressed  Quincy  granite,  brought  from  Boston. 


592  RUGGLES. 

spirituous  or  fermented  liquors,  small  beer  excepted,  and  that  he  enjoyed 
health  to  his  advanced  age. 

He  was  buried  to  the  eastward  of  the  chancel  of  the  (then  new)  church, 
lately  known  as  the  "  Pine  Grove  Church,"  in  central  Wilmot — a  church 
toward  the  erection  of  which  he  is  said  to  have  been  a  considerable  con- 
tributor. No  monument  records  his  name  or  services,  though  perhaps 
few  men  have  better  deserved  one.  May  some  of  his  descendants  yet 
cause  one  to  be  erected  over  his  grave  as  a  testimony  of  their  apprecia- 
tion of  a  most  worthy  and  honourable  ancestor. 

The  General  had  children  : 

i.     Martha,  b.  Aug.  10,  1736,  m.  John  Tufts. 

(2)  ii.     Timothy,  b.  Jan.  7,  1738-9. 

iii.     Mary,  b.  Feb.  10,  1740-41,  m.  Dr.  John  Green,  of  Worcester,  Mass. 

iv.  John,  b.  Sept.  30,  1742,  d.  a.  79,  m.  Hannah,  only  dau.  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Sackett,  of  Long  Island,  N.Y.:  Ch. :  1,  Bathsheba,  b.  1779,  d. 
about  1865  ;  2,  Timothy  Amherst,  b.  1781,  d.  1838  (was  a  captain 
in  the  N.  S.  Regiment  of  "  Fencibles")  ;  these  two  were  born  at 
Newton,  L.I.  ;  3,  Eliza  Bayard,  b.  1797,  m.  Austin  Woodbury, 
one  of  whose  descendants  still  owns  and  occupies  the  old  home- 
stead of  John  Ruggles  ;  4,  Frances  Mary,  b.  1802,  m.  Jonathan, 
son  of  Fairfield  Woodbury. 

(3)  v.     Richard,  b.  March  4,  1743-4. 

vi.     Bathsheba,  b.  Feb.  13,  1745-6,  m.  Joshua  Spooner. 
vii.     Elizabeth,  b.  May  15,  1748,  m.  Gardner  Chandler. 


2.  TIMOTHY  RUGGLES,  JUN.,  was  born  January  7th,  1739.  Although 
a  Loyalist,  as  was  proved  by  his  proceedings  after  the  war,  he  was  not 
so  pronounced  and  active  in  the  assertion  of  his  views  as  to  forfeit  his 
Massachusetts  property,  and  finally  settled  at  Belleisle,  where  he  died  in 
1838.  He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Col.  Simeon  Dwight,  who  was 
born  May  1st,  1748,  and  died  in  1842.  Children  : 

i.     Sarah,  b.  Feb.  2,  176^,  m.  Judah  Hinckley. 

ii.     Anna,  b.  June  8,  1769. 

iii.     Sophia,  b.  Jan.  19,  1771,  d.  young. 

iv.     Betsey,  b.  Nov.  15,  1772,  d.  young. 

v.     Timothy,  b.  Dec.  1,  1773,  d.  young. 

vi.  Timothy,  b.  March  7,  1776.  (See  memoir  of  TIMOTHY  RUGGLES, 
M.P.P.)  He  m.  Jane,  dau.  of  Edward  Thorne,  and  d.  1831  :  Ch. : 
1,  Jane  R.,  b.1811,  m.  Abel  Sands  (of  N.B.)  ;  2,  Harriet,  b.  1813, 
m.  (1st)  Thomas  Bartlett,  (2nd)  William  J.  Starr,  (St.  John,  N.B.) ; 
3,  Armanilla,  b.  1816  ;  4,  Timothy  Dwight,  b.  1818.  TIMOTHY 
DWIGHT  RUGGLES,  M.P.P.  and  Q.C.,  m.  Havilah  Jane,  dau.  of 
S.  S.  Thorne,  Esq.,  M.P.P.  ;  she  d.  1892.  He  resides  at  Bridge- 
town. 5,  Edward  Thorne,  b.  1820,  d.  unrn. ;  6,  Stephen  Thorne, 
b.  1823,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Joseph  Churchill  Wade,  d.  young. 
vii.  Sophia,  b.  Oct.  20,  1777,  m.  (1st)  Jacob,  son  of  Christian  Tobias,  M.D., 
a  Loyalist,  whose  son,  Simeon  Dwight  Tobias,  m.  Sophia  Henkell, 
and  was  long  Collector  of  Customs  at  Annapolis,  and  had  6  sons 
and  3  daus.,  of  whom  one  m.  Thomas  S,  Whitman  ;  (2nd)  John  T. 
Smith. 


RUGGLES.  593 

viii.  Simeon  Dwight,  b.  Jan.  23,  1780,  m.  Margaret  Robertson,  d.  1812  : 
Ch.:  1,  William  R.,  b.  1808,  m.  Seraph  Cutler,  1  son  d.  young, 
3  daus.  ;  2,  Henry  Dwight,  b.  1810,  a  physician  and  surgeon  at 
Weymouth,  N.S.,  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Samuel  Campbell,  M.P.P. ; 
14  ch. ;  d.  aged  ;  3,  Mary  Amelia  (or  Mary  Adelia),  b.  1811,  m. 
James  Runciman  ;  4,  Elizabeth  Johnstone,  b.  1812,  d.  unm. 

ix.     Harriet,  b.  Feb.  23,  1782,  m.  Stephen  De Wolfe, 
x.     Clarissa,  b.  April  3,  1784,  m.  Dr.  George  WT.  Shepherd. 

xi.  Israel  Williams,  b.  Aug.  27,  1786  ;  was  long  a  J.  P.  and  commis- 
sioner in  the  Supreme  Court,  and  d.  Jan.  7,  1880;  m.  (1st) 
Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Phineas  Millidge  ;  she  d.  Oct.  28,  1834,  a.  42  ; 
j  (2nd)  Maria,  dau.  of  John  Owen  and  sister  of  the  late  Rev.  H.  L. 
Owen,  of  Lunenburg  :  Ch.  :  1,  Matilda,  m.  John  Watson  ;  2, 
Stephen  Millidge,  bpd.  July  24,  1817,  m.  Thomas  Easson  ;  ?, 
Edward,  bpd.  May  26,  1819  ;  4,  William  Edwin,  bpd.  Nov.  18, 
1820,  m.  Charlotte  Easson  ;  5,  Phineas  Millidge,  bpd.  Ausr.  7, 
1822  ;  6,  George  B.,  bpd.  Dec.  22,  1825  ;  7,  Charles  Burnet, 'bpd. 
Sept  2,  1829  ;  8,  Elizabeth  Sarah,  b.  Oct.  13,  1831,  m.  Eleazer 
Jones,  of  Weymouth  ;  (by  2nd  w.)  :  2  sons,  1  d.  unm.;  the  other, 
Rev.  J.  Owen  Ruggles,  a  prominent  Church  of  England  clergy- 
man, died  in  1895,  leaving  a  family  ;  1  dau.,  Anna,  resides  in 
Annapolis,  unm. 

3.  RICHARD  RUGGLES,  the  youngest  son  of  the  General,  was  born  at 
Rochester,  Mass.,  March  4,  1744,  m.  1771,  Welthea,  dau.  of  Ebenezer  and 
Welthea  (Gilbert)  Hatheway,  of  Massachusetts,  and  d.  October  21,  1832; 
she  d.  December  4,  1825.  Some  of  this  family  were  born  in  Massa- 
chusetts, some  in  this  county.  Children  : 

i.     Bathsheba,  b.  Sept.  21  or  22,  1772,  m.  F.  Hutchinson. 

ii.     Cynthia,  b.    April  15,  1774,   m.  (1st)  John  Durland,  (2nd)  James 

Harris. 

iii.  Thomas  Hutchinson,  named  in  honour  of  the  last  Royal  Governor  of 
Massachusetts,  b.  Nov.  19,  1775,  m.  Oct.  14,  1800,  Sarah  Helms, 
nee  Fowler,  who  was  b.  March  11,  1788:  Ch.:  1,  Ann  Eliza,  b. 
Oct.  2,  1801,  d.  unm.;  2,  Welthea  Anne,  b.  Sept.  3,  1804,  m. 
John  Donaldson,  and  was  a  grandmother  of  Rev.  L.  J.  Donald- 
son ;  3,  Thomas  Gilbert,  b.  March  19,  1807,  m.  Louisa  Travis,  still 
living  in  P.E.I.;  4,  Harriet  Sophia,  b.  March  31,  1809,  m.  (1st) 
Austin  Woodbury,  (2nd)  Samuel  Balcom,  (3rd)  Gilbert  Fowler 
Ditmars  ;  5,  Benjamin  Henry,  b.  Jan.  9,  1811,  m.  Maria  Sophia 
Rice,  still  living  at  Westport,  large  family  ;  6,  Eliza  Jane,  b.  Aug. 
9,  1813,  d.  young  ;  7,  Charles  Travis,  b.  April  13,  1817,  m.  Eliza 
Travis ;  8,  Frederic  Williams,  b.  Feb.  6,  1820,  m.  Sarah  A. 
Crocker,  d.  about  1885,  large  family. 

iv.  Richard,  b.  Sept.  25,  1780,  m.  Oct.  18,  1820,  Eleanor  Ann,  dau.  of 
Elijah  Purdy,  of  Bear  River,  and  lived  in  Clements,  farmer  and 
school-teacher  ;  he  d.  1862.  She  m.  (2nd)  Henry  F.  Vroom,  and 
d.  Feb.,  1834:  Ch.:  1,  Josiah  Jones,  b.  Nov.  4,  1821,  d.  Jan., 
1895,  m.  (1st)  Mary,  dau.  of  Thomas  Gilliatt,  (2nd)  Adelia  Whit- 
man ;  2.  Clarissa,  b.  Sept.  24,  1823,  m.  James  Edw.  Harris  ;  3, 
Arthur,  b,  1825,  m.  Elizabeth  G.,  dau.  of  Joseph  Rice,  and  is 
father  of  H.  DWIGHT  RUGGLES,  barrister-at-law,  and  5  others  ; 
4,  William  Spurr,  b.  1828,  m.  Rebecca  Berry,  d.  1891 ;  5,  Eliza- 
beth Adelaide,  b.  Sept.  22,  1830,  m.  (1st)  Israel  Lent,  (2nd) 
Charles  C.  Jefferson  ;  6,  George  Albert,  b.  Jan.  26,  1833,  m. 
Lydia  Sophia  Chute  ;  7,  Armanilla,  b.  June  2,  1835,  m.  John 
Rice,  jun. ;  8,  Charles,  b.  July  28,  1837,  m.  Bessy,  dau.  of  Thomas 
Lee,  Lynn,  Mass. ;  9,  Rev.  Gilbert,  b.  Aug.  19,  1839,  m.  Eunice, 

38 


594  RUGGLES — RUMSEY. 

dau.  of  Franklin  Rice  ;  10,  Cecilia  or  Celia,  m.  William  Gwyer  ; 
11,  Timothy,  b.  April  24,  1844,  m.  ;  12,  Richard,  twin  of  Timothy, 
m.  Abbie  (Hay ward)  White,  and  removed  to  U.S. 
v.     Welthia,  twin  of  Richard,  m.  Charles  Tucker, 
vi.     Sophia,  b.  Jan.  31,  1785,  m.  John  Ryerson,  11  ch. 
vii.     Tryphena,  b.  May  24,  1786,  d.  May  20,  1844. 

•yiii.  Thomas  Gilbert,  b.  June  14,  1788,  m.  Nov.  1,  1810,  Mary  More- 
house,  d.  May  22,  1841,  6  ch. :  3  sons  (Gilbert,  William  and 
Charles)  and  3  daughters.  Gilbert  and  Charles  d.  unm  ;  William 
lived  in  the  South,  and  is  said  to  have  been  an  officer  in  the 
Confederate  army. 

The  General  had  a  nephew  who  was  also  a  Loyalist,  and  followed  his 
uncle  to  this  country.  His  name  was  JOSEPH  RUGGLES  ;  he  was  a  son 
of  the  General's  younger  brother  Joseph,  and  was  born  April  8,  1748.* 
He  married  here  Lois  Nichols,  settled  at  Aylesford,  and  had  children : 

i.  William,  m.  Mary  West :  Ch. :  1,  Mary,  m.  Benjamin  Dodge  ;  2, 
Frances,  m.  Henry  Beale  ;  3,  Eliza,  m.  a  clergyman  named  Ray- 
mond, and  went  to  Africa  ;  4,  Phineas  Banks  ;  5,  Tryphena. 

ii.     Joseph,  m.  Irene  Woodworth  :  Ch.:  1,  Joseph,  b.  1816  ;  2,  William, 

in  U.S.A. ;  3,  Nicholas,  in  U.S.A. ;  and  probably  others, 
iii.     Thomas  Richards,  m.  Margaret  Nichols  :  Ch. :  1  only,  Lois,  m.  (1st) 
1849,  William  Dodge,  (2nd)  married  again  in  U.S.A. 

iv.  James,  m.  Catharine  Wallace:  Ch. :  1,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  Cooper  Beals  ; 
2,  Lois,  m.  Rev.  Willard  G.  Parker;  3,  John  W.,  m.  Elizabeth 
Bridges  ;  4,  William  Campbell,  m.  Maria  Illseley  ;  5,  Lavinia,  m. 
(1st)  George  Whitman,  (2nd)  Harris  Prentiss1. 

v.     John,  b.  1797,  d.  1824. 

RUMSEY.  This  family  is  of  Scotch  origin.  (See  Burke's  "  General 
Armory.")  At  the  period  of  the  French  expulsion,  BENJAMIN  RUMSEY 
was  acting  as  Clerk  of  the  Cheque  to  the  Board  of  Ordnance  at 
Annapolis  Royal.  He  married  here,  but  the  name  of  his  wife  is  not 
known.  One  son  (Benjamin)  settled  on  lands  belonging  to  his  father  as 
grantee  in  Granville,  when  in  1809  all  the  family  records  were  destroyed 
by  the  burning  of  his  dwelling  house,  two  of  his  children  perishing  in 
the  flames.  Benjamin  Rumsey,  jun.,  married,  1798,  Amy,  dau.  of 
Benjamin  Chesley,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Sophia,  b.  1798,  d.  1809. 

ii.  Benjamin,  b.  1800,  m.  Elizabeth  Foster  :  Ch.:  1,  Elizabeth,  m.  Silaa 
Hoffman  ;  2,  Amelia,  m.  Charles  Armstrong  ;  3,  Charles  Wallace, 
m.  Elizabeth  Foster  (dau.  of  William)  ;  4,  James,  m.  Josephine 
Banks  ;  5,  Martha  Ann,  m.  James  Willis  ;  6,  Ceretha,  m.  Harry 
Lewis  (U.S.  A.);  7,  Amy  Augusta,  m.  George  Hutchinson  (U.S.A.); 
8,  Arthur,  m.  Emma  Foster;  9,  Benj.  Herbert,  d.  unm.;  10, 
Philip  Richardson,  d.  unm.;  11,  Ada,  m.  Oman  Fullerton  ;  12, 
Louisa,  m.  Augustus  Burrill  ;  13,  Ella,  m.  Henry  Barnes. 

iii.     Amy,  b.  1801,  m.  Kinsman. 

iv.     Maria,  b.  1805,  d.  1834. 
v.     Charles,  b.  1808. 

vi.     Joseph,  b.  1811. 

*  Another  son  of  the  General's  brother  Joseph,  Nathaniel,  b.  June  14,  1750,  was 
a  Loyalist,  and  settled,  it  is  supposed,  in  Canada  East. — [ED.] 


RYERSON — SANDERS.  595 

RYERSON.  (See  history  of  Clements.)  Francis,  the  ancestor  of  the 
Annapolis  and  Yarmouth  County  families  of  this  name,  who  always  wrote 
the  name  Ryarson,  was  a  descendant  in  the  fifth  generation  from  Martin 
Ryarson,  who  came  from  Holland  to  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  in  1646,  through 
George  or  Joses,2  Lucas,3  George  Lucas.4  He  had  children  : 

i.     John,  m.  (in  N.B.). 
(2)        ii.     Francis, 
iii.     George. 

iv.  Martin,  m.  Dorothea  VanBuskirk :  Ch. :  1,  Sarah,  m.  Thomas 
Harris  ;  2,  Eliza,  m.  --  Gray  :  3,  Stephen  ;  4,  Mary,  m.  Obis 
Leach  ;  5,  Almira,  m.  —  Goodwin  ;  6,  Simeon,  m.  —  Lampson  ; 

7,  Charlotte,  m.  George  Fields  ;  8,  Harriet ;  9,  James, 
v.     Ann,  m.  James  Bent. 

2.  FRANCIS  RYERSON  married  Sarah  Ryerson,  and  had  children  : 

i.  John,  m.  1803,  Sophia  Ruggles  (dau.  of  Richard)  :  Ch  :  1,  Sarah, 
b.  1804,  m.  John  Barr  ;  2,  John  Calvin,  b.  1805  ;  3,  Gilbert  R., 
b.  1807,  m.  -  -  Willet;  4,  Mary,  b.  1809,  m.  Wm.  H.  O. 
Haliburton  ;  5,  Welthea  Ann,  b.  1810,  m.  Fowler  Ditmars  ;  6, 
Harriet  Augusta,  b.  1812,  m.  William  Purdy  ;  7,  Sophia,  b.  18.2  ; 

8,  Abigail  H.,    b.    1814,   m.   Fred.  Jones;  9,  Charles,  b.  1816; 
10,  Alfred,  b.   1819  ;   11,   Adelia  Amelia,  b.   1821,  m.   Voorhies 
Ditmars;  12,   Edwin,   b.  1825,  d.  Aug.,  1891,  m.  (1st)  Mary  E. 
Elliott,  (2nd)  Susan  Foster. 

ii.  Simeon,  m.  Jemima  VanBuskirk  (dau.  of  Garret)  ;  three  ch. 

iii.  Martin,  m.  Jemima,  wid.  of  Simeon, 

iv.  Stephen   De  Lancey,  b.    1789,    m.    Lois   Killam,   six   children,    in 

Yarmouth. 

v.  George,  b.  1791,  m.  Mary  Harris, 

vi.  Elizabeth,  m.  Thomas  Easson. 

vii.  Frances,  m.  James  LeCain. 

viii.  James. 

SANDERS.  PARDON  SANDERS,  a  young  man,  said  to  have  been  of 
Cornish  birth,  was  sent  out  by  the  Board  of  Ordnance  as  an  artificer  to 
take  the  place  of  Thomas  Sampson,  who  had  died,  leaving  a  widow,  who 
was  a  daughter  of  Antoine  Olivier,  a  Frenchman,  who  was  living  here  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest  by  Nicholson,  and  who  in  later  years  came  to  be 
known  as  Anthony  Oliver.  Sanders  soon  married  the  widow.  The 
stones  that  mark  the  graves  of  Anthony  Oliver  and  his  wife  are  among 
the  oldest  in  the  old  cemetery,  as  he  died  in  1758,  seven  years  after  the 
second  marriage  of  his  daughter.  Madame  Sanders  was  the  ninth  of 
Oliver's  fourteen  children.  Pardon  Sanders  was  long  a  leading  man  in 
the  community.  He  was  the  acting  executor  of  Joseph  Cossins,  who 
died  in  the  last  decade  of  the  century,  leaving  an  only  child  married  to 
John  Cooper,  the  first  Methodist  missionary  in  the  town.  This  woman's 
ill-treatment  by  her  husband  led  her  to  separate  from  him  and  live  in 
her  old  home.  After  the  death  of  her  surviving  parent  she  removed  to 
England,  her  native  land,  leaving  Sanders  manager  of  her  large  and 


596  SANDERS. 

valuable  estate.  His  descendants  are  still  possessed  of  a  number  of 
letters  written  to  him  by  her,  and  known  as  the  "  Cooper  Letters,"  con- 
taining many  references  to  persons  and  things,  of  considerable  historical 
importance.  She  returned  to  Annapolis,  and  died  in  1836.  He  had 
children  : 

i.  Mary,  b.  1752,  d.  1759. 

ii.  John,  1754,  d.  unm.  in  Trinidad. 

(2)  iii.  Pardon,  b.  1756. 

(3)  iv.  Daniel,  b.  1761. 

2.  PARDON  SANDERS,  JUN.,  was  born  in  1756,  and  died  in  1823.     He 
married  Phebe,  daughter  of  Josiah  Dodge,  and  had  children : 

i.     Richard,  d.  at  sea,  unm. 

ii.  Pardon,  b.  1783,  m.  1808,  Martha  Weeks,  b.  1786.  He  d.  1862  : 
Ch.  :  1,  Phebe,  b.  1810,  unm.  ;  2,  Martha,  b.  1812,  unm.  ; 

3.  Pardon,    b.    1817,   m.    Caroline    Wood    VroOm  ;    4,    William 
Forrester,  b.  1820,  d.  unm   ;  5,  Henry  Benjamin,  b.  1821,  unm.  ; 
6,  Caroline  Sarah,  b.  1823,  unm. ;  7,  Mary,  b.  1826,  unm. 

iii.     Josiah,  d.  unm. 

iv.  William,  m.  Zipporah  Corbitt  :  Ch.  :  1,  Richard  Oliver,  b.  1815,  m. 
(1st)  Elizabeth  Brown  ;  2,  Frederic  William,  b.  1816,  m.  Eleanor 
Jane  Spurr  ;  3,  Mary  Elizabeth,  b.  1818,  m.  William  Nichol  ; 

4,  Charles  M.,  b.  1821,  d.  unm. ;  5  Anna,  b.  1828,  unm.  ;  6,  Susan 
M.,  d.  unm.  ;  7,  Louisa,  b.  1824,  d.  unm. 

v.     Benjamin,   m.    Sarah   McCormick  :  Ch.  :  1,  Pardon,    m.  ;   2,    Jane, 
d.    unm.  ;    3,    Elizabeth,    d.    unm.  ;    4.    Bernard,     m.     Charlotte 
Stanforth  ;  5,   Ellen,   m.  —  Harvey  ;  6,   Samuel,   m.  ;  7,    Emily, 
m.  —  Payne  ;  8,  Arthur,  m. 
vi.     Frederic,  d.  unm. 
vii.     Mary,  d.  unm. 
viii.     Louisa,  m.  Reuben  Dodge. 
ix.     Phebe,  d.  unm. 
x.     Caroline,  m.  Benjamin  H.  Sanders. 
xi.     Susan,  d.  unm. 

3.  DANIEL  SANDERS  was  born  in  1761,  and  died  in  1849.     He  married 
in  1792,  Hannah  Hicks,  who  was  born  1763,  and  died  1838.    Children: 

i.  John,  b.  1792,  m.  (1st)  Hannah  Hicks,  (2nd)  Ellen  Boyle  :  Ch.  : 
1,  Louisa,  m.  John  Edgar;  2,  Emma,  m.  Edward  McDonald; 
3,  Joseph,  m.  (in  U.S.). 

ii.  Oliver,  b.  1794,  m.  Eliza  Barnaby  :  Ch.  :  1,  Ann,  m.  Robert 
Marshall  ;  2,  Hannah,  m.  (1st)  Zaccheus  Foster,  (2nd)  William 
Howe  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  m.  William  Miller  ;  4,  Catherine,  m. 
Benjamin  Miller ;  5,  John,  m.  Bertha  Walker ;  6,  Susan, 
m.  Cornelius  Bishop  ;  7,  Daniel  Oliver,  M.D. ,  m.  Ann  McKean  ; 
8,  Charles  Ambrose,  m.  Maria  Louisa  Sanders. 

iii.     Mary,  m.  John  Starratt. 

iv.     Elizabeth,  m.  Oliver  Foster. 

v.     Ann,  m.  Alexander  Fowler. 

vi.  Sidney,  m.  1829,  Elizabeth  Easson :  Ch.  :  1,  David,  b.  1829, 
m.  Harriet  Cushing  ;  2,  Mary  E.,  b.  1831,  m.  (1st)  John  Ford, 
(2nd)  Henry  White,  son  of  Manley  White,  J.P.  ;  3,  Havilah  Jane, 


SANDERS — SAUNDERS.  597 

b.   1833,   m.   George   Howe  ;  4,   Ann  Eliza,   b.  1839,  m.  Robert 
Gushing ;    5,    Avis   Smith,    b.    1841,    m.    R.    Leslie    Hardwick ; 

6,  Daniel,  b.  1843,  d.  1848  ;  7,  John,  b.  1846,  m.  Louisa  Sanders ; 

8,  Sidney,  b.  1848,  m.  (1st)  Wait  Faulkner,  (2nd)  Ellen  Smith  ; 

9,  Francis,  b.  1851,  m.  Stephen  D.  R.  Ritchie. 

vii.  Edward,  b.  1803,  m.  1825,  Mary  Ann  Hicks  :  Ch.  :  1,  Griselda,  b. 
1827,  m.  Jonathan  Woodbury  ;  2,  Theresa,  b.  1828,  m.  Alfred 
Nichols  ;  3,  William  E.,  b.  1830,  m.  Margaret  Gates  ;  4,  Louisa 
Jane,  b.  1832  ;  5,  Finlay,  m.  Ada  Sanders;  6,  Charlotte,  b.  1836; 

7,  Ruth,  unm.  ;  8,  Alfred,  m.  Ellen  Mclntyre. 

viii.  Benjamin  H.,  b.  1804,  m.  1835,  Caroline  Sanders :  three  ch.  d.  unm., 
and  dau.,  Maria  Louisa,  b.  1841,  m.  Charles  Ambrose  Sanders. 

SAUNDERS.  TIMOTHY  SAUNDERS,  probably  a  nephew  of  Joseph  Saun- 
ders,  of  Salem,  Mass.,  who  was  a  grantee  of  Yarmouth,  in  1765,  through 
Joseph's  brother  Timothy,  came  to  this  county  when  quite  young,  between 
1760  and  1765.  His  grandfather  was  Edward  Saunders,  whose  immi- 
grant ancestor  the  editor  has  been  unable  to  trace,  but  the  author 
suggests  Christopher  Saunders  who  came  to  Windsor,  Conn.,  in  1671,  of 
an  ancient  Surrey  family,  of  which  one  branch  settled  in  Derbyshire  and 
another  in  Devon.  There  is  a  family  whose  name  was  first  spelled  Saun- 
derson,  and  afterwards  Saunders,  in  Plymouth  Colony,  of  whom  Esther 
Saunders,  or  Saunderson,  married  Thomas  Savery,  born  1681,  a  lineal 
ancestor  of  the  editor.  The  early  members  of  the  Annapolis  branch  did 
a  vast  and  a  most  valuable  pioneer  work  in  developing  the  agricultural 
resources  of  the  county,  while  some  of  them  engaged  in  lumbering  opera- 
tions more  extensively  than  the  average  of  their  neighbours.  Timothy 
Saunders  married  Martha  Neily,  widow  of  James  Reagh,  an  Irish  lady, 
and  had  children  : 

i.  Timothy,  b.  1791,  m.  (Ist)Bathsheba  Sproul,  (2nd) Eunice  Spinney: 
Ch :  1,  Robert,  b.  1812,  m.  Matilda  Newcomb  ;  2,  Betsey,  d.  unm. ; 
3,  Mary,  m.  Ezekiel  Woodworth  ;  4,  Obadiah,  d.  unm.  ;  (by  2nd 
wife) :  5,  Timothy,  m,  Lucy  Pineo  (no  issue) ;  6,  Samuel,  m.  Ann 
Spinney;  7,  Henry,  m.  (in  U.S.);  8,  Caleb,  m.  (in  U.S.);  9, 
Martha,  m.  Charles  Spinney  ;  10,  Catharine,  m.  Calvin  Crocker  ; 
11,  Caroline,  m.  (in  U.S.);  12,  Guilford,  m.  (in  U.S.);  13,  Sarah, 
m.  Clark  Welton. 

ii.  Henry  (Rev.),  b.  1793,  m.  1817,  Sarah  Randall  :  Ch.  :  1.  Susan,  b. 
1818,  m.  Edward  R.  Harris  ;  2,  Nathan,  b.  1820,  m.  (1st)  Abigail 
Whitman,  (2nd)  Harriet  McGregor;  3,  Elizabeth,  b.  1821,  d. 
unm.  ;  4,  Joseph  Henry  (Rev.),  b.  1823,  m.  Caroline  Harris; 
5,  Sarah  Jane,  b.  1825,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  Thomas  Handley,  b.  1827, 
m.  Jane  Neily ;  7,  Margaret,  b,  1829,  m.  William  Snell ;  8, 
Charles,  b.  1831,  m.  Mary  Sloan  (in  U.S.). 

iii.     Hannah,  b.  1795,  m.  Eliphalet  Banks. 

iv.     Frances,  b.  1797,  m.  James  Grimes. 

v.  David,  b.  1799,  m.  Elizabeth  Rhodes,  dau.  of  William  Rhodes,  who 
came  from  New  England,  and  m.  Lydia  Bass.  (See  Bass  Gene- 
alogy.) :  Ch. :  1,  John,  m.  (1st)  Margaret  Neily,  (2nd)  Hannah 
Hendry  ;  2,  Obadiah,  m.  Rebecca  Ward  ;  3,  Cynthia,  m.  Dean 
Wheelock  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  m.  Gideon  Beardsley ;  5,  Maria,  m. 
James  VanBuskirk;  6,  Rev.  EDWARD  MANNING  SAUNDERS,  D.D., 


598  SAUNDERS. 

m.    Maria   Kisboro   Freeman,    and   father   of    the   distinguished 

authoress  Miss  MARGARET  MARSHALL  SAUNDERS  ;    7,  Martha,  m. 

Dimock  Goucher  ;  8,  G.  Whitefield,  m.  Sarah  Saunders  ;  9,  Walter 

W.,  m.  Julia  Robinson, 
vi.     Obadiah,  b.  1800,  m.  1821,  Catherine,  dau.  of  William  Rhodes  :  Ch. : 

I,  William,  d.   unm.  ;   2,  Mary,   m.  Charles  Grandison  Bent  ;   3, 

Lydia,  m.  Inglis  Neily ;  4,  Salome,  m.  William  McGill  ;  5,  Sidney, 

m.  Jane  McNayr;  6,  Matilda,  m.  John  Pudsey  ;  7,  Caroline,  m. 

James  Jefferson  ;  8,  Zenas,  m.  Adelaide  McNayr  ;  9,   Helen,  m. 

William  Lent ;    10,   Eliza,  m.   James  Scofield  ;   11,  Obadiah,  m. 

twice, 
vii.     Robert,  d.  young. 

Elizabeth,  who  m.    Abner  Morse,  was,  I  think,   a  sister  of  Timothy, 
the  ancestor  mentioned  above. 

JOHN  SAUNDEES,  fourth  son  of  Joseph  Saunders,  the  grantee  of 
Yarmouth,  and  his  wife  Sarah  Hill,  born  at  Haverhill,  Mass,  June  27, 
1755,  married  November  26,  1781,  Hannah  Saunders  (daughter  of 
Timothy,  and  certainly  sister  of  the  Timothy  whose  record  is  just  given). 
He  settled  at  Paradise,  and  died  about  1842.  She  was  born  February  7, 
1758,  and  died  August  11,  1835.  Children  : 

i.  John,  b.  Oct.  28,  1782,  m.  Jemima  Wilson,  and  d.  Sept.  8,  1857  : 
Ch.  :  1,  Harvey,  m.  (1st)  Leonora  Whitman,  (2nd)  Ann  Jefferson, 
nee  McGregor  ;  2,  Walter,  m.  (1st)  Margaret  Toole,  (2nd)  Sarah 
Wheaton ;  3,  Christopher,  m.  Lois  Whitman ;  4,  Charles,  m.  (1st) 

Anna  Hilton,  (2nd)  —  (in  U.S.) ;  5,  Wiltshire,  m.  Maggie (in 

Nevada);  6,  Deidamia,  m.  Freeman  Whitman;  7,  Mary,  m. 
Thomas  Kempton  ;  8,  Lydia,  d.  unm.  ;  9,  Elizabeth,  d.  unm.  ; 
10,  Jane,  m.  Lewis  Minard  ;  11,  Hannah,  m.  Hayden  Cameron. 

ii.  Timothy,  b.  Feb.  6,  1784,  d.  March  30,  1865,  m.  --  Whitman, 
wid. :  Ch.  :  1,  John  Clark,  d.  unm.  ;  2,  William  Starratt,  m,  Eliza 
Wright ;  3,  Susan,  m.  (1st)  William  Baker,  (2nd)  Jesse  Oakes  ; 
4,  Loretta,  m.  Daniel  Whitman  ;  5,  Patten,  m.  Hannah  Wilson  ; 
6,  Henry,  m.  Rachel  Whitman  ,  7,  Hiram,  m.  Anna  Johnston, 
nde  Rice  (was  a  railroad  constructor  in  Scotland,  Switzerland  and 
United  States) ;  8,  Mary,  m.  Walter  Wilson  ;  9,  Abigail,  m.  Ansley 
Whitman. 

iii.  Joseph,  b.  Dec.  7,  1785,  d.  Aug.  16,  1851,  m.  VanNorden  or 
Cornwell,  went  to  Canada  West. 

iv.     Elizabeth,  b.  April  21,  1788,  d.  Feb.  19,  1789. 

v.  Elizabeth,  b.  Feb.  21,  1790,  d.  March  5,  3875,  m.  Alexander 
Wilson. 

vi.  Abner,  b.  Nov.  25,  1791,  d.  May  31,  1870,  m.  Sarah  Tedford,  b. 
1793,  d.  1886  :  Ch.  :  1,  Samuel  Tedford,  b.  1815,  m.  1845,  Eliza 
Pool  ;  2,  Hannah,  b.  1820,  m.  James  Vidito  ;  3,  Catherine  S. ,  b. 
1822.  m.  (1st)  James  Reid,  (2nd)  Ezra  Leighton  ;  4,  George  J., 
b.  1823,  unm.  ;  5,  W.  Wallace,  b.  1825,  m.  Sarah  Tedford  ; 
6,  Andrew  F.,  b.  1827,  m.  Rebecca  Servant ;  7,  Joseph,  b.  1829, 
m.  Eleanor  Phillips  ;  8,  Amoret,  b.  1831,  d.  1865,  m.  Bartelle 
Hosmer  ;  9,  Adelaide,  b.  1832,  m.  Stephen  Chesley;  10,  Abner  M., 
b.  1835,  d.  1871,  m.  Mary  Percy, 
vii.  William,  b.  May  5,  1794,  d.  March  31,  1795. 

viii.  William,  b.  Nov.  7,  1795,  d.  May  14,  1883,  m.  Irene  Poole  :  Ch.  : 
1,  John,  m.  (1st)  Louisa  Gates,  (2nd)  Anna  Chesley,  (3rd)  Sophia 
Purdy  ;  2,  Gilbert,  m.  Seraph  Morse  ;  3,  Sarah,  m.  Rev.  Walter 
Goucher  ;  4,  Stephen,  m.  Annie  Allen  (in  California)  ;  5.  Eleanor, 
m.  William  Patten  ;  6,  Ada,  d.  unm.;  7,  Edmund,  m.  —  Johnston. 


SAUNDERS — SCHAFNER.  599 

ix.     Deidamia,  b.  1797,  d.  May  14,  1803. 

x.     Mary,  b.  Dec.  31,  1798,  d.  Jan.  13,  1844,  unm. 

xi.     Amoret,  b.  Aug.  14,  1800,  d.  March  17,  1879,  m.  Robert  .Wilson. 

1.  SCHAFNER.     The  name  is  an  old  German  word  signifying  "overseer," 
or   "  manager."      ADAM    SCHAFNER,    from  whom  our  Annapolis  County 
family  are  directly  descended,  was  born  in  the  Palatinate  on  the  lower 
Rhine  about  1720,   and    came  to  Halifax  with  the  German  and  Swiss 
immigrants  in  1752.     His  wife  died  on  board  the  ship  a  few  days  before 
his  arrival,  having  given   birth   to  a  boy,  who  survived  her.     He  went 
about  1754  to  Lunenburg,  and  there  married  Barbara  Baltzer,  a  sister 
of  Stophel  (Christopher)  and  Peter  Baltzer,  who  with  their  parents  came 
out  in  the  same  ship  with  him  from  the  same  part  of  Germany.     Soon 
after   the    arrival    of    the    Massachusetts    settlers,  the    Schafners    and 
Baltzers   removed  to  Granville   and  settled  on  lot   No.   1   in   the   lower 
section,   which  Schafner  bought  from   Ebenezer  Worthylake,  one  of  the 
grantees,  a  little  westward  of  Demonts'   first  fort,  and  the    "  old  Scotch 
fort,"  which  is  still  owned  by  some  of  his  posterity.     His  son  Ferdinand 
was  married   before    his    arrival   in  Granville.      Two   of  his    grandsons 
settled  in  eastern  Annapolis,  and  gave  the  name  Schafner  Settlement  to 
what  is  now  known  as  South  Williamston.     Children  : 

(2)         i.     Ferdinand,  b.  1752. 

ii.     Barbara,  m.  John  Bohaker. 

By  second  wife  : 
iii.     George,  m.   1800,  Mary  Coleman  :  Oh. :  1,  Elizabeth,   b.    1806,   d. 

unrn  ;    2,   Abigail,    b.    1808,   m.   Joseph  Johnson  ;    3,   Sarah,    b. 

1810,  m.  Daniel  Kennedy, 
iv.     Catherine,  m.  Richard  Armstrong, 
v.     Abigail,  m.  White. 

2.  FERDINAND    SCHAFNER,    born    1752,    married    Barbara   Hawbolt. 
Children  : 

i.  Caleb,  Lieut. -Colonel  in  the  militia,  m.  Mary  Phinney,  dau.  of 
Zaccheus  :  Ch.  :  1,  Mary  Ann,  in.  Joseph  Bohaker  ;  2.  Olivia, 
unm.;  3,  Handley  Chipman,  m.  Selina  Randall  ;  4,  William  C., 
J.P.,  in.  (1st)  Eliza,  dau.  of  Henry  Best,  R.N.,  (2nd)  Azuba 
Phinney  ;  5,  Edward  Manning,  m.  Eliza  Jane  Bishop  ;  6,  Maria, 
m.  Rev.  Thomas  Todd. 

ii.  Ferdinand,  m.  1812,  Dorothea  Whitman  :  Ch. :  1,  George,  b.  1814,  m. 
Cornelia  Bogart  ;  2,  Diadama,  b.  1816,  m.  Kinsman  ;  3,  Edwin,  b. 
1818,  m.  (1st)  Eliza  Croscup,  (2nd)  Mary  Eliza  Bent  ;  4,  John,  b. 
1820,  m.  Catherine  Greenwood  ;  5,  William,  b.  1822,  m.  Sarah 
Clark,  nee  Fash  ;  6,  Sarah,  b.  1825,  d.  unm.,  1878  ;  7,  Andreas,  b. 
1827,  m.  Whitman  ;  8,  Angelina,  b.  1829,  m.  John  Healy. 

iii.  James,  in.  1815,  Esther  Croscup:  Ch.:  1,  Elizabeth  Ann,  b.  1816, 
m.  Richard  Clark  ;  2,  Hannah  Amelia,  b.  1818,  m.  William 
Croscup  ;  3,  John  Henry,  b.  1820,  m.  Lucy  Anderson  ;  4,  Benja- 
min William,  b.  1824,  m.  Mary  Hewett ;  5,  Isaac  Ditmars,  b. 
1826,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  James  Edwin,  b.  1830,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Church, 
(2nd)  Jane  McCormick  ;  7,  Caroline,  b.  1834,  m.  Lawrence 
Delap  ;  8,  Gilbert  Fowler,  b.  1836,  m.  Elizabeth  Winchester. 


600  SCHAFNER — SHAW. 

iv.  John,  m.  Rebecca  Bishop  :  Oh. :  1,  George,  m.  (1st)  Phebe  Jane 
Chipman,  (2nd)  Catharine  Kennie,  nee  Peck  ;  2,  Margaret  Ann, 
m.  Robert  Marshall  ;  3,  Maria,  m.  John  L.  Fitzrandolph  ;  4, 
Mary,  m.  Ingrain  Neily  ;  5,  John,  m.  Susan  Parker  ;  6,  Rebecca, 
m.  Isaac  Morse  ;  7,  William  J.,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Croscup,  (2nd) 
Susan  Morse  ;  8,  James,  d.  unm. 

v.     Frances,  m.  Warren  Bent. 

vi.     Barbara,  in.  John  Bohaker. 
vii.     Elizabeth,  m.  Michael  Bohaker. 
viii.     Mary,  m.  John  Hardy. 

ix.     Catherine,  m.  Edward  Croscup. 

x.     Hannah,  m.  Joseph  Hall. 

xi.     Ann,  m.  (1st)  William  Tomlinson,  (2nd)  Samuel  Lord  Chipman. 


SHAW.  MOSES  SHAW,  a  United  Empire  Loyalist,  a  native  of  New 
York,  died  in  Granville,  where  his  tombstone  can  still  be  seen.  A  son 
was  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Rutherford  &  Shaw,  of  Digby.  But  most 
of  the  name  in  this  province  are  descended  from  a  MOSES  SHAW  who 
came  here  earlier  in  the  century,  two  of  his  children,  born  previous  to 
1770,  being  natives  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  born  January  18,  1735, 
and  was  no  doubt  son  of  Moses,  who  was  born  in  1705,  and  who  was  son 
of  Benoni  Shaw,  of  Plympton,  and  Lydia,  daughter  of  John  Waterman. 
Benoni  was  son  of  Jonathan,  a  native  of  England,  who  came  over  with 
his  father  John  Shaw,  and  in  due  time  married  Phebe,  daughter  of 
George  Watson.  John,  the  immigrant  ancestor  of  this  family  of  Shaws, 
reached  Plymouth  as  early  as  1632,  with  wife  Alice  and  children,  John, 
James,  Jonathan  and  Abigail,  who  married  Stephen  Bryant.*  MOSES 
SHAW,  the  pioneer  settler,  married  (1st)  Ann  Phinney,  of  Barnstable, 
Mass.,  and  (2nd)  Mehitable,  daughter  of  Joseph  Patten,  M.P.P.,  and 
widow  of  Zachariah  Hall,  of  Boston.  He  died  in  1821,  aged  86.  He 
served  in  the  colonial  troops  in  Nova  Scotia  in  1753.  His  eldest  son, 
Isaiah,  farmer,  merchant  and  inventor,  was  member  for  Granville  in 
1806,  and  again  in  1812.  Moses,  a  nephew  of  Isaiah,  son  of  Moses,  jun., 
was  also  a  member  for  two  terms  of  four  years.  (See  memoirs.)  One 
or  two  of  the  sons  of  Moses,  sen.,  removed  to  Yarmouth.  Another, 
David,  married  in  Granville,  but  settled  near  Berwick,  Kings  County. 
Isaiah  removed  to  New  York  after  retiring  from  the  Legislature.  Our 
present  subject  had  children,  all  born  in  Granville  : 

i.  Isaiah,  b.  Oct.  11,  1763,  d.  in  New  York  City,  1819,  m.  (1st)  Ann 
Ketchum,  (2nd)  Sarah  Hausman,  nee  Ketchum  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary, 
b.  1788,  m.  James  Delap  ;  2,  Sarah,  b.  1790  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  b. 
1793,  m.  John  Kennedy  ;  4,  Mehitable,  b.  1795,  m.  Woolrich  ; 
5,  Harris,  b.  1800,  d.  1800  ;  6,  Ann,  b.  1801,  d.  unm. 
ii.  Elizabeth,  b.  Dec.  26,  1764,  m.  1781,  Josiah  Snow,  and  removed  to 
Wakefield,  N.B.,  d.  1854. 

*  The  first  Savery  in  Plymouth  apprenticed  a  son  first  to  John  Shaw,  and  then 
to  Stephen  Bryant. 


SHAW — SLOCOMB.  601 

iii.  Moses,  b.  Sept.  23,  1766,  d.  Feb.  8,  1851,  m.  Phebe  Moore,  who 
was  born  at  Tarrytown,  N.J,,  Oct.  15,  1771,  d.  at  Irontown, 
March  4,  1843:  Ch.:  1,  Samuel,'  b.  1801,  d.  in  infancy;  2, 
Joseph,  b.  at  Wilmot,  March  14,  1802,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  James 
Thome,  and  d.  at  Gaspe,  N.B.;  3,  Alfred,  b  Sept.  29,  1803  ;  4, 
Moses,  b.  May  31,  1805,  d.  in  infancy  ;  5,  Phebe  Moore,  b.  Nov. 
8,  1806,  m.  (1st)  Joseph  Hall,  (2nd)  Benjamin  Tripp,  of  Belfast, 
Me.  ;  6,  Moses.  MOSES  SHAW,  M.P.P.,  was  b.  at  Magaguadavic, 
April  13,  1809,  m.  (1st)  Cornelia  Gesner,  (2nd)  July  20,  1837, 
Elizabeth,  dau.  of  William  and  Letitia  (Whitman)  Spurr,  who 
was  b.  Jan.  14,  1818,  d.  Aug.  24,  1884.  He  died  Jan.  23,  1870. 

iv.     Joseph,  b.  May  29,  1768,  d.  March  25,  1798. 

v.  David,  b.  April  9,  1770,  m.  Desiah  Phinney  (dau.  of  Isaac),  and  d. 
at  Cornwallis,  Feb.  14,  1840  :  Ch. :  1,  Thomas,  b.  1800,  d.  unm. ;  2, 
Harriet,  b.  1800,  m.  William  Pineo  ;  3,  David,  b.  1802,  d.  unm.; 
4,  James,  b.  1804,  m.  Pamela  Bishop  ;  5,  Margaret,  b.  1806,  d. 
unm.  ;  6,  Sidney,  b.  1808,  m.  Caroline  Skinner  ;  7,  Moses,  b. 
1810,  d.  unm. ;  8,  John,  b.  1812,  m.  Susanna  Norwood  ;  9,  Ann, 
d.  unm.;  10,  Havilah,  m.  Charles  Norwood;  11,  David,  m. 
Bathsheba  Sproul  ;  12,  Isaiah,  b.  1798,  m.  (1st)  Ellice  Wood  worth, 
(2nd)  Sarah  Lyons. 

vi.     Zebina,  b.   March  14,   1772,  lived   and  d.  in  Yarmouth  ;  father  or 

uncle  of  Zebina  Shaw,  Sheriff  of  Yarmouth, 
vii.     Havilah,  b.  May  14,  1774,  m.  James  Hall,  J.P.,andd.  at  Granville, 

Sept.  17,  1816. 

viii.     Mary,  b.  Dec.  22,  1776,  m.  Captain  John  Harris. 
By  second  wife  : 

ix.     Susanna,  b.  1782,  d.  1784. 

x.  Susannah,  b.  March  8,  1784,  m.  (1st)  James  Reed,  (2nd)  Benjamin 
Reed,  d.  at  Granville. 

xi.     Anna,  b.  June  5,  1786,  m.  (1st)  Guildford  Reed,  (2nd)  —  Smith. 

SLOCOMB,  or  SLOCUM.  The  name,  like  so  many  English  surnames  is  of 
local  origin,  and  due  to  the  abundant  growth  of  the  sloe  tree,  or  wild 
plum,  in  some  valley  or  depression  among  the  hills,  called  in  Old  English  a 
combe.  A  person  named,  say,  Richard,  living  in  such  a  spot  would  become 
known  among  outsiders  as  "  Richard  of  the  sloe  combe"  and  when  the  use 
of  surnames  became  general,  his  posterity  would  inherit  the  name  crys- 
tallized into  its  modern  form.  Our  Slocombs  derive  from  SIMON,  who 
married  at  Wrentham,  Mass.,  in  1719.  (He  no  doubt  was  a  lineal 
descendant  from  Anthony  Slocum,  one  of  the  first  purchasers  of  Taunton, 
Mass.,  in  1637.  There  is  a  Slocomb  genealogy,  by  Dr.  Chas.  E.  Slocum, 
of  Syracuse,  JST.Y.,  but  I  have  not  seen  it. — ED.)  The  eldest  son  of  Simon 
Slocomb  and  Abigail,  his  wife,  was  JOHN,  born  1720,  and  in  1747  married 
Experience  Healy,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter,  who  came 
here  with  the  Loyalists  of  1783.  (A  Captain  Simon  Slocom  was  a  prom- 
inent man  in  the  Province  as  early  as  1759,  when  he  was  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Assembly. — ED.)  John  was  then  married,  and  his  sister 
and  brother  were  respectively  nine  and  fifteen  years  old.  The  sister 
married  Thomas  Outhit,  from  whom  all  in  the  county  of  that  name  are 
•descended.  She,  at  his  death,  married  John  McNeill,  a  Loyalist,  and 
thus  became  ancestress  of  the  McNeill,  of  Wilmot.  The  two  brothers 
settled  at  Wilmot. 


602  SLOCOMB. 

JOHN  SLOCOMB,  SEN.,  b.  1720,  m.  1747,  Experience  Healy,  d.  1778. 
Children : 

i.     John,  b.  1754,  m.  1778,  Eleanor  Spriggs,  d.  1845  :  Ch. :  1,  Sarah,  b. 
1779,  m.  John  Hawkesworth  ;  2,  Joshua,  b.  1781,  d.  April,  1781  ; 

3,  John    Prince,     b.    1782,    m.     1805,    Rebecca    Hawkesworth  ; 

4,  Joshua  Upham,  b.  1784  (in  N.S.),  m.  1809,  Elizabeth  Farns- 
worth  ;  5,  William,  b.  1785,  m.  Eliza  Miller,  d.  1863  ;  6,  Caleb, 
b.  1787,  m.  (1st)  1810,   Sarah   Lenahan,  (2nd)  Sarah  Wilson  ;   7, 
Eleanor,  b.  1789,  d.  1849,  m.  Oldham  Gates  ;  8,  Lavinia,  b.  1794, 
m.  Peter  Middlemas. 

ii.     Lavinia,  b.  1764,  m.  (1st)  Thomas  Outhit,  (2nd)  John  McNeill. 

iii.  Caleb,  b.  1768,  m.  1792,  Mary,  dau.  of  Alden  Bass  :  Ch. :  1,  Caleb, 
b.  1793,  m.  1814,  Mary  Hamilton  ;  2,  Thomas  Outhit,  b.  1794,  m. 
Mary  Berteaux  ;  3,  Mary,  b.  1796,  m.  Adam  Easton  Hawkes- 
worth ;  4,  Elizabeth,  b.  1797,  m.  John  Brown  ;  5,  Timothy  Rice, 
b,  1799,  m.  1825,  Hannah  West ;  6,  John,  b.  1800,  d.  unm. ;  7, 
Susan,  b.  1802,  d.  1802  ;  8,  Susanna,  b.  1803,  m.  William  Miller, 
J.P. ;  9,  Naomi,  b.  1806,  in.  James  Crowley,  of  Digby  ;  10,  Ruth, 
b,  1810,  m.  William  Gould  ;  11,  Julia,  b.  1810,  m.  Isaac  Noble; 
12,  Esther,  b.  1812,  d.  unm.;  13,  Sarah,  d.  unm. 

JOHN  PRINCE  (son  of  John)  and  Rebecca  (Hawkesworth)  SLOCOMB  had  ch.: 
1,  Mary,  b.  1806,  m.  James  Parker  ;  2,  William,  b.  1808,  d.  1809  ;  3,  Sarah, 
b.  1809,  d.  1810  ;  4,  Abraham,  b.  1810,  d.  1831  ;  5,  Rebecca,  b.  1813,  m. 
William  H.  Harrison  ;  6,  Isaac,  b.  1815,  d.  1837,  unm.  (in  Edinburgh)  ;  7, 
Sarah,  b.  1817,  m.  William  H.  Harrison  ;  8,  Jacob,  b.  1819,  m.  Jerusha 
Tupper  Gates. 

JOSHUA  UPHAM  and  Elizabeth  (Farnsworth)  SLOCOMB  had  ch. :  1,  Susanna 
Spriggs,  b.  1809,  m.  Solomon  Bowlby  ;  2,  John,  b.  1811,  m.  (1st)  Sarah 
Sothern,  (2nd)  Catherine  Keizer  ;  3,  Deborah,  b.  1813,  m.  Joel  Banks ;  4,  Mary 
Upham,  b.  1815,  m.  David  C.  Landers,  M.P.P. ;  5,  Elizabeth,  b.  1817,  m. 
Francis  Miller;  6,  Lavinia,  b.  1819,  m.  Henry  Miller ;  7,  Joshua,  b.  1820,  d.  1831 ; 

8,  Joel,  b.  1822,  in.  (1st)  Irene  Huntington,  (2nd)  widow  Gates,  nee  Landers  ; 

9,  Samuel  Busby,  b.  1824,  m.  Susanna  Brown  (no  issue)  ;  10,  Angelina,  b.  1826r 
m.  Nathaniel   Whitman  ;    11,  Naomi,  b.  1829,  m.  John  Gates  ;  12,  Ruth,  b. 
1831,  m.  Charles  A.  Elliott. 

WILLIAM  .  (son  of  John)  and  Eliza  (Miller)  SLOCOMB  had  ch. :  1,  Jacob,  b. 
1822,  d.  1885,  unm. ;  2,  Sarah,  b.  1823,  d.  1825  ;  3,  John,  b.  1826,  m.  (1st) 
Dorothea  Baltzer,  (2nd)  Adelaide  Bruce  ;  4,  Eleanor,  b.  1828,  m.  William 
Beach ;  5,  William,  b.  1830,  m.  (1st)  Caroline  Wilkins,  (2nd)  Maria  Armstrong ; 
6,  Caleb,  b.  1830,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Abraham,  b.  1833,  m.  (1st)  Eliza  Gibson,  (2nd) 
Sarah  E.  Bent  ;  8,  Sarah,  b.  1836,  m.  John  Bruce  ;  9,  Henry,  b.  1837,  d.  unm.; 

10,  Isaac,  b.  1840,  m.  Louisa  Miller  ;  11,  James  H.,  b.  1842,  d.  unm. 

CALEB  (son  of  John)  and  Sarah  (Lenahan)  SLOCOMB  had  ch. :  1,  William 
Sutcliffe,  M.D.,  b.  18 LO,  m.  Emnieline  Little  ;  2,  Caroline,  b.  1812,  m.  1835, 
Pardon  Starratt  ;  3,  Ann,  b.  1814,  d.  1816  ;  4,  Rebecca,  b.  1817  ;  5,  Christina, 
b.  1819,  m.  Morris  Wheelock  ;  6,  Walter  Bromley,  b.  1821,  m.  1852,  Sarah 
Morgan  ;  7,  Eliza,  b.  1823  ;  8,  Eleanor,  b.  1825  ;  9,  Ethlin  B.,  b.  1827  ;  10, 
Sarah  Ann,  b.  1829;  by  2nd  w.,  Sarah  Wilson,  he  had:  11,  Obadiah  Moorer 
b.  1832,  m.  Mary  Nickerson. 

CALEB  (son  of  Caleb)  and  Mary  (Hamilton)  SLOCOMB  had  ch. :  1,  Catherine, 
b.  1816,  m.  (1st)  Joseph  Banks,  (2nd)  Captain  Harvey  ;  2,  William  Alfred,  b. 
1817,  m.  Emmeline  Brown  ;  3,  James  E.,  b.  1819,  m.  Mary  Middlemas  ;  4, 
George  H.,  b.  1821,  m.  Abigail  Walker;  5,  Caleb  Edgar,  b.  1823,  m.  1849, 
Adeline  Parker  ;  6,  Eliza  Jane,  b.  1825,  m.  Jacob  Fritz  ;  7,  John,  b.  1827,  d. 


SLOCOMB — SMITH — SNEDEN — SNOW.  603 

1827 ;  8,  Mary  Lavinia,  b.  1829,  d.  unm. ;  9,  Israel,  b.  1832,  m.  1862,  Catherine 
Darton  ;  10,  Charles  Rideout,  b.  1842,  d.  unm. 

TIMOTHY  RICE  (son  of  Caleb)  and  Hannah  (West)  SLOCOMB  had  ch. :  1,  Jane, 
b.  1825,  d.  unm. ;  2,  Isaac,  b.  1827,  m.  Elizabeth  Durland  ;  3,  Ingram  Bill,  b. 
1829,  m.  1855,  Adelia  Smith  ;  4,  Sarah  Abigail,  b.  1831,  m.  1850,  Thomas  Dur- 
land ;  5,  Lucy  Lavinia,  b.  1835,  d.  unm. ;  6,  Isaiah,  b.  1837,  m.  1859,  Margaret 
Frend  ;  7,  Harriet  Adelia,  b.  1839,  m.  Robert  Weaver  ;  8,  Susan  Amelia,  b. 
1843,  m.  Henry  Weaver  ;  9,  Joseph  Dimock,  b.  1845,  d.  1848. 

SMITH.  This  Smith  family  was  of  Loyalist  origin.  AUSTIN  SMITH, 
whose  name  is  in  the  Annapolis  muster  roll  of  1784,  married  —  Tuttle, 
and  settled  later  in  Wilmot.  He  had  children  : 

i.  Jonathan,  m.  (1st)  1790,  Love  Woodbury  (dau.  of  Dr.  Jonathan, 
sen.),  (2nd)  Ann  Gates,  and  had  children  ;  1,  James,  m.  Rebecca 
Freeman  ;  2,  Fairfield,  m.  Margaret  Magee  ;  3,  Lou,  m.  Robert 
Walker  ;  4,  Famitcha,  m.  Daniel  Robinson  ;  5,  Manley,  went 
abroad  ;  (by  2nd  w.)  6,  John,  m.  Elizabeth  Forbes  ;  7,  Colling- 
wood,  m.  (1st)  Jane  Cassidy  ;  (2nd)  Maria  Goucher,  nee  Weaver  ; 

8,  Theresa,    m.     Thomas    Marshman  ;    9,    Mary,    m.    Jonathan 
Parker ;    10,    Elizabeth,    m.    Edward   Morgan ;    11,    Fanny,    m. 
Alfred  Bent ;  12,  Susan,  d.  young  ;  13,  Sampson,  m. 

ii.  Francis,  m  Mary  VanBuskirk  :  Ch. :  1,  John  G.,  m.  Angelina  Harris  ; 
2,  William,  m.  Elizabeth  Hicks  ;  3,  Rev.  James  Austin,  m.  (1st) 
Mary  Ann  Gunter,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  McDonald  ;  4,  Herbert,  m. 
Achsa  Baker  ;  5,  Elizabeth,  in.  Edmund  Palmer  ;  6,  Azubah,  m. 
William  Nichols  ;  7,  Mary,  m.  —  ;  8,  Catharine,  m.  John  Gates  ; 

9,  Helen,    m.    Major    Stronach  ;    10,    Grace,    m.    (1st)   William 
Marshall   (son   of    William),    (2nd)   James   Messenger.     (Francis 
Smith  was  some  years  Deputy  Sheriff,  and  was  a  candidate  for  the 
shrievalty  in  1821,  well  supported.) 

SNEDEN.  LAWRENCE,  son  of  STEPHEN  SNEDEN,  who  was  born  1743, 
and  married,  1763,  Margaret  Townshend,  and  died  1814,  was  one  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  town  in  his  day.  His  elder  brother,  John  Townshend 
Sneden,  born  1765,  married,  1815,  widow  Margaret  Ruggles,  nee 
Robertson,  and  had  sons,  John  Townshend,  born  1816  ;  James  Robertson, 
born  1818,  and  George  Ricketts,  born  1820.  Lawrence,  born  1768,  died 
1823,  married  1800,  Elizabeth  Amory,  and  had  ch.:  1,  Anne,  born  1802, 
married  Dr.  Robert  Leslie ;  2,  Stephen  William,  born  1 804 ;  3,  Mary 
Esther,  married  Rev.  J.  M.  Campbell;  4,  John  Anthony,  born  1808;  5, 
Margaret  Augusta,  born  1812,  married  George  Simard  Millidge ;  6, 
Lawrence  James,  born  1816,  married  Catharine  McLauchlan.  The  name 
only  survives  in  the  county  on  the  gravestones  and  church  records. 

SNOW.  Nicholas,  Anthony  and  William  Snow  came  over  to  New 
England  among  the  early  settlers,  and  are  supposed  to  have  been  related. 
There  was  also  a  Richard  and  a  Thomas.  Anthony  had  only  one  son, 
Josiah,  which  seems  to  have  been  a  family  name,  even  down  to  the 
founding  of  the  Nova  Scotia  branch,  although  this  early  Josiah  left  no 


604  SNOW — SPINNEY. 

sons.  He  was  probably  cousin  or  uncle  of  a  Nicholas  Snow,  who 
married  Mary,  perhaps  sister  of  George  Upham,  of  Wiveliscombe, 
Somerset,  and  who  was  citizen  and  armourer  of  London  in  February, 
1666.  He  came  in  the  Anne  in  1623,  and  married  Constantia  Hopkins,  a 
Mayflower  passenger,  and  had  twelve  or  thirteen  children,  and  was  a  man 
of  mark  among  the  Pilgrim  Fathers.  The  line  of  descent  is  from  Nicholas,1 
through  Jabez,2  Jabez,3  Jabez,4  to  JABEZS  SNOW,  who  was  born  June  19, 
1733,  married,  May  22,  1758,  Elizabeth  Doane  (dau.  of  Dr.  Jonathan), 
was  a  captain  in  a  colonial  company  during  the  French  war,  and  came 
to  Granville  among  the  early  settlers,  and  was  a  leading  spirit  there, 
filling  the  office  of  coroner  and  other  prominent  positions.  Children  : 

i.  Josiah,  b.  Oct.  17,  1755,  m.  1781,  Elizabeth  Shaw  :  Ch. :  1,  Anna, 
b.  Aug.  19,  1782,  m.;  2,  Jonathan  Doane,  b.  Jan.  27,  1784, 
m.  Sarah  Hausman  ;  3,  Jabez,  b,  April  6,  1785,  m. ;  4,  Josiah, 
b.  March  10,  1787,  m.;  5,  Moses,  b.  April  21,  1789,  m.;  6, 
Warren,  b.  June  1,  1791,  m. ;  7,  James,  b.  April  12,  1793,  m. ; 
8,  Elizabeth,  b.  Feb.  21,  1795,  m.;  9.  Mary,  b.  Feb.  23,  1797,  m.; 
10,  Martha,  b.  Oct.  12,  1799,  m. ;  11,  Jane,  b.  Sept.  4,  1801,  m. ; 
12,  Havilah,  b.  July  3,  1804,  m.;  13,  Joseph  S.,  b.  May  22,  1807. 

ii.  William,  b.  Sept.  6,  1763,  m.  Margaret  Winchester  :  Ch. :  1,  Eliza- 
beth Doane,  b.  Oct.  27,  1788  ;  2,  William  Quigley,  b.  Oct.  15, 
1790  ;  3,  Hannah,  b.  Dec.  8,  1792  ;  4,  Ann  Eve,  b.  Jan.  15,  1795  ; 
5,  Jabez,  b,  May  24,  1797  ;  6,  Pamela,  b.  Oct.  4,  1799  ;  7,  Wink- 
worth  Quigley,  b.  Jan.  12,  1802. 

iii.  Silvanus,  b.  Feb.  24,  1765,  m.  (1st)  June  2,  180i,  Mary  Clark  (dau. 
of  Thomas),  (2nd)  1814,  Mary  Lent  (dau.  of  Abraham)  :  Ch. : 
1,  Silvanus.  jun.,  b.  Jan.  15,  1804,  m.;  2,  Mary,  b.  May  12,  1805, 
m. ;  3,  Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  14,  1806,  m. ;  4,  Olivia,  b.  March  12, 
1808,  m. ;  5,  Eunice,  b.  Feb.  28,  1811  ;  6,  Stephen,  b.  May  31, 
1812  ;  (by  2nd  wife)  :  7,  Jane  Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  13,  1816  ; 
8,  Eleanor  Ann,  b.  April  2,  1818,  m. ;  9,  Hannah,  b.  March  29, 
1821. 

iv.  Edward,  b.  Jan.  17,  1771,  m.  — .  (The  record  stops  here,  and  I 
cannot  find  the  materials  to  complete  it. — ED.) 

BENJAMIN  SNOW,  a  Loyalist,  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth,  who  opened  a 
Grammar  School  in  Annapolis  in  1781,  soon  removed  to  New  Brunswick, 
and  was  one  of  the  grantees  of  the  parish  of  Studholm,  Kings  County.  It 
is  likely  that  the  late  Francis  C.  Snow  and  his  son  Harry  A.,  recently 
well-known  woollen  manufacturers  at  Lequille,  who  came  here  from 
New  Brunswick,  were  descended  from  him. 

SPINNEY.  Of  the  immigrant  ancestor  of  this  family,  or  the  part  of 
England  from  which  he  came,  I  have  no  information.  The  author  only 
mentions  that  Joseph  Spinney,  father  of  the  Joseph  whose  family  he 
records,  was  born  in  Massachusetts.  Elsewhere  he  notes  that  a  John 
Spinney,  of  Kittery,  N.H.,  married  in  1729,  Mary  Waterhouse.  Camp- 
bell, in  his  "History  of  Yarmouth,"  p.  67,  says,  "John  Spinney,  who 
came  from  Portsmouth,  with  seven  sons,  is  as  striking  an  example  as  can 


SPINNEY — SPROUL.  605 

anywhere  be  found  of  numerical  increase,"  having  come  to  Abuptic  in 
1762,  and  become  the  ancestor  of  probably  five  hundred  descendants  then 
living,  about  half  of  them  in  that  county.  He  may  have  been  the  father 
or  grandfather  of  the  one  who  founded  the  Annapolis  family  of  the  name. 
1  find,  however,  from  the  town  records  of  Granville  that  a  Samuel  Spinney 
was  there  in  the  last  century,  that  he  had  a  wife  Elizabeth,  by  whom  he  had 
ch.  :  1,  JOSEPH,  b.  April  13,  1763;  2,  David,  b.  Feb.  19,  1764,  d.  June 
9,  1765,  and  that  the  wife  died  Feb.  1 1,  1766  ;  that  he  married  (2nd)  Nov. 
26,  1766,  Hannah  Smith,  and  had  ch.  :  3,  David,  b.  Oct.  23,  1767;  4, 
Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  13,  1769.  A  David  Spinney,  son  of  Andrew,  married, 
1826,  Eliza  Foster  (dau.  of  Ezra,  of  N.B.),  was  in  Granville  in  1828  and 
1834.  The  Joseph  Spinney,  stated  by  our  author  to  be  son  of  Joseph, 
may  have  been  the  son  of  Samuel,  b.  1763,  or  that  man  may  have  been 
identical  with  Joseph,  sen.,  said  to  be  born  in  Massachusetts.  Joseph 
married  Sarah  Beech  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Abraham,  m.  —  Barss  ;  2,  Samuel, 
m.  Mary  Rhodes ;  3,  Benaiah,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Banks,  (2nd)  Abigail 
Locke  ;  4,  Mary,  m.  Eric  Wei  ton  ;  5,  Ann,  m.  John  Banks  ;  6,  James,  m. 
Letitia  Wheelock ;  7,  Elijah,  m.  Margery  Rhodes ;  8,  Charlotte,  m. 
Israel  Whitman;  9,  Sarah,  m.  George  Neily ;  10,  John  (in  U.S.A.). 

SPROUL.  ROBERT  SPROUL,  the  progenitor  of  the  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick  families  of  the  name,  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  pro- 
bably at  the  same  time  that  the  Neilys,  McCormicks  and  Elliotts  came, 
and  must  have  settled  in  Granville  later  than  the  year  1770.  By  his  first 
wife,  who  may  have  died  on  the  voyage,  he  had  three  sons,  James,  John, 
and  Robert,  born  in  Ireland.  James,  the  eldest,  b.  1763,  went  to  New 
Brunswick  and  became  the  ancestor  of  a  large  posterity  there.  John  and 
Robert  removed  to  Wilmot,  the  former  settling  near  Paradise,  the  latter 
farther  up  the  valley.  Thomas,  the  son  by  the  second  wife,  settled  in 
Granville,  from  which  many  descendants  have  gone  forth  to  neighbouring 
counties  and  the  United  States,  some  to  California.  The  name,  once 
numerous,  has  now  nearly  disappeared  from  Granville.  ROBERT  SPROUL, 
d.  1801,  m.  (1st)  Sarah ,  d.,  (2nd)  Jane ,  d.  1800.  Ch.  : 

i.     James. 

ii.  John,  m.  1798,  Anne  Parker  :  Ch.  :  1,  Mary,  b.  1799,  m.  James 
Phinney  ;  2,  Miriam,  m.  John  Miller  ;  3,  Elijah,  m.  Martha  Bowl- 
by  ;  4,  Obadiah,  m.  (1st)  Amy  Rumsey,  (2nd)  Eliza  Lent,  nee 
Brinton  ;  5,  Elliott,  m.  Ellen  Cripps  ;  6,  Sarah,  m.  John  Wesley 
Pool  ;  7,  Nancy,  m.  —  Maybee  ;  8,  William,  b.  1805,  m.  (1st) 
Sarah  Durland,  (2)  Dorcas  Brown,  nee  Longley  ;  9,  Diadama,  m. 
Beldon  Sproul. 

-  iii.  Robert,  m.  Bathsheba  Ricketson  :  Ch.  :  1,  Abednego,  m.  Lucy 
Clarke  ;  2,  Elliott,  m.  Sophia  Baker  ;  3,  Robert,  jun.,  m.  Elizabeth 
Baker  ;  4,  Samuel,  m.  (1st)  Hannah  Wheelock,  (2nd)  Caroline  Dur- 
land ;  5,  Edward,  m.  (1st)  Nancy  Daley,  (2nd)  Minetta  Katherns  ; 
6,  James,  m.  Lydia  Messenger  ;  7,  Jane,  m.  ;  8,  Bathsheba,  m. 
iv.  Sarah,  m. 


606  SPROUL — SPURR. 

By  second  wife  : 

v.  Thomas,  m.  Hannah  Haskell  :  Ch.  :  1,  David,  m.  Phebe  Fowler  ; 
2,  William,  m.  Mary  Brush  ;  3,  Thomas,  m.  Eleanor  McKenzie  ; 
4,  Jane,  m.  Alexander  Maillet  (Acadian  French)  ;  5,  Eben,  m.  (1st) 
Phebe  Ann  McColl,  (2nd)  Mary  Jane  McColl ;  6,  Andreas,  m. 
Catharine  Bowles  ;  7,  Isaiah,  m.  Elizabeth  Bowles  ;  8,  Hannah, 
m.  John  White,  lived  at  South  Range,  Digby  County,  as  did 
Alex.  Maillet  and  family. 


SPURR.  MICHAEL  SPURR,  who  came  in  the  Charming  Molly,  with 
his  wife  Ann  Bird  and  family,  had  a  grant  of  land  and  settled  at  Round 
Hill.  He  was  perhaps  son  of  Robert,  and  grandson  of  a  senior  Robert, 
of  Dorchester,  Mass.  One  of  his  ancestors  was  captain  in  one  of  the 
colonial  regiments  that  attacked  Port  Royal  in  1707,  his  company  being 
the  first  to  land  on  the  Granville  shore,  at  a  place  now  called  Weather- 
spoon's  Point,  but  known  as  Spurr's  Point  from  the  circumstances  of  this 
landing,  down  to  1770,  so  that  the  name  had  been  known  here  for  half  a 
century  before  the  arrival  of  these  settlers.  (The  order  of  the  births  of 
his  children  I  take  from  the  "  Chute  Genealogies,"  the  author  assuring  me 
they  are  more  correct. — ED.) 

i.  Abram,  b.  1756,  m.  Mary  LeCain  (dau.  of  Francis)  :  Ch.  :  1,  Mary, 
m.  1791,  George  Davis  ;  2,  Michael,  b.  177$,  m.  Aug.  9,  1798, 
Elizabeth,  dau.  of  John  Roach,  and  d.  Jan.  23,  1878,  in  his  103rd 
year  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  m.  Christopher  P.  Harris  ;  4,  Jane,  m. 
Benjamin  Potter ;  5,  Thomas  ;  6,  Ann,  m.  Henry,  son  of  Michael 
Hennigar  ;  7,  Abigail,  b.  1785,  d.  April  20,  1871,  m.  Thatcher 
Sears  ;  8,  Rev.  Gilbert,  b.  July  9,  1787,  m.  Esther  Chute,  and 
had  6  daus.  ;  9,  Diadama,  m.  Elijah,  son  of  Benjamin  Hunt,  and 
father  of  Rev.  ABRAHAM  SPURR  HUNT  ;  10,  Maria,  m.  Samuel 
McColly,  in  Ontario  ;  11,  Alicia,  m.  John  Sulis  ;  12,  Abram,  m. 
1820,  Ann,  dau.  of  Captain  John  Harris,  lived  at  Smith's  Cove, 
Digby. 

ii.     Ann,  m.  William,  son  of  Philip  Berteaux. 

iii.     Abigail,  m.  John  Harris,  M.P.P. 

iv.  Shippey,  m.  1788,  Letitia  Voorhies  (see  "Frontier  Missionary,"  p. 
215) :  Ch. :  1,  William,  b.  1789,  d.  1796 ;  2,  Mary,  b.  1791,  d.  1796 ; 
3,  Jane,  b.  1792,  m.  Burns  ;  4,  Luke  Voorhies,  b.  1794,  m.  Van 
Horn  ;  5,  Mary,  b.  1796,  m.  Isaac  Ditmars  ;  6,  Elizabeth,  b.  1798, 
m.  (1st)  Isaac  Ditmars,  (2nd)  Edward  Morse,  (3rd)  John  Ditmars  ; 
7,  John  Cooper,  m.  (1st)  Harriet  Parker,  (2nd)  Louisa  McNeil!, 
nee  Haines,  and  d.  on  her  property  at  Barton,  Digby  County  ;  8, 
Catherine  Marsden,  b.  1802,  m.  Maynard  Parker  ;  9,  Sarah  Ann, 
b.  1804  ;  10,  Shippey,  b.  1807,  d.  1812  ;  11,  Margaret,  b.  1808,  m.  ; 
12,  William,  b.  1810,  m. 

v.  Michael,  m.  (according  to  the  "Chute  Genealogies")  Diadama,  dau. 
of  Rev.  Arzarelah  Morse,  but  I  conjecture  that  she  d.  and  that  he 
m.  (2nd),  Dec.  3,  1791,  Anna  Rice  (St.  Luke's  Church  records). 
Ch. :  1,  probably  Azariah  (or  Arzarelah),  bpd.  April  7,  1787  ;  2, 
William,  probably  bpd.  Dec.  3,  1791,  m.  Letitia,  dau.  of  John 
Whitman  ;  3,  James,  d.  unm.;  4,  Diadama,  b.  1796,  probably  bpd. 
Jan.  7,  1797,  d.  1878  unm. ;  5,  Ann,  m.  —  Burrill  ;  6,  Susan,  m. 
James  Gilliatt,  or  perhaps  she  was  dau.  of  William  and  Letitia. — 

[ED.] 


REV.    ABRAHAM    SPURR    HUNT,    M.A., 
Born  at  Bear  River,  Annapolis  County,  April  7,  ISllt,  died  October  33,  1877.    (See  p. 


SPURR — STARR  ATT.  607 

vi.  Thomas,  m.  1794,  Mary,  dau.  of  Robert  Hood  :  Ch.  :  1,  Mary,  b. 
1795,  d.  unm.  ;  2,  Robert,  b.  1797,  m.  Maria  Whitman ;  3, 
Eleanor,  b.  1798,  m.  Elnathan  Whitman,  M.P.P.  ;  4,  Jane,  b. 
1801,  m.  Alfred  Whitman,  M.P.P.,  M.L.C.  ;  5,  Susan,  b.  1803,  m. 
James  Gray,  J.P.,  Annapolis  ;  6,  Ann,  b.  1805,  m.  Theodore 
Harding  ;  7,  Maria,  b.  1807,  m.  Theodore  Harding ;  8,  Charlotte, 
b.  1809,  m.  Elkanah  Young  ;  9,  William,  b.  1810,  m.  Amelia  Bass, 
nee  De Wolfe,  and  was  father  of  James  De  Wolfe  Spurr,  Esq.,  and 
of  Mary,  w.  of  John  H.  Harding,  Esq.,  both  of  St.  John  ;  10, 
Thomas,  b.  1812,  m.  1828,  Charlotte  VanBuskirk,  and  was  father 
of  Isabella,  m.  Aylwin  Creighton,  and  Eleanor  Esmond,  m.  Rev. 
H.  D.  DeBlois,  and  2  sons,  d.  unm.;  11,  Edward,  b.  1814,  m. 
Margaret,  dau.  of  Jas.  R.  De  Wolfe,  of  Liverpool,  N.S. 
vii.  Eleanor,  m.  Abram  Lent, 
viii.  Elizabeth,  m.  Nov.  15,  1787,  Jacob  Fritz. 

MICHAEL  (son  of  Abraham)  and  Elizabeth  (Roach)  SPURR  had  3  ch. :  1, 
Thomas  Roach,  b.  April  13,  1799,  m.  (1st)  Avis  Ritchie  (dau.  of  Matthew, 
sen.),  and  had  ch. :  William,  Anna,  George  and  Charlotte;  2,  John  M.,  b. 
Jan.  11,  1801,  m.  Caroline  Corbitt  and  had  ch.:  Mary,  Elizabeth,  John  M., 
Anna,  Anthony,  William,  Matilda  and  James  Henry  ;  3,  James  Wilkie,  b. 
June  17,  1803,  m.  Susan  Copeland  and  had  ch. :  Elizabeth,  Eleanor,  Avis, 
James,  Michael,  George  and  John  R. 

JOHN  COOPER  (son  of  Shippey)  and  Harriet  (Parker)  SPURR  had  9  ch. :  1, 
Mary  Ann,  m.  Hiram  B.  Smith  ;  2,  Nathaniel  Parker,  in.  (1st)  Sophia  Parker, 
(2nd)  Elizabeth  Bishop,  (3rd)  Rebecca  Skinner  ;  3,  Angelina,  d.  unm.  ;  4, 
William  Voorhies,  m.  Emma  Ditmars  ;  5,  Shippey,  m.  Elizabeth  Campbell  ;  6, 
Alfred,  m.  Horatia  Snow  ;  7,  George  Edward,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Ann  Neily,  (2nd) 
Maggie  A.  Magee  ;  8,  Isabel,  m.  Edgar  Bishop  ;  9,  John  Church,  m.  Nancy 
Lockhart,  ne'e  Whitman  ;  by  2nd  w.,  John  C.  had  Charles,  m.  Emma  Patten. 

ROBERT  (son  of  Thomas)  and  Maria  (Whitman)  SPURR  had  13  ch.:  1,  Anna 
Rice,  b.  1816,  d.  unm.;  2,  Alfred,  b.  1817,  d.  1821;  3,  Edward,  b.  1819,  d. 
1820  ;  4,  Alfred,  b.  1821,  d.  1850  unm. ;  5,  Eliza  Jane,  m.  Frederic  W.  San- 
ders ;  6,  Robert  James,  b.  1824,  m.  Margaret  LeCain  ;  7,  Edward  Phelan,  b. 
1826,  d.  1830;  8,  William  Henry,  b.  1828,  m.  Abigail  Dow  ;  9,  Charles  Edward, 
b.  1829,  m.  Margaret  Tupper ;  10,  Seraph  Marin,  b.  1834,  m.  Margaret 
Harrington  ;  11,  Bernard,  b.  1836,  m.  Eugenia  Bogart ;  12,  Charlotte  Letitia, 
b.  1837,  m.  (1st)  Lovett  Bishop,  (2nd)  T.  T.  Vernon  Smith,  C.E. ;  13,  Thomas, 
b.  1845,  m.  Susan  Elliott. 

1.  PETER  STAERATT,  the  ancestor  of  the  Annapolis  County  family  of 
the  name,  was  probably  born  in  Scotland  about  1720,  and  removed  to 
the  north  of  Ireland  (Fermanagh),  where  one  of  his  sons,  Joseph,  was  born, 
for  in  an  early  census  return  for  Granville  he  reports  himself  as  of  Scot- 
tish, and  his  son  Joseph  of  Irish,  birth.*  In  1770  Joseph  is  reported  as 
having  a  wife  and  two  children,  but  no  descendants  are  in  the  county. 
(He  there  is  stated  to  be  of  American  birth.  See  page  198. — ED.) 
The  early  Starratts  seem  to  have  been  seafaring  men,  and  Joseph  owned 
one  of  the  first  schooners  built  on  the  basin,  after  the  advent  of  the 
Massachusetts  colonists.  Two  of  his  brothers  are  said  to  have  been 
King's  Pilots,  and  died  in  the  pursuit  of  the  calling.  The  father  first 
settled  in  Granville,  it  is  thought,  on  a  farm  afterwards  owned  by  the 

*  From  this  it  would  appear  that  he  was  married  before  emigrating. — [Eo.] 


608  STARR  ATT. 

late  Colonel  Millidge.  About  1780  they  removed  to  the  vicinity  of 
Paradise,  where  two  of  his  sons  were  killed,  in  1820,  by  the  caving  in 
of  the  bank  while  building  a  dam  over  the  stream  known  as  Starratt's 
Brook,  near  the  site  of  the  present  railway  bridge  across  the  stream. 
Peter  married  in  Maine  (where  he  had  lived  before  coming  to  Nova 
Scotia),  Eleanor  Armstrong  (perhaps  a  second  wife),  and  had  children, 
besides  Joseph  and  perhaps  others,  who  probably  moved  back  to  Maine :  * 

(2)  i.     John,  b.  1746. 

(3)  ii.     George,  b.  1747. 

(4)  iii.     William,  b.  1749,  m.  —  Webber, 
iv.     Mary,  m.  John  Brown. 

v.      Anna,  m.  —  Robinson, 
vi.     Lois,  m.  Zaccheus  Phinney. 
vii.     Eleanor,  m.  John  McGregor. 

2.  JOHN,  born  as  supposed  about  1746,  but  perhaps  later,  married  in 
1778,  Hannah  Bancroft,  born,  it  is  suggested,  at  Reading,  Mass.,  1759, 
and  had  children  : 

i.     William,  b.  1779,  m.  (1st)  Susan  Leonard,  (2nd)  Susan  Betts  :  Ch. 

1,  William,  m.   Abigail  S.  Bent  (dau.  of  Beriah)  ;  (by  2nd  w.):  2, 

George,  m.  Bessie  Sophia  Dimock. 
ii.     George,  b.  1781,  m. 
iii.     Simon,  d.  unm. 
iv.     John,  b.  1784,  m.  1806,  Mary  Sanders  :  Ch.:  1,  Daniel,  b.  1807,  m. 

Eleanor  Blood  Morton  ;  2,  Pardon,  b.  1810,  m.  Caroline  Slocomb  ; 

3,  Helen,  b.  1811,  m.  (1st) John  Phinney,  (2nd)  Gilbert  F.  Chute; 

4,  Elizabeth,  b.   1813,   m.   Peter  De  Lancey  ;   5,   Ann  Almira,   b. 
1815,   m.  Jeremiah    Bancroft ;    6,    George,    b.   1819,    m.   Evaline 
Phinney  ;  7,  John,  b.  1822,  m.  —  Bollard  ;  8,  James,  b.  1824,  m. 
Esther  Robinson  (no  issue)  ;  9,  Mary,  b.  1826,  m.  William  Tufts  ; 
10,   Hannah,   b.   1828,  m.  Charles  H,   Burgess  ;   12,   Rich.  C.,  b. 
1830,  m.  Mary  Skerry  ;  13,  Theodore  H.,  b.  1817,  d.  1860. 

v.  Jeremiah,  b.  1787,  m.  Sarah  Dudgeon:  Ch.:  1,  John,  m.  Ethelinda 
Robinson  ;  2,  Harvey,  m.  Margaret  Pierson  ;  3,  Joseph,  m.  Ma- 
tilda Kinney  ;  4,  Hannah,  m.  Judah  Wells  ;  5,  Sarah,  m.  Calvin 
Smith  ;  6,  Handley,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Rev.  Manning,  m.  (1st)  Lavinia 
Kinney,  (2nd)  -  -  Pride ;  8,  William,  m.  Rebecca  Hoar ;  9, 
Samuel  (in  U.S.A.)  ;  10,  Jane,  m.  Henry  Brown. 
vi.  Sarah,  b.  1789,  m.  1808,  David  Whitman. 

vii.  Peter,  b.  1791,  m.  1813,  Rachel  Robinson,  b.  1792;  Ch. :  1,  Sarah 
Ann,  b.  1814,  m.  Walter  Wilson  ;  2,  Robert  Robinson,  b.  1815, 
m.  (1st)  Rebecca  Bishop,  (2nd)  Lovicia  Beardsley  ;  3,  Simon  Peter, 
m.  Ann  Dudgeon  ;  4,  Eleanor,  b.  1821,  m.  William  Starratt ;  5, 
Wallace,  b.  1823,  m.  (1st)  Susan  Dunn,  (2nd)  Carrie  Caldwell  ;  6, 
Mary  Eliza,  b.  1825,  m.  Alline  Morse  ;  7,  Amoret,  b.  1827,  m. 
-  Davidson  ;  10,  John,  b.  1833,  d.  unm. ;  11,  Hannah,  b.  1836, 
m.  Jos.  T.  Bass. 

viii.  Handley  Chipman,  b.  1793,  m.  Jane  Dudgeon  :  Ch. :  1,  George,  b. 
1818,  m.  Phebe  Johnston  ;  2,  William,  m.  Eleanor  Starratt  ;  3, 
John,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Brinton  ;  4,  James,  m.  (1st)  Rachel  Starratt, 
(2nd)  —  Bacon,  (3rd)  Esther  Dimock  ;  5,  Silas,  d.  unm.  ;  6, 

*  Other  Starratts,  of  Scotch-Irish  extraction,  early  settled  in  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire,  and  it  is  possible  that  Joseph  may  have  been  of  another  family. — [Eo.] 


STAREATT — STRONACH.  609 

Elizabeth,   unm. ;  7,  Sarah,   m.  Ansley  Brinton  ;  8,   Eleanor,  d. 
unm. ;  9,  Amanda,  m.  Lewis  Smith. 

ix.     Hannah,  b.  1795,  m.  James  Lynam. 

x.  Samuel,  b.  1797,  m.  Ann  Bancroft  :  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth,  b.  1826  ;  2, 
Alfred,  b.  and  d.  1828;  3,  Caroline  Adelia,  b.  1832  ;  4,  Alfred,  b. 
1834. 

xi.  James,*  b.  1799,  m.  Eleanor  Morse,  of  Paradise,  removed  to  Bridge- 
water. 

xii.     Henry  Alline,  b.  1802,  m.  Amelia  Dudgeon,  had  probably  ch. 
xiii.     Eleanor,  b.  1785,  m.  Henry  Parker. 

3.  GEORGE  STARRATT,  born,  it  is  said,  1747,  but  perhaps  later,  married, 
1785,  Sarah  Balcom,  and  had  children : 

i.     Mary,  d.  unm. 

ii.     Elizabeth,  m.  Robert  Charlton. 

hi.  Simon,  b.  1790,  d.  1871,  m.  (1st)  1824,  Abigail  Bent,  (2nd)  1831, 
Mary  Corbitt :  Ch.:  1,  Amanda,  m.  Edmund  Bent  ;  2,  George,  b. 
1825,  d.  1829;  3,  Euphemia,  b.  1827,  d.  1836;  (by  2nd  w.):  4, 
William  E.,  b.  1832,  m.  Susan  Freeman  ;  5,  Alvan,  b.  1834,  m. 

iv.  Joseph,  b.  1793,  m.  (1st)  1826,  Rebecca  Bent,  (2nd)  Susan  Mar- 
shall:  Ch.:  1,  Benjamin,  b.  1827,  m.  —  Fowler;  2,  George,  b. 
1829,  m.  Emily  Bentley,  nee  Dugwell;  3,  Abigail,  b.  1832,  d.  unm.; 
4,  David  Bent,  b.  1836,  m. ;  5,  Stephen,  b.  1838  ;  6,  Ferguson, 
v.  Benjamin,  b.  1793,  m.  Christina  Rowland  :  Ch.:  1,  Sarah  Elizabeth, 
m.  William  Stanley  Bent  :  2,  Mary  Olivia  ;  3,  Robert  Charlton, 
m.  Patience  Chesley  ;  4,  Zenas  Edwin,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Annie  Bent, 
m.  George  Lavers. 

vi.     Ann,  b,  1796,  m.  Rufus  Bent. 

4.  WILLIAM  STARRATT,  born,  it  is  said,  1749,  married  a  Miss  Webber, 
and  had  children  : 

i.  James,  m.  Ann  Troop  :  Ch.  :  1,  Jacob,  m.  Susan  Hardwick  ;  2, 
Joseph,  m.  Mary  Ann  Davis  ;  3,  Abner,  d.  unm. ;  4,  James,  d. 
unm.;  5,  Charles,  m.  Ellen  Riley  ;  6,  William,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Mary, 
d.  unm.;  8,  Anne,  m.  Antonio  Gavaza  ;  9.  Catharine,  m.  James 
Hardwick  ;  10,  Henrietta,  in.  Josiah  Hardwick  ;  11,  Eliza,  m. 
John  Vroom. 

ii.     Joseph,  m.  and  lived  in  Cornwallis. 
And  probably  others. 

STRONACH.  The  founder  of  this  Annapolis  County  family,  GEORGE 
STRONACH,  was  born  in  or  near  Glasgow,  and  was  a  son  of  a  merchant  of 
that  city.  He  lost  his  mother  at  the  age  of  fifteen  or  sixteen,  after  which 
he  was  sent  to  a  High  School  to  prepare  for  a  university  course,  but  owing 
to  disagreements  with  his  step-mother,  or  dislike  of  the  school,  or  both,  it 
is  said  he  left  the  coach  which  was  to  have  conveyed  him  to  the  school, 
after  a  visit  home  on  a  vacation,  and  took  ship  for  America — then 
about  eighteen  years  old.  He  met  General  Ruggles  in  Halifax,  and  came 
with  him  to  the  County  of  Annapolis.  He  and  Benjamin  Fales,  already 

*  See  DesBrisay's  "  History  of  Lunenburg,"  p.  211,  from  which  it  would  appear 
that  John  also  was  born  in  Ireland,  and  therefore  not  a  son  of  a  wife  married  in 
Maine. 


610  STRONACH — THORNE. 

noted,  obtained  for  their  three  years'  services  to  the  General  a  deed  of  a 
thousand  acres  of  land  (five  hundred  to  each),  on  and  near  that  portion  of 
the  North  Mountain  which  now  bears  his  name — the  Stronach  Mountain. 
The  tract  of  land  was  divided  from  north  to  south,  the  east  side  going  to 
Stronach,  the  west  to  Fales ;  and  the  Stronach  road  was  afterward 
•constructed  on  the  line  between  them.  They  built  houses  quite  near  each 
other,  and  he  married  Fales'  sister,  Mary,  and  after  her  death,  Elizabeth 
•O'Connor,  nee  Merritt.  He  was  clever  and  witty,  with  a  little  eccentric- 
ity, while  his  superior  education  made  him  conspicuous  among  his  fellow- 
settlers.  Children  : 

i.     Rev.   Ebenezer,    m.    Amy   Randall  :    Ch.  :    1,    Major,    m.  (1st)  — 

Smith,    (2nd)  Margaret  Cropley,    nee    Cook  ;    2,    Mary   Amy,    d. 

unm. ;  3,  George  James,  m.   Maria  Nichols;  4,   Rachel,  d.  unm. ; 

5,  Emily,  unm. ;  6,  Ebenezer,  m.  Helen  Gates  ;  7,  William,  unrn. 
William,     m.    Hepzibah    Gates:    Ch. :     1    (only),    Asaph,    m.    (1st) 

Lorinda  Milbury,  (2nd)  Mary  Reagh. 
Nelson,    m.    Margaret   Fales  :    Ch. :    1,   William    Elder,    in   British 

Columbia  ;  2,  Mary,  m.  Horatio  N.  Bent  ;  3,  Abraham  B.,  M.D., 

m.    Jessie  Gates;    4,   Alfred,    m.    (in  B.C.);  5,   Jane,  m.  John 

Dunn  ;  6,  Spurgeon  ;  7,  Jacob  Reis,  in.  Alice  Baker  ;  8,  Enoch  J. 
iv.     Reis,  m.    Mary  Reagh :    Ch. :   1,   Sarah,    m.    William   McNeill  ;  2, 

W.    Pryor,    m.    Jessie   Ray ;    3,    Naomi,   m.   Johnston    McNeill  ; 

4,  George,  m.  Susan  Margeson  ;  5,  Samuel,  d.  unm.  ;  6  and  7,  died 

young  ;  8,  Julia,  m.  Isaac  Fales. 
v.     Rev.  Abraham,  m.  (1st)  Susan  Reagh,  (2nd)  Betsey  Marchant  :  Ch. : 

1,  Mary,  m.  (1st)  Henry  McMahon,  (2nd)  Ezra  Reid  ;  2,  Edmund 

Reis,  m.  Jane  Robinson  ;  3,  Sarah,  d.  unm. ;  4,  Lucy,  m.  Henry  L. 

Baker  ;  5,    Rebecca,    m.    Edward   Eaton  ;  6,   Rachel,    m.    David 

Kinsman;  7,   Rebecca  Nelson,  d.   unm.;  8,   Rubia,  m.  (1st)  Bent 

Stronach,    (2nd)   Amos    Burns  ;   9,   Amelia,    m.   Charles   Baker  ; 

10,  George,  m.  Mary  Martin  ;  11,  Maggie,  m.  James  E.  Newcomb  ; 

12,  Eliza,  m.  James  Francis, 
vi.     Sarah,  m.  William  Downey, 
vii.     Elizabeth,  m.  Luther  Baker, 
viii.     Margaret,  m.  William  Cochran. 
ix.     Rachel,  m.  Oldham  Gates. 

By  second  wife  : 
x.     George,  m.  Susan  Bent  :    Ch. :    1,  William,  unm. ;  2,  Armanilla,  d. 

unm. ;  3,  Inglis  Charles  ;  4,  Susie. 

THORNE.  WILLIAM  THORNE,  the  common  immigrant  ancestor,  came 
over  to  America  as  early  as  1637  or  1638,  and  is  said  to  have  finally 
settled  near  New  York.  STEPHEN,  b.  1720,  a  great-grandson  of  William, 
through  his  son  Joseph,  and  grandson  Joseph,  came  to  Nova  Scotia  with 
the  Loyalists  of  1783,  bringing  his  wife  and  family  with  him;  his 
youngest  son  being  thirteen,  and  his  eldest  (by  his  first  wife)  being  forty 
years  old.  He  m.  (1st),  in  1742,  Sybil  Sands,  (2nd)  Jane  Rapalje,  nee 
Lefferts.  Children : 

i.     Stephen,  b.  1743,  d.  in  New  York. 
2)        ii.     Philip,  b.  1745. 
'3)       Hi.     Edward,  b.  1747. 


THORNE.  611 

iv.  Richard,  b.  1749,  m.  a  dau.  of  Col.  Frederic  Williams,  Digby,  and 
had  one  son,  FREDERIC  WILLIAMS,  who  m.  Sarah  Tucker.  He 
lived  at  the  head  of  St.  Mary's  Bay,  some  distance  south  of  Digby 
Neck  road,  and  left  two  sons  and  two  daughters  :  Richard  W . ,  m. 
Philenda  Farnharn,  still  living  in  Digby,  and  Frederic  W.,  m. 
Mary  Josephine  Wooster,  in  Lower  Granville  ;  Mary  Eliza,  m. 
Captain  John  Bennet,  of  Digby  ;  Eugenia,  m.  Thomas  Boyne,  of 
St.  John,  his  2nd  wife. 

By  second  wife  : 

(4)         v.     James,  b.  1767,  m.  1792. 
vi.     Sybil,  b.  1770,  d.  unm. 

2.  PHILIP  THORNE  was  born  1745,   and  m.    1784,   Hannah,  dau.   of 
Jonathan  Woodbury,  M.D.     Children  : 

i.     Joseph,  b.  1786,  m.  1808,  Grace  Dunn, 
ii.     Hannah,  b.  1788,  d.  1788. 
iii.     Jonathan  Woodbury  (M.D. ),  b.  1790,  m.  dau.  of  Snow  Parker  (no 

issue). 

iv.     Stephen,  b.  1792,  m.  and  lived  in  N.B. 
v.     Bertha,  b.  1794,  m.  William  Armstrong, 
vi.     Sybil,  b.  1796,  m.  James  McGill. 
vii.     Richard,  b.  1799,  d.  unm. 
viii.     Lydia  Jane,  b.  1801,  m.  Blackburn, 
ix.     Lorena,  b.  1803,  rn.  Charles  White. 
x.     Edward   Foster,    b.    1804,    m.    Henrietta   Clark  :  Ch.  :  1,   William 

Henry,  m.  Mary  Ann  Andrews  ;  2,  Edward  R. ,  m.  Jane  Cameron; 

3,  Sarah,   m.   John  Lemuel  Brown  ;  4,  Mary  Matilda,  m.  Henry 

Andrews  ;  5,  John  ;  6,  Alma  Hall, 
xi.     Woodbury  (M.D.),  b.   1808,  m.  1835,  Maria  Sabine,  dau.   of  John 

King,    R.N. :    Ch. :    1,    John    Crickmore,    b.    1838,    m.    Clarinda 

Clarke  ;   2,    Sarah,    m.    William    Anglin  ;    3,    Maria,    m.    George 

McArthur  ;  4,  Joseph  E.,  m.  Ann  Knapp. 

3.  EDWARD  THORNE,  who  was  born  in  1747,  m.  in  1774,  Jane,  dau. 
of  Jeronimus  Rapalye.     Children  : 

i.  Edward,  b.  1781,  m.  1808,  Catharine  Bogart :  Ch. :  1,  Stephen 
Rapalye,  b.  1810,  m.  1832,  Maria  Sands,  and  had  only  dau., 
Elizabeth  Sands,  b.  1833,  m.  G.  Sydney  Smith,  Esq. ;  2,  Abraham 
Bogart,  b.  1812,  m.  (1st)  1836,  Elizabeth  Dickson,  nee  Sands, 
(2nd)  Elizabeth  Kennedy, 
ii.  Jane,  b.  1777,  m.  Timothy  Ruggles,  jun.,  M.P.P. 

4.  JAMES  THORNE,  was  born  1767,  and  married,  1792,  Anna  Sneden, 
and  had  children : 

i.     Margaret  Anna,  b.  1793,  m.  John  McColl. 
ii.     Stephen  Sneden   (M.P.P.),    h.    1795,   m.   1818,    Mehitable  Patten 

Hall :  Ch. :  1,  James  Hall,  b.  1819,  m.  Mary  Robinson,  ne'e  Piper; 

2,   Stephen,  b.  1821,   m.  Lydia  Lockhart  ;  3,  Havilah,  b.  1823, 

m.  Timothy  Dwight  Ruggles,  M.P.P.,  etc.;  4,  Anna,  b.  1826,  m. 

Lewis  Johnston,  M.D.;  another  dau.  m.  James  Alexander  James, 

of  New  Brunswick,  barrister, 
iii.     Jane,  b.  1797,  m.  James  Hall, 
iv.     James,  b.  1799,  d.  unm. 


612  THORNE — TROOP. 

v.     Mary,  b.  1801,  m.  Joseph  Shaw. 

vi.  Sybil,  b.  1804,  m.  (1st)  Moses  Hall,  (2nd)  Edward  T.  Knowles. 
vii.  Edward  Lefferts,  b.  Sept.  9,  1807,  m.  July  5,  1835,  Susan  Scovil, 
St.  John,  N.B.,  and  d.  Feb.  23,  1882:  Ch.  :  1,  Mary  Lucretia, 
b.  April  20,  1836  ;  2,  William  Henry,  b.  Sept.  12,  1844  ;  3,  Daniel 
Scovil,  b.  Feb.  26,  1848  ;  4,  Susan  Louisa,  b.  March  15,  1854, 
m.  Sepb.  8,  1875,  Legh  Richmond  Harrison ;  5,  Arthur  Townshend, 
b.  April  19,  1859. 

viii.  Richard  Ward,  b.  Feb.  10,  1812,  m.  May  4,  1842,  Catherine  Alder, 
dau.  of  Henry  Hennigar,  Ordnance  Department:  Ch.  :  1,  Richard 
Ward,  b.  July  6,  1843,  m.  Sept.  14,  1881,  Mary  Ada  Chapman  ; 
2,  Stephen  Sneden,  b.  May  11,  1846,  m.  Sept.  4,  1883,  Alice 
Bertha  Lowerison  ;  3,  James  Lefferts,  b.  Dec.  5,  1847,  m.  June  17, 
1878,  Amelia  F.  Capen ;  4,  Kate  Ellen,  b.  May  29, 1849,  m.  Sept. 
17,  1876,  Wm.  H.  Fleming  ;  5,  Anna  Sybil,  b.  Dec.  11,  1851, 
m.  May  24,  1874,  Robt.  Chestnut,  son  of  Henry  Thorne ;  6,  Mary 
Hennigar,  b.  Sept.  30,  1853,  m.  July  3,  1888,  Edward  T.  C. 
Knowles  ;  7,  Ada  Louisa  Sancton,  b.  Aug  31,  1859,  m.  June  7, 
1881,  Peter  Wellington  Snider  ;  8,  Harriet  Pritchard,  b.  Feb.  17, 
1861. 

ix.  Sarah  Hester,  b.  1810,  m.  Shadrach  Ricketson. 
x.  James  Townshend,  b.  1815  ;  m.  Eliza  Robblee  :  Ch. :  1,  James  H., 
m.  Lydia  Jane,  dau.  of  John  Wooster  ;  2,  Mary  Emily  ;  3,  Anna 
Sneden,  m.  Benj.  F.  Congdon  ;  4,  Joseph  Reed,  m.  Blanche 
Pickup  ;  5,  Frederic  Williams,  m.  Emma  Croscup  ;  6,  Edward 
Lefferts,  m.  Martha  Thorne ;  7,  Sybil,  d.  unm.  ;  8,  Stephen 
Ernest. 


TROOP.  1.  VALENTINE  TROOP,  the  founder  of  this  family,  must  have 
been  born  in  Germany,*  for  tradition  affirms  that  the  German  language 
was  spoken  in  the  family  after  his  arrival  here.  He  had  been  married 
four  years  when  he  arrived  here,  and  died  sixteen  years  later.  His 
descendants  have  been  not  only  numerous,  but  many  of  them  prominent 
and  influential  in  Church  and  State  in  this  and  other  provinces  of  the 
Dominion.  He  married,  1756,  Catherine  Church,  in  Massachusetts,  and 
died  at  Granville,  August  16,  1776.  Children  : 

(2)  i.     John,  b.  July,  1757. 

(3)  ii.     Jacob,  b.  1758. 

iii.     Jennie,  b.  Sept.,  1760. 

(4)  iv.     George,  b.  1762. 

V.     Elizabeth,  b.  1765,  m.  Silvanus  Wade. 

(5)  vi.     Henry,  b.  Feb.  14,  1768. 

vii.  Joseph,  b.  Oct.  1,  1770.  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Rice,  (2nd)  Frances  Manning, 
nee  Farnsworth  :  Ch.  :  1,  Sophia  ;  2,  Caroline,  m.  Wm.  H.  Morse ; 
3,  Elizabeth,  m.  Wm.  H.  Chipman  ;  4,  Tamar,  m.  Richard  Starr; 
5,  Jane,  m.  Winckworth  Chipman  ;  6,  Maria  ;  7,  Mehitable, 
m.  C.  C.  Hamilton,  M.D. ;  8,  Sarah,  m.  James  Lockwood  ;  9,  a 
son  or  dau.,  d.  unm. 

viii.     Catharine,  b.  Sept.  30,  1772,  m.  Joseph  Fellows, 
ix.     Jane,  m.  Spencer  Barnes. 

*  Tradition  in  such  matters  cannot  always  be  relied  on.  There  was  a  Troop  in 
Barnstable,  Mass.,  as  early  as  1666  ;  and  Valentine  married  in  that  colony,  and  was 
not  unlikely  a  New  Englander. — [Eo.  ] 


TROOP.  613 

/ 

2.  JOHN  TROOP,  b.   1757,  m.   1780,  Eunice  Fellows  (dau.   of  Israel). 
Children  : 

i.     Susanna,  b.  1780,  m.  Ezra  F.  Foster. 

ii.  John,  b.  1782,  m.  1806,  Hannah  Gesner  :  Ch.  :  1,  John,  b.  1807, 
d.  1823,  unm ;  2,  Eliza,  b.  1809,  m.  1829,  John  Wade ;  3,  Famitcha,* 
b.  1812,  m.  1834,  Calvin  Young  ;  4,  Sumner,  b.  1816,  m.  Lydia 
C.  Kinney  ;  5,  Maria,  b.  1814,  m.  1837,  Edwin  Morse  ;  6,  Joseph 
Henry,  b.  1819,  m.  Hannah  Bent ;  7,  Eunice  Ann,  b.  1822, 
d.  unm. 

iii.     Polly,  b.  1784,  m.  Thomas  Chute. 

iv.  Israel,  b.  1786,  m.  Ann  Millidge  :  Ch.  :  1,  Sarah  Caroline,  b.  1815, 
m.  Lawrence  Willett  ;  2,  Emily,  b.  1818,  m.  William  Mills  ; 

3,  Stephen  Millidge,   b.   1821,    m.    Sarah  McCormick  ;  4,   Hon. 
William    Botsford,    b.     1824,    m.    (1st)    Susan   Morehouse,    ne'e 
Messenger,  (2nd)  Adelia  Brown,  (3rd)  Elizabeth  Magee. 

v.     Joseph,  b.  1789,  d.  unm. 

vi.  Jacob,  b.  1791,  m.  Ann  Miller :  Ch.  :  1,  Angelina,  b.  1826,  m.  David 
Harris  ;  2,  Thomas  Williams,  b.  1828,  m.  Catharine  Troop,  nee 
Oliver ;  3,  Gilbert  Fowler,  b.  1830,  m.  Annie  M.  Smith  ; 

4,  Leonard,  b.  1832,  m.  Catherine  Oliver  ;  5,  Georgina,  b.  1835, 
m.  Nathan  Chute. 

vii.     Cynthia,  b.  1795,  m.  (1st)  Simcoe  Willett,  (2nd)  Isaac  Phinney. 
viii.     George,  b.  1798,  m.  1825,  Susan  Parker :   Ch. :  1,  John,  b.  1826,  m. 
Hannah  Harris  ;  2,  Keziah,  b.  1828,  m.  Thomas  Harris  ;  3,  Alfred, 
b.  1831,  d.  unm.  ;  4,  Cynthia,  b.  1833,  m.  Seth  Wade  ;  5,  Emily, 
b.  1837,  m.  Francis  Christopher  ;   6,  Anna,  b.  1839,  m.  William 
Milbury  ;  7,  Joseph  Edward,  b.  1841,  m.  Martha  Bent. 
ix.     Eliza,  b.  1802,  m.  (1st)  Samuel  Wade,  (2nd)  William  Young, 
x.     Leonard,  b.  1804,  d.  unm. 
xi.     Sarah  Ann,  b.  1806,  m.  Michael  Harris. 

3.  JACOB  TROOP,  b.    1759,   m.    1774,  Anna  Morse  (dau.    of   Abner). 
Children : 

i.     Jacob,  b.  1775,  d.  1803,  unm. 

ii.     Anna,  b.  1777,  m.  Henry  Balcom. 

iii.  Valentine,  b.  1779,  m.  1806,  Tamar  Bath,  d.  1861  :  Ch. :  1,  Ann 
Maria,  b.  1807,  m.  William  Bent ;  2,  Jacob  Valentine  (M. P.P., 
New  Brunswick),  b.  1809,  m.  Catherine  Fellows  ;  3,  Harriet,  b. 
1811,  m.  Alexander  Hardwick  ;  4,  Silas  M.,  b.  1814,  m.  Ann 
Witherspoon  ;  5,  Alfred,  b.  1816,  m.  (1st)  Sarah  Ann  Mills,  (2nd) 
Lovicia  Irvine,  nee  Marshall ;  6,  Israel,  b.  1819,  m.  Adelia 
Welsh;  7,  Keziah  B.,  b.  1821,  unm.;  8,  Stephen  Bamford,  b. 
1824,  m.  Sarah  Robblee. 

iv.     Polly,  b.  1781. 
v.     Elizabeth,  b.  1784,  m.  1803,  John  Bath,  jun. 

vi.  Abner,  b.  1786,  m.  1812,  Henrietta  Cooper  Bath  :  Ch. :  1,  Keziah,  b. 
1813 ;  2,  Margaret,  b.  1815,  m.  Charles  Parker  ;  3,  John  Bath,  b. 
1817,  m.  Susan  Amelia  Bent  ;  4,  Elizabeth,  b.  1819,  m.  William 
Witherspoon  ;  5,  Robert  Hill,  b.  1820,  m.  Priscilla  Fowler ; 
6,  Valentine,  b.  1822,  m.  Lavinia  Dodge  ;  7,  Abner,  m.  Rachel 
Clark  ;  8,  Obadiah  Botsford,  m.  Lillias  Stirck  ;  9,  Charles  Edward, 
m.  Jane  Willett ;  10,  Eugene  P.,  m.  Lydia  Bent  ;  11,  Henrietta 
Cooper,  m.  Lawrence  Willett. 

vii.     Catharine,  b.  1788,  d.  1803. 
viii.     Maria,  b.  1792. 

ix.     Phebe,  b.  1798,  m.  1820,  John  Bath,  jun. 

*  This  lady  may  have  spoken  in  German  to  her  family. — [Eo.] 


614  TROOP — TUFFTS. 

4.  GEORGE  TROOP,  b.  1762,  m.  (1st)  1787,  Mercy  Morse,  (2nd)  Margaret 
Chipman.     Children : 

i.     Valentine  C.,  bpd.  Aug.  30,  1789,  m.  1819,  Rebecca  Ansley  :  Ch. : 
1,  Rebecca,  b.  1820,  m.  Robert  Hunter  ;  2,   Ozias,  b.  1823,  m.  ; 
3,  Lucretia,  b.  1825,  m.  George  N.  Rouse  ;  4,  Alphonso,  b.  1826. 
ii.     David,  b.  1790,  d.  unm. 
iii.     Abigail,  b.  1792,  d.  unm. 
iv.     Nancy,  b.  1794,  m.  William  Elderkin. 
v.     Catharine,  b.  1797,  m.  William  Elderkin. 
vi.     Mary,  b.  1800,  d.  1824,  unm. 
vii.     Abigail,  b.  1799,  m.  —  Bailey, 
viii.     Thomas  Handley,  b.  1802,  d.  1832,  unm: 

ix.  George  Whitefield,  b.  1804,  m.  Charlotte  Robinson  :  Ch. :  1,  Emma 
Charlotte,  unm.;  2,  Thomas  Handley,  m.  Anna  Hamilton  ;  3,  Mary 
Eliza,  d.  unm.  ;  4,  William  Robinson,  m.  Alice  Lockett ; 
5,  Augusta,  m.  Russell  Cropley  ;  6,  Susan,  d.  unm. 

x.     Jacob,  b.   1806,  m.  Mary :  Ch. :   1,  Alice,  d.  unm.  ;  2,  Susan, 

d.  unm. 
xi.     Charles  J.,  b.  1809,  m.  Sophia  Pentz  :  Ch.  :  1,  George,  d.  unm.  ;  2, 

Jacob  H.  ;  3,  Catharine  ;  4,  Julia  ;  5,  Charles, 
xii.     Maria,  b.  1811,  m.  George  Oxley. 
xiii.     Arthur  Wellington,  b.  1813. 

5.  HENRY  TROOP,  b.  1768,  m.  Mary  Randall.     Children  : 

i.  Alexander  Howe,  m.  1817,  Eunice  Chipman :  Ch.  :  1,  William 
Henry  (barrister),  b.  1819,  m.  dau.  of  Venerable  Archdeacon 
Coster,  Fredericton  N.B.  ;  2,  Alexander,  b.  1822,  d.  unm.  ; 
3,  Harriet  Elizabeth,  b.  1824,  unm. ;  4,  John  George,  b.  1826, 
m.  Miss  Morrow  (a  leading  Halifax  merchant)  ;  5,  Robert  Grant, 
b.  1828,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  Joseph  Osborne,  b.  1830,  d.  unm.  ;  7,  Jared 
Ingersol  Chipman  (barrister,  M.P.P.,  and  Speaker),  b.  1834, 
m.  Isabel  Grassie. 

ii.     A  son  or  dau.,  d.  unm. 

iii.  William  Henry,  J.P.,  m.  Lucy  Ann  Manning  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary  Ann, 
b.  1826 ;  2,  Charlotte  Augusta,  b.  1830,  m.  Hon.  Avard 
Longley,  M.P.P.,  M.P. 

TUPFTS.  The  Tuffts  of  this  and  Halifax  counties  are  descended  from 
Captain  Peter  Tuffts  who  came  from  England  in  1638  to  Maiden,  Mass., 
through  Peter,2  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Thomas  Layside,  (2nd)  Mary, 
dau.  of  Seaborn  Cotton  ;  Rev.  John,3  of  Newbury,  m.  (1st)  Sarah,  dau. 
of  John  Bradstreet,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Sargent ;  Rev.  Joshua,4  m.  Abigail, 
dau.  of  William  Ellery,  and  came  to  Cumberland,  N.S.,  in  1762. 

WILLIAM  ELLERY  TUFFTS  (son  of  Rev.  Joshua),  b.  1747,  m.  1772, 
Hannah  Whitman,  b.  1751.  Children  : 

i.  John  Whitman,  b.  1774,  m.  Phebe,  dau.  of  Arthur  Schofield,  who 
d.  1819,  aged  106  :  Ch. :  1,  Freeman,  b.  1803,  d.  1841,  m.  Lucy 
Thorpe  ;  2,  Mary,  b.  1805,  d.  1859,  unm. ;  3,  Orinda,  b.  1806,  d. 
1884,  unm. ;  4,  Jemima,  b.  1808,  m.  William  Frye  ;  5,  Samuel,  b. 
1810,  m.  Louisa,  dau.  of  Andrew  Kniffen,  and  was  the  father  of 
Professor  JOHN  FREEMAN  TUFTS,  of  Acadia  College  ;  6,  Gardner, 
b.  1812,  m.  Nancy,  dau.  of  Alex.  Wilson.  John  W.  and  his  wife 
both  d.  1896,  she  aged  79,  he  84. 


TUFFTS — TUPPER.  615 


ii.  Dorcas,  b.  1776,  d.  aged,  unm. 

iii.  Sarah,  b.  1778,  m.  —  Eaton  (school-teacher). 

iv.  Samuel,  b.  1781,  d.  1808,  unm. 

v.  Phebe,  b.  1783,  m.  Joseph  Brigham  Balcom. 

vi.  Mercy,  b.  1786,  m.  Joseph  Daniels,  jun. 

vii.  Hannah,  b.  1788,  m.  Samuel  Langley. 

viii,  Ann,  b.  1791,  m.  Samuel  Marshall. 

ix.  Jacob,  b.  1794,  d.  aged. 


TUPPER.  The  Tappers  of  Annapolis  County  are  a  branch  of  the 
Kings  County  family  from  whom  Sir  Charles  Tupper  is  descended. 
They  are  of  English  origin,  but  an  idea  prevails  among  some  of  the 
family  antiquarians  that  they  came  from  Hesse  Cassel  to  England  to 
escape  persecution  on  account  of  their  religion  in  1520  or  1522,  which 
of  course  cannot  be  verified,  and  is  probably  fabulous.  The  Diet  of 
Worms  met  in  1521,  and  condemned  Luther's  works,  but  no  general 
persecution  was  instituted  against  those  who  then  believed  in  them.  The 
name  may  be  Anglo-Saxon  from  Topfar,  or  Toppher,  as  contrasted  with 
Norman  English,  and  has  probably  existed  in  England  from  a  very 
remote  era  ;  in  some  cases  it  may  be  from  a  Norman  name  Toutpert,  to 
which  I  would  venture  to  assign  the  Guernsey  family,  which  produced 
Martin  F.  Tupper,  the  poet ;  while  Topper,  in  "  Burke's  Armory,"  I 
should  consider  another  form  of  the  Saxon  name.  This  eliminates  any 
idea  of  a  connection  between  the  old  Guernsey  family  and  the  English 
stock  which  sent  out  this  branch  to  America.  The  immigrant  ancestor 
came  from  Sandwich,  in  Kent,  to  New  England,  in  1635,  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  Sandwich,  in  Plymouth  Colony,  Mass,  where  he  and 
several  of  his  early  descendants  held  important  offices  and  exercised  a 
great  and  beneficial  influence  in  civil  and  religious  affairs  ;  one  or  two 
actively  engaged  in  the  work  of  evangelizing  the  Indians.  The  line 
of  descent  was  through  Thomas,1  Thomas,'2  Eliakim,3  EiJAKiM,4  who,  born 
in  1711,  married  in  1734,  removed  from  Lebanon,  Conn,  (where  he  had 
been  a  representative,  and  had  the  titles  of  Captain  and  Deacon),  to 
Cornwallis,  N.S.,  about  1760.  His  wife  was  Mary,  daughter  of  William 
Bassett,  of  Sandwich.  He  had  a  son  Charles,  who  was  the  father  of 
Rev.  Charles  Tupper,  D.D.,  and  through  him  grandfather  of  Sir  Charles 
Tupper,  Bart.  Elisha,  Miner  and  Asa  settled  at  Clark's  Ferry  (now  called 
Tupperville),  a  mile  or  two  eastward  of  Round  Hill.  They  were  sons 
of  ELIAS,  a  brother  of  Captain  Eliakim,  born  probably  1717  (died  at 
Tupperville,  May  14,  1800,  aged  83),  who  married  September  4th,  1740, 
Jerusha  Sprague,  who  was  born  1723,  and  died  1795,  aged  72,  and  had 
children,  besides  others  who  probably  remained  in  Connecticut  : 

i.  Elisha,  b.  1753,  d.  1811,  m.  1792,  Elizabeth  Sprague  :  Ch. : 
1,  Lucy,  b.  1793,  m.  James  Carty  ;  2,  Ann,  b.  1795,  m.  Stephen 
Chipman  ;  3.  Amy,  b.  1797,  m.  Stephen  Bent  ;  4,  William,  b. 


616  TUPPER — VANBLARCOM. 

1799,  m.  July  10,  1823,  Elizabeth  Tupper  (dau.  of  Eliakim,  of 
Stewiacke),  and  d.  May  8,  1827,  leaving  only  ch. :  Maria,  b.  Dec. 
8,    1825,  m.  Barzillai  Forsyth  ;  5,  Elizabeth, 
ii.     Elias,  b.  1755,  d.  1786. 
(2)      iii.     Miner,  b.  1757. 

iv.     Asa,  b.  1759,  d.  1810,  m.  Margaret  Agar,  nee  VanHorne  (b.  1767,  d. 
1827)  :  Ch. :   1,  Lawrence  VanHorne,  b.  1793,  m.  181G,  Lucy  Bent ; 

2,  Jerusha,  b.  1795,  m.  Handley  Chipman  Morse  ;  3,  Phebe,  b. 
1796,  m.  (1st)  Robert  Fitzrandolph,  (2nd)  John  Quirk  ;  4,  Elias, 
b.  1799,  m.  Elizabeth  Tupper  (widow  of  his  cousin  William),  and 
had  ch. :    1,  William,  b.  Jan.  17,  1830  ;   2,  Margaret,  b.  Feb.  11, 
1832  ;  3,  Lydia,  b.  Dec.  10,  1833  ;  4,  Mary  Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  27, 
1836  ;  5,  Elias  Hennigar,  b.  June  20,  1841  ;  and  perhaps  others. 

v.     Eliakim,  b.  1761,  m.  Elizabeth  Newcomb,  and  settled  in  Stewiacke. 

2.  MINER  TOPPER  was  born  in  1757  and  died  in  1805.  He  married 
Margaret  VanHorne,  and  had  children  : 

i.  John,  b.  1791,  m.  April  30,  1812,  Elizabeth  Longley,  and  d.  July 
30,  1849:  Ch. :  1,  Susan  Ann,  b.  Feb.  16,  1813,  m.  Henry 
Randall  ;  2,  Israel,  b.  1815,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Miner,  b.  Jan.  30,  1817, 
m.  Feb.  1,  1842,  Elizabeth  Ann  Winchester;  4,  Mary  Eliza,  b. 
Sept.  19,  1821,  m.  Peter  McKay  ;  5,  Mayhew,  b.  April  1,  1824, 
d.  1827  ;  6,  Harriet  Lovicia,  b.  March  8,  1826,  m.  Edward  C., 
son  of  Benjamin  Foster  ;  7,  Elvina,  b.  March  11,  1830. 

ii.     Mary,  m.  Henry  Gates,  M.P.P.  (his  1st  wife). 

iii.     Dorothy,  m.  Feb.  11,  1813,  James  Rice. 

iv.     Jerusha,  m.  Hira  Tupper. 

Eliakim  Tupper,  late  M.P.P.  for  Digby,  was  son  of  David  and  grand- 
son of  Eliakim.  who,  the  deceased  gentleman  always  claimed,  was  a 
brother  of  the  grandfather  of  Sir  Charles  Tupper,  and  therefore  son  of 
Capt.  Eliakim. 

VANBLARCOM.  The  VanBlarcoms  of  this  county  are  no  doubt 
descended  from  JOHANNES  VANBLARCOM,  who  emigrated  from  Holland, 
and  settled  at  Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  about  1623.  Blarcom  is  the 
name  of  a  community  settled  near  Rotterdam,  Holland.  Peter  Van- 
Blarcom  caine  to  Shelburne,  N.S.,  among  the  Loyalists  of  1783.  I 
cannot  trace  the  Alfred  who  is  mentioned  in  the  capitation  tax  list  of 
1792,  but  the  author  gives  us  an  ANTHONY  VANBLARCOM,  who  married 
Rosanna  Wade,  and  had  children  : 

i.     John,  m.  Jane  Eagleson  (no  issue), 
ii.     Joseph,  d.  unm. 
iii.     Elizabeth,  m.  James  Webber. 

iv.     Martin,  m.  Sarah  Leonard,  and  had  ch.:  1,  James,  m.  (1st)  Eunice 
Jones,  (2nd)  Lydia  (no  issue)  ;  2,   Eliza,   m.  Ritson  Longmire  ; 

3,  Seth,   m.    Mary   Jane   Powell  ;    4,    Benjamin,    m.    Catharine 
Nickerson,  formerly  M.P.P.  and  Sheriff  of  Digby  ;  5,  Mary  Ann, 
m.   Hiram  Young  ;  6,   Harriet,  m.  Thomas  Baxter  ;  7,  Phebe,  m. 
Isaac    Young;    8,    John,    in    U.S.A.;    9,    Joseph,   m.   Henrietta 
Young  ;   10,  Zebediah,  m.  Eliza  Eagleson  ;  11,  Hiram,  unm. 


VANBUSKIRK.  617 

VANBUSKIRK.  The  immigrant  ancestor  of  the  VanBuskirks  came  to 
New  Amsterdam,  now  New  York,  among  the  early  settlers  from  Holland, 
but  according  to  the  "Chute  Genealogies,"  was  a  native  of  Denmark,  by 
name  Lawrence  Andersen,  to  which  VanBoskirck  was  added  by  way  of 
some  distinction,  "  Van  "  being  the  Dutch  equivalent  for  the  French  de, 
"of";  as,  Lawrence  Anderson,  "of  Boskirck."  About  1660  he  settled 
at  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  was  an  able  man,  advocate  and  judge  ;  he 
had  a  son  Lawrens,  born,  about  1663,  married  Hendricke  van  der  Linde  or 
Van  Derlinde,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Assembly.  He  had  in  turn  a 
son  Lawrens,  who  died  1774.  By  his  wife  Eva  the  last-named  had  two 
sons,  JOHN  and  ABRAHAM  ;  John  had  a  son  LAWRENCE  and  a  son 
ABRAHAM.  The  latter,  born  about  1740,  was  Colonel  of  the  4th  battalion 
N.  J.  Loyal  Volunteers,  and  settled  at  Shelburne,  N.S.,  and  his  son  Jacob 
had  a  daughter  Sarah,  who  was  the  mother  of  the  late  Thomas  VanBus- 
kirk  Bingay,  of  Yarmouth,  barrister.  LAWRENCE,  born  1729,  in  Hacken- 
sack,  Bergen  County,  N.J.,  was  a  captain  in  the  King's  Orange  Rangers; 
came  to  St.  John  in  1783,  and  lived  afterwards  in  Kentville  and  Ayles- 
ford,  dying  at  the  latter  place  in  1803.  He  married  Jannetje 
VanBuskirk,  a  cousin,  daughter  of  Abraham,  his  father's  brother.  His 
sons  JOHN,  GARRETT,  and  HENRY  were  grantees  in  Aylesford  and  Wilmot, 
and  the  sons  of  JOHN  remained  in  this  county.  Children  : 

i.  Abraham,  b.  about  1750,  was  of  the  King's  Orange  Rangers  in 
1782,  m.  Ann  Corson,  came  to  Nova  Scotia,  but  later  returned 
and  lived  at  Athens  on  the  Hudson,  and  d.  at  New  York  about 
1820,  leaving  sons  and  daughters. 

ii.  Thomas,  b.  1752,  also  a  Loyalist  officer,  came  to  Nova  Scotia,  but 
returned  to  the  United  States. 

iii.     John,  b.  1754,  m.  Catharine :    Ch. :    1,   Charles,   m.   Garritie 

Vroom  ;  2,  Lawrence,  m.  Mary  Brymer  ;  3,  Jeremiah,  m. 
Mehitable  Welton  ;  4,  Mary,  m.  Francis  Smith  ;  5,  Ellen,  m. 
Nathaniel  Morgan  ;  6,  Dorothea,  m.  (1st)  Martin  Ryerson,  (2nd) 
Thomas  Welton. 

iv.  Garrett,  b.  1756,  m.  Elizabeth  Potts,  step-dau.  of  Capt.  Oldham 
Gates :  Ch. :  1,  Lawrence,  b.  1780,  m.  (1st)  VanHorne,  (2nd) 
VanBuskirk  ;  2,  John  Oldneck,  b.  1782,  m.  Elizabeth  West  ;  3, 
Dorothy,  b.  1784,  m.  Ezekiel  Brown  ;  4,  Ann,  b.  178C,  m. 
Thomas  Gates  ;  5,  Samuel,  b.  1788,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Paul 
Crocker  ;  6,  Catharine,  b.  1790,  m.  Edwin,  son  "of  John  Morgan  ; 
7,  Jemima,  b.  1792,  m.  Martin  Ryerson  ;  8,  Abram,  b.  Sept.  5, 
1794,  d.  young  ;  9,  Henry,  b.  June  13,  1797,  m.  Ruth,  dau.  of 
John  Morgan  ;  10,  Nelson,  b.  June  13,  1799,  m.  Betsey  Chute  ; 
11,  Charles,  b.  April  2,  1804,  m.  Rebecca,  dau.  of  Wells  and 
Abba  Congdon. 
v.  Jemima,  b.  1761,  m.  Simeon  Ryerson. 

vi.     Theodosia,  m.  James  Harris. 

vii.  Henry,  b.  1767,  m.  (1st)  Isabella  Donkin,  (2nd)  Nancy  Potter  :  Ch.: 
1,  William  Henry,  b.  May  1,  1798,  m.  Elizabeth  Watson  ;  2,  Dr. 
Lawrence  E.,  b.  'Nov.  6,  1799,  m.  Mary  E.  Hanley,  d.  1867  at 
Halifax  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  b.  Jan.  14,  1802  ;  4,  Dr.  Robert,  b.  March 
13,  1804,  m.  Ann,  dau.  of  James  R.  De  Wolfe  ;  he  died  soon,  and 
she  married  Rev.  W.  H.  Snyder  ;  5,  Dr.  George  Pitt,  b.  April  15, 


618  VANBUSKIRK — VIDITO — VROOM. 

1806,  m.  Margaret  Reid  ;  6,  Charlotte,  b.  June  14,  1808,  m. 
Thomas  Spurr,  Bridgetown,  d.  1857  ;  7,  Abraham,  b.  Jan.  4, 
1811,  m.  Eliza  Harris,  d.  1865  ;  8,  Dr.  Inglis,  b.  April  9,  1813, 
m.  Eliza,  dau.  of  James  Barss  ;  9,  James  Donkin,  b.  May  4,  1816, 
m.  Catharine,  sister  of  Rev.  H.  L.  Owen. 

VIDITO.  This  family  is  probably  of  Huguenot  origin,  but  whence 
they  came  directly  to  this  province  T  find  no  record.  John  Vidito, 
residing  at  Annapolis,  died  December.  1820,  aged  93,  and  therefore 
born  in  1727.  He  may  have  been  father  of  JUSTUS,  who  had  children  : 

i.  Jesse,  in.  Isabel  Fisher  :  Ch. :  1,  John,  m.  Ann  Daley  ;  2,  William 
m.  Mary  Marshall  ;  3,  Rev.  Nathaniel,  m.  Caroline  Munroe  ;  4 
Parker,  m.  Mary  R.  Dunn  ;  5,  Rev.  Silas,  m.  Eleanor  McGregor 
6,  James,  m.  Hannah  Saunders  ;  7,  Rebecca,  m.  Gideon  Clark 
8,  Susan,  in.  David  Ward  ;  9,  Caroline,  m.  George  Marshall ;  10 
Mary,  m.  Oliver  Marshall. 

ii.     Jacob,  m.  Eliza  Peoples. 

iii.     Phebe,  m.  Thomas  Stacey. 

iv.     Charlotte,  m.  Stephen  Jefferson. 
And  probably  others. 

VROOM.  CoRNELis1  PIETERSE  VROOM  settled  in  New  Amsterdam,  now- 
New  York,  some  time  previous  to  1645.  He  had  three  sons— 1,  Cornelius 
Corssen  Vroom  ;  2,  Peter  Corssen  Vroom  ;  3,  Hendrick2  Corssen  Vroom, 
born  1653.  The  latter  had  six  children — Cornelius,  Judith,  Rachel, 
Hendrick,3  Alfred,  and  Katryna.  The  son  Hendrick3  was  born  in  1683, 
and  had  sons  Hendrick,4  George,  John  and  Peter.  The  eldest  son  Hen- 
drick4 had  children — Peter,5  John,5  George,  Hendrick,  Janitie,  Sintie. 
Catherine  and  Lemmettie.  The  two  eldest  sons  Peter0  and  John5  were 
the  Loyalists  who  came  to  Nova  Scotia.  Their  brothers  George  and 
Hendrick  were  among  the  New  Jersey  men  in  the  Revolutionary  forces. 
Peter5  D.  Vroom  was  a  colonel  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  being  a  son 
of  George  Vroom,  the  uncle  of  the  four  brothers  just  mentioned,  and 
therefore  first  cousin  to  the  Loyalists,  Peter  and  John.  This  Col.  Peter 
D.  Vroom  was  the  father  of  the  late  Hon.  Peter0  D.  Vroom,  for  some 
years  Governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  also  U.  S.  Minister  to  Prussia.  The 
Hon.  G.  D.  "W.7  Vroom,  of  Trenton,  N.J.,  and  Peter7  D.  Vroom,  Lieut.  - 
Col.  and  Inspector-General  of  the  U.  S.  army,  are  sons  of  the  late 
Governor  Vroom. 

In  1776  Peter  Arroom,  evidently  the  one  who  subsequently  came  to 
Nova  Scotia,  was  arrested  and  brought  before  the  Hillsborough  Commit- 
tee in  New  Jersey  on  a  charge  of  "disloyalty."  After  being  several  times 
before  the  committee  he  was  committed  to  gaol.  On  the  2nd  of  Febru- 
ary, 1776,  he  was  taken  from  Millstone  gaol  by  Capt.  Peter  D.  Vroom, 
by  order  of  the  committee,  and  brought  before  the  Provincial  Congress  of 
New  Jersey,  at  New  Brunswick,  N.J.  The  following  is  from  the  Minutes 
of  the  Congress : 


VROOM.  .  619 

"  The  proceedings  of  the  Committee  of  Hillsborough,  in  the  County  of 
Somerset,  against  Peter  Vroom  of  Piscataway,  in  the  County  of  Middle- 
sex, being  transmitted  to  this  Congress  and  read,  ordered  that  the  charge 
against  said  Vroom  be  now  considered. 

"Peter  Vroom  being  ordered  to  be  brought  before  this  Congress 
attended  accordingly,  and  the  proceedings  of  the  Committee  of  Hills- 
borough  were  read  in  the  presence  of  said  Vroom,  who  confessed  the 
charge  therein  exhibited,  and  having  offered  matter  in  mitigation  was 
ordered  to  withdraw. 

"  Resolved, — That  the  determination  of  the  charge  exhibited  against 
Peter  Vroom  be  deferred  to  some  future  day  in  the  present  session,  and 
that  in  the  meantime  he  be  committed  to  the  common  gaol  of  the  County 
of  Somerset,  the  keeper  of  which  is  hereby  required  to  receive  and  keep 
him  in  close  confinement  until  this  Congress  take  further  order  therein." 

Further  record  says  :  "  On  application  of  Peter  TenEick,  in  favour  of 
Peter  Vroom,  and  from  the  family  circumstances  of  said  Vroom,  it  is 
resolved,  that  the  former  order  of  commitment  be  rescinded,  and  that  the 
aforesaid  Peter  Vroom  be  committed  to  the  custody  of  Captain  Peter 
TenEick,  who  has  pledged  his  parole  of  honour  to  bring  said  Vroom  before 
the  Congress  whenever  required." 

Further,  under  date  March  1,  1776:  "The  Congress  having  resumed 
the  consideration  of  the  charges  exhibited  against  Peter  Vroom, 

Resolved, — That  said  Peter  Vroom  pay  the  costs  of  the  present  prose- 
cution, to  be  taxed  by  the  Township  Committee,  of  Piscataway,  and  give 
obligation  with  surety,  to  the  Chairman  of  said  Committee  in  the  sum  of 
150  pounds  for  his  good  behaviour  in  future  ;  and  that  he  yield  up  to  said 
Chairman  all  his  arms  and  weapons  of  defence,  to  remain  in  custody  of 
said  Chairman  until  the  said  Committee  shall  deem  it  proper  to 
re-deliver  them ;  and  on  non-compliance  herewith,  that  said  Vroom  be 
re-committed  to  the  keeper  of  the  common  gaol  of  the  County  of  Middle- 
sex, who  is  hereby  ordered  to  keep  him  in  close  confinement  during  such 
non-compliance. " 

JOHN  VROOM  married,  1781,  Jane  Ditmars,  and  had  children  : 

i.  Henry,  b.  1782,  m.  1808,  Abigail  Ditmars:  Ch.  :  1,  Jane,  b.  1809, m. 
Calvin  Wheelock  ;  2,  John  Ditmars,  b.  1811,  m.  Catharine  Jones  ; 

3,  Jeremiah,  b.  1817,   m.   ;  4,  Harriet,  b.   1813,  m.  Calvin 

Wheelock  ;  5,  Adolphus  Wesley,  b.  1815  ;  6,  Mary  Magdalene,  b. 
1813,  m.  Thomas  Jones  ;  9,  7,  Avard,  b.  1822,  m.  Eliza  Chesley  ; 
8,  George  Henry,  b.  1824  ;  Cornelius  Hennigar,  b.  1825,  m.  — 
Pearce. 

ii.  George,  b.  1784,  m.  1805,  Mary  Amberman  :  Ch.  :  1,  Sarah  Ann,  b. 
1806,  m.  Samuel  Purdy  ;  2,  Henry  Fowler,  b.  1807,  m.  1829, 
Elizabeth  Purdy  ;  3,  John,  b.  1809  ;  4,  George,  b.  1811,  m.  Sarah 
VanBuskirk  ;  5,  William,  b.  1813,  m.  Frances  Eliza,  dau.  of  Ezra 
F.  Foster,  and  was  father  of  Rev.  PROFESSOR  VROOM,  now  of 


620  VRQOM — WADE. 

King's  College,  Windsor  ;  6,  Frederic  L.  B.,  b.  1815,  m.  Eunice, 
dau.  of  Ezra  F.  Foster,  and  was  father  of  Wm.  E.  Vroom,  now 
a  leading  St.  John  merchant ;  7,  James,  b.  1817,  m.  Ellen 
Burns  ;  8,  Isaac,  b.  1819  ;  9,  Edwin,  b.  1821,  m.  —  Bogart ;  10, 
Caroline  Wood,  b.  1823,  m.  Pardon  Sanders. 

iii.  Isaac,  b.  1786,  m.  1817,  Mary  Spurr  (dau.  of  Shippey):  Ch.  :  1, 
Hattie  Jane,  b.  1818,  m.  (1st)  John  Bogart,  (2nd)  Stephen 
Quereau  ;  2,  Letitia  Arm,  b.  1821,  m.  William  Voorhies  Jones  ; 
3,  John,  b.  1823,  m.  (1st)  Eliza  Starratt,  (2)  Seraph  Pearce  ;  4, 
Caroline,  b.  1825,  m.  Douw  Jones  ;  5,  Margaret  Elizabeth,  b. 
1827,  m.  Henry  Fowler  Burns  ;  6,  Isaac  Ditmars,  b.  1829,  m. 
(1st)  Mary  Ann  Hall,  (2nd)  Seraphina  Ditmars;  7,  Albert  D., 
b.  1831,  m.  Charlotte  Morse  ;  8,  William  Voorhies,  b.  1833,  m. 
Mary  Ann  Woodman  ;  9,  Ethaline  Sophia,  b.  1835,  m.  (1st) 
James  Jones,  (2nd)  William  Anderson. 

iv.     Charity,  b.  1788,  m.  Charles  VanBuskirk. 
v.     Sarah,  b.  1790,  m.  Simon  Purdy. 

WADE.  This  family  is  descended  from  JOXATHAX  WADE,  who  emigrated 
in  1632  (according  to  "Savage's  Genealogical  Dictionary")  from  Denver, 
County  of  Norfolk,  on  West  Side,  one  mile  from  Downham  Market,  and 
Prudence,  his  wife.  His  widow,  however,  was  named  Susanna,  but  he  may 
have  been  twice  married,  or  Prudence  may  be  a  mistake.  He  certainly 
had  a  daughter  Prudence.  He  was  a  man  of  substance,  ability  and  influ- 
ence, representative  to  the  General  Court;  a  merchant,  sat  down  first  at 
Charleston,  but  removed  to  Ipswich.  JOHN,  probably  his  great-grandson, 
in  1758,  then  carrying  on  a  carriage  and  chair  manufactory,  thirty-three 
years  old,  raised  a  company  of  troops  to  aid  in  the  capture  of  Louisburg, 
and  after  -that  was  accomplished  he  went  with  it  to  Quebec.  In  this  com- 
pany, which  participated  in  the  battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  was  his 
apprentice,  Samuel  Bent,  already  spoken  of.  He  came  to  Granville  in 
1760,  after  wintering  in  Halifax,  and  his  wife  and  children,  accompanied 
by  her  father  and  brother  (James  Arbuckle,  senior  and  junior,  who  died 
soon  after  their  arrival),  came  in  1761.  He  settled  on  lot  No.  76,  on 
which  some  of  his  descendants  now  reside.  He  was  commissioned  captain 
of  militia  in  1763,  and  was  also  a  highly  respected  and  efficient  Justice  of 
the  Peace.  The  first  turning-lathe  used  in  the  county  was  introduced  by 
him  and  employed  in  his  chair  factory,  which  was  also  the  first  one  in 
the  valley,  and  for  over  half  a  century  the  only  one.  He  has  respectable 
and  worthy  descendants  in  almost  every  honourable  industrial  pursuit  and 
in  all  the  professions.  A  great-grandson,  John  Chipman  Wade,  repre- 
sented Digby  County  many  years,  during  four  of  which  he  was  Speaker. 
Afterwards  he  was  in  the  Dominion  Parliament.  He  married  Sarah 
Arbuckle,  of  Massachusetts,  and  died  1813.  Children: 

i.  Daniel,  m.  (1st)  1776,  Mary  Starratt,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Fletcher,  nee 
Witherspoon  :  Ch.  :  1,  Hannah,  b.  1776,  d.  1776  ;  2,  Mary,  b. 
1778,  m.  Job  Young,  jun. ;  3,  Elizabeth,  b.  1780,  m.  Charles 
Bent ;  4,  Hannah,  b.  1781,  m.  Abraham  Young  ;  5,  Susan,  b. 


WADE.  621 

1783,  m.  Archibald  Morrison  ;  6,  Rosanna,  b.  1784.  m.  Edward 
Covert;  (by  2nd  wife):  7,  Thomas,  b.  1785,  m.  1807  Christina 
Morrison,  had  ch. :  1,  William  Edward,  b.  1810,  d.  1839,  uiirn. ; 
2,  Georgina,  b.  1812,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Elvira,  b.  1816,  m.  LeVose 
Bent  ;  4,  John  Morrison,  b.  1818,  m.  Julia  Ann  Miller  ;  5, 
Catharine  A.,  b.  1821,  d.  unm.;  6,  Mary  Emetine,  b.  1823,  m. 
Gilbert  Ryerson ;  7,  Catherine  Addia,  b.  1837,  d.  unm. 

(2)  ii.     Sylvanus. 

iii.  Joseph,  m.  1786,  Sarah  Patten  (dau.  of  Joseph,  M.P.P.):  Ch.  :  1, 
Patten,  b.  1789,  m.  —  Smith,  and  settled  in  a  district  on  the  St. 
John  River,  left  a  son  William,  and  a  dau.  m.  George  Roney,  of 
Granville  ;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1791,  d.  unm.  ;  3,  Sarah,  d.  unm.  ;  4, 
John,  m.  ;  5,  Samuel,  m. 

iv.     Hannah,  m.  James  Macgregor. 

(3)  v.     John,  jun. 

2.  SYLVANUS  WADE  married  Elizabeth  Troop,  and  had  children  : 

i.  John,  m.  (1st)  1812,  Harriet  Chipman,  (2nd)  Olivia  Chipman  :  Ch.: 
1,  Annie,  b.  1813,  m.  Peter  McNab  ;  2,  Harriet,  b.  1815,  m. 
Walter  Withers  ;  3,  JOHN  CHIPMAN,  b.  1817,  d,  1892,  m.  Caroline, 
dau.  of  Rev.  Roger  Viets,  jun. ;  (by  2nd  \v.) :  4,  Charlotte,  d.  unm. 

ii.  Joseph,  m.  (1st)  Prudence  Porter,  (2nd)  Mary  Randall,  (3rd)  Nancy 
Parker  (no  issue),  d.  1887,  aged  101,  a  well-preserved  centenarian. 

iii.  George,  m.  1811,  Elizabeth  Wheelock  :  Ch.:  1,  Gilbert,  b.  1811,  m. 
1835,  Rachel  Halliday  ;  2,  Phebe,  b.  1813,  d.  unm.;  3,  Joseph 
Churchill,  m.  1838,  Nancy  Bent  ;  4,  Benjamin,  b.  1817,  m.  Ann 
Timpany  ;  5,  Sylvanus,  b.  1819,  m.  Ann  Young  ;  6,  George,  b. 
1821.  m.  Freelove  Congdon  ;  7,  Abel,  b.  1828,  m.  William  Young  ; 
8,  Mary  Elizabeth,  b.  1825,  m.  John  Congdon  ;  9,  Lucretia,  b. 
1834. 

iv.  James,  m.  Phebe  Hall :  Ch. :  1,  Harriet,  m.  Samuel  Bath  ;  2, 
James,  m.  Agnes  Jones,  of  Marshalltown  ;  3,  Elizabeth,  m.  John 
E.  Bath  ;  4,  Samuel,  m.  (1st)  Miss  Barnaby,  of  Digby,  (2nd) 
Elizabeth  Ells,  of  Woodstock  ;  5,  David,  unm. ;  6,  Thomas,  d. 
unm. ;  7,  Charles,  d.  unm. ;  8,  Weston,  d.  unm. 
v.  Catharine,  m.  David  Hall. 

vi.     Job,  m.  (1st)  1820,  Hannah  Witherspoon,  (2nd)  Mary  Harvey  :  Ch.: 

1,  Joseph,  b.  1830,  m.  (1st)  Lavinia  Parker,  (2nd)  Abigail  Morse  ; 

2,  Hannah  Olivia,  b.  1832,  d.  1833  :  3,  Hannah  Olivia,  d.  unm. ;  4, 
Annie  Elizabeth,  b.  1836,  ni.   Henry  Allen  ;  5,  Norman,  b.  1838, 
d.  unm. ;  6,  Jane,   b.   1840,  m.   Ebenezer  Bent  ;  7,  Catharine,  b. 
1842,  m.  John  Roney  ;  8,  Ellen,   b.  1844,   d.   unm.;  9,  John,  b. 
1846,  m.  Emma  Lang  ;  10,  Alfred,  m.  Mary  Trefry  ;  11,  FLETCHER 
B. ,  Barrister,  Q.C. ,  of  Bridge  water. 

3.  JOHN   WADE,    JUN.,    married    1789,    Phebe   Leonard,    died    1811, 
Children  : 

i.  Seth,  b.  1790,  m.  1814,  Maria McCormick  :  Ch.:  1,  Mary,  m.  Thomas 
Miller  ;  2,  William,  m.  Irene  Nicholls  ;  3,  Jane,  m.  (1st)  —  Bailey, 
(2nd)  William  Letteney  ;  4,  Stephen,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Ann,  d.  1855, 
m.  Solomon  Marshall;  6,  Daniel,  d.  unm.;  7,  Hannah  M.,  m. 
Amos  Allen. 

ii.  Samuel,  b.  1791,  m.  1821,  Eliza  Troop  :  Ch. :  1,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  1823, 
m.  Walter  Willett  Wade  ;  2,  Eunia,  b.  1825,  m.  Charles  Young; 

3,  Seth,  b.  1828,  m.  Cynthia   Troop  ;    4,  Cynthia,  b.   1830,  m. 
Stephen  Bent  ;  5,  Leonard,  b.  1832,  unm. ;  6,  Henry,  b.  1834,  m. 


622  WADE — WALKER — WELTON. 

Hannah  Harding  ;    7,  Robert,  m.  Anna  Sarah  Gullis  ;    8,   Israel 
T.,  b.  1837,  in.  Lizzie  McKeown  ;  9,  Emily,  m.  John  Hutchinson. 

iii.  William,  b.  1793,  m.  (1st  1820,  Margaret  Willett,  (2nd)  Maria 
McCormick  :  Ch. :  1,  Mary,  b.  1821,  d.  unm. ;  2,  Walter  Willett, 
b.  1822,  m.  Sarah  Ann  Wade  ;  3,  Edmund,  b.  1825,  m.  Miss 
Douglas  ;  4,  Deborah,  b.  1828,  unm. ;  5,  Isaac,  b.  1830,  d.  unm. ; 
6,  Sumner,  b.  1832,  in.  Ann  Johnson  ;  7,  Abigail,  b.  1835,  m. 
Busby  Gates  ;  8,  Eliza,  m.  Zebulon  Blakesley  ;  9,  Margaret,  m. 
Prior  Sandford  ;  10,  William,  m.  (no  issue). 

iv.     Ann,  b.  1795,  m.  William  Young. 

v.     Sarah,  b.  1797,  m.  Henry  Milbury. 

vi.  John,  b.  1801,  d.  Oct.  9,  1889,  m.  1829,  Eliza  Troop  :  Ch.:  1, 
Caroline,  b.  1830,  d  unm.;  2,  Henrietta,  b.  1832,  m.  Andrew 
Mack;  3,  Maria,  b.  1837,  unm.;  4,  Eliza,  b  1839,  unm.;  5,  John, 
b.  1842,  d.  unm.;  6,  Alice,  b.  1845,  m.  N.  K.  Clements,  Yar- 
mouth; 7,  Charles,  b.  1848,  unm.;  8,  Caroline  G.,  b.  1854,  d.  unm. 

vii.     Susan,  b.  1803,  m.  Joseph  Osinger. 

viii.     Leonard,  in.  Maria  McCormick,  and  had  Rev.  JOHN  MOORE  CAMP- 
BELL WADE,  Rector  of  Aylesford,  and  others. 

WALKER.     (See  memoir  of  Thomas  Walker,  M.P.P.,  p.  397.) 

ROBERT  WALKER,  ancestor  of  one  family  of  that  name,  was  here  early 
in  the  last  century,  probably  in  some  branch  of  the  military  service,  as 
few  settlers  came  here  prior  to  1760,  except  those  so  employed.  He 
married  twice,  his  second  wife  being  a  widow  James.  Children  by  first 
wife  : 

i.     Robert,  d.  (probab'y  killed  by  Indians). 

ii.     Andrew,  b.  1757,  m.  1779,  Mary  Clarke,  b.  1761,  d.  1835  :     Ch. :  1, 
Andrew,  b.  1780,  m.  Famitcha  Gesner  (no  issue)  ;  2,  Ann,  b.  1782, 
d.  1867  unm.  ;  3,  Mary,  bpd.  Dec.  3,  1789,  m.  (1st)  James  Chesley, 
(2nd)  Elias  or  William  Burbidge  ;    4,  William,  m.  Ann  Phinney  ; 
5,  Thomas  Granville,  b.  1786,   m.  Charlotte  Clark  ;    6,  Adolplms, 
m.  Susanna  Roberts  ;  7,  Elizabeth,  d.  unm. ;  8,  Helen,  d.  unm. 
iii.     Margaret,  b.  1759,  m.  Peleg  Little, 
iv.     Anna,  b.  1760,  m.  Asahel  Dodge. 
v.     Sarah,  b.  1763,  m.  James  Delap. 

WELTON.     EZEKIEL  WELTON,  a  Loyalist,  I  believe,  was  born  in  1745, 

died  in   1839,   married  (1st)  •,    (2nd)  Mary  Nichols,  nee  Richards. 

Children  : 

i.  Cephas,  m.  1794,  Lucy  Parker,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Mary,  b.  1795,  d. 
1797  ;  2,  Allan,  b.  1797,  d.  1816  ;  3,  Sidney,  b.  1800,  m.  Isabel 
Morse  ;  4,  Walter,  b.  1802,  d.  1805  ;  5,  Eric,  b.  1804,  m.  1827, 
Mary  Spinney  (no  issue)  ;  6,  William,  b.  1806,  d.  1832,  m.  Louisa 
Willett ;  7,  Walter,  b.  1809,  m.  Mary  Helen  Dodge  (no  issue)  ; 

8,  Parker,  b.  1812,   m.  (1st)  Mary  Neily,  (2nd)  Charlotte  Ward  ; 

9,  Lucy  Ann,  b.  1815,  m.  Jacob  Neily. 

ii.  Eric,  m.  Elizabeth  Smith  (probably  dau.  of  Jonathan) :  Ch.  :  1, 
Frank,  m.  ;  2,  Thomas,  m.  1821,  Dorothy  Ryerson,  nee  Van- 
Buskirk  ;  3,  Gilbert,  m.  ;  4,  Ezekiel,  m.  Sarah  Barton ;  5, 
Jonathan,  m.  Margaret  Grant  ;  6,  Cephas,  m.  ;  7,  Austin,  m. 
Helen  Neily  ;  8,  Mehitable,  m.  Jeremiah  VanBuskirk  ;  9,  Mary, 
d.  unm. ;  10,  Mercy,  m.  Isaac  Roach  ;  11,  Emily,  m.  Edward  Dean  ; 
12,  Ann,  m.  Archibald  Lamb  ;  13,  Julia,  m.  Thomas  Brennan  ; 
14,  Rachel,  m.  John  Ward. 


WHEELOCK.  623 

WHEELOCK.  Rev.  RALPH  WHEELOCK,  called  the  founder  of  Medfield, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Shropshire,  England,  1600,  educated  at  Clare  Hall, 
University  of  Cambridge  (B.A.  1626,  M.A.,  1631),  a  learned  and  able 
Nonconformist  divine,  came  to  Massachusetts  in  1637,  and  held  some  civil 
offices  in  Dedham,  Mendon  and  Medfield;  built  in  Medfield  1651-52,  and 
died  there  in  1683.  His  great-grandson  OBADIAH,  *  through  Benjamin2 
(who  in  1668  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Samuel  Bullen),  Obadiah,3 
born  1685  (married,  1708,  Elizabeth  Darling,  and  was  a  man  of  note  in 
Rehoboth  and  Milford),  was  born  in  1712,  and  married  in  1733,  Martha, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Sarah  (Lovett)  Sumner,  and  had  children  : 

i.     Zipporah,  b.  May  12,  1734. 
ii.     Martha,  b.  March  17,  1736. 
(2)       iii.     Obadiah,  b.  July  7,  1738. 

iv.  Joseph,  b.  July  17,  1740,  m.  (1st)  Nov.  5,  1769,  Deborah,  dau. 
of  Jonas  and  Thankful  Farnsworth,  (2nd)  June  16,  1795,  Sybil 
Tarbell,  of  Groton,  Mass.,  and  had  ch.  (by  2nd  wife):  1,  Welcome, 
b.  June  23,  1796,  m.  Mary  Eliza  Andrews,  and  was  High  Sheriff 
many  years  ;  2,  Joseph,  b.  1798,  m.  (1st)  1824,  Mercy  Whitman, 
(2nd)  Hannah  Whitman  ;  3,  Amariah,  b.  1800,  d  1821  ;  4,  Azubah, 
b.  1803,  m.  1848,  David,  son  of  Oliver  Foster  ;  5,  Tarbell,  m. 
Mary  Fisher  (dau.  of  George  Easson)  ;  6,  Sybil,  b.  1808,  d. 
young  ;  7,  Rev.  Jesse,  Methodist  minister,  b.  1811,  d.  1841. 
v.  Elias,  b.  April  17,  1743,  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  Beriah  Rice,  lived  at 
Nictaux,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Abigail,  m.  Michael  Martin,  d.  185IJ  ; 
2,  Sophia,  m.  Lt.-Col.  James  Eager  ;  3,  Ward,  m.  1804,  Azubah 
Gates,  9  tch.  ;  4,  Elias,  m.  Mary  Hook  (?),  d.  in  England  ;  5, 
Sumner,  m.  1815,  Mary  Willett ;  6,  Sarah,  m.  Elkanah  Morton, 
J.C.P.;  7,  Charles,  b.  June  17,  1791,  m.  Hannah  B.  Baltzor, 
6  ch.  ;  8,  Amoret,  m.  Samuel  Morse  ;  9,  Betsey,  d.  unm. 
vi.  Abigail,  b.  April  24,  1746,  m.  —  Moulton. 

vii.     Jesse,  b.  Oct.  2,  1748,  m.  Abigail  Lovitt,  and  lived  in  Maine  ;  6  ch. 
viii.     Amariah,  b.  Sept.  18,  1752. 

1 
2.  OBADIAH  WHEELOCK  was  born  July  7,  1738,  at  Mendon,  Worcester 

County,  Mass.,  and  married,  in  Nova  Scotia,  Rachel,  daughter  of  Beriah 
Rice.     (See  memoir,  page  333.)     He  had  children  : 

i.     Asaph,  m.  1797,  Mary  Church  :  Ch.:  1,  Harriet,  m.  William,  son 
of  Thomas  W.  Banks  ;    2,  Thomas  C.  (J.P.),  b.   Jan.,    1799,  still 

living,  m.   Caroline  Wheelock  ;  3,   Jesse  Hoyt,  b.  1800,  m.  , 

(in  Mexico)  ;  4,  Edmund  Morton,  b.  1803,  m.  Mary  Brine  ;  5, 
Hannah  Rachel,  b.  1805,  m.  William  Foster ;  6,  Obadiah,  b. 
1807,  d.  unm.  in  California  ;  7,  Constant,  b.  1809,  m.  —  Mess- 
enger ;  8,  Mary,  b.  "1812,  m.  William  Miller  ;  9,  Sarah,  b.  1814, 
m.  Samuel  T.  Neily. 

ii.     Lucy,  m.  Elkanah  Morton,  J.C.P. 

iii.     Calvin,  m.  Mary  Pennall. 

iv.     Mary,  m.  Walter  Willett. 
v.     Samuel,  m. . 

vi.     Irene,  m.  Jesse  Hoyt. 

vii.     Americus. 

Another  branch  of  the  Wheelock  family  settled  in  Wilmot.     ABEL 
WHEELOCK    was   a   son   of   Joseph    Wheelock    and   Abigail,    his   wife ; 


624  WHEELOCK — WHITMAN. 

grandson  of  Gershom  Wheelock  and  Hannah,  daughter  of  John  Stodder  ; 
and  great-grandson  of  Rev.  Ralph  Wheelock.  Abel  was  thus  a  second 
cousin  of  the  Obadiah4  whose  record  precedes  this,  and  his  children  were 
third  cousins  of  Obadiah,  M.P.P.,  and  his  brothers.  He  married  in 
1764,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Foster,  and  lived  in  Granville. 
Children  : 

i.  Benjamin,  b.  Jan.  26,  1765,  m.  1790,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  John 
Jacques,  and  lived  in  Granville  :  Ch.  :  1,  Elizabeth,  b.  March  28, 
1791,  m.  George  Wade  ;  2,  Sarah,  b.  1794,  m.  Abner  Foster;  3, 
Abel,  b.  Aug.  27,  1797,  m.  Elizabeth  Ann,  dau.  of  Ezekiel  Foster, 
jun.;  4,  Mary,  b.  Aug.  7,  1799,  m.  Thomas,  son  of  Ezekiel  Foster, 
jun.  ;  5,  William  K.,  b.  Sept.  14,  1804. 

ii.     Joseph,  b.  July  7,  1767,  d.  young. 

iii.  John,  b.  April,  1769,  m.  (1st)  1792,  Mary  Gilliatt  (dau.  of  William 
and  Rebecca),  (2nd)  Mittie,  dau.  of  Major  Nathaniel  Parker,  and 
lived  at  Torbrook,  Wilmot  :  Ch.  :  1,  Abel,  b.  1793,  m.  Jane,  dau. 
of  Joseph  Foster  ;  2,  Ann,  b.  1794,  m.  John  Hoffman  ;  3,  Rebecca, 
b.  Sept.  10,  1796,  m.  Guy  Carleton  Payson  ;  4,  Mary,  b.  1799,  m. 
Peter,  son  of  Obadiah  and  Hannah  Morse. 

iv.  Sarah,  b.  Feb.  24,  1771,  m.  Thomas  Wheeler  Banks, 
v.  Samuel,  b.  Jan.  6,  1773,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Walter  Wilkins,  lived  at 
Torbrook  :  Ch.  :  1,  Joseph,  b.  1807,  m.  Sarah,  dau.  of  John 
Hoffman  ;  2,  Benjamin,  b.  1809,  m.  Sophia,  dau.  of  Thomas  W. 
Banks  ;  3,  Sarah,  b.  1811,  d.  1815  ;  4,  Walter,  b.  April  1,  1813, 
m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Silas  Gates  ;  5,  James,  b.  1815,  m.  (1st)  Henri- 
etta Smith,  (2nd)  Lydia  Crisp,  ne'e  Palfrey  ;  6,  William,  b.  1817, 
m.  Love,  dau.  of  Samuel  Roberts  ;  7,  Wesley,  b.  1819,  m.  Mary 
Jane  Masters  (dau.  of  Rev.  Ezekiel)  ;  8,  Rev.  George  Whitefield, 
b.  1822  (Methodist),  d.  unm.  ;  9,  Anthony,  b.  1824  ;  10,  Samuel, 
b.  1826,  d.  soon  ;  11,  Samuel,  b.  Dec.  24,  1828,  m.  June  24,  1858, 
Maggie,  dau.  of  Jacob  Gates  ;  12,  Rev.  John,  b.  1831  (Baptist),  d. 
1855. 

vi.  Elizabeth,  b.  1775,  m.  Major  Ezekiel  Cleveland,  jun. 
vii.  Abel,  b.  April  23,  1777,  m.  Nov.  20,  1801,  Parney,  dau.  of  Major 
Nathaniel  Parker :  Ch.  :  1,  Samuel,  b.  Feb.  20,  1803,  m. 
Eliza  Ann  Berteaux  ;  2,  Lucinda,  b.  Sept.  22,  1804  ;  3,  Olive, 
b.  Dec.  24,  1806,  m.  1827,  Robert  Berteaux  ;  4,  Parney,  b.  Jan. 
20,  1808,  m.  James  Berteaux  ;  5,  John,  b.  July  28,  1811,  m. 
Emily  J.  Dodge  ;  6,  Abel  Maynard,  b.  Dec.  23,  1813,  m.  (1st)  Eliza, 
dau.  of  Walter  Wilkins,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Cutten,  wid.  of  Benaiah 
Morse  ;  7,  Letitia,  b.  Julv  15, 1816,  m.  James  Spinney  ;  8,  Mittie, 
b.  July  15,  1816,  m.  James  P.  Wiswall  ;  9,  Ezekiel  Cleveland, 
b.  Oct.  3,  1818,  in.  Amy  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Charles  Dodge, 
viii.  Abigail,  b.  1779,  m.  Samuel  Felch. 

ix.     Oliver,  d.  young. 

WHITMAN.  JOHN  WHITMAN  came  from  (see  "Whitman  Genealogy,"  by 
Farnham)  Holt,  or  Coventry,  or  perhaps  some  part  of  Hertfordshire*  to 
Weymouth,  twelve  miles  south  of  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1637  or  1638.  His 
son  Zachariah  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  Alcock,  of  Roxbury, 
and  the  latter  had  a  son  John,  who  was  born  in  1688,  and  married  Mary 
Graves  (daughter  of  Charles).  Their  son  John,  born  in  1717  in  Stow, 

*  Our  author  says  Dorsetshire,  but  on  what  authority  I  do  not  know.  —  [ED.] 


WHITMAN.  625 

Mass.,  and  married  in  1747,  Mary,  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Foster,  of 
Stafford,  Conn.,  who  came  to  Annapolis  in  the  Charming  Molly,  was 
destined,  through  his  posterity,  to  be  a  potent  factor  in  making  the 
industrial  and  political  history  of  the  county.  (See  memoir.)  He  died 
Sept.  12,  1763;  his  widow  married  Samuel  Bancroft,  and  died  in  1812, 
aged  85.  He  had  children  : 

i.  Dorcas,  b.  May  5,  1749,  m.  Capt.  Eben  Perry,  who  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Bennington,  1777. 

ii.  Daniel,  b.  June  5,  1750,  m.  1778,  Sarah  Kendall,  and  settled  at  or 
near  Rosette,  d.  April  23,  1840:  Ch.:  1,  Sarah,  b.  1780,  m. 
Frederic  Morton  ;  2,  Isaac,  b.  1782,  m.  1804,  Mary  Hendry  ;  3, 
Mercy,  b.  1784  ;  4,  John,  b.  1786,  m.  Ann  Whitman,  nee  Harris  ; 
5,  Daniel,  b.  1788,  m.  (1st)  Nancy  Roop,  (2nd)  Jane  Banks  (dau.  of 
Moses);  6,  Silas,  b.  1791,  m.  1815,  Elizabeth  Bancroft  ;  7,  Asaph, 
b.  1793,  m.  Ann  Harris  ;  8,  Mary,  b.  1795,  d.  unm.;  9,  Zachariah, 
b.  1798,  d.  unm. ;  10,  Lois,  b.  1804,  m.  Israel  Rice. 

iii.  Hannah,  b.  Aug.  12,  1751,  m.  William  E.  Tufts  (descendant  of 
Rev.  John,  of  Newbury,  Mass.),  1772. 

iv.  Edward,  b.  Aug.  6,  1752,  in  Stow,  Mass.,  m.  1775,  Dorothy,  dau. 
of  Capt.  Oldham  Gates,  and  settled  near  Lawrencetown  ;  he  d. 
Jan.  15,  1829:  Ch.:  1,  Oldham,  m.  Nancy,  dau.  of  Benjamin 
Fairn,  and  wid.  of  James  Roach,  Rosette,  10  ch.,  d.  1848  ;  2, 
Mercy,  m.  Andrew  Kniflen,  of  New  Albany,  d.  1875  ;  3,  Jacob,  m. 
1814,  Elizabeth  Langley,  11  ch.,  lived  at  Marshall's  Mountain  ;  4, 
Lydia,  b.  1786,  m.  1809,  John  Merry  ;  5,  Salome,  b.  1790,  m.  1807, 
George  Armstrong  ;  6,  Edward,  m.  about  1808,  Elizabeth  Cagney, 
wid.*  dau.  of  Capt.  Christopher  Prince,  and  was  father  of  Hon. 
WILLIAM  C.  WHITMAN,  M.L.C.;  7,  Charles,  m.  Lois  Dykeman, 
New  Albany,  d.  1850,  9  ch. ;  8,  Asa  (or  Asaph),  m.  Mary  Dur- 
land  ;  9,  Dorothea,  m.  1812,  Ferdinand  Schafner  ;  10,  James,  m. 
1812,  Maria  Longley,  d.  1832,  5  ch. ;  11,  Deidamia,  b.  1797,  m. 
James  Steele,  d.  1865;  12,  Margaret,  b.  1801,  m.  1822,  Henry 
Kent. 

v.  John,  b.  Sept.  25,  1753,  m.  1784,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Phineas  Rice, 
remained  on  the  homestead,  Rosette,  d.  1833  :  Ch. :  1,  Elnathan, 
(see  memoir  of  Eln.  Whitman,  M.P.P.),  b.  1785,  m.  (1st)  1812, 
Eleanor  Spurr,  (2nd)  Charlotte  Tupper  (by  1st  wife,  father  of  Hon. 
GEORGE  WHITMAN,  M.L.C.);  2,  Alfred,  m.  Jane  Spurr  ;  3,  James, 
m.  Ann  Bailey ;  4,  Letitia,  m.  William  Spurr ;  5,  Maria,  m.  Robert 
Spurr  ;  6,  Dorinda,  m.  John  McDormand  ;  and,  according  to  the 
"Whitman  Genealogy,"  which  differs  from  this  in  date  of  marriage 
(making  it  1780)  and  order  of  births,  Elizabeth,  John,  Ebenezer, 
Eli  and  Annie,  11  in  all. 

vi.  Salome,  b.  March  29,  1755,  m.  (1st)  Major  Ezekiel  Cleveland,  2  ch., 
(2nd)  Major  N.  Parker  (2nd  wife),  10  ch.  (see  Parker,  ante),  d. 
June  5,  1831. 

vii.     Elnathan,  b.  April  16,  1756,  d.  March  1,  1765. 

viii.  Jacob,  b.  Oct.  14,  1757,  m.  Ann  Spinney,  settled  near  the  old  home- 
stead, d.  Sept.,  1837  :  Ch. :  1,  Spinney,  m.  Caroline  Harris  ;  2, 
Elizabeth,  m.  George  Harris  ;  3,  Joanna,  m.  William  Best ;  4, 
Jacob,  m.  ;  5,  Whitefield,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  Mercy,  m.  Edward 
Berteaux  ;  7,  David,  m.  1808,  Sarah  Starratt. 

ix.     Isaac,  b.  Nov.  3,  1758,  d.  July  20,  1777. 
x.     Abraham,  b.    Sept.  10,  1761,  m.  1793,    Hannah    Webber,    finally 

*Her  first  husband,  William  Cagney,  was  a  cornet  of  cavalry  in  the  "American 
Legion  "  under  Arnold. 

40 


£26  WHITMAN. 

settled  at  Canso,  d.  March  14,  1854:  Ch.:  1,  James,  d.  unm.  ; 
2,  Isaac,  m.  Deborah  Bears  ;  3,  John,  m.  Eliza  Spurr  ;  4,  Dorcas, 
m.  David  Bears  (P.B.I.);  5,  Mercy,  m.  Joseph  Wheelock,  J.P. ; 
6,  Hannah,  m.  (1st)  Norris,  (2nd)  Joseph  Wheelock  ;  7,  Letitia, 
m.  William  Hart  ;  8,  Sarah,  m.  Benjamin  Bigelow  ;  9,  Abraham, 
m.  Lavinia  Hart. 

xi.     Mercy,  b.  March  26,  1763,  m.  Nelson  Freeman,  d.   Feb.  13,    1828, 
9ch. 

ISAAC  (son  of  Daniel)  and  Mary  (Hendry)  WHITMAN  had  ch.:  1,  William  A., 
b.  Nov.  6,  1805,  m.  twice  ;  2,  Simeon  F.,  m.  but  no  issue  ;  3,  John,  m.  (1st) 
Sarah  Beals,  (2nd)  Sarah  Felch,  (3rd)  —  Benjamin  ;  4,  Joseph,  m.  Abigail 
Oakes  ;  5,  Ansley,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Oakes,  (2nd)  Elizabeth  Gates  ;  6,  Eliza,  m. 
Jesse  Oakes  ;  7,  Mercy,  m.  James  Merry  ;  8,  Mary  A.rm,  m.  Handley  Merry. 

SILAS  (son  of  Daniel)  and  Elizabeth  (Bancroft)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1,  Samuel, 
b.  1816  ;  2,  Jeremiah,  b.  1819  ;  3,  Handley,  b.  1821  ;  perhaps  others. 

DANIEL  (son  of  Daniel)  and  Nancy  (Hoop)  WHITMAN  had  ch.:  1,  Dimock 
(lately  deceased),  in.  (1st)  Fanny  McLauchlan,  (2nd)  Caroline  Whitman,  (3) 
Annie  Crais,  nee  Odell  ;  2,  Zachariah,  m.  Susan  Hutchinson  ;  3,  Mary,  m. 
Manning  Marshall  ;  4,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  John  McKeown  ;  by  his  2nd  wife, 
Jane  Banks,  he  had  :  5,  Asaph,  m.  Jane  Payson  ;  6,  Lois,  m.  Christopher 
Saunders  ;  7,  Rachel,  m.  Henry  Saunders  ;  8,  Harriet,  d.  unm.;  9,  Daniel,  m. 
(1st)  Sarah  Ann  Marshall,  (2nd)  Loretta  Saunders  ;  10,  Esther,  m.  Albert 
Oakes. 

OLDHAM  (son  of  Edward)  and  Nancy  (Fairn)  WHITMAN  had  ch.:  1,  Benjamin, 
m.  Ann  Longley  ;  2,  Levi,  m.  Matilda  Lloyd  ;  :;,  Athalia,  m.  John  Kerr  ;  4, 
Henry,  m.  Augusta  Prentiss  ;  5,  Sarah,  m.  Patrick  Roach  ;  6,  Ebenezer  Rice, 
b.  Feb.  22,  1813,  m.  Susan  Beals  ;  7,  Diadama,  b.  May  18,  18J5,  m.  Arod 
McNayr  ;  8,  Asa,  b.  June  27,  1817,  m.  Mary  Beals  ;  9,  Amos,  b.  April  21, 
1819,  m.  Mary  Ann  Hannan  ;  10,  Oldham,  b.  Jan.  25,  1822,  m.  Rebecca 
Cochran. 

JACOB  (son  of  Edward)  and  Elizabeth  (Langley)  WHITMAN  had  ch.:  1,  Jacob, 
b.  June  18,  1816  ;  2,  Edward,  b.  May  17,  1818  ;  3,  Lucy  Ann,  b.  Jan.  4,  1821, 
m.  Nathan  Langley  ;  4,  Nathaniel,  b.  June  4,  1823,  m.  Angelina  Slocomb  ;  5, 
Asahel,  b.  Oct.  1,  1825  ;  6,  Sarah,  b.  Dec.  29,  1827,  m.  Christopher  Grant ;  7, 
Deborah,  m.  John  Miller  ;  8,  Freeman,  m.  Diadama  Saunders  ;  9,  Abraham. 

EDWARD  (son  of  Edward)  and  Elizabeth  (Prince)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1,  Hon. 
William  Cagney,  b.  1809,  m.  Caroline  Belyea  of  N.B.;  2,  Eliza,  b.  1811;  3, 
Edward  Tileston,  b.  1813,  m.  —  Robinson,  widow  ;  4,  Ann  Amelia,  b.  1815  ; 
5,  Christopher,  b.  1818,  d.  unm. 

CHARLES  (son  of  Edward)  and  Lois  (Dykeman)  WHITMAN  had  ch.  :  1, 
Margaret,  d.  1852  unm. ;  2,  Louisa,  m.  Russell  Durland  ;  3,  Dorothy,  m.  John 
Miller  ;  4,  George,  m.  Lavinia  Ruggles  ;  5,  James  Edward  ;  6,  Isabella,  m. 
George  Gates  ;  7,  Salome ;  8,  Irene,  d.  1850  unm. ;  9,  Sophia,  m.  John 
Stoddart. 

JAMES  (son  of  Edward)  and  Maria  (Longley)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1,  Israel,  b. 
1813,  m.  Sarah  Spinney  ;  2,  Margaret  Lovicia,  b.  1818,  m.  John  M.  Chute  ;  3, 
Lucy  Ann,  b.  1823,  m.  John  McGregor  :  4,  Isaac  James,  b.  1833,  m.  Sarah 
Spinney  ;  5,  David  Edward,  b.  1833,  m.  Emmeline  Louisa  Rood,  ne'e  Brown. 

ELNATHAN  (son  of  John,  jun.)  and  Eleanor  (Spurr)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1, 
John,  b.  June  3,  1814,  m.  Mary,  dau.  of  Edward  H.  Cutler ;  2,  William 
Osmond,  b.  June  4,  1816,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Charles  Bailey,  b.  Sept.  28,  1817,  m. 
Jane  Chipman,  ne'e  Tupper  ;  4,  Edward,  b.  July  29.  1819,  d.  1820 ;  5,  Hon. 
George,  b.  Aprils,  1823,  m.  Mary  Arabella  Boice  ;  by  his  2nd  w.,  Charlotte 
Tupper,  he  had  :  6,  Maria,  m.  Samuel  Bogart. 


WHITMAN — WILKINS — WILLETT.  627 

ALFRED  (son  of  John)  and  Jane  (Spurr)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1,  Mary  Elizabeth, 
b.  July  4,  1827  ;  2,  Margaret,  b.  Jan.  23,  1829,  m.  —  Swymmer  ;  3,  Edward, 
b.  Sept.  20,  1830  ;  4,  Alfred,  b.  May  27,  1833,  m.  —  Crosby  ;  5,  Eleanor,  b. 
Feb.  9,  1835,  m.  James  DeWolfe  Spurr,  St.  John,  N.B. ;  6,  Henry,  b.  Aug.  5', 
1839. 

DAVID  (son  of  Jacob)  and  Sarah  (Starratt)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1,  William,  b. 
1809  ;  2,  Amoz,  b.  1810,  m.  William  Best  ;  3,  Mercy,  b.  1812  ;  4,  Samuel,  b. 
1815,  m. ;  5,  Leonora,  b.  1819,  m.  Harvey  Saunders  ;  6,  Robert,  b.  1822  ;  7, 
Anne  Maria,  m.  Hon.  Avard  Longley. 

ISAAC  (son  of  Abraham)  and  Deborah  (Bears)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1,  Maria, 
m.  Albert  Kinsman  ;  2,  David,  m.  Mary  Myers  ;  3,  Jane,  m.  Levi  Hart  ;  per- 
haps others. 

JOHN  (son  of  Abraham)  and  Eliza  (Spurr)  WHITMAN  had  ch. :  1,  James 
Edward  ;  2,  Thomas  S.,  m.  Louisa  Tobias  ;  3,  John,  m. ;  4,  Bessie,  m.  Edmund 
Twining  ;  5,  Robert,  m. 


WILKINS.  This  family  is  probably  of  Welsh  origin.  It  is  supposed 
that  Walter  Wilkins,  who  was  born  in  1702,  and  died  at  Halifax,  Janu- 
ary 7,  1792,  came  to  Halifax  with  Lord  Cornwallis,  and  was  engaged  in 
trade  there,  and  acquired  the  land  on  which  his  son  settled  in  Wilmot, 
in  payment  of  a  debt,  and  that  the  son,  WALTER  WILKINS,  was  born  in 
Halifax,  and  came  here  about  1780.  His  sister  Mary  had,  in  1765, 
married  Alexander  McKenzie.  It  was  probably  the  name  of  his  father 
which  appears  in  a  list  of  non-resident  tax-payers  in  1770.  He  married 
in  1781,  probably  Sarah  White.  Children  : 

i.  Walter,  b.  1782,  m.  Ruth,  dau.  of  John  Foster:  Ch.:  1,  Anthony, 
m.  Maria  Nichols  ;  2,  William,  d.  1885,  m.  Isabel  Roals  ;  3, 
Eliza,  m.  MaynarJ  Wheelock  ;  4,  Mary,  m.  William  Brown  ; 
5,  Sarah,  d.  unm.  ;  6,  Caroline,  unm.;  7,  Louisa,  unm. ;  8, 
Amanda,  m.  John  L.  Morse  ;  9,  Walter,  m.  Sarah  Lavinia  Bent  ; 
10,  Ruth,  m.  Adalbert  Ryder  ;  11,  Adelbert,  m.  Bessie  A.  Gates. 

ii.     Mary,  b.  1784,  m.  Samuel  Wheelock. 

iii.  Anthony,  b.  1786,  m.  (1st)  Cornelia  Durland,  (2nd)  Abigail  Arm- 
strong :  Ch. :  1,  Walter,  m.  Leonora  Marshall  ;  2,  Daniel,  in. 
Louisa  Brown  ;  3,  Thomas  Gambia,  m.  Asenath  Crocker  ;  4, 
Sarah  Ann,  m.  Wentworth  Elliott  ;  5,  Mary  Eliza,  in.  Israel 
Marshall  ;  6,  Caroline,  m.  William  Slocomb ;  7,  Benjamin,  d. 
unm.  ;  8,  Lavinia,  m.  Samuel  Elliott  ;  9,  Rebecca,  m.  Daniel 
Bruce  ;  10,  Louisa  Jane,  m.  William  Spicer. 

WILLETT.  WALTER  and  SAMUEL  WILLETT,  cousins,  born  in  New 
York,  came  from  Pennsylvania,  where  they  had  settled,  Loyalists  of 
1783.  The  name  is  said  to  be  French,  Ouillette,  changed  to  the 
English  form  after  the  domicile  of  the  family  in  America.  (There  seems 
no  reason  to  doubt  this,  although  there  were  Willetts  of  English  extrac- 
tion among  the  Pilgrim  Fathers.  These,  if  our  author  was  right,  were 
probably  of  Huguenot  stock. — ED.)  Thomas  and  William  Willett  were 
members  of  the  New  York  Legislature  from  1725  to  1750.  Walter  had 


628  WILLETT. 

served  in  the  loyal  forces,  and  left  his  property  at  the  peace  in  the 
possession  of  his  sons,  some  of  whom  were  of  age.  He  took  an  active 
interest  in  militia  affairs,  arid  on  a  call  for  militia  to  garrison  Halifax, 
on  one  occasion  during  the  absence  of  the  regulars  he  is  said  to  have 
marched  his  company  to  Halifax  in  thirty-six  hours.  Samuel,  who  had 
been  a  cornet  of  cavalry,  settled  in  Wilmot.  Walter  Willett  left  in 
Pennsylvania  children  by  his  first  wife:  1,  Thomas;  2,  Gilbert;  3, 
Thomas  ;  4,  Walter  ;  5,  Caroline  ;  6,  Ann  ;  7,  Michael.  He  married 
(2nd)  Abigail,  and  by  her  had  : 

viii.     Isaac  Phinney,  b.  1787,  m.  Ann  Morrison,  d.  1861  :  Ch.:  1,  Walter, 
m.  Rebecca  Gilliatt  ;  2,  Reed,  in.  Charlotte,  dau.  of  John  Robert- 
son, M.P.P. ;  3,  Isaac,  d.  unm. ;  4,  Ann,  m.  William  Hood, 
ix.     Ann,  b.  1788,  d.  1808,  unm. 
x.     Harriet,  b.  1790,  in.  James  H.  Priestly. 

xi.     Graves   Simcoe,    b.    1792,    d.    1846,    m.    Cynthia   Troop:    Ch.:    1, 
Walter,  m.  Mary  Hudson  ;  2,  George,  m.  Arbuthnot  McSweeny  ; 
3,  Gilbert,  m.  Barbara  Pigott  ;  4,  John,  m.  Ellen  Tarver,  Mexico. 
xii.     Mary,  b.  179(5,  d.  1842,  m.  Sumner  Wheelock. 

xiii.     Lawrence,   b.    1799,    m.   Caroline    Troop:    Ch.:    1,   Lawrence,    m. 
Harriet  Clark  ;  2,   Margaret  S.,  m.  William  Spurr  ;  3,  Armanilla 
Caroline,  rn.  Edward  Anderson, 
xiv.     Eliza,  b.  1801,  m.  Samuel  Churchill, 
xv.     Margaret,  b.  1803,  d.  1842,  m.  William  Wade, 
xvi.     Gilbert,  b.  1805,  m.  Armanilla  Wheelock  (no  issue). 
xvii.     Deborah,  m.  William  Thomas. 

SAMUEL  WILLETT  was  a  cousin  of  Walter,  already  mentioned,  was  a 
cornet  in  a  cavalry  regimeiat  on  the  loyal  side  in  the  Revolutionary  war, 
and  came  here  in  1783.  In  1786  he  married  Leah  de  St.  Croix,  daughter 
of  a  French  Huguenot  Loyalist  of  good  family  and  some  note,  who  came 
to  the  county  at  the  same  time.  He  was  a  man  of  good  education  and 
fine  intellectual  powers,  scrupulous  and  exact  in  the  performance  of  all 
his  duties.  He  had  children  : 

i.     Samuel,  b.  1787. 

ii.     Joshua,   b.   1788,  m.  1811,   Catharine  Durland  :  Ch. :  1,   Mary,   b. 
1812,  m.  —  Balcom  ;  2,  Gilbert,  b.  1814,  d.  1817  ;  3,  Catharine, 
b.  1816,  m.  Joseph  Jacques  ;  4,   Leonora,  b.   1818,   m.  —  Ryar  ; 
5,  Matilda,  b.  1820,  d.  1821  ;  6,  Gilbert,  b.  1822,  m.  —  (in  U.S.); 
7,  Daniel,  b.  1824,  m.  —  Ward  ;  8,  Bamford,  b.  1826,  m. 
iii.     Benjamin,  b.  1789,  m.  Phebe  Woodbury  (no  issue). 
iv.     Walter,    b.    1791,    in.    Mary    Wheelock    (dau.   of    Obadiah)  :    Ch. : 
1,  Mary,  m.  John   Webster  ;  2,   Lavinia,   m.  Archibald   Walker  ; 
3,    Rachel,  m.    Israel   Gilliatt  ;  4,    Selena,    m.    Samuel   Pickup  ; 
5,   Irene,  m.  James  Palmer  ;  6,    Walter,   d.  unm. 
v.     Thomas,  b.  1793,  m.  Deborah  Wilson  :  Ch.:  1,  Ann. 
vi.     Augustine,  b.  1795,  d.  unm. 
vii.     Lawrence,  b.  1797,  d.  unm.    -"•£ 
viii.     Leah,  b.  1799,  m.  John  Pittman. 
ix.     Eliza,  b.  1801,  d.  unm. 
x.     Caroline,  b.  1803,  d.  unm. 
xi.     Temple,  b.  1805,  d.  unm. 
xii.     Margaret,  b.  1806,  d.  unm. 


WILLIAMS.  629 

WILLIAMS.  THOMAS  WILLIAMS,  who  may  have  been  born  in  Annapolis, 
appointed  in  1769,  Commissary  and  Ordnance  storekeeper,  married  Ann, 
only  daughter  of  Captain  Edward  Amherst  of  the  40th  regiment,  d.  1788. 
John  Williams,  a  captain  in  the  40th  regiment  at  its  organization  in 
1717,  may  have  been  his  father,  or  possibly  a  brother.  Thomas  had  at 
least  two  sons,  Major  Edward  or  Robert,  who  died  without  issue,  and 
THOMAS,  born  1768,  died  1806,  who  married  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Walker,  sen.  (See  memoir  of  Thomas  Walker,  jun.,  M.P.P.) 

1.  THOMAS  WILLIAMS,  the  younger,  had  children  : 

i.  Charlotte  Ann,  bpd.  Sept.,  1788,*  m.  Jan.  25,  1809,  James  Robertson, 
and  had  ch. :  William  Fenwick  and  Thomas  Williams.  The 
latter,  bpd.  Jan.  18,  1815,  became  a  clergyman,  and  was  Rector 
of  St.  George's,  N.B. 

ii.  Thomas,  m.  Charlotte  Moncton,  dau.  of  the  Marquis  of  Galway  (no 
issue). 

iii.  Anna  Maria  Fenwick,  bpd.  Aug.  14,  1795,  m.  Jan.  15,  1817,  Thomas 
Smith,  St.  John,  N.B. 

iv.  Mary  Eliza,  m.  (1st)  Dec.  18,  1818,  Hugh  Chisholm,  (2nd)  John  C. 
Vail,  M.P.P.,  and  Registrar  of  Deeds,  Kings  County,  N.B.,.  and 
was  step-mother  of  Hon.  W.  B.  Vail,  of  Nova  Scotia. 

(2)        v.     WILLIAM  FENWICK,  b.  probably  Dec.,  1799,  bpd.  Feb.  2,  1800,  d. 
unm. 

vi.  Georgina,  m.  Dec.  29,  1825,  Rev.  Horatio  Nelson  Arnold,  M.A.,  of 
New  Brunswick. 

vii.     Henrietta,t  m.  James  Whitney,  St.  John,  N.B. 

2.  SIR  WILLIAM  FENWICK  WILLIAMS,   of  Kars,   was  educated    at  the 
old    Grammar    School,    Annapolis,     and    the    Royal   Military   Academy 
at  Woolwich,  became    Ensign    in    the    Royal  Artillery  in    1825;  from 
1840  to  1843  he  served    as  a  captain  in  Turkey,   and    in  1848    was   a 
commissioner  for  the  settlement  of    the  Turkey  and  Persia  boundary, 
and  in  1854,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  War,  was  British  Commis- 
sioner with  the  Turkish  army.     He  was  in  command   during   the  four 
months'  siege  of  Kars  by  the  Russians  under  Mouravieff,  and  on  Septem- 
ber 29,  1855,  defeated  the  besiegers,  who  were  much  superior  in  numbers, 
'and  in  an  advantageous  position.     He  was  obliged  at  length  to  surrender, 
November  14,  1855,  and  was  afterwards  made  K.C.B.;  was  Commander- 
in-chief  of  the  forces  in  British  North  America  in  1858,   administered 
the  government  of  Canada  from  October  12,  1860,  to  Januar}^  22,  1861, 
and  in  1866  and  1867   was  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia.     He  received  the 
degree  of  D.C.L.  from  Oxford  and  Kings  College,  Windsor.     He  died  in 
London,  July  26,  1883. 

*  According  to  St.  Luke's  Church  record,  which,  compared  with  the  inscription 
on  the  monument,  would  make  it  appear  that  Thomas  Williams,  jun.,  was  married 
before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age. 

1 1  cannot  vouch  for  the  correctness  of  the  order  in  which  some  of  the  children 
are  placed. — [ED.] 


630  WILLIAMS — WINCHESTER. 

Another  family  of  WILLIAMS  is  descended  from  JASPER  WILLIAMS, 
probably  English  or  Loyalist,  who  was  b.  1769,  d.  Sept.  (bu.  Sept.  15), 
1844,  aged  75,  m,  probably  1797,  Sarah  Fairn,  and  had  ch.  :  1,  Armanilla, 
b.  1798  ;  2,  Elizabeth  Ann,  b.  1799;  3,  Lucinda,  b.  1801  ;  4,  Sarah,  b. 
1803  ;  5,  Zeruiah,  b.  1805,  d.  1825,  unrn.  ;  6,  Jerusha,  b.  1808  ;  7,  Wil- 
liam Henry,  b.  1811,  m.  Elizabeth  Margaret  Fleet,  9  ch.;  8,  Mary,  b.  1813; 
9,  Charlotte  Ann,  b.  1816  ;  10,  Margaret  Letitia,  b.  1816  ;  11,  John,  b. 
1818,  m.  Margaret  Ann  Wells,  5  or  more  ch.  ;  12,  Caroline,  b.  1821; 
13,  Anna,  b.  18.25.  Most,  if  not  all  of  their  daughters  but  one  married. 

COL.  FREDERIC  WILLIAMS,  probably  not  related  to  either  of  the  two 
preceding,  was  a  prominent  man  in  the  county  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
last  century ;  probably  a  Loyalist.  Descendants  in  female  lines  are  to 
be  found  in  branches  of  the  Ruggles  and  Thorne  families,  where  Frederic 
Williams  and  Israel  Williams  will  be  found  as  Christian  names,  and  no 
doubt  in  other  families. 

WINCHESTER.  NATHAN  WINCHESTER  was  a  grantee  of  lands  near  Rosette 
on  the  site  of  a  previous  French  settlement,  about  three  miles  from  the 
town,  was  married  when  he  came,  and  lived  with  his  family  on  his  grant. 
One  of  his  sons  settled  in  the  township  of  Digby,  -one  in  Granville, 
and  Isaac  and  Spencer  in  Clements  and  Hillsburgh  respectively.  John 
remained  on  the  homestead.  John  Winchester,  died  at  Annapolis,  1840, 
aged  98,  is  classed  by  Sabine  as  a  Loyalist.  The  first  Winchesters  who 
came  to  New  England  were  John,  of  Hingham,  who  came  1635,  aged  19, 
with  Clement  Bates,  and  therefore  probably  from  Hertfordshire,  and 
Alexander,  of  Braintree  and  Rehoboth,  who  arrived  October  3,  1635, 
in  the  train  of  Sir  Harry  Vane,  the  younger.  Nathan  Winchester  had 
children  (the  order  of  births  is  not  vouched  for  as  correct)  : 

i.  Josiah,  m.  Hannah  Winslow  (dau.  of  John  Howard):  *  Ch. :  1,  Abi- 
gail, m.  Isaac  Marshall  ;  2,  George  Lefere,  d.  unm. ;  3,  Mary,  b. 
1790,  m.  Capt.  Benjamin  Thurber  ;  4,  Joseph,  m.  1819,  Sarah 
Bryan  ;  5,  Josiah,  m.  Margery  Bacon  ;  6,  John,  m.  Mary  Smith  ; 
7,  Amy,  m.  Gilbert  VanAmburg  ;  8,  James,  d.  unm.;  9,  Rachel, 
m.  William  Snow  ;  10,  William,  m.  Nancy  Barnes  ;  11,  Winslow, 
d.  unm. 

ii.     Mary,  b.  1756,  m.  Benjamin  LeCain. 

iii.  Isaac,  b.  1769,  m.  about  1801,  Mary  Morgan,  b.  1766:  Ch.: 
1,  Nancy,  in.  (1st)  James  Brown,  (2nd)  Jacob  Roop  ;  2,  Sarah, 
m.  1833,  Edward  Brian  ;  3,  Eliza,  b.  1804,  d.  1855,  m.  Thomas 
Hannan  ;  4,  Margaret,  d.  1855,  unm. ;  5,  Charles,  m.  (1st)  Maria 

*  John  Howard  Winslow5  (Josiah,4  Josiah,3  Kenelm,2  Kenelm,1  the  latter 
brother  of  the  Pilgrim  Governor,  Edward),  b.  1738,  m,  Abigail  Fenno,  and  came  to 
N.  S.  among  the  early  settlers  and  was  hotel-keeper  in  Annapolis  :  Ch  :  1,  John 
Fenno,  b.  1762,  d.  1787  ;  2,  Abigail,  b.  1764,  m.  John  Winchester;  3,  Hannah,  b. 
1766  ;  4,  Mary,  m.  Cyrus  Dean.  Halifax ;  5,  Joseph,  b  1772,  d.  young ;  6,  Joseph  ; 
7,  Matilda,  m.  Wm.  Pratt  ;  8,  Rachel,  m.  James  Halliday. 


WINCHESTER — WINNIETT.  631 

Hopley,  (2nd)  1862,  Sarah  Morehouse,  nee  Quereau  ;  6,  John,  m. 
Mary  Wade  ;  7,  Nathan,  d.  unm. 
iv.     John,  m.  1781,  Abigail  Winslow  (dau.  of  John  Howard),  and  d.  1820, 

a.  96:  Ch.:  1,  John,  b.  1783,  d.  1869,  unm.;  2,  Beulah,  b.  1784, 
m.  John  Langley  ;  3,  William,  b.  1789,  d.  1844,  m.  Ann  Wither- 
spoon  ;  4,  James,  b.  1791,  m.  (1st)  Ann  Winchester,  nee  Weather- 
spoon,  (2nd)  —  Pickels  ;  5,  Maria,  b.  1793,  m.  Artemus  Odell  ;  6, 
Abigail,  b.  1795,  m.  James  W.  Pratt  ;  7,  Harriet,  b.  1797,  d.  unm. 

v.     Spencer,  m.  1791,  Frances  Ann  Emley:  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth  Heming, 

b.  1791,    m.   Thomas  McCormick  ;  2,  Martha,   b.  1792,  m.  1810, 
Charles  Yerrigal  ;  3,  James,  m.  1814,  Elizabeth  Bryan  ;  4,  Thomas, 
d.  unm.;  5,  Henry,  d. ;  6,  Frances,  m  Jacob  Odell  ;  7,  Catharine, 
m.  Thomas  Cambden  ;  8,  Rebecca,  d.  unm. ;  9,  Emley,  m.  Amanda 
Beiison  (no  issue);  10,  Edward,  d.  unm. ;  11,  William,  m.  Eliza—. 

vi.  William,  m.  1790,  Mary  Demint  (wid.)  :  Ch.:  1,  Christopher  E.  B., 
b.  1791,  m.;  2,  William  S.,  b.  1794,  m.  Lydia  Steele  ;  3,  Isaac 
Parker,  b.  1796,  m.  1830,  Lydia  Steele  ;  4,  Seaman,  m.  Mary  Ann 
Morrison  ;  5,  Mary. 

WINNIETT.  This  is  the  oldest  family,  so  far  as  residence  is  concerned, 
in  the  Maritime  Provinces.  WILLIAM  WINNIETT  was  born  in  France  of 
Huguenot  parents,  whose  name  must  have  been  spelt  Ouinniette,  and 
came  with  them  to  London  after .  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
He  joined  the  expedition  of  Nicholson  against  Port  Royal  in  1710,  being 
then  about  twenty-five  years  old  ;  was  among  the  first  to  enter  the  fort 
after  the  capture.  In  the  following  year,  having  resigned  his  military 
position,  he  married  Marie  Magdalene  Maissonat,  a  French  lady  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  faith,  and  commenced  a  life  of  mercantile  pursuits, 
becoming  the  pioneer  and  founder  of  the  commerce  of  English  Canada. 
He  was  a  man  of  good  education  and  much  enterprise ;  soon  established 
a  large  trade  between  Annapolis  Royal  and  Boston,  and  found  ready  and 
profitable  customers  in  the  French  settlements  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,  Minas  Basin,  and  Cape  Breton.  Most  of  the  vessels  by  which 
this  trade  was  carried  on  were  built  under  his  own  superintendence  at 
Annapolis.  He  served  several  years  as  a  member  of  the  Governor's 
Council  at  Annapolis,  where  his  children  were  born,  whose  services  are 
so  largely  interwoven  with  the  history  of  the  county  and  province. 
Children  : 

i.  Ann,  b.  1712,  m.  Alexander  Cosby,  40th  regiment,  for  many  years 
Lieut. -Governor  of  the  town  of  Annapolis,  and  was  mother  of 
Phillips  Cosby,  7th  regiment,  who  was  killed  in  the  service. 
Her  husband  d.  at  Canso,  where  he  held  the  chief  military 
command  in  1741-42,  and  she  for  nearly  half  a  century  lived  at 
Annapolis,  where  she  was  known  and  respected  as  "Madam 
Cosby." 

ii.  Elizabeth,  b.  1713,  m.  John  Handfield,  afterwards  Lieut. -Col.  of 
the  40th  regiment  and  Commandant  of  the  garrison,  who  super- 
intended the  deportation  of  the  French  in  1755. 

iii.     Mary  Magdalene,  b.  1715,  m.  Edward  How  (for  whom  see  p.  527). 

iv.     Margaret,  b.  1717,  d.  1723.      , 

v.     Charles,  d.  unm. 

vi.     Edward,  b.  1722  (Captain  of  the  Warren,  1752). 


632  WINNIETT. 

(2)      vii.     Joseph,  b.  about  1726. 

viii.     Matthew,  survived  Joseph  many  years,  Major  of  Militia  and  Deputy 
Prothonotary  of  the  Supreme  Court,  a  witness  to  the  ratification 
of  the  last  Indian  Treaty,  and  was  a  witness  on  behalf  of  the 
accused    judges    in   the  great  impeachment    trial.     (Murdoch's 
"  History  of  N.S.,"  p.  87.) 
ix.     John,  d.  probably  unm. 
x.     Alexander,  d.  unm. 
xi.     Susanna,  m.  —  Paige. 

2.  JOSEPH  WINNIETT,  born 'about  1726,  married  December  26,  1751, 
Mary  Dyson.  (See  memoir,  p.  330.)  She  was  born  1728,  and  died  1804. 
He  died  December  3,  1789.  Children  : 

i.     Anne,  b.  1752,  probably  d.  unm. 

ii.     Joseph,  b.  1755,  probably  unm.    Was  Ensign  in  the  army,  one  of  the 
grantees  of  Perrott,  d.  in  the  service,  1795. 

iii.     Mary,  b.  1757,  d.  1811,  m.  John  Hamilton,  40th  regiment. 

iv.     Elizabeth,  b.  1760,  d.  1808,  m.  a  Mr.  Nunn,  of  40th  regiment. 

v.     Margaret,  b.    1762,   d.  1811,  m.  Robert  Wolseley,  an  officer  of  the 
garrison  belonging  to  the  Royal  Engineers  Department. 

vi.  William,  b.  1765,  d.  Nov.,  1824,  m.  1788,  Mary  Totten,  dau.  of  a 
Loyalist  gentleman  ;  he  was  Sheriff  of  the  county  for  nearly  a 
quarter  of  a  century  ;  was  also  Registrar  of  Deeds,  and  held 
several  minor  offices  :  Ch. :  1,  Joseph,  b.  June  17,  1789,  m.  Mary 
MacColla,  eldest  dau.  of  Lieut. -Col.  MacColla,  town  major  of 
Halifax,  and  was  in  the  Commissariat  Department  in  Halifax 
about  1828  (d.  without  issue) ;  2,  Susan  Mary,  b.  Dec.  16,  1791, 
d.  unm.;  3,  WILLIAM  ROBERT  WOLSELEY,  vb.  March  2,  1793; 
4,  Elizabeth,  b.  1795,  m.  Rev.  John  Thomas  Twining,  D.D.,  and 
was  mother  of  H.  C.  D.  Twining,  Esq.,  Clerk  of  the  House  of 
Assembly,  N.S. ;  5,  Mary  Ann,  b.  April  16,  1799,  m.  Benjamin 
Lester  Peters,  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  Barrister,  Stipendiary  Magis- 
trate, etc.,  and  was  mother  of  B.  L.  Peters,  Judge  of  the  County 
Court,  and  several  others  ;  6,  George  Gilbert  Totten,  b.  May  31, 
1801,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Alexander  Howe,  b.  June  19,  1803,  m.  Sophia 
Upham  ;  8,  Isabella  Charlotte,  b.  June  19,  1805,  d.  unm. ; 
9,  Phillips  Cosby  Fenwick,  b.  Oct.  10.  1807,  d.  (in  Jamaica) 
unm.;  10,  Henry  Charles  Darling,  b.  Oct.  18,  1809,  d.  unm.; 
11,  Thomas  Williams,  b.  Dec.  19,  1811,  m.  (abroad)  ;  12,  John 
Thomas  Twining,  b.  April  21,  1814. 
vii.  Alice,  b.  1768.  d.  unm. 
viii.  Martha,  b.  1771,  d.  unm. 

SIR  WILLIAM  ROBKRT  WOLSELEY  WINNIETT,  third  child  of  Sheriff 
Winniett  and  Mary  Totten,  was  born  in  the  house  next  to  that  in  which 
General  Williams  was  born,  married  Aug.  14,  1828,  Augusta  Julia, 
daughter  of  Col.  William  Fenwick,  R.E.,  whose  mother,  Maria  Walker, 
was  a  sister  of  the  mother  of  General  Williams ;  entered  the  Royal  Navy 
as  a  midshipman  in  the  Cleopatra  ;  was  wounded  in  the  capture  of  Ville 
de  Milan,  and  after  a  long,  varied  and  faithful  service,  was  in  1848 
appointed  to  the  Governorship  of  Cape  Coast  Colony  in  West  Africa, 
and  Governor-General  of  the  Cape  Coast  District,  and  knighted.  He 
had  previously  been  mainly  instrumental  in  procuring  the  abolition  of 
the  practice  among  the  native  tribes  of  offering  human  sacrifices  to 


WINNIETT — WISWALL.  633 

their  gods.     He  paid  his  last  visit  to   his   native   town   in    1848.     He' 
died  in  Africa,  leaving,  it  is  believed,  three  children  living  in  London. 
Recalling  his  visit  to  Annapolis  in  1848,  the  author  wrote  : 

Where  sits  Port  Royal  by  the  river  side, 

There  he  was  born,  there  passed  his  boyhood's  hours, 

And  plucked  first-fruits  of  knowledge  midst  its  flowers. 
When  last  I  saw  him,  sad,  yet  dignified, 

Endowed  with  manhood's  culminated  powers, 
He  stood  ancestral  sepulchres  beside — 

Where  three  successions  of  his  fathers  keep 

Their  silent  vigils,  by  Port  Royal's  deep. 
It  was  his  last  farewell  to  Acadie, 

The  last  adieu  to  scenes  he  loved  so  well ! — 
Alas  !  he  sleeps  not,  native  earth,  in  thee, 

But  where  Atlantic's  eastern  billows  swell 
On  Afric's  coast,  his  dust  reposing  lies, 
Beneath  the  gaze  of  alien  stars  and  skies. 

ALEXANDER  HOWE  WINNIETT,  seventh  child  of  the  Sheriff,  by  his  wife 
Sophia,  daughter  of  the  late  Judge  Upham,  had  children :  1,  William 
Rufus,  b.  1828,  m.,  and  was  killed  in  the  discharge  of  duties  as  an 
employee  of  a  railroad  company  in  the  United  States,  leaving  one  or 
more  children  ;  2,  Francis  Smith,  b.  1831,  d.  unm.;  3,  Charles  Alexander, 
b.  1834,  d.  1838  ;  4,  Rose,  b.  1836,  living  in  Kings  County,  N.S.,  the 
only  member  of  the  family  bearing  the  name  now  in  Nova  Scotia.  He 
removed  to  Northumberland  County,  Ont.,  and  died  there,  but  his  widow, 
with  her  daughter,  returned  to  this  Province,  and  died  August,  1889. 
The  author,  in  an  obituary,  speaks  of  her  as  one  of  his  oldest  friends,  to 
whom  he  was  "indebted  for  many  words  of  encouragement  and  direction." 

WISWALL.  (See  memoir  of  the  Hon.  Peleg  Wiswall,  M.P.P.)  The 
Rev.  John  Wiswall's  grandfather  was  Ichabod"  Wiswall,  who  was  born 
in  Lancashire,  and  came  when  an  infant  with  his  father,  Rev.  John 
Wiswall,  and  four  or  five  brothers  to  New  England.  He  studied  three 
years  at  Harvard  University,  but  withdrew  without  taking  a  degree. 
He  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  divinity,  and  preached  some  time  to  a 
small  colony  that  went  from  Massachusetts  to  Cape  Fear.  He  after- 
wards went  to  sea  and  married  on  the  island  of  Arrowsickj  where  he 
preached,  and  at  length  returned,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first 
church  at  Duxbury,  Plymouth  Colony,  where  he  married  his  second  wife. 
He  opposed  the  annexation  of  Plymouth  Colony  to  that  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  preferring  that  it  should  be  united  to  Rhode  Island,  or  New  York. 
He  died  1695.  He  was  accomplished  both  as  a  classical  and  mathe- 
matical scholar,  and  also  in  the  then  fashionable  science  of  astrology,  and 
was,  moreover,  a  poet  and  a  musician.  He  left  one  surviving  son,  Peleg,3 
who  was  born  1686,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1702,  and  soon  after 


634  VVISWALL. 

leaving  college  went  as  chaplain  of  a  "letter  of  marque  "  ship,  and  later 
went  to  sea  as  a  maritime  merchant  and  trader,  but  devoted  more  of  his 
time  to  the  pursuit  of  a  knowledge  of  the  countries  he  visited  than  to  the 
pursuit  of  gain,  and  closed  his  life  as  teacher  of  the  Boston  School.  He 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Daniel  Rogers,  of  Ipswich,  of  an  old 
Massachusetts  family,  who  were  long  supposed  to  be  descended  from 
Rogers  the  martyr,  until  able  genealogists  disproved  the  tradition.  The 
Rogers  family  of  Yarmouth,  N.S.,  is  a  branch  of  the  same  family.  He 
left  by  her  four  children,  Elizabeth,  Daniel,  Priscilla  and  John.4  JOHN 
WISWALL  entered  Harvard  in  1745  and  graduated  1749,  aged  18.  He 
taught  school  at  various  places,  and  at  length  was  ordained  to  the 
ministry  at  Casco  in  1755,  after  having  preached  about  a  year.  December 
31,  1761,  he  married  Mercy,  daughter  of  John  Minot,  of  Brunswick,  Me. 
Conforming  to  the  Church  of  England,  he  founded  in  1761  St.  Paul's 
Church  at  Falmouth,  now  Portland,  Me.  In  1762  he  was  deranged  for  a 
few  months,  but  wholly  and  permanently  recovered.  Going  to  England  for 
the  purpose,  he  was  by  the  Bishop  of  London  ordained  Deacon,  December 
22,  1764,  and  Priest,  February,  1765.  While  he  continued  Rector  of  St. 
Paul's  the  "cruel  revolution"  broke  out,  when  "it  became  a  crime  to  honour 
the  king,  even  in  him  who  had  learned  to  fear  God."  In  1775  he  fled  to 
Boston,  from  which  city  he  addressed  the  following  letter  to  Mr.  Hind, 
Secretary  of  the  S.P.G.  Society,  dated  May  30th,  1775  : 

"  Since  my  last  the  disorders  of  the  eastern  country  have  grown  to  so  great  a  pitch 
that  I  have  been  obliged  to  flee  to  this  town  for  protection.  On  Tuesday,  the  9th  of 
May,  while  walking  with  Mr.  Mowat,  commander  of  one  of  His  Majesty's  ships, 
then  in  the  harbour,  on  a  hill  contiguous  to  the  town,  and  apprehensive  of  no  danger, 
we  were  on  a  sudden  surrounded  by  a  body  of  men  armed  with  musquets  and 
bayonets,  who  commanded  us  to  surrender  ourselves  prisoners.  We  were  with  this 
company  of  banditti  (which  consisted  of  sixty-seven  men  commanded  by  one  Thomp- 
son, their  colonel)  three  hours  and  a  half  before  the  people  of  Falmouth  were  made 
acquainted  with  our  situation,  during  which  time  we  were  greatly  insulted  and 
abused,  and  in  great  danger  of  being  shot  to  death.  They  had  lain  there  in  ambush 
from  Sunday,  and  their  intention  was  (as  their  colonel  informed  us)  to  have  surprised 
us  in  church,  but  contrary  winds  prevented  their  arrival  in  season.  By  one  o'clock 
the  townspeople  and  the  country  folks  in  the  neighbouring  towns  were  informed  of 
our  situation,  and  a  large  body  of  men  appeared  upon  the  hill  where  we  were — most 
of  them  with  the  intention  to  carry  us  into  the  country  and  confine  us  there  ;  but 
some  of  the  townsmen  began  to  intercede  for  our  liberty,  being  induced  thereto  by 
the  spirited  conduct  of  Captain  Mowat's  lieutenant,  who,  upon  information  of  the 
danger  we  were  in,  sent  out  his  boats,  and  among  others  had  seized  J.  Preble,  Esq., 
of  Falmouth,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  provincial  congress  General  of  the 
eastern  forces,  and  by  letter  assured  the  select-men  of  his  resolution  to  fire  from  the 
ships  upon  the  town,  unless  we  were  immediately  dismissed.  After  much  altercation 
it  was  agreed  to  carry  us  to  a  tavern  at  the  entrance  to  the  town,  where  we  were 
guarded  by  a  body  of  near  three  hundred  men.  The  officers  of  the  militia,  after  some 
debate,  agreed  to  dismiss  us  for  that  night,  E.  Freeman,  select-man  of  the  town,  and  J. 
Preble,  Esq.,  being  bound  for  our  forthcoming  in  the  morning.  As  we  were  retiring, 
though  guarded  by  the  cadet  company  of  the  town,  one  of  the  mob  fired  at  us,  but 


WISWALL.  635 

providentially  we  escaped  unhurt.  The  next  morning  the  officers  sent  for  Captain 
Mowat,  who  (as  was  his  duty)  refused  to  go  from  His  Majesty's  ship.  By  this  time 
they  were  joined  by  several  other  companies  from  the  country  and  made  up  a  body 
of  five  hundred  armed  men.  They  possessed  themselves  of  a  large  house  in  the  centre 
of  the  town  belonging  to  one  of  my  parishioners,  and  converted  it  into  a  barrack,  turn- 
ing out  the  family,  including  his  wife,  though  sick  in  bed,  and  pillaged  the  house  of 
almost  everything  that  was  valuable.  They  forced  me  in  the  afternoon  to  appear 
before  them.  I  was  strictly  examined  and  questioned  by  their  leaders,  and  it  gave 
me  pleasure  that  I  could  assure  them  that  I  had  never  in  my  sermons  so  much  as 
glanced  at  their  political  disputes,  though  I  declared  that  the  severest  punishment, 
nor  the  fear  of  death,  should  tempt  me  to  violate  my  oath  of  allegiance  to  King 
George,  and  of  canonical  obedience  to  my  Diocesan,  and  I  would  not  conform  to 
their  provincial  congress,  nor  deviate  from  the  rules  of  the  Church  of  England,  nor 
the  instructions  I  had  received  from  the  venerable  Society  for  the  P.  G.  in  foreign 
parts  whose  servant  I  was,  and  that  I  was  resolved,  by  God's  help,  that  no  temp- 
tation should  prevail  with  me  to  do,  or  even  promise  to  do,  anything  unworthy  my 
ministerial  character. 

"  I  was  then  allowed  to  retire  to  my  house.  The  next  day  they  placed  a  guard 
at  another  of  my  parishioners'  houses  and  carried  away  all  his  plate.  They  per- 
mitted me  upon  my  parole  to  walk  about  town  unguarded,  and  on  Saturday  I  made 
my  escape  on  board  the  king's  ship,  having  good  reason  to  believe  that  they  intended 
to  carry  me  away  with  them  and  confine  me  close  prisoner  in  the  country.  On 
Sunday  I  read  prayers  and  preached  on  board  the  ship,  and  on  Monday  having 
received  a  letter  from  my  churchwardens,  we  put  to  sea,  and  the  next  Sunday  I 
arrived  at  this  place,  where  1  am  without  money  and  without  clothing,  and  my 
family  at  more  than  one  hundred  miles  from  me— my  wife  and  three  children 
destitute  of  bread,  among  enemies  who  bear  the  greatest  malice  to  the  Church  of 
England  ;  my  little  flock  persecuted  and  many  of  them  obliged  to  flee  from  their 
dwellings. 

' '  I  have  not  been  able  to  hear  from  Falmouth  since  I  have  been  at  Boston,  as  no 
letters  are  suffered  to  pass  by  land,  nor  has  there  been  any  communication  by  water. 
It  affords  me  no  little  consolation  when  I  reflect  that  my  misfortunes  do  not  arise 
from  any  disaffection  of  my  people  to  me  or  to  government,  for  they  continue  to  con- 
tribute all  in  their  power  to  my  comfort  and  happiness  ;  but  all  they  can  now  do  is 
to  wish  me  well.  Most  of  them,  and  the  most  considerable,  strictly  adhere  to  the 
line  of  their  duty,  and  continue  to  be  firm  friends  to  the  government,  and  it  is  for 
this  that  they  suffer  persecution  by  an  infatuated  people  urged  on  by  the  prayers 
and  sermons  of  their  preachers  to  the  most  atrocious  acts  of  rebellion." 

He  was  made  chaplain  of  a  regiment  in  Boston,  and  was  afterwards  a 
chaplain  in  the  navy,  his  son  Peleg  accompanying  him  in  the  ship,  and 
his  journal  contains  very  interesting  accounts  of  some  important  engage- 
ments which  he  witnessed.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  after  a  visit  to  Eng- 
land, he  was  appointed  Rector  of  Cornwallis,  and  a  little  later  became 
Rector  of  Wilmot,  in  this  county,  which  place  he  filled  until  his  death. 
He  preached  the  first  sermon  ever  preached  on  Hanley  Mountain.  He 
married  (2nd)  Mary  Hutchinson,  widow.  He  had  children  : 

i.  Peleg,  b.  1763,  m.  (1st)  Oct.  18,  1792,  Seraph  Cutler,  (2nd)  Mary 
Nichols:  Ch.  :  (only)  Mary,  m.  Charles  Budd,  M.P.P.  (See 
memoir  of  Hon.  Peleg  Wiswall,  M.P.P.) 


6'H6  WISWALL — WITHERSPOON. 

ii.  John,  b.  1765,  was  long  a  highly  respected  magistrate  and  respected 
and  useful  farmer,  m.  1796,  Hesdeliah  Cutler  (dau.  of  EbenezerU 
Ch.  :  1,  James  P.,  b.  1801,  d.  1878,  m.  Minetta  Wheel ock  (dau.  of 
Abel),  and  had  10  ch.  ;  2,  Charles,  d.  uiim.  ;  3,  Mercy,  d.  unm.  ; 
4,  Miriam,  d.  unm.  These  ladies  long  conducted  an  excellent 
boarding  school  for  young  ladies,  at  Wilmot.  5,  Seraph,  m.  Ben- 
jamin Smith,  of  St.  John,  N.B.,  a  wealthy  banker  and  broker  ; 
she  was  his  third  wife,  mother  of  Dr.  Peleg  W.  Smith,  Sheriff  of 
Digby  ;  Benjamin  Smith,  barrister,  of  Kentville,  and  of  Eliza,  who 
m.  Alexander  McNab,  C.E.  ;  6,  John,  d.  unm. 

iii.     Elizabeth,  b.  1767. 

iv.     Bradstreet,  b.  1769,  d.  1773. 
v.     Robert,  b.  1772,  d.  1773. 

Four  names  representing  this  good  old  family  appear  in  1896  on  the 
voters'  lists  of  the  county  as  of  persons  qualifying  on  the  anciently  known 
"  Wiswall  homestead,"  Charles  James  Wiswall,  Abel  Maynard  Wiswall, 
Edwin  Gilpin  Wiswall,  and  John  Wiswall. 

WITHERSPOON,  or  WEATHERSPOON.  JOHN  WiTHERSpboN  was  one  of 
the  earliest  settlers  in  Annapolis  County,  having  been  here  as  early  as 
1757,  when  he  was  captured  by  Indians  while  cutting  wood  on  the 
mountain  near  the  fort,  and  taken  away  to  Quebec,  where  he  was  kept  a 
prisoner  until  the  capture  of  the  city  by  Wolfe  in  1759.  He  wrote  a 
journal,  as  tradition  says,  with  tobacco  juice  mixed  with  blood  drawn 
from  his  person,  and  concealed  it  every  night  among  the  cinders  lest  it 
should  be  taken  away  from  him  by  the  sentinel.  A  copy  (from  a  copy 
written  many  years  ago  and  still  preserved  in.  the  family)  was  published 
among  the  transactions  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society  for  1879-80, 
and  is  exceedingly  interesting.  At  a  date  so  remote,  it  would  seem 
probable  that  Mr.  Witherspoon,  although  from  Massachusetts,  came  here 
in  some  employment  connected  with  the  army,  like  Rumsey,  LeCain  and 
others.  In  the  census  of  1770  he  was  at  Granville,  where  some  of  his 
descendants  are  now  among  the  most  prominent  citizens.  He  was  then 
head  of  a  household  of  eight  persons — one  man  (probably  hired),  his  wife, 
three  boys  and  three  girls.  He  married  in  Massachusetts,  but  it  is  not 
known  who  his  wife  was.  His  children  were,  as  far  as  can  now  be  given, 
as  follows  : 

i.     James,  b.'Aug.  9,  1802. 

(2)  ii.     Joseph. 

(3)  iii.     John. 

iv.     Rose,  m.  Daniel  Wade, 
v.     Mary,  m.  1783,  Thomas  Fowler. 

2.  JOSEPH  WEATHERSPOON  married,  1793,  Mercy  Hardy,  and  had 
children  : 

i.     John,  b.  1794,  m.  Rebecca  Edgett  (dau.  of  Joel) :  Ch.:  1,  Cynthia, 

m.  John  Milner  ;  2,  Alton,  d.  unm. 
ii.     Benjamin,  b.  1795,  d.  1823,  unm. 


WEATHERSPOON — WOODBURY.  637 

iii.     Joseph,  b.  1797,  went  abroad. 

iv.     James,  b.  1801,  m. 

v.  Aaron,  b.  1805,  m.  Dec.  31,  1836,  Eliza  Halliday  (dau.  of  John)  : 
Ch.:  1,  Lucy,  m.  James  Oliver  ;  2,  Cynthia,  m.  Moses  Oliver  ;  3, 
Benjamin,  m.  Adeline  Spnrr,  nee  Milner  ;  4,  Ann,  m.  Wesley 
Hudson  ;  5,  John,  unm. ;  6,  Aaron,  m.  Bessie  Purdy  (no  issue) ; 
7,  Mary,  m.  Ebenezer  Young ;  8,  Alanda,  m.  Joseph  Van- 
Blarcom. 

3.  JOHN.  WEATHERSPOON,  JUN.,  born  1765,  married,  Oct.  12,  1790, 
Elizabeth  Mills.  Children  : 

i.  David,  m.  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  William  Mills,  and  had  ch.:  1,  Maria 
Ann,  b.  1820,  m.  Silas  Troop;  2,  William  Mills,  b.  1822,  m. 
Elizabeth  B.  Troop  ;  3,  Hannah  Eliza,  b.  1825,  m.  Robert  Delap. 

ii.     Ann,  m.  (1st)  William  Winchester,  (2nd)  James  Winchester. 

iii.  James,  b.  1802,  m.  Mary  Amberman  :  Ch.:  1,  Keziah,  b.  1821,  m. 
Joseph  Gilliatt  ;  2,  John,  b.  1824  ;  3,  Phebe  Ann,  b.  1826,  m. 
William  Harris  ;  Elizabeth,  b.  1828,  m.  Jacob  Bent  ;  5,  Mary 
Jane,  b.  1830,  m.  Joseph  Potter  (son  of  John)  ;  6,  Susan,  b. 
1832. 

iv.     Robert,  m.  Ann  Mills  :  Ch. :  1,  Hannah,  m.  Joseph  Halfyard. 

WOODBURY.  The  pioneers  of  the  Woodbury  families  in  this  county 
were  Jonathan  and  Isaac,  who  were  uncle  and  nephew,  the  latter  being 
a  son  of  Elisha.  They  were  descended  from  John  Woodbury,  who  wag 
born  about  1579,  and  came  from  Somersetshire,  England,  and  settled  at 
Salem,  Mass.,  where  he  was  a  leading  man,  and  was  sent  by  his  fellow- 
colonists  to  England  to  secure  a  patent  for  their  land.  The  line  of 
descent  is  through  his  eldest  son  Humphrey,2  Thomas,3  Jonathan,4 
Jonathan,5  Elisha6  (father  of  Isaac7)  and  Jonathan".  The  latter,  born  in 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  1737,  and  baptized  in  Salem,  N. H.,  1738,  came  first  to 
Yarmouth,  where  in  1763,  his  household  is  returned  as  consisting  of  five 
members  living  on  a  one-acre  lot  on  Cape  Forchue  river.  His  name 
appears  as  one  of  the  grantees  of  the  township  in  1767,  and  in  the 
"scheme  of  division  "  he  appears  as  owner  of  163  acres  in  the  first,  539 
in  the  second,  and  154  in  the  third  division.  Mr.  Woodbury  was  a 
physician  by  profession ;  came  from  Yarmouth  to  Granville  and  thence 
to  Wilmot,  and  died  in  1830,  aged  93.  He  married  (1st)  1760,  in 
Massachusetts.  Lydia,  daughter  of  Dr.  Foster;  she  died  in  1808;  (2nd) 
in  Nova  Scotia,  December  12,  1811,  Lorena,*  daughter  of  Jeremiah 
Sabin,  who  came  to  Sissiboo  (Weymouth)  probably  from  Marblehead, 
Mass.  She  died  November  10,  1853,  aged  80.  Children  : 

i.     Lydia,  b.  1760,  m.  Christopher  Baltzor. 

(2)  ii.     Foster,  b.  1763. 

iii.     Hannah,  b.  1764,  m.  Philip  Thorne. 

(3)  iv.     William  Fairfield,  b.  March  15,  1766. 

v.     Lovefrey,  b.  1768,  m.  Jonathan  Smith. 

*  She  was  a  sister  of  the  Editor's  father's  mother. 


638  WOODBURY. 

vi.     Emma  Harris,  b.  1770,  d.  unm. 
vii.     Manley  Gates,  b.  1778,  d.  unm. 

By  second  wife  : 
viii.     Jonathan  (M.D.),  m.  Mary  Eliza  Randall  :  Ch. :  1,  Jessie,  d.  unrn. ; 

2,  Robert,  m.  Laleah  Inglis  ;  3,  Arthur  C.,  d.  unm.;   4,  Ellen,  d. 
unm. 

ix.  Lorena,  b.  1813,  m.  (1st)  Robert  Woodbury,  (2nd)  William  H. 
Chipman,  of  Bridgetown  (his  2nd  w.). 

2.  FOSTER    WOODBURY    was    born    in    1763,    and    probably    came    to 
Yarmouth  an  infant,  with  his  parents.     He    married,    1784,   Elizabeth 
Webber,  who  was  born  1765,  and  had  children : 

i.     Elizabeth,  b.  1785,  d.  unm. 
ii.     Lydia,  b.  1787,  m.  Samuel  Dodge. 

iii.  Foster,  b.  1789,  m.  Elizabeth  Simpson  :  Ch. :  1,  Foster,  m.  Mary 
Johnston,  nee  Little  (no  issue) ;  2,  Simpson,  m.  Miriam  Wheelock  ; 

3,  Thomas,   m. ;   4,  Eliza,  m.   (1st)  William   Parker,   (2nd)  John 
Vidito  ;  5,  Mary,  d.  unm.  (burnt  to  death). 

iv.  Jonathan,  b.  1791,  m.  1820,  Elizabeth  Charlton  :  Ch.:  1,  Ellen,  d. 
unm.;  2,  Ellen,  b.  1821,  m.  Oliver  Foster;  3,  Caroline,  b.  1822, 
m.  Adolphus  Foster  ;  4,  Mary,  b.  1823,  m.  Leonard  Fitch  ;  5, 
Jonathan,  b.  1826,  m.  Griselda  Sanders  ;  6,  Austin,  b.  1828,  m. 
Susan  Jane  Murray  ;  7,  Lucy,  b.  1830,  m.  John  Fitch  ;  8,  Eliza- 
beth, b,  1831,  m.  Rev.  George  Weathers  ;  9,  Edward,  b.  1833,  d. 
unm.;  10,  Beecher,  b.  1835,  in.  Mehitable  Woodbury. 

v.     Phebe,  b.  1793,  m.  Benjamin  Willett. 

vi.     Mary,  b.  1796,  m.  Brooke  Watson  Chipman. 
vii.     Joseph,  b.  1798,  d.  unm. 
viii.     Susanna,  b.  1800,  d.  1801. 

ix.     Lucy,  b.  1800,  d.  unm. 

3.  WILLIAM    FAIRFIELD    WOODBURY   was   born    in    Yarmouth,    N.S., 
March  15,  1766,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  English  male  child 
born   in    Yarmouth.      He   married,    1791,    Mary,    daughter   of   Austin 
Smith,  and  had  children : 

i.  Austin  b.  1792,  m.  Elizabeth  Bayard,  dau.  of  John  Ruggles  :  Ch. : 
1,  James,  m.  Jessie  Barry  ;  2,  George  (J.P.),  d.  unm.;  3,  Louisa, 
m.  Edward  Barnaby. 

ii.  Jonathan,  b.  1793,  m.  Frances  Ruggles  (dau.  of  John) :  Ch. :  1, 
William  Fairfield,  d.  unra.;  2,  Gilbert  W.,  m.  Elizabeth  Spinney; 
3,  Charles,  m.  Elizabeth  Bishop  ;  4,  Austin,  m.  Sarah  Jane 
Spinney  ;  5,  Adelaide,  m.  Edward  Fuller  ;  6,  Eliza,  m.  William 
West  ;  7,  Mehitable,  m.  Beecher  Woodbury  ;  8,  John  Ruggles, 
m.  Lizzie  Heritage  ;  9,  Robert,  m.  Augusta  Heritage  ;  10,  Lucilla, 
m  John  Taft. 

iii.     Mehitable,  b.  1795,  d.  unm. 
iv.     Mary,  b.  1797,  d.  1797. 

v.  William  Fairfield,  b.  1798,  m.  Mary  Jane  King  (dau.  of  John  King, 
R.N.):  Ch.:  1,  George  Leander,  d.  unm.;  2,  Egbert  Sydney,  d. 
unm.;  3,  Matilda  H.,  m.  James  J.  Reagh  ;  4,  Gertrude  J.,  d. 
unm. 

vi.     Manley,  b.  1800,  d.  1807. 
vii.     James,  b.  1803,  d.  1817. 
viii.     Mary,  b.  1805,  m.  Luther  Morse. 


WOODBURY — YOUNG.  639 

ix.     Foster,    b.    1807,   m.    Maria   Morton:    Ch.:    1,    George,    m.    (lives 
abroad)  ;  2,  Louisa,   m.  (1st)  H.  A.  Borden,   (2nd)  —  Mitchell  ; 
3,  Susan,  m.  Joseph  Dennison,   M.D. ;  4,   Mary,  m.  James  Mc- 
Phail  ;  5,  Norman  ;  6,  Harry, 
x.     Harriet,  b.  1809,  m.  John  Dodge, 
xi.     Matilda,  b.  1811,  m.  Joseph  Morton. 

xii.     Francis,  b.  1813,  m.  Elizabeth  Congdon  :  Ch.:  Hibbert  (D.D.S.),  b. 
1842,   m.  1881,    Laleah   Weatherspoon,  dau.  of    William   M.;  2, 
Maria,  m.  George  Bell,  M.D.;  3,  Frank  (D.D.S.),  b.  1843,  m. 
Jessie  B.  Troop, 
xiii.     Lucilla,  b.  1815,  m.  John  Foster. 

ISAAC  WOODBURY  married  (1st)  Hannah  Clark,  (2nd)  Mary  Fowler, 
•nee  St.  Croix.  Children  : 

i.  Edward,  b.  1793,  m.  1815,  Betsey  Marchant  :  Ch.:  1,  Hepzibah  Ann, 
b.  1815,  m.  Robert  Neily  ;  2,  Isaac,  b.  1818,  m.  (1st)  Hannah 
Robinson,  (2nd)  Phebe  Merry  ;  3,  William  Henry,  b.  1820,  m. 
Margaret  Neily  (dau.  of  George)  ;  4,  Mary  Jane,  b.  1823,  m. 
Charles  Foster ;  5,  Hannah,  b.  1825,  m.  Joseph  Hudson  ;  6, 
Gilbert  Fowler,  d.  unm. ;  7,  Harriet  Ann,  b.  1833,  m.  Charles 
Covert  ;  8,  Emmeline,  b.  1834,  m.  Richard  Forsyth  ;  9,  James 
Edward,  b.  1837,  m.  Helen  Welton  ;  10,  Elizabeth,  m.  (1st) 
William  Henry  Pearce,  (2nd)  Reis  Goucher  ;  11,  Louisa,  d.  unm. 

ii.     Hannah,  d.  unm. 
By  second  wife. 

iii.  Isaac,  b.  June  8,  1798,  d.  1863,  m.  (1st)  1823,  Martha  Chute,  (2nd), 
Elizabeth  Brotha,  wid.  of  James  Orde  and  Peter  Long:  Ch.:  1, 
John  Gauladette,  b.  1825,  m.  Naomi,  dau.  of  John  C.  Wilson,  Esq. 

iv.  Mary,  b.  April  23,  1800,  m.  (1st)  James  DeLancey  Harris,  (2nd) 
William  B.,  son  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Perkins. 

v.  Elisha,  b.  April  3,  1802,  m.  Nancy  C.,  dau.  of  James  Harris,  Esq. : 
Ch.:  1,  Rachel  Maria,  m.  Abraham  Balcom ;  2,  Chalmers,  m. 
Sarah  Jane  Whitman. 

YOUNG.  SAMUEL  YOUNG,  with  three  sons,  Ichabod,  Robert  and  Job, 
came  to  this  province  in  1760-61,  from  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
and  settled  near  Belleisle.  Tchabod  married  and  remained  in  Granville 
several  years,  but  returned  to  Massachusetts,  and  later  migrated 
farther  west,  probably  to  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.  It  is  said  that  the  late 
Brigham  Young,  the  apostle  of  Mormonism,  was  his  grandson.  Robert 
was  probably  married  before  his  arrival  here,  but  his  wife  died  soon  after, 
and  he  married  again  and  raised  a  second  family.  He,  too,  and  the 
major  part  of  his  children  went  back  to  Massachusetts,  or  to  Maine. 
The  lots  which  the  Youngs  took  up  included  what  is  still  known  as 
Young's  Mountain,  and  Young  Cove,  extending,  as  did  the  others,  from 
the  river  to  the  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  William  and  Samuel,  sons 
of  Job,  settled  in  Wilmot ;  and  Joseph  and  John  married  and  settled  in 
what  is  now  Digby  County,  whence  a  descendant  removed  to  Yarmouth 
County,  and  became  a  leading  ship-owner  there,  but,  after  financial 
reverses,  died  in  California,  where  he  had  spent  some  years  in  his  earlier 
days. 


640  •  YOUNG. 

JOB  YOUNG,  b.  1741,  m.  1763,  Hannah,  dau.  of  Nath.  Barnes.    Children  : 

i.  William,  b.  1764,  m.  1790,  Miriam  Parker:  Ch. :  1,  Susanna,  b. 
1791,  m.  Daniel  McOormick  ;  2,  Miriam,  b.  1792,  m.  (1st)  1818, 
Ann  Wade,  (2nd)  Eliza  Wade,  nee  Troop  ;  4,  Edward  Thorne,  b. 
1796,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Charlton,  (2nd)  Maria  Ruffee  ;  5,  Job,  b. 
1798,  m.  Elizabeth  Leonard  (dau.  of  Abiel)  ;  6,  Maria,  b.  1802, 
m.  James  Tobin,  of  Digby  ;  7,  Mai'garet,  b.  1805  ;  8,  Hannah,  b. 
1807,  m.  George  S.  Hawkesworth  ;  9,  Statyra,  b.  1809,  m.  James 
Budd  ;  10,  Caroline,  b.  1811,  m.  Ward  Neily  ;  11,  George  Fox, 
b.  1813,  m.  Caroline  Durland  ;  12,  Deborah,  b.  1815,  m.  Adam 
Durland  ;  13,  Eilwood,  b.  1817,  m.  Eliza  Bohaker. 

ii.     Samuel,    b.    1765,    m.  1796,    Lydia   Morse    (dau.    of   Abner)  :  Ch. : 

1,  Samuel,   b.    1797,   m.    (1st)  Sophia  Spring,  nee  Haines,  (2nd) 
Elizabeth  Carty  ;  2,  Sarah,  b.  1799,  m.  Abram  Covert  ;  3,  Abigail, 
b.   1802,  m.  John  Haines  ;  4,  Grace,  b.  1804,  m.  Isaac  Dodge  ; 

5,  Lydia,    b.    1805,    m.  Jacob  Davis  ;  6,  Mary  Ann,  b.   1808,   m. 
Hardy  Parker  ;  7,  Miriam,  b.  1810,  m.  Ennis  Munroe  ;  8,  Joseph, 
b.  1811,  m.  Eliza  Young  ;  9,  Aaron,  b.  1813,  m.  Mary  Berteaux  ; 
10,  Moses,  b.  1815,  m.  Catharine  Neily. 

iii.     Joseph,    b.    1769,    m.    Rachel   Moore:    Ch.:  1,    Joseph,    d.    unm. ; 

2,  Lindley,  m.   Isabel  Mackintosh  (no  issue)  ;  3,   Phebe,  m.   (in 
Belfast,    Ireland)  ;   4,    Rachel,    m.    William   Y.    McClintock ;   5, 
Rebecca,  d.  unm. 

iv.     Hannah,  b.  1768,  m.  James  Parker. 

v.  Timothy,  b.  1771,  d.  1824,  m.  1796,  Abigail  Fletcher:  Ch.:  1,  David, 
b.  1797,  m.  1821,  Sarah  Bent  (dau.  of  Seth)  ;  2,  Phebe,  b.  1801,  m. 
William  Nichols  ;  3,  Harriet,  b.  1803,  m.  Caleb  Morgan  ;  4,  Mary 
Ann,  b.  1805,  m.  Henry  Milbury  ;  5,  Susanna,  b.  1808,  m.  Henry 
Munroe;  6,  Elizabeth,  b.  181] ,  m.  Nelson  Chesley;  7,  Israel,  b.  1814, 
m.  (1st)  —  Parker,  (2nd)  Mary  Ann  McGregor  ;  8,  John,  b.  1817. 

vi.  Job,  b.  1773,  m.  1800,  Mary  Wade  :  Ch. :  1,  Elizabeth,  b.  1801; 
2,  Silas,  b.  1804,  m.  Caroline  ;  3,  Alfred,  b.  1806,  m.  (1st)  Amy 
Merritt,  (2nd)  Charlotte  Covert.  ;  4,  Joseph,  b.  1808  ;  5,  Marion, 
b.  1811,  m.  Abel  Wade  ;  6,  Christina,  b.  1813,  m.  Abraham 
Gesner  ;  7,  Amasa,  b.  1815,  m. ;  8,  James,  b.  1818  ;  9,  Charles, 
b.  1820,  m!  Eunice  Wade  ;  10,  William,  b.  1823. 

vii.  John,  b.  1775,  m.  Mary  Ann  Bailey:  Ch. :  1,  William  Henry,  in. 
Elizabeth  Saxton  ;  2,  Stephen,  m.  (1st)  Mary  Dorothea  Rice, 
(2nd)  Rebecca  Smith,  nee  Winchester  ;  3,  Phebe  Ann,  m.  George 
Dakin  ;  4,  Mary  Elizabeth,  m.  Phineas  Burns  ;  5,  Cynthia  Jane, 
m.  William  Journeay  ;  6,  John,  m.  Lydia  Hibbert  ;  7,  Hannah 
Parker,  d.  unm.;  8,  Margaret,  unm.;  9,  Job,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth 
Journeay,  (2nd)  Kate  Abrams,  ne'e  Praisall. 
viii.  Nathaniel,  b.  1777,  m.  Polly  Cotton  (no  issue). 
ix.  Robert,  b.  1779,  m.  (1st)  1800,  Mary  Dench,  (2nd)  1824, 
Miriam  Moody  :  Ch. :  1,  Patience,  b.  1801,  m.  Thomas  Wright ; 
2,  Ebenezer,  b.  1804,  d.  unm.;  3,  Robert,  b.  1806,  d.  unm.; 
4,  Elizabeth,  b.  1809,  m.  Joseph  Young  ;  5,  Nathan,  b.  1811  ; 

6,  Lucy,  b.  1813,   m.  Nathan  Doudall ;  (by  2nd  wife) :  7,  Mary, 
b.    1828,    m.   Abraham   Bent;   8,  Robert,  b.   1830,   d.   unm.:    9, 
Ebenezer,   b.    1831,  m.  (1st)  Keziah   White,  (2nd)  Mary  Wither- 
spoon  ;  10,  John,  b.  1833  ;  11.  Israel,  b.  1835,  m.  Francis  LeCain. 

x.     Sarah,  b.  1780,  d.  unm. 

xi.  Abraham,  b.  1784,  m.  Hannah  Wade  :  Ch. :  1,  James,  m.  Sarah 
Bettinson  ;  2,  Thomas,  m.  Lois  Durland  ;  3,  Daniel,  m.  Caroline 
Wilson  ;  4,  Calvin,  m.  Famitcha  Troop  ;  5,  Hiram,  m.  Mary 
Ann  VanBlarcom  ;  6,  Abraham,  m.  (1st)  Jane  Young,  (2nd) 

Abigail  Sproule,  (3rd)  ;  7,  Isaiah,  m.  Elizabeth  Covert  ; 

8,  Hannah,  m.  Darius  O.  Nutter  ;  9,  Isaac,  m.  Phebe  VanBlarcom; 
10,  Eliza,  unm.  ;  11,  Jacob,  unm. 


ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 


Page  2.  On  discovering  and  entering  the  mouth  of  Sissiboo  River 
on  June  10th,  1604,  Demonts  and  Champlain  named  it  Port  Sainte 
Marguerite,  St.  Margaret.  It  was  no  doubt  on  Long  Island  that  the 
priest  D' Aubrey  was  lost.  The  full  name  and  addition  of  Demonts  was 
Timoth^  Pierre  Du  Guast,  Sieur  de  Monts.  From  Du  Guast  comes  the 
modern  French  and  Acadian  name,  Dugas. 

Page  5.  Poutrincourt,  a  Picardy  gentleman,  was  Jean  de  Biencourt, 
Sieur  de  Poutrincourt. 

Page  7.  The  names  of  the  two  lonely  occupants  of  the  fort  in  July, 
1606,  were  LeTaille  and  Miquelet. 

Pages  9,  256.  Poutrincourt  was  "Lord  of  the  Manor"  by  transfer 
from  Demonts  in  1605,  which  was  confirmed  by  the  King  in  1607.  It 
was  Poutrincourt's  design  to  settle  his  family  in  America. 

Page  11.  The  Masonic  Stone. — This  stone  is  here  and  at  pages  17 
and  31  spoken  of  as  bearing  the  date  1609.  Hon.  Sandford  Fleming, 
C.M.G.,  who  took  it  to  Toronto  for  Mr.  R.  G.  Haliburton,  to  deposit  it  in 
the  Canadian  Institute,  says  the  same  in  a  book  written  by  him,  but  he 
may  have  followed  Murdoch,  who  had  never  seen  it.  Through  the  care- 
lessness of  some  official  or  servant  of  the  Institute  it  was  used  by  the 
masons  in  the  wall  of  an  addition  to  their  building,  and  authorities  differ 
so  as  to  the  real  date  that  we  must  ever  remain  as  much  in  the  dark 
about  it  as  the  stone  is.  I  have  even  heard  a  tradition  that  it  was  1605, 
and  that  Haliburton,  when  he  wrote  his  history,  pp.  155,  156,  had  not  yet 
seen  it,  but  spoke  from  a  written  description  by  its  finder.  If  dated 
1605,  it  might  have  been  meant  to  mark  the  beginning  of  their  first  edifice 
— part  of  the  corner-stone.  A  discussion  on  the  subject  appears  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts  for  1891.  Dr. 
Jackson  was  about  to  take  the  stone  away  to  present  it  to  the  "  Pilgrim 
Society"  of  Plymouth,  when  Mr.  Haliburton  fortunately,  as  we 
would  naturally  say,  but  as  the  event  proved,  unfortunately,  secured  it. 
Dr.  Jackson,  writing  in  1856,  says  he  found  it  on  the  shore  of  Goat, 
Island  ;  Haliburton  in  his  History,  in  1829,  seems  to  intimate  that  it  was, 
found  by  the  doctor  on  the  point  or  peninsula  of  the  Granville  shore, 
41 


642  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

opposite  the  Island.  Both  agree  that  the  date  on  the  stone  was  1606, 
although  Haliburton  says  the  "  6  "  was  worn  and  indistinct.  Dr.  Jackson 
says  it  was  a  gravestone ;  Haliburton  says  it  was  placed  on  the  point 
by  the  French  to  mark  "  the  date  of  their  first  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  in  memorial  of  their  formal  possession  of  the  country."  But 
this  is  evidently  wrong,  because  for  such  a  purpose  they  would  surely 
use  a  national,  and  not  a  Masonic  emblem;  and  they  first  cultivated  the 
soil  by  planting  a  garden  in  1605,  and  their  cornfields  planted  in  the 
year  of  the  date  on  the  stone  were,  as  has  been  shown,  on  the  point  or 
cape  within  the  present  site  of  the  town.  If  the  date  was  1606,  it  was 
probably  part  of  a  gravestone  commemorating  the  man  whose  death 
from  wounds  inflicted  by  Indians  during  Poutrincourt's  voyage  south, 
occurred  at  the  fort  in  November,  1606.  (See  pages  7  and  8,  ante.) 

There  is  in  the  library  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts  a  rare 
book  entitled  "AniMAN  REZON  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Nova  Scotia," 
written  in  1786,  giving  a  history  of  Masonry  in  the  Province  to  that 
date.  In  it  the  following  statements  are  made  :  "From  Europe  the  Royal 
Art  crossed  the  Atlantic  with  the  first  emigrants.  .  .  .  It  is  said  to 
have  been  known  in  Nova  Scotia  while  in  the  hands  of  the  French." 

Pages  16,  17,  182.  It  was  not  until  after  Chapter  II.  was  printed 
that  my  attention  was  called  to  Rev.  Dr.  Patterson's  valuable  papers 
read  before  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada  on  Sir  William  Alexander's 
colony  and  "The  Last  Years  of  Charles  de  Biencourt."  The  former,  page 
92,  makes  it  clearer  than  is  shown  in  these  pages,  that  the  survivors  of 
Argall's  raid,  under  the  leadership  of  Latour,  and  as  has  been  generally 
understood,  of  Biencourt,  being  wholly  deserted  by  France,  made  full 
submission  to  the  authority  of  Alexander.  But  the  long-received  opinion 
that  Biencourt  died  about  1623  is  shaken  by  Dr.  Patterson's  recent 
discovery  of  two  old  MSS.  offered  for  sale  in  Paris,  one  showing  that 
Charles  Biencourt  de  Poutrincourt,  born  1583,  died  about  1638,  "son  of 
Sieur  de  Poutrincourt,  governor  in  Acadia  for  M.  Demonts  "  ;  and  the 
other  being  a  receipt  of  Charles  de  Biencourt,  Sieur  de  Poutrincourt,  for 
three  thousand  livres  as  his  salary  for  a  year  as  Director  of  the  King's 
Academy,  and  dated  December  31,  1621.  It  is  hard  to  reconcile  these 
interesting  documents  with  the  statements  relied  on  by  Murdoch,  Vol.  I., 
p.  67,  viz.:  that  of  Champlain,  Yol.  II.,  p.  92,  in  1624,  that  Biencourt 
'(whose  then  recent  death  it  is  supposed  he  had  not  yet  heard  of)  had  then 
lived  eighteen  years  in  Acadie ;  and  that  of  Latour,  in  a  petition  by  him 
to  the  King  cited  by  French  writers,  dated  at  Lomeron,  in  Acadie,  July 
25,  1627,  that  Biencourt  had  died  in  Acadie  four  years  previously.  Bien- 
court, when  he  was  sent  to  France  by  his  father  in  1610,  is  said  to  have 
been  about  nineteen,  and  it  would  therefore  seem  that  he  must  have 
Jbeen  born  in  1591,  eight  years  later  than  the  one  who  is  now  found 


ADDITIONS    AND   CORRECTIONS.  643 

in  France  in  1621  and  1638.  A  well-read  correspondent*  assures  me  it 
was  not  uncommon  in  France  in  those  days  for  two  sons  to  be  given  the 
same  Christian  name,  and  be  distinguished  by  titular  designations  or 
"surnames";  and  that  the  Charles  de  Biencourt,  Sieur  de  Poutrincourt  in 
1621,  might  be  a  brother  of  the  Charles  de  Biencourt,  Baron  de  St.  Just, 
of  Acadian  fame  and  misfortune.  When  Poutrincourt  set  sail  from  St.  Just, 
in  Champagne,  in  February,  1610,  it  is  said  that  he  had  with  him  his 
eldest  son,  Charles  de  Biencourt,  and  a  younger  son,  Jacques  de  Bien- 
court de  Salazar.f 

Pages  28,  43,  44.  D'Aulnay  died  in  1650.  His  grant  of  Hog  Island 
to  Bourgeois  must  have  been  at  least  ten  years  prior  to  the  date  indicated 
on  pages  43  and  44. 

Page  82.  The  words  "  and  Mascarene  "  at  the  end  of  the  title  of  Chap- 
ter VI.,  are  due  to  a  clerical  error.  Jean  (John)  Paul  Mascarene  was  born 
at  Castras  in  Languedoc,  France,  in  1684,  of  an  old  and  excellent  family. 
His  farther  was  Jean  Mascarene,  and  his  mother  Margaret  de  Salavy. 
His  father  after  long  imprisonment  as  a  Huguenot,  was  transported  from 
France,  and  young  Paul  was  brought  up  by  an  uncle,  Caesar  Mascarene, 
and  his  father's  mother,  Louise  de  Balarand.  His  father  never  saw  him 
after  he  was  two  years  old,  but  died  at  Utrecht  in  1698,  aged  thirty-eight 
years,  two  days  before  the  son  succeeded  in  reaching  Utrecht  from 
Geneva  to  meet  him.  In  1707  Paul  Mascarene  was  naturalized  as  a 
British  subject,  and  commissioned  Lieutenant.  In  1720  he  was  in 
command  of  the  British  forces  at  Placentia,  Newfoundland  ;  but  in  1721 
we  find  he  had  returned  to  Annapolis.  In  1750  he  retired  on  the  pay  of 
a  Colonel  of  foot,  and  died  in  Boston,  January  22nd,  1760.  He  married 
Elizabeth  Perry,  of  Boston,  who  died  January  1st,  1729,  leaving  a  son 
and  two  daughters.  J.  Mascarene  Hubbard,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  is  a 
descendant. 

Pages  122-144.  I  am  gratified  to  find  that  Dr.  Bourinot,  a  gentleman 
of  Jersey  extraction,  and  therefore  not  to  be  suspected  of  Acadian  or 
Franco-Canadian  prejudices,  in  his  recent  excellent  work,  "  The  Story  of 
Canada,"  p.  198,  characterizes  as  "atrocious"  the  scheme  for  the  depor- 
tation of  the  Acadians  successfully  executed  by  Lawrence.  Here  I  may 

*  Mr.  Placide  P.  Gaudet,  Acadian  genealogist.  He  gives  four  examples,  of  which 
I  will  cite  three  :  Denis  Gaudet,  his  ancestor,  b.  in  France,  1612,  m.  Martine  Gau- 
tier,  buried  at  Port  Royal,  October  11,  1709,  left  two  sons, — Pierre,  the  elder,  b. 
1651,  m.  Anne  Blanchard,  and  settled  at  Beaubassin  ;  and  Pierre,  the  younger,  b. 
1654,  settled  at  Port  Royal  :  Pierre  Comeau,  b.  in  France  in  1605,  m.  Hose  Bayols, 
had  two  sons  Pierre,  one  b.  1652,  dit  L'esturgeon  ;  the  other,  b.  1660,  dit  des  Loups 
Marins  :  and  Jean  Belli veau,  b.  1651,  son  of  Antoine  Belliveau  and  Andree  Guion, 
m.  Jeanne  Bourque,  and  had  four  sons,  of  whom  two  were  Jean,  the  elder,  b.  1672, 
m.  Cecile  Melanson,  and  removed  in  1728  to  Tracadie,  P.E.I.;  the  younger,  b.  1674, 
in.  Marie  Madelaine  Melanson,  d.  at  Port  Royal,  September  13,  1707,  from  a  wound 
received  during  the  siege  of  that  year.  For  all  this  he  quotes  parish  records  with 
which  he  is  familiar. 

fMoreau,  "  Histoire  de  1'Acadie  Fra^aise,"  Paris,  1870. 


644  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

remark  that  M.  Richard's  severe  denunciation  of  Parkman  and  his 
methods  as  an  historian,  do  not  with  justice  apply  to  his  "Half  Cen- 
tury of  Conflict,"  for  that  work  contains  enough  to  fully  establish  the 
conclusions  expressed  by  me  in  Chapter  IX.  Parkman,  although  some 
of  his  statements  evince  a  spirit  of  unfairness  to  the  Acadians,  does  not 
as  a  rule  exemplify,  as  Macaulay  does,  that  in  an  historian  trustworthiness 
is  one  thing,  and  brilliancy  another. 

Pages  166,  168.  Women  suffered  no  less  severely  than  men  in  the 
cruel  proscriptions  of  Loyalists  by  the  promoters  of  the  American 
revolution.  The  wives  of  Col.  Beverley  Robinson  and  Roger  Morris, 
daughters  of  Frederic  Phillipse,  descended  from  one  of  the  founders  of 
New  York,  and  Mrs.  Inglis,  wife  of  the  first,  and  mother  of  the  third 
bishop  of  Nova  Scotia,  were  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  New  York 
attainted  of  high  treason  for  their  loyalty,  and  banished  on  pain  of 
death,  the  only  case  in  which  women  were  ever  so  dealt  with  in  the 
history  of  the  English  people.  Mr.  Bailey,  on  November  6,  1783,  men- 
tions that  a  body  of  four  hundred  expatriated  Loyalists  had  perished  by 
shipwreck  on  their  way  to  Annapolis.  Joseph  Wanton,  jun.,  a  descendant 
of  the  Col.  Wanton  conspicuous  at  the  siege  of  Port  Royal  in  1707  (page 
56),  was  one  of  those  whose  property  was  confiscated  after  the  peace  and 
contrary  to  the  treaty.  Others,  on  returning  to  their  old  homes,  were 
seized  and  imprisoned. 

The  following  schedule  without  date,  endorsed  "Abstract  of  difft. 
Companies,"  was  found  among  the  papers  of  the  late  Amos  Botsford,  the 
agent  for  settling  the  Loyalists,  frequently  mentioned  in  the  history  of 
the  townships  of  Wilmot  and  Clements.  I  cannot  explain  the  second  and 
following  columns;  but  it  would  seem  that  870  privates  in  loyal  companies 
were  to  have  each  one  hundred  acres  of  land  in  this  county : 

RETURN  OF  SETTLERS  AT  ANNAPOLIS. 


Companies. 

Major  T.  Ward's  

75 

50 

69 

57 

22 

Andrew  Ritchie  

52 

29 

21 

41 

13 

Wm.  Chandler  

29 

10 

9 

6 

5 

Richard  Hill  

28 

23 

29 

20 

26 

Nath.  Chandler   

23 

4 

1 

Chris.  Benson  

.......       8 

7 

5 

2 

9 

Douwe  Ditmars  

79 

47 

45 

58 

23 

John  Polhemus  

27 

23 

25 

19 

23 

Joshua  Chandler  

5 

12 

9 

11 

IS 

Gabriel  Purdy  

19 

11 

8 

7     . 

9 

*Neil  McNeil  

85 

46 

35 

38 

29 

Peter  Allaire  

28 

15 

8 

12 

4 

*  Great-grandfather  of  John  S.  McNeill,  Esq.,  late  M.P.P.,  and  now  Registrar 
of  Deeds,  Digby  County,  and  of  a  very  numerous  posterity  in  that  county. 


ADDITIONS  AND   CORRECTIONS.  645 

Companies. 

Joshua  De  St.  Croix 43  24  26  14  9 

JohnHinchman 56  25  22  27  13 

Hunt 27  18  26  28  1 

Eben  Ward 38  14  10  16  1 

Patrick  Haggerty 15  12  7  9  12 

Hardenbrook 41  24  25  15  9 

38th  &  40th  Reg 22  3  1 

Jarvis 15  9  8  12  6 

Young 55  28  30  32  15 

Hilton 25  13  12  15  6 

Maj.  Thos.  Huggeford 15  8  9  12  8 

Scatterers..  60  35  12  10  9 


870          491          451  462          270 

451 
462 
270 

870  at  100  acres.  1674 

Page  175.  The  following  are  the  names  of  the  Grand  Jury  of  the 
county  from  September  term,  1796,  to  May  term,  1797  : 

Edward  Thorne,  Foreman  ;  John  Ruggles,  John  Slocum,  Reuben  Tucker,  James 
Eager,  John  Ditmars,  John  Reed,  Joshua  de  St.  Croix,  John  Hill,  John  Polhemus, 
Elisha  Budd,  Ambrose  Haight,  John  Aikins,  Robert  Wolseley,  Jesse  Hoyt,  Charles 
Doucet,  John  Burkett,  Samuel  Street,  John  Rice,  Obadiah  Wheelock,  James  Thorne, 
Timothy  Ruggles,  Asa  Tupper. 

Of  these  John  Hill,  and  a  brother,  Richard,  Loyalists  from  Long  Island, 
lived  in  Digby,  and  owned  the  lots  and  water-lots  on  Carleton  Street  and 
Water  Street,  eastwardly  from  Birch  Street.  No  posterity  of  the  name 
remain  in  the  county,  but  the  late  Judge  Hill,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  was, 
I  think,  of  this  family,  as  were  the  prominent  Hill  family  of  Antigonish. 
There  were  long  somewhat  noted  descendants  of  Reuben  Tucker  in 
the  county,  among  them  Charles  H.,  the  well-known  school-teacher  and 
poet  of  St.  John,  Ottawa,  and  Digby,  not  long  deceased.  Descendants  in 
female  lines  are  to  be  found  in  some  branches  of  the  Ruggles  and  Thorne 
families,  and  others.  Probably  he  was  not  related  to  Dr.  Tucker,  the 
Sheriff.  Aikens  and  Street  have  been  mentioned  on  pp.  170  and  250. 

The  old  records  of  the  Sessions  of  the  Peace  are  lost,  or  I  would  give 
a  list  of  the  town  officers  of  the  other  townships  "a  hundred  years  ago." 

Page  178.  It  ought  to  have  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
subject  of  education  in  the  town  that  Mr.  Watts,  referred  to  on  page  297 
as  a  minister  of  the  Church  of  England,  was,  in  1728,  the  first  school- 
teacher in  the  town  of  whom  we  have  any  record,  and  that  John  Bass, 
a  brother  of  the  Joseph  whose  family  record  appears  on  page  474,  and  of 
the  first  bishop  of  Massachusetts,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1761,  came 


646  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

here  shortly  after  that  date,  and  taught  school  many  years.  He  died  at 
New  Albany  at  an  advanced  age.  The  building  in  which  McNamara 
conducted  his  academy  stood  on  the  site  of  the  old  railroad  station  until 
the  land  was  expropriated  for  the  purposes  of  the  railroad,  when  it  was 
sold,  and  becoming  the  property  of  Mr.  Urde,  was  removed  to  St.  James' 
Street  and  fitted  up  as  a  dwelling,  and  still  stands  in  a  renovated  and 
attractive  condition  next  eastwardly  to  the  new  Music  Hall. 

Page  183.  The  "coffin  plate,"  so  to  speak,  of  the  old  block  -house,, 
with  "1881,"  the  year  of  its  "passing,"  engraved  on  it,  consists  of  a 
silver  band  around  the  head  of  a  walking-stick  made  of  some  of  its  wood 
at  the  time,  as  a  memento,  for  H.  E.  Gillis,  Esq.  There  was  no  little 
excitement  in  the  town  when  it  was  known  that  the  work  of  demolition 
had  commenced.  An  attempt  was  made  by  some  of  the  citizens  to  stay 
the  hand  of  the  destroyer,  and  a  subscription  was  on  the  same  day  started 
to  repair  the  damage  already  done;  but  the  fiat  had  gone  forth  from 
Ottawa  at  the  instance  of  the  occupant  of  the  other  buildings  in  the 
fort,  whose  representations  proved  mistaken. 

Pages  289-291,  444-5.  The  first  Executive  Council  under  Responsible 
Government,  when  the  House  of  Assembly  met  on  February  3,  1841,  con- 
sisted of  Hon.  S.  B.  Robie,  M.L.C.  ;  Sir  Rupert  D.  George,  Bart.,  M.L.C.  ; 
Hon.  J.  W.  Johnstone,  M.L.C.,  Solicitor-General ;  Hon.  E  Murray  Dodd, 
M.P.P. ;  Hon.  Thomas  A.  S.  De Wolfe,  M.P.P.  ;  Hon.  Alexander  Stewart, 
M.L.C.  •;  Hon.  James  B.  Uniacke,  M.P.P. ;  Hon.  S.  G.  W.  Archibald, 
M.P.P.,  Attorney-General ;  Joseph  Howe,  M.P.P.,  James  McNab,  M.P.P. 
On  February  11  the  House  went  into  committee  on  the  general  state 
of  the  Province  for  the  purpose  of  eliciting  explanations  respecting  the 
policy  of  the  Government  and  the  effect  of  the  recent  political  changes. 
Mr.  Howe,  although  a  member  of  the  Government,  was  Speaker  of  the 
House.  Every  member  of  the  Government  in  the  House  spoke  on  this 
occasion,  defining  the  position  of  the  Cabinet  and  of  himself  as  a  member 
of  it.  A  report  of  the  speeches  will  be  found  in  the  Nova  Scotian 
newspaper  for  February  18,  1841.  A  similar  discussion  occurred  in  the 
Legislative  Council  on  the  17th  of  the  same  month,  when  Mr.  Johnstone 
spoke  at  length;  and  on  the  18th,  when  Hon.  S.  B.  Robie  and  Hon. 
Alexander  Stewart  spoke.  These  were  reported  in  the  Nova  Scotian  of 
the  25th,  and  may  be  referred  to  as  evidence  that  Responsible  Government 
was  then  fully  established.  On  April  28  of  this  year  Mr.  Johnstone 
succeeded  Mr.  Archibald  as  Attorney-General. 

Dr.  Bourinot  ("  Story  of  Canada,"  p.  362)  thinks  that  Lord  Falkland 
"became  the  mere  creature  of  the  Tory  party,  led  by  Mr.  Johnstone"; 
and  it  might  appear  that  he  evinced  undue  subserviency  to  that  section 
of  the  Cabinet  when  he  consented  to  Mr.  Almon's  appointment  to  the 
Executive.  The  seat  should  have  been  given  to  Mr.  Huntington,  Mr. 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS.  647 

Howe's  able  lieutenant  and  a  trusted  leader  of  the  popular  movement ; 
but  I  apprehend  this  step  had  been  rendered  impracticable  by  the  irrecon- 
cilable difference  that  had  arisen  between  Mr.  Howe  and  Mr.  Johnstone 
on  the  College  question.  But  for  this  difference,  the  struggle  which  con- 
vulsed the  Province  from  1843  to  1847  would  not  have  occurred,  unless 
the  proverbial  anomaly  of  "  two  kings  in  Brentford  "  rendered  some  such 
difference  inevitable.  Once  the  struggle  began  it  was  easy  to  produce  the 
impression  that  Mr.  Johnstone  stood  for  the  curtailment  and  Mr.  Howe 
for  the  extension  of  popular  rights.  Enormous  public  meetings,  attended 
by  crowds  from  long  distances,  were  held  in  this  county  during  the  four 
years  of  intense  and  bitter  strife.  There  was  a  very  notable  one  at  Pine 
Grove,  presided  over  by  Major  Chipman,  Esq.,  addressed  by  Mr.  Howe. 
Mr.  Johnstone,  in  reply,  delivered  a  most  able  and  brilliant  speech  of  five 
hours'  length  in  a  barn  near  Bridgetown.  Mr.  Howe  replied  to  this  in  a 
series  of  surpassingly  able  letters  addressed  to  Major  Chipman,  and  pub- 
lished and  distributed  in  pamphlet  form.  Afterwards,  Mr.  Howe  invited 
Mr.  Johnstone  to  a  joint  meeting,  held,  I  think,  in  Annapolis,  Mr.  Howe 
having  with  him  his  able  and  eloquent  co-worker,  Mr.  (afterwards  Hon. 
Sir)  William  Young,  and  Mr.  Johnstone  being  assisted  by  Mr.  (afterwards 
Rev.)  James  J.  Ritchie.  The  addresses  at  these  gatherings  were  in  the 
highest  style  of  oratory,  and  Mr.  Johnstone,  although  unequal  to  Mr.  Howe 
in  the  ad  captandum  arts,  and  without  a  particle  of  his  humour,  showed 
a  capacity  for  close  reasoning  and  sustained  flights  of  lofty  eloquence, 
apparently  inspired  by  an  inward  consciousness  of  rectitude,  with  occa- 
sionally a  vein  of  caustic  sarcasm,  all  proving  him  fitted  for  a  wider  and 
more  important  sphere. 

After  the  passage  of  Mr.  Howe's  measure  to  extend  the  franchise  to 
all  ratepayers,  Mr.  Johnstone  introduced  and  carried  a  measure  establish- 
ing manhood  suffrage,  and  two  elections  were  run  under  it.  Afterwards, 
Mr.  Howe  and  the  Liberal  party  very  wisely  repealed  this  and  restored 
an  assessment  basis,  but  a  restricted  one,  with  revision  and  registration. 

The  comparative  brevity  of  Mr.  Johnstone's  tenures  of  power  may  be 
attributed  largely  to  his  ignorance  and  contempt  of  those  tactics  un- 
happily so  requisite  to  success  under  a  popular  system  of  government, 
no  matter  how  pure  the  motive  or  exalted  the  aim  of  the  statesman. 
Undivided  and  engrossing  attention  to  the  public  interests  is  sometimes 
incompatible  with  the  watchfulness  and  cunning  necessary  to  guard 
against  the  wily  advances  of  an  Opposition  ably  and  artfully  led  in  the 
press  and  parliament.  When  he  introduced  his  bill  to  abolish  township 
representation  he  admitted  that  it  would  deprive  him  of  two  supporters 
from  the  township  of  Halifax  ;  but  he  expected  that  the  merits  of  this 
and  his  other  measures  would  commend  his  administration  to  the  people 
generally.  He  was  defeated  by  a  parliamentary  majority  of  three  at  the 
election  which  followed. 


648  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

It  should  have  been  mentioned  in  the  memoir  of  Mr.  Johnstone  that 
besides  his  great  gifts  as  an  orator,  he  displayed  in  the  social  circle  most 
brilliant  and  fascinating  conversational  powers. 

Page  298.  Since  this  page  was  printed  I  for  the  first  time  noticed 
that  the  late  Dr.  Akins,  in  his  "History  of  Halifax,"  p.  71,  gives  Rev. 
Dr.  Breynton,  Rector  of  St.  Paul's,  the  credit  of  establishing  the  first 
Sunday  School  in  Nova  Scotia,  "about  1783,  perhaps  a  little  later."  If 
later  than  1783,  Forman  may  yet  have  anticipated  him.  But  the  Rev. 
H.  D.  DeBlois,  in  an  able  paper  on  the  old  church  in  Annapolis,  just 
published,  says  that  Rev.  Mr.  Watte,  in  1728,  opened  "one  of  the  first 
Sunday  Schools  taught  in  the  Province."  This  takes  away  the  palm  from 
Raikes  himself,  immortalized  as  the  founder  of  Sunday  Schools.  The 
distinction  has  also  been  claimed  for  Rev.  John  Wesley. 

Page  316.  The  fo' lowing  are  the  names  of  the  Justices  of  the  Peace 
for  the  County  of  Annapolis  from  the  division  of  the  county  to  1849, 
after  which,  I  think,  it  is  generally  conceded  that  the  office  lost  much  of 
its  former  importance  and  prestige,  partly  owing  to  the  great  increase  of 
appointments,  and  partly  to  the  different  motives  that  inspired  them  :* 

1837,  Richard  James  ;  1838,  Israel  W.  Ruggles,  Henry  Hudson,  Peter  De  Lancey, 
John  Tupper,  Joseph  Shaw,  Charles  Whitman,  George  Vroom,  William  Harris  ; 
1842,  Samuel  Bishop  Chipman,  Henry  Gesner,  David  C.  Landers,  Peter  Bonnett, 
John  Bath,  John  Roop,  jun. ,  Angus  M.  Gidney,  Handley  Starratt,  Edward  Eaton, 
Weston  Hall,  William  B.  Turnbull,  George  Harris,  Alexander  Fowler  ;  1843,  Jacob 
Kempton,  Thomas  Bogart ;  1845,  James  Gray,  Phineas  Oakes,  Daniel  Nichols,  John 
Ross,  Walter  Willett,  John  Mills,  James  Potter,  Moses  Shaw  ;  1845,  Reis  Stronach  ; 
1848,  Abel  Chute  ;  1849,  William  Randall,  Austin  Woodbury,  Thos.  C.  Wheelock, 
Eri  Welton,  William  H.  Troop,  Gilbert  Reagh,  Edward  H.  Fitzrandolph,  Walter 
Ricketson,  Miner  Tupper,  Joseph  Wheelock,  Robert  H.  Bath,  John  F.  Bath,  James 
Longley,  Robert  Parker,  Robert  Mills  (2nd),  John  Kennedy,  Andreas  Bohaker, 
William  F.  Potter,  James  Balcom,  John  Wilson,  Peter  Middlemas,  Arthur  Dodge, 
Joel  Banks,  Samuel  Balcom,  Jordan  Messenger,  William  Piggott,  Andrew  Hender- 
son, Isaac  Willett,  John  Shafner,  Thomas  Wheelock,  Edward  Baker  (2nd). 

Pages  339  and  426.  At  these  places  respectively  should  have  been 
introduced  biographical  memoirs  of  PHIXEAS  LOVETT,  Jux.,  M.P.P.,  and 
JAMES  RUSSELL  LOVETT,  M.P.P.,  the  former  of  whom,  known  as  Col. 
Lovett,  was  first  elected  in  1775,  and  the  latter  in  1827  ;  but  the  author 
left  no  materials  from  which  I  could  have  framed  them.  During  one 
session,  Phineas  Lovett,  sen.  and  jun.,  were  contemporary  members, 
although  it  does  not  appear  that  the  former  served;  and  Phineas,  jun, 
was  for  a  short,  time  sheriff.  (See  pp.  162,  285,  309.)  Father,  son  and 
grandson  of  a  family  once  numerous  and  influential  in  the  county,  but 
now  for  the  most  part  flourishing  beyond  its  borders,  represented  its 
people  in  the  Legislature — a  rare  occurrence.  I  am  now  informed  that 

*  A  fee  of  $5  is  now  charged  by  the  Government  on  a  magistrate's  commission. 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS.  649 

Phineas  Lovett,  jun.,  lived  at  Round  Hill  ;  that  James  R.  Lovett  was 
born  there  in  1781,  and  when  first  elected  lived  and  carried  on  business 
there  ;  that  he  removed  to  Annapolis,  where  he  was  a  general  merchant 
And  contractor,  and  built  for  a  residence  and  store  the  large  house  now 
known  as  the  "  Clifton  House"  Hotel,  and  that  he  died  in  1864  at  the 
residence  of  Mr.  P.  McPhee,  his  son-in-law,  at  Halifax. 

Pages  339,  407  and  573.  JOHN  RITCHIE,  M.P.P.,  and  THOMAS  RITCHIE, 
M.P.P.,  son  of  Andrew.  I  have  now  no  doubt  that  these  two  gentlemen 
were  cousins-german.  The  deceased  author  appears  to  have  possessed 
evidence  that  the  uncle  and  nephew,  Andrew  and  John,  were  in  partner- 
ship as  merchants  in  Annapolis  as  early  as  1777,  or  even  earlier.  This,  of 
course,  might  have  been  the  case,  although  the  elder  still  resided  in 
Boston.  From  the  list  on  page  644,  it  would  appear  that  Andrew 
Ritchie,  father  or  son,  was  captain  of  a  company  of  loyal  troops. 

Page  344.  Thomas  Barclay  was  a  great-grandnephew  of  the  cele- 
brated Francis  Barclay,  author  of  the  "Apology  for  the  People  Called 
Quakers,"  a  brother  of  whom,  Mr.  Barclay's  great-grandfather,  was 
associated  with  Penn  in  the  colonization  of  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey.  The  grandfather  of  Thomas  abandoned  the  "Society  of  Friends  " 
for  the  Church  of  England  at  about  middle  age.  By  intermarriage  with 
the  best  families  of  the  early  Dutch  settlers  of  New  York,  the  blood 
•of  that  people  largely  prevailed  over  the  ancestral  Norman-Scotch  and 
English  in  his  veins.  In  Rivington's  Gazetteer,  New  York,  under  date 
of  October  2,  1775,  the  following  marriage  notice  appeared  :  "This 
•evening  were  married  at  Union  Hill,  in  the  borough  of  Westchester, 
New  York,  John  Watts,  jun.,  Esq.,  Recorder  of  New  York,  to  Miss 
Jane  De  Lancey ;  and  Thomas  H.  Barclay,  Esq.,  to  Miss  Susannah  De 
Lancey,  daughters  of  the  late  Peter  De  Lancey,  Esq. 

"  'Round  their  nuptial  beds, 
Hovering  with  purple  wings,  th'  Idalian  boy 
Shook  from  his  radiant  torch  the  blissful  fires 

of  innocent  desires, 
And  Venus  scattered  myrtles.'  " 

Page  393.  Mr.  Moody's  sword  was  presented  to  Capt.  Benjamin 
McConnell,  jun.,  of  a  family  from  whom  McConnell's  Hill,  a 'little  west 
•of  Gilbert's  Cove,  on  the  St.  Mary's  Bay  Road,  took  its  name.  All  of  the 
family  have  long  since  removed  to  Ontario.  From  Benjamin  the  sword 
passed  to  his  son  Elisha,  of  Malahide,  Ont.,  and  from  him  to  his  son, 
Elisha  Newton  McConnell,  of  that  place, 

Page  474.  BASS.  The  statement  that  John,  brother  of  the  Joseph 
Bass  whose  family  record  is  here  given,  settled  at  Liverpool  is  an  error. 
And  I  am  now  informed  that  this  Joseph  had  no  son  John  ;  in  fact,  there 


C50  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

was  none  given  in  the  author's  record.  I  am  also  informed  that  this 
Joseph's  wife  was  Elizabeth  Searle.  The  true  order  and  dates  of  his- 
children  were  :  1,  Sarah,  b.  Aug.  14,  1748,  d.  young  ;  2,  Alden,  b.  July  12r 
1750  ;  3,  Sarah,  b.  Nov.  12,  1751 ;  4,  Elizabeth,  b.  May  8, 1753  ;  5,  William,, 
b.  Nov.  23,  1755;  6,  Lydia,  b.  Oct.  11,  1757;  7,  Edward,  b.  Feb.  26, 
1760;  8,  Thankful,  b.  July  24,  1762  ;  9,  Joseph,  b.  July  7,  1767— the- 
last  two  in  Annapolis,  the  others  in  Dorchester,  Mass.  William  and 
Alden  removed  to  Nictaux,  Edward  to  Newburyport,  Mass.  In  1657,. 
John  Bass,  son  of  the  immigrant  ancestor,  Samuel  Bass,  married  Ruth, 
daughter  of  John  Alden  and  Priscilla  Mullins,  immortalized  in  Long- 
fellow's poem.  Joseph,  a  grandson  of  Samuel,  married  Elizabeth  Breck, 
and  was  the  father  of  the  Bishop,  and  of  the  two  Annapolis  County 
pioneers.  The  Barsses,  of  Queens  County,  are  from  a  collateral  branch. 
Page  480.  BERTEAUX.  From  some  Annapolis  records  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Wood,  found  at  St.  Paul's,  Halifax,  it  appears  that  "  Philip  Edward,  son 
of  Philip  and  Mary  Berteaux  "  (probably  his  first  wife),  was  baptized  Sep- 
tember 13,  1770.  His  second  wife  was  probably  Martha,  not  Elizabeth 
Gould. 

Page  490.  Further  genealogy  of  Chipman  (from  the  "  Chute  Gene- 
alogies "): 

JOHN  (4th  child  and  eldest  surviving  son  of  Handley)  and  Eunice  (Dixon). 
CHIPMAN  had  ch.:  1,  John  Hancock,  b.  May  9,  1770,  m.  Elizabeth  Osborne ; 
2,  Handley,  b.  Aug.  26,  1771  ;  3,  Charles,  b.  July  9,  1772,  m.  Dec.  3,  1789, 
Eunice,  dau.  of  Mason  Cogswell  ;  4,  George,  b.  April  23,  1774,  m.  —  Fraser, 
wid.  ;  5,  Elizabeth,  b.  June  18,  1775,  d.  in  infancy  ;  6,  Elizabeth,  b.  May  30, 
1776,  m.  S.  Herman  Burbage  ;  7,  Eunice,  b.  Aug.  9,  1777,  d.  in  infancy  ;  8, 
Eunice,  b.  June  30,  1778,  m.  David  Whidden  ;  9,  Allen,  b.  March  26,  1780, 
in.  — Gardner,  of  Liverpool,  X.S. ;  10,  Daniel,  b.  April  21,  1782,  m.  Sarah. 
Bishop  (7  ch.)  ;  11,  Lavinia,  b.  Nov.  21,  1783  ;  12,  Jane,  b.  March  19,  1785, 
in.  Timothy,  son  of  Timothy  and  Elizabeth  Barnaby  ;  13,  William,  b.  Dec.  9, 
1786  ;  14,  Jared  T.,  b.  May  22,  1788  ;  15,  Olivia,  b.  March  8,  1790. 

The  words  "by  second  wife,"  on  page  490,  are  misplaced.  William  Allen 
was  evidently  by  first  wife,  but  there  is  some  uncertainty  about  the  date  of 
Nancy's  birth,  and  whether  she  was  of  first  or  second  family. 

Pages  493,  494.     Further  genealogy  of  Clark  : 

WILLIAM  (son  of  Richard)  and  Joanna  (Dunn)  CLARK  had  ch.:  1,  Henrietta, 
in.  Priestly  Milbury  ;  2,  Susan,  m.  William  Nichol  ;  3,  William,  m.  Ethelinda 
Rice  ;  4,  Maria,  m.  William  Short  (his  2nd  wife)  ;  5,  Letitia,  in.  Henry  Craig  ; 
6,  Edward,  m.  Theresa  Parker. 

JOSEPH  (son  of  Richard)  and  Maria  (Morgan)  CLARK  had  ch. :  1,  Sophronia,. 
m.  George  Nichol  ;  2,  Rachel,  m.  Joseph  Burton  Chute  ;  3,  Mary,  m.  Edmund 
Cornwall  ;  4,  Robert,  d.  unm. ;  5,  Philenda,  m.  Edward  Rice  ;  6,  Harriet,  m. 
John  Cornwall  ;  7,  Emma,  m.  John  Gilliland  ;  8,  Charles,  m.  Eliza  Quigley  ;. 
9,  Henrietta,  rn. 

JOSEPH  (son  of  Robert)  and  Hannah  (Eagleson)  CLARK  had  ch.:  1,  Maud  ;, 
2,  Josephine  ;  3,  Robert  Joseph  Norman. 

RICHARD  (son  of  Robert)  and  Elizabeth  Ann  (Schafner)  CLARK  had  ch. :: 
1  (only),  James,  m.  Emma  Greenwood. 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS.  651 

'  JOHN  (son  of  John)  and  Louisa  (Berry)  CLAKK  had  no  sons  who  left  issue. 

ROBERT  RALPH  (son,  of  John)  and  Maria  (Durland)  CLARK  had  ch. :  1, 
Robert,  m.  Eliza  Sullivan  (no  issue) ;  2,  Charlotte,  in.  Albert  Craig  -f 
3,  Major,  d.  unm. ;  4,  Edwin,  m.;  5,  Abraham,  m.  Maria  Livingstone; 
(>,  Mary  Eliza,  m.  Henry  Gardner  ;  7,  Sarah  Ann,  m.  Gilbert  Jacques  ;  8, 
Wesley,  m.  Anna  Harris  ;  9,  Ca  harine,  m.  Andrew  Lyons  ;  10,  Celeda,  m.; 
11,  Augusta,  m.  Daniel  Giles  ;  12,  Maynard,  in.  Louisa  Morton. 

WILLIAM  HENRY  (son,  of  Henry)  and  Prudence  (Reagh)  CLARK  had  ch. : 
1,  Sarah,  m.  Phineas  Whitman  ;  2,  Mary  F.,  m.  George  Steers  ;  3,  Gilbert,  d. 
unm. ;  4,  Henry,  m.  Maria  Pendleton  ;  5,  Wallace,  in.  Rosalia  Brennan  ; 
0,  Isaac,  m.  Abbie  Merrill;  7,  John  W.,  unm.;  8,  Charles  R.,  m.  Emma 
Merrill  ;  9,  Thomas  Ansley  ;  10,  William  Brenton  :  11,  Arthur  Stanley. 


I  cannot,  perhaps,  more  fitly  close  this  work  than  by  commending  to- 
the  people  of  this  county,  for  whose  benefit  especially  it  was  undertaken 
by  the  deceased  author,  and  brought  to  a  conclusion  by  me,  the  senti- 
ments of  him  who  drew  from  the  early  history  of  its  chief  town  the 
inspiration  for  "  The  Rising  Village  "  : 

"  Happy  Britannia  !  though  thy  history's  page 
In  darkest  ignorance  shrouds  thine  infant  age, 
Matur'd  and  strong,  thou  shin'st  in  manhood's  prime, 
The  first  and  brightest  star  of  Europe's  clime, 
The  nurse  of  science,  and  the  seat  of  arts, 
The  home  of  fairest  forms  and  gentlest  hearts  ; 
The  land  of  heroes,  generous,  free  and  brave. 
The  noblest  conquerors  of  the  field  and  wave  ; 
Thy  flag,  on  every  sea  and  shore  unfurled, 
Has  spread  thy  glory  and  thy  thunder  hurled. 
When,  o'er  the  earth,  a  tyrant  would  have  thrown 
His  iron  chain,  and  called  the  world  his  own, 
Thine  arm  preserved  it  in  its  darkest  hour, 
Destroyed  his  hopes  and  crushed  his  dreaded  power, 
To  sinking  nations  life  and  freedom  gave, 
'Twas  thine  to  conquer,  as  'twas  thine  to  save. 

"  Then  blest  Acadia  !  ever  may  thy  name, 
Like  hers,  be  graven  on  the  rolls  of  fame  ; 
May  all  thy  sons,  like  hers,  be  brave  and  free, 
Possessors  of  her  laws  and  liberty  ; 
Heirs  of  her  splendour,  science,  power  and  skill, 
And  through  succeeding  years  her  children  still ; 
And  as  the  sun,  with  gentle  dawning  ray, 
From  night's  dull  bosom  wakes  and  leads  the  day, 
His  course  majestic  keeps',  till  in  the  height 
He  glows  one  blaze  of  pure  exhaustless  light ; 
So  may  thy  years  increase,  thy  glories  rise 
To  be  the  wonder  of  the  western  skies  ; 
And  bliss  and  peace  encircle  all  thy  shore, 
Till  empires  rise  and  sink,  on  earth,  no  more." 


INDEX. 


The  Genealogies,  beiny  in  alphabetical  order,  furnish  their  own  index. 


ACADIA,  purchased  by  Madame  de  Guer- 
cherville,  13  ;  abandoned  by  Poutrin- 
court,  14 ;  occupied  by  Sir  William 
Alexander,  16  ;  re-ceded  to  France,  19  ; 
boundaries  of,  28  ;  conquered  by  Sedg- 
wick,  29  ;  granted  by  Cromwell,  30  ; 
re  ceded  to  France,  Hi  ;  population  of, 
in  1683,  34;  in  1686,  35;  famine  in,  40; 
finally  becomes  a  British  possession,  62. 

ACADIANS,  Account  of,  by  Villebon,  41  ; 
ordered  to  choose  deputies,  68  ;  ten- 
dered oath  of  allegiance,  69 ;  take 
qualified  oath,  74  ;  elect  new  deputies, 
78  ;  always  anxious  to  leave  the  Pro- 
vince, 129,  130  ;  their  character  criti- 
cised, 82  ;  by  Phillipps,  84  ;  vindicated 
by  the  Editor,  133  ;  their  fidelity  under 
Du  Vivier's  threats,  105,  132,  138;  their 
partiality  to  France,  107  ;  withstand 
Ramezay's  threats  at  Grand  Pre,  111, 
112,  note  ;  reward  offered  for  twelve 
charged  with  treason,  112;  called  on 
to  swear  allegiance,  114;  their  sad 
doom  approaching,  117;  deprived  of 
their  arms,  117,  123;  ask  and  are 
refused  leave  to  remove,  117  ;  deputies 
meet  Governor  Lawrence,  118  ;  instruc- 
tions to  Major  Handfield  for  their 
removal,  119  ;  vessels  engaged  to 
transport  them,  121  ;  some  escape 
deportation,  122,  141  ;  subsequent  fate 
of  these,  141  ;  delegates  to  Halifax 
shipped  to  N.  Carolina,  124 ;  families 
of  these  scattered  elsewhere,  124  ;  their 
buildings  burnt,  124,  125,  141  ;  their 
expulsion  first  asked  for  by  Massachu- 
setts, 127  ;  always  detained  contrary 
to  treaty,  129  ;  Gov.  Shirley's  opinion, 
130  ;  allowed  to  take  qualified  oath  as 
inducement  to  stay,  131  ;  motives  in 
keeping  them,  130,  131;  their  utility 
to  the  English,  130,  137,  138  ;  friendly 
and  hostile  governors,  1 32 ;  their  dis- 
tressing condition  as  neutrals,  133  ; 
fiml  effort  to  get  away,  134  ;  pathetic 
petition  styled  "  insolent,"  134,  135; 
indiscriminate  punishment  of,  136  ; 


necessity  of  the  act  not  perceived  by 
Br.  Government,  137,  138  ;  their  per 
sonal  effects  appropriated  by  Lawrence 
and  his  friends,  139  ;  except  cattle  and 
flocks  which  starve  at  Grand  Pre,  139  ; 
never  accounted  for  by  Lawrence,  139; 
discussion  of  the  subject  many  years 
stifled,  123,  note,  139,  140;  opinions  of 
Sir  B.  Watson,  125  ;  of  Rev.  Andrew 
Brown,  141  ;  of  Murdoch,  140;  num 
ber  deported  from  Annapolis,  141  ; 
Rameau's  account  of  the  return  of 
survivors  and  settlement  at  Clare,  142  ; 
loyal  in  the  revolutionary  war,  163. 

Adventists,  307.  ' 

Alexander,  Sir  William,  obtains  patent, 
16  ;  builds  fort,  17  ;  ordered  to  demol- 
ish it,  18  ;  his  colony,  17,  18. 

Allain's  River,  called  Mill  Brook,  9 ; 
Lequille,  9  ;  Jenny  River,  70  ;  Bridge 
built  over,  170. 

Allain,  Louis,  imprisoned,  63. 

Alline,  Rev.  Henry,  302. 

Amberman  family,  516,  note. 

American  revolution,  161  ;  attitude  of 
people  of  Annapolis,  162. 

Annapolis  Royal,  first  cultivated,  8  ; 
first  so  called,  63,  65  ;  description  of, 
in  1716,  67  ;  in  1721,  70  ;  grants  of 
land  in,  77,  78  ;  description  of,  in  1743, 
97  ;  in  1782  and  1789,  169  ;  in  1804, 
176  ;  in  1826,  180 ;  attacked  by  In- 
dians, 72 ;  by  Indians  under  De  la 
Loutre,  99  ;  besieged  by  Du  Vivier, 
101  ;  attacked  by  Marin,  106  ;  threat- 
ened by  Ramezay,  110  ;  a  depot  for  Bay 
of  Fundy  ports,  116;  prominent  resi- 
dents in,  1755-1760,  147;  1770-1775, 
157,  158,  159  ;  in  1804,  176  ;  threatened 
with  invasion  by  revolted  colonies,  162; 
arms  for  defence  supplied,  162 ;  plun- 
dered and  two  leading  citizens  cap- 
tured, 163  ;  antiquity  of,  and  true 
date  of  founding  discussed,  181  ;  barns, 
and  cornfields  on  present  site  escape 
destruction  by  Argall,  182  ;  incorpora- 
tion of,  and  first  town  council,  186. 


654 


INDEX. 


Annapolis,  township  of,  145 ;  first  grant- 
ees of,  160  ;  passengers  by  Gharminy 
Molly,  150,  151  ;  later  arrivals,  151  ; 
divided  into  lots,  152  ;  names  of  adult 
inhabitants,  their  families  and  effects, 
at  early  dates,  152,  155,  171  ;  summary 
of  census  of  1768,  154  ;  of  census  of 
1770,  156;  state  of,  1770  to  1780,  158  ; 
rustic  social  habits,  159 ;  effects  of 
American  revolution,  161  ;  attitude  of 
the  people,  162  ;  war  with  France,  1793, 
174;  effects  of  the  war  of  1812,  177, 
284,  285. 

Anne,  Queen,  her  letter,  65. 

Apple  trade,  322. 

Argall  destroys  Port  Royal,  13,  14. 

Armstrong,  Capt. ,  67,  183,  note  ;  made 
Lieut. -Governor,  73;  administers  quali- 
fied oath  to  Acadians,  74  ;  cruel  pun- 
ishment of  his  servant,  75  ;  his  com- 
plaints against  Father  Breslay  and 
Cosby,  76  ;  his  trouble  with  the  Aca- 
dians, 77  ;  suspends  Winniett  from  the 
Council,  84 ;  severely  censures  him  to 
the  Br.  Govt.,  and  becomes  friendly  to 
him,  84  ;  commits  suicide,  92. 

Arson,  crime  of,  committed,  91  ;  execu- 
tion for,  293. 

Attorney,  first  in  Annapolis,  80. 

Aubrey,  priest,  lost  on  Digby  Neck  or 
Long  Island,  2,  note,  641. 

Aull,  John,  269. 

Aymar,  James,  247. 

Bailey,  Rev.  Jacob,  164,  169,  297.  (See 
Genealogies.) 

Balcom  family,  255.     (See  Genealogies.) 

Baltzor,  or  Bolsor,  199.  (See  Genealo- 
gies. ) 

Baptist  body,  290  ;  churches,  303  ;  first 
Association  in  the  Dominion,  303  ; 
Annapolis  and  Granville  one  church, 
304. 

Barnard,  Rev.  John,  his  diary  of  the 
siege  in  1607,  54-58. 

Barrat,  Madame,  44. 

Barrack-masters,  184. 

Bass,  236,  324,  649-650.  (See  Genealo- 
gies. ) 

Bayard,  Col.  Samuel  V.,  81,  233,  234; 
bridge,  236,  305. 

Bear  Island  granted  to  Henry  Daniel,  92 ; 
shelters  Imbert's  vessel,  256. 

Bear  River,  5 ;  at  first  named  "  St. 
Anthony's  River,"  5  ;  named  Imbert's 
River,  257  ;  first  called  Hebert's 
River,  258,  259 ;  this  name  survived 
with  the  French,  259  ;  forms  boundary 
between  Annapolis  and  Digby,  287. 

Beardsley  family,  497,  note. 

Belleisle,  Le  Borgne,  Sieur  de,  assumes 
authority,  31  ;  lord  of  the  manor,  35  ; 
Widow  of,  44  ;  settlement  so  called,  33, 
193. 


Benson,  247. 

Bent,  family  of,  199  ;  Charles  Grandison 
.founds  Lake  Pleasant  settlement,  281. 
(See  Genealogies. ) 

Bergier,  34. 

Biard,  Father,  12,  182. 

Biencourt,  "Goat"  Island  first  named 
for,  5  ;  goes  on  a  mission  to  France,  1 1  ; 
returns,  12 ;  holds  conference  with 
Argall,  14,  181  ;  remains  in  Acadia,  16; 
submits  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  16, 
642  ;  dies  in  Acadia,  16  ;  his  supposed 
return  to  and  death  in  France  discussed 
642. 

Biographical  and  genealogical  sketches  of 
early  English  settlers,  arranged  alpha- 
betically, Armstrong  -Young,  465  to 
640  ;  Beardsley,  497,  note  ;  Bass,  Ber- 
teaux,  Chipman,  Clark,  corrected,  649, 
650. 

Black,  Rev.  Wm.,  304,  305. 

Block-house,  108  ;  on  Dauphin  St. ,  81; 
the  latter  removed,  114  ;  old  block- 
house demolished,  183,  646.  .(See 
Errata. ) 

Bloody  Creek,  massacre  at,  64. 

Bloomington,  275. 

Bogart  family,  247.     (See  Genealogies.) 

Bomb-proof.     See  "Fort." 

Bonaventure  in  command,  45. 

Bonnett,  247,  306. 

Boudroit,  34,  35. 

Boulardarie,  53. 

Bounty  for  new  land  cleared,  117,  217, 
238,  255. 

Bourgeois,  Jacob,  30,  44. 

Breda,  Treaty  of,  31,  44. 

Bridges  at  Hicks'  Ferry,  222 ;  Allain's 
River,  Saw-mill  Creek,  Moose  River, 
Nictaux,  Windsor,  282. 

Bridgetown,  222  ;  laid  out  in  town  lots, 
223  ;  becomes  joint  shire  town,  288. 

Brouillan,  De,  becomes  governor,  41  ; 
charge  against,  43  ;  sails  for  France, 
45  ;  his  death,  46. 

Cahouet,  64,  80. 

Campbell,  Mrs   Agatha,  nee  Latour,  86, 

91  ;  Rev.  J.  Moore,  298. 
Canadians,    celebrated,    descended    from 

settlers  in  Annapolis  County,  170,  note  ; 

250,  note. 
Cape,  the,  33. 

Capitation  tax-list,  township  of  Annapo- 
lis, 171  ;  Granville,  lost,  215;  Wilmot, 

230  ;  Clements,  251. 
Census  of  1671,  31  ;  of  1686,  35  ;  of  1714, 

66  ;    modern  census  returns  in  detail, 

318-321. 
Cham  plain  accompanies  Demonts,  4,  note ; 

his  map,  5  ;  winters  at  Port  Royal.  9. 
Charming  Molly,  passengers  by,  150. 
Charnisay.     See  "  B'Aulnay." 


INDEX. 


655 


Chesley  family,  199;  Rev.  Robert  A., 
307.  (See  Genealogies. ) 

Chipman,  further  genealogy  of,  650. 

Christianity  first  preached  in  America, 
1,  296. 

•Church  at  Port  Royal,  new  one  built,  44, 
88,  180  ;  at  Dalhousie,  268  ;  St.  Luke's, 
176,  179  ;  at  Pine  Grove,  241 ;  opposite 
Goat  Island,  297. 

Churches,  other,  278,  296,  321  ;  at  Pine 
Grove,  241  ;  Roman  Catholic,  296-298  ; 
Church  of  England,  298300;  Congre- 
gational, 300-304  ;  Baptist,  304,  305  ; 
Methodist,  305-307  ;  Presbyterian,  308; 
Adventist,  258,  307,  308. 

Chute  family,  199,  256.  (See  Genealogies. ) 

Clark,  further  genealogy  of,  650. 

Clements,  township  of,  243  ;  grantees  of, 
246  ;  capitation  tax-payers  in,  251  ; 
bounties  for  newly-cleared  land,  255. 

Clementsport,  244  ;  church  at,  300. 

Clementsvale,  243,  note. 

Close  communion,  303. 

Commission  of  the  Peace,  75. 

Commission   to   settle   boundary    with 
Massachusetts,  90. 

Corbitt,  Ichabod,  178.    (See  Genealogies.) 

Cosby,  72,  93  ;  death  of,  95. 

Council,  Executive,  first  formed  for  Pro- 
vince, 68  ;  new  appointments  to,  76  ; 
first  under  responsible  government, 
646. 

Council,  county,  291  ;  list  of  first  mem- 
bers, 316,  317. 

Council,  town,  186. 

County  of  Annapolis  created,  195. 

Court  of  Justice  established,  69  ;  Common 
ijleas,  157  ;  Circuit,  173. 

Court-house,  173;  burned,  286. 

Cross,  William,  176,  note. 

Custos  Rotulorum,  list  of  persons  holding 
the  office,  316. 

Cuthbert,  Rev.  Robert,  censured,  72. 

Dalhousie  settlement,  260  ;  road  sur- 
veyed, 261  ;  altered,  267  ;  population 
in  1820,  265,  266  ;  land  cleared,  266  ; 
settler  killed  in  a  quarrel,  267  ;  John 
Aull,  269 ;  a  murder,  270  ;  college, 
290;  Dalhousie,  Lord,  290. 

Dar^ie  family,  268. 

Darling,  Sir  Charles,  177  ;  Colonel,  266. 

D'Aulnay  de  Charnisay,  removes  Acad- 
ians  from  La  Have  to  Fort  Royal  and 
brings  out  more,  19  ;  accuses  Charles 
Latour,  19 ;  attacks  his  fort,  19 ;  is 
chased  back  by  Latour  and  defeated  at 
Lequille,  20  ;  goes  to  France  to  under- 
mine him,  20  ;  correspondence  of,  with 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  21  ;  again 
attacks  Latour's  fort,  26  ;  takes  it,  27  ; 
his  cruel  treatment  of  Latour's  wife 
and  garrison,  27  ;  his  death,  28,  29  ; 
the  real  founder  of  the  present  fort, 
182. 


Daviaon  Bros.'  mills,  278. 

Davoue,     Colonel     Frederic,    248.      (See 

Genealogies.) 

De  Brouillan.     See  "  Brouillan." 
Deeds,  two   offices   of   registry   in   early 

times,  Digby  including  Clements,  288. 
D'Entremonts,  Philip  Mius,  35. 
De  la  Loutie      See  "  Loutre." 
De  la  Tour.     See  "  Latour." 
Delong  settlement,  274. 
Demonts  enters  Annapolis,  2,  3;  winters 

at  St.  Croix,  4  ;  removes  to  Port  Royal, 

4  ;  returns  to  France,  6  ;    sale  of  Port 

Royal  to  Poutrincourt  by,  11,  256,  641 ; 

returns  to  Port  Royal,   11  ;  full  name 

of,  641. 

De  Razilli,  Isaac,  Claude.  (See"R;izilli.") 
Des  Enclaves,  95,  116,  296. 
Des  Goutins,  38,  47. 
Ditmars,  248,  273.     (See  Genealogies.) 
Division   of   the   county,   224,  253,    287. 

(See     memoirs    of    Moody,     Wiswall, 

Roach,    Robicheau,    Holland.) 
Domanchin  Brook,  33. 
Doctor,  first  in  the  Dominion,  9. 
Dodge,  Josiah,  199.    {See  Genealogies  ) 
Doucet,  GoVernor,  71. 
Douglas,  Samuel,  73. 
Du  Guast.     See  "  Demonts." 
Duke  of   Kent,    visits    of   to  Annapo'is, 

184  ;  buildings  erected  by,  183. 
Du   Vivier    marries     clandestinely,    46  ; 

besieges  Annapolis,   101. 
Dupont  Grave,  7. 

Dutch  hymn  sung  at  Clemeutsport,  299. 
Dyson,  147. 

Earthquake  shocks,  286. 

Easson,  John,  147.     (See  Genealogies.) 

Elections,  158,  206,  215,  '216.  (See  Me- 
moirs of  Members. ) 

Equille,  river  named,  3. 

Evans,  Henry,  negotiates  with  Governor 
as  to  settling  Annapolis,  148  ;  his  jour- 
nal, 148,  150  ;  memoir  of,  339. 

Executions,  27*',  293,  294. 

Executive  Council,  first  under  respon- 
sible government,  646. 

Falkland,  270 ;  grantees  of,  280 ;  Lord 
Falkland,  290. 

Families,  early  English,  biographical  and 
geological  sketches  of.  and  their  de- 
scendants, arranged  alphabetically, 
Armstrong  to  Young,  465  to  640. 
Amberman,  516,  note;  Beardsley,  497, 
note  ;  Bass,  Berteaux,  Chipman,  Clark, 
corrected,  650.  Winslow,  630,  note. 

Famine  in  Acadia,  40. 

Farnesworth,  199.     (See  Genealogies. ) 

Fellows,  family,  199.  (See  Genealogies); 
Hon.  James  I.,  158,  199. 

Ferry,  Annapolis  and  Granvi lie,  151,  note, 
210,  221  ;  across  Imbert's  River,  280  ; 
Hicks'  Ferry,  223,  228  ;  Pineo's,  280. 


656 


INDEX. 


Fires,  185. 

Fisher,  Rev.  Nathaniel.  302. 

Fisheries,  disputes  concerning,  208,  217, 
253. 

Fitzrandolph,  Hon.  Joseph,  287. 

Forbes,  Charles  Miller,  178,  307. 

Forman,  James,  establishes  Sunday 
Schools,  297. 

Fort,  first  site  of,  5  ;  Pontgrave  in 
charge  of,  5  ;  nearly  deserted,  7  ;  aban- 
doned, 10;  reoccupied,  11  ;  destroyed 
by  Argall.  14  ;  rebuilt  by  Sir  William 
Alexander,  17  ;  demolished  by  order  of 
King  Charles,  18;  rebuilt  by  D'Aulnay 
on  new  site,  19,  182  ;  surrendered  to 
^edgwick,  29 ;  restored  to  France,  31  ; 
captured  by  Phipps,  37 ;  proposed  re- 
moval of,  to  Round  Hill,  40 ;  descrip- 
tion of.  in  1 700,  42 ;  earthworks  com- 
pleted and  hospital  built,  43  ;  bomb- 
proof magazine  built  by  Subercase,  58, 
180  ;  bomb-proof,  covered  by  brick  bar- 
racks, 181  ;  and  demolished,  183;  de- 
scription of  fort  in  1711,  64  ;  in  1716, 
67  ;  in  1745,  107,  108  ;  Mohawk  fort, 
81  ;  description  of  fort  in  1743,  97  ; 
attacked  by  Indians  under  De  la 
Loutre,  99  ;  by  Du  Vivier,  101  ;  govern- 
ment wharf  built,  108,  183  ;  garrisoned 
by  militia,  163  ;  old  powder  magazine, 
180,  181,  182. 

Fortieth  Regiment,  183. 

Frederick  Street,  former  name  of  St. 
Anthony  Street,  79. 

FRKEMASONRY,  stone  with  masonic  em- 
blems found,  11,  31,  641;  first  lodge 
in  N.S. ,  96;  existed  among  the  first 
French  colonizers,  642. 

Frenouse,  Madame  de,  42,  45. 

Garrison,  92,  183,  184. 

Gaulins,  64. 

Genealogies  arranged  alphabetically, 
Armstrong  to  Young,  465  to  640  ;  also 
Bass,  Berteaux,  Chipman,  Clark,  cor- 
rected, 650. 

General's  Bridge,  61. 

Gilpin,  Rev.  Edwin,  298. 

Goat  Island  named  Biencourtville,  5, 
256  ;  Armstrong's  Island,  83  ;  granted 
to  Charles  Vane,  and  called  Vane's 
Island,  82. 

Godfrey,  Rev.  William  Minns,  300. 

Goldsmith  family,  188. 

Good  times,  order  of,  8. 

Goreham's  Rangers,  162. 

Grace,  Rev.  Thomas  J. ,  296. 

Grammar  schools,  178. 

Grandfontaine,  the  Chevalier  de,  31. 

Grand  jury  a  hundred  years  ago,  645. 

Grand  Pre,  battle  of,  110. 

Grant  of  township  of  Norwich,  89 ;  of 
township  of  Annapolis,  148,  160. 

Grantees,  lists  of,  160,  195,  196-7. 


Grants  of  land  in  Annapolis,  77,  79. 

Granville  settled,  33  ;  unoccupied  after- 
French  removed,  194 ;  grant  issued, 
194  ;  names  of  grantees  of,  195  ;  popu- 
lation of,  in  1767,  197  ;  names  of  adult 
males,  197  ;  represented  in  Assembly,, 
206  ;  ferry  to  Annapolis,  151,  note,  210, 
221  ;  loyalists  arrive,  211  ;  election  of 
1785,  2i2  ;  other  elections,  215  ;  roads 
in,  215,  282. 

Gray,  James,  Esq.,  187. 

Grinton  founds  Springfield,  279  ;  his 
sons,  281. 

Grist-mill,  first  on  the  continent,  9. 

Guercherville,  Madame  de,  buys  Demonts* 
rights,  13;  sends  out  emigrants,  13  ;  her 
ship  sails  to  Mont  Desert,  13  ;  captured 
with  its  passengers  by  Argall.  14. 

Haliburton,  T.  C. ,  member  for  Annapolis, 
283. 

Halifax  founded,  113. 

Halliburton,  Hon.  Brenton,  names  Mar- 
garetsville,  225. 

Handfield,  Major,  119. 

Harris,  John,  surveys  Dalhousie  Road, 
261. 

Harrison,  Rev.  John,  297. 

Hay,  first  doctor  and  apothecary,  7,  9. 

Healey,  John,  217.     (See  Genealogies.) 

Hebert,  Louis,  apothecary  in  Demonts' 
expedition,  9  ;  winters  at  Port  Royal, 
9  ;  governor  pro  tern.,  13  ;  Bear  River 
named  for,  La  Riviere  d'Hebert,  258. 

Henderson,  Andrew,  84,  174,  176,  223, 
306. 

Herring  fishery,  245. 

Hessian  Line,  243  ;  called  Clementsvale, 
243,  note. 

Hicks'  ferry,  223. 

Hillsburgh,  township  of,  formerly  part 
of  Clements,  288. 

Hoar,  Judge,  157. 

Hog  Island,  sold  by  D'Aulnay  to  Bour- 
geois, 43,  44,  174,  643. 

Holland,  William,  286. 

House  of  Assembly,  list  of  members  for 
Annapolis  County  and  townships,  311  ; 
memoirs  of  members — see  "  Members 
of  Provincial  Parliament." 

Houses,  old,  184,  185. 

How,  Edward,  110;  death  of,  115;  biog- 
raphy of,  527.  . 

Howe,  Alexander,  Comr.  for  Shelburne 
Koad,  170  ;  applies  for  grant  in  Gran- 
ville, 213.  (See  Members.) 

Howe,  Hon.  Joseph,  288,  527,  646,  647. 

Imbert,  Simon,  12  ;  gives  name  to  Bear 

River,  257. 
Indians,   11,  72,  99,  295,296;  Malicetes 

attack  Port  Royal,  72;  cut  off  supplies, 

106. 
Industrial  establishments  and   products,, 

321. 


INDEX. 


65T 


Inferior  Court,  establishment  of,  157  ; 
judges  of,  313  ;  not  lawyers  by  profes- 
sion, 313,  note;  reorganized  with  a 
lawyer  for  chief  in  each  district,  313, 
note.  Thomas  Ritchie,  first  chief  in 
Western  Circuit,  394. 

Invasion  of  Annapolis  by  privateers,  163; 
of  county  near  Digby,  285. 

Iron  mines,  146,  242,  244,  245. 

Johnstone,  Hon.  James  W.,  289,  290; 
appeals  to  County  of  Annapolis  on 
issue  concerning  College  question,  291 ; 
carries  Simultaneous  Polling  Act,  291  ; 
settles  mines  and  mineral  question, 
291.  (See  pp.  303  to  439,  inclusive, 
and  646,  647.) 

Justices  of  the  Peace  first  appointed,  75 ; 
number  of,  in  1181,  284;  list  of,  to 
1837,  313 — see  memoir  of  Moses  Shaw, 
M.P.P.,  list  from  1837  to  1849,  648. 

Kempton  family  found  Maitland,  272. 
Kent,  Duke  of,   184.     (See   "Duke  of 

Kent'.") 

Kilmarnock,  Lord,  184. 
Kirk,  Sir  David,  17. 
Knighthood,    Honour   of,    conferred   on 

natives  of  Annapolis,  177. 

Lafleur,  Charles  Petipas,  Sieur  de,  35. 

Lake  La  Rose,  146. 

Lake  Pleasant,  281. 

Lament,  Marmaduke,  210,  211. 

Latour,  Charles  Amador,  succeeds  Bien- 
court,  16  ;  is  Lieutenant  of  the  King  in 
Acadia,  19  ;  refuses  to  change  his  alle- 
giance, 17;  seeks  ai'd  in  Boston,  20; 
returns  and  defeats  D'Aulnay,  20 ; 
addresses  Boston  authorities,  22  ;  cap- 
ture of  his  wife,  27  ;  he  retires  to 
Quebec,  28 ;  marries  D'Aulnay's  widow, 
29  ;  his  death,  31  ;  Seigniory  of  Port 
Royal  granted  to  heirs  of,  44  ;  visits 
Port  Royal,  75  ;  his  issue,  78  ;  claims 
of  family  to  seigniory,  86. 

Latour,  Claude,  changes  his  allegiance, 
17  ;  recants,  18. 

Lawrence  appointed  Lieutenant- Gover- 
nor of  the  town,  115  ;  petitions  against 
by  citizens  of  Halifax,  139,  141  ;  his 
death  and  character,  141. 

Lawrencetown,  225. 

Lebel,  182  ;  Poem  on,  187- 

Le  Borgne,  Emanuel,  captures  Denys, 
and  seizes  Port  Royal,  29 ;  surrenders 
it  to  Sedgwick,  29  ;  in  command,  31  ; 
Alexander,  35,  41. 

Leonard,  Jonathan,  228.  (See  Geneal- 
ogies. ) 

Legislative  Council,  separated  from 
Executive,  289  ;  First  member  of,  from 
Annapolis,  287;  List  of,  from  Annapolis, 
310. 

42 


L'Escarbot  joins  the  colony,  7  ;  its  his- 
torian and  poet,  7,  8,  9. 

Le  Prince  family,  194. 

LesHe,  Dr.  Robert,  188. 

Letter  of  marque,  285. 

Limekiln  and  brickyard,  first  mentioned^ 
42. 

Loutre,  99,  296,  533. 

Lovett,  Phineas,  sen.,  164.  (See memoir, 
333.)  Phineas,  jun.,  162,  285,  309; 
James  R.,  287;  notice  of  both,  648. 

Loyalists,  arrival  of,  161,  164  ;  character 
and  aims  of,  165  ;  their  cruel  treatment 
by  the  States,  166  ;  came  here  by  com- 
pulsion, not  voluntarily,  168  ;  women 
proscribed,  644  ;  companies  at  Anna- 
polis, 644. 

Magistrates  commissioned,  75 ;  for  the 
French,  76  ;  lists  of,  to  1837,  313  ;  un- 
just dismissal  of — see  memoir  of  Moses 
Shaw,  458;  further  list  of,  to  1849, 
648. 

Maillard,  Father,  296. 

Mails,  to  Halifax,  carried  on  foot  and 
horseback,  159,  283  ;  by  regular  carrier, 
283  ;  weekly,  283. 

Maitland,  271. 

Mandoux,  Priest,  296. 

Manslaughter,  case  of,  267. 

March,  Col.,  48. 

AJ  argaretsville,  225,  242 ;  supposed 
murder  in  235. 

Marshall,  family  of,  200.  (See  Genealo- 
gies. ) 

Mascarene  commands  New  Hampshire 
troops  in  attack  on  Port  Royal,  59  ; 
first  to  mount  guard,  94  ;  arrives  to 
assume  government,  93;  his  precedence 
disputed,  93  ;  defies  the  Indians,  99  • 
his  gallant  defence  against  Du  Vivier, 
101-106  ;  commends  the  Acadians  for 
their  fidelity,  105,  132,  135  ;  his  life  and 
death,  643. 

Masonic  stone.     See  "Freemasonry." 

Masonry.     See  "Freemasonry." 

Masse,  Priest,  296. 

McKenzie  family,  200.     (See  Genealogy.) 

McNair,  Arod,  279. 

Meetings,  Political,  in  Annapolis,  647. 

Melvern  Square,  226. 

Membertou,  Indian  Chief,  9  ;  grief  of,  at 
departure  of  French,  10  ;  baptized,  11  • 
death  and  burial  of,  12. 

Members  of  Legislative  Council,  list  of, 
311  ;  of  House  of  Assembly,  list  of 
312. 

Members  of  the  Provincial  Par- 
liament, memoirs  of  Jonathan  Hoar 
323  ;  Erasmus  J.  Phillips,  326  ;  John 
Steele,  328  ;  Joseph  Woodmas,  329 ; 
Thomas  Day,  329  ;  Joseph  Winniett, 

330  ;  John  Harris,  331  ;  Henry  Munroe 

331  ;    John     Hicks,      332 ;      Obadiah 


658 


INDEX. 


Wheelock,  333;  Phineas  Lovett,  sen., 
333  ;  Joseph  Patten,  334  ;  Christopher 
Prince,  335 ;  John  Hall,  336 ;  Henry 
Evans,  337  ;  William  Shaw,  338  ;  John 
Ritchie,  339,  649;  Phineas  Lovett,  jun., 
648  ;  Stephen  and  James  De  Lancey, 
339 ;  Thomas  Barclay,  344  ;  David 
Seabury,  348  ;  Benjamin  James,  350  ; 
Thomas  Millidge,  350 ;  Alexander 
Howe,  355 ;  Henry  Rutherford,  360  ; 
James  Moodv,  362 ;  sword  of,  647  ; 
Edward  Thorne,  393  ;  Thomas  Ritchie, 
394  ;  Thomas  Walker,  397  ;  Isaiah 
Shaw,  399  ;  John  Warwick,  399  ;  Wil- 
liam Robertson,  400  ;  John  Harris  (son 
of  Samuel),  401  ;  Peleg  Wiswall,  402  ; 
Sereno  U.  Jones,  406  ;  Thomas  Ritchie, 
(son  of  Andrew),  407,  649 ;  Timothy 
Ruggles,  407  ;  William  H.  Roach, 
409  ;  Samuel  Campbell,  412  ;  John 
Robertson,  415  ;  Abraham  Gesner, 
417;  Thomas  C.  Haliburton,  418; 
James  R.  Lovett,  648;  John  E.  Mor- 
ton, 426  ;  John  Johnstone,  428  ;  Charles 
Budd,  430 ;  James  Delap,  432  ; 
Frederic  A.  Robicheau,  432  ;  William 
Holland,  433 ;  Elnathan  Whitman, 
434  ;  James  B. '  Holdsworth,  435  ; 
Stephen  S.  Thorne,  435  ;  Samuel  B. 
Chipman,  437  ;  Henry  Gates,  438 ; 
James  W.  Johnstone,  439 ;  Alfred 
Whitman,  457  ;  Moses  Shaw,  458 ; 
Avard  Longley,  459. 

Menneval,  De,  succeeds  Perrot  as  Gover- 
nor, 37. 

Menou,  Marie  de,  37. 

Methodist  missionaries  and  churches, 
304-306 ;  first  Methodist  church  in 
Annapolis,  305. 

Mice,  Plague  of,  286. 

Middleton,  226,  240,  241. 

Militia  raised  by  Shaw  in  1776,  208  ;  by 
Barclay,  Millidge  and  Taylor,  174. 

Mill,  first  built  in  America,  1,  15,  182 ; 
saw-mill,  268  ;  gypsum,  249  ;  first  card- 
ing, 249. 

Mill  Brook,  early  name  of  Lequille,  19. 

Miller  families,  200.     (See  Genealogies.) 

Millerites,  308. 

Millidge,  Rev.  John,  298. 

Mines  and  minerals  question  settled, 
291 ;  of  Annapolis  county,  2,  note,  242, 
244. 

Mius,  Sieur  d'Entremont,  35. 

Monument,  oldest  in  the  Dominion,  73, 
note. 

Moose  River,  called  Rock  Brook,  5,  244  ; 
Bridge  over,  254  ;  named  la  riviere  de 
L'Orignal,  258  ;  bridge  over,  283. 

Morehouse  family,  248,  273. 

Morris  proposes  to  settle  English  among 
French,  112;  settlers  referred  to  by, 
212,  220  ;  letters  of,  in  archives,  230, 
251. 


Morse,  Rev.  Arzarelah,  302. 
Munroe,  Col.  Henry,  164. 
Murders,  270,  293. 

Negroes,  removal  of,  212-214. 

New  Albany,  276 ;   road,  276  ;   grantees 

of,  277  ;  list  of  settlers,  278.     '      , 
New  lights,  301,  303. 
Newspaper,  first  in  county,  224. 
Newton,  Hibbert,  68,  71. 
Nicholson,  Francis,  59. 
Nictaux  mines,  242. 
Northfield,  273. 
Norwich,  township  of,  89. 
Nova  Scotia  Regiment,  234. 

Order  of  Good  Times.  8. 

Paradise,  226. 

Parker,  Abijah,  200 ;  Nathaniel,  279. 

Parker's  Brook,  33. 

Parliament,  Provincial,  Members  from 
Annapolis,  311  ;  Dominion,  312. 

Patten- Farns worth  feud,  202. 

Perkins,  Rev.  Cyrus,  178. 

Perrot  in  command  at  Port  Royal,  34,  38. 

Perrott,  Captain,  249  ;  settlement,  274  ; 
grantees  of,  274. 

Petipas,  Claude,  35. 

Phillipps,  Governor,  67  ;  advised  settle- 
ment by  English,  67  ;  tenders  oath  of 
allegiance  to  Acadians,  69 ;  censures 
Wm.  Winniett,  70 ;  visits  Annapolis, 
76  ;  commends  Winniett,  77  ;  finally 
leaves  province,  77. 

Phillips,  Erasmus  James,  77,  147.  See 
"  Members." 

Phipps  captures  and  pillages  Port  Royal, 
37,  39. 

Pine  Grove  churches,  241. 

Pineo's  Ferry,  284. 

Pineo,  Peter,  jun.,  222. 

Piratei  pillage  Port  Royal,  39. 

Poetry,  first  written  in  America,  8. 

Polhemus,  249. 

Pompey's  rock,  church  at,  296. 

Pontgrave',  winters  in  France,  6 ;  re- 
moves colonists  from  St.  Croix  to  Port 
Royal,  6. 

Population  at  various  periods  (see 
"Census"),  317;  by  religions,  318,  319. 

Port  George,  225. 

Port  Lome,  240. 

Port  Royal  abandoned,  10  ;  state  of,  in 
1685,  34 ;  in  1689,  40 ;  captured  by 
Phipps,  37  ;  pillaged  by  pirates,  39  ; 
retaken  by  Villebon,  39 ;  description  of, 
in  1690,  40,  41  ;  discords  in,  43  ;  seign- 
iory of ,  granted,  44;  expedition  against, 
by  Massachusetts  troops,  45  ;  attacked 
by  them,  39,  48  ;  again  attacked,  51  ; 
besieged  and  taken  by  Nicholson,  59. 

Potter  family,  249.     (See  Genealogies.) 

Powder  magazine,  182. 


INDEX. 


659 


Poutrincourt  returns  to  France,  6  ;  comes 
back  to  Port  Royal,  7  ;  clears  land  for 
farming,  7  ;  explores  south,  7,  8  ; 
abandons  Port  Royal,  10  ;  comes  back, 
1 1  ;  abandons  Acadia  and  falls  in  bat- 
tle, 14  ;  full  name  of,  641. 

Prayer,  a  remarkable,  187. 

Pr6  Ronde,  La,  40. 

Presbyterian  churches,  307. 

Prices  of  country  produce  in  1763,  205. 

Priests,  2,  11,  12,  13,  17,  19,  39,  78,  88, 
296  ;  suspended,  89. 

Privateers  rob  Annapolis,  163  ;  invade 
the  county,  285 ;  fitted  out  in  the 
county,  285,  286. 

Probate  court,  judges  of,  310. 

Products  of  the  county  at  various  peri- 
ods, 318,  319,  320,  321. 

Puritans,  their  policy  towards  the  In- 
dians, 295,  note. 

Quereau,  249. 

Railway,   Windsor  and   Annapolis,  186, 

242  ;  Nova  Scotia  Central,  241,  242. 
Rallieu,  Demonts'  secretary,  2,  note. 
Ramezay    encamps    at    the    Cape,    109 ; 
refrains  from  attack,  110;  sends  expe- 
dition against  Noble's  force  at  Grand 
Ere,  110  ;  threatens  Acadians  at  Grand 
Pre,  112. 
Ramsay,  road  and  proposed  township  of, 

266. 
Ray,  Hon.  W.  H. ,  succeeds  Johnstone  as 

M.P.P.,  291  ;  Sketch  of,  292. 
Razilli,  Isaac  de,  takes  possession  of  Port 
Royal,    19 ;  Claude  de,   receives  grant 
of  Port  Royal,  19. 

Registrar  of  deeds,  first  in  county,  211. 
Registry   of  deeds  at    Digby  for  lands 

in  Clements,  288. 

Relics,  Historic,  11,  31,  182,  187,  188. 
Responsible  government,  288  ;  supported 
in   Annapolis,   289 ;  fully   established, 
289,  290,  646 ;   first   cabinet  under  it, 
coalition,  289,  646. 
Richardson,  Col.  Philip,  226. 
Rising  Village,  poem,  188. 
Ritchie,  John,  joins   in  asking  arms  for 
fort,  162 ;   taken  prisoner,  164  ;  com- 
missioner of  road   to  Shelburne,    170. 
See  "  Members." 

Ritchie,  Thomas,  ISO ;  introduces  bill 
respecting  African  slavery,  284.  (See 
memoir,  p.  394.)  John  W.,  287,  576; 
Sir  William  J.,  177,  576;  J.  Norman, 
576. 

River  named  L'Equille,  3  ;  Dauphin,  6  ; 
called  British  River,  70,  83  ;  bridged 
at  Hicks'  ferry,  223  ;  at  Bear  River, 
284  ;  frozen  over  at  Annapolis,  293. 
Road  to  Shelburne  commenced,  170 ; 
Nictaux  to  Liverpool,  236  ;  Wilmot  to 
Lunenburg,  236,  237;  Leonard  road, 


237  ;  toward  Halifax,  237  ;  Liverpool 
road,  237 ;  to  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  pro- 
jected, 282  ;  from  Bear  River  bridge  to 
Moose  River  bridge,  282;  Annapolis  to 
Bear  River,  254;  Dalhousie,  261,  267; 
Bear  River  to  Allain's  Creek,  282. 

Roach,  William  H.,  287,  289.  See 
"Members." 

Roads,  first  construction  of,  8  ;  in  Gran- 
ville,  215. 

Robertson,  Rev.  James,  299,  300. 

Robicheau,  Prudent,  appointed  J.P.,  76  ; 
receiver  of  quit  rents,  84  ;  family  exiled 
although  loyal,  129  ;  Frederic  A.,  286. 
See  "Members." 

Robinson,  Father  of  Sir  J.  B.,  170,  note. 

Rosette,  33 ;  origin  of  name,  66. 

Round  Hill,  called  Rosette,  33  ;  fort  pro- 
posed to  be  removed  there,  40. 

Roxbury,  275. 

Ruggles,  General  Timothy,  227  ;  Biogra- 
phy of,  583. 

Rumsey,  147.    -{See  Genealogies.) 

Runciman,  George,  307. 

Ryerson  family,  249.    (See  Genealogies. ) 

Saint  Castine,  54. 

Saunders  family,  200.    (See  Genealogies. ) 

Saw-mill  Creek  bridge,  282. 

Scandal,  Clerical,  172. 

Schafner,  Adam,   201.     (Family  of,   see 

Genealogies. ) 
Schools  and  teachers,  178,  223,  224,  297, 

307  ;  first  in  Annapolis,  297,  645. 
Scotch  fort,  17. 

Sedgwick  takes  Port  Royal,  29. 
Shaw,    Moses,     family    of,    202.       (See 

"  Members  "  and  Genealogies.) 
Shaw,  William,   charges    against,    207  ; 

exonerated,  207,  210. 
Shelburne,  road  to,  commenced,  170. 
Sheriffs,  238  ;  list  of,  309. 
Shipyard,  first  in  America,  7. 
Sigogne,  Abbe,  296. 
Simultaneous  Polling  Act,  291. 
Sinclair,  Frederic,  innholder,  173,  177. 
Slavery,  bill  respecting,  284. 
Sneden  family,  253.    (See  Genealogies.) 
Spinney,  Samuel,  and  family  of,  200. 
Springfield,  279. 
Sproule,  Robert,  family   of,   201.      (See 

Genealogies. ) 

Stages,  Tri-weekly,  established,  283. 
Steamboat,  first  to  cross  the  bay,  283. 
Stocks,  the,  174,  283. 
Stoddart,    Sergeant,    receives    grant    in 

Dalhousie,  280. 
Stone,  Inscribed,  found  near  old  fort,  182, 

187,  note;  Masonic,  11,  31,  641. 
Street,  Ebenezer  and  Samuel,  250  &  note. 
Subercase  becomes  Governor,  47  ;  defends 

Port  Royal  against  colonial  troops,  48  ; 

builds  bomb-proof  and  finishes  barracks, 

58 ;  surrenders  to  Nicholson,  72. 


660 


INDEX. 


Sunday   Schools,   first  in   America,  298, 

648. 

Surnames  in  Port  Royal,  35. 
Surveyor-General,  first  in  the  province, 

77  ;  first  after  Halifax  founded,  112. 

Thompson,  Col.  G.  F. ,  Grant  to,  for  mili- 
tary services,  280. 

Thorne  family,  251. 

Torbrook  and  Torbrook  Mines,  242. 

Totten  family,  250. 

Town  officers  a  hundred  years  ago,  175. 

Troop  family,  200.     (See  Genealogies.) 

Tupper,  Thomas,  missionary  to  Indians, 
297. 

Utrecht,  treaty  of,  129. 

Valliere,  De  la,  34. 

Van  Bueren,  251. 

Van  Buskirk  family,  231,  255.  (See 
Genealogies. ) 

Vannier  arrested  and  escapes,  97. 

Vetch  becomes  Governor,  63  ;  captures 
priests  and  Acadians  and  holds  as  host- 
ages, 63  ;  enlists  Mohawks  in  New 
York,  80 ;  builds  Mohawk  fort,  80,  81; 
his  character  and  career,  80,  81. 

Villebon  takes  possession  of  Port  Royal, 
39  ;  describes  it,  41. 

Villieu   41. 

War  of  American  revolution,  161  ;  atti- 
tude of  people  toward,  162 ;  with 
France,  174;  of  1812,  284;  disap- 
proved of  in  New  England,  285. 

Waterloo  fund,  178,  224,  229. 

Watts,  Rev.  Richard,  297;  taught  school, 
645. 

Wheelock,  Abel,  229.  (See  Genealogies.) 
Road,  275. 

Whipping,  Punishment  of  inflicted,  75,88. 


Whitney,  James,  283. 

Whitefield,  300. 

White  House  Field,  a  part  given  for 
"bowling  green,"  84  ;  for  church,  179. 

Williams  house,  185. 

Williams,  Thomas,  sen.,  159  ;  made 
prisoner,  164  ;  commissioner  for  Shel- 
burne  road,  170. 

Williams,  Sir  William  Fenwick,  164,  177, 
452,  629.  (See  Genealogies.) 

Winniett  and  Dyson,  147. 

Wilmot,  225  ;  names  of  residents  in  1777, 
228  ;  census  of  township  in  1768,  228  ; 
proposal  to  form  with  Aylesford  a  new 
county,  239  ;  population  in  1827,  240. 

Windsor  Bridge,  282. 

Winniett,  Joseph,  114,  note ;  147,  156, 
159,  162.  (See  memoir  of  Joseph 
Winniett,  M.P. P.,  and  Genealogies.) 
Margaret,  her  grave-stone,  94. 

Winniett,  Sir  William,  177,  250,  632. 
(See  Genealogies.) 

Winniett,  William,  has  leave  to  go  up 
the  bay  to  trade,  70 ;  censured  by 
council,  70 ;  further  reference  to,  76, 
80,  90 ;  appointed  to  the  Council,  77  ; 
suspended  by  Armstrong,  83 ;  restored, 
85;  highly  esteemed  by  Mascarene,  94; 
death  of,  and  account  of  his  family,  95. 
(See  memoir  of  Jos.  Winniett,  M.P.P., 
and  Genealogies. ) 

Winslow  family,  '630,  note. 

Wiswall,  Rev.  John,  298.  (See  Genealo- 
gies.)  Judge.  (See  "Members"  and 
Genealogies. ) 

Wood,  Rev.  Thomas,  147,  179,  297. 

Woodbury,  Jonathan,  201.  (See  Gene- 
alogies. ) 

Worster,  George,  201  and  note. 

Young,  Job,  and  family,  197,  202.  (See 
Genealogies.) 


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