Full text of "A history of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, and its people;"

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A HISTORY

DELAWARE COUNTY

PENNSYLVANIA

AND ITS PEOPLE

UNDER THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION OF

JOHN W. JORDAN, LL D. , '

Librarian of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philacielphia

ILLUSTRATED

VOLUME II

NEW YORK

LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY

1914

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THE NEW YORK

PUBLIC LIBRARY

67260G

ASTOR, LENOX AND

TILD N FOUNDATIONS.

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Lbwis Historical Publishing Company

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1914

CHURCHES OF DELAWARE COUNTY

From the beginning of creation there has been no force which has playetl
a greater part in the hves of nations and the history of races than the super-
natural, and no rehgious rites or practices whose work has been grander or
more sublime than that effected by Christianity. The causes for settlement oi
most of the American colonies were religious, many people in the old countries
of Europe being willing, nay, glad, to face the hardships of new lands and the
cruelties of hostile tribes, rather than sutler the noble and lofty principles for
which they stood to be scorned and mocked by those of different belief. Her-
bert, the celebrated English writer of religious works and poems, wrote in his
poem, "The Church Militant:"

"Religion stands on tip-toe in our land,
Ready to pass to the American strand,"

and no more prophetic words were ever spoken, for immediately thereafter
persecution drove the Puritans from their native land, and the flight of religion
to America had begun.

To the Society of Friends belongs the honor of erecting the first house of
worship in (now) Delaware county — the old Friends meeting house in Haver -
ford township, built in 1688-89. Here Governor William Penn preached soon
after its erection, and often attended worship. For years it has^b^eji. a land-
mark in the county, a monument to the staid, simple foJk'whQ tiicrem wpfS'iip-
ped their Creator according to the unpretentious tenets of tllfeir'1?elief. jT-o this
sedate and pious sect the county, and, indeed, the state, ; Owe^s kvuf^'-pf its
strength and stability, which was drawn from their very sdiyefe aaid:"jncor-
porated into the laws of the communities which they founded; piaWH^''them
strong and firm to withstand the ravages of time and the abuses which it
brings. Their faith was their life, by it they ordered their existence. To liv.'
in peaceful quiet and to have honorable dealings with their fellow-men, was to
them assurance of a blessed hereafter.

Education was a large factor in the life of the Friends, that being one of
the forms of pleasure which they exercised to the fullest. With them learning
was not a duty, it was a privilege ; and, since it meant self-improvement, was
necessary to all men. Therefore, their efforts were early directed to the dis-
semination of useful knowledge, these efforts later resulting in Haverford
and Swarthmore colleges, institutions of great value, fully treated elsewhere
in this work.

The second church erected in Delaware county was an Episcopal house of
worship, "Old Radnor," in Newtown township, known as St. David's. It was
erected previous to 1700, and around it have grown up traditions that have
lived through the decades. One is that Rev. David Jones, the Baptist preacher
of the Great Valley Church, in Chester county, holding a service there
during the Revolution, was so incensed by the sight of several able-bodied and
active young men sitting comfortably in their pews that he disregarded his

394 DELAWARE COUNTY

sermon entirely, tlircw back a heavy cloak he wore, disclosed himself in an
American uniform, and launched a terrific philippic at their indolence and
lack of patriotism, demanding to know why they were not in the American
army. The old man himself later entered the army as chaplain. The poet
Longfellow, during the national centennial, visited the old church and was so
impressed by the beauty and dignity of the edifice, with its arched windows
and ivy-covored walls, sheltered protectingly on all sides by overhanging trees
and surrounded by tombstones marking the graves of its former members,
that he immortalized the sanctuary in a short poem entitled "Old St. David's
at Radnor," characterizing it as "an image of peace and rest."

The Roman Catholic church had its first mission in what is now Delaware
county, about 1730, in Concord township, at the home of the Wilcox family,
the congregation later building St. Thomas' Church. The followers of this
religion have become more numerous in past years, and one of the county's
large educational institutions, Villanova College, was founded by the Catholic
church.

The causes for mentioning the above churches in more detail than the
others, are not because they are more important than those of other denomina-
tions, but because of their priority of erection and the interest which is naturally
attached to them as land-marks. Baptist, Presbyterian and Methodist churches
are numerous throughout the county, owning many large and pretentious houses
'.of wovsJiip., Another of the county's educational institutions, Crozer Theo-
' iogtcaJ.St^milwri-jf, ii'J^'i Baptist origin, mentioned elsewhere in this work.

• Tljc fi''»^l org'ahi"z(?d church to exist in (now) Delaware county, was the
Swedish iiiflici'ai:, founded by the Swedes, who settled on the Delaware in
lO^y.'AuA i<vj!:_ While Lutheran was a term at first applied to all Protestants
bdicving'in':ni)'{:<,lc>ctrines taught by Martin Luther, it had become the estab-
lished state religion of Sweden, and was adhered to by the early settlers of
that race, who made early settlement. After them came the English Friends,
and members of the Established Church of England. With the Scotch-Irish
came Presbyterianism, then Catholicism — all of which religions took strong
root in the county and have prospered. At a later day the Methodists and
Baptists entered the field, and have borne an active part in the religious de-
veloi)ment of the county. Other religious .sects have also established in the
county and have aided in the upbuilding of a strong religious community.
There has been no persecution on account of religious faith. The early set-
tlers, fleeing from intolerant conditions, did not in Pennsylvania emulate the
example set by the Puritans of New England, but gave every man the right to
worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. Common sense
and freedom have gone hand in hand, resulting in a religious history in which
there is nothing to conceal, and in the upbuilding of a strong Christian senti-
ment in all parts of the county.

( )ne of the first efforts to Christianize the .\mcrican Indian was made l)y
Rev. John Campanius, in the little log Lutheran church at Tinicum, over
which he officiated until May, 1648. In order to be able to give the best of

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DELAWARE COUNTY 395

himself in liis work, he undertook the study of their language and mastered
it sufficiently to make a translation of the Lutheran Cathechism into the ilialect
of the Lenni Lenape family of the great Algonquin tribe. He was the first
person to translate a book into the Indian language, although his work was
not published until 1696, when, by command of royalty at Stockholm, it was
printed ; nevertheless, his efforts were made a few years previous to Eliot's
Indian translation of the Bible, made in New England, and published thirty
years before the former work.

Joseph H. Lewis, in his "History of Chester County," relates how the
Swedes in those early days used to attend church at Tinicum "to which they
came in canoes from New Castle and other places along the Delaware, both
rtbove and below the Island." The church was on land belonging to Armegat
Printz, a proud and haughty woman who had inherited it from her father. In
her pride and arrogance she had great contempt for those of poorer station,
and tu show her disregard for the humble Swedes who worshipped on her
property, she sold the church bell by which they had formerly been called to
worship, but the devout and earnest congregation repurchased the bell, paying
therefor "two days' labor in harvest time."

The old Birmingham Friends meeting house which stood in old Birming-
ham township before its site in that political division was made part of Chester
. coimty. was erected in 1722, on grounds donated for that purpose by Elizabeth
Webb, and about its ivy-covered walls tradition has woven many a thread of
fanciful history. One of the stories connected with the ancient edifice is linked
with the battle of Brandywine, in which conflict the American riflemen used
the stone-walls surrounding the burial-ground, for breastworks. The dark
blots on the oaken floor were said to have been made by the blood of wounded
.soldiers, as the building was used as a hospital for nearly a week, until the
British army marched to the Boot Tavern. Another story asserted that a
young British gentleman, a close relative of the Duke of Northumberland, was
killed near the meeting house, a report which was later denied by relatives in
England.

Friends' Meeting Houses. — The first recorded meeting of Friends in the
Province of Pennsylvania was at the house of Robert Wade, at Upland, in
1675, when William Edmundson, an eminent minister from England, then on a
religious visit to America, was present. Previous to the coming of Penn, at a
monthly meeting held 11 mo. 7, 1681, it was agreed: "A meeting shall be
held for ye service and worship of God every First Day at ye Court House in
Upland." In the old meeting house erected by Chester Monthly Meeting,
William Penn often spoke, and services were held therein for forty-three years
until 1736, when a larger building was erected. The Friends meeting house
at Shoemakerville, was built in 1828, on land donated by Enos Sharpless.

The Friends meeting house in Birmingham township was first erected in
1722, of cedar logs. About 1763 a stone building was erected, to which later
additions were made. When Delaware county was erected, the ground on

396 DELAWARE COUNTY

which the old church stood fell to Chester county, but for nearly two centurie-.
Friends of Lower Birmingham have there worshipped.

Concord Friends meeting house is erected on land leased to trustees in
1697. At a monthly meeting held at the house of George Pearce, 4 mo. 10
1697, it was agreed to build and subscriptions taken. The building, however, was
not completed until 1710. In 1728 the modern structure gave way to one of
brick, which in 1788 was destroyed by fire. The walls, however, were left
intact, and were used in the new and larger building at once erected. The
question of human slavery was often discussed in the old meeting, but not
until 1800 was it possible to make the announcement that Concord Quarterly
Meeting was "clear of importing, disposing or holding mankind as slaves."

The records of Darby Meeting, begin 2, 5 mo. 1684, but "there is some
evidence that the business of a monthly meeting had been transacted at Darby
a short time prior to the date of the first regular minute." The meetings were
held in private homes until 1687, when John Blunston acknowledged in court
a deed "for one acre of ground in the township of Darby to build a meeting-
house thereon." The first building, presumably of logs, was replaced by a
more substantial structure begun in 1699, but not completed until 1701. This
building stood for a full century, then gave way to a stone structure completed
in 1805. The first marriage in Darby Meeting was that of Samuel Sellers
and Anna Gibbons, in 1684; the first marriage in the first meeting house was
that of John Marshall and Sarah Smith. The first marriage in the third meet-
ing house was that of Hugh Mcllvain, of Philadelphia, and Hannah Hunt, of
Darby.

In Haver ford township, Friends erected the first place of worship in now
Delaware county, about 1688 or 1689. The first marriage solemnized therein
was that of Lewis David to Florence Jones, 20, ist mo., 1690. An addition
was erected in 1700, and the older structure replaced by another in 1800. In
1700 William I'enn preached in the new building, but as Welsh was principally
spoken by the members, many could not understand him. A Friends meeting
house is also located on the grounds of Haverford College.

Media Monthly Meeting was founded in 1875 by Friends who were resi-
dents there, withdrawing from other meetings. They erected a stone church on
Third street, wherein they worship. In an iron safe in this building, the rec-
ords of Chester Meeting are preserved. Providence meeting house (Hicksitc)
is also located in Media. The old house of worslii]) was torn down in 1812
and re|)lacc(l by the structure now in use.

In .Middletown township, a Friends meeting was authorized by Chester
Quarterly Meeting, held 3, 3 mo. 1686. Early in 1700 the appointed com-
mittee reported that they had decided upon the burial lot in Middletown as the
site for a meeting house, a building being erected that was finished in 1702.
This was followed many years later by another that is still used as a house of
worshi]). After the division in the society in 1828, the Orthodox branch of
Middletown meeting held their meetings in a school house until the completion
of their meeting house in 1835.

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The earliest mention of a Friends" meeting in Newtown township is found
in the records of Haverford Monthly Meeting under date of 14-11 mo. 1696.
This record states that "Wilham Lewis and some friends having proposed to
this meeting to settle a meeting at Newtown they were left to their freedom
therein." The meeting was established, services being held at the residence
ol members, but under the control of Chester, and later Providence monthly
meetings. On the 30th day, 8 mo., 1710, "Newtown meeting laid before the
meeting their intentions of building a meeting house by Friends "burial yard
in Newtown," which met with the approval of Providence meeting. In 171 1
the building was completed, replaced in 1791 by the structure now in use.

Providence Friends meeting was authorized by Chester Quarterly Meet-
ing, 3 mo., 1696, the minutes stating that it was agreed to settle a meeting "At
Thomas Minshall's every First and Fourth day." On 9 mo. 4, 1700, the first
day and week day meeting was ordered to be removed from Thomas Min-
shall's to the meeting house, and on 12 mo. 12, 1700, the meeting at Randall
Vernon's was also "removed to the new meeting house." The building of logs
erected in Nether Providence township was improved by a stone addition in
1727. In 1753 the remains of the original structure were removed and a stone
addition erected in its place.

While Radnor Friends did not commence to build their first meeting
house until 1693, there was as early as 1686 a sufficient number of Friends in
the township to establish an independent meeting. The early meetings were
held at the home of John Jerman, a Quaker minister, and at the residence of
John Evans, where the first marriage was solemnized, 2, 3 mo. [686, between
Richard Ormes, of Philadelphia, and Mary Tyder, of Radnor. In 1693 the
Radnor Friends built their first meeting house, and in 1718 began the erection
of a new building which was not completed until after 1721, a later addition
being erected for school purposes.

The first Friends' meeting house in Springfield township was erected in
1700 at Friends' graveyard, at the junction of the Springfield and Darby
loads, on the line between Springfield and Marple townships. Friends in the
township had, however, held meetings at the homes of Francis Stafford and
Bartholomew Coppock as early as 3d mo., 1686, under authority granted by
Chester Quarterly Meeting. The first meeting house was destroyed by fire in
1737, the erection of a second building beginning the following year. This
second building was of stone, with a date stone bearing the inscription "Re-
uuilt 1738." After serving for one hundred and thirteen years, it was torn
down and a third structure erected, yet used by the Springfield meeting. In
the second building, tradition states the future of Benjamin West, the great
painter, then a boy, was discussed. He was a birth-right member of the So-
ciety, and the painter's art was not sanctioned by them. It was, however,
af'reed that young West, in view of the great talent he displayed, should be
given the sanction of the meeting, strong friends pleading his cause. A private
meeting was appointed at the house of his father, which was largely attended.
After addresses had been delivered in a strain of extraordinary eloquence, "the

398 DELAW^ARE COUNTY .

women arose and kissed the young artist, ami the men one by one laid their
hands on his head and prayed that the Lord might verify in his Ufe the value
of the gifts whicli had induced them, in spite of their religious tenets, to allow
him to cultivate the faculties of his, genius." The after career of this great
artist must have been in some measure the result of this solemn meeting of
the sini])le, earnest h'riends of Springfield meeting.

In Ridley township, Eriends were authorized to hold meetings at the
house of John .Sinnock, by Chester Monthly Meeting, held 7 mo. 11, i6<S2.
The meeting was later changed to "Walter Faucet's house on Ridley creek."
Friends never erected a public meeting house in Ridley, nor were the meetings
at l-'aucet's house continued after the erection of the Chester meeting house.

Protestant Episcopal Churches. — St. David's Episcopal Church at Radnor,
Newtown township, in point of age ranks second in Delaware county. Haver-
ford h'riends meeting house being tlie oldest. The exact date at which a church
organization was effected in Radnor is not known, but it was prior to 1700. A
certificate given by the church wardens of Radnor, ilated July 28, 1719, Rev.
Evan l^vans, states, "that the Rev. Dr. Evans has preached the Gospel at
Radnor at the home of Mr. William Davis, one of the subscriliers, once a fort-
night from November in the year 1700, all the time he was resident in Phila-
deljihia, without any reward from us ; and since his return from England,
which was on the 22nd day of March, 1716-17, until the latter end of June
past, he preached at St. David's Church at Radnor." Rev. Evan Evans, in a
letter to the .Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, Lon-
don, luigland, states that he "preached in Welsh once a fortnight for four
years, till the arrival of ]\lr. Nicholas, minister, to Chester in 1704." He
recommends: "Could a sober and discreet man be procured to undertake that
mission, he might be capable by the blessing of God to bring in a plentiful har-
vest of Welsh Quakers." This resulted in the appointment of John Chubb, a
Welshinan, who had been a schoolmaster in Philadelphia. ITe had occasion-
ally conducted services at the church prior to 1 7 14, when he was appointed mis-
sionary to the Radnor and O.xford churches, he being in the latter year in
England. He reached Philadelphia in August of that year and reported to
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (who sent him
out) that the "i)eople of Radnor" had met him "unanimously and heartily
engaged to build a handsome Stone Church." The laying of the corner stone
is described by Acrelius:

"'I'lie Laying of a Comer Stone — Bnt something peculiar is to be seen among the
English at tlie laying of the foundation of a church. On the 9th of May 171S, Pastor
Saiulcl was invited to attend the laying of the foundation of Radnor Chnrch sixteen
miles from Philadelpliia. First, a service with preaching was held in a private house;
then they went in procession to the place where the church was to be built — There a
prayer was made : Clergymen laid a stone according to tlie direction of the Master
Mason."

For over a half century after the church was built, no floor was laid, and
no pews, the worshipers being seated on benches, at first furnished by the

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occupant, but later placed there by the vestry and leased to the congregation.
The old record states : "William Evans and Hugh Jones are to have ye upper
bench above ye door for two pounds." Later pews were introduced, the cus-
tom being to sell the ground, the purchaser to make the improvements, thus:
"At a vestry held December 5, 1763, the vestry granted to Robert Jones the
privilege to build a pew on a piece of ground in St. David's Church, adjoin-
ing Wayne's and Hunter's pugh, he paying for ye ground four pounds ten
Shillings." In 1765 the church was floored; in 1767, a vestry house built on
the site of the later Sunday school, and in 1771 a gallery was added. Captain
Lsaac. father of "Mad" Anthony Wayne, was the chief mover in the latter
improvement, and under his direction it was built. The church suffered greatly
during the Revolution, and seldom during that contest were religious services
held within the building. In 1783 Rev. \VilIiam Currie again took charge, and
collected funds to repair the old church building and graveyard wall. In 1786
the church was admitted to membership in the Diocesan Convention of Phil-
adelphia. In August, 1792, while Rev. Slaytor Clay was rector, the church
was incorporated, and during his incumbency the body of Gen. Anthony Wayne
was removed from Presque Isle to Radnor churchyard, by his son, Col. Isaac
Wayne. On July 4, 1809, a plain marble monument was erected at his grave
by the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati, although the body was placed
there at a later date. On July 30, 1820, the first confirmation ever held in St.
David's was conducted by Bishop White, sixteen persons being admitted to
membersliip. In 1824 the Sunday school was organized, and about 1830 that
part of the old gallery which passed over the front door was taken down,
the highbacked old fashioned pews taken out, the pulpit enlarged, and the
sounding board removed. In 1844 the present rectory was built. There is ;i
tradition that Queen Anne presented the Radnor church with a communion
service. This service was taken by a marauding party of soldiers during the
Revolution and was never recovered. In 1861 the corporation of St. David's
purchased an acre of land and enlarged the graveyard. In 1871 the church
was repaired and a new vestry-room erected. In 1876 the poet Longfellow
visited Old Radnor Church, and was so impressed that he wrote his poem
entitled "Old St. David's at Radnor." In 1881 he said in an interview, relat-
ing the story of his poem:

"I was stopping at Rosemont and one day drove over to Radnor. Old St. David's
Church with its charming and picturesque surroundings attracted my attention. Its
diminutive size, peculiar architecture, the little rectory in the grove, the quaint Church-
yard, where Mad Anthony Wayne is buried, the great tree which stands at the gateway
and the pile of gray stone, which makes the old Church and is almost hidden by the
climbing ivy, all combine to make it a gem for a fancy picture."

Old St. Paul's Church, in Chester, was built in 1702, on land on the south
side of Third street, east of Market Square, the land having been first donated
to the Swedish church early in the history of the settlement of Upland. Where
the first St. Paul's Church was erected, there was previously a burying place
for the Swedes in Upland. This is established by the report of Mr. Ross to

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the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts in 1714. The
foundation of the ancient structure was laid in July, 1702, and January 24 of
the following year, St. Paul's Day, Rev. John Talbot preached the first ser-
mon delivered therein. The church was of stone, twenty-five feet in height,
with a wooden stcejile containing the bell. In 1835 extensive repairs were
made, the number of jiews was increased, the large pews subdivided, the old
fashioned highbacks lowered, a gallery built in the west end, and under it a
large mam entrance made. Tn 1850 agitation was started among the congre-
gation for an entirely new church structure, preparations were made, and the
corner stone was laid July 25. 1859, on the north side of Third street, ad-
dresses being made by Right Rev. .-Mfred Lee, D. D., Bishop of Delaware,
and Rev. Charles W. Quick. The building was built of pointed stone, in
Gothic style, with a spire one hundred and twenty- four feet high. In 1872.
the building was once more remodeled, later suffering two accidents, being
struck by lightning on June 3, 1777, and catching fire on March 9, 1884.

Calvary Episcopal Church was organized by Richard S. Smith, in an up-
per room of his nail factory at Rockdale, Aston township. There was no
other Episcopal church within five miles, so the mission was well attended. .A
Sunday school was all that was attempted at first, Mr. Smith acting as super-
intendent, and his wife and daughters fulfilling the duties of teachers. Soon
it was re,solved to form a church congregation. Bishop Onderdonk authorized
Kingston Goddard, a student of Divinity, to till the offices of lay-reader at
Rockdale, and, the field being promising, the Rev. Marmaduke Hurst was de-
tailed as missionary, under the auspices of the Advancement Society, the
church receiving the name of Calvary, and being admitted to representation
in the Episcopal Convention. On August 18, 1836, Bishop Onderdonk laid
the corner stone for a building, a movement which Mr. Smith had labored dili-
gently to further. The basement was pushed to completion, and here church
and Sunday school services were held until sufficient funds could be raised to
finish the entire work. In 1868 the church was enlarged and in other ways
improved, the whole being "as a thank-offering for the blessings of peace."

Rev. J. Coupland, rector of St. John's Cliurch, Concord, held services at
Chadds Ford, according to the Episcopal church ritual, at irregular intervals,
as did his successor. Rev. J. J. Sleeper, but it was not until 1884 that St.
Luke's Church was organized. J. M. Baker was largely instrumental in the
erection of the church, the corner-stone of which, was laid June 11, 1883. by
Rev. W. H. Graff, of l^hiladelphia, and which was first used for divine ser-
vice on May i, 1884.

Another church dedicated to St. Luke was organized in Chester. Novem-
ber 28, 1868, and was at first in the parish of St. Paul's Church. Rev. Henry
Brown had charge of the chai^el, for such it was at first intended to be. The
congregation began worship in the uncompleted building, as the construction
funds had been exhausted. Thomas R. List, a student at the Philadelphia Di-
vinity School, discharged the duties of lay-reader from .May 8. 1870. to June

DELAWARE COUNTY 401

19. 1873, when he was ordained as rector. In 1880 the entire debt of tlie churcli
was paid, and work begun afresh on an unencumbered basis.

Tlie ground upon which St. Martin's Episcopal Church of Birmingham
township was later erected was given to the adherents of the Church of Eng-
land by Walter Martin, a Friend of Upper Chichester, who had become em-
bittered against his sect because of being "dealt with" according to the cus-
toms of that society. In 1702 the few believers of that faith purchased a rude
frame building, formerly a blacksmith sliop, from John and Tobias Hendrick-
son, for the sum of £5. which they moved to the ground granted them by Wal-
ter Martin. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
established it as a missionary station, in connection with St. Paul's of Chester
and the church at Concord. In 1745 the old frame structure becoming insuf-
ficient, a fund was raised and a small brick church erected, the old sanctuary
coming into use as a school-house. In 1845, one hundred years later, the build-
ing had fallen into such dilapidation that it was determined to build a new edi-
fice, which was accordingly done, making the third building occupied by the
congregation. In 1822, St. Martin's separated itself from St. Paul's parish,
and has since continued as an independent organization. John Larkin Jr., in
1879 presented the church with a tract of two acres adjoining the old church-
yard of St. Martin's, which had been crowded with the bodies of those who
had fallen under the scythe of the Grim Reaper.

The Rev. Evan Evans first mentions what later became St. John's Epis-
copal Church of Concord, in a letter dated London, September 18, 1707, in
which he writes on "the state of the church in Pennsylvania, most humbly of-
fered to the venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts." In 1702 John Hannum donated a plot of ground at the northwest
corner of his tract, on which to erect a church, and a log structure was built
that year. In 1769 part of the proceeds of a lottery held in the province was
assigned to St. John's, and with this sum a brick end was added to the church
in 1773, and in 1790 a stone end was erected adjoining the brick section on the
site of the frame building. Another addition was made in 1837, but on June
IS. 1844, a new building was begun, since the scope of the church work had
been so enlarged and widened that this step was made necessary. In this
building was placed a large chancel window, a memorial to Bi.shop Onclerdonk,
whose long service had endeared him to the members of the church of which
he was so sturdy a pillar.

On May 5, 1872, Rev. James S. Pjrooke, rector of St. George's Church,
West End, officiated at the first sei-vices of St. Stephen's Church in Upper
Darby, held in the village school-house, and on October 27 that year com-
munion was administered for the first time, fourteen persons uniting. In
May of the following year a Sunday school was organized, and led a pros-
perous existence. The congregation was composed mainly of the mill-workers
and their families, and although their slender incomes were not sufficient to
support the mission in a pretentious manner, nevertheless, their earnest efforts
were bent toward the realization of a church of their own. Oborn Levis
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402 DELAWARE COUNTY

donated several lots on the Baltimore turnpike, and enough money was raised
to warrant the erection of a church, even with the handicap of a sum of money
lost in the failure of the h'ranklin Savings l'"unil of Philadelphia. The corner
stone was laid October 12, 1878, and (jn Sunday morning, Marcn 16, of the
following year, the house of worship was dedicated by Bishop Stevens, and,
owmg t(i the generous subscription, was able to begin its existence free from
any hampering debt. The Iniilding was of pressed brick, stone trimmed, orna-
mented with colored brick design, and finished inside with hard stained wood.
On October 9, 1880, the corner stoni' of a Sunday-school and parish building
was laid, with impressive exercises. Th-j structure was the gift of Thomas
A. Scott, then president of the Pennsylvania railroad. .\ brass tablet on its
walls bears this inscription : "Erected in memory of Thomas A. Scott, Jr.,
who died Ascension Day, 1S79. Of such is the Kingdom of God." Ground
adjoining the church vestry was received by gift of Dr. R. A. Given and
Thomas A. Scott, and thereon, in the fall of 1882, the erection of a rectory
begun and the building completed the following year. The church grew rap-
idly, and in the midst of the vayi'id increase in the population of Clifton Heights
has been expanding its activities and has offered a church home to many who
have accepted its offer of Christian fellowship, always carrying out its mission
as an active instrument for good.

The first religious services in Media imder the Episcopalian ritual, were
held in the court house during the summer of 1853, the congregation later
erecting Christ Church. From that time until the erection of a church edifice,
services were held in the courtliouse, and the Methodist church. Letters of
incorporation were granted by the court of Delaware county, August 28, 1854,
and the cornerstone ot the church laid July 5, 1858, Right Rev. .Mfred Lee,
D. D., Bishop of Delaware, officiating. Consecration was made June 21, i860,
by Right Rev. Alonzo Potter, D. 1)., LL.D., liishop of Pennsylvania, Right
Re . Alfred Lee assisting. During the rectorship of Rev. Edward Lounsberry,
•ormerly of the diocese of Iowa, a tower was built ui)on the church, and a pipe-
jrgan installed. The young ladies of Brooke Hall made presentation of a
chancel-rail and marble font. To meet the needs of the younger members of
the parish, a Sunday school was organized, an institution which has grown
steadily and prospered exceedingly from its inception.

Prior to the organization of the Church of the Good Shepherd, in Radnor
township, the congregation frequently held divine service at Woodfield, while
Sunday .school was conducted at the house of Mrs. Supplee, in Radnor town-
ship. At a meeting held in Wayne Hall, July 7, 1869, the parish was organized
and .services were begun there in July, 1869, Rev. H. P. Hay, D. D., being
elected rector in the fall of that year, all former services having been con-
ducted by supply clergymen. The corner-stone of the church was lain July
25, 1871, Bishop Stevens conducting the services. Mission services had been
held in the i)ublic school-house, near Radnor station since- 1869, hut on July 25,
1880, Bishop Stevens officiated at the laying of the corner-stone of the Chapel
of the Good Shepherd, which was completed the next year. A parish building

DFXAWARE COUNTY 403

and rectory have also been built on ground adjoining the Church of the Good
Shepherd, the former in 1888, the latter, 1884. Various institutions have
sprung up about this church, not the least important of which was the Hospi-
tal of the Good Shepherd, opened formally by Bishop Stevens, on June 11,
1874, with accommodations for twelve children, to whose use the building is
restricted. As proof of the need and usefulness of this hospital, two children
were entered as soon as the institution was opened.

Christ Church of Media holds supervision over the Church of the Atone-
ment, an Episcopal church erected in 1880. The early meetings were held at
the home of Miss Sue Pearce, later in a cottage belonging to J. H. Irwin, who
donated the lot upon which the church was built.

Presbyterian Churches. — Presbyterianism is the contribution of those
sturdy settlers of Scotch-Irish descent to the religious life of this country. The
denomination is widespread in its influence, embraces all sections of the lam I,
and has as permanent, as extensive and as efficient an organization as any
religious sect in the United States. The founding of this church in Chester
county dates from shortly after 1718, as in that year the Scotch-Irish began
[heir settlement, and it was characteristic of the people that the establishing
of the church followed soon after or simultaneous with that of the home. The
earliest church records have been destroyed, but it is highly probable that the
church was founded in 1728 or early in 1729, as on April i, 172Q, the New
Castle Pfesbytery, responding to the request of the people of Newtown to be
permitted to build a church, acceded thereto, with the condition that the mem-
bers would continue "a united congregation with Brandy wine." In 1729 a log
church was built in Middletown, although the land was not conveyed to the
trustees until 1751. when the building is nienti(inc(l in the deed. It has been
incontrovertibly establishcrl that a full organization of the church was effected
and a meeting-house built in 1735. in which year Dr. Isaac Watts presented the
"Protestant Dissenters" with a folio copy of one of Baxter's works. There
was no regular pastor until 1770, and until that date services were held on an
average of once a month. The congregation was widely scattered, many
journeying ten or twelve miles to hear the two sermons preached on a Sunday,
which, if the specimens which have been preserved to us intact are fair exam-
ples, were not of the best. On May 10, 1762, Robert McClellan, one of the
congregation, conveyed to William Lindsay, Hugh Linn, James Lindsay, John
McMinn, James Black, Charles Linn, Joseph Black, James Hemphill, and
Thomas Trimble, three-quarters of an acre of land for the use of a Presby-
terian church, which was erected soon after. In 1770 Rev. James Anderson,
a young man of twenty-one years of age, was called to the pulpit, spending
almost all the years of his manhood in that service, until his death in 1793.
In 1846 the ancient building was so out> of repair that it was entirely rebuilt,
and was used until 1870, when it was burned to the ground.

The Lower Brandywine Presbyterian Church was established in Birming-
ham township in 1720, the first house of worship being a log structure. After
the Revolution the site of the church home was moved to Centreville, Dela-

404 d]:la\\'are county

ware, where services were held at the "old log meeting," as often as a speakej
could be procured. June 3, 1878, a church was dedicated at Dilworthtown,
and a short time afterward Sunday school work was begun.

Previous to 1850, the Presbyterian residents of Chester had been com-
pelled to attend divine service conducted after the ritual of some other denom-
ination than tiieir own, since there was no Presbyterian church in the city.
But in the fall of that year, Rev. James \V. Dale began to hold services
accoreh'ng to the Presbyterian tornnila in the court house, every Sunday after-
noon, continuing for over a year, when, largely through the generosity of 1.
E. Cochran Sr., and Joseph H. Hinkson, a church was erected on ground
donated by Mr. Cochran. The sanctuary has been considerably enlarged
and remodeled since its erection.

The founding of the Chester City Presbyterian Church was a direct out-
growth from the estaljlishment of a Sunday school in the western end of the
city, designed to meet the necessity for religious instruction among the chil-
dren of that neighborhood. On December 14, 1862, the school was organized
in the .Academy building, and so rapid was its growth that it was determined
to enlarge the works so as to inchulc the adult population. To this end.
Thomas Reaney, of the firm of Reaney, Son & Archbold, erected a building
and tendered it to the congregation as his contribution, the expense of the fur-
nishing being borne jointly by Mr. Reaney and Mr. Perkins. Until the com-
pletion of the church proper, worship was held in the lecture room, after
organization had been effected under the direction of the Presbytery of Phil-
adelphia. The first pastor was the Rev. Martin P. Jones, who was called
in 1866.

The Third Presbyterian Church of Chester was organized as a result of
division in the First Presbyterian Church, the organization first named holding
their early services in a Sunday school mission erected by the latter body. The
congregation in 1873 enlarged and rebuilt the structure at a cost of $15,000
and dedicated it October 5 that year.

The Presbyterian Church of Darby Borough was organized by the con-
gregation of the mission conducted by the Darby or Knowle's Presbyterian
Church of Darby, during the pastorate of Rev. J. Addison Whittaker. Ser-
vices were first held in the public school house, and in January, 1854, a fund
had been raised for the erection of a church building. In 1858 the edifice
was completed and ready for use. In 1862 a parsonage was built on a lot
adjoining the church. In the course of all this improvement and advancement,
the church had contracted a heavy debt, the dissipation of which in 1873 was
marked by a joyous jubilee meeting. There is a large Sunday school con-
nected with the church, which, under excellent management, has been a force
of inestimable potency in the preparation of the younger generations for the
assumption of the duties and responsibilities of church work. Charles O.
Raird, son of Matthew Baird, erected a handsome stone chapel in the spring
of 1 88 1 as a monument to the honored memory of his father and mother. The
dedicatory sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. Cattell, of Princeton.

DELAWARE COUNTY 405

Tlie first services of what later grew into the Presbyterian Church of
Media, were held in a room over John C. Beatty's store, the Rev. Dale, pas-
tor of the Middletown Presbyterian Church, officiating. Soon after, before
a church was built, a Sunday school was organized, with Mr. Beatty's home as
a meeting place. The corner-stone of the church was laid July 4, 1854, on a
site of one acre donated by Mr. Beatty, who was the moving spirit. On
October 11, 1855, the church, of Doric design, was dedicated amid most impres-
sive ceremonies. Since then the church has prospered, and its value to the
community is inestimable. With its increasing financial prosperity, a parson-
age was erected adjoining the church.

One of the church structures erected about the middle of the 19th century,
to which more than usual interest was attached, was that built at Todmor-
den, by William T. Crook, for the benefit of the employees of his mills. The
building was erected to serve not only as a church, but was provided with
reading, school, and lecture rooms. It was dedicated September 30, 1850, and
marked a new epoch in the relations between employer and men which boded
well for peaceful and profitable business, as well as inspiring and helpful
social and religious work.

From public services held in Wayne Hall, beginning Sunday, June 5, 1870.
and the organization of a Sunday school on June 19, of the same year, grew
what came to be known as the Wayne Presbyterian Church of Radnor town-
ship. On June 21, 1870, a meeting preliminary to church organization was
held in Wayne Hall, and commissioners appointed by the Presbytery met in
the same place three days later, organizing the Wayne Presbyterian Church,
with a membership of nine. A call was extended to Rev. S. P. Linn to becom.'
pastor, which he accepted, and was duly installed on July 5, 1870. Until
the completion of the church edifice, for which ground was broken March 21,
1870, meetings were held each Sabbath morning in Wayne Hall. The laying
of the corner-stone was performed by Rev. John Chambers, Rev. R. H. Allen,
D. D., Rev. John McLeod and Rev. T. J. Aiken, assisting. At the dedication
services on December 8, 1870, the sermon was preached by Rev. Charles
Wadsworth, D. D. The building and ground was the gift of J. Henry Askin.
Es(j., whose deep and heartfelt interest in the church life found its outlet in the
presentation of this handsome sanctuary. A parsonage was likewise the gift
of Mr. Askin, a building which was recently sold and another, more spacious
than the first, erected. The various departments of church work, foreign
and home missionary, guild, and Christian Endeavor societies, as well as a
large Sunday school, are in excellent and efficient working order, producing
remarkable results.

Before the erection of the Ridley Park Presbyterian Church in 1876,
two attempts had been made to establish there a church of that denomination.
but both had failed, the first by Rev. Ewing, in 1873, when he held Sunday
afternoon services in the depot; and the second, by Rev. J. E. Alexander, in
1874. In the latter year Mr. Smith, superintendent of Ridley Park, tendered
the use of the hotel dining room for Sunday school services during the win-

4o6 DELAWARE COUNTY

ter, an oficr wliich was gratefully acce])tcd. The next year, after securing the
services of Dr. Grier for a year, a movement was inaugurated for a church
organization. A stone church of Gothic architecture was erected, Rev. Dr. .\i.
Grier and Rev. jMowry, of Chester, conducting the services.

Baptist Cliurclics. — Delaware county boasts of the third Baptist church
erected in Pennsylvania a log structure built in 1718, when the church organi-
zation, formed in 1715, had outgrown the homes of its various members as
meeting places. It is said that religious services were held on the same ground
in Birmingham township twenty-five years previous to the erection of the
church, but this is merely tradition. In 1770 the primitive building was razed
and a stone structure erected on its site, which did duty until i8j(>, when the
tiiird church iiome of the congregation was dedicated. Several of the pas-
tors have been graduates of the county's Baptist educational institution, Cro-
zer Theological Seminar)^ their endeavors and labors casting a worthy reflec-
tion upon their alma mater.

A church erected in the interests of Methodism, May 17, i860, later
becoming a Church of England mission, was purchased by Mrs. Sarah K.
Crozer, and for ten years was conducted as a mission by the Crozer Theolog-
ical Seminary, the students of the seminary filling the pulpit. In 1881 it
was released from its dependency and became a separate church. Rev. Miller
Jones being the first pastor, and has since flourished exceedingly well.

A mission under the control of the Upland Baptist Church was estab-
lished at Bridgewater in 1874, on a lot purchased from Samuel Haigh & Com-
pany. The services are held by students from Crozer Theological Seminary,
an arrangement satisfactory to both parties, as the cost of maintenance of the
church is considerably lessened by this plan, and the students acquire practical
speaking experience.

The first services held in Chester by Baptist clergymen were conducted
by itinerant ministers at irregular intervals, and it was not until 1854 that ser-
vices were had at regularly stated times, when Rev. William Wilder, of the
Upland Bajjtist Church, established worship in the court house, this continuing
as a meeting ])lace for four years. In 1858 John P. Crozer donated land which
he had kept idle until the time should come when it could be used for a Baptist
church. In the sunnner of that same year Benjamin Gartside built a chapel
for temporary use, at his own expense, and herein worship was held every
Sunday afternoon. In the spring of iiS63 an effort was made to have a build-
ing erected, unsuccessful because of the excitement attendant upon the inva-
sion of the' north by Lee's army, but in the fall of that year, September 24,
the chapel was dedicated as the First Baptist Church of Chester, and Rev.
Levi G. Beck was called as its first ])astor. May 24. 1864. In tlie same year a
sufficient sum of money was pledged for the building of a house of worship.
proceedings were begun, and July 2, 1864, the corner stone was laid. By fall
■ the structure was so far advanced lliat the lecture room was put into imme-
diate use. and in the fall following the entire building was ready for occu-
pancy, but as the congregation had decided that the main part of the church

DELAWARE COUNTY 407

should not be used while it was under a debt of any kind, the large auditorium
remained unused for several weeks, when the debt of $16,000 was paid in full.
On December 28, 1865, amid great rejoicing, the dedication services were
held, Rev. J. Wheaton Smith, D. D., officiating.

John P. Crozer, prominent in llaptist enterprises and institutions, and
founder of Crozer Theological Seminary, in 1851 began the erection of a Bap-
tist church in Upland borough, a locality which had previously been depend-
ent u])nn the chance of a Baptist clergyman being in the vicinity to conduct
worship. In March, 1852, the edifice was dedicated, and November 17, 1852,
when it was fully completed, prominent Baptist church dignitaries publicly
recognized it as a house of worship, Rev. John Duncan occupying the pulpit
as the first pastor. In i860 and 1873 extensive additions and alterations were
made to the original building, and not only did the church grow and prosper
at home, but caused its influence to be felt abroad by the establishment of four
missions, — at Leiperville, Bridgewater, \illage Green and South Chester.

At a meeting held at the home of James Irving, in North Chester bor-
ough, a few representative Baptists of the locality decided upon the erection
of a church. This was later done, the sanctuary being the gift of James Irv-
ing. The dedication services were held in June of 1873.

The Baptist Church of Marcus Hook was organized May 3, 1789, with
seventeen members, the funds for the church edifice being raised by popular
subscription. The cost of the building was £164 i6s. )4d. The church was
admitted into the Philadelphia Baptist Association, October 6, 1789. When
the original building had outlived its usefulness, a new one was erected, the
corner-stone of which was laid September 10, 1853. The evening of the day
of the corner-stone laying, the box deposited in the stone was broken open and
despoiled of its contents.

In October, 1832, several Baptist residents of Newtown township and the
neighboring region met at the residence of Deacon Samuel Davis, in Haver-
ford, to discuss the organization of a Baptist church. Meetings had been held
in the locality by H. G. Jones, Joseph H. Kennard, William S. Hall, and others.
before the existence of the Newtown Baptist Church, but this was the first
concerted effort at organization. At a meeting held November 10, 1832, at
Dr. Gardiner's residence, the church was organized. Letters of dismissal
from various churches were read, a church covenant and articles of faith were
agreed to and signed, and, on behalf of the church. Dr. Gardiner was given
the right hand of fellowship. Before a church was erected, meetings were
held in the upper part of Dr. Gardiner's carriage house, while his daughters
organized a Sunday school, using the house as a place of meeting. Immedi-
ately after his ordination in 1834, Rev. Samuel J. Creswell was installed as
pastor, and August 30 that year a house of worship was dedicated, Rev. H. G.
Jones, of Lower Merion, officiating.

The Radnor Baptist Church originated in the days of the slavery agitation,
in the Great Valley Baptist Church. Members of the latter church, strongly
opposed to slavery, were desirous of forming an organization where there

4o8 DELAWARE COUNTY

would be no dissension or argument over this issue, and obtained letters to
form a new church. This took the name of the Radnor Baptist Church, and
worship was conducted in a hall originally known as the I-ladnor Scientific
and Musical Hall, where formerly meetings of an atheistical character had
been held. The first pastor was Rev. J. Newton Hobart.

The first Baptist organization perfected in Ridley township was the Rid-
fey Park Baptist Church, founded in 1832, a stone house on the Lazaretto
road doing service as a sanctuary. In 1872 a new church building was erected
and the old structure used as a Sunday school. On December 11, 1837, the
trustees purchased one hundred and seventeen square perches of land adjoin-
ing the old church lot for burial purposes, reserving the right to dam a run
near by for a space of twenty-four hours for baptismal purposes. The mem-
bers of the Ridley Park Baptist church, not to be left in the rear by the onward
march of progress, determined to build a new church at the time when the
Ridley Park .Association began work on improving what is now Ridley Park.
The town of Ridley Park was chosen as a good central location, the Ridley
Park Company donating the lot upon which the edifice, whose cornerstone was
laid July 3, 1873, was erected. The church and all its departments have flour-
ished, and the organization wields a mighty influence for good.

Methodist Episcopal Churches. — The oldest Methodist Episcopal church
in Delaware county is the Radnor church, whose record extends far back
into the history of Methodism and touches upon the lives of many of the most
illustrious pioneers of that faith in this continent. Soon after the Revolution-
ary war, Radnor became a regular preaching place and was supplied by circuit
preachers, the house of worship then being the home of the James family.
"The Mansion House." When this little group was first organized, Radnor
was included in the Philadelphia circuit, the preachers being John Cooper and
George Main. In 1873 the name of the circuit became Chester, it having once
before been changed from Philadelphia to Pennsylvania circuit, and Octo-
ber 20th of the same year Evan Jones and his wife Margaret go on record as
having recorded with Justice Thomas Lewis that for the sum of seven shillings
they sold one-half an acre of land "on which a meeting house was to be built
for Francis Asbury and his assistants, in which the doctrines of John Wesley,
as set forth in his four volumes of 'Sermons' and his 'Notes on the New Tes-
tament,' were to be preached, and no other." Work on the church was imme-
diately begun and after seemingly unsurmountable difficulties had been over-
come, the project was pushed to completion. By 1833 the congregation had so
increased that it was necessary to erect a new church, and while the same
was in process of construction, open-air services were held under the trees in
front of the building. Because of the necessity of having the house of wor
ship completed before winter set in, the work was rushed to the utmost, and
in the fall of the year it was begun. Rev. (afterwards Bishop) E. L. James,
preached the dedicatory sermon, soon after which the building was ready for
occupancy. In 1822 considerable inside alteration and repair work was done.

DELAWARE COUNTY 409

and in the following year Radnor Church, which had previously been affiliated
with the Bryn Mawr and Bethesda churches, was made a separate station.

The Mount Hope Methodist Church was erected over a century ago, on
land in Aston township, donated by Aaron Mattson, a noted paper-manufac-
turer of the day, whose body rests in the old churchyard. In the deed to
Powell Clayton, Edward Carter, Daniel Carter, Robert Johnson, John Little,
George Sneath. and Peter Longacre. it states that the lot shall be held "forever
in trust, that they shall erect and build thereon a house or place of worship
for the use of the members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United
States of America, only those preachers appointed by the general conference,
and none others, to preach and expound God's Holy word therein." The
church was built of stone, and was plainly furnished. For many years the
church was dependent upon the services of a circuit preacher, and in his
absence the local minister led the congregation. In the early struggles of the
church, valuable and timely aid was lent by a visit from Rev. James Caughey,
a famous revivalist from England, whose preaching at the Mount Hope Church
was heard by the people for miles around, greatly stimulating the pulse of inter-
est in the institution, whose life and vitality -had become exceedingly low.
From then on, the number of its members steadily increased, a strong inde-
pendent congregation being the result. In 185 1 the church was part of Mount
Hope Station, and the following year became Village Green Circuit.

In the autumn of 185 1 a number of the members of the Mount Hope Cir-
cuit, residing in or near Rockdale, actuated by the belief that the erection of
a church at Rockdale would be of great benefit, met at the home of Rev. John
B. Maddox, near Village Green. After deliberation, trustees were elected,
and a committee on building appointed. At the first meeting of the trustees,
held in the Parkmount school house, November 18, 1851, John P. Crozer do-
nated a lot and subscribed a generous amount to the building fund. In 1852, al-
though no structure had been erected, a petition was presented at the Philadel-
phia Conference, urging that body to separate the Rockdale church from
Mount Hope, and establish it as a regular station. L^pon the favorable consid-
eration of this request. Rev. George W. McLaughlin was appointed the first
pastor, holding his initial services in Temperance Hall at Taylortown, later
known as Lenni. In the meanwhile the construction of the church building
had been pushed forward at a rapid rate, and June 27, 1852, Rev. Dr. William
Ryan, of Philadelphia, preached the dedicatory sermon, and conducted the
contributory service, at which nearly $750 was realized. A resolution was
presented at the Quarterly Conference, held February 19, 1853, that, as a rec-
ognition of the generosity and favors extended to the society by Mr. Crozer,
the name of the church be changed from Rockdale to Crozerville, an order
which was made, and under that title incorporation papers were granted in
December, i860. Attendance and membership increased rapidly, and by the
indefatigable eflforts of the trustees the congregation was entirely free from
aebt in 1866. Ten years later a parsonage was erected near the church, and a
few years later the church was completely renovated and remodeled.

410 DIiLAWARK COUNTY

An association of Methodists in 1872 purchased a farm in Aston town-
ship, on the Bahimore Central raih-oad, and was incorporated as the Chester
Heights Camp Meeting Association. The tract purchased contained about 162
acres, of which sixty was woodland, and was inclosed with a fence seven feet
in heigiit. Within is a large building, 70 by 120 feet, a portion of which was
two stories in height, and was used as lodging rooms, while the remainder was
one-story, open at the sides, 'so constructed that in bad weather it could be
used for religious services. In front of this structure were backed benches
with a seating capacity of about 3500. The use of these grounds was not con-
fined to camp meetings, but any organization renting them for any purpose
whatsoever was required to conform with the discipline of the Methodist
Church.

The Siioam Methodist Church is a branch of the Bethel Church of Dela-
ware, and was organized in 1852. Ground for a church in Bethel tovvnshi])
was donated by Samuel Hanby and Samuel Hance, and thereon was erected
a stone edifice. The basement was in condition to be used before the main
body of the church was completed, and services were held there until .Septem-
ber 24, 1854, when Rev. Hurey and Rev. Andrew Manship, of Philadelphia,
conducted the dedication services. The cost of the building was $4,500, of
which sum one-half had been raised from time to time, when the edifice was
in tlie course of construction, the remaining half being made up by subscrip-
tions on dedication day. The church was embraced in the Mount Lebanon
circuit, and tiie first pastor was Rev. William II. Burrcll. The growth and
expansion of the church led to the establishment of a mission at Chelsea, in a
chapel originally built by Dr. Phineas Price, which was purchased by the con-
gregation and dedicated July 22, 1 87 1.

The Union African Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in Ches-
ter by a freed slave, Robert Morris. An humble beginning was made in a
room of a house occu])ied by a colored family, named Williams, the attendance
and interest gradually increasing, until in 1831 a lot was jnirchased and a
frame house of worshiji erected thereon. Rev. Samuel Smith was the first
local preacher. During the second pastorate of Rev. Benjamin Jefferson, the
stone structin-e, which had been built during his first ministry, was rebuilt
Union Church became a strong institution, and established a mission church at
Media, which has likewise jjrosjjercd.

Rev. Stephen Smith, of Philadelphia, was the founder of the Asbury Afri-
can Methodist Episci^pal Church, which he organized on October 26, 1845. ^'^
this same year church property was purchased and a building erected, the pul-
pit being filled at first by circuit ])i\'aclKTs, altlinni;li lattr Idcal ck-rgynien con-
ducted the services. The first regular pastor was Rev. Henry Davis, ajipointed
in 1849. During the ministry of Rev. Jeremiah Young, who came to Chester
in 1863, the church was rebuilt, and on November 25, 1867, the A.sbury African
Methodist Episcopal Church was incorporated. While Rev. C. C. Felts was
pastor, a parsonage was purchased on Madison street. The church conducted

DELAWARE COUNTY 41 1

the William Murphy church as a mission for a time, the Rev. M. F. Slubey
being installed as its first pastor in 1883.

The South Chester Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in South
Chester, under the direction of Rev. S. W. Gehrett, in 1870, and in this year
a chapel was erected as a mission chapel of Trinity Methodist Episcopal church
of Chester, and was dedicated in November, 1871, Rev. Urie, of Wilmington,
preaching the dedicatory sermon.

The Madison Street Methodist Episcopal Church of Chester had its begin-
ning in meetings conducted by John Kelley, in 1818. Mr. Kelley had formerly
been a preacher in St. George's Church, Philadelphia, and through his influence
a class was formed and the conference prevailed upon to make the place a
regular station on the circuit preacher's route. For many years services were
held in the court house, where it is said the noted Bishop Asbury preached on
several occasions. The congregation grew rapidly, but all efforts for the erec-
tion of a house of worship were futile until 1830, when a stone church was
erected on Second street, largely through the efforts of David Abbott, and was
named Asbury Chapel, in honor of the bishop. In 1845 the congregation had
become so large that it was freed from dependency upon the circuit preachers,
and was established as a regular station, with Rev. Isaac R. Merrill as the
first pastor. In May, 1846, the church was incorporated, and the erection of a
second stone meeting-house was begun. Rev. Dr. Hodgson, of Philadelphia,
and Dr. Kennedy, of Wilmington, assisting the pastor in the laying of the cor-
ner-stone. From 1847 to 1872, thirteen pastors occupied the church pulpit as
duly appointed preachers, and in 1872, the old building being inadequate, the
corner-stone of a new edifice was laid by the pastor. Rev. James Cunningham,
Rev. Henry Brown, rector, of St. Paul's, and Rev. A. W. Sproull, pastor of
the First Presbyterian Church, assisting. The church was constructed of green
serpentine stone, trimmed with granite, and having corner-blocks of the same
material.

For the convenience of the Methodist residents in the South Ward of
Chester, the Quarterly Conference decided to effect a church organization in
that section of the city, in consequence of which services were held in Crozer
Academy, on Second street, while on June 26, 1865, Trinity Methodist Episco-
pal Church was incorporated, and August 25 of that year the court granted an
amentled charter. In the summer of that year, under the leadership of Rev.
Twiggs, the erection of a building began, but the structure had been barely
roofed in, when, in October of 1865, a terrific northeast storm sweeping
through the city, entirely demolishing the whole work, heaping it in the cellar,
a mass of ruin and debris. In this condition affairs remained until the follow-
ing year, when a chapel was erected on the ground to the west, a Sunday
school built, and work recommenced on the main building. In the fall of 1866
the chapel was completed and dedicated, $5000 of the $20,000 debt which the
congregation had incurred, being raised on the occasion. During the pastor-
ship of Rev. George W. F. Graff, the main church was completed, and at the
dedication services Bishop Simpson received subscriptions amounting to $5000.

412 DELAWARE COUNTY

By 1875 the entire debt was paid, and the church was free from any obligation
for the first time in ten years. Even during tliis period of adversity, the mis-
sionary spirit had been alive, and a mission chapel was supported, which has
since grown into the South Chester Methodist Episcopal Church.

St. Daniel's Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in South Ches-
ter, with Rev. Henson, officiating as the first pastor.

The African Methodist Episcopal Bethel Church was organized in the old
school house on the public grounds in South Chester. A lot was purchased for
the consideration of one dollar (a gift) from John M. Broomall, and by the
eflforts of William Murphy sufficient money was subscribed for the erection of
a brick edifice which was dedicated June 6, 1872, and Rev. G. T. Waters in-
stalled as pastor.

In 1835 the organization of St. George's Methodist Church was effected,
the indirect cause of which was the visit of Rev. Brooke Eyre to Marcus
Hook. He preached a sermon in a shoemaker's shop, and succeeded in arous-
ing such interest that immediately after his departure subscriptions were taken
and a plain wooden structure erected on Discord Lane, William McLaughlin
selling the land upon which it was built for a small consideration. The con-
gregation was poor and depended entirely upon circuit preachers for regular
services, but what it lacked in wealth it made up in interest and earnestness of
purpose. On February 20, 1839, Lewis Massey and wife made a deed of a
house and lot on Broad street in Marcus Hook, as a ])arsonage for the minis-
ter of the Chester circuit, which was held by the Wilmington Conference until
St. George's Church became a station in 1870. At that date the trustees peti-
tioned the court to be empowered to convey to the trustees of Marcus Hook
Methodist Church one hundred feet on Broad street and extending in depth
the whole length of the lot, to be used for the erection of a church thereon,
and to sell the remaining part of the lot to John A. Stevenson for $2500. which
sum was to be used in the purchase of another parsonage, the house in Alar-
cus Hook, then dilapidated, being six miles distant from the place where the
clergyman of Chester circuit was appointed to preach. The court authorized
the trustees, in November, 1873, to make the deed to Stevenson in fee-simple,
and discharged from all the trusts mentioned in the deed of trust. On Satur-
day, July 8, 187 1, the cornerstone of a new building was laid, as the old church.
in thirty-five years of constant use, had begun to show the ravages of time and
was fast becoming too small. The new edifice was a large and imposing struc-
ture, a worthy instrument for a holy use.

The Hebron African Methodist Church was organized about 1837, the
first meetings being held in a little log house on the road from Dutton's cross
roads to Upper Chichester cross roads, in Lower Chichester township. ,A lot
was purchased from John Mustin in 1844, and a frame church erected during
the pastorate of Rev. Abraham C. Crippin. The first pastor was Rev. Israel
Gcott.

In 1842 the African ]\Iethodist Episcopal Church of Darby township was

DELAWARE COUNTY 413

organized, a frame church being erected on Horntown road, which was re-
placed in 1854 by a brick edifice. The first pastor was Rev. J. W. Davis.

The nucleus of Mount Zion Methodist Episcopal Church was founded in
1807, when about twenty believers in the Methodist faith residing near Darby,
formed a class for divine worship. At some time subsequent to that date, Dr.
Phineas Price purchased a lot on the Springfield road from Joseph Wood,
and erected thereon a stone church. Upon the death of Dr. Price, who had
held title during his lifetime, Mary, Ann M. and Henry Price conveyed the
building and ground to Samuel Levis, Charles Levis, Samuel Sungren, David
Dunbar and Jonas Morton, trustees of the church. When the congregation
decided to move the church seat to Darby, a lot in the borough was purchased
and a brick church costing $9400 was erected, and the dedication services held
by Bishop Matthew Simpson.

A society of Methodists in Upper Darby township, who held meetings for
worship at the homes of the various members from 1834 to 1837, resolved
to erect a place of worship, and June 27 of the latter year laid the corner-stone
of the Methodist Episcopal church at Pleasant Hill, Rev. M. Coomer officiat-
ing. The church was under the care of the Philadelphia Conference, and after
the organization of the Qifton Methodist Church, in 1871. the older organiza-
tion was placed under that charge.

The Clifton Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1871. and that
year the building of a brick sanctuary was begun, the funds being furnished
largely by Richard Young, of Springfield. The corner-stone was laid Augusi
10, 1871, Rev. F. A. Fernley and other clergymen prominent in the denomina-
tion, assisting the pastor. Rev. M. H. Sisty. A Sunday school also sprang
from the main body of the church, and is both well supported and enthusi-
astically attended. In 1884 a parsonage was built on a lot adjoining the church
property.

In 183 1 an organization was formed in Haverford township under the
name of the Bethesda Methodist Episcopal Church, with Rev. William Crider
as its first pastor. The following year a building for worship was erected in
the southwest quarter of the township, which was enlarged and remodeled
in 1871.

The Methodists hold the honor of being the pioneers in organized religious
work of any kind in Media, for in 1851 Rev. John B. Maddox, pastor of the
Village Green Church, preached in the Media Temperance Hall, after which a
class of five members was organized, of which John Hardcastle was the leader.
During the winter, prayer and cla'^s meetings were held in the home of Joseph
Iliff, and in August, 1851, a lot was purchased, with the idea of erecting a
house of worship as soon as possible. Until 1854 meetings were held under
the apple tree in the lot in summer ; in the winter, in the court house and an
upper room in Mark Packard's barn. Rev. Ignatius Cooper, who had charge
of the circuit, published an appeal for aid in the "Delaware County Republi-
can." By August 7, 1854, the $2000 necessary to complete the fund of $3500
had been raised, and on that date Rev. Dr. H. G. King and Rev. J. S. Lane

414 DELAWARE COUNTY

conducted services at the laying of the corner-stone. In the spring of 1858
the entire structure was completed and an excellent and impressive dedication
service was preached by Rev. Franklin Moore, D. D., the church becoming
an independent station the following year. During the pastorate of the Rev.
G. T. Ilurlock, extensive repairs and alterations were made to the church and
a parsonage erected.

In 1833, William L. Fox, Eleanor Fox, James Permar, John Pyle and
four other ])ersons, organized a Methodist society at Lima, in Middletowii
township, with James Riddle, a local preacher, in charge. For about six
months services were held in the dwelling of Mr. Fox; later the school house
was rented for the purpose, and services conducted there by the circuit preacher.
On August. 19, 1835, in consideration of $75, John Rattew conveyed to Henry
Permcr, Charles McCally, John Pylc, Lewis M. Pike, John Daniels, Seth
Rigby, William L. Fox of Middletowii, Caleb G. Archer of Aston, and Joshua
Smitii, of Edgemont, trustees, an acre of land "forever, in trust, that they
shall erect and build or cause to be built thereon a house of worship for
Methodist Episcopal church of United States of America." On this site was
built a stone meeting house which in 1873 was rebuilt and enlarged. The
dedication services of the new building were held Sunday, April 0, 1873, and
March 23, 1873, the court of Delaware county incorporated the Lima Metho-
dist Episcopal Church. A Sunday school has also been formed, its advance-
ment being steady from the date of organization.

The Honeycomb Methodist Episcopal Church was formed by a number of
colored people of Middletown in 1872, and a building erected near the Bishop
Hollow road.

The Union Methodist Episcopal Church of Nether Providence township
grew from a class organized in Hinkson's Corners, about 1812, composed of
residents of Nether Providence and neighborhood. On January 28, 1813, the
trustees, William Palmer of Aston, Edward Levis and William Coflfman, of
Sjjringfield, Joseph Dicks, Caspar Coffman and John Esray of Nether Provi-
dence, Christopher Snyder and Rudolph Temple; of Springfield, and William
Morris of Upper Providence, purchased a lot of eighty square perches of land
from I'enjamiii Houlstoii, for $110. Hereon a stone church was erected.
which was enlarged and repaired about 1878. The church was under the same
charge as the Mount Hope church, both being in Village Green Circuit.

The organization of the Stony P>ank Methodist Church was effected in
1810, the first meetings being held in the Stony Bank schoolliouse while a place
of worship was being erected. This was finished in 1812, a stone structure,
that was used until 1870, when work was commenced on a new edifice, the
cornerstone being laid on July 28 of that year. Dedication services were held
May 27, 1871.

The Bethlehem Methodist Episcopal Cliurch of Tliornbnry was not in-
corporated until November 26, i860, but the class from which it grew was or-
ganized in 1845, and March 26 of the following year Albin Pyle conveyed a
lot at Thornton to the trustees to be used for the erection of a church building,

DELAWARE COUNTY 415

as well as for a burial ground. Soon after a meeting house was built, remain-
ing under the charge of the Chester circuit for many years, and being depend-
ent upon that body for ministers to conduct services. In 1871 the building
was repaired throughout and reopened on Sunday, November 19, 1871, with
elaborate services at which Revs. Hughes, Wallace, Alcorn, and Watson spoke,
$500 being raised to defray the cost of renovation.

The Thornbury African Methodist Episcopal Church was organized from
a class formed for worship, and used the old frame schoolhouse on the West-
town road as a place of meeting.

The Kedron Methodist Episcopal Church of Springfield township was or-
ganized with about forty-five members in 1859, who, until the erection of their
church, held meetings in the drawing-room of John S. Morton's mansion, later
in a wind-mill back of the mansion, and for a time in a chapel built on the
church lot. The lot was donated by Thomas T. Tasker, and the cornerstone of
the building was laid September 6, i860. The dedication services were held
[une 19, 1862, conducted by Bishop Levi Scott.

In April, 1878, a class of Methodists purchased a lot in Ridley township,
and obtaining a charter August i, 1878, erected a brick structure named the
Prospect Methodist Episcopal Church, which was dedicated June i, 1879, by
Bishop Matthew Simpson. Rev. J. H. Pike was the first pastor.

Catholic Churches. — Although in the localities where they have placed
their missions and churches the Roman Catholic church has been a potent fac-
tor in the development of the religious life of that community, in Delaware
county the churches of that denomination are not numerous. The first Cath-
olic church in this county was St. Denis", founded in 1825. Dennis Kelly, a
v.oolen and cotton manufacturer, donated the ground and the burial lot, also
subscribing largely to the building fund. The direct cause of its erection was
for the accommodation of those of Catholic faith employed in Kelly's mills on
Cobb's creek.

For many years the Catholic residents of Aston township attended wor-
ship at St. Mary's Church, the noted mansion of the Willcox family at Ivy
Mills, Concord township, but eventually the congregation became so large that
a place of worship for those living in Rockdale, was necessary. A tract of land
was purchased from Nicholas F. Walter, the deed being dated August 26, 1852,
and made to Right Rev. J. N. Newman, bishop of the diocese of Philadelphia,
the ground to be held in trust for the congregation of Ivy Mills. On Sunday,
August 29, 1852, the Rev. Sourin, of Philadelphia, conducted services at the
laying of the cornerstone of the church of St. Thomas, the Apostle, an edifice
which was completed in 1856, on October 20 of which year Rev. Charles Jo-
seph Maugin was appointed the first pastor. In 1858 a frame parsonage was
erected, which on Tuesday night, February 4, 1873, was entirely destroyed by
fire, the church building, which stood in close proximity, being saved from a
like fate only by the most strenuous exertions on the part of the fire-fighters.

The history of the church of St. Michael the Archangel dates back to
1842, when a number of Catholics in the city and vicinity determined to erect

4i6 DELAWARE COUNTY

a place of worship, the nearest sanctuary of that denomination being ten miles
distant. Upon apphcation to Right Rev. Francis Patrick Ken.lrick, Bishop of
Philadelphia, Rev. Philip Sheridan was assigned to the parish. On July 12,
1842, a site was jjurchased on the Edgenmnt road, and September 29 the same
year the cornerstone was laid by Bishop Kcndrick. On June 25, 1843, Right
Rev. Dr. Moriarty preached the sermon, dedicating the church under the pa-
tronage of St. Michael the Archangel. Until 1850 no regular pastor was as-
signed, although occasional visits were made by Fathers Sheridan, Lane, Sour-
in, Walsh, .\mat, and Dr. O'Uara, but that year Rev. Arthur P. Haviland.
who had been ordained the month previous, was appointed to the charge. His
ardent and earnest labors soon increased the number of communicants to such
an extent that the building became insufficient for the needs of the worship-
pers, so fhe congregation was divided, and the Church of the Immaculate
Heart established in the South Ward. Notwithstanding this temporary relief
from the overcrowded condition, the necessity for a new church was plainly
evident, and on November i, 1874, Right Rev. Bishop Wood laid the corner
.vtone of the new sanctuary, a building of Leiperville granite, trimmed with
polished granite and columns from Maine. The church is handsomely deco-
rz^ted within, wonderful frescoes adorning the walls, and matchless work in
carved marble, filling one with amazed admiration. On October 3, 1880, Arch-
bishop Wood performed the solemn and impressive ceremony of blessing the
cross surmounting the center tower of the church, in the presence of two
thousand people.

The Church of the Immaculate Heart was, as before stated, an outgrowtli
of the Church of St. Michael the Archangel. The parish was organized in
1873, with Rev. John B. Kelly as pastor. A frame chapel was first erected as
a meeting place, and September 23, 1874, Right Rev. Bishop Wood officiated
at the laying of the corner-stone of the new church, which was dedicated on
Rosary Sunday, October i, 1876, by Most Rev. James F. Wood, D. D., Arch-
bishop of Philadelphia, assisted by Rev. A. J. McConomy, chancellor of the
arch-diocese, with Revs. E. F. Pendercese, Francis P. O'Neill, A. J. Gallagher,
T. J. Barry, James Timmins, and Thomas J. McGlynn, assisting.

Several years previous to 1849, ^ Catholic mission was established at
Kellyville, l^pper Darby township, which later became the Church of St.
Charles Borromeo. The ground for the church structure was donated by
Charles Kelly, the building being erected and dedication services held .Sunday,
October 13, 1850, Very Rev. F. X. Gartland, V. G., conducting the ceremony,
and Rev. Dr. Moriarty preaching the dedicatory sermon.

Undenominational Churches. — Other churches have sprung up in the
county, which, either because of their irregular origin or because of their scar-
city, could not be treated under separate denominational heads. The story of
these churches follows :

In the early part of the nineteenth century a few residents of Ridley town-
ship organized a Free Christian Church, and erected on a lot conveyed, Decem-
ber 29, i8i8, by Isaac Culin, to John L. Morton, John Price, .'\braham Wood,

DELAWARE COUNTY 417

Jonathan Bond, and Samuel Tibbetts, trustees, a stone house of worship, Rev.
Frederick Phimmer, of Philadelphia, becoming its pastor. At his death the
organization weakened and finally dissolved, the last meeting being held
about 1865.

In 1832, George Bolton Lownes, of Springfield, who seems to have had the
true essence of religion in his heart, set apart a tract of land on his farm for
church and burial purposes. He erected a church building, dedicated to no
denomination, but free to the use of any which cared to hold services therein.
Services were held by Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian ministers, and at
times members of the Society of Friends have made it their meeting house.

The Wayside Church, erected by a society of Protestants of different
faiths, organized in 1871, was intended for much the same purpose that the
Free Church was erected, with this difference, that the Free Church was for
the use of all faiths, while the latter confined its invitation to all of Protestant
faiths. The lot upon which the church was built was donated by William H.
Erwin, the building being dedicated May 3, 1874, by Rev. Dr. Speer, an Epis-
copal divine of Philadelphia, assisted by Rev. George W. Gaul, of the Metho-
dist church. Rev. Abel C. 'I'liomas, of the Universalist church. Rev. Lynn, of
the Presbyterian church, Rev. Worrell, of the Baptist church, and Darlington
Hoopes, a Friend.

James Lindsay about 1818 erected on the Logtown road, in Aston tnwii
ship, a church building which was always known as the Blue Church, and which
on ;\larch i, 1822, he conveyed to William Glenn, James McMullen, and Sam-
uel Hunter, trustees of the First Branch of the United Presbyterian Congrega-
tion _of Aston, Providence and Springfield, "for and in consideration of the
love of God and ^.roinotion of Religion, and also in consideration of the sum of
one dollar."

Rev. John Smith was the first and only pastor of the Mount Gilead
Church, as he named it. The church later fell into disuse.

In August, 1878, the organization of St. Paul's German Lutheran Church
was effected under the charge of Rev. J. T. Boyer, and in May, 1879, a meet-
ing house, formerly the property of the Methodists, was purchased from George
H. Crozer. The church was consecrated Sunday, May 18, 1879, by Rev. Dr.
C. Shaeffer, president of the Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania, A. T.
Geissenheimer, of Philadelphia, and J. Lewberger, of New Jersey. The build-
ing was remodeled throughout, and July 10, 1879, was dedicated by the pastor.
The services are held in the German language.

Prior to 1830, James Robinson, who had been a lay preacher of the
Swedenborgian Church in England before emigrating to America, began the
teaching of that faith in Upper Darby, holding services in the picker room of
the factory now owned by the Thomas Kent Manufacturing Company, and in
the academy building at Haddington. At the laying of the corner stone for a
church of the denomination Mr. Robinson explained the principles of the New
Jerusalem faith. The Rev. Carll, of Philadelphia, also spoke, stating that
"they had laid the corner-stone of that church in the name of Jehovah, one
28

4i8

DELAWARE COLXTY

God, and tliat Jesus Christ was that God." expressing the hope "that the
church erected thereon might never be appropriated to the worship of a Trin-
ity, or more tlian one God, as distinct and separate beings." The church was
built on land owned by Frederick and Edward Levis, and it was not until July
31, 1833, that the ground was conveyed to Morris W. Heston and George G.
Trites, church trustees. Incorporation papers were obtained September 2,
1861, under the name of the New Jerusalem Society of Edenfield. Delaware
county.

DENOMINATIONAL ST.VTISTICS.

Methodist Episcopal. — Delaware County Methodist Episcopal churches,
with the twenty-three churches in Philadelphia, and a few others in Chester
county, form the South District of the Philadelphia Conference of the JNletho-
dist Episcopal Church, Bishop Joseph ¥. Berry, president. From the min-
utes of the Annual Conference held in 1913, the following statistics are taken:

Chester

Churches.
Madison street
Providence Avenue
South Chester
Trinity ]

Clifton
Cruziervillc
Darby

East Lansdowne
Eddystonc

Elam and Bethlehem
Glen Mills and Stony Bank
Gradyville
Lansdowne
Lima

Llanerch and Bethesda
Marcus Hook
Media (First Church)
Morton
Mt. Hope
Norwood
Ridley Park
Sharon Hill
Siloam
Swarthmore
Trainer

Union and South Media
Upland

Baptist. — Delaware County Baptist Ciuu\-lK-' form a part of the Delaware
Lninn .Association of the Pennsylvania Baptist General Convention. From
the minutes of that convention the following statistics are taken:

Churches are located as follows:

Value of

Pastor of

church property.

William H. Shafer

$52,000

F. J. Andrews

11.000

Geo. W. Sheetz

35.000

Samuel McWilliams

25.000

J. W. Perkinpine

28,000

G. E. Archer

10,000

J. W. Bennett

20,000

W. S. Houstnan

9,000

H. F. Hamer

•30,000

C. J. Benjamin

$3,000 and 8,000

Geo. R. Tompkins

6,500

R. J. Knox

3,000

N. B. Masters

21,000

A. B. Peterson

6,300

J. H. Royer

21,000

J. R. McDade

10,000

H. S. Noon

13,000

F. W. Z. Barnett

12.000

J. G. Smith

16.000

R. H. Kiser

12,000

Bertram Shay

16,000

S. W. Purvis

15.000

J. S. Tomlinson

5,000

W. L. McKinney

12,000

T. W. Bare

10,000

John Stringer

6,000

A. A. Thompson

5.000

DELAWARE COUNTY 419

Brandywine Church, Chadds Ford, organized 1715 ; pastor, J. L. Foreman ; member-
ship, 172; vakie of church property, $16,000; seating capacity, 600.

Chester: — six churches. First church, organized 1863; pastor, Frank MacDonald;
membership, 540; value of church property, $53,900; seating capacity, 900. Calvary,
organized 1903; A. R. Robinson, pastor; membership, 660; value church property,
$10,400. Emmanuel, organized 1899; H. J. Lane, pastor; membership, 258; value of
church property, $25,000; seating capacity, 450. North Chester, organized 1873; pastor,
M. M. Lewis; membership, 86; value church property, $12,500; seating capacity, 450.
South Chester, organized 1873; pastor, R. A. Rook; value of church property, $11,500;
seating capacity, 1400; membership, 268. Union, organized 1902; pastor, J. W. Brown;
membership, 50.

Crum Lynne, organized 1879; pastor. C. J. Dauphin; membership. 46: value church
property, $24,500; seating capacity, 300.

Marcus Hook, organized 1878; pastor, W. H. Van Toor ; membership, 137; value
church property, $13,000; seating capacity, 350.

Media, First Church, organized 1832; pastor, W. S. Staub ; membership. 313: value
church property, $40,000; seating capacity, 450.

Moores, Prospect Hill, organized 1889; pastor, W. R. McNutt ; membership, 206;
value church property, $28,500; seating capacity, 500.

Ridley Park, organized 1830; membership. 78; value of church property. $20,000;
seating capacity, 400.

Village Green, organized 1880; pastor, Alfred Lawrence; membership, 46; value of
church property, $9,000; seating capacity. 250.

Churches of Delaware county belonging to the Philadelphia Association :

Media, Second Baptist, organized 1894; membership, 163; value of church property,
$6,000; seating capacity, 250.

Moores, Second Church, organized 1908; pastor, G. E. Chambers; membership, 30.

Newtown Square, organized 1832; pastor, G. H. Dooley; membership, 183; church
property value, $14,000 ; seating capacity, 500

Lansdowne, organized 1898; pastor, C. M. Phillips; membership, 136; value of
church property, $14,000; capacity, 300.

Garrettford, organized 1908; pastor, L. C. Drake; membership. 61: value of cliurch
property, $12,000; seating capacity, 250.

Collingdale. organized 1888; pastor, F. P. Langhorne; membership, 128; church
property value, $15,000; seating capacity, 250.

Upland, organized 1852; pastor, R. D. Stelle ; membership, 625.

Churches of Delaware county, belonging to the Central Union Association :

Wayne, First Church, organized 1841 ; pastor, W. O. Beazley; membership, 75.

Second Church, organized 1897 ; pastor, George Washington ; membership, 105.

Central Church, organized 1897; pastor, P. E. Wilmot; membership, 126.

The church at Yeadon was organized in 1912 with twenty-one members, the church
having a seating capacity of 150.

Presbyterian Churches. — The Presbyterian churches of Delaware county
are part of the Chester Presbytery of the Pennsylvania Synod. The churches
follow :

Bethany church, of Chester, organized 1S90, Egidius Kellmayer. pastor; Chambers
Memorial of Rutledge. organized 1889. George L. Van Alen. pastor: First Church of
Chester, organized 1852, P. H. Mowry, D. D., pastor, membership 258: Sgcond Church
of Chester, organized 1866, Harvey W. Koehler, pastor, membership 316; Third Church
of Chester, organized 1872, Abraham L. Latham, Ph. D., pastor, membership 902; Fifth
Church of Chester, organized 1899. Thomas M. Thomas, pastor: First Italian Church

420 DELAWAI-;!-: COIXTY

of Chester, organized 1911; Memorial Cluircli of Chichester, organized 1886, Josiah L.
Estliii, D. D., pastor, membership 65 ; First Church of Clifton Heights, organized 1887,
William R. Huston, pastor, membership 123; Church of Darby Borough, organized
1855, James R. Kerr, pastor, membership 521 ; Church of Dilworthtown, organized 1878,
Martin L. Ross, D. D., pastor, membership 70; First Church of Glenolden, organized
1840, David Winters, LL.D., pastor, membership 204; Glen Riddle, organized 1880,
vacant ; First Church of Lansdowne, organized 1887, William Boyd, pastor, membership
536; Leiper Memorial, G. A. Marr, stated supply; Llanerch, organized 1909, Charles S.
Richardson, D. D., pastor; Marple, organized 1834, Ralph A. Garrison, pastor, member-
ship 132; Media, organized 1866, S. Harper Leeper, pastor, membership 256; Middletown,
organized 1720. William Tenton Kruse, pastor; Radnor, of Wayne, organized 1906,
Frank C. Putnam, pastor, membership 176; Ridley Park, organized 1875, Samuel T.
Linton, pastor, membership 335 ; Sharon Hill, organized 1908, Alexander Mackie, pastor ;
Swarthmore, .organized 1895, William M. Woodfin, pastor; Wallingford, organized 1891,
Edwin E. Riley, pastor, membership 107; Wayne, organized 1870, W. A. Patton, D. D.,
pastor.

Protestant Episcopal Church. — Tlie Protestant Episcopal Church of Dela-
ware county is a part of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, the officials of which
follow : Bishop of the Diocese, Right Rev. Philip Mercer Rhinelander, D. D.,
LL.D., D. C. L. ; Bishop Suffragan of the Diocese, Right Rev. Thomas James
Garland, D. D., D. C. L. ; secretary to the Bishop and of the Diocesan Com-
mittees, Rev. W. Arthur Warner; Treasurer of the Diocese, Mr. Ewing L.
Miller. The churches of the county, as listed in the report of the Diocese of
Pennsylvania, for 1912, are as follows:

St. Luke's, of Chadds Ford ; St. Luke's of Chester, admitted to the diocese 1874,
rector. Rev. Henry J. Beagen, membership 115, aggregate value of church property,
$19,000; St. Paul's of Chester, admitted to diocese 1786, Rev. Francis M. Taitt, rector,
membership 684 ; St. Stephen's of Clifton, admitted to diocese 1879, no rector, value
parish property $25,000, membership 120, (at direction of Bishop of the Diocese, Rev.
H. M. G. HufT assumed duties of minister in charge until appointment of minister in
charge) ; Trinity Mission of Collingdale, Rev. Charles A. Ricksecker, missionary, (this
mission, February 15, 1912, established Darby Mission) ; St. John's of Concord, admitted
to diocese 1786, Rev. Thomas L. Josephs, rector, membership 35, value of parish property
$8,000; Darby Mission, Rev. Charles A. Ricksecker, missionary, membership 100, value
parish property, $8,500; St. David's of Devon, admitted to diocese 1786, Rev. James Hart
Lamb, rector, membership 169, value parish property $16,500, endowment fund, $10,000;
St. John the Evangelist Mission of Essington, Rev. Gilbert Pember, B. D., rector, mem-
bership 38; St. John the Evangelist of Lansdowne, admitted to diocese 1897, Rev. Cross-
well McBee, rector, membership 529, value parish property, $45,000; St. Martin's of
Marcus Hook, admitted to diocese 1786, Rev. R. M. Doherty, rector, membership, 85;
Christ's of Media, admitted to diocese 1858, Rev. Harry Ransome, rector, membership
381, value parish property, $25,000; Church of the Atonement of Morton, admitted to
diocese 1886, no rector, membership 95, value parish property, $12,000; St. Stephen's of
Norwood, admitted to diocese 1908, Rev. H. Bakewell Green, rector, membership 114,
value parish property, $8,800; St. James Mission of Prospect Park, Rev. William Howard
Davis, missionary, membership 43, value parish property $8,000; St. Martin's of Radnor,
admitted to diocese 1887, Rev. George Warrington Lamb, M. D., rector, membership
129. value parish property, $40,000; Christ's of Ridley Park, admitted to diocese 1881,
Rev. Gilbert Pember, B. D., rector, membership 200, value parish property $26,000;
Calvary of Rockdale, admitted to diocese 1835, Rev. J. Frederic Weinmann, rector,.

DELAWARE COUNTY 421

membership 153; Trinity of Swarthmore, Rev. Walter A. Matos, priest-in-charge, mem-
bership "JT, value parish property, $9,000; St. Mary's Memorial of Wayne, admitted to
diocese 1889, Rev. C. M. Armstrong, rector, membership 350, value parish property,
$105,000.

Society of Friends. — The Meetings of the Orthodox Bianch of the So-
ciety of Friends in Delaware county, are as follows :

Chester, held ist and 4th days, 10 o'clock; Middletown, ist and sth days, 10
o'clock; Media, ist and 4th days, 10 o'clock, 4th day meetings are omitted in weeks of
quarterly and monthly meetings; Landsdowne, ist and sth days, 10.30 o'clock; Con-
cordville, ist day at 10 o'clock, and 4th day at same hour, except monthly meeting, which
is on 3d day, at 9.30.

Friends Meetings (Hicksite) :

Darby, founded 1684, meeting house at Darby; Lansdowne, at Lansdowne; Chester
Monthly Meeting, founded 1681, preparative meetings at Providence, Middletown and
Chester; Concord Monthly Meeting, founded 1684, preparative meetings at Concord and
Chichester ; Swarthmore, founded 1893, meeting house at Swarthmore ; Birmingham,
founded 1815, set off from Concord, preparative Meeting at Birmingham; Newton, at
Newtown Square.

Catholic Churches. — The Roman Catholic church in Delaware county is
embodied in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, with Most Rev. Edmond F. Pren-
dergast, D. D., as Archbishop. The Archdiocese of Philadelphia contains a Cath-
olic population of approximately 6o5,cx30, and to it are assigned one Archbishop,
two Bishops and 654 priests. In it are contained 271 churches, 3 colleges, and
149 parochial schools, the latter having an attendance of 65,912. The various
Catholic churches in Delaware county, are enumerated below :

Chester, six churches: — St. Michael's, Rev. Joseph F. Timmins, rector; Rev. Joseph
V. Sweeney, assistant rector; school-sisters of the Holy Child. Immaculate Heart of
Mary, Rev. Peter J. Ryan, rector; Revs. John J. McMahon and Francis P. McGinn,
assistant rectors; school-sisters of Immaculate Heart of Mary. St. Hedwigs (Polish),
Rev. Leon Wierzynski, rector, pro tern.; school-sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth.
Holy Ghost (Rutherian), Rev. Lucas Bilansky, rector. Chapel of St. Anthony of
Padua (Italian), Rev. Antonio Garritano. Church of the Resurrection, Rev. August L.
Canister, rector.

Qifton : — Sacred Heart (Polish), Rev. A. Kulawy, rector pro tern,; mission, Our
Lady of Czestechowa B. V. M. Eddystone — St. Rose of Lima ; Rev. Thomas F, Ryan,
rector; Rev. Patrick D. Houston, assistant. Ivy Mills — St. Thomas the Apostle, Rev.
Daniel A. Dever, D. D., rector; Rev. James J. Devine, assistant. Mission, Kaolin, first
Sunday each month, station, Glen Mills, House of Refuge every Sunday. Kellyville —
St. Charles Borromeo, Rev. Michael G. Scully, rector; Rev. John J. CunnifF, assistant;
school-sisters of Immaculate Heart of Mary. Lansdowne — St. Philomena's, Rev. F. J.
Markee, rector; Rev. John J. Toohey; school-sisters of Immaculate Heart of Mary.
Lenni — St. Francis de Sales, Rev. William C. Farrell, rector; Rev. Joseph J. Conway,
assistant; school-sisters of St. Francis; station, Delaware County House of Refuge for
Girls. Media— -Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary ; Rev. Francis A. Brady, rector ; school-
sisters of St. Francis. Morton — Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Rev. James J. Wilson,
Tector. Norwood — St. Gabriel's, attended from Ridley Park. Ridley Park — St. Made-

422 DELAW ARE COUNTY

lines, Rev. William J. McCallen, Ph. D., rector. Sharon Hill— Holy Spirit, Rev. Joseph
Paul Monvillc, rector; Rev. Francis E. Higgins, assistant; school-sisters of the Holy
Child; Chapel, Convent of Sisters of Holy Child. Villanova— St. Thomas of Villanova,
Rev. H. A. Gallagher, O. S. A., rector; Rev. A. J. Viger, O. S. A., and Augustinian
Father assistant; school-sisters of Mercy; chapel, Augustinian Monastery, Reverend
Augustinian Fathers; St. Rita's in St. Rita's Hall. Wayne— St. Katherine of Sienna,
Very Rev. Joseph F. O'Keefe, V. F., rector.

There are churches of other denominations than those mentioned in the
foregoing chronicle, whose work for the advancement of the cause of Chris-
tianity and the uplift of the community in which they have been placed, has
been just as productive of good as have the etforts of the churches of the
more numerous denominations, to whom more space has been granted.

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EDUCATION*

With the first settlement of the territory now known as Delaware county,
began the fight for educational advantages, now so marked a feature of the
progress and enlightenment of the county. From 1684, when the first employ-
ment of a teacher is noted, the advance along educational lines has been rapid,
until now no locality is without its public school, no borough without its high
school : many private schools flourish, while three great institutions of national
fame are located within the borders of Delaware county — Swarthmore College,
Haverford College, and Pennsylvania Military Institute, all of which will have
further and extended mention.

The first public utterance on the question of education for the people at
large, is found in the general laws enacted by the second General Assembly,
held at Philadelphia, March 10, 1683, over which William Penn presided.
Chapter CXII, general laws provided:

".And to the End that Poor as well as Rich may be instructed in good and commend-
able learning, Which is to be preferred before Wealth be it, etc. That all persons in this
Province and Territories thereof, having Children and all the Guardians or Trustees of
Orphans, shall cause such to be instructed in Reading and writing; so that they may be
able to read the Scriptures and to write by that time they attain to twelve years of age.
.And that they may be taught some useful trade or skill that the poor may work to live
and the rich if they become poor may not want. Of which every county court shall take
care: And if such parents, guardians or overseer, shall be found deficient in this respect
every such parent, guardian or overseer shall pay for every such Child, five pounds.
Except there should appear an incapacity in body or understanding to hinder it."

This law was in force for ten years ; it was repealed when William and
Mary took the government of the Province out of the hands of Penn and com-
missioned Benjamin Fletcher, the Governor of New York to be Captain Gen-
eral of Pennsylvania and the territories annexed. However, in the laws made
that year the one numbered 25, entitled "The law about education of youth,"
the same law was reenacted with some changes — that part applying to guar-
dians and trustees of orphan children, their obligation to have such minors
taught to read and write depending upon their wards having, "sufficient estate
and ability to do so." Neither of these acts, however, can be considered as
meaning free public instruction, as no public funds were set apart to pay even
the slight cost of education in the branches named, reading and writing. Free
public education did not come for many years thereafter, and only then after
a fierce fight.

The first schools were established by the Society of Friends, Christopher
Taylor, a classical scholar, and prominent in the public life of the first decade,
had a school on the island of Tinicum about which little is known. It was the
first school of high grade in Pennsylvania. It was ordered by the Alonthly
Aleeting, held at Darby, September 7, 1693, "that Benjamin Clift is to teach

*For much of the material of this chapter we are indebted to the excellent "History
of Delaware County" of Henry Graham Ashmead.

424 ■ DELAWARE COUNTY

schoole," his term to begin "ye 12th of ye 7 mo." and to continue "One whole
yeare except two weeks." The annual salary was £12, but board was probably
included. These Friends schools have always been a feature of the educational
system of Delaware county. Teachers that had the proper qualifications were
few, therefore progress was slow, but each monthly meeting maintained a com-
mittee on education which had oversight of those schools established. In 1788,
Concord Meeting had three schools, and the rcjiort of the committee was that
they believed there were no Friends' children "but what received a sufficiency of
learning to fit them in a good degree for the business they are designed for."
There were also schools at Darby, Radnor, Haverford, Middletown, Springfield
and Upper Chichester and in connection with almost every Friends Meeting
throughout the county. These schools, although established for the benefit of
the Friends, were open to every denomination and being superior to any other
schools of that day were well patronized. Many, indeed, were of so high a
character that when the general system of free public education was finally es-
tablished, there were many who doubted whether any benefit would result
from the change. It must also be set down to the credit of the Friends that
the proper education of the colored population claimed a share of their atten-
tion.

In 1777, while the British troops were scouring the territory, the I'riend-
Yearly Meeting recommended that each local meeting should buy ground suf-
ficient for a school house and a house, garden and cow pasture for the teacher.
The idea was to secure a permanent teacher for each neighborhood of Friends.
This plan practically covered Delaware County.

The education of the youth of Delaware county, outside these Friends
schools, during the early years, was largely through a system of subscription
schools established in the several townships. The subscriptions were voluntary,
but when once made could be collected by law. This practice had become quite
general by 1750 and many townshiijs had school houses l)iiilt and scliooU iinin-
tained through this system of voluntary contribution. The school houses were
usually built of logs, with desks and seats of pine slabs. The teachers, some
of whom were men of learning, were as a rule hardfisted failures in life,
who ruled as despots in their little kingdoms. They were often itinerant,
mostly poorly paid, and had difficulty in collecting their dues. A few were
perfect Godsends to their children. But the quality of the teachers improved
as the population increased, better text books came into use and better facilities
were aflforded the boys and girls. Yet, from these rude schools, boys and girls
were turned out who went forward and rose to heights of prominence in both
state and church.

The Delaware county superintendent in describing these schools in 1877,
says : "There was no system of public instruction but the education of children
was almost wholly a matter of private concern. The family school was suc-
ceeded by the neighborhood school. . . . Township lines were disre-
garded. Certain persons were made trustees, who had charge of the property
and mostly appointed the teachers. The teachers were paid by their patrons

DELAWARE COUNTY 425

at the rate of two or three dollars a quarter for each child and sometimes some-
thing ndditional for wood and ink.''

The pay of the early teacher averaged about $25 monthly, the terms
varying in length from three to seven months. The old subscription and Quaker
paved the way to the public schools and only gave way before that great ad-
vance in educational methods. They did a great work in the training
of the children of the early settlers, and, it must be remembered, trnim- I and
launched upon the seas of every vocation, craft and profession, many men and
women who became famous, many who became noted, and many, many thou-
sands who filled the humbler walks of life faithfully and well. They furnished
the only opportunity for general education during the long period between
1700 and the public schools of 1834, and were, next to the churches, the great-
est force for good in the new world.

All through these years of "subscription" schools, however, there had
been the great idea of a "free school for every child," and in the constitution of
1776 there was a clause which provided that "A school or schools shall be es-
tablished in each county by the legislature for the convenient instruction of
youth, with such salaries to the teachers paid by the public as may enable them
to instruct youth at low prices." This did not, however, bring the free school
into existence, and in the constitution of 1790 another eflfort was made by the
friends of education to reach the goal of free education. The seventh clause
of the new constitution provided that "The legislature shall, as soon as con-
veniently may be, provide by law for the establishment of schools throughout
the state, in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis." But friends
were arising who made valiant effort. In 1794, Dr. William Martin, of Ches-
ter, advocated in a lengthy article in the "Aurora" (published in Philadelphia),
the necessity of establishing ptiblic seminaries of learning, and on April 4, 1809,
the legislature passed a law that the children of parents too poor to provide for
their child's education, should be properly instructed at the public cost, and
directed the manner in which this expense should be defrayed. _

All effort along the line of public education had been in behalf of the poor
child, and was not regarded at all as a duty the state owed its citizens. How-
ever, by the passage of the act of April 3, 1831, a real start was made and
means provided for the cost of maintaining public schools. This act provided
that all money due the State by holders of patented land, and all fees received
by the land office, should be invested until the interest annually would amount
to $100,000, after which time the interest was to apply to the support of the
public schools throughout the commonwealth. When the act of April i, 1834,
providing for a system of general (uiblic education was passed, about $500,000
had been received from the sources named, and the many n])iu)ncnts of the act
contended that the legislature had violated the law of 1831 in providing for the
support of the public school by direct taxation, instead of waiting until the
fund set apart by that law had reached the sum of $2,000,000, when the interest
thereon would have been available for the support of the schools. The act of
1834 was violently opposed not by the illiterate, but by great numbers of the

426 DELAWARE COUNTY

ablest and best men of the State, who should have been loudest in its favor. Dr.
George Smith and Samuel Anderson, senator and representative from Dela-
ware county, were both warm friends of the law establishing public schools.
Dr. Smith being particularly active in its support. When the act was sub-
mitted to the various townships of Delaware county, the canvass showed four-
teen townships in its favor and seven opposed to the adoption of the law. The
opponents of public schools in Delaware county held a meeting October 30,
1834, at the public house of Isaac Hall, in Nether Providence, that was pre-
sided over by so influential a man as Benjamin Pearson, Jonas P. Yarnall act-
ing as secretary. This meeting adopted unanimously the following resolution :
"Resolved, That we disapprove of the law passed at the last session of the leg-
islature as a system of general education, believing that it is unjust and im-
politic. That it was never intended by our constitution that the education of
those children, whose parents were able to educate them, should be educated
at the public expense."

The meeting also appointed Dr. Joseph Wilson, Joseph Gibson, James S.
Peters, George Lewis and Benjamin Pearson, a committee to draft a memorial
to the General .Assembly, which, while it did not disapprove of the constitution
of 1790 providing for the education of the poor, gratis, declared the law of
1834 was oppressive, because it: "imposed a disproportionate and unreasona-
ble burden on the middle class of the community, who can partake but little of
its benefits." The memorial also objected that the authority of the school di-
rectors, under the provisions of the new law. was unlimited, having power to
tax the citizens to any extent, and "being responsible to nobody" ; that the as-
sessments for state and county purposes were sufficiently oppressive "without
any addition to carry into operation an experiment of doubtful efficacy," and
for these reasons they petitioned for the repeal of the law. Captain James Ser-
rill and Joseph Bunting were appointed a committee to have the memorial
printed, and a committee of sixty-four persons was appointed to circulate
printed copies for signatures and return ihcm to the chairman by November
1st following.

In the meantime, friends of the act creating a public school system were
equally active. On November 4, 1834, the school delegates from all the town-
ships except Aston and Concord met with the county commissioners in the
court house at Chester, in accordance with the provisions of the act. George
C. Leiper was chairman, and Homer Eachus secretary. The proceedings were
stormy, but by a vote of thirteen to nine it was ordered that $2500 should be
appropriated for school purposes, and a meeting of the citizens at the usual
place of election in each township was called to be held November 20th follow-
ing, to ratify or reject the action of the delegates and commissioners. A meet-
ing of those favoring the appropriation was held at Hall's Tavern, in Nether
Providence, November 13, William Martin acting as president, J. Walker Jr.
and I. E. Bonsall vice-presidents; J. S. White and A. D. William.son, secre-
taries. The following resolution was adopted •

DELAWARL; LOfXTY 427

"That the tax levied by the commissioners and delegates ought to be extended to
bonds, mortgages, stocks, etc., in the same proportion as on real estate, and that in order
to raise an additional tax for the support of common schools, that the directors in the
several districts shall meet as directed in the seventh section and determine whether
there shall be an additional tax, and, if they decide in the affirmative, then the clerk of
the board shall notify the directors, who shall determine the amount and be authorized
to levy and collect such tax on bonds, mortgages and profitable occupations, as well as
real estate, and the proper officers of the townships constitute a court of appeals in case
any person may think himself aggrieved in the amount of tax so levied by said directors."

The same meeting adopted second and third resolutions. The second en-
dorsed the course of Governor Wolf in the matter of public education, as also
that of the members of the assembly who had voted for the measure ; the third
resolution appointed a committee to prepare a memorial to be presented to the
legislature. This memorial declared that the signers were "deeply impressed
with the importance of a proper system of education by common schools
throughout the State. They have examined the last act passed at the last session
of the legislature for that purpose, and are of the opinion that the objects con-
templated by the law would be greatly promoted by an alteration in the mode
of raising the money necessary to support public .schools. So far as the law
bears equally on all they cheerfully acquiesce in it, but some of its provisions
they deem burdensome and unequal m their operations on a portion of their
fellow citizens. The landed interest, as the law now exists, pays nearly the
whole expense of the system, while many that are proper objects of taxation,
contribute but a very small proportion." The memorial, after suggesting the
taxation of bonds, mortgages and money at interest and the method of collect-
ing from the townships concludes : "Your m.emorialists remonstrate against a
repeal of the law. and are only desirous that the matter may have your deliber
ate consideration : sensible that such amendments will be adopted as you may
deem most beneficial and just, tending to equalize the operations of the law,
the effects of which will strengthen the system, disseminate knowledge among
the people, the only sure means of perpetuating the principles of national lib-
erty."

This memorial, with twelve other petitions against repeal, signed by 873
names, was presented to the legislature from Delaware county, a number three
times greater than from any other county. Thirty-three petitions for repeal
signed by 1024 names was also presented. The law was never repealed, but
formed the basis of all following legislation under which the public school
system of the State has been built up.

It was not wholly a mercenary motive which induced the opposition to the
law. The religious denominations had grown up with the idea that education
was a part of religion and could not be properly severed from it. With this
idea they had at considerable sacrifice formed a school system which they
feared, and as shown, justly feared, could not be continued in competition with
a state supported scheme. It is a matter rather of surprise that so many
Friends were willing to join with their neighbors, on the ground of the com-
mon good in supporting the new system of free schools. Dr. George Smith

428 DELAWARE COUNTY

cne of their miinber was head of the committee on education in the Senate and
much of the labor of passing the bill in the early critical days devolved on him.

The eleven townships of Delaware county that accepted the law on No-
vember 24, 1834, were: Chester, Haverford, Lower Chichester, Marple, Neth-
er Providence, Radnor, Ridley, Upper Darby and Upper Chichester, but soon
afterward it was accepted by all and placed in operation. The report of James
Findlay, secretary of the commonwealth, dated March 2, 1835, states that in
Delaware county all the school districts had accepted the law, that the State ap-
propriation was $1070.93. and that $2200 had been voted to be raised in the
county by ta.x. From that time each township has operated under the State
law which determines the powers of school boards in school districts, and plain-
ly outlines the course to be followed. LTnder this law Delaware county has
built up a strong system of public schools ; the buildings in which they are
housed are creditable : the personnel of the teaching corps is as high as present
•salaries will allow. The county is divided into forty-four school districts, each
township being suprem? m its power over the districts within its bortlers. In
19 1 2 the value of school property within the county outside the independent
districts of Chester, Radnor and Darby, was $1,143,663.11; the average
monthly salary paid men was $114, and women $53. High schools where stu-
dents can prepare for college are maintained in eight districts, while in si.x
schools a course of manual training is part of the curriculum. The countv has
been fortunate in its selection of superintendents of public instruction, they
having been uniformly men in full sympathy with the cause of public education,
each striving to place the schools upon a higher plane of efficiency.

A great number of parochial schools and those of higher grade have al-
ways been maintained by the Roman Catholic Church for the education of their
youth, and at present, schools, seminaries and academies adequate in scope,
with a sufficient corps of experienced teachers, flourish within the borders of
Delaware county. No other strictly denominational schools are now main-
tained in the county, others being open to all religious bodies.

TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS.

Aston. — That schools existed in .\ston prior to 1777 is proven by the testi-
mony of Thomas Dutton, a centenarian, who related that on the da)' the battle
of Brandywine was fought, he, then a lad of nine years, heard the aged school
master, James Rigby, say, on hearing booming of the cannon at Chadd's Ford,
but a few miles away : "Go home, children ; I can't keep school to-day." There
was, however, no school building, so far as known, until 1802, when on May
II of that year Samuel Hewes, of Aston, conveyed to William Pennell and
Thomas Dutton "for the use of a school, a house thereon to be built," a lot of
land comprising an acre. The lot was to be held "in trust and for the use of a
school, a house to be built thereon for the use. Ijcnefit and behoof of the sub-
scribers towards building said house." The building thus erected was known
as the Octagon building, at Village Green, and therein, about 1820, James Mc-
Mullen was the teacher. In 1836, when the public school act had gone into ef-

DELAWARE COUNTY 429.

feet and the board of directors for Aston township was organized, the old
school house passed into the possession of the township, and on September 30,
1836, a school was opened there with Nicholas F. Walter as teacher of the
lower room, at a salary of $25 monthly, and Mrs. Moore was appointed teach-
er of the upper room. The Stony Bank school was next opened ; Martins
school-house next, later known as the "Logtown" school, that name giving way
in 1880 to its present name — Chester Heights school. Rockdale followed with
temporary quarters until 1853, when the Aston public school was built at Rock-
dale. The township now employs eight teachers, the schools being kept open
nine months in the year. The salaries of teachers range from $40 to $50
monthly, and the estimated value of school property in the township is $20,800.
Bethel. — About the year 1800, Caesar Paschal, a colored servant of Mark
Wilcox, sold a tract of ground to a committee, on which a log school house
was erected which was used but a short time. Twenty years prior, in 1780, a
subscription school house of stone was erected on the corner of Kirk road,
where in later years Thomas Booth had his shops. This building was torn
down in 1825, having ceased to be used for school purposes several years ear-
lier. In 1824 a school was opened in a stone building erected on a lot pur-
chased from John Larkin, on the Bethel road, east of Booth's Corner, that was
later known as public school No. i, having prior to the act of 1834 been a sub-
scription school. This building was torn down in 1868 to make way for a new
school house costing $1600. In 1839 a one-story octagon house was erected at
Booth's Corner that was used as a school until it was destroyed by fire several
years later. It was at once replaced by a new building that was used until
1870, when it was torn down and a building erected, known as public school
No. 2. School No. 3 was erected in i860 on the Bethel road, a short distance
west of Chelsea. The township now employs three teachers for a term of nine
months, at salaries of $40 to $50 monthly. The value of school property is

$7,700.

Birmmgham.—Tht first school house in this township was built on a lot
conveyed by John Burgess, April 30, 1806, "for the use of a school, but for no
other purpose whatever,"' Burgess reserving the timber growing on the lot. A
stone school house was built thereon, the cost being defrayed by the neighboring
residents. The building was located in the southeastern part of the township,
and was known for many years as Mount Racket. In 1825 Eli Harvey gave
the use of an old hipped roof house, built before the Revolution, it is said, for
school purposes. In addition to the free use of this house, Mr. Harvey also
furnished firewood grates. About i82f) Joseph Russell lived at the Baptist
ch.inch, and taught school in the shed adjoining his dwelling. About 1828-30.
Milcena Gilpin taught a subscription school in the dwelling house near the (jld
Butcher mill, the property then being owned by her father, Isaac G. Gilpin.
Near Dilworthtown, on Thomas Williamson's property was a frame school
house which Williamson sold for one dollar. This school was discontinued in
1841. There was also an octagon shaped building, erected near the residence
of Squire Robert Frame, that was known as the "Frame school house" ; anoth-

430 DELAWARE COUNTY

er near Robert Bullock's, called the ISuUock school house. All these buildings,
after the public school law was accepted, became the pro|)ert)' of the township.
The township at the present time is divided into three school districts, and em-
ploys three teachers, receiving salaries from $40 to $50 monthly. The esti-
mated value of school property in the district is S6550, and the schools are open
for a term of nine months.

Upper Chichester. — In 1793 the Society of Friends established a school in
Upper Chichester which was maintained by the Society until the public school
system was introduced. There was also, previous to 1825, a subscription
school maintained in a brick house built for the purpose on the site of the pres-
ent public school building No. i, within a short distance of the village known
successively as Chichester Cross Road, McCaysville and Chichester. After
the adoption of the public law this building became the property of the town-
ship and was continued for school ]nu-poses until 1867, when it was torn down
and replaced with a two-story building at a cost of $2500, for the lower story,
the second story being paid for by subscriptions of citizens of the township, in
order that they might have a room for Sunday school purposes and for public
meetings. John Talbot was the first teacher under the new law, but, being un-
able to maintain discipline, the school was closed until the directors could se-
ctu-e a more efficient teacher, he appearing in the person of Joseph Henderson.

The Button school house, on the road leading from Aston to Marcus
Hook, was built many years prior to the adoption of the free school system,
and was known as the Stone, or White school house. After the schools be-
came free, this school passed under the control of the township, and an addi-
tion was added in 1838. In May, 1837, Elizabeth llarvey began teaching there,
but December 18 of the same year John Lloyd was teacher. In 1870 the school
directors innxhased land adjoining the school lot, the ancient stone building
was removed, and a modern school building erected. ISy 1842 these two schools
became so overcrowded that an additional school was opened December 9, in a
house of Salkeld Larkin on the Chichester and Concord road, Luke Pennell be-
ing the first teacher. This school, known as No. 3, was kept at the Larkin
house until 1859, when the Larkin school house was erected ; school continued
in the building until 1874, then was discontinued, but again opened and contin-
ued until fune, 187C), when the school was finally closed. The township now
contains four school districts, and employs four teachers, for a term of nine
months, at salaries varying from $45 to $65 monthly; value of school prop-
erty, $5500.

Lo'iVcr Chichester. — The first school of which there is record in Lower
Qiichester was conducted under the auspices of the Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Cospel in Foreign Parts, and was held in the frame house of wor-
ship on St. Martin's lot, after the first brick church was erected in 1745, and
continued for nearly sixty years. In 1801 a brick school house was erected on
the church lot, the cost being borne by members of the parish. Here all public
meetings of the township were held it would appear, but certainly so after
1805. The old church house was torn down in i860 by William Trainer, who

DELAWARE COUNTY 431

gave $100 for the materials. About 1854 the Cedar Grove school house, near
the Baptist graveyard, was erected, aud old St. Martin's school, after sixty
years of usefulness, was discontinued. After the passage of the school law of
1834, the directors erected a school house near Linwood Station, on land do-
nated by John D. White, one of the directors. The building was so poorly con-
structed that it was torn down, and in 1844 another school house was built at
Rocky Hill. In 1880 a modern school building was erected on the Southern
post road at Trainer's Station. In i860 and for some time thereafter, the
Misses Emanuel conducted a private educational institution in Lower Chiches-
ter, known as Linwood Seminary. The township now comprises seven school
districts, employing seven teachers, for a term of nine months. The value of
school property in the township is estimated at $15,000.

Concord. — The first schools known in Concord were conducted by the So-
ciety of Friends. In 1827 a two-story school house was erected, and in it there
was a separation of the children'into grades. In the following year the Friends
division came, and henceforth Orthodox and Hicksite children were educated
in separate schools. The first board of directors, under the act of 1836, met and
arrived at a .decision, best expressed in the following notice posted throughout
the township :

"Notice : At a meeting, Concord, September 2, 1836. To all concerned : The direc-
tors of the district of Concord have resolved to open three schools in said district, viz :
At Millers or Lower school and Union school near Newlin's store and Upper school,
Concord Hill, on Second Day, the 12th inst. for the reception of all children over four
years old, for tuition and instruction. By order of the Board, Reece Pyle, Secretary."

The first teachers employed were Neal Duffee, at Mattson's : Jesse Green,
for the Flam school ; and Alexander McKeever for Concord. In 1853 the
school houses in the township were Hatton's No. i ; Mattson's No. 2 ; Gam-
ble's, No. 3 ; and Sharpless No. 4.

The first school house erected in the township, except that of the Friends,
was upon land donated for the purpose by Levi Mattson. It was a one-story
stone building, the lot containing half an acre, located on the north side of the
great road from Concord to Chester. The cost of the building was borne by
subscriptions from those living near by, and school was held therein and is the
school mentioned in the foregoing notice as Miller's, or Lower School. From
1812 to 18x5, John McClugen whose Saturday night libations at the Cross
Keys Tavern often incapacitated him from Monday morning appearance at
school, was the teacher. In 1859 another stone school house was erected on
the lot at a cost of $9-14. A school house was also built on the»road leading
from Naaman's creek to Concord road in 1827, which under the public school
act became in 1836 public school No. 3, and so continued until 1856, when a
new school house was erected at Johnson's Corners, and the old property sold.
In 1837 a school was established at the house of Matthew Ash, in the vicinity
of Concord Friends' meeting house, in which a public school was maintained
for a long time. The first agitation for a school house in Concordville was

432 DELAWARE COUNTY

made in i860, hut nothing was accomplished until 1873-74, when a comtnodiou&
two-story brick building was erected at a cost of $4000, located on the State
road at the western end of the village.

On June 15, 1847, the directors purchased land of Caspar Sharpless and
erected a stone school house which was opened May 15, 1848, with Sarah C.
Walton as the first teacher. In 1870 the lot was exchanged with Fairman Rog-
ers for one in close proximity to JMarkham Station, on which a building forty
by forty feet was erected. The Spring Valley school house was erected in
1852, and was in use for school purposes until 1870, wlien it was abandoned,
the district being combined with Concordville and McCartney districts. The
McCartney lot was purchased about 1878, and a school house erected, now
known as No. 5, situated in the southern part of the township, below Smith's
Crossing. The Concord township was the home for years of Maplewood In-
stitute, founded in 1862, by Prof. Joseph Shortlidge ; and of Ward Academy,
founded in 1882, both now passed out of existence. The township employs six
teachers, at salaries varying from $45 to $65 monthly, who teach nine months
each year. School property in the district is valued at $20,560.

Darby. — On September 25, 1837. the school directors of the western school
district purchased a lot from the administrator of the estate of John Shaw Jr.,
on which they erected a one-story building which was used until 1874, then re-
placed by a modern brick school building. The Southern school, located on
Calcon Hook, has existed since 1850, when the first school house was built,
but replaced in 1871 by the present building. African school is located on the
Horntown road. The first school building was of frame, and stood on a lot
originally owned by George G. Knowlcs until 1875, when it was replaced by
the present brick structure. The schools of Darby borough will appear else-
where. Darby township is now divided into seven districts, and employs
seven teachers, for a term of nine months, at salaries varying from $45 to $55 ;
value of school property $69,000.

Upper Darby. — The first official record of land being set apart for school
purposes in Upper Darby is in a deed made in 1779, conveying twenty-four
perches of ground on the Darby and Haverford road, near the residence of
Isaac Garrett. On this lot a school house was erected, that is distinctly shown
on John Hill's "Map of Philadelphia and its Environs," published in 1807. In
that school Isaac Garrett was one time a teacher, and William and John Sellers
pupils. Formerly under control of a board of trustees, it was transferred to
the township school directors after the passage of the public school act of
1836. On February 18, 1833, a lot was granted, and later a school house
erected and ^ school maintained there, known as the Union school. On this
site the present stone school house near the William Walker grist mill was erected,
the Union school being transferred by its trustees to the township, after the
passage of the act of 1836.

On the Springfield road, west of Clifton, is a building which for many
years was used as a school house, continuing as such until 1871. On March
23, :87i, a lot was purchased and the present two-story brick school house

DELAWARE COUNTY 433

erected at a cost of nearly S6000, the old school house and lot being sold for
$1000. The Central school house above Garrettsford was erected in 1838, and
in 1873 another school house was built on the same lot, and schools have since
been conducted in both buildings. In 185 1 a school house was built at Kelley-
ville, and used until 1871, when the school was discontinued.

On June 6, 1873, the residents of Pattonville (now Fernwood) petitioned
for a school, which was granted, and the old Methodist church was leased for a
schoolroom and used until 1875, when the present two-story brick building was
erected. In 1869 the brick building used for the parochial school of St. Charles
Borromeo Church at Kelleyville was erected, and is under the control of the
Catholic church. Upper Darby now employs the services of twenty teachers,
for a term of ten months. \'alue of school property, $80,000. The township
maintains a high school with five teachers, also for a term of ten months, the
course covering four years of study. A special course in music is also included
in the course. The building is a two-story brick, on Lansdowne Drive ; Hen-
derson M. Mendenhall, prinfcipal.

Edgmont. — One of the first school houses in Edgmont of which there is
recorfl, was built about 1760, in the eastern part of the township, near the line
of Upper Providence. This house was of stone, the mortar used, a composi-
tion of clay and straw. Thomas Hammer was a teacher there, and also taught
in Upper Providence, but in 1799 was a shot keeper in Edgmont. This old
school house was not in use in 1800, and about 18(10 was torn down. What
was later the Central District, was known as Big Edgmont. There a stone
school house was erected in 1749, and in 1809 a new stone building was erected
upon its site, which remained in use until 1870, when the present school house
was erected. Isaac Wood was the first teacher in the second house. In 1841
the school directors purchased a lot in the southern part of the township, on
which they erected a stone school house, that was abandoned after being in
use about ten years. The stone school house in the western district, known as
No. I, was built in 1867. A stone school house erected in the southern district
in 1843, known as No. 3, was in use until 1875, when a lot was purchased from
Jesse Green and Isaac Sharpless, about three hundred yards from the old
building, and a new stone school building erected.

A private school building known as Edgmont Central Seminary was
erected in 1809, and a school maintained for several years. This Iniilding
erected of stone was torn down in 1870. Edgmont now employs three teach-
ers, for a term of nine months, at salaries from $40 to $50; value of school

property, $6500.

Havcrford. — While doubtless schools were maintained from a much earlier
date, the first recorded purchase of land for school purposes was on October
28, 1799, when a lot was bought in the southwestern part of the township,
near the present school building, "for the purpose of erecting a school house
thereon, and for no other purpose or use." A stone building was erected
which was used for school purposes until 1883, when it was abandoned, a
substantial stone building having been erected to take its place.
29

434 DELAW ARR COUNTY

On tlic Townsond Cooper property, formerly owned b_\- Levi Lukes, a
stone school hoii.se was built about 1814. It was torn down about 1835, not hav-
ing been used as a school house for several years prior to that date, .\bout 1830
another school house was built on the lands of Jonathan Miller, near tlie Dick-
inson grist mill, on Cobb's creek. John Moore was a teacher there for several
years. On a corner of the Darby road and a roafl leading from the West Chester
road to Clifton mills, a stone school house was built al)Out 1874. on a lot pur-
chased from William Davis. Another school house was built near the Mont-
gomery county line, on Mrs. Sarah O'Connor's property, east of Cobb's Creek.
In Haverford township is also located that |)rospcrous and useful institution —
Haverford College, .that will have extended mention elsewhere. Haverford
township employs twenty-two teachers, for a term of nine and a half months,
at salaries varying from S40 to $160 monthly. A two-story stone high school
building has recently been completed at Oakmont. within which five teachers
give instruction in a four years course of study, with special teachers in draw-
ing and music. School property in the township is valued at $122,800; while
$178,000 has been voted for school buildings not yet completed. Principal
of high school, Joseph W. Huf¥.

Mar pic. — The first school of record in .Maiple was established in 1785. On
May 31, 1 79 1, Enoch Ta}ior and wife conveyed a quarter of an acre of ground
on the west side of the Marple road, in trust, for use of a school to be kept un-
der the direction of the Chester Meeting of Friends. On December 20 of the
same year, David Hall and wife conveyed a lot adjoining for the same purpose.
On these lots a school house was erected and used until about 1836. when it
was abandoned. On December 24. 1836. the schcjol directors ]iurchased land
,in wdnich they erected a school house to succeed the first mentioned one. In
1857 the second school house was sold to Nathan W. Latcher. and a new-
building erected on the site wdiich was used until 1877. In the latter year the
present brick school house, known as No. 2. was erected. On August 28. 1877,
the court authorized the Chester Friends Meeting to sell the old lot. and it be-
came the ])roperty of Malachi Stone, he paying $1000 for the property. On
March 21, 1818, John Craig, in consideration of one dollar and that a school
house should be built thereon, conveyed a piece of ground near firoomall, on
which a stone school house was erected. This school was under the care of
trustees until the school law of i83r) went into efl'ect, when it was transferred
to directors. The house of 18 18 was used until 1855, when it was removed and
a two-story building erected in its place. On February 22. 1837, a lot was
bought from Benjamin Garrett and a stone building erected. This lot was con-
veyed in "consideration of i^romoting the education and literary instruction of
the youth, resident in or belonging to the township of Marple." Thai building
was used until the present stone building was erected in 1877, on the same lot
but nearer the road. This is known as the Ce<lar Crove school house. Marple
school district employs four teachers, at salaries of $30 to $33 monthly; value
of school property $6300.

Miiliilrin'ii')!. — Documents arc e.xtant that show that as early as 1740 a

DELAWARE COUNTY 435

school of considerable importance existed in Middletovvn, the building in which
it was located having been donated by Thomas Yarnall and Thomas Minshall.
This school was at one time in charge of George Deeble, a one-armed Eno--
lishman, a very capable instructor. On May 16, 1749, a plot near the Presby-
terian Church, on the Edgemont road, was conveyed to trustees for school
purposes. On this lot a stone school house was built, which was standing in
1835, as in that year it was mentioned by the school directors as "near Mid-
dletovvn Meeting House" and designated as school No. 3. As early as 1783,
Friends of Middletown established a school at their meeting house, the old
stone building in which it was held now standing unused on the church lot.
The society maintained this school until 1827, when the separation into two
bodies placed it under the control of the Hicksite branch, who continued it for
several years. Three well known teachers— John Hutton, Jacob flaines and
Jehu Broomall— taught in this school during the period 1815-20. James Emlen,
at the time the Friends separated, was teaching a private school in a house near
the old Emlen mill. At the same house the Orthodox Friends held their meet-
ings and kept their school until 1836. After completing their meeting house,
about that year, they erected a stone school house upon the same lot that has
been used as a school building until a recent date.

In 1813 a school house is mentioned in the road docket as "William Smed-
ley's school house," which was used as a house in 1808. It was located at the
forks of the Rose Tree and Middletown roads ; was accepted by the school di-
rectors in 1835 : designated school No. 2 and discontinued in 1839. In 1837 a
half-acre of land was bought from Nicholas Fairlamb and a school house was
erected. At a meeting of the school directors in November of that year, it was
determined that the Fairlamb school house "lately erected, shall be called No.
I ; the school house near William Smedley. No. 2 ; the school house at the Mid-
dletown Meeting House, No. 3 ; and the school house lately erected near Riddle
factory, No. 4." On December i. 1837, the directors decided these schools
should open December 19 that year. Public notice was given that four. teachers
would be employed, but five were examined and employed for a term of three
rfionths, the fifth school being located in a house near the Pitts farm, where
later a school house was erected.

In 1839 a school house was built in the western part of the township, on
land purchased from Joshua Sharpless. In 1841 another school house was
built at what is known as the "Barrens." which was used until 1868, when it
was replaced by a much larger and better building, known as No. 8. The
building known as No. 5 was completed in June, 1840. The report of the di-
rectors, dated July 16, 1849. show that in the townshiji at that time there were
six schools open seven months of the year, employing four male and two fe-
male teachers, instructing 192 male and 228 female pupils. The average num-
ber attending each school was 70; the amount of tax collected $1015.43; cost
of instruction, $1008. School No. 7 was built near Knowltoir m 1850, and at
the same time a hall was rented at Spring Hill for school purposes. In 1858
Samuel Riddle's ofifer to furnish a room for school purposes was accepted, and

436 DELAWARE COUNTY

the school was known as Glen Riddle school. This was later abandoned and
the Knowlton lot sold in 1869. In 1861 the present No. 7 school was built at
Lima. In 1864 a school house was built on land secured from Samuel Riddle
and school opened there November 28, 1864. The old buildings becoming aged
and inadequate, were in the following years replaced with ones more modern
and changes made in the numbering. The township employs nine teachers, at
gilaries varying from $45 to $65 ; value of school property, $11,100.

Ncwtoivn. — One of the earliest schools in Delaware county was maintained
ut old Newtown Square, early in the last century. It was used as early as
1750, for Benjamin West, the famous painter, then a lad of twelve years,
attended school there that year. It was built of logs, the rude desks being
fastened to the sides of the building. The log house was removed in 1815
and a similar building erected which was used until 1820. No trace of it now
remains. For many years a copybook was preserved in which young West,
"while at school in Newtown Square, had drawn numerous pictures of vari-
ous animals, etc., and there is a tradition that these were made as compensa-
tion for assistance given him in arithmetic by another schoolboy named Wil-
liamson, the owner of the book, the youthful artist not having much taste for
figures."

In 1749, a stone school house was erected on a knoll in front of St.
David's Church, in which school was kept until 1820. This building was
removed in comparatively recent years. About 181 5, the Friends of Newtown
Meeting erected a one-story octagon shaped school house on the meeting
house lot. This school was maintained by subscription, as was usual in
the early days, and on the death of Dr. Jonas Preston, in 1836, by his will,
his estate was charged with the annual payment of $200 towards the sup-
port of this school. This fund for a great many years paid the salary of the
teacher. After the law of 1834 became operative there being no school houses
in the township except this one, application was made by the school directors
to the Society for its use, but the request was denied. On August 11, 1836, a
stone octagonal shaped school house was erected on the West Chester road,
above Newtown Square, which was continued in use for many years, until the
stone building known as Chestnut Grove Seminary was built to take its place.
On July 23, 1839, a piece of land was bought from Isaac Thomas, located on
the road leading from Berwyn to St. David's post office, and was erected
thereon a stone school house which continued in use until 1870, when a lot was
purchased on the Leopard road, at .St. David's post office, and a stone house
erected in the same year, the old building then being abandoned for scliool pur-
poses. In 1841 a lot located on the west side of the West Chester road, east of
Newtown .Square, was donated for school purposes by Isaac Foulk, the deed
providing that in case the ground ceased to be used for school purposes it should
revert to his heirs. A stone school house was erected thereon by the directors
and used for about twenty-five years, then was abandoned. There are now em-
ployed five teachers, for a nine month? term, at salaries of $53 to $73. A high

DELAWARE COUNTY 437

school is maintained in the township, giving a two years course. M. Adele
Caley, teacher; value of school property, $13,500.

Nether Providence. — On February 10, i8io, a lot was purchased and later
a stone school liouse erected at what is now Hinkson"s Corners. A school was
there maintained, known as a Union school until April 26, 1841, when it was
transferred by the trustees to the school directors. In January, 186 1, it was
transferred of the school district, which at the same time purchased land ad-
joining. In June, 1866, the old house was torn down and the present structure
erected, and in 1881 an addition was built. One of the early teachers was Ca-
leb Pierce, a noted pedagogue, who taught there in 1821. In 1812 the Friends
near what is now the borough of Media built a school house on their land, in
which school was kept until 1840, when a school house was built in what is now
the borough of Media. When the borough schools were organized in 1856,
this school was used jointly by borough and township for a time, then became
the property of the borough, then sold and converted into a dwelling house. In
1857 the township being without a school in that section, erected the present
brick school house at Briggsville.

In 1840 a lot was purchased at Pleasant Hill, and a stone school house was
erected at a cost of $3000. The Todmorton school was first kept in the lower
story of the Presbyterian church, erected by William T. Cook, at his mills.
This is in Crookville school district, over which there were legal proceedings
necessary in order to establish their right to be a separate school district and
maintain a school. The school at Avondale Mills was built in 1840 of stone,
one-story high. This was used until after 1861, when it was abandoned and
became a ruin. Although Nether Providence at first refused to recognize the
validity of the public school act of 1834, they later came into line, and the cause
of education is there warmly supported. There are ten teachers now employed
in the township, for a term of nine and a half months, at salaries ranging from
$58 to $90 monthly. A high school is also maintained, giving a two years
course. This school, known as Wallingford High School, is housed in a two-
story stone building, employs two regular teachers, with special teachers in vo-
cal music and drawing ; value of school property, $22,500.

Upper Providcnee. — The present Blue Hill school house stands on the
site of one of the ancient school buildings of the county. When the first
building was erected is not known, but in 1877 a school was in existence there.
Some of the early teachers of this school were Jesse Haines, Martha Crom-
well, Thomas Hammer, Samuel Brown, Thomas Megarge, Elizabeth Pass-
more, John Hammer and W. Light foot. The first building was evidently of
logs, but prior to 1797 a stone school house was built by subscription. George
Miller, by will dated January 12, T794, probated 1797, devised to Jacob Min-
shall one acre, two square perches, of land, "with all buildings thereon," in
trust, for the "Society of Protestants, commonly called Quakers," of Chester
Monthly Meeting, for "the use of a school to be kept thereon" under the care
of Friends. School was kept there under the direction of the Chester :\leet-

438 DELAWARE COUNTY

iiig until 1837, when the old Blue Hill school passed to the school directors of
the towushii). In 1872 the old school house was rebuilt.

Sandy Bank school Xo. 2 was established on the Providence road below
Rose Tree in 1837, and school maintained in the original building until 1870,
when a brick building was erected on a lot adjoining. Prior to 1872 a school
had been maintained in a house belonging to Samuel Bancroft, near the
Burnt ^lills (Manchester Mills), the present brick building known as dis-
trict Xo. I, having been erected in 1872. Upper Providence now employs six
teachers for a term of nine months, at salaries varying from $50 to $65
monthly; value of school property, $15,500.

Radnor. — Prior to the adoption of tlie public school law oi 1834, schools
had been rnaintained in the township from its early settlement. They were sub-
scription schools, mainly kept open only in the winter and for periods of vary-
ing length. The first court record of schools is in 1825, when it is known
school trustees ("school men") were elected. In 1827 it is recorded that land
was purchased by the "school men" of ^lordecai Lewis, on which to erect a
Union school.

In 1837 the first jiurchase of land by school directors under the new act
was made. In 1855 another purchase was made, and others have continued as
necessity required. Suitable buildings have at all times been provided, and in
public education Radnor compares favorably with other townships. In this
township X'illanoya CoUege, belonging to the Catholic Brotherhood of St. Au-
gustine, is located. This college, an offshoot of St. Augustine's, of Phila-
delphia, was founded by Rev. John Possidius O'Dwyer. The first building
was the two and a half story stone house, tlie former residence of John
Rudolf, from whom the property was purchased. Building after building has
been added on a large scale until nov^f the college comprises a convent with
novitiate and study house for members of the order ; a college for the educa-
tion of the laity of the church, in the classics, arts and sciences; church,
chapel and all the varied buildings attached to a complete monastic and edu-
cational institution of this class. The grounds are extensive, the buildings
costly, stately and beautiful, wholly adapted to their intended uses.

Radnor township is an independent .school district, of the third class, em-
ploying thirty-six teachers for a term of nine and a half months, at salaries
varying from $45 to $168 monthly. This includes all grades from primary to
high school inclusive.

Tiniatm. — From the earliest settlement of the island of Tinicum in the
Delaware, schools in form not differing from those of other townships of
Delaware county, have been maintained. Public schools have existed since
their creation by the act of 1834, and the township now employs five teachers
for a term of nine months, at .salaries ranging from $50 to $60 monthly.
School property in the township is valued at .$19,000, including the new school
building <ledicated to educational jmrposes, November 11, 191 1. The building
contains four large well lighted rooms, with suitable furniture, light and heat.

Thornhury. — In 1715 a deed wa.s made for a lot located near the Chester

DELAWARE COUNTY 439

county line, on the road leading from Concord to Dilworthtown, and there at
about the same time a school house was built that was destroyed by fire in
1810 and rebuilt. The lot was transferred to the school directors of the town-
ship in 1837. and school was kept in the second building until December, 1842,
when that building also was destroyed by fire. A third stone house was built
on tlie site and used until 1872, when it was removed and the present brick-
building erected, now known as Western District school house. In the ancient
deed the right to a foot ])ath three feet w^ide to a spring not far distant, was
granted. This right granted in 171 5 was taken advantage of by the pupils
until 1880, when a water supply was furnished much nearer the school house.

The Eastern District school house, erected in 1863, was substituted in that
year for a stone school house built in 1839, a half mile south of the present
building. The first school house in the Central District of Thornbury was
built in 1820, located on ground belonging to Nathan Hunt, who taught school
in a frame house built by himself. Here in 1840 the school directors built a
stone school house that existed until 1863, when the present brick building
was erected.

-A school district exists in the northwestern part of the township, which is
formed from a part of Westtown township, Chester county, the school house
for this district lying in Westtown township. This district, created by act of
legislature, J\Iay i, 1852, is known as the Westtown and Thornbury School
District. In 1861 the residents living east of the district just named also peti-
tioned for the erection of an independent and separate school district. This
was granted by act of April i, 1861, and the district was enlarged by act of
April 9, 1873 — the district known as Union School District of Chester and
Delaware counties. Thornbury employs five teachers, at salaries of $45 to
$55 monthly; value of school property, $13,300.

Springfield. — A school was maintained in Springfield as early as 1793, un-
der the care of the Society of Friends. The Yellow school house was erected
prior to 1800, on land lying along the Springfield and Darby road, at its inter-
section by the road froiu the Rhoads farm to the Chester and Springfield road.
One of the early teachers was an Englishman named McCue. who taught for
several years, but at last fell a victim to his intemperate habits, being found
dead in a haxmow. The Yellow school house was used until 1852. when the
present Central school house was built. .About 1822 a stone school house was
built near the line of Ridley township, one mile south of Oakdale post office,
that was use<l until 1857, when the Oakdale school house, called Oakdale Sem-
inary, was built, and the old school house near Ridley abandoned. In 1855 the
'school house on Darby creek, near Hey's mill, was erected, and is still standing.
In 1830 a school house was erected by trustees, that was in use from 1836 to
1857 by the township as a public school. On April 1. 1857, Seth Pancoast, the
surviving trustee, sold the lot to the school directors, who erected the present
two-story stone building, the upper story being used for a hall, the expense of
its construction having been defrayed by subscription.

The present two-story brick house at Morton was erected in 1875, at a

440 DELAWARE COUNTY

cost of $3500. The lower part was built by the townshi]). the upper story by a
stock company, the township having the right to lake it for school purposes,
should necessity require, by paying the stockholders $2000. The lot on which
it is built was donated by Alexander Young. The township now employs five
teachers, at salaries of $50 to $rx) monthly : value of school property, $14,294.

Springfield township is also the home of Swarthmore College, founded in
1866, that is the subject of a separate article. Swarthmore Preparatory School
is a flourishing school for boys, near the college. During its whole history it
has been under the efificient control and ownership of Arthur H. Tomlinson.

Ridley. — In 1800 a school house was erected by subscription on land do-
nated by Caleb Davis, located on the north side of the great road. The first
teacher was Jacob Fenton, a graduate of Dartmouth College. An agreement
made with him is of interest. It provided he should "teach a regular day
school, subject to the direction of the trustees of said school, in the rudiments
of the English language, reading, writing, arithmetic, book-keeping, geography,
and either or every branch of the mathematics, at the rate of $2 a quarter, for
every scholar subscribed for the term of three months to commence on the
twentieth day of tenth month 1800: and the undersigned subscribers to said
school agree to pay the said Fenton, or order, $2 for every scholar subscribed,
together with a reasonable charge for wood and ink." Before the winter had
passed, Fenton was in financial difficulties. He sent his bills before they were
due, refused to allow for time lost by absence, and at the end of his term bade
the trustees defiance and kept possession of the school. The trustees resolved
to eject him. The following brief entry, January, 1801, is significant: "On the
morning of the 23rd, the foregoing resolution of the trustees was carried into
eflFect."

On August 20, i8oo. a school lot was conveyed, lying on the Lazaretto be-
tween the Southern post road and ]\Ioore's Station. The donor was Lewis
Morey, the land to be used "to build a school house thereon, and for no other
purpose." The school house was built at once, as it appears on Hill's maps ;
was under the charge of trustees, then passed to the control of the school direc-
tors of the township, who maintained a school there until 1879, when the Nor-
wood school house was built. The old house was then abandoned and sold. In
T819, Thomas Leiper erected a stone school house on the Leiper church lot,
which was in use until the Thomas Leiper school house was erected in 1870 by
the school directors, just across from the old building that has long been in
ruins.

The Kedron school house, a one story structure, was built in 1862, on the
road from Morton to Norwood Station. In 1870 the two-story brick school
house on the south side of the Southern post road, a short distance south of
Crum Lynne. was erected, and in 1873 enlarged. In 1876 the building at the
northwest corner of Lexington and second street, Eddystone, was built, and in
1879 the directors erected the two-story brick school house at Norwood. Rid-
ley is now employing twelve teachers, for a term of nine months, at salaries
$43 to $65 monthly : value of school property, $26,000.

DELAWARE COUNTY 441

Borough schools, in addition to the foregoing have been built and main-
tained ; these will be treated separately, as will the schools of Chester, the only
city in Delaware county.

CHESTER CITY.

Chester City Schools. — There is abundant evidence that in the early days
the youth of the locaHty, now known as the city of Chester, were educated
in the rudiments at least, in subscription schools, or by the ministers of the
Church of England sent out by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
in Foreign Parts. It was a part of the duties of these ministers to give instruc-
tion in reading and writing, but the records are silent concerning the establish-
ment of schools prior to 1770.

Joseph Hoskins, in his will, dated 12 mo. 31 day, 1769, devised a lot of
land for school purposes. He did not die until 1773, but so secure were his
neighbors, that the ground had been so devised, that in 1770 they built a school
house on the lot, their only security being his word that the land would come
to the trustees at his death, which it did and more with it. He allowed more
land to be taken than was at first intended, so that an ample play ground was
provided. In his will he further directed that £30, then a large sum, should
be paid to John Eyre and James Barton, to be applied "for the schooling and
educating of such poor children belonging to the inhabitants of the borough
and township of Chester, as the said Preparative Meeting for the time being
shall think fit to order and direct." The school house was built of bricks, laid
in Flemish bond, the ends of the headers being burnt black, a style much in
vogue at that time. In the south gable large numerals, 1770, were inserted in
the wall, the figures being formed b\- the black ends of the headers. This
was the beginning of free public instruction in Chester, and the importanr
part played therein by Mr. Hoskins has been recognized in the naming of the
new building erected at the corner of Fifth and Welsh streets, in 1882, the
Joseph Hnskins school. One of the noted pupils who attended the first Welsh
street school was the future Admiral Farragut, then living in the family of
Commodore Porter. From 1824 to 1830, William Neal was in charge of the
school, at which time it was known as Chester academy.

The first private school of record in the borough was taught by Mrs. Irvin,
and restricted to primary pupils. The following years Miss Eliza Finch kept
a school in the old Logan house, on Second street, near Edgmont. Among
her pupils was the future Admiral David D. Porter and his brothers. She
retired from teaching in 1830, and was followed by Caleb Pierce, who in a
summer house in the rear of the Columbia instructed in his select school the
youths of Chester whose parents would not allow them to attend the Welsh
street school, which was classified under the act of 1802 as a "charity school."
In 1834, James Campbell, a graduate of Union College, New York, taught the
Chester Academy, and the same year a Mr. Jones was principal of the Chester
High School.

442 DELAWARE COUNTY

Jn 1840. the pul)Iic scliool system having l)eeii generally accepted, Caleb
i'ieixc discontinned his "select" school and accepted a position as teacher in
the Old Welsh street school. In 1843 that school was enlarged, James Rid-
dle was appointed ijrincijial. and four women teachers appointed. In that year
Mrs. Frances I'.iddle established a day school for young ladies in the Sunday
school room (if St. raul's C'hurcli. In 1845, James Dawson had a private
school in one of the rooms of the school building, the public demand not
requiring the use of all rooms in that building. In 1850, however, the school
was so taxed for room that the Franklin street school in the south ward wa>
built in 1853, and the Eleventh street school in the north ward erected in
1858. The jiressure became so great on the schools that in 1864 schools were
established in Crozer Academy on Second street; in 1864 and 18C17 primary
schools were opened in the Baptist chajiel on F'enn street, and in the basement
of the African Methodist church on .'Second street, the latter exclusively for
colored pupils. .At this date a school for advanced colored scholars was main-
tained by the directors in a frame house on .Second street. In 1867 the higli
school Inn'lding was erected, in 1870 the Morton avenue building, and in 1871
the Patterson street school hiuise was bnih and set aside as a colored school.
In 1874 the Eleventh street house was enlarged and remodeled. In 1875 the
old school building on \\'elsh street was taken down, and a large brick school
house built. In 1878 the Howell street school house was erected, and in 1882
the Joseph Hoskins school building was dedicated, followed in 1883 by the
purchase of the lot at the corner of Eleventh and Madison streets, formerly
occupied by the Larkintown Sunday school, and a large building er-ected there
in 1885.

Other school buildings have been added as needed, until Chester, a school
district of the second class, has a jniblic school system of which a larger city
might justly be proud. In December, 1912. the total number of scholars en-
rolled in all grades was 5068, distributed among the twenty-two named schools
of the city as follows :

High school 488 Liiui)hi 467

Dr. Starr 2gg Howell 24.S

Harvey 115 Dcvvcy Gr:miiiiar .... 296

Morton 251 Horace Mann 320

Larkin Grannnar .... 570 I luirlow ...... 248

Graliam 240 Clayton .... 156

Martin 301 .MoCay 27

Powell 142 Jolni .A. Watts 369

John Wetherill 20 Harrison 48

Gartside ...;.. .322 George Jones 55

Patterson 171 CiiHraded soliool . iS!

These twenty-two schools em])loy, for a school year nf nine and a half
months, the services of 156 teacliers, under the management of a lioard of di-
rectors of nine persons, who ap])oint a citv superintendent, and four supervi-
sors in primary work, drawing, music and pcnmansliip. ,\ system (<\ medical

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'•UBL/C LIBRARY

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DELAWARE COUNTY 443-

inspection by four physicians safeguards the health of the pupils and teachers.
The assessed valuation of school real estate on June 30. 1912, was $562,352,
and of school personal property. $30,000. The financial condition of the school
district of Chester city was shown on the same date to be most satisfactory, as-
sets over liabilities being $391,250. There was paid in teachers" salaries during
the year, $91,000, and for other salaries, $5620. The city superintendent re-
ceives a salary of $2500 per year, with a secretary's service at $1000. In the
department of supervision, the supervisor of primary grades receives a salary
of $80 monthly ; the supervisors of writing, drawing and music, $75 monthly ;
attendance officer, $20 weekly. Principals" salaries are graded from $210.52
per month down to S52.50, the principal of the high school receiving the high-
er amount, principals of two room buildings, the latter. Teachers in the high
school receive salaries graded from $60 to $1 10 monthly ; those in the Larkin
and Dewey Grammar schools, $65 per month : teachers holding permanent
certificates, $55 per month ; teachers having two years experience and holding
professional certificates, $50 per month : teachers with less than two years ex-
perience, or not having a professional certificate, $40 monthly. A Teachers"
retirement fund has been established and a savmgs fund for the pupils. This
latter fund, established February 24, 1890, showed for the year ending June
30, 1 89 1, a total amount deposited of $12,315.87, and a balance un hand of
$8055.83. For the year ending June 30, 1912, deposits were $17,597.26, with a
balance on hand of $36,224.67.

The course of study in the high school covers four years, and f<.)ur free
scholarships in Swarthmore College arc among the prizes for which graduates
may strive. The city superintendent of schools, Thomas S. Cole, is a man well
fitted by education and experience for the responsible position he occupies.
The principal of the high school, Joseph G. E. Smedley, A. B., is an educator
of high standing, while the principals of the grammar, intermediate and pri-
mary schools have been selected for their peculiar fitness. The teachers in the
various schools are chosen as far as practicable from those holding diplomas
from the city normal school, and it is hoped that soon holders of these diplomas
vvill be placed upon a level with graduates of state normal schools.

BOROUGH SCHCKJLS.

Aldan. — Employs four teachers for a term of ten months, at salaries rang-
ing from $55 to $65. School property is valued at $16,250.

Clifton Heights. — The borough employs ten teachers for a term of ten
months, at salaries ranging from $40 to $90 monthly. .School property is val
ued at $37,000.

Collingdale. — Collingdale school property is valued at $28,800: employs
nine teachers for a term of nine and a half months : salaries ])aid vary from $45
to $75 monthly.

Cokvyn. — Eight teachers are employed in Colwyn schools for a term of
ten months, at salaries of $40 to $70 monthly : value of school property, $(;8oo.

Eddvstonr. — Schools in Eddystone are open for a term of nine and a

444 DELAWARE COUNTY

half months, six teachers being employed at salaries of $40 to $65: school
property valued at $20,800.

Darby. — The first record of a school within the limits of what is now
Darby borough is found in the minutes of Darby Monthly Meeting, 7 mo. 7
day, 1692. This record relates to the engagement of Benjamin Clift to teach
school beginning 7 mo. 12 day, 1692, to continue one year, except two weeks.
He was also hired for the next year at a salary of ii2. It is supposed this
school was kept in Friends' Meeting House. This school in Darby was sup-
ported by Friends Society all through the years up to i8oo. Michael Blun-
ston, who died there in 1736, bequeathed "£50 in trust to school the children
of poor Friends in Darby Monthly Meeting." Mention is also made of
Friends Meeting in 1788. and in 1793 the Friends Society had seven schools
in Delaware county, one located at Darby. Friends' schools have regu-
larly kept since that date, and since 1820 women have been members of school
committees. The law providing for free public education gradually superseded
Friends' schools, although as late as 1854 John H. Bunting, of Darby, gave
the sum of $10,000, the interest to be used to support schools maintained by
the Society. Such of these schools as yet remain are of an elementary char-
acter, but excellent results are obtained from them.

Prior to 1735, Davis Thomas of Darby, granted a lot on which to build a
school house. The Iniilding was erected, another school was kept in a one-
story brick house which stood until 1843 o" P^i"* of the site of Mt. Zion burial
ground. In tliis old building, on June f>. 1818, a meeting of citizens of Darby
and adjoining townships was held, when it was resolved "that we will discour-
age the use of ardent spirits as an article of drink; we will not procure, use or
give it to others as such in the time of gathering our hay and harvest, at the
raising of buildings or on other jniblic or social occasions." In 1841 the direc-
tors erected a stone school house in the village of Darby, which was used
until 1855, when it was abandoned on the completion of the "Yellow" school
house. The borough of Darby was incorporated in 1833 and became an inde-
pendent school district. The old school house built in 1841, was sold to the
borough and later was used as a jail. After the creation of the borough, a
two-story stone building was erected, to which a two-story brick addition was
built and rooms for six grades jirovided. In 1878 a one-story brick school
house was built at Sharon Hill, .\fter the population of Darby as a borough
had reached the required number, 5000, application was made for the crea-
tion of an indej^iendent school district of the third class, under which classi-
fication the borough schools now exist. The governing body is a board of
seven school directors, elected for a term of six years. The management of
the schools is under a superintendent who is responsible to the board and
appointed by them. Two buildings, known as the Walnut and Ridge Avenue
buildings, are in use, the former being the home of the high school. Thirty-
four regular teachers are employed, and three substitutes for a school year of
ten months. In the high school, five teachers are emjiloyed. including Ellen
S. Bonstein, principal. In the same building the grammar school employs

DELAWARE COUNTY 445

six teachers and the primary grades eight teachers. A special department of
manual training and a drawing department, with one teacher each, is also
maintained in the Walnut street building.

The Ridge Avenue scliool, Elizabeth A. Hemphill, principal, employs
four teachers in the grammar school grades, eight in the primary grades, and
a special teacher in drawing. The high school course covers four years of
study in two courses : — Latin, scientific and commercial. The minimum salary
in the high school is $500 yearly, with an annual increase of $25 until a max-
imum salary of $700 is reached. Grammer and primary teachers receive a
minimum salary of $400 yearly, with an annual increase of $25 until a maxi-
mum salary of $600 is reached. The Walnut street building, built in 1896,
was enlarged to its present size in 1907. In it are located the high school,
grammar and primary schools, also the high school auditorium, with a seat-
ing capacity of 600. Here also the superintendent has his office. The Ridge
Avenue building, erected in 1903, contains fifteen rooms, accommodating gram-
mar and primary departments, also a room used by the board of school direc-
tors for the meetings. The real estate of the borough was valued at $110,000;
furniture, apparatus and books, $15,000. A later assessment increases the
total valuation to $135,000. For the year ending July 11, 191 1, 1286 pupils
were enrolled, with an average daily attendance of 911. For the year 191 1
these figures were slightly increased. For the same year, 117 high school
scholars were enrolled, with an average daily attendance of 89.

Charles P. Sweeney, borough superintendent of public instruction, is an
educator of forty-five years experience. He began teaching at the age of
eighteen years, in Delaware county. New York; taught one year in Ohio,
several years in New York, nine years in Cape May county. New Jersey, then
taught in the Classical Institute on Thirteenth street, Philadelphia ; was prin-
cipal of Lykens borough school, Pennsylvania ; principal of Orwigsburg,
Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania ; principal of Slatington schools, Lehigh
county, Pennsylvania; then in 1898 came to the Darby schools. He was
principal of the Lykens and of the Orwigsburg schools when the first classes
were graduated, and of Darby high school when the first class graduated from
that institution. In 1913 he will complete his fifteen years of successful
educational work in Darby Borough.

Glenolden. — Schools in Glenolden are open nine months in the year ; seven
teachers are employed at salaries varying from $50 to $75 monthly : value of
school property, $27,500.

East Lansdozme. — This newly created borough had no school buildings at
the time of its erection. Ground, however, was at once secured, and in 1913
a handsome new building was completed. Three teachers are employed for a
term of ten months, at salaries of .$45 to $60 monthly.

Lansdozvne. — This borough employs 26 teachers in its various schools,
including ten in the high school, one in the department of manual training, one
in physical culture classes, and two in kindergarten work. A gymnasium is
connected with the high school, and a siiecial course in art and music is pro-

446 DELAWARE COUNTY

vided. A playground owned b\' the borough is used for organized play work,
with teachers specially fitted for that position. School property in the borough
was valued at $130,000 at the close of the school year of 1912. The high school
course covers four years of study; l'rinci]jal, Walter L. Phillips.

Marcus Hook. — Six teachers arc employed in Marcus Hook schools, for
a term of nine months, at salaries varying from $50 to $85 ; school property is
valued at $17,000.

Media. — Sixteen teachers are employed in Media schools for a term of
nine and a half months, salaries ranging from $65 to $180 dollars. Six teachers
are employetl in the high school and ten in the grades below. The high school
course covers four years of study, including a special course in art and music.
also a commercial course for those clectmg that branch. The high school is
presided over by W. C. Joslin, Ph.D. School property in the borough is val-
ued at $50,500, and a bond issue of 875,000 has recently been authorized for
the erection of a new high school building.

Morton. — In Morton the school term is nine months, and four teachers
are employed at salaries of $50 to $75 monthly. School property is valued at
$4800.

Norwood. — This borough has school property valued at $15,500, and em-
ploys for a term of nine months nine teachers, at salaries of $55 to $80 monthly.

Pros[<cct Park. — Thirteen teachers are employed in Prospect Park schools
for a term of nine months. This includes five teachers employed in the high
school, the course covering a period of three years. A commercial course is
also provided for those desiring it. Salaries varying from $50 to $140 monthly.
\'^alue of school property, $26,000. Principal of high school, Owen E. Batt.

Ridley Falls. — This is an independent school district, employing one teach-
er at a salary of $40 monthly, for a nine months term. The school property
is valued at $2500.

Ridley Park. — Thirteen teachers are employed in Ridley Park schools,
five in the high school and eight in the grades below. The high school course
covers four years of study, and includes a course in domestic science; also a
course in music. Salaries range from $60 to $180 monthly, the school term be-
ing nine and a half months. Principal of high school, J. Fred Parsons. \'alue
of school property, $49,000.

Rutledgc. — Rutledge employs five teachers for a term of nine months, at
salaries of S50 to S75 monthly ; value of school property. §8000.

Sharon Hill. — Sharon Mill has school property valued at $26,000. Six
teachers are employed for a term of nine and a half months, at salaries vary-
ing from $60 to $80 monthly.

Swartliiitore. — Swarthmorc employs sixteen teachers in its various
schools, seven being assigned to the Iiigh school, R. Holmes Wallace, principal.
The high school building was completed in 191 2 at a cost of $60,000, on
gfround costing $13,000. The course covers a period of four years, and reg-
ular instruction is given in manual training, art, domestic science and music.
The high school building contains twenty-one class-rooms, board room and

DELAWARE COUNTY 447

library, principal's room, manual training room, art room, domestic science
room, gymnasium, lunch room, and an auditorium seating 400, all of which
are suitably furnished and equipped for their intended purposes. Value of
school property in the borough, $92,300. Length of school term, nine months ;
salaries paid vary from $72 to $244 monthly.

Upland. — The schools of Upland are presided over by eight teachers,
drawing salaries ranging from $56 to $85 monthly, for a school term of nine and a
half months. School property is valued at $21,500.

Yeadon. — On September 16, 191 1, Yeadon school board, teachers and
scholars celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment of
public schools at that place. The printed programme contained pictures of
the new school building, and of the old building that only gave way to the
new after a continuous service of seventy-six years. Many who attended the
old school forty and fifty-eight years ago gave interesting reminiscence of the
"olden times." The borough now employs teachers for a term of nine and a
half months, at salaries of $55 to $67 monthly. School property is valued at
$16,525.

Milbourne. — This borough as yet has no school property, it being so sit-
uated that it is deemed advisable to pay for the tuition of the children of
the borough in neighboring schools.

PRU'ATE SCHOOLS.

A great number of private schools have existed in addition to the early
"subscription" and Quaker schools. During the war of 18 12, Joseph Neef, a
Frenchman, attempted to establish a school at X'illage Green, wherein pupils
should be taught according to the system employed by Pestalozzi. but prior to
1820 the school was closed.

About 1845, Rev. Benjamin S. Huntington established a seminary for
young ladies at Aston Ridge, which flourished greatly, his scholars being drawn
largely from the southern states. Rev. Huntington, however, was so constant-
ly enlarging his building that he became bankrupt. About 1857, J. Harvey
Barton established a seminary at Aston Ridge in a large brick building on the
Rockdale road, near the Baptist church. Both sexes were received, a fine
corps of instructors employed, the school attaining high rank and flourishing
until 1866, when it passed out of existence.

The city of Chester, aside from its most excellent public schools, is also the
home of the Pennsylvania Military Academy (see special article), and Chester
Academy, founded in 1862, by Charles W. Deans, at one time superintendent
of public instruction for Delaware county. It was first known as the Chester
Academy and Normal School. In 1865, Professor George Gilbert, then of
Philadelphia, purchased Mr. Deans' interest, reorganized the institution, en-
larged the building, thoroughly revised and advanced the course of study and
employed additional teachers. This school has had a successful career, ha.s
doubled in size, and affords facilities for students preparing for college, for
the teapher's profession, or for a business career.

448 di-:l.\\v.\re corxTY

111 1793 the Friends established a school in Upper Chichester, which was
coniiiuied by the meeting until the public school system was accepted, when it
was discontinued.

In Lower Chichester the first school of mention was conducted under the
auspices of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,
and was continued for sixty years. In 1801 a new brick school house was
erected on the church lot, the expense being borne by subscription by the
members of the parish.

.\ noted school of the long ago was located in Darby, at Sharon Hill,
known as Sharon Hill Academy. John Jackson, a noted Friend of Darby,
after his marriage to Rachel T. Tyson, a highly educated woman, in 1834 de-
termined to established a female boarding school, and about 1835, after the
death of his father, Halliday Jackson, located at Sharon Hill, the family estate.
The school soon became famous and was at one time one of the most noted
of female educational institutions in the middle states. John Jackson died in .
1855, his widow continuing the school until 1858, after which it was conducted
by Israel J. Graham and Jane P. Graham. About 1870 the school was pur-
chased by the Rev. C. J. H. Carter, a Catholic priest, and has since been con-
ducted as a church school for females.

In Haverford township is located Haverford College, founded in 1832 by
prominent members of the Society of Friends in the middle states, principally,
however, from Philadelphia. This valuable institution, now presided over by
Dr. Isaac Sharpless, will have special mention elsewhere.

The borough of Media long had its P.rooke Hall Female Seminary. The
buildings were erected in 1856 by H. Jones Brooke, after whom the school is
named, a warm friend of education, and one of Delaware county's honored
citizens. In the fall of 1856 the school was opened as a seminary for young
ladies by Miss M. L. Eastman, and had a long career of usefulness. Brooke
Hall, conducted under the influence of the Episcopal church, became widely
known as one of the best seminaries of its class in the state.

In 1874 Swithin C. Shortlidge removed his school for boys from West
Chester to Media, opening in the building formerly known as the Haldeman
House. This was enlarged until it contained fifty-five lodging rooms, witH
studv, class and dining rooms, ami near the main structure a well equipped
gj'nmasium. A large corps of teachers was employed and the school for many
years enjoyed great popularity, Init is now closed.

Joseph Shortlidge in 1862 established at Concordville, Maplewood Insti-
tute, a school for both sexes, incorporated in 1870, that was well conducted
and po|nilar and was continued under the care of his son, Chauncey Shortlidge.

In the fall of 1872, Miss .-\nna M. Walter, for several years a teacher in
the grammar school, established a private school that later was known as
Media Academy, This school prospered until 1884, when it was closed, Miss
Walter accepting a position in Friends' school at Fifteenth and Race streets,
Philadelphia.

In Middletown township, is located the Pennsylvania Training School for

PUBLIC L

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DELAWARE COUNTY 449

Feeble Alinded Children, the third institution of its kind erected in the United
States.

In Radnor township is located Villa Xova College, belonging to the Cath-
olic brotherhood of St. Augustine, established as a branch of the parent house
in Philadelphia in 1842. In 1848 the college was empowered by the legisla-
ture of Pennsylvania to confer degrees. The buildings are ample and the
college ranks as one of the leading colleges of the church.

In Springfield township the Friends have another educational institution
that has acquired a national reputation — Swarthmore College, the cornerstone
of which was laid in 1866. This institution, now presided over by Dr. Joseph
Swain, will have more extended notice elsewhere.

The first man elected Superintendent of Public Instruction in Delaware
county was Dr. George Smith, elected in June, 1854, serving until September,
1855, when he resigned. He was followed by Charles W. Deans, appointed in
September, 1855, to fill out Dr. Smith's unexpired term, then was elected, serv-
ing until June, 1863. James W. McCracken, the next superintendent, served
from June, 1863, until December, 1868, when he resigned. James W. Baker,
appointed to fill out Mr. McCracken's term, was elected later, and served
until June, 1878. He was followed by Albert B. Stewart, who served from
June, 1878, to June, 1887. The sixth superintendent, A. G. C. Smith, assumed
the duties of the office in June, 1887, and has been continuously in office until
the present date, 1913. Beginning with 1914, the term of county superinten-
dent will be four years instead of tliree, as heretofore. All teachers are exam-
ined for fitness by the county superintendent, except State Normal graduates,
holders of permanent certificates and holders of professional certificates, the
holders of such certificates being greater in proportion in Delaware county
than in other counties of the state.

In 1887 Delaware county contained twenty-eight school districts, twenty-
one townships, six boroughs, and one independent district. Two boroughs.
North Chester and South Chester, have been annexed to the city of Chester.
There was but one high school in the county — that at Media. One hundred
and seventy-one teachers were employed, of whom twelve were males; of
these, forty-four held normal diplomas. The average wages then paid was :
male teachers, $47.95 ; female teachers, $42.57. The highest salary was $100
per month, paid in Media, to a female teacher. The highest salary paid a male
teacher was $60 paid in Lower Chichester.

In 191 1 there were forty-one school districts, twenty townships, twenty
boroughs and one independent district under the care of the County Superin-
tendent. Besides these Chester, Darby and Radnor have their own organiza-
tions. There were ninety school houses in the county, against ninety-seven in
18S7, ten having been taken from the county by the annexation of North and
South Chester boroughs to the city of Chester; seven by the creation of Rad-
nor_ township into an independent district, and two in Darby borough, the lat-
ter two having superintendents of their own, and not included in county figures.
At the close of the school year, June. 1911, after twenty-five years under Sup-
.30

450 DELAWARE COUNTY

erintendent Smith's administraticn. there were 286 teachers employed in the
coimly, under his jurisdiction, tiie number now being 309. Of these 286 teach-
ers in 1911. 159 were normal graduates. 52 had iiermanent certificates, 27 had
professional certificates, and 28 were college graduates. Cut 18 of the teachers
v.ere males. It is further to be noted that Xnrth Chester, South Chester, Rad-
nor and Darby, which employ al^out on.e hundred teachers, that were under the
sui)ervision of the county superintendent in 1887. are no longer so. The aver-
age salary paid for the }car ending June, 1910. for male teachers, was $114.21.
the highest being paid in Lansdowne. $250. The average salary ])aid female
teachers for the same year was $53.27, the highest being Sioo, paid liy Radnor
and Swarthitiore.

During most of the time since 1887, Delaware county has stood at the head
of the list of counties in the state for average length of school term and average
wages paid for teachers, both male and female. AUeghen\' county is the only
county in the state that challenges Delaware in average salaries paid, and this
comes from the fact that Pittsburgh, where higher salaries are paid, is included
in the report. In 1 910, Lackawanna county led in average length of school
term, with 9.46 months, Delaware county second, with 9.44 months.

In 1887 the cost per pupil was $1.23 and in 1910 $2.16 per pupil. This
means better salaries, and more free text books furnished. While Delaware
county leads in average salary paid male and female teachers and in average
length of school term, the tax rate for school purposes and building purposes,
5.80 mills in 1910, was three mills less than the average school tax for the state.
The directors of Swarthmore organized a mantial training department in their
public schools in 1894, Lansdowne and Colwyn follow^ing later. Lansdowne
has maintained a Kindergarten department since 1894, two teachers now being
regularly employed. Nether Providence also has a Kindergarten department.
Special instruction in drawing and mtisic has for several years been given in
the schools of Darby. Lansdowne, Media, Radnor, Haverford, Nether Provi-
dence and Swarlhmore. Special instruction in music is also given in .\ldan,
Clifton Heights, Collingdalc. Colwyn. Glenolden, I'pper Darby and other dis-
tricts. Yeadon has special instruction in drawing: Colwyn in sewing. In sev-
eral districts one of the regular teachers gives special instruction in music or
drawing. Ridley Park and Swarthmore maintain domestic science depart-
ments. A well e(|nipped playgroimd has been established in Ridley Park, to be
kept open all the summer months in charge of a specially instructed play
ground teacher. Lansdowne also has ac(|uircd a suitable piece of ground for
organized playground work, and in Colwyn and Collingdale one or more of
the regular teachers have taken courses of study in organized playgrotind
work and supervise the children's play during recess periods, when the schools
are open. Medical inspecti(jn is re(|uired in Colwyn, Lansdowne and Media.

In 1897 Radnor township elected their supervisin,g principal, township
superintendent, which resulted in bringing the schools under closer supervision
and greatly increasing their efficiency. In December, 1908, Darliy borough fol-
lowed the example of Radnor, v.'ith the same good results.

T
F

i*-4

HAVERFOflD UNION-ROBERTS HALL AND BARCLAY HALL.

FOUNDERS' HALL, HAVERFORD COLLEGE

DELAWARE COUNTY 451

In 1888 the school directors of the county formed a Directors Associa-
tion, which has held two meetings annually ever since, one in connection with
the Teachers' Institute, the other in February. Representatives from the
association assisted in forming the State School Directors Association, and
regularly appointed delegates to attend the annual meeting of the State
Association.

In 1888, a committee from the Directors Association, acting with County
Superintendent Smith, prepared a course of study for the rural schools. It
provided for a county diploma to be given those who could pass a satisfactory
examination in specified studies. This plan has been the means of keeping the
children in the rural schools two or three years longer and making the attend-
ance more regular. At present the superintendent, assisted by six teachers,
conducts the examinations at seven different centers, the same day. The next
day they meet, examine the papers, and announce the results. From eighty to
one hundred scholars have presented themselves annually for several vears,
and from sixty to seventy-five of them have been successful. The school directors
are required by law to send the successful ones to the nearest high school and pay
their tuition. This becomes an additional incentive to more regular attendance,
and the plan as carried out has been very beneficial to the school interests of the
county.

A Teachers' Institute is held in the county each year, at which every
teacher in the county, outside of the city of Chester, must be present, unless
satisfactory reason for absence is given the county superintendent. Three dol-
lars daily is allowed the teachers for attendance at the institute, and a like
amount deducted from salaries for non-attendance.

In conclusion it must be noted that, all through the county, good school
buildings is the rule. The furniture and equipment of the schools is of the
best modern type; ventilation, light and heat is carefully considered in all
new buildings; and ample playgrounds surround each school. The teaching
ability of the instructors is high. Salaries, if not always adequate, are the
highest in the state outside of a few cities, and there is a "free school
for every child," as contemplated by the fathers of the public school system.
While all concerned in bringing about these most excellent results are deserv-
ing of high praise, too much cannot be said of the results accomplished under
the present and for twenty-six years past. Superintendent A. G. C. Smith.

HIGHER INSTITUTIONS.

Haz'erford College. — Although there is no documentary evidence to the
effect that the founding of Friends' Central School, afterward Haverford
School and Haverford College, was due to the great schism which in 1827
rent asunder the Society of Friends in America, the coincidence of time points
to that supposition. At the yearly meeting of Friends held in Philadelphia in
x8,'^o, a committee was appointed consisting of five Friends from each Quar-
terly Meeting, to "enter fully into a consideration in all its parts, of the deeply
interesting subject of the right education of our youth." That there was

452 DELAWARK COUNTY

great feeling on the subject uf a school exclusively for Friends is evidenced by
the following extract from an article which appeared in a Friends' publication
of the day: "It is a fact which, although painful, ought to be known to our
members, that many children of Friends are placed at the colleges of other re-
ligious societies, such as Yale, Princeton, iMuhlenberg's on Long Island, and at
the Roman Catholic College in Maryland. The latter has frequently had as
many as six or eight at once."

A corporation which was independent of the Yearly Meeting was formed
for the proposed institution, which met on the 30th day, i2mo, 1830, and ef-
fected the first organization for the management of the school, as follows:
Secretary, Henry Cope ; treasurer, Benjamin H. Warder ; managers — Samuel
Bettle, Thomas P. Cope, Thomas C. James, John Paul, Isaac Davis, Abraham
L. Pennock, John G. Hoskins, Thomas Evans, Daniel B. Smith, Thomas Kim-
ber, Charles Yarnall, George Stewardson, Isaac Collins, Samuel B. Morris,
Bartholomew Wistar, John Gummere, Thomas Cock, Samuel Parsons, Lindley
Murray, Samuel F. Mott, John Griscom, Gerard T. Hopkins, Joseph King
Jr., and Benjamin W. Ladd. The new managers were authorized to select a
site and to purchase ground for the school, which, after extensive investigation
and deliberation, they finally did — "an oblong tract of one hundred and ninety-
eight and a half acres, lying on both sides of the Haverford road, near the ten-
mile stone, and extending from that road to the Pennsylvania railroad, being
nearly south of the eight-mile stone on the Lancaster turnpike."

After the incorporation of the organization as the Haverford School As-
sociation, the selection of a head and a corps of instructors for the infant insti-
tution was considered seriously, the final choice for. superintendent falling upon
Samuel Hilles, of Wilmington, Delaware, a man of singular gentleness and
sweetness of character. Affiliated with him as the faculty were Dr. Joseph
Thomas, the distinguished author of Thomas' "Biographical Dictionary" and
Lippincott's "Pronouncing Gazeteer of the World," instructor in Latin and
Greek ; John Gummere, instructor in mathematics ; and Daniel B. Smith. The
latter was one of the best loved of the host of noble men who have graced
Haverford College as members of the faculty. His genial companionable spirit
made him a favorite of the .students, a regard which continued no less in the
class room than in recreation hours, and made the lesson periods more endura-
ble and the lessons more understandable.

One of the principles which characterized the early days of the school was
the enforcement upon the students of an adherence to the "doctrines and testi-
monies of the Society of Friends." Early in its history it held a position as
merely a Friends' hoarding school, later, as it broadened its course of study,
enlarged its enrollment capacity and was incorporated as a college in 1S56, it
gradually grew into the Haverford College of to-day, historic, strong in vitality
and usefulness, an educational center from which an ever-widening stream of
graduates goes forth yearly.

To give a detailed history of Haverford College through all the stages of
its development would require a volume the size of the one containing this

DELAWARE COUNTA" 453

sketch. It is therefore necessary to touch 1)Ut Hghtly upon the advancement
of the school, its steady increase in size and influence until overcome by disas-
ter in 1845, when lack of funds compelled the managers to close its doors. The
dark years from 1845 to 1848, when the ultimate fate of the institution was in
grave doubt, must be passed over with only a mention of the valiant efforts of
those who labored so desperately for its revival. In 1848 the school was
reopened, with Lindley Murray Moore as superintendent, and once more the
institution entered upon what promised to be a prosperous career, a promise
that has been more than fulfilled.

One phase of the college life at Haver ford that has probably done more
than any one thing towards making the Haverford man what is commonly
known as "well-read," that is, truly well-educated, has been the society life.
The large number of literary and debating societies that have been organized
at Haverford since the founding of the school is eloquent testimony to the
effect that the students were quite as interested in their mental improvement
and the acquirement of culture as the most zealous of their professors. Of
the societies of this nature the one first organized was the Loganian, founded
1st month 21, 1834, and reorganized 5th month 29. 1848. This was a literary
society of high rank, composed of the college men whose ambitions were above
mere pleasure seeking, and who were banded together for the sake of com-
mon fellowship and improvement. The society was the owner of a rather
e.xtensive library, and many a member confessed to a love of good literature
acquired from the numerous volumes which lined the walls of the library.

The Penn Literary Society existed about 1840. The purpose of its organ-
ization was the promotion of the declamatory art, debating being their chief
exercise. The Haverford Literary Society existed contemporaneously with
the Penn Literary Society, its object being much the same. Other minor socie-
ties, whose term of life was shorter and whose activities were more fitful were
the Franklin Literary Society, the Historical, the Rhetorical, and a society
which, because of its cumbersome title, was universally known as the C. F.
D. D., its full name being Circulus Familiariter Disputando Delectandoque.

The Haverford Lyceum was a literary society organized loth month 25,
1853, which soon disintegrated, its chief distinction being that it was the par-
ent institution of the Athenaeum Society. Another organization which led
but a brief career was the Henry Society formed in 1854. A society whose
purpose should have insured it a longer existence was in the Euethean Society.
Its object was the promotion of good morals among the student body, its motto
being "Mens sibi conscia recti." The society was in reality the forerunner of
College Y. M. C. A. work, and with a stronger backing would have endured
until supplanted by that association.

The most famous of Haverford's societies were the Athenaeum and the
Everett. The former of these was established 12th month 17, 1855, by twelve
students— George M. Tatum, James E. Carmalt, Thomas C. Steele, Stephen
LTnderhill, Theodore H. Morris, James W . Cromwell. Walter G. Hopkins,
Edwin Tomlinson. Roberts \'aux, John S. Witmer, George Wood, and Wil

454 DELAWARE COUNTY

Ham II. W'dixl. In the preamble of the constitution it was stated that "Being
sensible of the influence of sound learning in disciplining the mind and matur-
ing the understanding, and also being desirous of cultivating in themselves a
correct taste for literature and a love for scientific pursuits, do hereby asso-
ciate themselves together for these purposes." The organization acquired a
large membership and flourished from the start. Great rivalry was felt
between it and the Everett Society, and for years there was great competition
in regard to membership, first one and then the other forging ahead in the
race. At length, because of the increasing activites of the college, it was
deemed expedient to effect a consolidation of the two, which was accordingly
done.

The grounds of the college have been increased until they now cover two
l.undred and twenty-five acres, some of which is woodland, although, under
the direction of a skillful landscape gardener, sixty acres were laid out in a
level, smoothly rolling lawn, intersected by walks shaded by century-old trees,
and plentifully dotted with shrubs and low-growing trees, making a campus
unexcelled by any in the country. Here and there upon the grounds one comes
upon a quaint old building, a relic of former days, standing proudly beside its
fellow of a later day, the old mingling with the new and giving the whole an
historical and almost a classical appearance. The various buildings which have
been occupied by the college are as follows : Founders Hall, erected in 1833 :
the Observatory, built in 1852 and enlarged in 1883 ; Alumni Hall, established
in 1863 and enlarged to meet the growing needs of the library ; Ilarclay Hall,
a dormitory, erected in 1877 by friends of the college ; the Mechanical Labora-
tory, built in 1884. supplanted by a new building in i8go which was burned in
1896 and whose place was taken by Whitall Hall, a building of three stories ;
the Biological Laboratory, established in 1886: the Physical Laboratory, built
in 1888; Chase Hall, for recitations and lectures, erected in 1888; and the
Cricket Shed, built in 1893. In later years, through the lively interest and
hearty cooperation of the Alumni Association building operations have been
progressing at a rapid rate and the college is being supplied. with an equipment
of which it may justly be proud. The augmenting of Haverford's natural beau-
ties with architecture fitting gives an ideal result, and with the thousand mem-
ories and attachments connected with each spot, it is small wonder that the
wandering steps of the alumnus ever bring him back to the place he came to
know and love so well. Haverford's spell, once woven, is never broken, and
the charm of the historic school begins to wind itself about the new student
even while he is in the throes of his first homesickness, so that the final part-
ing with the college in which he has spent four such joyous years is to him far
more sad and cheerless than the leaving of his home upon matriculation.

The buildings which have been erected in recent years are Lloyd Hall, a
dormitory built in 1899: the large and finely equipped g>'mnasium, completed
in 1900; Roberts Llall, the gift of Lucy Branson Roberts, with college offices
and a large auditorium, erected in 1902; Merion Hall, a dormitory remodeled
in 1903 from the old Havcrford Grammar School Building; a wing added ta

DELAWARE COUNTY 455

the Founders Hall in 1905 for dining-rooms and a kitchen; a heating and light-
ing plant, installed in 1906; an enlargement of Merion Hall in 1907; Haver-
ford Union, a building erected in 1909. presented to the college by Alfred Per-
cival Smith, of the class of 1884; the Chemical Laboratory, built in 1910; and
the Infirmary, completed in 1912, the gift of John T. Morris, of the class of
1867, and a new section of Lloyd Hall the gift of the Strawbridge family in
1913. In addition to these buildings there are a number of residences on the
campus, occupied mainly by professors, thus making quite a college com-
munity.

Haverford College has had the prominent place it has held in the world of
athletics, not always because it has turned out championship teams, but for the
sjiirit and enthusiasm that has ever characterized her representatives. No team
could ever be sure of a victory over Haverford, no matter how strong its line-
up, for in the joy of contest and the glory of battle Haverford teams often be-
came the possessors of prowess to which, on paper, they had absolutely no
right. For many years cricket was chiefly indulged at the college, and in this
sport the college ranked high. In due time foot-ball and soccer found their
places in the recreation of the students, and at the present time the college is
represented by many teams.

Previous mention has been made of the societies which have at different
times existed in the college. Of these only one remains, the Loganian Society,
whose chief object is for instruction and practice in debating. The Classical
Club is an organization for the study of the life and literature of the Greeks
and Romans. Membership is held by both faculty and students. There \>
also a chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa, an honor fraternity. The Campus
Club is an association for the study and preservation of trees, shrubs, birds,
and wild animals found on the campus and in the vicinity. Another college
organization is the Haverford Union, open to alumni and students, whose
aim is the promotion of social fellowship at the college. It is housed in a
large and handsome building, the gift of Alfred Percival Smith, '84, and has
a library, comfortable lounging rooms, and sleeping accommodations.

The periodicals of the institution are the Haverford College Bulletin, pub-
lished eight times a year by the college ; "The Haverfordian" issued monthly by
the students ; and the "College Weekly,' also edited by the students.

Haverford College has real estate worth .$1,500,000, and a productive
endowment of $1,800,000. It owns a library of 60,000 volumes and many
thousand pamphlets, and an excellent equipment in Astronomy, Biology, Chem-
istry and Physics. Its students nearly all reside in dormitories on the College
grounds and take their meals in a common dining room. Picked by Entrance
Examinations, and kept to their work by the stimulus of close association with
the Professors and the necessity for a good record, they hold a high place at
graduation. They are received at Harvard and other universities on equal
standing with their own graduates, in advanced scholarly or technical work.

The College has given its energies to general cultural studies rather than
professional. All of its courses embrace languages, literature, science and the

456 DELAW'ARI': COUNTY

otiicr essentials of a liberal education, and it is in this field that it has earned
its laurels.

The curriculum of the college permits it to award degrees in three courses,
arts, science, and engineering. The faculty is large and efficient for the num-
ber of students, and in 1913 is as follows: Isaac Sharpless, Sc. D., LL.D.,
L. II. D., president and professor of ethics; Allen Clapp Thomas, A. M.,
librarian and professor emeritus of history ; Lyman Beecher Hall, Ph.D.,
John l'"arnuin, professor of chemistry; Francis Barton Gummere, Ph.D.,
1,1,. I)., Litt. D., professor of English literature; Henry Sherring Pratt, Ph.D.,
David .Scull, professor of biology; James Addison Babbitt, A. M., M. D., pro-
fessor of hygiene and physical education; Rufus Matthew Jones, A. M., Litt.
D., professor of philosophy; Oscar Marshall Chase, S. M., registrar and
instructor in drawing; Albert Sidney Bolles, Ph.D., LL. D., lecturer on com-
mercial law and banking; Don Carlos Barrett, Ph.D., professor of economics;
Albert Elmer Hancock, Ph.D., professor of English ; Legh Wilber Reid, Ph.D.,
professor of mathematics; William Wilson Baker, Ph.D., associate profes-
sor of Greek; Frederic Palmer, Jr., Ph.D., dean and associate professor of
])liysics; Leon Hawley Rittenhouse, M. E., associate professor of mechanics
and electricity; Richard Mott Guoimere, Ph.D., associate professor of Latin;
Thomas Kite Brown, Jr., A. M., instructor in German; Alexander Guy Hol-
born Spiers, Ph.D., associate professor of romance languages ; Rayner Wick-
ershain Kelsey, Ph.D., associate professor of history; Albert Harris Wilson,
Ph.D., associate professor of mathematics ; Henry Joel Cadbury, Ph.D., instruc-
tnr in Biblical literature; Edward Eugen Krauss, instructor in physical train-
ing ; X'ictor Oscar Freeburg, A. M., instructor in English ; William Otis Saw-
telle, .\. W., instructor in physics; William Henry Collins, A. M., superinten-
dent of grounds and buildings ; Helen Sharpless, assistant librarian ; Charles
Otis Young, S. B., assistant in chemical laboratory ; Paul \\'. Weaver, assistant
in engineering.

The corporation governing Haverford College has as its officers T. Wistar
Brown, |)resident ; J. Stogdell Stokes, secretary ; and Asa S. Wing, treasurer.
There is also a board of managers of twenty- four members, of which the pres-
ident of the corporation is president, ex officio.

The present jiresident of the college. Isaac Sharpless, .Sc. D., LL.D., L.H.
1)., h.-is hi'ld that ])osition of honor, trust, and responsiljility for twenty-six
years. He was born 12th month I'l, 1S48, and attended the Friends'. Boarding
Sciiool at Westtowii. Pennsylvania, whencr he was graduated in 1867, and
wIktc he taught Uiv the four \ears following his graduation. In 1S73 he
was graduated S. 1!. from the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard, and
two years later his connection with Haverford began, when he was called to
fill the chair of Mathematics at the college. In 1879 he became professor of
astronomy, a subject upon which lie is a well-known authority. In 1884 he
was made dean of the college, and on May 17, 1887. his formal inauguration as
president was held.

Doctor .Sharpless is the author of several scientific work's, and in connec-

PUBLIC UBRARY

A8TOR, ^^''°\':;*°

TILDE N FOUNDATION*^

DELAWARE COUNTY 457

tion with Professor Phillips, of West Chester State Normal School, has pub-
lished treatises upon astronomy and physics. In early recognition of his scien-
tific researches the University of Pennsylvania, in 1883, conferred upon him
the honorary degree of Doctor of Science.

He is also the author of a volume on "English Education," and of several
treatises on Pennsylvania History — "A Quaker Experiment ui Government,"
"Quakerism and Politics" and "Two Centuries of Pennsylvania History."

In the quarter of a century that Dr. Sharpless has been at the head of
Haverford College, the institution has had an era of unprecedented growth and
expansion, due to the loyal support of many friends.

Swarthnwre College. — The Society of Friends, finding its immediate im-
pulse in the Puritan Revolution, shared the sympathy of the Puritans in a
widespread and thorough-going system of education. Throughout the subse-
quent history of the society it has laid especial stress upon the importance of
education, not merely for the sake of a better understanding of the Bible af-
forded thereby, but because it has recognized as man's highest duty the culti-
vation of every means by which the Inner Light may be best comprehended,
and the voice of the Christ Within may be distinctly heard and most effectually
obeyed. The founders of the Society emphasized the value of education as the
handmaid of religion, and when the Friends, very early in their history, turned
their faces towards America, they brought with them this belief as the pal-
ladium of their intellectual and civil liberty.

It was not so much the meeting-house and the block-house, as in New
England, nor the church and the courthouse, as in Virginia, as it was the
meeting-house and the school which served as the bulwark of Quakerism in
the wilds of the New World. The materializing influences of the Colonial
struggle for existence were counteracted by the ideals of a common-school edu-
cation : and when, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the more insidious
influences of commercialism, following in the wake of the industrial revolution,
asserted themselves so powerfully in .America, the Friends came to appreciate
the higher education as an idealizing force in sustaining the spiritual life. It
is noteworthy that this conviction was first definitely expressed by Friends who
dwelt in that part of America where the doctrine that "Cotton is King" had led
:o the enthronement of human slavery as well.

Benjamin Hallowell, of Alexandria,' Virginia, and Martha Tyson, of Bal-
timore, Maryland, in the dark days just before the Civil War, made so earnest
an appeal to their fellow-Friends in Baltimore that the Yearly meeting of that
city appointed a committee to promote their plan of establishing a Friendly
institution of higher education. This committee issued in the first year of the
war an address to the Friends in the Middle States and Maryland urging "the
establishment of a boarding-school for Friends" children ami for the education
of teachers," and it began the collection of $150,000, the sum of money deemed
necessary for the purpose. During the four years of the Great Struggle which
"^olved the problem of slavery for America, the Friends furthered their educa-
tional project, and in 1864 a charter was secured from the General Assembly

45« DELAWARE COUNTY

and Governor of Pennsylvania incorporating Swarthmore College. This name
was derived from Swarthmore Hall, the Northern England home of George
Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends. Its first suggestion for the college-
is ascribed to Benjamin Hallowell's wife Margaret, although Martha Tyson,
suggested and advocated it at the meeting in which the name was chosen.

The second section of the charter states thus succinctly the purposes of the
corporation : 'That the said corporation be authorized to establish and maintain
a school and college, for the purpose of imparting to persons of both sexes
knowledge in the various branches of science, literature and the arts ; and the
board of managers shall have power to confer upon the graduates of the said
College, and upon others, when, by their proficiency in learning they may be
entitled thereto, such degrees as are conferred by other colleges or universities
in the United States."

The site chosen for the college, and purchased in 1864, combined the vir-
tues of country environments with easy access to a great city. It w^as a large
tract (now- comprising over two hundred acres") of beautiful lawn and wood-
land, about ten miles west of Philadelphia and overlooking the Delaware river
and its valley, all of which are so rich in historic memorials of the Quaker
Founders of Pennsylvania. The United States postal authorities had given-
to the post office standing on the edge of the college tract the name of West-
dale, in commemoration of the fact that Benjamin W'est, the first great Ameri-
can artist and president of the Royal Academy, had been born in a house still
standing on the college campus — and had there given the first crude expres-
sion to the forms of beauty which his eye perceived amid the modest environ-
ments of his parents' Quaker home.

The selection of a site was followed in the same year by the appointment
of a president. The choice of the managers for this important position fell
upon Edward Parrish, of Philadelphia, who was at the time professor of ma-
teria medica in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and president of the
American Pharmaceutical Association. Retiring from his arduous duties in
the middle of the second year after the college opened its doors to students.
Dr. Parrish was appointed soon afterward by President Grant to undertake a
friendly mission to the Indians, and in the course of its performance he died,
September 9, 1872, at Fort Sill, Indian Territory,

It was not until the second year after President Parrish's appointment that
the corner-stone of the first college building was laid (]\Iay 10, 1866), and
three years more elapsed before its doors were opened to students (November
8, 1869). The delay in commencing and completing the erection of the first
building was due to the fact that the requisite sum of money ($304,000) had
come in slowly, and to the determination that the college should not enter on
its career burdened by a load of debt. To this first and largest building has
been given the name of Parrish Hall, in commemoration of the services of
the first president.

Twelve years after its completion (September 23, 1881), Parrish Hall
was almost completely destroyed by fire, nnly the solid stone wall and one sec-

DELAWARE COUNTY 43' >'

tion containing the Friem's' Historical Library being left standing. This mi.-.-
fortune, instead of being fatal to the young and struggling institution, only
served to rally its friends the more enthusiastically to its aid, and by June of
the following year the commencement exercises were held as usual in the re-
built though still unplastered assembly hall ; and in the following October the
students were again installed in the resurrected building. During the interval
of rebuilding, the college had taken up its abode in two large boarding-houses
in the borough of Aledia three miles distant, where, with the loss of only a fort-
night and of three students, it held its own against cramped quarters and inade-
quate equipments. The magazine published by the students for the
past thirty-one years has borne the name of The Phoenix, in commemoration
of the conflagration and the swift and complete rejuvenation which followed.

The students who first ca.me to Swarthmore numbered 170, and comprised
82 girls and 88 boys. This approximate equality has been preserved to the
present day, and has facilitated the maintenance of co-education. \\'hen
Swarthmore was founded, co-education had been adopted by three colleges and
one State University (Indiana) in the west, but it was still looked upon with
doubt or disfavor in the eastern states. The theory and practice of the Society
of Friends in home and church determined them, however, in their organiza-
tion of school and college as well ; and throughout the forty-four years of
Swarthmore's history their faith in co-education — in "college life in a home
setting" — has been justified and strengthened.

In order to encourage, and, when necessary, to make possible post-grad-
uate study, especially on the part of those desirous of teaching, five fellow-
ships of from $400 to S525, each, have been established.

More than seventy scholarships varying in sums from $25 to $350 are
awarded annually by the college and individuals to undergraduate students
of bright promise and limited means.

The completion of Parrish Hall in 1869 has been followed by the erection
of 20 other college buildings. Most of these are built of Delaware county's
famous building stone, and they form a group which dominate the Borough
and serve as a land-mark for many miles around.

By 1871 the collection of books, which had commenced before the col-
lege opened, had become large enougli to justify the appointment of a librar-
ian ; and ten years later there were 3600 volumes in the general library.
These were all destroyed in the fire of 1881 ; but the friends of the college
speedily repaired this disaster, and the number of bound volumes has grown
to over 40,000. The Friends' Historical Library, founded in 1871 by Anson
Lapham, of Skaneateles, New York, contains over 6,000 books and pamphlets,
which, together with photographs and manuscripts, form one of the most
valuable collections extant of materials relating to the history of the Society
of Friends.

The five scientific departments have been equipped with adequate labo-
ratory facilities, the expense and labor of whose collection and arrangement
have been borne by many individuals. Perhaps the name which stands out

46o DELAWARE COUNTY

most promiiuMilIy is that of Dr. Joseph Leidy, who for eleven years before
the tire, and for four years after that disaster destroyed the first fruits of his
labor, devoted himself with peculiar assiduity and success to building up the
biological and geological museums and laboratories.

Commencing in 1869 with 170 students, the number rose to 289 in 1883.
The gradual cutting-off of the preparatory .school began soon afterward,s and
the number declined until, in 1897-8, five years after the abolition of the pre-
paratory classes, it reached 162. From that time the number slowly increased
to 207 in 1901 ; and beginning with the new era of 1902 the number has risen
more rapidly to 420 in 191 3- 14. The present number comprises college stu-
dents only, and as such repre.sents a gain of more than 1500 per cent, over the
26 college students of the year the college opened 44 years ago. Although the
great majority of the students have always come from the four Middle States
and Maryland, they have come to represent in the present year twenty-five
states of the Union, extending from Maine to Hawaii, and from Florida to
Montana.

The first class graduated in 1873 and the 41st in 1913. The total num-
ber of graduates is 1265, of whom 27 women and 36 men have died;
33 women and 84 men have received second degrees at Swarthmore, with
4 as the smallest in 1885, a"'! 83 as the largest in 19 13. The twenty classes
graduated before 1892, when the preparatory school was discontinued aver-
aged 15; the twenty-one classes graduated since that time have averaged 43.
A number of the children of alumni have entered the college, and several of
these have also graduated from the college.

Although one of the younger colleges, with a comjjarativelv small num-
ber of alumni, Swarthmore is justly proud of the useful and distinguished rec-
ord of her sons and daughters; and one of her chief causes of gratitude as -
well as one of her most marked characteristics, is the enthusiastic loyalty and
self-sacrificing devotion with which her alumni have encircled her spirit, even
as the ivies planted by departing classes have enveloped her walls.

Commencing in 1869 with fourteen instructors, the number has grown
to 44; at first there were three resident professors, now there are 15; then
there were four separate dejiartnients, now there are 18. This increase not
so much in the number of instructors as in the number of full professorships
and departments of study, is an emphatic evidence of the growth of the insti-
tution into full college rank. For example, the subjects of ethics, chemistry
and natural science were first taught by an instructor, who acted also as presi-
dent of the college; at present there are 5 (le|)artinents in languages and litera-
ture, 5 in science, 7 in history, economics, philosophy, law, art, political science,
and education, and the department of physical training.

In accordance with the catalog of 1912-13 the 44 instructors have been
students in 24 colleges and universities; 12 have studied in 16 universi-
ties in Europe ; they have received degrees from 35 colleges and universities ;
10 are .Swarthmore graduates; 7 have taught at Swarthmore for more than
10 years each.

DKLAW ARE COL'NTV 461

Among the historically prominent names are those of Dr. Joseph Leidy,
who gave weekly lectures in natural history from 1870 to 1886; Dr. Joseph
Thomas, who gave weekly lectures in English literature from 1873 to 1887 ;
Professor Eugene Paulin, who filled the chair of French from 1872 to 1888;
Arthur Beardsley, professor of engineering from 1872 to 1898, and the organ-
izer and care-taker of the Friends' Historical Library from its establishment
to the present time; Susan J. Cunningham, who had charge of the depart-
ment of mathematics and astronomy from the opening of the college until
1906; and Dean Elizabeth Powell Bond, who for twenty years (1886-1906^
infused into the social relations of the college those elements of sweetness
and light which Iiave done so much to realize Swarthmore's ideal of "a col-
lege life in a home setting." An important source of scholarly and moral
impulse in the college has been lectures delivered each year by men and women
of high character and distinction ; among these have been Goldwin Smith,
Thomas Hughes, Matthew Arnold, Mary A. Livermore, Julia Ward Howe,
Thomas Went worth Higginson, William Goodyear, David Starr Jordan,
Charles Wagner, Baroness von Suttner. John W. Foster, Jacob A. Riis, An-
drew D. White, Woodrow Wilson. William J. Bryan and Horace Howard
Furness.

During the year and a half of Dr. Parrish's tenure of the presidency after
college opened, Edward H. Magill, was professor of Latin and French and
principal of the Preparatory School. When Dr. Parrish resigned in the mid-
dle of the year 1870-71, the president's duties devolved -upon Dr. Magill, who
was formally inaugurated president in June 1872 and continued to fill that office
until June 1889. After one year spent abroad, Dr. Magill returned to assume
the professorship of French, whose duties devolved upon him alone from 1890
to 1900; in the latter year an assistant professor was appointed, and from
1902 to 1907 Dr. Magill was emeritus professor, lecturing occasionally on
French and other themes. Thus it is seen that Dr. Magill's name and ser-
vices link the earliest days of the college with the recent past, and form a gold-
en chain bright with achievements and lustrous with the affections of an
entire generation of college students. Among his more important services
to the college should be mentioned three things which were due in a large
measure to him : the recovery from the great fire, the abolition of the prepar-
atory school, the collection of a sum of money for the endowment of a profes-
sorship which led immediately to the endowment of three more. To the teach-
ing of French he contributed a grammar and readings, and the system of
international correspondence ; and to the cause of education in general he con-
tributed the foundation of the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools
of the Middle States and Maryland.

William Hyde Appleton, professor of Greek from 1872 to 1905, and of
German and English for fifteen year periods each, was acting president in
1889-1890, and president in 1890-91. Preeminently a teacher, and finding his
chief happiness in filling his students' minds with an abiding enthusiasm for
the good, the true, and the beautiful in the literature of ancient Greece, of Ger-

^62 DELAWARE COUNTY

many, and of England, Professor Appleton reluctantly accepted the office of
president, and gladly returned as soon as possible to his professor's chair.
Although the diplomas of twenty-four graduates bear his signature as presi-
dent, he is best known to a thousand other Swarthmore students as the gen-
tleman and scholar who first inspired them with a discriminating appreciation
of the best things in the world's literature.

Charles De Garmo, at present the head of Cornell University's School of
Pedagogy, came to Swarthmore as president in 1891, and for seven years de-
voted himself to its varied interests. His own chief interest and his chief suc-
cess at Swarthmore lay in developing and organizing the course of study. The
members of his class in pedagogy realized his logical strength and keenness as a
teachei , and his colleagues in the faculty profited by the stimulus of his scholar-
ship.

\\'illiam W. Birdsall was elected Swarthmore's fifth president in 1898,
and served a four years' term in that capacity. Having been engaged in the
work of secondary schools during the twenty years since his graduation from
college in 1878, President Birdsall was anxious to strengthen the relations be-
tween the college and its natural constituents, the Friends" preparatory schools,
and he devoted himself largely to that task, resigning the presidency in 1902.

Joseph Swain coming to Swarthmore as presitlent in 1902, at the end of
the first generation of the college's career, commenced a new era in its history.
Having found a most successful and congenial field of usefulness as president
of Indiana University, with which as a student, professor and president he had
been associated for twenty-one years, it was with great difficulty that he was
persuaded to accept Swarthmore's leadership. One of the conditions of his
acceptance was that the college should be placed upon a solid financial basis
within three years by increasing its endowment from $400,000 to $1,000,000;
this condition was fulfilled before the Commencement of 1905. The introduc-
tion of the system of prescribed, major, and elective studies, which Dr. Swain
had helped to inaugurate and administer in Leland Stanford Junior and Indiana
Universities ; the strengthening of the faculty and the endowment of profes-
sorships ; the erection of thirteen buildings ; a closer relationship between the
college and the public school system, with which he has been prominently iden-
tified in the West ; a marked increase in the number of students ; and the in-
trodiK-tion of regular and frequent means of publicity, have followed his inaug-
uration eleven years ago.

Cro::cr Theological Seminary. — A direct result of the deep interest in the
cause of cdncatinn displayed by John P. Crozer during his lifetime, this insti-
tution for the preparation of men for a holy calling stands not only as a
monument to his memory, but also as a testimony to the public spirit and the
generosity of his widow, sons, and daughters. The location is a beautiful
elevation overlooking the Delaware river, at Upland, selected by Mr. Crozer,
on which he erected a substantial stone building that was opened as a
secular school in 1858. Many causes contributed to the non-success of
this school, which only continued a few years under Mr. Crozer's patron-

CBOZER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.

THE Ny ^'

DELAWARE COUNTY 463

age. After his death, his children and widow, desiring that the property might
in some way be used for the purpose intended, were favorably disposed toward
a proposition made by one of their number that a school for the preparation
of young men for the ministry of the Baptist church be therein established.
Leading Baptists finally removed all objections by securing the consent of the
officials of Lewisburg L'niversity for the removal of their theological depart-
ment to the new institution, when it should be ready. Accordingly, on Xovem-
ber 20, 1866, the Crozer heirs jointly endowed the new seminary with land,
"buildings, and invested funds, amounting in value to $275,000, "a princely
gift." On April 4, 1867, the legislature of Pennsylvania incorporated the
board of trustees of Crozer Theological Seminary, with Samuel A. Crozer as
president of the board. The first president of the seminary was Henry G.
Weston, D. D., LL.D., a minister of the Baptist church, a man of learning,
piety, tact, and great organizing ability. The first faculty consisted of Rev.
G. D. B. Pepper, D. D., a graduate of Amherst, professor of Christian The-
ology, and Rev. Howard Osgood, D. D., a graduate of Harvard, professor of
Hebrew and Church History. The first annual catalogue contained the names
of twenty students, and at the first commencement exercises, in June, 1870,
a class of eight was graduated. As the school prospered, new chairs were
established: Biblical Interpretation, a separate chair of Church History, Sys-
tematic Theology, Old Testament Exegesis, Biblical Theolog}' ; and in 1900
a chair for the Interpretation of the English New Testament. Courses of
study have been revised several times, the general plan now including three
distinct courses — the regular course, including the study of the Scriptures in
toth Hebrew and Greek, and two years in Systematic Theology: the Greek-
course, identical with the regular, except that English is substituted for He-
brew in the study of the Old Testament; the English course, in which the
English Bible only is studied, and a shorter course of one year in Systematic
Theology. The first president of the institution. Dr. Weston, continued its
Iionored head for forty-two years, then was succeeded in 1909 by Professor
Milton G. Evans, D. D. The number of students steadily increased from
20 to 56 in 1886, then in 1895 to 103, the last annual catalogue (1913) con-
taining the names of 83 students.

The founders have at various times made suttstantial additions to the orig-
inal endowment fund, including $50,000 given by the children of Mrs. John P.
Crozer after her death to endow in her name the chair of Preaching and Pas-
toral Duties. The seminary campus contains twenty-five acres, heavily wooded
with drives, shrubbery, and flower beds, making, with the handsome buildings,
grounds unsurpassed, if equalled, among the theological schools of the LTnited
States. The buildings consist of a main building, two hundred feet front, in
substantial colonial architecture; Pearl Hall; and residences for faculty mem-
bers. Pearl Hall is a large fire-proof library building, the gift of William
Bucknell in memory of his wife, Margaret, who was a daughter of John P.
Crozer. In addition to the cost of the hall, $30,000, he gave $25,000 for the
immediate purchase of books, and $10,000 for an endowment fund.

4^4 DELAWARE COUNTY

The present faculty consists of Milton G. Evans, president, and Mrs.
John r. Crozer, professor of Comparative Theology ; Barnard C. Taylor, pro-
fessor of Old Testament Literature and Exegesis; Henry C. \'edder, professor
of Church History ; Alvah S. Hobart, professor of Interpretation of the Eng-
lisli New Testament, and secretary of the Faculty ; Eugene E. Ayres, professor
of New Testament Literature and Exegesis; Edward B. Pollard, professor of
Homilectics; Spenser B. Meeser, professor of Systematic Theology; Frank G.
Lewis, librarian and instructor in Hebrew. The following are the instructors
appointed by the faculty : Eli S. Reinhold, instructor in rhetoric and logic ;

, instructor in elementary Greek; Silas S. Nefif, instructor in

public speaking and reading ; Frank S. Dobbins, instructor in missions : Ed-
ward ^L Stephenson, instructor in Sunday school method and pedagogy ; Carl-
ton B. Sanford, director of physical training ; Eli S. Reinhold, registrar and di-
rector of correspondence courses; Edith M. West, assistant librarian. The of-
ficers of the present board of trustees are : George K. Crozer, president ; I'^ran-
cis E. Weston, secretary ; Robert H. Crozer, treasurer.

Inseparably linked with Crozer Theological Seminary, and bound to that
institution with the associations of over forty years of continuous service, is
the memory of Henry G. Weston. Beginning his connection with the seminary
soon after its incorporation, as its first president, his tactful handling of all
the school's problems brought it safely through a stormy infancy and into its
full inheritance as an instrument for the preparation of men for the execution
of the Great Commission.

He was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, September ii, 1820, son of Rev.
John E. Weston, who founded the first Baptist weekly publication in America.
"The Christian Watchman," now known as "The Watchman." He prepared
for college in Lynn Academy, graduating from Brown L^niversity in 1840. He
at once began study in the Newton Theological Institution, but hereditary
weakness of the lungs compelled him to abandon his studies before the end of
his second year. To ofifset his physical weakness he began the practice of deep
breathing out of doors for an hour or an hour and a half daily. Compelled to
seek a more favorable climate, he went to Kentucky, and was ordained at
Frankfort in 1843, spending the next three years as a missionary in Illinois.
For thirteen years he was pastor of a Baptist church in Peoria, and from 1859
10 1868 occupied the pulpit of the Madison Avenue Baptist Church, New-
York City. The fruits of his pastorates were bountiful, his breath of human
sympathy and lovable nature adding force to the doctrines he expounded from
the Book he knew so well. A noble power was added to the educational world
when Dr. Weston became president of Crozer Theological Seminary. Nature
had intended him for a great preacher, had favored him with an impressive
presence, a kindly bearing, and a voice powerful in volume and sympathetic in
tone; but his qualifications and gifts as a teacher were no less abundant. His
knowledge of human nature, his friendly aspect, his ready understanding and
as ready humor, his loftiness of spirit and faith in mankind, all contributed to
make him the honored and revered head of the seminarv, the confidant of the

A8T0R, LENOX AND
TILOEN FOUNDATIONS,

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students, the "big brother" of the graduates, and the vital moving spirit of the
entire institution. His magnetic personality was felt by all with whom he came
into contact, and his absence from his accustomed place in morning chapel
caused a void that persisted, whatever the occasion. When a delegation from
a graduating class waited upon him to consider a change in the commencement
program, he remarked, "You do not seem to be afraid of me, gentlemen," and
in answer one of the committee, said, more in earnest than in jest, "You know.
Doctor, that perfect love casteth out fear." His death, at the advanced age of
eighty-nine years, was deeply and sincerely mourned by the wide circle of
friends he had bound to him in spirit during the forty-one years of his con-
nection with Crozer Theological Seminary. After his long life of labor and
usefulness in the cause of the Master, his life with Him is surely one of perfect
peace and happiness, confirmed and ratified by the Divine "Well done, thou
good and faithful servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord."

Pcnnsyk'ania Military College. — By act of Assembly, April 8, 1862, the
Pennsylvania Military Academy was incorporated as a university under the
title, Chester County Military Academy, which the court of common pleas of
Chester county, on application for the board of trustees, immediately changed
to Pennsylvania Military Academy, a name it held until the organization of a
collegiate department, when the word "college" was substituted for "academy."
Its first location was at West Chester, and as a military institution it was at
once brought into the public eye by the enlistment of several of its students in
the LInion army. For the first few years of its life the academy specialized
in military instruction rather to the neglect of academic and scholarly pursuits,
but peace between the states turned it again to the original purpose, and a high
educational standard was set up which, through the six decades since its incep-
tion, has never fallen, increasing, on the contrary, in scope and efficiency. At
the close of the war, the buildings of the Crozer Normal School, which had
been utilized by the United States government for hospitals but were then
vacant, were procured by the officials of the academy, and the school was moved
there in 1865. Three years later, the facilities at this site having been out-
grown, a more spacious site was sought and found in its present location in
Chester, northeast of the city, and an imposing group of buildings was here
erected. The main edifice burned to the ground on the afternoon of February
16, 1882, the fire originating in the laboratory from an unknown cause.
Although the school organization was somewhat demoralized by this accident,
twenty days later the regular routine of the institution was being followed in
temporary quarters at Ridley Park. After the necessary adjustment of the
losses by the insurance companies, plans were subriiitted and work begun upon
a new building, of pretentious size and ornate architecture. Besides the main
hall and laboratory, a large drill hall and a gymnasium were built, both fitting
to perfection the purposes for which they were designed. The present grounds
are upwards of twenty acres in extent, including cadet limits, dotted with the
following college buildings : the College building, accommodating one hundred
and fifty cadets, together with the resident members of the faculty and mili-
31

466 UELAW ARR COUNTY

tary staff the Chemical Laboratory; the Theodore Hyatt Memorial Observ-
atory; the Hospital building; the Drill Hall, and Cannon House; the Gym-
nasium, and the Riding Hall.

The courses of study include preparatory courses, courses in languages,
and the collegiate — courses in civil engineering, chemistry and arts. The mili-
tary department has an especially thorough course in military science, theo-
reticat'aria~practical. The faculty is composed of college graduates of high
standing in the educational world, well fitted to carry on the work of an insti-
tution of such high scholastic standing. The combination of military and
ordinary college life puts forth graduates of graceful carriage and vigorous
powers of body, with habits of neatness, system, and punctuality, trained both
to command and to obey, results obtained nowhere but iri a military school.
Believing that physical well being is essential to the best mental effort, athletics
are given a prominent place in the curriculum of the Pennsylvania Military
College. All indoor sports are encouraged, while the outdoor games are
indulged in by almost the entire body of students. The teams representing
the college have gained a wide reputation for both the cleanness and excel-
lence of their play, and the generous manner in which they accept victory, as
well as the sportsmanlike reception they accord defeat. The optional cavalry
drill is another department of the routine which properly comes under the
head of athletics, and is wonderfully popular with the students. The char-
acter of the drill gives it a peculiar value to an educational system, inasmuch
as it developes alertness of mind and the prompt and vigorous response of
body, together with a continuous demand for self-control under varying and
trying conditions.

The faculty and instructors of the college are as follows: Charles E.
Hyatt, C. E., LL. D., president: Milo C. Burt, A. M., Ph.D., vice-president,
professor of geology; Carl H. Miiller (graduate United States Military
Academy), professor of military science and tactics; Levi P. Wyman, A. M.,
Ph.D., secretary and professor of chemistry: Herbert J. Wild, C. E. (mem-
ber American Society of Civil Engineering), professor of engineering; Henry

B. Sachs, A. M., Ph.D., professor of modern languages ; Carton S. Greene,
A. M., professor of English language and literature ; Frank K. Hyatt, B. S..
professor of mathematics; Edward Brautigam, C. E., assistant professor of
mathematics and instructor in military science and tactics; Harold C. Bird,

C. E., assistant professor of engineering; Albert Blohm, A. M., assistant
professor of Latin and English ; F. Otis Bryant, M. D., instructor in anatomy
and physiolog}'; Stanley F. Brown, A. B., instructor in chemistry; Frank
R. Thomas, Jr., C. E., instructor in mathematics and engineering field work ;
Carleton B. Sanford, instructor in gymnastics. The board of trustees has the
following officers: lion. John Wanamaker, president: Hon. William X. Ash-
man, vice-president; Oliver B. Dickinson, secretary.

IVilliavison Free Scliool of Mechanical Trades. — This school illustrates to
the complete satisfaction of its friends the great value of vocational institutions
of such character. When modern trade unionism closed the doors of many

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DELAWARE COUNTY 467

trades to all but a few apprentices, hundreds of American youths were de-
prived of an opportunity to learn useful occupations that otherwise would
have remained open to them. To reopen the closed doors is the mission of
the vocational school. While not by any means the only trade school, nor the
largest, it is apparent that under the apprenticeship system practiced at the
Williamson School, has been found the ideal way to develop high-grade effi-
cient workmen in the five trades there taught by instructional methods. Al-
though the first class was not received until 1891, 965 pupils were graduated as
follows up to the year 1913; Bricklayers, 223; carpenters, 210; stationary en-
gineers, 95; machinists, 254; and pattern makers, 183. These graduates had
not only pursued the three year courses as apprentices and had become intelli-
gent, skillful journeymen mechanics, but the scientific and thorough methods
of the courses had prepared them to embrace readily any opportunity for ad-
vancement in their respective trades, and a large number of them have reached
positions of special responsibility, while others have entered into business for
themselves as contractors, builders, etc.

The school was founded December i, 1888, by Isaiah V. Williamson, a
wealthy merchant and philanthropist of Philadelphia, for the purpose of giving
poor and deserving boys a good education, for training them in habits of moral-
ity, economy, and industry, and for teaching them trades. Professional schools
abounded but places were few where a knowledge of useful trades was taught
and the boys provided for during their apprenticeship years. Himself a poor
boy and the architect of his own fortunes, Mr. Williamson was desirous of us-
ing his wealth to aid other boys along life's pathway and chose as one method
the founding of this vocational school. He outlined the plan in his deed and
gave a generous sum for endowing the school that bears his name.

The school property consists of forty buildings located on two hun-
dred and thirty acres of ground in the beautiful hill section of Delaware coun-
ty, near Media, sixteen miles from Philadelphia, on the Central division of the
Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington railroad, and is also reached by trolley
from Philadelphia, via Media. After suitable buildings were erected, pupils
were received, but it was not until 1891 that all was in readiness for the first
class. Admission is made in April of each year, none being received who are
under sixteen or over eighteen years of age. Candidates are required to pass
scholastic, moral, and physical examinations, after which a selection is made of
the number the school can accommodate. Other things being equal, preference
in admission is made in the following order : To those born in the city of Phil-
adelphia : to those born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania ; to those born in Mont-
gomery and Delaware counties, Pennsylvania ; to those born elsewhere in Penn-
sylvania ; to those born in New Jersey. Only natives of the United States are
eligible to admission and none are admitted save those who intend to follow
for a livelihood the trades there taught them, and only those are accepted who
are able-bodied, moral, intelligent, and possessed of a natural aptitude for me-
chanical pursuits. The candidates v;ho are accepted are given a preliminary
trial. Those acquitting themselves creditably are indentured for a term of

468 DELAWARE COUNTY

three years as apprentices to the trustees, each apprentice taking but one of the
six courses, the assignment to the same being made at the lime of admission.
These courses or trades are : agricuhure, inchiding a practical and scientific
course in dairying, horticulture, general farming, and poultry raising, car-
pentering; bricklaying, including range, furnace, and boiler setting; the ma-
chinists trade in all its usual branches ; operating engineering, including care
of steam and electrical appliances, steam-fitting, etc., and pattern making. The
course for several years included only the five trades, agriculture having been
recently added.

The school is in session eight hours daily on five days of the week, and
three hours on Saturday, each apprentice spending about one half of the time
in the shops during the first year, the proportion gradually increasing until the
last few months of the senior year, when it includes the entire day. During
the last year of the course there is evening instruction three days in the week
in strength of materials, higher mathematics, and theory of the steam engine.
The branches taught in the academic de])artment are reading, writing, gram-
mar, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physical and political geog-
raphy. United States history, English literature, physical science, physiology
and hygiene, civil government, chemistry, elementary vocal music, theory of
the steam engine, strength of materials, building construction, mechanical and
freehand drawing, and estimating. The instruction in drawing pertains directly
to the apprentice's particular trade. The school is not a factory and nothing is
made for sale, its sole object being the benefit of its apprentices. The school
is open all the year but regular exercises are suspended during the month of
August, when such students as desire it are given a vacation.

The domestic life of the school is that of good family government. The
students are divided into families of twenty-four, each having its own matron
and its own cottage, eared for by the occupants. The cottages contain no
kitchens, dining-rooms, or laundries, these being located in other buildings.
The central building is a larger stone and brick three story structure called the
Administration building, although one family of twenty-four is located therein.
Otherwise it is used for offices, class, and instruction rooms. By the terms of
Mr. Williamson's deed of endowment, the benefits of the school are entirely
free. This includes board, clothing and instruction during the entire course.
The school is non-sectarian, but each student is required to name the church
of his choice and thereafter attend its service regularly at its place of wor-
ship in the neighborhood.

The graduates' record is excellent. Ninety-five per cent, enter at once on
trade work at wages of sixty to one hundred per cent, of full journeyman's
pay, nearly all receiving the latter within twelve months, some within three, and
not a few begin on full pay. Experience has proved the value of the instructional
methods of the Williamson School, employers reporting that graduates are as
an average more valuable and proficient than shop apprentices. The manage-
ment of the school is in the hands of a board of trustees consisting of seven
members, a president and superintendent. The board as now constituted con-

DELAWARE COUNTY 469

sists of Isaac H. Clothier, Lincoln Godfrey, Alfred C. Harrison, John Story
Jenks, George H. McFadden, John M. Shrigley, John Wanamaker. The pres-
ident is Harry S. Bitting.

If there were any doubts as to the efficacy and practicality of the meth-
ods pursued at Williamson School, a visit would dispel them all. To see the
air of interest, industry, and activity that prevails everywhere, the well-disci-
plined and orderly groups of boys eagerly absorbing information and instruc-
tion from an expert mechanic or a professor, would prove to the most skep-
tical observer that, with the spirit that is present, Williamson School must needs
be a success. The most desirable result obtained by the course of training at
the school is not that it sends forth mechanics superior to those taught in the
old method, but that it is graduating young men who are well equipped to con-
sider the various questions of the day and to act upon their own judgment
and not the advice of some one else; that tastes in literature and culture have
been devolepd that will not be content with daily labor and drudgery, but will
reach outward and upward for the better things of life; and that its graduates
are men who in the coming days will make less plain the line of demarcation
between the man of trade and the man of business or profession, and will raise
the one to the level which it should occupy, upon the same plane as the other.

The founder, Isaiah \'. Williamson, was born in Falsington, Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, February 3. 1803. son of Mahlon and Charity (Vansant) Wil-
liamson, and fifth in line of descent from Duncan Williamson, a Scotchman,
who came to Pennsylvania about 1661, twenty or more years prior to the com-
ing of William Penn. Isaiah \'. Williamson obtained a limited education in
the public schools, and at the age of thirteen years became a clerk in Harvey
Gillingham's store in Falsington, continuing until he was of legal age. During
that period of his life he formed those strict habits of economy as to personal
expenditure, and the careful investment and reinvestment of any surplus
means, which continued throughout his long and useful life. In 1825 he
opened a retail dry goods store on Second, near Pine street, Philadelphia, but
after a few months formed a partnership with William Burton and moved his
place of business to Second street and Coombe's alley. One year later the firm
dissolved, Mr. Williamson purchasing the store of John S. Newlin, at 9 North
Second street. In 1834 he formed a partnership with H. Nelson Burroughs,
his clerk, which continued until 1837, when he retired from active business as
a merchant but retaining an interest as special partner in the firm of William-
son, Burroughs & Clark. Thereafter he engaged in a variety of public enter-
prises, investing his means wisely, and at the age of seventy years was reputed
to be worth about $4,000,000. He then yielded to the impulse of his naturally
kindly sympathetic nature, and began a system of wise, judicious, and libera)
distribution of his fortune. He gave in a broad, catholic spirit, both money and
property to hospitals, schools, homes, and similar charitable and educational in-
stitutions. He gave away in the years from the age of seventy to eighty-six,
about $5,000,000, yet so wisely had he administered his investments that he was
far richer than when he began. He left at his death an estate valued at $10,-

470 DELAWARE COUNTY

000,000, one-tenth of which was also used for charitable purposes. The par
value of the securities given as a building and endowment fund to the Wil-
liamson Free School was $1,596,000, having an appraised value at the then
market price of $2,119,250.

In founding his Free School for Mechanical Trades, Mr. Williamson
profited by the failure of other philanthropists to have their wishes carried out
after their deaths, and avoided hostile litigation by doing it during his life-
time. The trustees selected by himself in the foundation deed selected the
present site, and but a few days before his last illness Mr. Williamson visited
it and expressed in warm terms not only his satisfaction but his pleasure in the
choice, this -approval being the last business act of his life. Just before the
closing of his long, honorable, and useful life on March 7, 1889, he sank into
unconsciousness, from which he never rallied. He was eighty-six years of
age at his death, but so correct had been his life and so regular his habits that
he enjoyed uniformly good health. His physical activity was umlimiiiished
and his mental faculties unimpaired ahnost to the last, his death being due to
the debility attending old age rather than to any acute disease. He lived a life
of integrity, self-denial, and industry, regarding himself as onlv a steward of
the vast fortune he had acquired. He carefully thought out his plan for the
Free School arid in his Foundation Deed outlined the method of procedure
and operation to the minutest detail, the school being conducted at the present
time upon practically the same lines laid down by the founder.

Iiislitiite for Colored Youth. — This institution had its origin in a bequest
of $10,000 made by Richard Humphreys in 1827, the object of which was
iefined as "the benevolent design of mstructing descendants of the .\frican race
n school learning, in the various branches of the mechanic arts and trades,
and in agriculture, in order to prepare, fit and qualify them to act as teachers."
The following will show how thoroughly the terms of the bequest have been
followed, and with what highly gratifying results.

In 1837 the Institute was established u]ion a farm on the York road, and
m 1842 a charter was procured from the Pennsylvania legislature. In 1 85 1
the work was located on Lombard street, Philadelphia, and in 1866 was moved
to Tenth and Bainbridge streets. There, in 1885, an industrial department
v.-as added, and the school was contiiuied with an enrollment of about 350 in
the academic department, and 300 in the industrial department, until 1903.
In this year the resignation of the principal, Fannie Jackson Coppin, was
acce])ted, and the work was reorganized. In order to best carry out the wishes
of the founder, the managers decided to move the school to the country, and
to there concentrate the resources of the Institute upon the development of a
high grade normal school for negro pupils. This was accordingly done, and
the success of the school for the past ten vcars has more than vindicated the
judgment of the managers and the wisdom of their decision. The school,
located at Cheyney. Delaware county, Pennsylvania, consists of the three
buildings originally erected — Humphreys Hall. Emlen Hall, and the principal's
house — together with the Carnegie Library building, the Cassandra Smith cot-

DELAWARE COUNTY 47'

tage, the Susanna Brinton cottage, and barns and other buildings for the
accommodation of the Hve stock owned by the Institute. A new dormitory
costing $30,000 is in the process of construction, the nucleus of the building
fund, $5000, having been donated by Joshua L. Baily, on the condition that
the other $25,000 be raised before Sixth month 30, 1912.

The Institute offers to the negro who has the true welfare of his race at
heart, an education that will prepare him to enter upon a work in behalf of
his people which will be of inestimable value to the negroes in raising them to
a plane where they will be able to become useful members of American com-
uumities. Instruction is given in English, drawing, physiology, hygiene, gym-
nastics, wood-working, domestic science, domestic art, iron working, and agri-
culture, and the graduates are sent as teachers to colored schools in all parts oi
the country. Because of the increasing importance of all agricultural matters
today, especial stress is laid upon this branch of the curriculum in training
young men and women to be able to inspire negro rural communities with the
worth and dignity of farm life. The agricultural department has charge of the
garden from which much of the produce used in the Institute is procured. Al-
though many of the graduates accept positions in the north, where they were
born and reared, by far the greater number take up their work in the form-
er slave states, where the need for their services is greater because of the lowly
state of the negro in those places, caused by the degrading effects of his previous
condition of servitude. :\11 of the graduate teachers keep in constant touch
with the Institute, writing for advice on particularly knotty problems in their
schools, and receiving helpful suggestions in return. The Institute often offers
aid in a much more substantial manner, in many cases sending discarded tools
and other apparatus and appliances which have outlived their usefulness at
the home institution.

The record of the Institute since moved from Philadelphia to Cheyney
has been full of encouragement. In the ten years which have elapsed there
have been sixtv-nine graduates sent out from the Institute, now engaged in the
r<ccupations enumerated below : Teachers, fifty-one ; secretarial work, three ;
teaching in private institutions, thirty-three : teaching in public institutions,
eighteen ; pursuing advanced studies, three ; scientific embalmer, one ; cabinet-
maker, one : postal clerks, two ; and dressmaker, one. Thirty-one of these are
teaching in the former slave states, of whom thirteen were born and lived in
the north.

Too much credit for this great and good work cannot be given to the So-
ciety of Friends, under whose direction the board of managers has constantly
acted. The board of managers, always guided by the advice and counsel of an
advisory educational board, consisting of men of well-known reputation in the
educational world of to-day. That the work may have a prosperous continu-
ance, that the teachings of the Institute at Cheyney may be world-wide in their
effect, and that Divine guidance may direct the efforts of the graduates to the
best possible good of the race, is the prayer that should rise from every hearth-

472 DELAWARE COUNTY

stone. The task is hard and the road rougli, but the goal worthy of all the
hardship and toil.

The board of managers consists of George ]M. Warner. Philadelphia, sec-
retary : George S. Hutton. Philadelphia, treasurer ; George \'aux, George
Vaux Jr., and Walter Smedley, Philadelphia ; Walter P. Stokes, Moorestown,
New Jersey : James G. Biddle, \\'allingford, Pennsylvania : J. Henry Bartlett,
Tuckerton, New Jersey : Davis H. Forsythe, West Grove, Pennsylvania ; Al-
fred C. Elkinton, Moylan, Pennsylvania : David G. Yarnall, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania ; John L. Balderston, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania ; Edward
f.rinton. West Chester, Pennsylvania : Thomas C. Potts, Philadelphia : Stanley
R. Yarnall, Philadelphia, secretary of the board of managers. The Advisory
Educational Committee has as its members President Isaac .Sharpless, of Hav-
erford College. Pennsylvania ; Principal Booker T. Washington. Tuskegee In-
stitute • Dean James E. Russell, Teachers' College, New York City ; Professor
John Dewey, Teachers' College, New York City ; President Joseph Swain,
Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania. The members of the faculty of the
Clieyney Institute for Colored Youth are ( igi2) : Hugh M. Browne, princi-
pal, applied physics and general methods ; Evangeline R. Hall, English and ed-
ucation ; Naomi B. Spencer; Laura Wheeler, drawing; Clayda J. Williams,
physiology, hygiene, and gymnastics ; George K. Conway, iron-working ; Lew-
is \^'. S. Comegys, wood-working; R. Mabel Moorman, domestic art; Julia
Phillips, domestic science ; Harriet ]M. Hodge, applied domestic science ; Wil-
liam M. Berry, agriculture; Louise P. \\'alton. matron; Lottie N. Conway,
secretary ; Thomas L. Harrison, applied domestic science, and assistant secre-
tary.

Convent of the Ho!\ Child. — Sharon, now the Convent of the Holy Child,
was once the Sharon Boarding School founded by John Jackson. Quaker min-
ister, in 1837. The mutual interest which Mr. Jackson and his wife took in the
subject of education led him to institute a school in which the usual course of
instruction should be combined with a religious training. His own varied
knowiedge. his eloquence and governing powers fitted him for the task and his
wife's accomplishments and refinement helped the project to its fulfilment.
From a little volume, "A Brief Memoir of John Jackson," printed in 1856, after
his death, these extracts are taken, proving the sincerity of the man and the
deep seriousness which he brought to bear upon his mission :

'Ti mo.. iS,?7. The religious instruction of children has often licen to my mind a
subject of deep interest and concern. To direct the young mind to the influence of those
principles of action wliich should govern the whole course of human conduct, is. in my
view, one of the most effectual and powerful means of preserving them from the tempta-
tions of the world. And the improper indulgence of those feelings and i)ropensities which
are invariably followed by misery and nnhappiness. The command which was given to
the Israelites to teach diligently the law which God had given them. is. no doubt, a per-
petual obligation binding upon all generations of men. The minds of children should be
directed to principles, not to opinions. The soul by obedience advances in righteousness,
and is prepared to receive new disclosures of the Divine Will. ."Xs the minds of children
are directed to the important truths of religion, they learn to cultivate an acquaintance

DELAWARE COUNTY 473

with themselves, and understand their relation, as accountable creatures, to the Author
•of their being." "It was his aim," his Memoir tells us, "not only to cultivate and expand
the intellect, but also to imbue the tender minds of the children with the necessity of a
life of daily self-denial, in order to enjoy that peace which the world cannot give nor
destroy."

It was a worthy object he had in view; it was a high ideal that he set before himself,
.and imparted to his pupils. That they respected him, and responded to his teaching, their
own words prove. One of them, in writing of the influence of Mr. Jackson, said : "I can
never tell what I owe to his instruction. How many and what pleasant memories come
with his name ! I feel that it was no ordinary privilege to be taught by him. I never
■went with a question to him without having it answered fully, plainly; there was always
time, there was always a smile with which to answer every inquiry. And now I cannot
look at a pebble, or go in imagination to the farthest extremity of the universe, but I feel
that he has led the way, and I follow dimly and afar oflf, where he has gone shedding
light on mystery. Truly can I say that I always felt in those Sharon days that worship
was exalted when he mingled in it. Social life was purified when in his presence, and
that as a teacher, he led and guided us with fatherly love and care."

Reference is made in this extract to his love of scientific studies. He considered a
knowledge of natural science indispensable. "Every page of the great volume of nature,"
he said, "is full of living and instructive truth. There is a beautiful relation between mind
and matter, between the works of God and our capacity to contemplate them. Our
intellectual nature is as much a gift of God as the gift of grace, and we are as respon-
sible for the culture and improvement of one as for the other. I have no idea that so
noble a talent is to be buried in the earth, that it is to be employed merely in procuring
food and raiment for these frail temples which are so soon to moulder into dust. Far
otherwise! Placed in the midst of a beautiful creation, we are invited to meditate on
the workmanship of its Author. Such an exercise of intellect is profitable to us, for it
leads to humility, and while it makes manifest the feebleness of man, and our compara-
tive nothingness amidst the immensity of Creation, it exalts our view of the wisdom,
goodness, and power of the Creator."

Mr. Jackson was also an eminent astronomer, and had an observatory fitted
up for his own use and that of his pupils, with a Framenhoffer equatorial tel-
escope, at that time the largest in America. He had a fine collection of fossils
and minerals, and an extensive library which was open to all who cared to use
it. He was a botanist, and his conservatory contained plants and exotics of
different countries. Even to-day tlie Sharon grounds show, in their rare trees
and shrubs, the results of his labor in this direction. Besides being a mem-
ber of the Delaware County Institute of Science, John Jackson was continually
in communication with the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, and his ob-
servations and services were an acknowledged help to the Coast Survey Depart-
ment of the Government.

It was natural that girls brought up under the care and direction of such
a man should develop sterling qualities of mind and heart, and should go forth
stamped with the hail mark of genuineness. Still Sharon life in those days was
not without its escapades, its small breaches of discipline, its youthful reaction-
ary rashness, its irrepressive mirth, and all the wild, windy outbursts which at-
tend the "equinoctial gales of youth." Many old Quaker ladies, who come
back from time to time to review the scenes of their school-days shake their
heads in reminiscent enjoyment over "scrapes" and "pickles" which once called

474 DELAWARE COUNTY

forth the stern rebuke of "L'ncle John" and the mild reproach of "Aunt Re-
becca" Jackson. After all, these Quakeresses were not so demure and im-
movable as we once supposed !

In 1863 the Jackson school was purchased by Father Carter. For the
work of Catholic education, he gave it to the Sisters of the Holy Child, and
here the convent was established on the sixteenth of July, 1864.

The first days at Sharon were memorable ones for all. The quaint Quak-
er buildings with its peaceful aloofness, seemed to wield an attractive influence
upon their children, who ever remain devotedly attached to their alma mater.
The atmosphere seemed in every way suitable to the work undertaken, and
the school soon became known, not alone for the thoroughness of the education
imparted, but for the stamp of refinement and cultured life upon its pupils, and
this in its measure may be claimed as a special characteristic of the work of
the society wherever its schools have been established.

The old Jackson house was a three storied building, but the needs of the
school, in a few years outgrew these limits. An addition became imperative
and a mansard roof was planned. The quaint Quaker house submitted to this
first innovation in 1870. In 1877, a chapel was built, which in its turn, was re-
placed by the beautiful little Gothic Church in 1899. The Holy Child's School
was partially erected in 1890 and used in its unfinished state until 1900 when it
was completed.

COURTS AND LAWYERS.

Crude as were the statutes administered, there is no doubt that at Tinicum.
in the present county of Delaware, justice was first dispensed in the state of
Pennsylvania, and there is little doubt that there was held the first court in the
entire Delaware river territory. The Swedish Governor Printz was required,
in obedience to instructions given him, to "decide all controversies according to
the laws, customs and usages of Sweden." This was a difficult task to impose
upon a military man, as the codification of all the Swedish statutes, manners
and customs had then but recently been made. There were, fortunately for
the peace of mind of the well meaning governor in 1647, but one hundred and
thirty-eight souls living under his jurisdiction, yet he often found difficulty in
adjusting nice points of law, often also under the embarrassment of acting in
the dual capacity of plaintifif and judge. The governor thus describes his own
plight : "Again, I have several times solicited a learned and able man to
administer justice and attend to the law business, sometimes very intricate
cases occurring, in which it is difficult, and never ought to be. that one and the
same person appear in the court as plaintiff as well as judge." Governor Printz
was clothed with both civil and criminal jurisdiction : he was especially directed
to enforce obedience and order, and could punish great offenders, not only
with imprisonment, but even with death, "according to the crime," but all must
be done under legal forms and in accordance with the ordinance. The records
of this Swedish court are very indistinct, and little can be learned of this period,
while the Dutch records that follow are hardly more explicit on the subject of
e:ir]y tribunals among the early settlers on the Delaware prior to the English
conquest.

fean Paul Jacquet, who was appointed vice-director, November 29, 1655,
was instructed to "administer law and justice to citizens as well as soldiers,"
while Andrew Hudde. the secretary, was "to book all matters, complaints, de-
faults, arrests, with the reasons there." also "all judgments, sentences and deci-
sions." The court, where branches of the ordinances were to be tried, was a
meeting of the council, which was to be called only by order of the vice-direc-
tor, and all cases pending before that body to be decided by a "majority of
votes," but, in case of a tie, the vice-director was to have a double vote. This
tribunal seems to have exercised legislative as well as judicial powers, as there
are ordinances regulating various practices, as early as February 13, iC^S^*' =1"''
several arrests for their violation are recorded. Jacob Alrichs, vice-director of
the city's colony on the Delaware (part of the Delaware territory from Chris-
tiana river to Bombay Hook had been transferred to the city of Amsterdam by
the Dutch West Indian Company for moneys advanced) in the latter part of
April, 1657, arrived at New Castle. That there then was a court held on the
river is proven from the prayer of the Swedish inhabitants that a court mes-
senger and provost might be appointed for them, which was done. This court
evidently was not in accordance with Director Alrich's ideas of what a court
of justice should be, as on March 30, i''>58, he writes Governor Stuyvesant,

4/6 DELAWARE COUNTY

complaining of its crudities. But there was a court, and at least one practicing
attorney, as, under the same date, he mentions paying certain sums to the "At-
torney Schelluyn." On May 8, 1658, the Swedish magistrates at Tinicum pre-
sented a petition to Governor Stuyvesant, who was then visiting the Dutch set-
tlements on the Delaware, requesting that they might be properly instructed in
the discharge of their duties, and that a court messenger or officer should be
appointed to serve summons, make arrests and enforce sentences of the courts.
From a letter written April 28, 1660, to Governor Stuyvesant by William
Beekman, vice-director, a great deal of information is gleaned concerning the
customs of the magistrate and something of the people they governed. This
letter relates. to the present Delaware county, all the persons mentioned hav-
ing resided within the limits of the present county, and is interesting as being
conclusive that, at that time, no other court existed within the territory be-
longing to the present state of Pennsylvania.

When Sir Robert Carr, in command of the English forces, subjugated the
Dutch Provinces on the Delaware, the articles of capitulation dated October,
1684, stipulated that "the schout, the burgomaster, sheriffe, and other inferior
magistrates, shall use and exercise their customary Power in .-\dminis'on of
justice within their precincts, or until his Ma'ties pleasure is further known."

Under the terms of this agreement the Dutch magistrates continued in
ofiUce until April 21. 1668, when Governor Lovelace commissioned Sir Robert
Carre schout, and Hans Block, Israel Helme, Peter Rambo, Peter Cock, Peter
.A^lricks, or any two of them, as councillors, "to advise, hear and determine, by
the major vote, what is just, equitable and necessary in the case or cases in
question." Steadily but slowly, Governor Lovelace from that time began bring-
ing the judicial system of England into use, but so gradually that no radical
change would be made, and at the same time do no violence to the colonv. by
unsettling quickly the whole body of ordinances, manners and customs with
which the people had grown familiar. The attempted rebellion of the Long
Finn in the summer of 1669 afforded the governor an opportunity to make
some sweeping changes in criminal procedure, and that case will ever be mem-
orable in county annals, inasmuch that for the first time there is undoubted
record of a trial on the Delaware wherein the defendant was formally indicted,
and a jury of twelve men impaneled, who were subject to challenge on the part
of the prisoner, and charged after the testimony was concluded, by the com-
missioners, to find "the matter of fact according to the evidence." Governor
Lovelace, knowing well the power of pomp and display, hedged the bench with
all the pomp and circumstance necessary to impress the citizen of that day with
the importance and dignity fif the judicial office. In ifiji he instructed Captain
Carre, on the Delaware, to set up the King's arms in the court house, and to
have the same insignia of majesty borne on the staffs carried by the officers in
attendance. The records show a town court was established at New Castle,
May 17, 1672, to be presided over by a bailiff and six assistants, to have juris-
diction over all cases of debt and damage not to exceed ten pounds, and there
is inferential evidence that a similar court was established ;u l']i''"i''' August

DELAWARE COUNTY 477

8, 1672. Certain it is, however, that when the Enghsh standard was lowered
and the Dutch again became masters on the Delaware, the Dutch council at
New York, July 30, 1673, established "one court of justice for the inhabitants
of Upland, to which provisionally shall resort the inhabitants both on the east
and west banks of Kristina Kill and upwards toward the head of the river."
At the same time council instructed the inhabitants of the Delaware river ter-
ritory, "for the maintenance of good order, police, etc.," to nominate eight per-
sons in each of the judicial districts as magistrates, and from the names thus
submitted council would select and appoint these officers. These courts were
of limited jurisdiction, council ordering that all important cases be sent for trial
before the governor general and council. Yet they had legislative powers that
made them of considerable importance in the government. The same docu-
ment from the council instructed how persons should be elected to the higher
offices, a system that was adopted by the British after the territory again
passed under their rule, and was maintained in a large measure even after
Pennsylvania had in turn cast off the English yoke. By the terms of the treaty
between Great Britain and Holland, the Dutch authority ceased. on February 9,
1674, but as Major Edmund Andross, the representative of the Duke of York,
to whom the King had reconfirmed the province after it became an English de-
pendency, did not take formal control until the 31st of October following, it is
to be presumed that judicial matters up to that time were conducted according
to the Dutch form of procedure. Two days thereafter the governor ordered
that the old magistrates on the Delaware, excepting Peter Alricks, who were
in office when the Dutch captured the province in July, 1763, should be "estab-
lished for the space of six months, or further orders." On November 4, Cap-
tain Edward Cantwell, who had been the former sheriff under the English
rule, was reappointed to the same office. The magistrates thus reappointed
were : Peter Cock, Peter Rambo, Israel Helme, Lars Andriesen, Wolle Swain :
and William Tom was appointed clerk.

The jurisdiction of the several courts on the Delaware river seems not to
have been extended so as to give them cognizance of the higher grade of
crimes. Hence a special commission was issued by Governor Andross, Febru-
ary 21, 1675, for holding a court of oyer and terminer at New Castle for the
trial of several prisoners charged with rape, which commission was addressed
to five justices of New Castle court, and Justices Cock, Rambo, Helme, An-
driesen and Swain, of Upland court, requiring any seven or more of them, as
soon as conveniently may be, "to sitt one or more times during the space of one
week, if occasion require, for the hearing, trying, giving judgment, and causing
the same to be put in execution according to law."

A celebrated case of the period was the trial of James Sandelands, of Up-
land, for the death of an Indian forcibly ejected from his house. The case
was tried at New Castle, at a special court held May 13, 1675, Governor Sir
Edmund Andross presiding in person, assisted by three commissioners — one
each from New Castle, from Upland and Whore Kill. "The bench," old docu-
ments state, was "called over and placed on the governor's left hand : Governor

478 DELAWARE COUNTY

Philip Carteret, of New Jersey, on the right of Mr. Samuel Edsall ; Mr. Thom-
as Wandall, Mr. Joseph Smith, Mr. John Jackson, Mr. William Osborne."
The jury, as provided by the Duke of York's laws, which had not yet, how-
ever, been extended to the Delaware river settlement, consisted of seven free-
men. The verdict of the jury : "They find the prisoner not to be Guilty. Hee
is ordered to be cleared by Proclamation."

On September 22, 1676, Governor Andross promulgated an ordinance in-
troducing the Duke of York's laws and establishing courts of justice on the
Delaware in conformity therewith. ( )nc of the tribunals was located at Up-
land, and was to consist of justices of the peace, three of whom would consti-
tute a quorum, the oldest justice presiding, having the powers of a court of
sessions, with jurisdiction over all matters under twenty pounds in civil cases,
and in criminal cases, excepting where the punishment extended to life impris-
onment or banishment, when appeals were to be allowed to the court assizes.
The sessions were to be held quarterly, beginning on the second Tuesday of
the month, and rules governing practice, unless repugnant to the laws of the
government, could be made by the court and were to continue for one year.
A record of all proceedings was to be kept in the English language, to which
every person should have free access "at due or seasonable times," and for that
purpose a clerk was appointed by the governor on the recommendation of the
court. In pursuance of the ordinance, on November 14. 1676, the first court
under the code of laws was convened at Upland, where Captain John Collier
and Captain Edmund Cantwell, specially authorized by Governor Andross, ad-
ministered the oath of office to the newly commissioned justices — Peter Cock,
Peter Rambo, Israel Helme, Lace Andricsen, Wole Sweinsen and Otto Ernest
Cook. Ephraim Herman was appointed clerk. (From this date to the second
Tuesday of September the original records of the Lapland court are in posses-
sion of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and in i860 were published by
the Society with copious notes and an introduction by Edward Armstrong.)

One act of that court was the appointment of Jan Jansen and Morton
Mortensen as guardians for the heirs of Hendrick Johnson, deceased, it being
represented to the court that the estate of the minors was being wasted. This
is the first instance of record in this state of such appointment, and, while the
guardians were instructed to prepare an inventory of the estate, they do not
seem to have been required to give honfl for the faithful performance of the
trust.

At a court of quarter sessions held June 13, 1677, the most important
case was one of assault and battery committed on Justice Helme by Oele Oel-
sen. The dignity of the court was upheld, and Justice Helme secured the verdict,
which he afterward remitted as the "saide Oele was a poore man." The court
established by Governor Lovelace and administering the Duke of York's laws
continued with little change until the coming of William Penn, and even then
there was little attempt made at change for several years. Trial by jury was
uncommon, there being but two instances of a jury being impaneled in the en-

DELAWARE COUNTY 479

tire period covered by the record of the Upland court. The first case above
cited was tried on November 12, 1678; the second, October 13, 1680.

Although after Penn came he advocated radical change in the criminal
and civil code, removing much of the severity of the former, he continued the
courts already established and did not confuse the people with new judicial
procedure. The changes that were made were authorized by legislative bod-
ies, and, by enlarging the responsibilities of the individual, increased the in-
telligence of the masses. The law enacted December 7, 1682, requiring all per-
sons who were not by birth subjects of Great Britain, to declare within three
months their intentions to become "freemen," resulted in retiring for the time
being all the Swedish judges. At the February session of the court, held
1682-1683, John Simcock, a newly appointed justice, presided, but at the June
term of 1683, when Penn personally presided, the familiar figure of Justice
Cock again was seen on the bench.

To this court, held June 27, 1683, the first grand jury of record in the
civil court of Pennsylvania was summoned, the grand inquest consisting of
seventeen persons. While the powers of the court at this period covered many
points and details not now considered judicial subjects, their jurisdiction was
restricted so far as the higher grade of crimes were concerned, until the consti-
tution of 1790 gave the judges of the court of common pleas, in each county
the right to act as justice of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery for
the trial of capital and other otifences.

A feature of the act of March 10, 1683, now unknown, were the "peace-
makers," — three persons in every precinct, chosen yearly, to whom dispute
could be referred in writing, and the decision of these "peacemakers" was as
conclusive as that of the court. The act of March 10, 1683. also directed the
justices of each county to sit twice a year "to inspect and take care of estates,
usage and employment of orphans," this constituting the first orphans' court
in the province. The first court under this title was held at Chester on the
"3rd day in ye ist week of ye 8th month, [687."

Previous to the act of May 10, 1684. there was no high appellant court in
the province other than the governor and council, but on that date a provincial
court was created, consisting of five judges, which was ordered to sit twice a
year at Philadelphia, (and two members of the court, at least every fall and
spring, were directed to "goe their circuit into everie respective county in the
province) to hold a court of appeals, as well as to try all criminal cases of a
high grade, questions of title and all other causes over which the county court
had no jurisdiction. The following year the assembly took away their right
to try cases which involved title to real estate and reduced the number of
judges to three, but later the original mimber was restored.

A little over a year after Penn first came to the province, no provincial
court having then been established, he was called to preside over a witchcraft
case, eight years before the cruel craze attacked North Carolina. The verdict
was "guilty of having the common fame of a witch, but not guilty in manner and
form as she stands indicted." Some of the acts of Penn, and those of Colonel

48c DELAWARE COUNTY

Benjamin, who was appointed governor of Pennsylvania by the King, October
20, 1693, aroused the wrath of David Lloyd, the first lawyer of whom there is
record in the county. He was the leader of the battle for popular liberty, and
dared to oppose Penn when his plans were thought to be in opposition to the
general welfare. He was a member of the assembly from Chester county in
1693, and as speaker of the house the following year bore the full brunt of the
anger of Governor Fletcher. This brave Quaker lawyer was the father of the
bar of Pennsylvania, and that bar to-day is benefitted by his battle for the
rights of the people waged over two centuries ago.

By the act of October 27, 1701, county courts were required to be held
in Chester on the third day of the last week in February, May, August and No-
vember, their -practice to conform as nearly as possible to that of the common
pleas of England, "all fictions and color in pleadings to be avoided." They
had equity powers, and all matters of maritime disputes not cognizable in the
court of admiralty were to be heard.

The judges of the supreme provincial court were to go on circuit twice in
each year, the acts requiring such court to be held in Chester on the "2nd day
of eighth month," "and on the i8th day of second month," for the trials of
all felonies, and to have appeals in civil cases, but, by the act of February 10,
1710, the supreme court justices were not required to go on semi-annual cir-
cuits to counties outside Philadelphia unless cases were pending there for trial,
and commissions of oyer and terminer were issued by the governor.

The act of 1710 was repealed in 1713 by Queen Anne, and on July 20,
1714, Lieutenant Governor Gookins, following the precedent of Governor
Evans, published an ordinance of like tenor establishing the several courts in
the province. The courts of common pleas in the several counties continued
to exercise in the main tlie jurisdiction conferred by the act of 1701, but all
through the colonial period all the courts were subject to legislative enactments,
and prolonged controversy arose between the assembly and the governors rep-
resenting the crown. The courts of quarter sessions, as distinctive from the
county courts, created by Governor Evans' ordinance, in 1707 were directed to
be held in Chester on the last Tuesdays of February, May, August and No-
vember, and their powers defined. By an act of September 29, 1759, the jus-
tices of the court of quarter sessions were forbidden from being commissioned
justices of the common pleas. The last court held at Chester before the erec-
tion of Delaware county was on August 29, 1786, and continued by adjourn-
ment until August 31, when the session ended.

The first court held after the erection of Delaware county was on Novem-
ber 9, 1789, Justice John Pearson presiding. There being no bar, William
Tilghman, afterward chief justice of Pennsylvania, addressed the court and
moved his own admission. After he had been sworn in, Mr. Tilghman moved
the admission of William L. Blair and others, eight lawyers qualifying that day
as hu-iiiIktn of the Delaware county bar. L'ndcr the judicial redistrictint;-
caused by the adoption of the constitution of 1790, Delaware county, together
witli the counties of Philadelphia, Bucks and Montgomery, formed the first ju-

DELAWARE COUNTY 481

dicial district. James BiddTe was commissioned president judge of the district,
continuing until June 19, 1797, wlien he was succeeded by John D. Coxe, he
being succeeded in 1805 by WilHam Tilghman.

The first president judge, and the only one prior to the constitution, was
Henry Hale Graham, who died January 23, 1790, while attending the constitu-
tional convention as a delegate. John Pearson, who presided over the first
court for one day, was appointed president judge to fill out Judge Graham's
term, serving until the appointment of Judge Biddle under the constitution
of 1790.

On February 24, 1806, the State was redistricted, Delaware county with
Chester, Montgomery and Bucks, forming the seventh judicial district. In
April, 1806, Governor McKean appointed Bird Wilson president judge, he
serving until 1817, when he resigned.

On January 28, 1818, Governor Findlay appointed John Ross, of Easton,
president judge of the seventh judicial district, he then being a member of
congress. By the act of March 12, 1812, the fifteenth judicial district was cre-
ated, comprising the counties of Delaware and Chester, and on May 22, 182 1,
Governor Heister appointed Isaac Darlington president judge of the new dis-
trict. Judge Darlington held his first court under this appointment in the old
court house at Chester, October 23, 1821, being then forty years of age, and
served until his death in April, 1839.

On May 16, 1839, Governor Porter appointed Thomas S. Bell to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of Judge Darlington, who served until his pro-
motion to the supreme bench, December i8, 1846. Governor Shunk appointed
John M. Forster, of Harrisburg, to succeed Judge Bell, but he failed of a
confirmation by the senate. The governor then appointed James Nill, of Cham-
bersburg, who also was rejected. The March term was presided over by As-
sociate Judges Engle and Leiper, but by the next term the governor had ap-
pointed his son-in-law, Harry Chapman of Middletown, who was confirmed
and served with great acceptance until November 26, 185 1, when an amend-
ment to the constitution changed the office of president judge from an ap-
pointive to an elective one. During Judge Chapman's incumbency the county
seat was moved to Media, the last court being held in the old court house in
Chester, May 26, 1851, adjourning Friday, May 30, following. Judge Chap-
man declining the nomination, Townsend Haines, of West Chester, was elected
the first president judge of the courts under the new law, retiring on the last
day of the November term, 1861. Judge Haines was succeeded by Wil-
liam Butler, elected October, 1861, presiding until 1874, when a vacancy
was caused by the erection of the thirty-second judicial district. This vacancy
was filled in April, 1874, by Governor Hartranft appointing as president judge
John M. Broomall, whose family had been prominent in Delaware and Chester
counties for two hundred years. Judge Broomall was succeeded by Judge
Thomas J. Clayton, as the first elective president judge under the constitution
of 1873. His ancestry also traces to the earliest days, his ancestor settling at
Marcus Hook prior to the granting of the royal charter to Penn.
32

482

DELAWARE COrXTY

The following is a list of all associate justices and judges of the courts
of Delaware county from its erection until the constitution of 1874 (which
abolished the office) with date of commission:

William R. Atlee
Richard Hill Morris
Thomas Lewis
John Pearson
George Pearce
EHsha Price
Joel Willis
John Sellers
Ricliard Riley
Mark Wilcox
Hugh Lloyd
Benjamin Brannon
John Crosby
John Pierce
Wilham Anderson
Joseph Engle
Henry Meyer

September 28, 1789
October 12, 1789
12. 1789
" 12, 1789
" 12, 1789
March 16, 1790
July 15, 1790
September 17, 1791
17. 1791
17. 1791
April 24, 1792
June 5, 1794
April 26, 1799
January 5, 1823
•• 5. 1826
5, 1827
December 27, 1833

George Smith
Joseph Engle
Joseph Engle
George C. Leiper

George G. Leiper
James Andrews
Sketchley Morton
Frederick J. Hinkson
James Andrews
Chas. R. Williamson
George Smith
James Andrews
Thomas Reese
Bartine Smith
Thomas Reese
Bartine Smith

December 28, 1836
January 26. 1842
March 11, 1847
February 25, 1843

Admitted
February 16. 1848
November 10. 185 1
ID. 185 1
" 12, 1856

12, 1856
January 10. i860
November 23. 186 r
23. 1861
8. 1866
8, 1866
" 17, 1871

17, 1871

CHARACTICR SKETCHES OF PRESIDE.N'T JUDGES AXD OTHERS.

Henry Hall Graham, the first president judge, was born in London, Eng-
land, July I, 1 73 1, son of William Graham, who came to Pennsylvania in 173,^.
settling finally in Chester. Judge Graham studied law under Joseph Parker,
then deputy register of Pennsylvania for the county of Chester, and on his
death in 1766, Mr. Graham was appointed to the vacant position, then includ-
ing the duties of prothonotary, register and recorder. He had been commis-
sioned one of the justices of the county in 1761, and again was honored in
1765. He was neutral during the Revolution, his leanings being toward the
mother country. For this reason he was not reappointed in 1777. After the
Revolution he was practicing attorney in the Chester courts. On November 7,
1789, he was appointed president judge of Delaware county, but, not being at
the time a justice of the peace, could not act as president of the court of quar-
ter sessions and orphans' court, hence the court of common pleas was opened
and presided over the first day by justice William Richardsijn Atlee, holder of
the oldest commission among the justices constituting the bench. On Novem-
ber 9, 1789, Governor Alifllin commissioned him justice of the peace, and the
next day. November 10, appointed him president judge, he at once assuming
the duties of that office. He was elected a member of the constitutional con-
vention of 1789-90, and died in Philadelphia, January 23, 1790, while attend-
ing the meetings of that body.

Tames Riddle was the second president judge of Delaware county, and the
first under the constitution of 1790 that placed Delaware county in the first dis-
trict with Philadelphia, Hucks and Montgomery cnimties. He served imiil Jidy
19, 1797. He was succeeded on that date by John .S. Co.xe, who on .\pril 6 of
that year had been appointed one of the judges of the high court of errors

DELAWARE COUNTY 483

and appeals, but resigned that office to accept the office of president judge of
Philadelphia and the courts of the first judicial district. Both Judges Biddle
and Coxe were learned in the law, and jurists of a high order.

When Delaware county was created under the act of September 26th.
1789, naturally there was no bar, and, through an error, no president judge of
common pleas, quarter sessions or orphans' court. The latter difficulty was
overcome, and then William Tilghman arose and addressed the bench setting
forth the peculiar circumstances and moving his own admission. The court
saw in this the best solution of the difficulty, and William Tilghman was sworn,
becoming the first member of the Delaware county bar. Fifteen years later,
on July 31, 1805, he was appointed by Governor McKean president judge of
Delaware county courts. Judge Tilghman, one of the most conspicuous figures
of his time, was a native of Talbot county, Maryland, and began reading law
in 1772, when sixteen years of age, under the preceptorship of Benjamin Chew,
of Philadelphia. In 1783, after eleven years of study, he was admitted to the
Maryland bar. In 1789 he moved to Philadelphia, where he rapidly rose to the
front rank in his profession. In 1801 he was appointed chief judge of the
circuit court of the United States, but the act under which this court was con-
stituted was repealed the next year and the judge returned to private practice.
He only held the office of president judge of Delaware county seven months,
when he was appointed chief justice of Pennsylvania to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Chief Justice Shippen. Judge Tilghman died in 1827.

When the act of February 24, 1806, creating the seventh judicial district,
became operative, the government m April of that year appointed Bird Wilson
president judge of the new district. He was a son of James Wilson, a signer
of the Declaration of Independence, and for eleven years presided over the
courts of Delaware county, sitting for the last time at the October term of
1817. He then resigned and became a minister of the Episcopal church, for
which he had prepared while still a judge, studying under Bishop William
White, whose biography he wrote. Judge Wjlson also edited Bacon's "Abridge-
ment of the Law," first published in seven volumes.

The next president judge of the seventh district, John Ross, of Easton,
was appointed by Governor Findlay, January 28, 1818. He had served in the
eleventh, fourteenth and fifteenth congresses, resigning office to accept the ap-
pointment as judge. He presided for the first time over Delaware county
courts April 13, 1818, and at this session the first conviction for murder was
secured since the erection of the county twenty-nine years earlier. When the
act of 1821 divided the seventh judicial district Judge Ross continued to pre-
side over the counties of Bucks and Montgomery until April, 1830, when he
was appointed an associate justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania.

By the act of May 21, 1821, Chester and Delaware counties became the
fifteenth judicial district, and on May 22, 1830. Governor Heister appointed
Isaac Darlington to be president judge of the new district. He first presided
at the old Chester court house. October 23, 1821, Judge Darlington had pre-
viously served two terms in the Pennsylvania legislature and one term in con-

484 DELAWARE COUNTY

gress, declining a renoniination. He made an excellent judge, serving until his
death, April 27, 1839. At the suggestion of the bars of Delaware and Chester
counties in December, 1838, Judge Darlington resigned before the constitution
of 1838 went into effect, although having two more years to serve. He was
reappointed by Governor Ritner for another full term of ten years, but Gover-
nor Porter, who was inaugurated in January, 1839, regarded this as a trick
to deprive him of the appointment. He directed Attorney General Douglass to
sue out a writ of quo warranto to test the validity of Judge Darlington's com-
mission, but, two days before the case was to be argued before the supreme
court, the judge had passed away from all scenes of contention and strife.
When his death was announced to the supreme court, Chief Justice Gibson dis-
missed the proceedings, at the same time eulogizing the character and learning
of the dead jurist.

Thomas S. Bell, appointed May 16. 1839. by Governor Porter to fill out
the unexpired term of Isaac Darlington, was president judge from May, 1839,
until August, 1846. He was a scholarly gentleman, refined in manner, and a
brilliant lawyer of the Chester county bar. He had been a member of the
constitutional convention of 1837, and in 1838 was state senator, but in Janu-
ary following was unseated. He was highly esteemed in Delaware county, and
was raised to a seat on the supreme court bench by Governor Shunk in De-
cember, 1846, his term not having expired. He was an able jurist; his opin-
ions were clear and learned, and were confidently relied on by the best lawyers
of the country.

After two appointments to fill the office of president judge made vacant
by the appointment of Judge Bell to the supreme bench, and the holding of
the March term of 1848 by Associate Judges Engle and Leiper, Governor
Shunk appointed Henry Chapman, of Doylestown, as president judge. He
presided over the last court held in the court house at Chester, May 26, 185 1,
and over the first court held in Media, November 24, 185 1, and, although of-
fered an unopposed nomination by the unanimous bar of both counties, refused
an election for the term, only serving until his successor was commissioned
in the same year.

The act of assembly which took eft'ect in 1852 made the office of president
judge elective, and, at the preceding October election, Townsend Haines, of
West Chester, was chosen as the first elected judge of the Chester, Delaware
district, known as the fifteenth judicial district. He had been a member of the
Pennsylvania House of Assembly and secretary of the commonwealth, serving
until February, 1850, when he was appointed by President Taylor treasurer of
the United States, an office he resigned when elected judge of the fifteenth dis-
trict. He first presided in Delaware county at the February term in 1852, the
county seat then being located at Media. Judge Haines had a well trained
mind, and in the writing of a charge was a paragon of caution and care, few
of his decisions ever being reversed. As a lawyer and advocate he was most
eloquent, giving to his speeches a depth of feeling most effective on jury and

DELA^^■ARE COUNTY 485

audience. He presided over the courts of Delaware county until the Novem-
ber sessions of 1861, and then declined re-election on account of his years.

At the October election of 1861, William Butler, of West Chester, was
elected president judge of the district embracing Chester and Delaware coun-
ties. He had been a successful lawyer of Chester county for sixteen years, and
in 1856 had been elected district attorney, holding that office until 1859. He
was commissioned judge November 30, 1861, presiding in Delaware county for
the first time at the Februarj- term in 1862. He was an able, upright and
learned judge, and attained high rank as a jurist. He presided at the Udder-
zook trial, which was one of the first cases in the United States where murder
was committed to secure large life insurance. Judge Butler's charge to the
jury in that case is still cited as a mode! of a clear comprehensive charge to a
jury. He was elected president judge in 1871, but. Delaware county being set
oflf in 1874 as a separate judicial district. Judge Butler presided from that date
over the Chester county courts only. On February 12, 1879, h^ ^^'^s appointed
by President Hayes judge of the United States district court for the Eastern
district of Pennsylvania, which vacancy was caused by the death of Judge
John Cadwallader. Judge Butler held his honorable position with dignity and
great credit for twenty-five years, resigning in 1904, at the age of eighty-two
years. He died in ^^■est Chester in 1908. His son, William Butler, junior, is
now a judge in Chester county.

Delaware county is now the thirty-second judicial district. The vacancy
which that change made on the bench was filled in April, 1874, by Governor
Hartranft appointing John M. Broomall president judge to serve until the fol-
lowing election and qualification of the judge, then elected.

John M. Broomall was born in Upper Chichester, Delaware count)', Janu-
ary 19, 1816. He was a highly educated man, learned in the law, of pro-
nounced literary and scientific tastes, and a strong well balanced lawyer. He
was admitted August 24. 1840. and in 1848 was appointed deputy attorney
general for Delaware county by .-Utorney General Cooper, but resigned, prose-
cuting all state cases before the courts at the November term of that year. He
was elected to the House of Representatives in 185 1 arid 1852, being appointed in
1854 a member of the State Revenue Board. He was a presidential elector on
the Republican ticket in i860, and, when Maryland was invaded in 1862, was
captain of Company C, i6th Regiment State Militia. In the elections of 1862
he was chosen to represent his district in congress, and while in office took the
field in 1863 as captain of Company C, 29th Regiment Emergency Men, serving
in the Gettysburg campaign. He followed his service in the Thirty-eighth Con-
gress by returning to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses. In 1872 he
was presidential elector, and in 1873 was a member of the constitutional con-
vention. He served under appointment as president judge of the newly cre-
ated Thirty-second judicial district ; and was nominated by the Republican
party to succeed himself, but was defeated by Thomas Gayton, running as
an independent Republican with a Democratic endorsement. Judge Broomall
died June 3. 1894.

486 DELAWARE COUNTY

Thomas J. Clayton, the first elected president judge of the Delaware
county courts, was born in Bethel. June 20. 1826. He read law in Wilmington.
and was admitted to the Delaware county bar November 24, 1851. He located
in Philadelphia, was admitted to that bar January 7, 1852, and tor twenty-four
years practiced in that city, residing, however, most of that period near Thur-
low, now a part of the city of Chester. He was an adroit politician, al-
though until his election as judge, never held an office, lie built up a strong
political machine in Delaware county that in 1874 elected him judge over the
much abler lawyer and jurist, Judge John M. Uroomall. He served a full term
of ten years, and was re-elected in 1894, when he was nearly seventy years of
age, holding until his death, January 30, 1900. He was an energetic and suc-
cessful lawyer, had a bright retentive mind, and was able as a judge.

The present judge. Isaac Johnson, was appointed in January, 1900. to
fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Clayton, .^t the November elec-
tion he was chosen to serve a full term of ten years and in 1910 was again
elected to the same high position. He was born in Ridley, studied law, and has
the distinction of being the only member of the Delaware county bar ad-
mitted without an examination. Judge Clayton admitted him on motion of
ex- Judge John M. Broomall, who stated that his qualifications were such as to
render examination unnecessary. He was very successful as a lawyer, a popular
orator, and as a jurist has displayed great wisdom and legal acumen. He
served as captain in the Civil War, and previous to his elevation to the bench
had for twelve years held the office of prothonotary and clerk of the courts of
Delaware county.

In IQ07 the growth of the county so increased the work of the courts that
a bill was passed by the legislature granting Delaware county an additional law
judge. On March 17. 1907, Governor Stuart appointed William B. Broomall
to that position, and at the Novemlier election of that year he was elected for
a full term of ten years.

Judge William B. Broomall, son of Judge John j\i. Broomall, was born in
Chester, Pennsylvania, January 30, 1843: was graduated from Haverford Col-
lege in 1861, and then began the study of law. In 1862 he enlisted in Com-
pany D, 124th Regiment Pennsylvania \'olunteer Infantry; was in hard active
service in the .\ntietam and Chancellorsville campaigns, and at the close of
his term of enlistment received honorable discharge. He then returned to
legal study, and in 1864 was admitted to the Delaware county bar. He rose
rapidly in his profession, appearing in almost every case of importance, and
became a recognized leader of the county bar. As a judge he has worthily up-
held the traditions f)f this one of the strongest bars in Pennsylvania.

As.^oriA! I-: jrncF.s of notf..

William Richardson Atlee was commissioned one of the justices of the
com-t of common pleas of Delaware county two days after the act of Sep-
tember 28. 1789. erecting the county, became a law. He was also appointed
the same day prothonotary and clerk of the quarter sessions and orphans'

DELAWARE COUNTY 4S7

court. On September 4, i/gi. he was reappointed by Governor ]\Iifflin to the
office of prothonotary, and again on March 16, 1792. He was indicted for ex-
cessive fee charges, but was acquitted. He held office until April 6, 1796, and
the 26th of July folUiwing was admitted to the county bar.

Richard Hill ^lorris was commissioned October 12, 1789, having previous-
ly been a justice of quarter sessions of Chester county. George Pearce, of As-
ton, was commissioned the same day, also having been a justice in Chester
county. He held the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the Third Battalion of Mili-
tia during the Revolution. John Pearson, also commissioned on the same day,
was a resident of Darby and a Revolutionary soldier, first lieutenant of the
Pennsylvania line, promoted captain September 7, 1777, and active all through
the war.

Thomas Lewis, commissioned the same day with Justices Morris, Pearce
and Pearson, was also a Revolutionary soldier, ranking as captain. He held
many offices in Chester county, and in 1799 was commissioned lieutenant-colo-
nel of the 65th Regiment Pennsylvania Militia.

In 1791 Richard Riley was appointed associate judge. He was born in
Marcus Hook, of English parents. He was county assessor, a justice of the
county, and member of the legislature prior to his apixiintment as judge. He
was an ardent patriot during the Revolution, a member of the Chester county
committee of correspondence, delegate to the first and second Provincial con-
vention, member of the committee of safety of Chester county, and inspector
of arms. He died August 27, 1820. aged eighty-five years.

Alark Wilcox, commissioned September 17, 1791, was a son of Thomas
Wilcox, who about 1727 built on the west branch of Chester creek the second
paper mill in the United States — the Ivy Mills. Judge Wilcox was a member
of the assembly from Chester county in 1799, lieutenant-colonel of the iioth
Regiment, and for thirty years associate judge of Delaware county. He died
in 1827, aged eighty-four years.

Hugh Lloyd served as associate judge of Delaware county courts a third
of a century, the longest term in the judicial history of the county. P)orn in
1742, he took active part in the war for independence, and serving two terms
in the Pennsylvania Assembly : he was a man of usefulness, and lived to the
great age of ninety-three years.

Benjamin Brannon, of Upper Darby, was an ardent patriot, and in I77ri
was appointed to instruct the people of Chester county in the mode of making
saltpetre for the state powder mills. In 1777 he was one of the sub-lieutenants
of the county, was county commissioner in 1779; member of the Assembly
from Chester county 1782; and commissioned associate judge June 5, 1794.

John Crosby, appointed April 26, 1799. was a first lieutenant of the First
Battalion Pennsylvania Militia, saw service, was captured at his home in Ridley,
taken to New York, and confined on the British ship "Falmouth." He served
as associate judge until 1826.

William .Anderson, a A'irginian, joined the Continental army when fif-
teen vears of age: was present at the siege of Yorktown and witnessed the

488 DELAWARE COUNTY

surrender of Cornwallis. He settled in Chester, and in ijyO purchased the
Columbia House. He was a member of the Eleventh, Twelfth and Fifteenth
Congresses ; made the address to Lafayette in response to the sentiment, "The
Nation's Guest," in the State House at Philadelphia, September 29, 1824. He
resigned as associate judge to accept a position in the Philadelphia custom
house. He held the military rank of major, and died December 16, 1829,
aged sixty-seven years.

Joseph Engle, born 1770, was thirty-six years of age before attaining any
office of prominence in the county. In 1806 he was appointed commissioner,
and on May 24, 1809, was commissioned prothonotary, recorder, register and
clerk of the courts, commissioned January 14, 1812, and again December 20.
18 14. He was well acquainted with judicial procedure from his years of ex-
perience with the courts, and frequently during Judge Darlington's term
as president judge, was obliged to preside, charging the grand jury and trying
cases. Associate Judge Engle died October 18, 1857, in his eighty-eighth
year.

Henry Myers was prothonotary, recorder, register and clerk of Delaware
county courts for three terms prior to being commissioned associate judge, De-
cember 27, 1833. In 1826 he was elected state senator, serving four years,
retiring from ])ublic life at the expiration of his term. He left his home on
February 23, 1855, a bitter cold day, and was found frozen near Cobb's Creek
the following day.

Dr. George Smith, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1820,
practiced in Darby five years, then coming into a fortune he retired from his
profession. From 1832 to 1836 he was state senator, and as chairman of the
committee on education drafted a bill in the interest of the public schools, the
first practical enactment respecting free public education secured in the state.
Governor Ritner appointed Dr. Smith associate judge of Delaware countv in
1836, and in 1840 he was elected for a second term. He was superintendent
of public instruction in the county for several years, and president of the
school board for Upper Darby. In September, 1833. with four others, he
founded the Delaware County Institute of Science, and for nearly fifty years
he was its president. In 1862 he published his "History of Delaware County,"
a much quoted authority on history of the county. He died February 24, 1884,
full of years and honors.

George Gray Leiper was appointed associate judge by Governor Porter.
He was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1803. at the age of
seventeen years, and settled after his marriage on the Leiper estate in Ridley
township. In 181 1 he established the first Sunday school in the county. He
served in llic war of i8ij as lieutenant of the Delaware County Fencibles.
In 1818 he built at his own expense the Ridley Presbyterian Church. In 1822-
1823 he was a member of the legislature, and so strongly urged state aid for
the maintenance of the Deaf and Dumb .\sylum in Philadelphia that he was
chosen a director of that institution, continuing as such until his death. In
1828 he was elcclecl a memlu'r of the Twentv-first ('nnoress. but decliniti"' a

DELAWARE COUNTY

489

renomination. In 1843 he was appointed associate judge, continuing on tlie
bench until the office was made elective. He died November 18, 1868, in his
eighty-third year.

James Andrews and Sketchley Morton were the first two associate judges
of Delaware county elected by the people. They were elected November 10,
1851, Judge Andrew being re-elected in 1856; and in 1861, at the expiration of
his term, being then seventy years of age, he retired. Judge Morton served
but one term, and was more the merchant than the public man, although he
served a term in the legislature. He was president of the Delaware County
Mutual Insurance Company from 1852 until October, 1878, when he resigned.
He died February 9, 1878, aged sixty-seven years.

Frederick J. Hinkson Sr. was elected in 1856. He was born Novem-
ber 8, 1803, in Upper Providence, and learned the tailor's trade, obtaining lat-
er an education, and taught school. He entered the employ of the Bank of
Delaware County in Chester, 1828, and as clerk, cashier and president was con-
nected with that institution until 1864, when he resigned. He was for twenty
years treasurer of the borough of Chester, was trea.surer of the first building
and loan association in the borough, and held many offices of trust. He re-
signed his office of associate judge before his term expired.

THE BAR.

Beginning with William Tilghman. who moved his own admission to the
bar of Delaware county, the opening day of the first court ever held in Dela-
ware county, the following is a list of the attorneys of Delaware county, with
the date of their admission :

William Tilghman
William Blair
Joseph Thomas
Thomas Ross
William Graham
Benjamin Morgan
Anthony Morris
John Todd
Alexander Wilcox
Wm. Bradford, Jr.
Jacob Bankson
Elisha Price
Robert Porter
Thomas B. Dick
Moses Levy
William Rawle
Benjamin Morgan
Anthony Morris
Sampson Levy
Matthias Baldwin
J. D. Sergeant
•George Campbell
John Thompson

November 9, 1789
9, 1789
9, 1789
9, 1789
9, 1789
9. 1789
1789
1789
February 9, 1790
9, 1790
9, 1790
9, 1790
9, 1790
" 9, 1790
9, 1790
9, 1790
9, 1790
9, 1790
May II. 1790
" II, 1790
November 9. 1790
9. 1790
9. 1790

Nicholas Diehl
Robert H. Dunkin
John C. Willis
Isaac Telfall
Seth Chapman
Thomas Armstrong
Robert Fraser
John Ross

Thomas W. Tallman
John D. Cox
Joseph Hemphill
John Horn
Caleb Pierce
William Sergeant
James Hunter
David Moore
William Martin
William R. Atlee
Michael Kepple
Alex. James Dallas
Bird Wilson
William Ewing
W. L. Hannum

May ID, 1791

" 10, 1791

" 10, 1791
August 10, 1791
November 9, 1791
December 2, 1791
July 30, 1792

" 31. 1792
January 3,' 1793
April 30, 1793
October 1793
January 29. 179S
29, I79S
April 27. 1795
October 1795
January 23, 1796
April 1796
July 26, 1796

" 26, 1796
November i. 1796
April 7, 1797
October 30, 1797
April 1798

-!90

DELAWARE COUNTY

Joseph Reed
Jonathan T. Haight
Charles Chauncey
John Sergeant
John Taylor
William Hemphill
Xich. G. Williamson
Jonathan W. Condey
Rich. Peters, junior
Richard Rush
John Evving, junior
W. Robinson, junior
Isaac Darlington
Thomas Bradford
James D. Barnard
Peter Arrell Brown
Charles F. Frazer
Charles Kissellman
Rich. Bache. junior
Samuel Edwards
Joseph Barnes
Benjamin Shober
Jno. Edwards, junior
B. Newcomb, junior
William H. Todd
Thomas R. Ross
Ziba Pyle
Samuel H. Jacobs
Jonathan Dunker
Edward IngersoU
Randall Hutchinson
Thos. D. Anderson
Clymer Ross
Charles Harland
James M. Porter
Michael W. Ash
Charles J. Cox
Charles Catlin
William Bowen
Wm. A. Dillingham
Thos. F. Pheasants
James Henderson
Jonathan Hampden
John Kerlin
Robert H. Smith
Benjamin Chew
Isaac D. Barnard
Archibald T. Dick
Samuel I. Withy
Matthias R. Sayres
Henry C. Byrne
Edward D. Cox
Thomas Kitters
Henry G. Freeman

May 2, 1798
January 28, 1799
28, 1799
July 30, 1799
April 1800
July 1800
January 1801
April 1801
■' 1801
■' 1801
July 20, 1801

" 25, 1802

" 25, 1802
April 30, 1804
May I. 1804
October 30, 1804
30, 1804
May I, 1805
April 30, 1805
October 23, 1806
January 21, 1807
October ig. 1807

19, 1807
April 17, 1809

17. 1809
July 17. 1809
January 21. 1811
July 24, 181 I
January 20, 1812
" 20. 1812
" 23. 1812
April 13. 1812
" 13. 1812
July 26, 1813
" 26, 18 1 3
" 26, 1813
January 17. 1814
April 12, 1814
" 12, 1814
" 12, 1814
July 28, 1814
" 28. T814
" 28. 1814
January 16. 1815
April 10, 1815
January 16, 1816
16. 1816
April 8, 1816
July 22, 1816
August 26, 1816
October 22, 1816
January 20, 1817

20, iSt7

Matthew Morris
John Kentzing Kane
James C. Biddle
Samuel Rush
Charles Sidney Cox
John J. Richards
Joseph P. Norburry
Nathan R. Potts
David Paul Brown
Wm. Wilnior, junior
John Duer
Arthur Middleton
Richard C. Wood
Robert R. Beale
William Williamson
Edward Darlington
William Martin
Aquilla A. Brown
John P. Owens
John M. Reed
William S. Haines
Thomas S. Bell
Thomas F. Gordon
Bond Valentine
Edward Richards
Thomas A. Budd
A. Marshall, junior
Thomas Dunlap
Francis E. Brewster
Nathaniel Vernon
William Kimber
John P. Griffiths
Mordecai Taylor
Daniel Buckwalter
John S. Newbold
William Darlington
Samuel Chew
H. H. Van Aminge
William T. Smith
Lewis G. Pierce
John Cadwalader
Joseph J. Lewis
Joseph S. Cohen
John K. Zeilin
Owen Stoever
David H. Hoope
F. A. Reybold
John W. .^shmead
John H. Bradley
William C. Brown
David J. Desmond
James A. Donath
Levi Hollingsworth
Robert E. Hannum

April 14, 1817
" 14. 1817
•' 14. 1817
October 19, 1818
19, 1818
January 19, iSiP'
July 16, 1819
" 16, 1819
" 16, 1819
" 16, 1819
August 18, 1819
18, 1819
18. 1819
October 17, 1820
January 17, 1821
April 9, 182 1
April 27, 1821
January 21. 1822
April 8, 1822
June ig, 1822
July 22, 1822
April 14. 1823
" 14. 1S23
" 14. 1823
July 28, 1823
" 28, 1823
" 28, 1823
October 23, 1823
23, 1823
April 13, 1824
13. 1825
13. 1825
July 27, 1825
January 26. 1826
" ' 26, 1826
July 24, 1S26
" 24, 1826
" 24, 1826
" 24, 1826
" 24, 1826
January 16. 1827
April 9, 1827
" 9, 1827
August 10, 1827
October 15. 1827
" 16. 1827
January 22, 1828
April 14. 1828
October 20, 1828
20, 1828
January 22, 1829
.\pril 15, 1829
15, 1829
July 27, 1829

DELAWARE COUNTY

491'

P. Frazer Smith
John C. Daniel
Peter Hill Engle
Andrew T. Smith
John C. Nipper
George L. Ashmead
Charles C. Rawn
John Rntter
Thomas W. Morris
Robert R. Dodson
Thomas R. Newbold
John Swift
David H. Mulvany
J. Hemphill, jnnior
Horatio Hubbell
Samuel F. Reed
Daniel McLaughlin
Joseph Williams
Horatio G. Worrall
Wm. M. Tilghman
James Hanna
Wm. H. Keating
Wm. M. Meredith
Henry J. Williams
John Freedley
Thomas M. Jolly
John B. Sterigere
•William E. Wliitman
John D. Pierce
Saunder Lewis
Frederick E. Hayes
Elihue D. Farr
John M. Broomall
\J. V. Pennypacker
Christopher Fallon
B. Franklin Pyle
Charles B. Heacock
Isaac S. Serrill
Addison May
Garrick Mallery
Paul Beck Carter
William D. Kelley
James Mason
Lewis Allain Scott
Mortimer R. Talbot
William P. Foulke
John M. Simmes
Ben. C. Tilghman
Henry Chester
Wm. R. Dickerson
Matthew A. Sanley
John Smith Futhey
Edward Hopper
Samuel Hood

November 22. 1829
January 18, 1830
April 13, 1830
■■ 14. 1830
March 2, 1831
April II, 1831
November 28, 1831
28, 1831
30. 1831
November 27, 1832
August 27, 1832
April 22, 1833
February 25, 1834
May 30, 1834
August 23, 1835
November 24, 1835
August 22. 1836
" 27, 1836
February 27, 1837
•' ' 28, 1837
May 22, 1837
August 28, 1837
" 28, 1837
" 28, 1837
30. 1837
30, 1837
June 4, 1838
" 7, 1838
November 27, 1838
27, 1838
May 25, 1840
" 26. 1840
August 24, 1840
" 26. 1840
November 24. 1840
August 23, 1841

24, 1841

25, 1841
November 25, 1841

25, 1841
May 23, 1842
" 23, 1842
August 23, 1842
November 30, 1842
30, 1842
May 22, 1843
" 22, 1843
" 22, 1843
" 27, 1843
August 28, 1843
November 27, 1843
27. 1843
.30. 1843
March i. 1844

Thos. H. Speakman
Jesse M. Griffith
Ashbel Green
Constant Guillou
Robert Frazer
Wm. W. Hubbel
R. Rundel Smith
James B. Everhart
Joseph P. Wilson
Samuel B. Thomas
John A. Gilmore
Nathaniel B. Brown
R. C. McMurtrie
William F. Boon
Robert M. Lea
Nathaniel B. Holland
Marshall Sprogell
Samuel A. Black
Robert McCay
George Palmer
Wash. Townsend
James H. Hackleton
Henry B. Edwards
George W. Ormsby
John Banks
Joseph R. Morris
William Butler
Gilbert R. Fox
Henry Freedley
Enoch Taylor
Harlan Ingram
Thomas H. Maddock
Charles D. Manley
Ezra Levis
Paschall Woodward
Wm. Hollingshead
John Markland
Robert Alsop
John F. Roberts
Thomas Greenback
Jesse Bishop
John H. Robb
John Titus
Joseph R. Dickinson
Thomas Leiper
George Norton
Thomas J. Clayton
Francis Darlington
James M. Goodman
William B, Waddell
Benjamin A. Mitchell
A. Lewis Smith
Edward Olmstead
J, Williams Biddle

August 20, 1844
November 5, 1845
February 24. 1845
24, 1845

24. 1845
May 6. 1845
August 25, 1845

25, 1845
November 24, 1845.
February 26, 1846
26, 1846
May 25, 1846
" 25, 1846
•' 25, 1846
August 24, 1846
24, 1846
24, 1846
November 23. 1846'
February 22, 1847
22, 1847
August 23. 1847
23, 1847
November 22, 1847
February 27, 1848
May 22, 1848
August 28, 1848
28, 1848
28, 1848
28, 1848
28, 1848
November 27, 1848
27. 1848
February 26. 1849
May 28. 1849
" 28, 1849
" 28, 1849
August 27. 1849
February 25. 1849

25. 1849
May 27. 1850

" 27, 1850

" 27, 18.50
August 26. 1850
November 25, 1850
May 26. 1S51

" 28, 185 1
November 24, 1851
February 23. 1852

26. 1852
May 24, 1852
August 23, 1852
October 15, 1853
March 6. 1854

6, T854

492

DELAWARE COUNTY

William Vodges
Robert S. Paschall
Edward A. Price
George E. Darlington
William Nicholson
Robert D. Clialfant
John W. Stokes
James Otterson
Andrew Zane
Peter Wychoff
John Hibberd
Samuel Simpson
M. J. Mitcheson
Francis C. Hooton
Aaron Thompson
John K. Valentine
Jacob F. Brynes
John P. O'Neal
William Ward
Joseph R. T. Coates
O. Flagg Billiard
Frank M. Brooke
H. Ryland Warriner
John S. Newlin
Richard P. White
Nathan S. Sharpless
John C. Laycock
J. Alex. Simpson
John H. Brinton
John Eyre Shaw
A. V. Parsons
T, Passmore Hanbest
William T. Haines
David M. Johnson
M. J. Micheson
William O'Neill
James Doyle
Wayne McVeagh
John B, Hinkson
James Barton, Junior
James H. Lytle
William B, Broomall
John Dolman
John O'Bryne
William H. Sutton
George F. Smith
Eldridgc McKonkey
T. H. Oelschlager
William F. Johnson
William M. Bull
Jesse Cox, Jimior
William H. Yerkes
J. Howard Gendell
Ceorge Hasty

May 22, 1854

■■ 24, 1854
February 25, 1856
May 26, 1856
June 6, 1856

" 6, 1856
November 24, 1856
August 24, 1857
February 22, 1857
May 24, 1857

" 24, 1857

" 24, 1857
August 28, 1857
November 23, 1857
May 2j, 1859
23, 1859
23, 1859
23, 1859
August 22, 1859
22, 1859
" 22, 1859
October 17, 1859
December 29, 1859
June 4, i860
August 25, i860
September 3. i860
October 15, i860
November 26, i860
27, i860
January 25. 1861
September 21, 1861
September 21, 1861
March 30, 1862
June 21. 1862
August 27, 1862
November 26. 1862
November 26. 1862
May 26. 1863
August 24, 1863
November 23, 1863
December 28, 1863
February 24, 1864
July II, 1864
November 28, 1864
February 27. 1865
August 30, 1865
November 27. 1865
May 28. 1866

" 28. 1866

" 28, 1866
August 27. 1866

" 27. 1866

March 2, 1867

2. 1867

William F. Judson
Wencel Hartman
George M. Pardoe
A. S. Letchwnrth
James Parsons
A. P. Reid
John C. Bullitt
Alex. Reed
Wm. H. Dickinson
Orlando Harvey
James Ross Snowden
Geo. H. Armstrong
Thomas J. Diehl
William J. Harvey
Henry C. Howard
P. M. Washabaugh
Charles Eyre
Christian Kneass
W. W. Montgomery
W. W. Wistar
Samuel Emlen
W. McGeorge. Junior
Edward C. Diehl
J. L. Farren
Rees Davis
Morton P. Henry
Carroll S. Tyson
V. Gilpin Robinson
Tames O. Bowman
James V- McGinn
Wesley Talbot
Abram H. Jones
John B. Thayer
John R. Reed
George M. Rupert
Paul M. Elsasser
J. V. McGeoghegan
I. Newton Brown
Edward H. Hall
David F. Rose
George M. Booth
H A, L. Pyle
Hutchinson Sprogel
C. W. Beresford
Thomas H. Foreman
William H. Caley
Henry G. Ashmead
George B. Lindsay
Wilbur F. Calloway
Theo. F. Jenkins
S. Davis Page
William McMichael
R. Jones Monaghan
Joseph F. Perdue

May 27, 1867
February 25, 1868
March 24, 1868
September 28, 1868
28, 1868
28, 1868
28, 1868
28, 1868
November 8, 1868
25, 1868
February 22, 1869
22, 1869

22. 1869
.September 27. 1869
November 23, i86g

23, 1869
" 24, 1869

February 28, 1870
March 2, 1870
2, 1870
November 28, 1870
February 27, 1871
May 25, 1871
February 29, 1872
March 4, 1872
" 26, 1872
" 26, 1872
August 26, 1872

" 29, 1872

September 21, 1872

November 25. 1872

25, 1872

" 25, 1872

December 23. 1872

" 23. 1S72

June 23, 1873

August 24, 1873

November 24. 1873

24. 1873
February 23, 1874
June 1874
August 27, 1874
September 28. 1874
October 26. 1874
November 24. 1874
February 23. 1S75

23, 1S75
23. 1875

March 22. 1875
22, 1875
22. 1875
22. 1875

June 29, 1R75

DELAWARE COUNTY

493-

George W. Bliss
John T. Reynolds
Walter S. Pearce
John V. Rice
Alfred Driver
Alfred Tyson
Henry M. Fiissell
James McKenlay
A. S. Biddle
A. C. Fulton
D. Smith Talbot
Joseph W. Barnard
John F. Yonng
Weldon B. Heyburn
Wm. M. Thompson
Harry L. Kingston
H. Pleasants, Junior
Henry C. Townsend
William B. Huston
John B. Hannum
William S. Windle
Benjamin F. Fisher
Albert T. Goldbeck
F. C. Cleenann
J. B. Dickeson
J. M. Broomall, Ju'r
Benjamin L. Temple
Edmund Jones
Townsend E. Levis
Patrick Bradley
William S. Sykes
J. N. Shanafelt
S. Grafton Davis
John A. Groff
Truxton Beale
Rowland Evans
Charles A. Logan
David Garrett
Oliver B. Dickinson
Ward R. Bliss
George T. Bispham
Oliver C. McClure
Wm. E. Littleton
Curtis H. Hannum
Edward C. Quinn
Horace P. Green
Garrett Pendleton
W. Ross Brown
Edward H. Weil
Abraham Wanger
Nelson H. Strong
Joseph M. Pyle
H. F. Fairlamb

September 20, 1875

22, 187s

November i, 1875

December 13, 1875

13. 187s
January 3, 1876
" 17, 1876
June 8, 1876
■■ 13, 1876
September 19, 1876
" 19, 1876

October 9, 1876
9, 1876
November 6, 1876
6, -1876
December 7, 1877
January 8, 1877
8. 1877
February 5, 1877

s. 1877

March 5, 1877
" 12, 1877
" 12, 1877
April 12, 1877
June 4, 1877
September 17, 1877
20, 1877
December 3. 1877
March 4, 1878
April 7, 187S
" 7. 1878
March 6, 1878
June 3, 1878
6, 1878
September 16, 1878
29. 1878
October 14, 1878
December 2, 1878
3. 1878

3. 1878
February 3, 1879
March 5, 1879

" 14. 1879
June 3. 1879

" 9. 1879

" 9, 1879
July 7, 1879

" 7, 1879
September 22, 1879
November 3, 1879
December 3. 1879

4. 1879
June 16. 1880

James S. Cummins
Jesse M. Baker
William A. Porter
Henry J. McCarthy
E. Wilson, Junior
Edward W. Magill
John B. Booth
Samuel S. Corning
Benjamin H. Lehman
David W. Sellers
John B Robinson
William Herbert
A. Gordon Bromley
Garrett E. Smedley
George C. Johnson
Edward S. Campbell
Henry L. Broomall
Harwell A. Cloud
Isaac Chism
Joseph L. Caven
Alfred F. Curtis
John W. Shortlidge
William W. Lamborn
Joseph T. Bunting
William B. Thomas
Isaac Johnson
Wm. A. Manderson
Edmund Randall
Damon Y. Kilgore
(Mrs.) C. B. Kilgore
Samuel Lyons
Wm. L. Mattheus
W. C. Stoever
Henry S. Calloway
Ale.x. Simpson, Jr.
Jolin J. Pinkerton
Oliver Troth
Wm. H- Harrison
Henry R. Major
Adolph Myer
Thomas B. Reeves
Samuel U. Ward
Joseph H. Hinkson
George H. Morris
Lewis L. Smith
H. Hathaway, junior
Samuel A. Price
Thomas J. Hunt
A. A. Cochran
Horace L. Cheyney
John Lentz Garrett
Henry W. Smith
Horace Haverstick
W. R. Fronefield

September 20, 1880
" 22, 1880

25, 1880
2, 1880
27, i8,So
27, 1880
December 6, 1880
6, 1880
6, 1880
21, 1880
March 7, 1881
" 14, 1881
" 14, 1881
September 22, 1881
December 8, 1881
20, 1881
February 6, 1882
6, 1882
16. 1882
March 4. 1882
June 5, 1882
November 6, 1882
December 19, 1882
April 2, 1883
September 24, 1883
December 17, 1883
March 17. 1884
April 7, 1SS4
" 7, 1884
June 2, 1S84
June 2, 1884
Nov. 10, 1884
January 5, 1885
February 2, 1885
" ' 2, 1885
March 16, 1885
December 20, 1885
February I, 1886
I, 1886
March 8, 1886
" IS, 1886
April 5. 1886
June 15. 1886
December 13, 1886
June 15. 1886
January 3, 1887
March 7, 1887
June 6. 1887
May 2, 1887
June 13, 1887
" 13. 1887
July 5. 1887
September 19. 1887
19. 1887

494

DELAWARE COUNTY

Eugene S. Daley
Benj. C. Potts

D. Stuart Robinson
Samuol L. Clayton
William I. Schaffer
William L. Delahunt
J. Hazleton Mirkil

A. J. Wilkinson
James W. Mercur
Frank B. Rhodes
Charles Palmer
Joseph M. Dohan
Frank R. Savidge
Isaac Elwell

E. G. Hamersley
Robert J. Williams
T. L. Vanderslice
Milton C. Work
Wm. H. Ridley
Edward P. Bliss
Charles I. Cronin
C. D. M. Broomall
J. Russell Hayes
C. Percy Wilcox
S. H. Kirkpatrick
Josiah Smith

W. A. Shoemaker
William B. Harvey
John C. Hinkson
Henry V. Massey
Morton J. Paul
C. Y. Audenreid
George T. Butler
George K. Cross
Conrad C. Wilfred
T. Speer Dickson
George Vaux. Jr.
Henry Ashton Little
James Henry Scott
Francis G. Taylor
Louis S. Hough
Louis T. Finnegan
Albert D. MacDade
Alexander B. Geary
J. Henry Mclntyre
Benjamin C. Fox
George J. Parker
William S. Ellis
John E. McDonough
William T. Brennan
Edwin A. Howell
John R. Valentine
Walter Washabaugh
John S. Freeman

October lo, 1887
November 9, 1887
December 19, 1887
February 13, 1888
13. 1888
March 5. 1888
April 2, 1888
December 17, 1888
March 25, 1889
December 2, 1889
April 7, 1890
May 5. 1890
5. 1890
June 2, 1890
November 3, 1890
November 3, 1890
10. 1890
January 12, 1891
March 23, 1891
May 5, 1891
July 6, 1891
September 21, 1891
June 7, 1892
September 26, 1892
October 12, 1892
December 22, 1892

22, 1892
March 6, 1893
May I, 1893
June 19, 1893

" 19. 1893

" 19. 1893
July 3, 1893
October 9, 1893
December 4, 1893
4. 1893
4. 1893
January 3, 1894
March S, 1894
May 7, 1894
September 3, 1894
17. 1894
17, 1894
December 3. 1894
February 4. 1895
March 5, 1895
" 25. 189s
May 6, 1895
June 3, iSq?
March 2, 1896

" 9, 1896

" 2, 1896
May 4, 1896

" 4. 1896

Charles D. White
Albert J. Williams
Jesse M. Johnson
Wm. C. .\lexandL-r
H. J. Makiver
William C. Lees
Frank Marion Cody
Edwin P. Hannum
William B. Knowles
D. yi. Johnson, Jr.
Frank G. Perrin
Charles B. Galloway
James H. Osborne
Eleanor J. Wilson
Carolus E. Hough
Frederick T. Pusey
Isaac E. Johnson
Cypriana Andrade
F. F. Eastlack, Jr.
K. Montgomery
George B. Harvey
J. M. (3) Broomall
Joshua C. Taylor
John McConaghy
Harry Schalcher
Isaac D. Yocum
Stephen E. Taylor
Thomas S. Williams
B. Frank Fenton
Henry W. Jones
J. R. Robinson
James B. Robertson
John De H. White
J. B. Hannum. Jr.
Edward J. Mingey
Frances ."Xnne Keay
Frank S. Morris
Wm. Taylor
John A. Poulson
Wm. B. Northam
Theo. J. Grayson
A. S. Longbottom
Joseph Hill Brinton
George W. Carr
Charles F. Da Costa
A. Culver Boyd
John Booth Miller
Morton A. Cooper
Samuel W. Mifflin
J. De H. Ledward
Ernest LeRoy Green
Matthew Randall
Boyd C. Barrington
Robert Oglesby

September 21, 1896
December 7, 1896
March I. 1897
■■ 2. 1897
.Vpril 5. 1897
June 7, 1897
■■ 7, 1898
July 6, 1897
September 20. 1897
March 7, 1897

" 7, 1897
June 6. 1898
September 19, 1898
19, 1898
December 5, 1898
5, 1898
5. 1898
S. 1898
May I, 1899
" I. 1899
March 6. 1899
June 26, 1899
December 4, 1897
.-^pril 7, 1900
November 12, 1900
April 2, 1900
January 8, 1901
January 14, igoi
December 30, 1901

20, 1901
March 11, 1902
April 14, 1902
March 25, 1902
June 16, 1902
December 2. 1902
" 4. 1902

" 29. 1902
" 29, 1902
" 30. 1902
" 30. 1902
" 30. 1902
July 20, 1903
March 7, 1904
7, 1904
7. 1904
" 28. 1904
28. 1904
September 19. 1904
December 5. 1904
September r8, 1905
October 4, 1905
November 15, 1905
27, 190S
March 20. 1906

DELAWARE COUNTY

495

Walter S. Mertz
D. Reese Esrey
J. J. Pinkerton
C. H. Pennypacker
F. A. Moorehead
Edwin S. Dixon
W. F. McClenachan
F. B. Calvert
Albert N. Garrett
Samuel P. Hansom
T. O. Haydock, Jr.
Albert E. Holl

September 17, 1906
October 22, 1906
March 17, 1908
" 31, 1908
June I, 1908
August 5, 1908
September 30, 1908
February 27, 1909
27, 1909
" 27, 1909
March 20, 1909
" 20, 1909

James F. Casey
John J. Stetson
John J. McCann
Elvvood J. Turner
E. C. Bonniwell
E. W. Chadwick
Howard E. Hannum
Harwell B. Button
Walter R. White
Howard W. Lutz
James L. Rankin
E. E. West

December 6, 1909

II, 1909
October I, 1910
December 10, 1910
March 13, 191 1
June 6, 1911
June 6, 1911
December 9, 1911

" II, 1911
March \2, 1913

" 10, 1913

EMINENT LAWYERS.

While the Delaware bar has always ranked among the l>est in the state,
there are several members who have so far outranked their contemporaries as
to be worthy of special mention. Among the earliest of these notables was
William Graham, fifth of the group admitted on the first day of court. He was
the only son of Judge Graham; was chief burgess of Chester in 1794, and
commanded a troop of cavalry from Delaware county during the "Whiskey
Insurrection." For many years prior to his death, December 19, 1821, he was
unable to speak in public through loss of voice from exposure.

Thomas Brinton Dick was admitted January 9, 1790. He was an espec-
ially strong character, and ranked as one of the ablest advocates of his time.
He lost his life in a blinding snow storm, April 21, 181 1, while out shooting
•ducks from a skiff on the Delaware.

Robert Frazer, of Thornbury, was admitted July 30, 1792. He was the
father of the plan to remove the county seat from Chester to Media, he pre-
paring the petition to the legislature in 1820, praying for the removal to a more
central location.

William Martin, although a native of Philadelphia, moved to Chester at
an early age. He was both physician and lawyer, admitted April, 1796. He
was chief burgess of Chester in 1789. and in April made the address of wel-
come to Washington, who stopped there when on his way to New York to be
inaugtirated as the first president of the United States. Mr. Martin died Sep-
tember 22, 1798, a victim of yellow fever.

Samuel Edwards, born in Chester township, March 12, 1785, died No-
vember 25, 1850, admitted April 30, 1806. He was a member of the assembly
in 1814 and 1816, and a member of the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Congresses,
and with George C. and Samuel Leiper, Levi Reynolds and James P.uchanan,
was credited with the control of political affairs in Eastern Pennsylvania un-
der Presidents Jackson and Van Buren administrations.

John Edwards. Junior, was born at the Black Horse Tavern. July 15,
1786, died October, 1846. He was admitted 'October 19, 1807: was deputy
attorney general for the county in 181 1 and in 1S24: was of counsel for Well-
ington for murder of Bonsall. He owned rolling mills, and was largely inter-

496 DELAWARE COUNTY

ested in the iron business. He was elected to congress in 1838 and served two
terms. He died in October, 1845, aged fifty-nine years.

Thomas Dixon Anderson, only son of Major and Judge William Ander-
son, moved to Tennessee, where he became attorney general of that state.
Later he was United States consul at Tunis and Tripoli for several years.

John Kerlin was the fourth president of the Bank of Delaware County.
In 1824 he began four )ears service as state senator, and in 1828 was again
elected for a like period. He died in Philadelphia, May 21, 1847, aged fifty-
four years.

Isaac D. Barnard became clerk in the prothonotary's office when a boy of
thirteen years, serving two years at Chester and a like period in the office of
the prothonotary of Philadelphia county. He was a gallant officer of the war
of 1812, captain of a company in the Fourteenth Regiment United States Cav-
alry; he was promoted major for gallant conduct at Fort George, and at
Plattsburg commanded the regiment, all his superior officers having fallen. He
had a large practice, but gave up a great deal of his time to the public service.
He was state senator in 1824-26; was appointed secretary of its common-
wealth, and in the same year, 1826. was elected United States senator, serving
until 1831, when he resigned, broken in health. He died February 18, 1834.

John K. Zeilin was deputy prothonotary and clerk of courts under Henry
Myers. He read law with Edward Darlington, and seems to have been more
prominent in military and public life than in the law. He held many offices,
both state and federal, and was colonel of the Forty-seventh Regiment Penn-
sylvania Militia, and offered his regiment for service in the Mexican war. He
di(d in I^hiladelphia, August 6, 1876, in his seventy-third year.

Samuel Baldwin Thomas practiced in Philadelphia, but located in Media
in 1857. He was deputy secretary of the commonwealth, and in 1863 was at
the head of the military department of the state, ranking as colonel. After the
war he was commissioner of the revenue board, and later commissioner in
bankruptcy.

Edward Darlington in 1824 was deputy attorney general for Delaware
county; was elected by the Whigs to the Twenty-third Congress by the Anti-
Masons, to the Twenty-fourth, and again by the Whigs to the Twenty-fifth. In
1851 he was elected district attorney, ^ml was the first president of the Deia-
w.are County Bar Association. He died in Media, November 21, 1884, in his
ninetieth year.

Abraham Lewis Smith has been a mitable figure for over fifty years. He
was born in Upper Darby township, November 12, 1831, son of Dr. George
and Mary (Lewis) Smith. He was graduated A. B. from the University of
Pennsylvania, 1850, and received his A. M. in course; entered the law depart-
ment of the University and was graduated LL.B., 1853, and admitted to the bar
the same year. He has been in active practice over fifty years and has covered
a wide range of practice. In his knowledge of the law of real estate, probably
no member of the bar is his ec|ual. From 1858 to 1883 he was secretary of
the West Chester & Philadeljjhia Railroad Company ; was one of the founders

DELAWARE COUNTY 497

and the first president of the West End Trust Company, organized in 1891, and
is still a member of the board of directors and of the finance committee. He
has been president of the Delaware County Historical Society since its organ-
ization ; is a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Sons of the
Revolution ; Colonial Society of Pennsylvania, the Genealogical Society ; and
the Delaware County Institute of Science. At the University of Pennsylvania
he belonged to the Philomathean Society, later to the Phi Beta Kappa. No
member of the bar is held in deeper respect, nor is there one more deserving.
No one ever saw him show a trace of anger, and his presence at a trial insures
confidence. He resides in Media. On October 15, 1903, the bar of Delaware
county gave him a complimentary dinner and reception in commemoration of
the fiftieth anniversary of his admission to that bar. Thirty-five members of
the bar attended the dinner, which was given in the Flemish room of the Un-
ion League at Philadelphia.

On May 26, 1906, George E. Darlington, another veteran, was tendered a
picnic and reception at the club house of the Rose Tree Hunt, in Upper Provi-
dence, the occasion being the fiftieth anniversary of his admission to the bar.
Mr. Darlington was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, in August, 1832, and was
educated in the public and private schools. He studied law under his father,
Edward Darlington, in Media, and was admitted in 1856. He enlisted during
the civil war, attaining a rank of first sergeant in actual service. In 1889 he
was elected district attorney, and held many positions of honor and trust, both
professional and practical. He has been a member of the Masonic order since
1864, and has filled well every position to which he has been ca)led. For thirty
years he was an enthusiastic fox hunter and rode with the hounds. In 1890
he toured Europe, and although now past eighty years has a well preserved
body and continues in active practice.

William Ward, a graduate of Girard College, read law with John M.
Broomall ; he was admitted in 1859, and became his preceptor's partner ; later
was with his son, W. B. Broomall, as Ward & Broomall. He was president of
council and city solicitor of Chester ; member of the Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth
and Forty-seventh Congresses, and a most able skillful lawyer. He died Feb-
ruary 27, 1895.

Ward R. Bliss was the compiler of "A Digest of the Special Laws of Del-
aware County," and very prominent politically. He was a member of the state
legislature from 1888 to 1902, chairman of the committee on appropriations,
and died while in office.

John B. Hinkson was a lawyer of the highest class. In 1893 he was
elected mayor of Chester. On April 28, 1890, he was admitted to practice be-
fore the supreme court of the United States, on motion of then Solicitor Gen-
eral Taft, later President of the United States, 1909 to 1913. Mr. Hinkson
died May 22, 1901.

The present bar, as composed, is an able body of lawyers that maintain
the high standard always characteristic of the Delaware bar. Many of them
are holding important positions in state and in nation, and all are men of high
33

498

DELAWARE COUNTY

character and praiseworthy anihition. Under the changed cduiHtions, recogni-
tion is not easily obtained and the fight for honors not easy to win, yet the ethics
of the profession are rigidly observed, the older members honored and de-
ferred to, the young members encouraged and helped. The Law Library
Association was formed by members of the bar December 4, 1871, and
May 30, 1872, incorporated with John M. Broomall as the first president and
Charles D. Manley as the first secretary.

List of Deputy Attorneys General from the erection of Delaware county
until the office was abolished by the act of May i, 1850, which act also pro-
vided that district attorneys, "learned in the law, should be elected in each
county to serve a term of three years," is given below :

February session
August "

October "

January "
October "
January
April
January

April
January
April
January

1790 Thomas Ross

1790 Joseph Thomas

1791 " "

1795 William Sergeant

1796 Thomas Ross

1797 William Sergeant
1799 Thomas Ross

1799 Richard Bache. ]\\

181 1 John Edwards

18 1 2 Edward Ingersoll

1813 Benj. Tilghman

1813 Edward Ingersoll

1814 John Edwards
1814 Edward Ingersoll
181=; Robert H. Smith

.-^pril session

January "
October

January "

April "

August "

March "

February "

November "

February "

Mav

1815 W. H. Darlington

1817 Henry G. Freeman

1818 Samuel Rush
1821 Archibald T. Dick
1824 Edward Darlington
18,10 John Zeilin

1833 Robert E. Hannum

1836 John P. Griffith

1839 P. Frazer Smith

1845 Robert Frazer

1845 Joseph J. Lewis

1848 J. M. Broomall

1850 Charles D. Manley
1850 T. H. Speakman

List of District .Attorneys and date of election from 1850. when the office
was created, until the present date, 1913:

Robert McCay, Junior, appointed to serve
during the year 1850 to 1851.

1851 Edward Darlington.

1854 Jesse Bishop, resigned and on No-
vember 24, 1856, the court appointed
Edward A. Price to finish out the term.

1857 Edw. A. Price 1863 F. M. Brooke

iSrxj John Hibbcrd 1866 C.D.M.Broomal!

1869 G.E.Darlington
1872 D. M. Johnson
1875 V. G. Robinson
1878 "

1881 Jesse M. Baker
1884 Jesse M. Baker
1887 J. B. Hannum
1890 J. B. Hannum

1893 W. I. Schaffer
1896 W. I. Schaffer
1899 Josiah Smith
igo2 Josiah Smith
19OS A. D. MacDade
1908 A. D. MacDade
lOTi J B.Hanni'.m.Jr.

THE NEW COURT HOUSE.

The new Court Hou.se in Media now rapidly approaching completion in-
cludes the old building with its east and west wings with a frontage of 127
feet and a depth of 145 feet. To each side has been added another wing of 39
feet making the present total frontage 205 feet. The depth was not changed
except at the main front entrance, which has been extended to make a more
commodious lobby and a more imposing entrance. The added wings are in the
form of a II, and meet the old building at front and rear, allowing a small
court yard and giving ample light to both old and new offices. The height re-

DELAWARE COUNTY 499

mains unchanged, except that of the old wooden clock tower was torn down : a
new clock will be placed in the front of the building. The entire edifice, the
old sections included, is of West Grove ( Pennsylvania) granite, with founda-
tions of Georgia granite. Eight magnificent columns grace the entrance. The
interior work — pilasters, columns, stairways, etc.. are of various marbles —
Italian and Tennessee predominating.

On the facade of the Court House is this inscription : "This Court House
was built in 1850 and rebuilt in 1913. It is the sixth in this judicial district, in
direct succession from the first Court House in Pennsylvania."

The above enumeration is deduced by counting the public house of Neeles
Laerson, which was devoted to the sittings of the Court from 1668 to 1677, as
the first. The judicial administration of Governor Printz at Tinicum was ear-
lier, but this was conducted by him in the exercise of his general powers con-
ferred on him by the crown of Sweden. It was thus exercised at Printz Hall
where he resided, and was for the most part a personal administration rather
than a court administration. Hence the Neeles Laerson house is counted the
first. It was situate at Upland, now Chester, between Edgmont Avenue and
Chester Creek and between Second and First streets. The second Court
House was the House of Defense, which stood within the lines of the subse-
quently laid out Edgmont Avenue, nearly opposite the Neeles Laerson house.
It was used from 1677 to 1684-5. The third Court House was adjoining and
northwardly of the House of Defense. It was in use from 1684-5 to 1694.
The fourth was on the west side of Edgmont Avenue, in the vicinity of the
others, and was in use from 1694 to 1724. The fifth was the building yet
standing and used as a City Hall, on the west side of Market street, between
Fourth and Fifth streets, Chester. It was used as a Court House from 1724
to 1850. This inakes the present Court House at Media the sixth. It has been
in use since 1850.

MEDICAL HISTORY.

In preface to a chronicle of the physicians and medical societies of Dela-
ware county, it is eminently fitting and proper that tribute be paid to the
father of the physician of to-day, the country doctor. In direct contrast to our
modern white-robed, hospital physician or surgeon, with his immense and
scientific knowledge of every atom of the human organism, or opposed to the
fashionable, businesslike city physician, making his calls in a handsome limou-
sine, is the homely old-fashioned, simple-minded, great-hearted figure once so
well known and loved in every country district. He was the forerunner of
our present day healer, and yet his healing often went deeper than any remedy
for physical ills, for often he was the family confidant and advisor, the haven
to which they fled in time of trouble or distress. He filled an important posi-
tion in every rural district — the local minister, schoolmaster, and he, forming
a trio representing to the country folk the acme of learning and the heights
of wisdom.

His medical service was more often than not, a labor of love, or else
his payment was in the form of any article of value in the household. Office
hours were unthought of, and a case of colic often called him from his bed in
the middle of the night for a ride, perhaps through a driving storm, to the
bedside of a painracked infant; while a crash of falling timber might take
him from his noonday meal to the bloody task of amputating the leg of a work-
man crushed by falling timber.

In mentioning our present day physicians and surgeons, to whom a human
being is but a combination of nerves, tissues, muscles, bones, arteries and veins,
let us not forget his predecessor, now unknown, who was the close friend of
each of his patients, treating their bodily ills with large doses of ill-smelling
compounds and sugar pills, the while he cheered them with helpful consoling
and enlivening conversation, brightening the sick chamber with the very charm
of his presence.

Probably the first physicians, or "barbers," as they were then called, in
Delaware county, were brought over by Governor Printz. Their acquaintance
with their art was in all likelihood very primitive, for frequent fevers and
bccurges visited the colony, causing many deaths, although much of this could
be blamed upon the rigors of the climate and the undue exposure necessitated
during the erection of homes. Another of the practices, which modern scien-
tific investigation has proved a fallacy, which they indulged, and which prob-
ably accounts for some of the inefficiency of their treatment was the extensive
use of alcoholic beverages as medicine.

One of the earliest physicians in the county was Dr. Timon .Stiddem,
who came to this country at the same time as Governor Rising, landing at
Fort Casimir, May 21, 1654, residing for a time at Upland. On December
18, 1663, he was appointed by Dr. Jacop to succeed the latter as doctor of the
Dutch Company, but his api)ointment was objected to and he settled at Wil-
mington, where Governor l,nvelace granted him a tract of land upon which.

DELAWARE COUNTY 501

much of the city now is built. It is stated by Professor Keen in his article,
"Descendants of Joran Kyn," that the descendants of the doctor still pos-
sessed the metal case, engraved with his name and title' in which he used to
carry his surgical instruments when making calls in the Swedish Colony.

The next doctor to come to the colony was Surgeon Jan Costing, who was
succeeded by William Van Rosenberg. The latter was evidently busily en-
gaged in the practice of his profession during the voyage to America, for up-
on his arrival he presented a bill for a hogshead of French wine and one of
brandy furnished to those sick of scurvy during the protracted voyage.

Governmental guidance and direction was early given to the practice of
the healer's art in this statute, embodied in 1676 in the Duke of York's Book
of Laws :

"That no Person or Persons whatsoever Employed about the Bed of Men, Women
or Children, at any time for preservation of Life or Health as Chirurgions, Medicines,
Physicians or others, presume to Exercise or put forth any Arte Contrary to the known
approved Rules of Art in such mistery or Occupation, or Exercise any force, violence
Cruelty upon, or to the Bodice of any whether Young or old ; without, the advice and
Counsell of the such as are skillful in the same Art (if such may be had) or at least of
some of the wisest and gravest then present and Consent of the patient or patients, if
they be Mentis Compotes ; much less Contrary to such Advice and Consent upon such
severe punishment as the nature. Of the fault may deserve, which Law nevertheless, is
not intended to discourage any from all Lawful use of their skill but rather to encourage
and direct them in the right use thereof, and to inhabit and restrain the presumptions
arogancy of such as through Confidence of their own skill, or any sinister Respect dare
bouldly attempt to Exercise any violence upon or toward the body of young or old, one
or other, to the prejudice or hazard of the Life or Limb of man, woman or child."

In 1678-9, Dr. Thomas Spry is recorded as a witness in a case tried at
Upland. Sluyters and Dankers, in their visit to Tinicum township in 1679,
state that on that island was a Swede, Otto Ernest Cock by name, whom they
mention as a "late medicus," showing that at some previous date he had been
a practicing physician. The following remark, made by Gabriel Thomas,
loses some of its truthfulness and hence some of its force in face of the num-
ber of physicians who were in that locality prior to 1698: "Of lawyers and phy-
sicians I shall say nothing, because this country is very peaceable and healthy.
Long may it so continue, and never have occasion for the tongue of one nor the
pen of the other, both equally destructive to men's estate and lives, besides, for-
.sooth, they hangmen like have a license to murder and make mischief."

Dr. John Goodsonn is recorded as being a practicing physician in Chester
in 1681, holding the title "Chirurgeon to the Society of Free Traders," while in
1694 he was appointed deputy governor under Williain Markham, his comtnis-
sion being signed by William Penn. Joseph Richards is also named as a physi-
cian in Chester prior to 1700, as well as an extensive landowner.

Isaac Taylor, sheriff of Bucks county in i'')93 and a surveyor of no mean
ability, was according to Professor Keen "at the time of his death a resident
of Tinicum Islaml. practicing the art of surgery," although this statement is
flatly contradicted by Gilbert Cope, in his "History of Chester" who gives

502 DELAWARE COUNTY

Thornbnry as the place where his death occurred. His son John followed the
profession of his father, leaving his practice to enter business, erecting the
Sarum Forge, on Chester creek.

Alexander Gandonett, a "Practioner in Physyck," made a unique petition
on file in West Chester for a license for the sale of liquor. "Your Petitioner,
by way of his Practice, is Obliged to Distill several sorts of Cordiall waters,
and it being often Requested by several of the inhabitants of this County to
sell the same by small measure your Petitioner Conceiving that the same be of
absolute necessity by way of his Practice yet it may be Considered to be within
the Act of Assembly for selling liquor by small measure, prays your honours for
the premises.". Nothing is known what action was finally taken upon his plan
for the legalizing of his sale of "Cordiall waters," as it was labelled "Referred
to further Consideration" ; but the doctor continued in practice in Chester, for
m January, 1747, he presented a bill to the province for medicine and attend-
ance upon the sick soldiers of Captain Shannon's company quartered there.

Although not a regularly authorized member of the profession because of
his lack of medical education, John Paschall, of Darby, acquired quite a repu-
tation in the vicinity as a doctor, becoming especially famous as the compound-
er of "The Golden Elixir." advertised throughout the region as "Paschall's
Golden Drops," widely used by the country folk as a cure-all and defender
against old age, in much the same manner as the early explorers of Florida
expected to employ the waters from Ponce de Leon's "Fountain of Youth."

To Dr. Jonathan Morris was granted a remarkably long life, his death
occurring in his ninetieth year, until which time he practiced the art he had
learned under Dr. Bard, of Philadelphia, in Marple, where his venerable,
well-borne, erect figure, was well known and as well loved by the people
among whom he practiced.

Paul Jackson, buried in St. Paul's graveyard, in Chester, was graduated
from the College of Philadelphia, and for many years practiced in Chester.
There he became chief burgess, at that time an office of great honor, dignity
and responsibility. His death occurred when he was thirty-six years of age,
but even in that short span of life he had gained an enviable reputation as a
scholar and linguist ; eminence in his profession ; renown as a soldier ; and the
love of his associates for the clean, honorable upright life he led. The Penn-
sylvania Magazine of History states, in speaking of his scholarly ability, "His
Latin compositions, which were published, secured for him a reputation for
correct taste and accurate scholarship." Cpon the marble slab marking his
grave is this inscription: "Here lies PAUL JACKSON, A. M. He was the
first who rcceiveil a Degree in the College of Philadelphia. A man of
virtue, worth, and knowledge. Died 1767, aged 36 years."

His brother, David Jackson, was likewise a physician, being a member
of the first medical class graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. He
held the office of surgeon general of the Pennsylvania troops during the
Revolutionary war.

For a I'ing time one of the most conspicuous figures in the locality was

DELAWARE COUNTY 503

Dr. Bernhard \'an Leer, the centenarian pln-sician. He was born in Ger-
many and came to this country with his father, later returning to his native
land to engage in the study of medicine. He was a learned and efficient
physician, having a reputation for the mildness of his remedies, which were
for the most part compounded from vegetable formulae. Two of his sons,
Branson and Benjamin, followed the profession of their father, the former
filling the post of county physician. It is interesting to note from one of his
reports that he evidently believed in the more powerful and stringent methods
of the profession — plasters, bleeding, powders, juleps, and purging ingredients,
being frequent items in his course of treatment. The comrade of Bernhard
\'an Leer's journey to Germany for the study of medicine was John Wor-
rall, whose purpose in going abroad was the same as that of his companion.
Upon his return from the continent he settled in Upper Providence, practic-
ing there until his death, aged eighty-six years.

Drs. John Cochran, director general of the military hospitals during
the Revolution, and Samuel Kennedy, surgeon of the Fourth Battalion of
Pennsylvania troops and senior surgeon in the military hospital, were residents
of what is now Delaware county, but their practice was confined to the mili-
tary organizations of which they were a part.

William Currie, a native of Chester county, had been intended for the
ministry, but his ambition and desire were diverted from his original inten-
tion, and he began the study of medicine, graduating from the College of Phil-
adelphia. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary war his father, rector of his-
toric St. David's Episcopal Church at Radnor, a strong loyalist, opposed his
desire to enter the Continental service, but despite the opposition, he enlisted,
being attached as surgeon, first to the hospital at Long Island, later at Amboy.
At the close of the conflict he settled in the borough of Chester, there estab-
lishing his practice. In 1792 he moved to Philadelphia, where he spent his
remaining years in the compiling of three works, which at the time were of
great value — "Historical Account of the Climate and Diseases of the United
States," "Views of the Diseases most prevalent in the United States, with
an account of the most improved methods of treating them," and a "General
View of the Principal Theories or Doctrines which have prevailed at different
periods to the present time."

John Morton, third son of Jojin Morton, a signer of the Declaration of
Independence, was a surgeon in the Continental service during the Revolution,
was captured, and died on the British prison-ship "Falmouth." in New York
harbor.

A physician of Lower Chichester, during the Revolutionary period, was
Dr. John .Smith.

One of the most eventful careers ever led by a member of the medical
profession, was that of Dr. Peter Yarnall. who practiced his profession with
great success in Concord between 1780 and 1791. He was a Friend by birth-
right, but when eighteen years of age quarrelled with the master under whom
he was serving his apprenticeship and ran away, enlisting in the army. He

504 DELAWARE COUNTY

was released from the service through the influence of his family and was in-
duced to engage in the study of medicine, a pursuit which was interrupted by
his vohinteering for service in the American army. The war over, he took his
degree at the Philadelphia College of Medicine and returned lo the service as
surgeon's mate on the privateer "Delaware," later resigning and beginning
practice in the Pennsylvania Hospital. From 1791 until his death in 1798, he
practiced in Montgomery county.

Dr. Elisha Cullen Dick was a native of Delaware county, and practiced
at Marcus Hook for a number of years. After his marriage he followed his
profession with good success in Alexandria, Virginia. He and Dr. Brown
were called upon by Dr. Craik as consulting physicians at the bedside of George
Washington, during his fatal illness. Thomas Maxwell Potts, in his sketch
of Dr. Dick in the "Centenary Memorial of Jeremiah Carter," says that Dr.
Dick, when all hopes of Washington's recovery with less extreme remedies
had been abandoned, proposed an operation which he ever afterwards thought
might have proved eltective in saving the general's life, but it did not meet
with the approval of the family physician.

In 1799, Jane Davis is credited with keeping an "apothecary shop" in
Chester, the first establishment of its kind in the county, although at about the
same time Dr. Sayres of Marcus Hook had a store for the sale of drugs at his
home. In this year the following physicians were in active practice of their
profession in Delaware county: William Pennell, Aston; Nicholas Newlin and
Caleb S. Sayres, Lower Chichester : Joseph Shallcross and William Gardiner,
Darby; Jonathan Morris and Bernhard Van Leer. Marple; John Knight, Mid-
dletown ; Jonas Preston, Newtown; John Cheyney, Thornburv.

Dr. William Martin, grandfather of John Hill Martin, author of the "His-
tory of Chester and its Vicinity," was a physician who gained a great deal of
prominence in the civil as well as the professional life of Delaware county. He
was a lawyer, justice of the peace, and chief burgess of Chester, and in April
of 1779, when General Washington passed through Chester on his way to Phil-
adelphia, then the seat of government. Dr. Martin made the speech of congrat-
ulation to the new President tendering liini the hearty and enthusiastic sup-
port of the people of the city. Dr. Martin, always filled with a dread of yel-
low fever, was extremely cautious in such cases as came under his care during
the death-dealing scourge of 1798, even refusing to enter homes in which it
prevailed, prescribing from the outside, yet met his death through the agency
of that terrible disease while attending the sailors of a British vessel lying in
the harbor, all of whose crew had contracted the malady.

Another physician of the county who was a victim of the yellow fever
l)lague, yet whose death was not directly due to the disease, was Dr. Caleb
.Smith Sayres, whose arduous labors in combating the epidemic undermined
his health, so lowering his vitality that he died at the early age of thirty-one
years. .At the time of his death he was surgeon of the Eighth Battalion of
Militia nf the county of Delaware, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Edward
V^enion.

DELAWARE COUNTY 505

Dr. Jonas Preston, of Delaware county, obtained his medical education in
this country and abroad, first studying under Dr. Bond of Philadelphia, and
-attending lectures at the Pennsylvania Hospital, later being graduated from the
University of Edinburgh and completing his studies in Paris. Returning to this
■country, for a while he practiced in Wilmington, Delaware, and Georgia, finally
moving to Delaware county, acquiring an extensive practice in this and Ches-
ter county, confining his attention almost entirely to obstetric cases, becoming
one of the most famous and best reputed accoucheurs in this continent. Dur-
ing the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 he volunteered for duty in the army de-
tailed to put down the insurrection. This warlike move was contrary to the
doctrines of the Society of Friends, of which he was a member, and caused
him to be expelled, or "read out" of meeting. He became extremely prominent
in the political alTairs of the commonwealth, his well balanced judgment and
discerning foresight making him the choice of Delaware county for the legis-
lature eight consecutive terms, while in 1808 he was elected state senator. Be-
sides his professional and political interests. Dr. Preston had numerous busi-
ness associations, holding the office of president of the Bank of Delaware Coun-
ty, and was also a supporter and contributor to many benevolent and philan-
thropic organizations. At his death Mr. Preston made a clause in his will
by which he left $400,000 "towards founding an institution for the relief of
indigent married women of good character, distinct and unconnected with any
hospital, where they may be received and provided with proper obstetric aid
for their delivery, with suitable attendance and comforts during their period of
weakness and susceptibility which ensues." By this provision was established
the Preston Retreat in Philadelphia, one of the noblest and most happily con-
-ceived institutions within the state.

Dr. William Gardiner had a son, Dr. Richard Gardiner, a graduate of the
University of Pennsylvania, who practiced for a time in Darby, later moving
to Newtown, finally establishing in practice in Philadelphia, where he studied
homeopathy, and was graduated in 1848 from the Homeopathic College.

Drs. Jacob Tobin, Brown and Tidmarsh are all recorded as having prac-
ticed in Chester about the beginning of the nineteenth century, as well as Dr.
George Bartram, who conducted a drug store and for a number of years was
justice of the peace, chief burgess of the village, and customs officer at the
Lazaretto. Previous to 1818 Dr. Edward Woodward practiced in Middle-
town, where he resided, and in 1808 Dr. Nathan Hayes was a practicing
physician in Edgemont.

Dr. Isaac Davis, son of General John Davis, studied medicine under Dr.
Joseph Shallcross, of Darby, and in 1810 began practice in Edgemont, but at
the outbreak of the war of 1812-14 was appointed surgeon of the Sixth Regi-
ment United States Infantry, dying in the service at Fort Jackson, Mississippi.
July 21, 1814.

Dr. Job H. Terrill was a noted physician of Chester, where he came in
1809, and was famed for his engaging and interesting conversational powers
and his innate love of fine-bred horses, of which he was always the admiring

5o6 DELAWARE COUNTY

owner. It does not seem fitting that the thing he loved so well should he the
cause of his death, hut one day, while entering his sulky, his horse started,
suddenly throwing him against the wheel of the vehicle, injuring him so
severely that he contracted a thigh disease which ultimately proved fatal.

Dr. Samuel Anderson, although not a native of Delaware county, neverthe-
less, gave so much of his labors to the county that he is closely identified there-
with. He early entered the LTnited States navy, as assistant surgeon, but
resigned his commission and located in Chester, where he soon attained a
position high in his profession. During the war of 1812-14 he raised a vol-
unteer company, the Mifflin Guards, and in the fall of 1814 served for three
months as its. captain at Fort Du Pont. For three years he represented the
county in the legislature, and in 1819 was elected sheriff. He was once more
appointed to an assistant surgeonship in the United States navy and assigned
to the West India Station, under command of Commodore Porter, but ill
health compelled his resignation. After his return to Delaware county he
was elected to the legislature in 1823-4-5, and the following year represented
in congress the district comprising Delaware, Chester and Lancaster counties.
He was a member of the legislature, 1829-33, in the last year being speaker
of the house. In 1834-35 he was again returned to the legislature and made
the report of the joint committee of the two houses relative to alleged abuses
in the eastern penitentiary, at that time one of the most talked of scandals in
the state. In 1841 he was appointed inspector of customs at the Lazaretto,
and in 1846 was elected justice of the peace in Chester, an office he filled until
his death, January 17, 1850.

A brief record of the physicians who practiced in Delaware county after
1800 follows: Ellis C. Harlan was in practice at Sneath"s Corner, Chester
township, in the early part of the century. His practice was taken over by
Dr. Jesse Young, whose associate. Dr. James Serrell Hill, succeeded him.
Dr. David Rose was Dr. Young's successor.

Drs. Benjamin Rush Erwin, Joseph Leedom, James Boyd, James Wilson
and William L. Cowan are names which were familiar in L'pper and Nether
Providence from 1800 to 1850. Dr. Gideon Humphreys was a practicing phy-
sician in Aston in 1820; Dr. George R. Morton, at Village Green, in 1827;
Dr. Byington at Aston, in 1833; Dr. Samuel A. Barton there previous to 1840:
while Dr. Richard Gregg, then residing at Wrangletown, had quite a nmnber
of patients in that vicinity. Dr. Joseph ^\'ilson, prominent in the political af-
fairs of the day, practiced in Springfield in 1812; in 1837 Dr. James Jenkins
and Dr. Joseph Elackfan were in Radnor; Dr. J. F. Huddleson, in Thornbury.
In 1833, Dr. M. C. Shallcross was in practice in Darby, later associating him-
self with Dr. J. P. Stakes, of Philadelphia, continuing his practice in Delaware
county. In 1823. Dr. Joshua W. Ash began practice in Upper Darby, continu-
ing until his death in March, 1874. He belonged to the Society of Friends,
and was prominently connected with the Delaware County Institute of Science
and the Training school for Feeble Minded Children. In 1S48 he jniblisbed the
first map of Delaware county drawn from actual surveys. In 1833, Dr. Caleb

DELAWARE COUNTY 507

Ash was in Darby, while prior to 1848 Dr. George Thomas had an office at the
same place, although in 1845 he located in Newtown or Edgemont ; while in 1833
Dr. William Gray Knowles was in Darby. In 1852, Dr. J. P- Hoopes was in
practice in Upland, and Dr. James Aikens in 1852, and Dr. H. Bent, a botanic
Thomsonian physician in 1842, in Edgemont. Dr. Phineas Price was located in
Bethel in 1840: in 1844, Dr. J. H. Marsh, in Concord, as was Dr. George Alar-
tin in 1852.

Dr. William Gray, a member of the family from which Gray's Ferry
takes its name, studied medicine with a relative. Dr. Warfield of Maryland,
after graduation settling in Chester. Dr. John M. Allen practiced in Chester
in 1844, later abandoning his practice and opening a drug store, a business he
conducted very profitably. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon of the 54th Regi-
ment Pennsylvania Volunteers, subsequently becoming medical director of the
Department of West Virginia, and surgeon-in-chief of stafi', in which capacity
he served until 1864 when, his health failing, he received an honorable dis-
charge from the service after being in the hospital for several months. Until
1855, Dr. James Porter practiced in Chester. Dr. P. K. Smith, a physician at
Chichester Cross-roads, was succeeded by Dr. Manley Emanuel, whose son,
Dr. Lewis M. Emanuel, began practice at Linwood immediately after gradua-
tion, serving as assistant surgeon in the field during the war between the states.
Dr. Jesse Kersey Bonsall, a Delaware countian by birth, was a graduate of
the University of Pennsylvania, and followed his profession during his earlier
years at Manila, in the Philippines. In 1842 he returned to Delaware county
and pursued his calling until his death in 1838.

Dr. Tracey E. Waller, of Marcus Hook, was a physician of the county,
whose untimely death was deeply regretted by the members of the medical fra-
ternity, as well as bv his hosts of friends. Dr. Waller retired one night in ap-
parentlv perfect health and was foimd dead in bed the following morning, from
no a]jparent cause.

Dr. loshua Owens, of Chester, was a graduate of Jefferson College,
Philadelphia, and during the Civil War was senior surgeon of Pennsylvania,
and the first volunteer surgeon to reach Washington after the first fire on
Fort Sumter. He was one of the first medical directors of divisions, his assign-
ment to duty being with the Army of the Potomac. In 1863 he was commissioned
surgeon-general of New Mexico, a position he held for two years, at the end
of that time resigning to make a tour of Europe on foot, on which journey he
was accompanied by his two sons. Dr. Mordecai Laurence, a practitioner of
Haverford, died there February 21, 1880, in the seventy-seventh year of
his age.

One of the native Delaware countians whose labors have redounded greatly
to the credit of the locality which produced him, was Dr. George Smith, born
in Haverford, February 4, 1804. Fie received his degree at the L^niversity
of Pennsylvania in 1820, and practiced in Darby for five years, when, coming
into the possession of a large estate, he laid aside the active duties of his
profession, superintending his estate and devoted his leisure moments to literary

5o8 DELA\\ARE COUNTY

and scientific pursuits. He was not however suffered to remain long in
retirement, for in 1832 he was elected state senator from the district com-
prising Delaware and Chester counties. While a member of that body he was
appointed chairman of the senate committee on education, and it was in this
capacity that he performed a service which has been of incalculable advantage
to the people of the state. This was the drafting of the public
school bill, which, ably and warmly supported by Thaddeus Stevens and
George Wolf, was passed almost in its entirety as reported by Dr. Smith.
Thus the first step in free public education was taken in Pennsylvania,
and the magnitude of the vision seen by the authors of the bill is shown by
the immensity of Pennsylvania's present public school system, employing
thousands of teachers and operated at a cost of millions of dollars yearly.
On December 8, 1836, Governor Kitner appointed Dr. Smith an associate judge
of Delaware county, and in 1840 he was re-elected. Dr. Smith's interest in
the public school system was so deep and genuine that he consented, at great
personal sacrifice, to act as county superintendent for several years, until the
workings of the organization should be planned a little more smoothly and the
rough edges in the system rubbed off. Besides this work he was also pre-
vailed upon to accept the presidency of the Upper Darby school board. He
remained in both positions until a plan of procedure from year to year had
teen definitely decided upon and until the public schools had demonstrated what
a vital and important institution they could become under careful and skillful
management, and how essential to the proper education and development
of the youth of the state.

In September, 1833, he was one of five men who founded the Delaware
County Institute of Science, of which he was president for almost half a cen-
tury. In 1844 the Institute appointed Dr. Smith, John P. Crozer and Min-
shall Painter a committee to prepare and submit an account of the terrific rain-
storm and flood of August 5 of that year in Delaware county. The greater part
of the preparation of this work, an octavo pamphlet of fifty-two pages,
printed in small pica type, was done by Mr. Smith, an achievement upon which
be was publicly congratulated and thanked by the institute. In 1862 he pub-
lished his "History of Delaware County." which for interest, accuracy and
thoroughness of treatment, will long stand as a gem of historical composition.
It is an unquestionable authority uyxin the district of which it treats, and pre-
serves many of the most interesting facts and traditions of the county. Dr.
George Smith died February 24, 1884, after a life of sixty-four years, lived for
the elevation and enlightenment of the commonwealth of his birth.

Dr. Isaac Taylor Coates, born in Chester county, March 17, 1834, taught
school in Delaware county in order to procure funds to complete his medical
■education. He was graduated M. D., l^niversity of Pennsylvania, in 1858,
and began his professional career as surgeon on the packet ship "Great Wes-
tern," and as such made several voyages to Liverpool. During the war be-
tween the states he volunteered his professional service to the government,
serving throughout the war. In 1867 he was surgeon of United States cavalry

DELAWARE COUNTY 509

under General Custer. In 1872 he visited Peru and was there appointed medi-
cal director of the Chimbota & Hua?.az railroad, then being built over the
Andes mountains by Henry Meigs, the American. In 1876 he returned to the
United States and settled in Chester where he practiced until 1878. He then
joined the Collins expedition to Brazil, as surgeon, sharing to the fullest de-
gree the hardships and sufferings of the members of that illfated company of
adventurers. Broken in health, as a result, he spent several years in the west
dying at Socorro, New Mexico, June 23, 1883. He was an eloquent speaker
and a writer of national reputation. He held membership and took active part
in the workings of the American Geographical Society, the Pennsylvania His-
torical Society, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and other
scientific bodies.

Dr. Alfred M. Owens, son of Dr. Joshua Owens, a surgeon in the United
.States navy and a native of Delaware county, died at the Pensacola Navy Yard,
August 22, 1883, of yellow fever, his wife dying with the same disease five
days later.

Dr. Jonathan Larkin Forwood, whose personal and family sketch appears
elsewhere in this work, is yet an honored resident of Chester, rounding out a
long and successful professional career, marked also by important public ser-
vice.

Dclazvarc County Medical Society. — To Dr. Ellwood Harvey, then of
Birmingham, and to Dr. George Martin, of Concord, this society owed its first
existence. They agreed upon the necessity of such an organization, and to that
end a meeting of physicians was held in Chester, May 2, 1850. A temporary
organization was effected. Dr. Joshua Owen being chairman ; Dr. Martin, sec-
retary. A committee appointed to draft a constitution, and at a meeting held
in Chester, May 30, 1850, it was adopted and officers elected. Dr. Jesse Young
was chosen president ; Dr. Joshua Owens, vice-president ; Dr. Robert Smith,
secretary ; Dr. Ellwood Harvey, treasurer. For several years regular meetings
were held at the homes of members and a great deal of good accomplished. In
1851 a geological survey of the county was made by Drs. Harvey and Martin,
m association with Dr. Samuel Trimble, of Concord township. The chart and
reports made by these capable men were published in the Transactions of the
State Medical Society, and have been made the basis of all subsequent geo-
graphical publications in reference to Delaware county.

In 1852 the Delaware County Medical Society, in connection with a simi-
lar society in Chester county, entered into an arrangement for the publication
of a quarterly journal, The Medical Reporter, the first issue appearing in July,
1853. Two of the editors were from Delaware county — Dr. J. F. Huddleson
and Dr. George Martin. This journal was published for three years, then
passed out of existence. The society languished until February 24, 1857, when
a resolution "that it is expedient that the Delaware County Medical Society
be and it is hereby dissolved" was adopted by a unanimous vote. On March 16,
1857, a meeting of the physicians of Delaware county was called at the Wash-

510

DRI.AW ARE COUNTY

ington House, Chester, to reorganize the society. On .March 30th, an ad-
jciirned meeting was held at the Charter flouse, Media, and an organization
effected by the election of Dr. Hillborn Darlington, president: Dr. Manley
Emanuel, vice-president ; Dr. George B. Hotchkin, secretary ; and Dr. Charles
H. Uudd, treasurer. But life had not yet been restored, the society languishing
until May 10, 1861, when the society was permanently re-established by the
election of Dr. Manley Emanuel, president; Dr. Joseph Parrish. vice-president;
Dr. George B. Hotchkin, secretary ; and Dr. Joseph Rowland, treasurer. The
Civil War made such demands upon the physicians of Delaware county
that those remaining at home were kept too busy to attend the occasional meet-
ings of the society. At the conclusion of the war, an adjourned annual meet-
ing was held-at the office of Dr. J. L. Forwood, and officers were elected, but
nothing further seems to have been done until March 16, 1869, when a meeting
was held at Dr. Parrish's Sanitarium at Aledia, which was addressed by Dr.
Emanuel, who appealed to the medical practitioners of the county to awaken
from their lethargy- and co-operate for the common good, through the means of
an energetic and well organized medical society. The following officers were
then elected : Dr. Manley Emanuel, president : Dr. J. L. Forwood, vice-presi-
dent ; Dr. Isaac N. Kerlin, secretary ; Dr. Theodore S, Christ, treasurer. This
began a new era for the society, and the meetings have since been well attended
with interchange of opinions and discussion of the various papers on the science
and practice of medicine, resulting in great benefit to the profession. The
membership of the society, ]«st and present, follows :

Dr. George Martin,
Manley Emanuel
Elhvood Harvey
Charles S. Heysham
Robert K. Smith
Joshua Owens
Charles J. Morton
Caleb Ash
Joseph Wilson
Samuel A. Barton
Thomas Turner
Reuben H. Smith
J. C. Hutton
Joseph Rowland
A. W. Matthew
George Smith
J. Howard Taylor
Jesse W. Griffith
J. P. Mcllvain
J. T. Huddleson
J. Morris Moore
Hillborn DarHngton
James S. Hill
J. .Siter Parke

Concordville

Linwood

Chester

Newtown Square

Darby

Chester

Darby

Village Green

Media

Chelsea

Media

Aston

Upper Darby

Concordville

Ridleyville

Media

Thornbury

Newtown

Concordville

Chester Township

Radnor

David Rose
Edward Maris
Cliarles H. Budd
Henry M. Lyons
John G. Thomas
Jacob Boon
Samuel Trimble
D. Francis Condie
Henry M. Corse
Edwin Fussell
Linnaeus Fussell
Edward T. Gammage
John W. Eckfelt
Dillwyn Greene
Francis F. Rowland
Ri-bccca L. Fussell
Daniel W. Jefferis
John B. Mitchell
Joshua Ash
D. G. Brinton
George R. Vernon
Joseph H. Horner
Robert A. Given
Conrad J. Partridge

Sneath's Corner

Howellville

Darby

Media

Newtown Square

Darby

Lima

Media

Chester

Haverford

Marcus Hook

Media

Chester

Clifton Heights

Media

Clifton Heights

Thornton

Clifton Heights

Ridlev Park

DELAWARE COUNTY

Edward Young
John A. Thompson
George B. Hotchkin
James W. Hoey
John M. Allen
Jonathan L. Forwood
Joseph Parrish
Isaac N. Kerlin
James J. McGee
William H. Forwood
Charles D. Meigs
Henry Pleasants
Charles W. Pennock
Henry M. Kirk
W. T. W. Dickeson
Isaac T. Coates
F. Ridgeley Graham
T. L. Leavitt
Theodore S. Christ
J. Pyle Worrall
Lewis M. Emanuel
C. C. V. Crawford
Orrin Cooley
Francis E. Ileenan
Samuel P. Bartlcson
William B. Ulrich
James E. Garretson
M. F. Longstreth
William C. Bacon
John T. M. Forwood

Chester

D. K. Shoemaker

Chester

Eugene K. Mott

Media

John Wesley Johnson

Lenni

Williain S, Ridgely

Chester

Philip C. O'Reiley

Chester

Mrs. F. W. Baker

Media

T. P. Ball

Chester

Media

John B. Weston

South Chester

U. S. Navy

A. Edgar Osborne

Media

Chester

Pennypacker

Thornbury

Robert H. Mitner

Chester

Radnor

F. Marion Murray

Lenni

Howellville

H. H. Darlington

Concordville

Upper Darby

Henry B. Knowles

Clifton Heights

Media

William B. Fish

Media

Chester

Henry C. Bartleson

Fernwood

T. C. Stillwagon

Media

Chester

J. W. Phillips

Clifton Heights

William Bird

Chester

Media

Fletcher C. Lawyer

Howellville

Linwood

C. W. DeLannoy

Chester

Village Green

Joseph C. Egbert

Radnor

L. M. Bullock

Upland

Chester

Charles Carter

Wallingford

Clifton Heights

William S. Little

Media

Chester

Henry Seidell

South Chester

Darby

Mrs. H. J. Price

South Chester

Henry C. Harris

Landsdowne

Upper Darby

George M. Fisher

South Chester

Chester

Present officers of the Society elected to serve until January 1914:

President, Fred. H. Evans, Chester.
Vice-Pres., J. William Wood, Chester.
Secretary, C. Irvin Stiteler, Qiester.
Treasurer, D. W. Jefferis, Chester.
Reporter, Walter E. Egbert, Chester.
Librarian, Chas. B. Shortlidge, Lima.
Asst. Librarian, Amy E. White, Chester.

Censors :
J. Harvey Fronfield, Media.
Daniel J. Monihan, Chester.
H. Furness Taylor, Ridley Park.

Members, August, 1913 :
Clarence K. Alger, Swarthmore.
Harry M. ."Krmitage, Chester.
Frances W. Baker, Media
Frederick S. Baldi, CoUingdale.
Edward W. Bing, Chester.
Ervrit S. Boice, Moores.
Ellen E. Brown, Chester.
F. Otis Bryant, Che.s'ter.
Edwin C. Bullock. Upland.

Ethan A. Campbell, Chester.
George H. Cross, Chester.
George F. Crothers, Marcus Hook.
S. Ross Crothers, Chester.
David Dalton, Sharon Hill.
Horace Darlington, Concordville.
A. Lovett Dewees, Haverford.
H. Leno.x H. Dick, Darby.
Morton P. Dickeson, Media.
Chas. K. Dietz, Chester.
Harry C. Donahoo, Chester.
Henry C. Dooling, Norwood.
Louis S. Dunn, Chester.
Alice Rogers Easby, Media.
Walter E. Egbert, Chester.
Fred. H. Evans, Chester.
William B. Evans, Chester.
W. Knowles Evans, Chester.
Walter V. Emery, Chester.
John S. Eynon, Chester.
Harvey P. Feigley, Eddy.Uone.

512

DELAWARE COUNTY

Jonathan L. Forwood, Chester.
J. Harvey Fronfield, Media.
Harry Gallagher, Glenolden.
Leon Gottshalk, Marcus Hook.
Stoddard P. Gray, Chester.
E. Marshall Harvey, Media.
Hiram M. Hiller, Chester.
A. Parker Kitchens, Sharon Hill.
Sylvester V. Hoopman, Chester.
Henry Horning, Gloucester, N. J.
Elizabeth W. Howell, Chester.
Fred. S. Hunlock, Collingdale.
G. Victor Janvier. Lansdowne.
D. W. Jeflferis,. Chester.
Frank E. Johnston, Moores.
I. Irwin Kalbach, Media, R. F. D. 2.
Walter A. Landry, Chester.
Chas. L. LaShelle, Lenni Mills.
\Vm. F. Lehman, Chester.
Mary R. Hadley Lewis, Swarthmore.
J. Chalmers Lyons, Marcus Hook.
Robert S. Maison, Chester.
G. Hudson Makuen, Chester.
Daniel J. Monihan, Chester.

Alexander R. Morton, Morton.
Maurice A. Neufeld, Chester.
Frank R. Nothnagle, Chester.
Adrian V. B. Orr, Chester.
Conrad L. Partridge, Ridley Park.
Jerome L. Pyle, Gradyville.
William A. Raiman, Swarthmore.
Victor M. Reynolds, Darby.
John Byers Roxby, Swarthmore.
Chas. H. Schoff, Media.
Jeanette H. Sherman, Ridley Park.
Chas. B. Shortlidge, Lima.
Norman D. Smith, Rutledge.
Herbert C. Stanton, Clifton Heights.
J. Clinton Starbuck, Media.
Thos. C. Stelhvagen, Media.
C. Irvin Stiteler, Chester.
H. Fumess Taylor, Ridley Park.
Samuel Trimble, Newtown Square.
Ross H. Thompson, Moores.
Katherine Ulrich, Chester.
Frances Weidner, Media.
Amy E. White, Chester.
J. William Wood. Chester.

Homoeopathy. — The practice of this school of medicine was introduced into
Delaware county in 1836, by Dr. Walter Williamson, born in Delaware county,
July 4, 181 1, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, class of 1833.
He settled in Marple township, moving to Xewtown in 1835, practicing accord-
ing to the teachings of his alina mater until the spring of 1836, when his
attention was directed to the new system. He carefully studied all the liter-
ature of the new school, and becoming convinced of its merit began practicing-
it in his own locality, when Homoeopathy was an unknown word save in the
family of John Thompson, of Upper Providence. Dr. Williamson rapidly
gained a large practie, but in 1839 he moved to Philadelphia, his health hav-
ing failed. He was one of the founders of the Homoeopathic College of Penn-
sylvania, the first institution of its kind in this country. From 1848 until his
death in 1899 he filled one of the chairs at the college.

The second practitioner of this school in the county, was Dr. M. B.
Roche, who settled in Darby in 1839, continuing there until 1842, when he
was succeeded by Dr. Alvin E. Small, who espoused the new practice that
year. Dr. Small continued in Darby until his removal to Philadelphia in 1845.
Dr. James E. Gross, of New England, a graduate of the Homoeopathic Col-
lege of Pennsylvania in 1850, practiced in Darby a few months, then moved
to Lowell, Massachusetts. Dr. Stacy Jones, a graduate of the same college in
1853, settled in Upper Darby township in 1853, practiced there three years,
then moved to the borough of Darby .

The first Homoeopathic physician in Chester was Dr. Charles V. Dare, of
New Jersey, a graduate of the Hoinoeopathic College of Pennsylvania, class

DELAWARE COUNTY 513

of 1854. He practiced in Chester until March, 1858, when he sold to Dr.
Coates Preston, a graduate of the same college, class of 1853. Dr. Preston
had practiced in Sculltown and Woodstown, New Jersey, prior to coming to
Chester, building up in the latter place a good practice. In 1865, being in
feeble health, he admitted Dr. H. W. Farrington to a partnership, but this was
soon dissolved. Dr. Preston continued in successful practice in Chester until
the spring of 1881, when he moved to Wilmington, Delaware, dying there
August 9 that year. He outlived much of the prejudice and opposition that
existed in Chester, as elsewhere, against the new practice, and firmly estab-
lished homoeopathy in the respect and confidence of that community.

Dr. Davis R. Pratt, born in Newtown, and a graduate of the Homoeo-
pathic College of Pennsylvania, settled in his native town, where he practiced
until 1863. In that year he moved to Philadelphia, thence to Trenton, New
Jersey, where he practiced until his last illness. He died January 28, 1868.
About 1863, Dr. E. D. Miles practiced homoeopathy in Media, as did Dr.
John F. Rose, a veteran surgeon of the Civil War, who settled July i, 1865,
but only remaining one year.

Dr. Robert P. Mercer graduated at the Homoeopathic College of Penn-
sylvania in March, 1861, settling the following month in Marshalltown, Ches-
ter county. In January, 1863, he was appointed to the entire charge of the
medical department at Chester county almshouse, resigning in 1865 and mov-
ing to Wilmington, Delaware. In November that year, at the solicitation of
Dr. Preston, he located in Chester, where he long continued in successful
practice. Dr. Henry Minton Lewis, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical Col-
lege, Philadelphia, in March, 1869, settled in Chester and practiced there a
few years, then moving to P)rooklyn, New York. Dr. Trimble Pratt, a grad-
uate of Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, March, 1870, settled in
Media the following June. Drs. Charles W. Perkins, Samuel Starr, William
T. Urie, Frederick Preston and Franklin Powell located in Chester; Dr.
Isaac Crothers at Upland.

The Homeopathic jMedical Society of Chester and Delaware counties was
organized in October, 1858, Dr. Dufiield of New London, being elected its
first president.

^ NEWSPAPERS.

The earliest among the many newspaper enterprises in Delaware county
was the Post Boy, of Chester, a weekly folio, fifteen and a half by nine and a
half inches, owned and edited by Steuben Butler and Eliphalet B. Worthing-
ton. Their office was in the Colbourn house on Third street ; the date of first
issue, November 8, 1817 ; its motto, "Intelligence is the life of liberty." There was
little attention paid to local news, only one purely local incident being recorded
during the first months : "A Live Eel — An eel w^as caught in Chester creek a
few days since by Messrs. Sutton and Buck which weighed six pounds and was
upwards of two feet six inches in length." This may be regarded as the first
local happening ever printed in a distinctively Delaware county newspaper. In
the latter part of 1824 Worthington bought his partner's interest and issued the
tiny sheet until 1826, when he sold it to Joseph M. C. Lescure, who increased
its size and changed its name to the Upland Union, continuing it until 1838. In
that year he sold the paper to Joseph Williams and Charles F. Coates, the for-
mer a lawyer, a good political speaker, and versatile entertainer. He was a
man of attainments, and one of the secretaries of the constitutional convention
of 1837. After a short time the paper was sold to Alexander Nesbit, who in
turn sold it to Alexander Mclveever, an ardent Democrat, who continued its
publication until March 30, 1852, when he ceased to edit it. In 1858 an effort
was made to revive the Upland Union by Mr. Brummer, then editing the
Pennsylvanian, in Philadelphia, and William Cooper Talley, of Delaware coun-
ty, but publication was finally suspended on February 19, 1861.

The Weekly \'isitor, owned by William Russell and edited by Strange N.
Palmer, was first edited in 1828, in the interests of the opponents of the Demo-
cratic party. The paper existed in a very weak condition until 1832, then gave
up the ghost.

The Delaware County Republican was first published on August 31, 1833,
by Y. S. Walter, who purchased the press and material of the defunct Weekly
Visitor and moved it to Darby. On October 25, 1841, he moved the printing
office to Chester, locating on the northeast corner of Market Square. In March,
1845, he moved to a brick building on Third street, in 1851 to the Penn build-
ing, and in 1876 to a large office which he erected at Market and Graham
streets. The paper grew and prospered under Mr. Walter's ownership, he con-
tinuing its publication until his death in 1882, his editorship extending over a
period of fifty years, during which time it quadrupled in size. On September
I, 1882, the Republican was purchased by Ward R. Bliss, who further en-
larged it. Under Mr. Walter the paper was Whig and afterward Republican
in politics, and a strong advocate of the abolition of slavery.

The Morning Republican, now published daily at Chester, is one of the
official papers of the city, Samuel Burke, editor, Charles R. Long, general
manager.

The Delaware County Advocate, first known as the Chester Advocate, was
])ublished as a weekly newspaper, fifteen by twenty inches, by John Spencer

DELAWARE COUNTY 515

and Richard Miller, the first issue coming out on June 6, 1868. Their printing
office was located on the second floor of the old city hall, where Mr. Spencer
had previously located his printing office. The paper was distributed gratui-
tously at first, but in May, 1869, after Mr. Spencer became sole owner, a sub-
scription price of fifty cents yearly was charged. The paper was well con-
ducted, and gained so large a subscription list outside of Chester that in Sep-
tember, 1874, Mr. Spencer changed its name to the Delaware County Advocate,
and raised the subscription price to $1 a year. This is now one of the best and
most valuable newspaper plants in Delaware county, and is still owned by
John Spencer, and published from his building, 517-519 Edgmont avenue,
Chester, every Saturday. The Advocate is Republican in politics.

The Delaware County Democrat. — Papers bearing this title have existed in
Chester since 1835, the first having been published in that year by Caleb Pierce
to further the gubernatorial ambitions of Henry A. Muhlenberg, but the paper
had but a brief existence. In October, 1856, John C. Michelon founded a
weekly called the Upland Union and Delaware County Democrat, but it, too,
was shortlived. On October 5, 1867, D. B. Overholt established the Delaware
County Democrat, but soon sold his interest to Dr. J. L. Forwood, of Chester,
who continued its publication until the fall of 1871, when he sold it to Colonel
William Cooper Talley. In 1876, John B. McCay became its owner, but soon
sold the paper to William Orr, then publishing the Democratic Pilot, a paper
started in 1872, but which had never prospered. The two papers were merged
but in 1877 were sold by the sheriff on an execution against Orr, to Dr. For-
wood, who again sold to William A. Gwynne. The latter sold in August, 1879,
to Edward J. Frysinger, the paper then having less than one hundred and
seventy-five paying subscribers, the value of the plant being estimated solely on
the worth of the printing materials belonging to the office. The first issue of
the Democrat under the Frysinger ownership was on September 4, 1879, Henry
Frysinger being editor and publisher. Well edited and having the full Demo-
cratic support of the county, the paper prospered, and has become a remuner-
ative and valuable property. The paper is published every Thursday at 714
Edgmont avenue ; Henry Frysinger, editor and publisher.

The first afternoon paper established in Chester was the Evening News,
first issued June i, 1872, F. Stanhope Hill, editor and proprietor. On June
17 following the title was changed to the Chester Evening News. In October,
Mr. Hill sold his interest to William A. Todd, who published the News until
his death, August i8, 1879, the paper greatly increasing in size and value. Af-
ter his death the plant was purchased by William H. Bowen, Oliver Troth,
and Charles D. Williamson, who further enlarged the paper. Mr. William-
son dying about two years later, his interest was purchased by the other part-
ners, who on November 4, 1880, added still another column, further enlarging
in 1883. The News was always Republican in politics.

The second afternoon daily in Chester was the Chester Daily Times, es-
tablished in September, 1876, by Major John Hodgson, who continued its editor
until March 7, 1877. He disposed of the Times to J. Craig Jr., who managed

Si6 DELAWARE COUNTY

it quite successfully until October 20, 1877, when he sold to John Spencer, the
proprietor of the Delaware County Advocate. Mr. Spencer enlarged and im-
proved the paper, continuing its publication until April 5, 1882, when he sold
to the Times Publishing Company. The Times is owned and edited at 418-
Market street, by John A. Wallace, William C. Sproul and Charles R. Long, is
an afternoon daily, strongly Rejjublican in politics, and one of the official pap-
pers of Chester.

Other papers in Chester are the Herald-Ledger, published every Satur-
day at Seventh and Market streets, by the Ledger Publishing Company, Wil-
liam Ward Jr., jjresident, John W. Ward, secretary and treasurer ; the Inde-
pendent, published at 134 West Third street, by William T. Seth. Other
papers of Chester that have been founded at various times ; The Weekly Re-
porter, established March 31, 1881, by Ward R. Bliss, for advertising legal
notices and reporting in full the opinions of the courts of Delaware county;
The Chester Business Mirror, established in 1882, by Edward Frysinger ; The
Chariot, established in 1842, to aid the cause of temperance, but soon discon-
tinued; the Chester Herald, established in April, 1850, by S. E. Cohen, dis-
continued at the end of its first year ; the Evening Star, the Chester Adver-
tiser, the Independent, the Public Press, the Commercial Advertiser, the Tem-
perance World, later the Chester World — all suspended publication after a
very short life. The Delaware County Mail, established November 27, 1872,
by Joseph De Silver & Company, was sold in 1876 to the proprietors of the
Delaware County Paper, merged with that publication, later known as the
Delaware County Gazette, and purchased by the Times Publishing Company
prior to their purchase of the Chester Daily Times.

In 1884. on February 11, Henry and Edward J. Frysinger issued the first
number of the Daily Herald, an independent journal designed only to take part
in the spring election for mayor, but continuing after that time.

In October, 1833, the first number of the Brotherhood was published
in the interests of the Brotherhood of the Union, by the Brotherhood Publi-
cation Society, Charles K. Melville, editor. The paper was the first official
organ of the order in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.

The Union and Delaware County Democrat was the first newspajier
started in Media prior to June, 1852. This was a small sheet and did not long
survive. The next paper started in the new county seat was the Media Adver-
tiser, a Republican, seven column weekly, owned and edited by Thomas V.
Cooper and D. A. Vernon, the first issue appearing March i, 1855. The-
paper prospered and was enlarged, its title changing on February 27, 1856, to
the Media Advertiser and Delaware County American. On March 2. 1859, the
title was again changed, becoming as at present the Delaware County Amer-
ican. Mr. Cooper retired from the paper July 4, i860, but again became a
partner July 12, 1865, the finn name then becoming Vernon & Cooper, so
continuing for many years, but is now published by Mr. Cooper's sons under
the firm name Thomas V. Cooper & Sons. The American has never missed
an issue since its first ai)ei)arancc in 1855, and is a valuable newsjiaper prop--

DELAWARE COUNTY 517

erty. It is devoted to the interests of Media and Delaware county, and com-
mands a most generous patronage in its circulation, advertising and job-print-
ing departments. Its publication day is Saturday, its politics Republican.

The Delaware County Record was established in Media on March 23,
1878, as an independent local newspaper, by J. W. Baiting, C. D. Williamson
and Joseph Chadwick, under the firm name of J. W. Baiting & Company. The
paper prospered and was soon enlarged. Mr. Baiting died April 2, 1880, and
from that date until May 6, 1882, the paper was published under the firm
name of Chadwick & Williamson. Mr. Chadwick, who had been manager
and editor since July, 1880, became sole owner in 1882, and still conducts the
Record as a prosperous enterprise.

Other newspapers of the county : Progress, a semi-weekly published at
Darby, by M. H. Maginin, editor. Republican in politics ; the Rockdale Her-
ald, a weekly, established in 1898, at Glen Riddle, W. E. Driffith, editor; the
News, established at Lansdowne in 1897, a Republican weekly, S. P. Levis,
•editor; the Times, a weekly, established in Lansdowne in 1911, George C.
Johnson, editor ; the Chronicle, an independent weekly, established in Morton
in 1880, George E. Whitaker, editor; the Delaware County Republican, a
weekly, Swarthmore, edited by J. Scott Anderson; the Suburban, a Republican
weekly established in 1895 at Wayne, A. M. Ehart, editor; the Phoenix, a
monthly published at Swarthmore College by the students of that institution ;
Sine Nomine, a monthly society journal, devoted to the interests of the Rose
Valley Section of Delaware county, published at Chester ; the Ledger, a weekly,
estabhshed in Media in 1891. William Ward Jr., editor.

CIXIL LIST.

Members of Congress from Ddazvare County. — In 1789 the members of
Congress from Pennsylvania, were elected on a general ticket. The Appor-
tionment Act of 1791 first established congressional districts, and by its pro-
visions Philadelphia and Delaware county became the First District. In iSoi,
Joseph Hemphill was chosen, he being the first elective congressman from
Delaware coimty. By the Apportionment Act of 1802, the same territory, the
First District, was entitled to three members, Delaware comity furnishing
Jacob Richards, who served 1803-09, and Major William Anderson, 1809-15.
The Act of 1812 gave the First District four representatives in congress: Ma-
jor Anderson served one term as shown: Thomas Smith, served 1S15-17; Wii
Ham Anderson, 1817-19; Samuel Edward, 1819-27.

By the Act of 1822, Chester, Delaware and Lancaster counties became the
Fourth Congressional District, entitled to three members ; Samuel Edwards,
serving until 1827; Dr. Samuel Anderson, 1827-29; George Gray Leiper, 1829-
31. The Act of 1832 made no changes in the Fourth District; Edward Darling-
ton serving 1833-39 '• .John Edwards, 1839-43. By the Act of 1843, Delaware
and Montgomery counties were made the Fifth Congressional District, with one
member. The Act of 1852 made Delaware and Chester counties the Sixth
Congressional District, but under the apportionment of 1862 the same counties
became the Seventh District, J. M. Broomall being the Delaware county repre-
sentative, 1863-69. The Act of 1873 made the same counties the Sixth Dis-
trict, Delaware county sending William Ward, who served 1877-84. In 1890
John B. Robinson was elected from Delaware county, and was the last con-
gressman chosen from this county, the successful candidates being residents of
Chester county. Thomas S. Butler, of Chester county, is the present repre-
sentative for the district, now known as the Seventh.

State Senators. — Delaware county has been coupled as a State Senatorial
District with Philadelphia, then with Chester county, then with Chester and
Montgomery counties, again with Chester county, and now forms in itself a
senatorial district. Holders of the office of State Senator from Delaware coun-
ty, with the date of their taking office, follow :

lygo — John Sellers; 1794-99 — Nathaniel Newlin; 1808— Jonas Preston; 1812— John
Newbold; 1816— Maskell Ewing; 1S24-28— John Kerlin; 1832— Dr. George Smith; 1836—
Henry Meyers; 1839— John T. Huddleson ; 1848— H. Jonas Brooke; 1854— James J.
Lewis; i860— Jacob S. Serrill: 1869— H. Jonas Brooke; 1874-84, 1889— Thomas V.
Cooper; 1893— Jesse M. Baker; 1897— John F. Colbourn ; 1901-05-09-13— William C.
Sproul.

AssemblyuH-n. — The present representation allotted Delaware county in
the House of Assembly is three members — one from the city of Chester, and
two from the county at large. Beginning with the session of 1899. the follow-
ing have represented the county :

1899— Ward R. Bliss, Thomas H. Garvin, Richard J. Baldwin,
igoi- Robert M. Newland, Ward R. Bliss. Tliomas V. Cooper.

DELAWARE COUNTY 5iy

1903 — Fred Taylor Pusey, Ward R. Bliss, Thomas V. Cooper.
1905 — Thomas V. Cooper, Crosby M. Black, Fred Taylor Pusey.
1907 — Thomas V. Cooper, J. Milton Lutz, Samuel D. Clyde.
1909 — Thomas V. Cooper, William D. Jones, William Ward, Jr.
191 1 — V. Gilpin Robinson, Richard J. Baldwin, William Ward, Jr.
1913 — Richard J. Baldwin, Harry H. Heyburn, William T. Ramsey.

County Treasurers. — In early days the office of couiuy treasurer seems
to have been one within the gift of the county commissioners and assessors.
That it was of cash value to the holder is proven by the offer of John Taylor
in 1741 to accept the office "without bringing any charge against the county."
In 1790, when the board of assessors was abolished, the commissioners
adopted the plan of appointing the outgoing commissioner county treasurer,
or "commissioner's treasurer," generally observing that custom until 1838,
when the constitution of 1837 made the office an elective one. Since that date
the following treasurers have been elected :

1838 — William Eyre : 1839 — Davis Beaumont ; 1840 — William Eyre ; 1840 — William
Eyre, Jr. (to fill unexpired term of father) ; 1841 — John Miller ; 1844 — Richard F. Wor-
rell ; 1846 — Benjamin F. Johnson; 1848 — Marshall Eachus: 1850 — Edmund Taylor; 1852
—Samuel Button; 1854 — Joseph H. Hinkson ; 1856 — Jackson Lyons; 1858 — Charles R.
Williamson; i860 — Charles Johnson; 1862 — David R. Ralston; 1864 — William Hinkson;
1866— William H. Eves; 1868— William F. Matthews; 1870— John J. Hoopes ; 1872— John
D. Howard; 1874 — Alvin Baldwin; 1876 — Henry B. Taylor; 1879 — William P. Yarnall ;
1882— Stephen Clowd, Jr. ; 1885— Samuel M. Challenger ; 1888— Gasway O. Yarnall ; 1891
— B. F. Compton; 1894— William M. Ford; 1897— John J. Buckley; 1900— Edward S.
Hickman ; 1903 — Wesley S. McDowell ; 1906 — Francis E. Harrison ; 1909 — John Mac-
Murray; 1912 — Walter S. Westcott, whose term is for a period of four years under the
new law.

Directors of the Poor. — The early settlers cared for the bodily wants of
their poor, infirm, and destitute, but accompanied their charity with the act of
^lay 31, 1 741. requiring that all persons receiving public assistance, the wives
and children of such paupers, "shall, upon the Shoulder of the right Sleeve of
the upper Garment of every such Person, in an open and visible manner, wear
such a Badge or Mark as hereinafter mentioned and expressed, That is to
say, a large Roman letter (P) together with the first Letter of the Name of
the County, City, or Place whereof such Person is an Inhabitant, cut either in
red or blue Cloth, as the Overseers of the Poor, it shall be directed or ap-
pointed." The failure of "any such person" to comply with this barbarous
provision was to render him or her liable to be brought before a justice of the
peace, he having it in his power to deny them further county aid or to commit
tliem to the House of Correction, "there to be whipped and kept at hard labor
for any number of Days, not exceeding twenty one," as the justice saw fit.
Truly Chester county had a "Scarlet Letter" law equalling the statute made
famous by Hawthorne. The following are the present directors of the poor
for Delaware countv : William H. Tones, Clark W. Baldwin, and Arthur Mar-
tin. '

Countv Commissioners. — The office of County Commissioner was estab-

520 DELAWARE COUNTY

Iislied about 1820, the duties having been performed prior to that time by the
justices, grand jury, and the assessors. The board consists of three members,
and, beginning with the year 1882, has been as follows :

1882 — Owen VV. Yarnall, Benjamin F. Pretty, Jesse Brooke.
1885 — William Armstrong, Benjamin F. Pretty, Andrew Armstrong.
1S88— William Armstrong, William Quinn, Daniel M. Field.
1891— Harry L. Hippie, W. Lane Qninn, Robert M. Henderson.
1897— C. Harry Marshall, William P. Hippie, W. Frank Cutler.
1903— A. A. Sellers, C. H. Marshall, Sidwell B. Green,
1906 — A. A. Sellers, Thomas B. Allen, George J. Johnson.
1909 — George W. Allen, Vanleer E. Bond, E. Lewis Barlow.
1912 — George W. Allen, Jesse D. Pierson, Thomas F. Feeley.

Sheriffs. — On May 17, 1672, Governor Lovelace and Council decided
"that the office of Schout to be converted into a Sheriff for the Corporation
and River, and that he be annually Chosen." In the early days the electors
named two persons for the office of sheriff, the governor making a selection of
one of them. This custom, begun by Penn, prevailed under the constitutions
of 1776 and 1790, and not until the constitution of 1838 were the people given
the right to elect their own choice of but one person. The following is a list of
sheriffs since the erection of the county with the year of their election :

Nicholas Fairlamb, 1789; Nicholas Fairlamb, 1790; James Barnard, 1792; Abraham
Dicks, 1795; John Odenheimer, 1798; Matthias Kerlin, Jr., 1801 ; John Odenheimer, 1804;
Richard P. Floyd, 1807; Isaac Cochran, 1810; Daniel Thomson, 1813; Robert Fairlamb,
1816; Samuel Anderson, 1819; Joseph Weaver, Jr., 1822; John Hinkson, 1825; Jehu
Broomall, 1828; William Baldwin, 183 1 ; Charles Baldwin, 1834; Samuel A. Price, 1834;
Evan S. Way, 1837; John Larkin. Jr., 1840; Samuel Hibberd. 1843; Robert R. Dutton,
1846; Jonathan Esrey, 1849; Henry T. Esrey, 185 1 ; Aaron James, 1851 ; John M. Hall,
1854; Jonathan Venion, 1857; Morris L. Yarnall, i860; Abraham Vanzant, 1863; Caleb
Hoopes. 1866; Evan C. Bartleson, i86g; Charles W. Matthew, 1875; John J. Rowland,
1878; William Armstrong, 188 1 : William F. Matthues, 1884; G. Leiper Green, 1887;
John D. Howard. 1890: Elwood T. Carr, 1893; J. Humphreys Marshall, 1896; Edmund
Oliver, 1899 : William E. Howard. 1902 ; David B. McClure, 1905 ; Charles H. Wolfe,
1908, (Mr. Wolfe died before taking office, Mr. McClure continuing another year) ; S.
Everett Sproul, 1900.

Protlionotarics. — The offices of prothonotary, recorder of deeds, and reg-
ister of wills, were held by one person from 1707 until the act of Assembly,
February 19, i860, when the offices of prothonotary and recorder of deeds
were separated and ordered filled l)y dift'erciit persnns. \\y act of March 20,
1873, the office of register of wills and clerk of the ( Orphans Court were sepa-
rated. The office of prothonotary, clerk of the Court of Oyer and Terminer
and General Jail Delivery, and Clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions has
been filled since 1875 as follows:

r875. Isaac Johnson: 1894, Morris P. ll.uiiuun; 1887. Wilhani D. Thomas; 1892,
Willi.'ini 1,. Mattluics: i<)04. .Andrew J. Dalton. the present incunilient.

DELAWARE COUNTY 521

RECORDERS OF DEEDS.

1863, Frederick Fairlamb; 1872, Frederick R. Culler, whose unexpired term was filled
•out by Canby S. Smith; 1876, Charles P. Walter; 1881-84-87, Edward Blaine; 1890-93,
John H. Kerlin ; 1896-99, Thomas D. Young; 1902-05, Richard J. Baldwin; 190S-12, J.
Lord Rigby.

Register of Wills and Clerk of the Orphans' Court. — The first incumbent
of this office under the act of March 20, 1873, was Thomas Lees, who held it
for four terms, his first commission dating December 13, 1874, his last term
expiring in December, 1886. He was succeeded as follows :

1887, Gilbert A. Hazlett ; 1893, William H. Hall; 1899, George G. Patchell; 1905,
William J. Tazwell; 1912, Theodore F. Kreeger.

Coroners. — This office, first mentioned in Chester county records in 1684,
has been held since 1880 in Delaware county by the following:

1881, Abram J. Quinby; 1884. Horace W. Fairlamb; 1890, L. M. Bullock; 1893,
Joseph E. Quinby; 1896, Thomas H. Marshall; 1899, Edward S. Fry; 1905, William B.

C. Gilmour ; 1908, Barney F. Carr, the present incumbent.

Present Officials and Representatives (1913). — Congressman — Thomas S.
Butler (Chester county) ; State Senator — William C. Sproul : Assembly — R. J.
Baldwin, Harry H. Heyburn, William T. Ramsey; President Judge — Isaac
Johnson ; Judge— William B. Broomall ; District Attorney — John B. Hannum,
Jr.; Prothonotar)' — Andrew J. Dalton ; Recorder of Deeds— J. Lord Rigby;
Register of Wills— Theodore F. Kreeger; Treasurer— Walter S. Westcott;
Sheriff — S. Everett Sproul ; County Commissioners — George W. Allen, Jesse

D. Pierson, Thomas F. Feeley; Jury Commissioners — Jacob Wise, William
Stewart ; Directors of the Poor — William H. Jones, Clark W. Baldwin, Arthur
Martin ; Coroner — Barney F. Carr ; County Auditors — Charles Gallagher, Ja-
•cob Somers, Harry Sheldon : Surveyor — A. Yocum.

DELAWARE COUNTY IN THE CI\"IL WAR.

When on Saturday, April 13, 1861, the American tlag was shot from Forf-
Sumter, in Cliarkston Harbor, and tlie little band of men who had so gallantly-
held out in the face of certain defeat marched out and Alajor Anderson offi-
cially surrendered, the first episode, in what was destined to be the greatest
sectional conflict the world had ever seen, was completed. Northward the last
echoes of the firing rolled, and in their flight aroused the passions which had
been slumbering for forty years. Over North Carolina, \'irginia and Mary-
land they came, leaving in their wake, martial alarm and a wild unreasoning
excitement. Reaching Pennsylvania, they transformed a peaceful, industrious
farming and manufacturing community into a place of excited madmen, drunk
with patriotic fervor. In Chester, Media, Darby, Rockdale, Kellyville, and
in every town, borough and hamlet in Delaware county, the pent-up feelings
of the people broke all restraint. Merchants closed their shops, farmers left
their plows, and everywhere were groups of men discussing the engrossing
news. Patriotism was at its highest pitch, and from the top of every store,
factory, public building and private dwelling the Stars and Stripes floated in
the breeze. j\Iany were the theories advanced as to the probable course of the
Federal government, and great the speculation regarding the outcome of the
struggle which all saw was inevitable. The following day was Sunday ; every
ear was strained for intelligence from Washington, and in its absence the sus-
pense became unendurable. Monday morning, April 15, 1861, the public ex-
citement was given direction, when President Lincoln issued his first call for
seventy-five thousand volunteers to serve for a period of three months, unless
sooner discharged.

In Media, that morning, the tolling of the court house bell summoned the.
people thither, and after patriotic speeches had been delivered, it was deter-
mined to form a rifle corps immediately. .\t Chester, on the evening of the
same day, the old town hall, which had witnessed the formation of companies
to take part in the Revolution, saw again a like scene which equalled in stern-
ness and decisiveness of purpose that former one. To the present generation
the issue of the preservation of the Union was as vital as that of obtaining lib-
erty had been to their forefathers, and there were as many who were glad, nay
anxious, to oiifer their lives to maintain the unity of their country. Theirs was
a sterner duty, for here was no invader or oppressor to be fought, but brother
would meet brother ; father, son : and the wound of bullet could never equal
the woimd of heart caused by the thought that perchance a speeding shot had
found a resting place in the body of a loved one.

On Wednesday night, at Media, a meeting was called in the court Ikuisc;
Edward Darlington was chosen ch.airman. with Charles D. Manley, Charlc'^ R.
Williamson, James R. Cummins, John R. Roland, Robert Playford. and J.
Crosby Fairlamb, vice-presidents : O. F. Bullard and Thomas V. Cooper, sec-
retaries. The speakers were John M. liroomall, Joseph Addison Thompson
and Hugh Jones Brooke. The many rumors of Confederate prejjaration for

DELAWARE COUNTY 523.

attack had keyed the feelings of the populace to a higher point, if such were
possible, and no historical or oratorical goad was needed to spur them on tu en-
listment. Name after name was rapidly handed in, and in a short time thej
ranks of the Delaware County Union Rifles were filled, with many disap-
pointed applicants, clamoring for a place in line with the fortunate ones who
had been chosen. One Friday morning, April ig, the men assembled before
the court house, and after a prayer by Rev. Gracey, in which he commended
the company to the care of an allwise and omnipotent Providence, they
marched to the cars and left for Philadelphia. In the afternoon they reached
Harrisburg, encamping on the capitol grounds, and the ne.xt day, .\pril 20,-
1861, were mustered into service for three months, as Company F, 4th Regi-
ment Pennsylvania \'ohmteers. The officers were :

Captain, George Dunn; first lieutenant, T. V. Cooper; second lieutenant, A. McMuron;
sergeants: William Callum, Richard Stiles, Thomas J. McMillan, J. L. Woodcock; cor-
porals; Caleb Hooper, James Mulholland, John B. Sully, William Durell; musicians:
William Quail, Henry Camay. Privates : Henry J. Baker, Thomas Broomall, John Baggs,
Peter Brantz, William Baggs, John Britton, Matthew Blair, Robert Coppock, John Cot-
tingham, John Clowney, Thomas Coulter, James Conner, John B. Davis, Thomas Dyson,
John M. Davis, William Eekil, James Evans, Abel Ford, Allen Ford, Lorenzo D. Farra,
William Farra, David Grubb, Thomas Griff en, James Gorman, John W. Glen, Benjamin
Graden, George W. Glen, Harry Greenwood, Hamilton Gillon, Robert Henderson, John
Hollingsworth, Patrick Hughes, Daniel Harigan. Robert Johnson, Stephen Johnson, Jere-
miah Ketzler, Thomas Kelly, Thomas Laden, Benjamin H. Magee, Michael Monahan,
Michael Martin, John McCuen, William McGinnis, Richard J. Nuttle, John Palmer. John
P. Potts, Joseph Parker, William Roberts, Amos R. Rap, Franklin Redmond_, Antrim
Redmond, Ephraim Stirk, George Stikes, Samuel N. Techton, William Townsend, John
Yeehton, Baker E. Wright, James W. G. Weaver, James Walters, James Worrell, John
Williams, Lee L. Yarnall.

The 4th Regiment, commanded by Col. John F. Flartranft. was ordered
on the following day, April 21. to proceed to Philadelphia, where, under com-
mand of Col. Dare, of the 23rd Regiment, acting brigadier, it was dispatched
to Perryville, Maryland. The next day it embarked on steamers for Annapo-
lis, thence to Washington, a direct route, having been abandoned for fear of
delay and possibly riots at Baltimore. The regiment had been rushed for-
ward so rapidly that it had been impossible to uniform the men, but all were
provided with muskets and carried ammutiition in their pockets. Many of the
men were taken ill, and the regiment encamped about two miles from the city,
toward Bladensburg. On June 24 the regiment received marching orders and
proceeded to Alexandria, where on Sunday, June 30, its pickets for the first
time were engaged with a small detachment of the enemy. The 4th, in Mc-
Dowell's army, formed part of the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division. Its term of en-
listment expired Sunday, July 31, 1861, and McDowell, planning an attack,,
desired the regitnent to remain until the battle, now known as the First Bull
Run, was fought. The men diflrered as to what course to pursue, but the regi-
ment finally marched to Washington and thence by rail to Harrisburg, where
it was mustered out of service. Gen. McDowell, in his report after his crush-

524 DELAWARE COUNTY

ing defeat, censured the 4th Pennsylvania severely. The records show that in
the majority of cases the men performed their duty well on many a bloody
field in the following four years, when their valor and patriotism were tested
to the full and tliey were not found wanting. The Delaware County Rifles,
however, had been discharged from duty the day before, and were thus re-
lieved from McDowell's unfavorable criticism.

In Chester, also, steps for the organization of a company were immediate-
ly taken. On Wednesday following the call for volunteers, more than a suf-
ficient number had been enrolled to form a company, and the name Union
Blues was adopted. An election of officers was immediately held, Henry B.
Edwards being chosen cajjtain, and to him Rev. Talbot presented a sword he
bad worn when chaplain in the United States navy. The company, in order to
be ready to responil to orders at a minute's notice, began to drill and to equip.
On Saturday morning, April 20, i860, the Union tilues were ordered to Har-
lisburg, and on the evening of that day gathered in front of the Washington
House in Chester, where they were addressed by Frederick J. Hinkson. He
assured the volunteers that the citizens of the borough would see that their
wives and families should suffer in no way during their absence. Several oth-
er addresses were made by prominent clergymen, among them Rev. Talbot,
Rev. Sproul and I-iev. Father Haviland. The latter divine contributed largely
to a fund for equipping the soldiers and for maintaining their families, besides
personally soliciting subscriptions. Toward evening, as the time of departure
approached, crowds of people from the outlying districts came into town to
witness the leavetaking of the "Boys in Blue'^ for the front. At the time there
was a general feeling in the North that the trouble would be settled in a month
or so, and at this first leavetaking there was not the air of gloom and depres-
sion that came in later years of the war, when families had been drawn upon
tmtil only the youngest son remained, leaving entire towns empty and cheer-
less.

The Union Blues reached Camp Curtin at Harri-biirg the following day,
and on Monday, April 22, were mustered into the 9th Regiment Pennsylvania
\'olunteers, for three months. On May 4, the regiment moved to West Ches-
ter, arriving there in the midst of a blinding snow and sleet storm, and quar-
tered in the old depot. The next day Col. Longnecker selected a location for
camp, calling it Camp Wayne, in honor of "Mad Anthony" Wayne of Revolu-
tionary fame. On May 26, i86t, the 9th was ordered to Wilmington, Dela-
ware, to prevent the organization of Confederate companies there, and camped
at Hare's Corners, between Wilmington and New Castle. The regiment was
ordered to Chambersburg June 6, to join Gen. Patterson's command, and was
attached to the ist Brigade, ist Division, under Coi. Miles. On Simday, June
16, Col. Miles' brigade crossed the Potomac, the gth regiment on the right of
column, the troops wading the stream breast high. They were later ordered to
recross and take a position covering tin- ford. On July i the brigade again
crossed over in the direction of Martinsburg. and a week later Gen. Patterson
ordered a movement in the direction of Winchester and Bunker Hill, but the

DELAWARE COUNTY 525

order was countermanded. On the 17th of July, Longnecker's brigade marched

toward Charlestown, encamping there and remaining until the 21st, when it

marched on to Harper's Ferry. On the 22nd the 9th Regiment proceeded to

Hagerstown, thence to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out of service, the

term of enlistment having expired. The roll of Company 1, 9th Regiment

Pennsylvania \'olunteers, is as follows :

Captain, Henry B. Edwards; first lieutenant, James G. Stacey; second lieutenant,
William Blakeley; Sergeants: William B. Stevenson, John Beck, James Williams, William
Eves ; coroprals : Isaac Weaver, William R. Thatcher, Charles Storey, Jesse Cummings ;
musicians : Ezra Dransfield and Alexander King.

Privates : John Booth, Joseph Barker. Joseph Brewster, Lewis Benner, John C. Bar-
rowclough, Thomas Blythe, Isaac F. Badden, William H. Brown, David Burke, George
Booth, Thomas W. Bruner, Edward Crowther, Edward Collison, Samuel Cross, Daniel
Crowther, James Cliff, Allen Carr, Frederick Cutler, Frederick Crider, Simeon Davis, John
John Doyle, William Elliott, Theodore Ettienne, Robert Fogg, John Farraday, Joseph
Grooves, William P. Huff, James Hewes, George Helms, William F. Jester, James P. Kel-
ley, Edward Kay, Jonathan Kershaw. Edward Lilley, Edward Lyons, Thomas McNamee.
William McNeil, John Marshall, William Marlor, Samuel McDaniel, George McAffee,
John C. Morton, John Phillips, Daniel Pithie, Thomas F. Pierce, .\nthony Quinn, Francis
Rodrigos, Robert Reaney, Samuel Shepherd, Francis Scott, Edgar Stevenson, William V.
Shellinger, John Smith, Samuel Smith, Thomas Toy, Joseph Taylor, junior, Richard
Turner, George W. Wilson, Joshua L. Wilson, John Wagner. Robert Wright, Alfred
Woodhead, George Weigan, Reed L. Weaver.

While the Delaware County Rifles and the Union Blues were the twO'
largest companies formed in the county, the citizens immediately formed oth-
ers, so that in case of another call they could take the field at once. All
through the county, Home Guards were formed and drilled — at Chester,
Media, Rockdale, Darby, Linwood, Kellyville, Wildeville, Glen Mills, Village
Green, Upland, and other towns. So rapidly did these organizations become
proficient in the handling of arms and in drill, that at Chester, on the Fourth of
July, the Wayne Guards, Captain W. C. Gray ; the Home Guards, Captain H.
B. Taylor ; Company A, Captain George E. Darlington ; and the Upland
Guards, Captain George K. Crozer, held a parade, while at the county seat, on
the same day, the Village Green Guards, Captain Barton; Glen Mills Guards,
Captain Willcox; Manchester Rifles, Captain Ballentine ; and Upper Darby
Home Guards, Captain Buckley, joined with the Media Home Guards in a

parade.

A meeting, at which were present people from all over the county, was
held at the Media court house on Tuesday afternoon, April 23, 1861, under
charge of H. Jones Brooke, for the purpose of raising money to equip troops
and for the maintenance of those dependent upon the volunteers then in ser-
vice. The response was generous and hearty, $2500 being contributed that
day. Moreover, the county was divided into seven districts for the purpose of
making a house to house canvass in the solicitation of subscriptions. The first
district was composed of Chester, Ridley and Tinicum : the second, of Media,
Nether and Upper Providence; and all of Middletown east of Edgemont road;.

526 DELAWARE COUNTY

the third, Marcus Hook, Linwood, Lower and Upper Chester, Bethel, and all
of Aston south of Concord Road ; the fourth, Concord, Birmingham, and
Thornbury ; the fifth, Aston, east of Concord Road and Edgemont ; the sixth.
Darby, Upper Darby and Springfield; and the seventh, Haverford, Marple,
Newtown, and Radnor. Since all present were taxpayers, they called upon the
county commissioners to appropriate at once $5000 and $20,000 later, for the
support of the families of those who should enlist. The activity of the several
committees was remarkable, for in two days they collected $2,700 in addition
to which Samuel M. Felton, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Bal-
timore Railroad Company, contributed $1000, a company gift. Further evi-
dence of the generosity of the company, as well as of the patriotic spirit of
the directors, was given, when Mr. Felton informed the clerks in the employ
of the road that in the event of any of them leaving to go to the front, their
salaries would be paid during their absence, and that their positions would be
open upon their return.

It would be difficult to pay a fitting tribute to the courage and fortitude of
the women of the county, who, in stoical silence, watched their loved sons, hus-
bands and fathers, march away with the possibility that the present would be
the last farewell. We may admire and honor the soldier at the front for his
dauntless courage, his uncomplaining endurance of hardships, his faithfulness
to his cause, but, in all justice, we must grant the same measure of admiration
and honor to his wife or mother, who, in the silent desolation of her home,
waits for intelligence from the battle, longing for, yet dreading, the news that
may either break her anxious heart, or consign her once more to ceaseless wait-
ing for the unknown. There was no more suffering at the front during the
terrible years from 1861 to 1865, than there was by many a hearthstone at
bome.

Twcnty-slxtli Regiment. — On May 31, 1861, a company recruited by Wil-
liam L. Grubb, from Chester and vicinity, for three years, was mustered into
service as Company K, 26th Regiment. Immediately after, it was ordered to
Washington, where the main body of the regiment was on guard over the
quartermaster-general's stores, the arsenal, and the flying bridge at George-
town. As the company's train passed through Chester, the great throng at the
station cheered wildly until it passed out of sight. The 26th was assigned to
Gen. Hooker's division, and in April, 1862, was transported to the Peninsula,
engaging in the siege of Yorktown, and on May 5th, in front of Fort Magrud-
er, at the battle of Williamstown, drove the enemy from the riflepits into the
works, and held its position for eight hours, until reinforced by fresh troops,
when the fort was taken. The regiment was engaged in the battle of White
Oak Swamp from noon till night, and just before dusk broke the enemy's lines
with a gallant bayonet charge, compelling them to retire, and the following
day took part in the battle of Malvern Hill. On August 20 it was dispatched
to the support of Gen. Pope, with Heintzelman's corps. During that campaign
it was engaged at Bristoe Station on the 26th, and the following day connected
the army with its base of supplies. On the 29th it marched to the battle of

DELAWARE COUNTY 527

Bull Run, where Captain Meekins, of Company K, was killed, and the whole
regiment suffered severely. The next day the 26th supported three different
batteries, which kept them continually on the march, repelling charges at dif-
ferent points. When Burnside was defeated at Fredericksburg, it was in the
front line of battle, engaged with the enemy for thirty hours, with slight in-
termission. At Chancellorsville, on May 2, 1863, the regiment was ordered to
reconnoiter in front of Hooker's headquarters to feel the enemy, and on the
3rd was held as a support to batteries after it had fallen back to the intrench-
ment, a movement caused by the 72nd New York's breaking and leaving the
flank of the 26th exposed to a heavy fire by which it lost one hundred men. In
the Gettysburg campaign the regiment was under Gen. Sickles, and was on
the field when the battle started on the extreme right of the division, sufifering
severely. Toward evening it sustained the attack of a Florida brigade, which
it checked, and, charging, drove the latter into confusion, capturing many pris-
oners. The 26th entered the battle with 364 men ; its loss was 216 killed and
wounded, a terrible slaughter. The regiment was in Grant's campaign, on
May 5, 1864, in the battle of the Wilderness, and held an exposed position on
the left, although repeated efiforts were made to dislodge it. On the 12th it
took part in Hancock's memorable charge with the 2nd Corps at Spottsylvania
Court House, capturing two Napoleon gims. It was engaged at the crossing
of North Anna river ; on the 27th of May crossed the Pamunkey river at Nel-
son's Ford, thence marching to Philadelphia, where its mustering out on June
18, 1864, in front of Independence Hall, saw the end of a career of glorious
service and the hardest kind of fighting.

Thirtieth Regiment (First Reserves). — So nobly and so well did the men
of Pennsylvania respond to President Lincoln's call for volunteers, that for a
time it seemed probable that none save those already accepted, would be mus-
tered into service. But. Gov. Curtin, who perhaps had a better knowledge of
the condition and requirements of the time than any other man in official cir-
cles in the North (excepting Simon Cameron), realized that many more troops
would be needed, and determined to form several military camps, and there to
mobilize the various organizations of the state, to equip and discipline them,
and to have them in readiness for any emergency. This purpose Gov. Curtin
carried into effect, and the name Pennsylvania Reserves will ever cling to the
companies thus formed : and to Gov. Curtin, Pennsylvania owes much of the
honor it received, for having played such important part in the war.

In May, 1861, Samuel A. Dyer recruited from Chester and vicinity a
company of infantry, named the Keystone Guards. For ten days the company
was quartered in the Chester town hall, maintained by the subscription of sev-
eral citizens of the borough. After changing the name of the company to the
Slifer Phalanx, in honor of Hon. Eli Slifer, then secretary of the common-
wealth, the organization was mustered in at the Girard House, Philadelphia,
May 31, 1861, where a handsome flag, the gift of the ladies of Chester, was
presented to the company of Hon. Edward Darlington. On June 4th, the Sli-

528 DELAWARE COUNTY

fer Phalanx left for Camp Wayne, at West Chester, where it became company
C, 30th Regiment, ist Pennsylvania Reserves.

Another Delaware county company which had difficulty in being accepted,
but which was extricated from the difficulty by Gov. Curtin's formation of
the Pennsylvania Reserves, was the Rockdale Rifle Guards, recruited by Wil-
liam Cooper Talley, at Crozerville and Rockdale. Subsequently the name was
changed to the Archy Dick Volunteers, in honor of Archibald T. Dick, a de-
ceased member of the bar of Delaware county, in which he had held an hon-
ored position. On May 30th, 1861, the company was mustered into the 30th
Regiment, ist Reserves, as Company F, for three years service. The organi-
zation of the regiment was not fully effected until June 9, 1861, when Biddle
Roberts was chosen colonel, he appointing Lieutenant Joseph R. T. Coates, of
Company C, quartermaster. On July 4, Gov. Curtin reviewed the First and
Seventh Reserves at West Chester, and on the 21st the ist Regiment was or-
dered to Washington. At about dusk of the next day the regiment reached
Baltimore, and Col. Roberts was met outside of the city limits by the police
authorities, who advised against attempting to pass through the streets because
of the excitement and possible rioting. Col. Roberts, however, distributed
ammunition among his men and ordered them to proceed, marching through
the city without molestation. The regiment was mustered into the United
States service at Camp Carroll, July 26, thence marching to Annapolis, where
it was quartered until August 30th in the Naval School, and then moved to
Tenallytown, Maryland, where it was assigned to the ist Brigade, under Gen.
Reynolds, of McCall's division. It took part in all the movements preceding
the peninsular campaign, and in that campaign, at Mechanicsville, was on
the extreme right of the Army of the Potomac. In the battle of June 26th,
1862, it was under command of Fitz John Porter. There the ist held the cen-
ter, and after a three hours fight repulsed the enemy, sleeping that night on
the hard won field. The next morning it was ordered to fall back, the brigade
retiring in the direction of Gaines' Mills. On the 27th. the ist and 8th Re-
.serves moved to the rear for ammunition. Their action alarmed Fitz John
Porter, who thought they were in flight, and he appealed to Col. Roberts to
stop them, which upon the general's promise to provide them with ammunition,
the colonel did with a word, winning the general's warm approval for the
prompt action, coolness and precision of the Reserves. At New Market, on
the 30th, the ist Reserves maintained its position for five hours, repulsing
three heavy attacks with a gallantry that won special mention in McCall's of-
ficial report. On August 2gth and 30th, in Pope's campaign, it was marching
nearly all the time, constantly under fire, and for the entire forty-eight hours
was totally without food. On Sunday, September 14, 1862, at South Moun-
tain, the regiment charged the gorge and summit of a hill held by a part of
Hill's corps, gaining the summit with a brilliant rush. The ist Reserves were
ready at the break of dawn to resume the struggle, but the Confederates had
withdrawn under cover of darkness. The following morning. Gen. Hooker
came to the field to compliment the regiment personally. In that headlong

DELAWARE COUNTY 529

charge, Second Lieutenant John H. Taylor, of Company C, fell, leading his
command. On September 16, the eve of Antietam, the First's pickets were
firing upon the enemy, and at daybreak of the 17th it engaged with the Con-
federates, fighting until relieved at 9 o'clock. During the greater part of the
battle, Captain Talley commanded the regiment. Col. Roberts having command
of the 1st Brigade, and after Hooker was wounded, March i, 1863, Captain
Talley was promoted to the colonelcy.

At Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, the 1st Reserves charged across
an open plain under a heavy artillery fire, driving the enemy two hundred
yards behind its entrenchments, when, finding he was flanked on the right, the
enemy strongly reen forced in front and no supporting troops coming up in the
rear. Col. Talley "was compelled to retire after having opened the way to
victory."

An inspiring scene was enacted when the Reserves, on June 29, 1863,
were marching with the main army to Gettysburg to repel Lee's invasion of
Pennsylvania. Col. Talley, as soon as the state line was crossed, halted his
troops, and, in a few earnest words, besought his men to fight as they had nev-
er fought before, to cleanse the soil of their native state from the polluting
step of the invader. With this incentive and their colonel's heartfelt words
ringing in their ears, the men were sent to the front immediately after arrival
on the field, July 2, and by a splendid charge upon the right of Little Round
Top, drove the enemy back upon their reserves. On July ist, the 1st Regi-
ment, commanded by Col. Talley, occupied the centre of the line in the terrific
charges made by the ist Brigade. The regiment also took part in the battle
of Bristol Station, and in the numerous movements of the Army of the Poto-
mac during the latter part of 1863. In Grant's campaign, on the 5th of May,
T864, it was engaged in the battle of the Wilderness, and on May 8, Spottsyl-
vania. In that battle Col. Talley was in command of the brigade, and on the
enemy's third charge through the pine thickets, was captured by soldiers of
Ewell's corps, but the following day he and several hundred other prisoners
were rescued by Sheridan's cavalry. The Pennsylvania Reserves saw their
last day of service May 31, 1864, when the ist Regiment played a prominent
part in the battle of Bethesda Church. The next day the Reserves were or-
dered home, and on June 13th were mustered out of service at Philadelphia.
On March 13th, 1865, Col. Talley received the rank of brigadier general of
volunteers, by brevet, for distinguished services in the field.

Fifty-ciglith Regiment. — Delaware county receives no credit whatsoever
in the official records for citizens enlisted in the 58th Regiment, except in so
far as "Philadelphia and vicinity" applies to the county, a condition which is
found in other organizations as well. The fact is that almost one-half of
Company H was recruited in Delaware county, while in companies B, C, and
K, many Delaware county men were the first to enlist.

Jn March 8, 1862, the 58th was ordered to Fortress Monroe, arriving
there the following day, Sunday, while the battle between the "Monitor" and
"Merrimac" was in progress. ■ On May loth it led the advance of Gen. Wool's
35

530 DELAWARE COUNTY

troops, and after the surrender of the city of Norfolk on that day, the flag of
the 58th was raised over the custom house, where it remained until the regi-
ment was ordered to Beaufort, North Carolina. While at Norfolk, First Lieu-
tenant Thomas I. Leiper, of Company A, who had been appointed adjutant
while the regiment was in Philadelphia, before being ordered to the front,
was assigned to the stafif of Gen. Thomas L. Kane, under whom he saw ser-
vice in the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg. When on September 9, 1863,
Leiper was promoted to the captaincy of Company A, he at once returned to
his command. On June 27, 1S62, the sSth was ordered to garrison Washing-
ton, North Carolina, at the head of navigation of the Pamlico river, and while
there, heavy artillery practice was held daily. One of the most dashing raids
of the entire war was made on December 16, when Captain Theodore Blakeley.
of Company B, a daring soldier from Chester, with a detachment of one hun-
dred men, made a foray into the country, fifteen miles to the south, and sur-
prised a Confederate cavalry encampment, capturing a captain and sixty men,
with their horses and equipment, so completely surprising them that they
yielded without a single shot. Captain Blakeley was accorded the high honor
of having his expedition especially mentioned in an order from department
headquarters, and was complimented therefor. The regiment joined the
Army of the James, ^lay i, 1864, and was in action in the operations against
Richmond under Gen. Butler. On the 9th, the 58th was engaged near the
Appomattox river, and the following day destroyed the Petersburg & Rich-
mond railroad for a considerable distance, thus greatly handicapping the Con-
federates in their transportation of ammunition and supplies. The regiment
was subsequently transferred to Grant's army, and at Cold Harbor, June 3d,
charged the enemy's works, capturing the rille pits, and in the words of a
New York Herald correspondent, "Here, however, the men found themselves
close prisoners, for it was utterly impossible for a head or an arm to make its
appearance without being riddled by bullets. For two long hours the regiment
held its position until it was reenforced."

It was in the attack of the Army of the James, to which it had been re-
turned, on the enemy's lines in front of Petersburg, when the outer works
were carried. When on June 24 the re-enlisted soldiers were ordered to Phila-
delphia on the furlough granted to veterans re-entering the service, the second
term men of the 58th were allowed twenty days beyond the usual time because
of good conduct and commendable service. Great self-denial was shown by
Captain Leiper, who remained at the front in command of the men who had
not re-enlisted and the recruits assigned to the 58th. After the furlough the
regiment rejoined the army on the north of the James, and on September 28,
the 58th and the io8th Pennsylvania made a desperate assault upon Fort
Harrison, under a scathing fire from sixteen heavy calibre guns, when the
colors of the 58th were shot away three times. Out of the 228 men of that
regiment who had made the charge, 128 were killed and wounded. Among
the former was Captain Theodore Blakeley, of Chester. As a result of this
determined and intrepid attack, the fort, with its cannon, small arms, battle

DELAWARE COUNTY 531

flags and garrison was captured. Although it would seem that the 58th and
io8th regiments had done sufficient service for one day, nevertheless they
were ordered to assault Star Fort, a mile to the left of the fortification just
captured. This they did, and although they were able to scale the works and
spike the enemy's guns, their fatigue and lack of support obliged them to fall
back under the heavy fire to which they were subjected by the enemy's gun-
boats. In the final campaign of the war, resulting in the surrender of Gen.
Lee, it acquitted itself with great credit, and after the disposal of the enemy's
field force was assigned to duty in the lower counties of Virginia, being mus-
tered out at City Point, Virginia, January 24, 1866.

Sixtieth Regiment {Third Cavalry). — It is believed that the first Pennsyl-
vania men to enlist for a term of three years were those of Captain William
L. Law's company of cavalry, organized in Delaware county in July, 1861. As
Pennsylvania's quota was full at the time, Col. William H. Young asked per-
mission to raise a regiment in any part of the country, the organization to be
known as Young's Light Kentucky Cavalry. Law's company, for some un-
known reason, was not accepted as a whole in this regiment, the greater part
of the men being assigned to Captain William K. Grant, of Company L and
the remainder distributed among the other companies. The regiment, which
was entirely recruited in Pennsylvania, excepting Company D (from Wash-
ington City), was later credited to the Keystone State, and Col. Young's resig-
nation requested by Gov. Curtin.

On October 31, 1861, William W. Averill, an officer of the 5th United
States Cavalry, was appointed Young's successor. The strict discipline and
adherence to rules exacted by the new commander made him most unpopular
with the men at first, for under Young their conduct had been lax and unsol-
dierly, but the honorable record which the regiment now bears is in large
measure due to the training and discipline of Col. Averill. During the winter
and spring of 1862 it was constantly in the advance of the army, and was the
first Union force to enter the Manassas fortifications and ascertain that the
enemy had abandoned the works. In the peninsular campaign, the regiment
did most of the reconnoitering for the army staff, and during that week of
fighting, while the base of the operations was being changed, was almost con-
stantly in the saddle. At Antietam it was centrally engaged, and when in Oc-
tober the army crossed into Virginia, it covered the right flank, which brought
it constantly into contact and battle with Stuart's and Hampton's commands,
meetings which finally forced the latter to retire to the Blue Ridge. On March
l6th the Southern cavalry learned that their neighbors of the North were quite
as skilled in mounted warfare as they, when the 60th encountered Fitz Hugh
Lee and Stuart's cavalry at Kelley's Ford and decisively defeated them. The
60th rode in the noted raid which, previous to the battle of Chancellorsville,
traversed the country in Lee's rear and for a time severed his railroad com-
munication with Richmond. On June 19th, 1863, it took part in Buford's and
Gregg's attack on Stuart, between Culpeper Court House and Beverly Ford,
in which the latter was so signally defeated that for a time it compelled a de-

532 DELAWARE COUNTY

lay ill the proposed invasion of Pennsylvania. Two weeks later it was in the
engagement at Aldie, which resulted in cutting off Lee from the whole of
Stuart's command, so that the former was without the greater part of his
cavalry until after the battle of Gettysburg. On July 2, in that battle, the
60th Regiment sustained the charge of Hampton's division in the latter's at-
tempt to gain the rear of the Union army, and although driven back by weight
of numbers, when Custer arrived with reenforcements it rallied and joined in
the charge, in which the enemy was defeated with heavy loss. After taking
part in the action at Old Antietam Forge on July 10, and at Shepherdstown on
the i6th, it led the brave charge near Culpeper Court House, September 13,
and was complimented in a general order for valor. On October 14 it was en-
gaged at Bristol Station, and the next day, when the cavalry covered the army
wagon train of seventy miles, the 60th was detailed as rear guard and re-
pulsed the attack of Gordon's division, holding its ground for over two hours,
before supported. Once again Gen. Buford issued an order commending its
skill and bravery. At New Hope Church, on September 26th, while dis-
mounted, aided by the ist Massachusetts, it maintained a position against the
attacks of the Stonewall Brigade for two hours until Sykes' Regulars had
time to advance to its support. It was constantly engaged in the Wilderness
campaign under Grant, and acted as escort when Grant and Meade crossed
the James on pontoon bridges. The history of the engagements preceding
Lee's surrender is the history of the 60th Regiment, and when on April 3,
Grant and Meade entered Petersburg, it formed part of the General's escort.
At Lee's surrender it was in the advance between the lines of battle of the two
armies. The 60th was mustered out of service August 7, 1865.

Ninety-seventh Regiment. — Henry B. Guss, of West Chester, wa^ au-
thorized by the Secretary of War in the latter part of July, 1861, to raise a
regiment for three years' service. The companies recruited mainly from
Media, Chester and neighboring vicinities were composed almost entirely of
men who had been in the three months' service, and had some knowledge of
military tactics and duties. The following companies were enrolled : Com-
pany D, the Concordville Rifles, Captain William S. Mendenhall, recruited in
the western end of the county ; Company G, the Broomall Guards, ( named in
honor of Hon. J. M. Broomall), Captain Jesse L. Cummings, recruited mostly
in Media, Chester and neighborhood: Company I. Brooke Guards (so called
in honor of Hon. Hugh Jones Brooke, post commissary of Pennsylvania,
who contributed largely to the outfit and comfort of the men), Captain George
W. Hawkins, recruited mostly from Springfield and Ridley townships. The
companies encamped at Camp Wayne, near West Chester, where Gov. Curtin
presented the state colors to the regiment on November 12, the day it left for
Washington. Shortly thereafter it was ordered to Fortress Monroe and sub-
sequently to Port Royal, South Carolina, arriving off the harbor December 11,
but was compelled by heavy weather to put out to sea, and disembarkation was
delayed for three days. In January, 1862, it took part in the expedition to
Warsaw Sound, Georgia, which resulted in the capture of Fort Pulaski, and

DELAWARE COUNTY 533

on March 5 the 97th was landed from the transport in the Florida expedition,
capturing Fermandina and Fort Church. In March, Gen. Hunter, relieving
Gen. Sherman, ordered an evacuation of Florida. In a bold expedition to
Legarsville, South Carolina, in June, 1862, Company G (Broomall Guards)
and Company H occupied the town. In the Confederate attack at Secession-
ville, June 10, the 97th held the most exposed position and bore the brunt of
the fight until the gunboats could get into position and open an etfective fire.
The physical condition of the regiment in the fall of that year was very poor,
and its members suffered severely with intermittent fever, five hundred men
being on the sick list at one time, while there were also many cases of yellow
fever, a number of which proved fatal. In April, 1863, it was at Folly Island,
Charleston Harbor, during the bombardment of Fort Sumter. One of the
most humane acts in war history, and one which displayed the true bravery
and true courage of a band of soldiers, more than any fighting against odds,
or any other war peril could possibly do, was performed at the storming of
Fort Wagner. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment (colored) led the assaulting
column and suffered dreadfully under the murderous fire from the fort.
When the attack failed, Companies C and D (Concordville Rifles), stacked
their arms, and during the entire night busied themselves carrying off the
wounded colored soldiers, urged on in their work of mercy by Brig. Gen.
Stevenson with the oft repeated words, "You know how much harder they
will fare at the hands of the enemy than white men." With never a thought
of self, these men crawled to the very brink of the enemy's entrenchment.
dragging away the wounded black men. No nobler spectacle ever lightened
the dark days of the war. War may dull men's finer feelings, but then it
strengthened the bonds of human brotherhood, a gospel as old as creation.

The 97th was active in the siege of Fort Wagner, which was evacuated
the night of September 6, 1863. The following month it was ordered to Flori-
da, where it was engaged mainly in destroying Confederate supply stations.
In April, 1864, it was attached to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the
James, under Gen. Butler. On May 9 it led the advance on Petersburg, de-
tailed to destroy the railroad and telegraph wires : after the accomplishment
it was engaged at Swift Creek. When Beauregard, on the i8th, attacked the
Army of the James, the pickets of the 8th Maine were driven back and the
97th was ordered to retake the position, which was done under a hot and de-
structive fire of musketry. On the evening of the 19th, when four of the
companies had been driven back with fearful slaughter and the line broken,
the remainder of the regiment, including all of the Delaware county compan-
ies, was ordered to regain it. The attempt to obey the command was made
eagerly, and the line advanced steadily, despite holes torn in their ranks by
volleys of grape, canister, and a steady fusilade of musketry. At last they
were recalled, having sustained the awful loss of 200 killed and wounded.
Because of its well known calmness under fire and its dauntless courage, the
regiment was constantly in the advance, and on June 30th, Captain ]\Ienden-
hall, of Company D. (Concordville Rifles) with 300 men from the companies,

534 DELAWARE COUNTY

was ordered to attack the enemy's works in front of the cemetery, to divert
the latter's attention from the real point of assault. The order was gallantly
obeyed, the works were captured and held until nightfall, although the real at-
tack was not made. Over one-third of the force under Mendenhall was either
killed or wounded. When the mine was exploded, July 30th, Captain Haw-
kins (Brooke Guards), in command of five companies, successfully charged
the enemy's riflepits, an attack in which Captain Mendenhall was wounded.

On the isth of August, the regiment took part in the action at Deep Bot-
tom, and on the i6th at Strawberry Plains. At Bermuda Hundred, on the
25th, it was attacked by the enemy while being relieved, and a part of its line
was captured, which, however, was shortly afterward retaken. It participated
September 28th, in the capture of New Market Heights, and the same dav in
the unsuccessful attack on Fort Gilmore. In a short engagement with the
enemy at Darbytown Roads, on October 27, 1864, Captain George W. Haw-
kins was mortally wounded. Here the relation of the 97th Regiment and Del-
aware county ceases, for the period of enlistment expired at the end of 1864,
and when the regiment was re-formed but little of its original elements re-
mained.

One Hundred Si.vfli Regiment. — The lorith Regiment was recruited in
Philadelphia during the late summer and early fall of 1861, forming part of
Eiaker's brigade. At the battle of Ball's Bluff, the io6th was just across the
Potomac on the Maryland side, but for want of transportation could not cross
to the assistance of the other division, which was overpowered by superior
numbers, Col. Baker being mortally wounded. At the battle of Fair Oaks it
supported Kirby's battery against Magruder's assault, the latter having sworn
to regain possession of the battery, as it had been formerly under his com-
mand in the United States army. Magruder's efforts, however, were unsuc-
cessful. .At Savage .Station, exposed to a severe and raking fire, it withstood
for nearly three hours every attack made against it. at one time being en-
gaged in a hand-to-hand conflict with the enemy. At Antietam the regiment
suffered greatlv. and at a fence near Dunker church one-third of the entire
body was stricken down in ten minutes. At the battle of Fredericksburg, De-
cember 13. 1862, it charged under a heavy fire to within seventy-five yards of
the enemy's works, and from noon until sundown held its ground, and on
May 3, 1863, came to the support of .Sedgwick, commanding the Sixth Corps,
at Salem Church, when the latter was engaged with overwhelming odds.

At Gettysburg the io(Sth arrived on the field at midnight of July i, and
took up a position behind the low stone wall on the right centre of the line in
front and to the left of Mead's headquarters. The next day, when Sickle-'
line was broken, the io6th was part of Webb's brigade, which marcherl to the
gap in the line. As it reached the crest of the hill, the enemy, less than sixty
yards away, was advancing to what seemed certain victory. The brigade,
giving one close volley of musketry, charged, striking the enemy on tlic left
flank and hurling back the advancing column, the lorith and two companies of
the 2nd New York pursuing them to the Emmitsburg road. The following

DELAWARE COUNTY 53.5

day it was at Cemetery Hill, stationed on the right of the Baltimore Pike, near
Rickett's battery, and there remained under a terrific cannonade until the end
of the battle.

During the Wilderness campaign it saw a great deal of action, taking part
in Hancock's famous charge at Spottsylvania on the morning of May 12. It
was engaged in the battle at the North Anna ; and in the battle of Cold Har-
bor, the brigade of which the io6th was a part attempted to drive the enemy
from its entrenchment, but was unsuccessful. The troops, dropping to the
ground, remained there until night, when they threw up a breastwork which
they held. The last engagements participated in by the regiment were before
Petersburg, June 14, 1864, and the Jerusalem Plank Road a week later. The
regiment was mustered out of service September 10, 1864.

One Hundred Twelfth Regiment (2nd Artillery). — On the recommenda-
tion of Gen. McClellan, Charles Angeroth, of Philadelphia, in October, 1861,
was authorized by the Secretary of War to recruit a battalion of heavy in-
fantry, later enlarged to a regiment — the 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery,
1 1 2th of the line. On February 25, 1862, seven companies were ordered to
Washington, where they remained in the fortification until the spring of 1864.
By this time the regiment had been so increased that it numbered 3,300 men,
and was divided into two regiments. The second body, receiving the name
Second Provisional Heavy Artillery, was dispatched to the front, and as in-
fantry was assigned to the Ninth Corps. It participated in all the battles of
the Wilderness campaign and sustained great loss at Petersburg. In May,
1864, the original regiment was assigned to the 18th Army Corps, under Gen.
Baldy Smith, Army of the Potomac. The story of the two divisions of this
regiment entails a review of the year of battle ending with Lee's .surrender.
The Second division. Provisional regiment, was in hard service before Peters-
burg, losing about one thousand men in four months. It was part of the bri-
gade which charged into the crater when the mine was exploded and after
Fort Harrison had been captured, on September 29, 1864, the Second Penn-
sylvania Artillery and 89th New York were ordered to charge on Battery Gil-
more, a movement which was disastrous because of lack of proper support,
the 2nd .Artillery losing in killed, wounded and prisoners, 200 men. The his-
tory of the regiment is indeed honorable, and its light of valor was surely hid-
den under a bushel when for so many months it remained in inactivity at the
capitol, intrusted with the defence of the heart of the nation.

One Hundred Nineteenth Regiment. — Peter C. Ellmaker, under authori-
zation of Gov. Curtin, began recruiting for the 119th Pennsylvania, August
5th, 1862. William C. Gray, of Chester, had raised a company in Delaware
county, known as the Delaware County Guards, which he offered to the au-
thorities, to be credited to Delaware county, but was informed that the quota
was full and that the company could not be accepted. Captain Gray offered
the company to Col. Ellmaker, the offer was accepted, and the organization
became Companv E, 109th Regiment, .\ugust 10, 1862. Because of the dire
reed for troops, the regiment was ordered to Washington before its organi-

536 DELAWARE COUNTY

zation was complete, and assigned to rluty at the arsenal. About the middle of
October it joined the Army of the Potomac, in camp near Antietam — ist Bri-
gade, 2nd Division, 6th Army Corps. Tiie regiment was in action first at
Fredericksburg, December 15, 1862, and although m a trying position and ex-
posed to a heavy artillery fire, maintained its ground like a veteran command.
Later, when the "Light Division" was formed, it was assigned to the 3d Bri-
gade, 1st Division, under Gen. Russell. On April 28, 1863, when Hooker ad-
vanced under cover of darkness, the brigade crossed the Rappahannock at
]!anks Ford on pontoon boats, drove back the Confederate pickets, and held
the right bank of the river. The following morning it moved forward and,
driving the enemy from the riflepits, held the same until May 3, when the Con-
federates retreated. The 119th and 95tli Pennsylvania regiments were de-
tached and marched along the plank road in the direction of Chancellorsville.
At Salem Church the 95th met the enemy, concealed in a wood, and a warm
engagement at close quarters followed. The iT9th, on the left of the road,
was met by a vastly superior force, but stoutly maintained its position, al-
though it suffered severely, losing 12 killed and 112 wounded out of 432 men.
The following day, Sedgwick, learning that Hooker had been defeated and
that the corps was outnumbered, recrossed the river.

The brigade was at Manchester. ^Maryland, when on July i, 1863, it was
hastily summoned to Gettysburg. At 9 o'clock that evening march was begim
and w^as continued without halt until four the following afternoon, when the
field of battle was reached. On the morning of July 3d it occupied the ex-
treme left of the line, in the rear of Round Top, to meet any attempted flank
movement, but nothing of the sort developing, the brigade was not engaged.
The next day it was stationed at Little Round Top, and on the 5th was in the
advance of the pursuit of the retreating army, with which it had a slight en-
counter at Fairfield. At this point pursuit was abandoned by ]vleade. but the
119th on July 13th came upon the enemy at Hagerstown, at once engaging
their skirmishers, but during the night the Confederates decamped. On No-
vember 7, 1863. the Confederates held a strong position at Rappahannock
Station, covering three pontoon bridges, when Gen. Russell, at his earnest re-
quest, was ordered to storm the woods. This he did in the face of a murder-
ous fire, and carried the intrenchments with a brilliant bayonet charge, cap-
turing the whole of the enemy. Public recognition was given to this gallant
rush by Gen. Meade in his order thanking the regiment for the capture of
four guns, 2000 small arms, eight battle flags, one bridge train and 1600 pris-
oners. The 119th lost seven killed and forty-three wounded in this short,
though fierce conflict. In the ^^'ildcrness campaign, on May 4th. 1864, the
brigade crossed the Rapidan at Germania Ford, and at noon on the following
clay entered the engagement, the i loth holding the centre. The fighting con-
tinued until nightfall, four color bearers being killed or wounded. On May
10 the fighting was very severe, and in a grand charge through a hail of bul-
lets, grape and canister, the colors of the regiment were planted on the ene-
my's works, but lacking support it was forced to fall back, suffering severely

DELAWARE COUNTY 537

on the retreat. The regiment used two hundred rounds of ammunition to a
man in the terrific struggle, known as the "fjloody Angle," or the "Slaughter
Pen," on the 12th, where the fighting continued from seven in the morning
until sundown. In the eight days. May 4th-i2th, out of 400 men available for
duty, the regiment lost 215 killed and wounded. All during this time the 119th
was led by Captains Landell and Gray, Col. Clark resuming command of the
regiment on the 12th of the month.

At Cold Harbor, on June i, the brigade received orders to feel the posi-
tion of the enemy, and on the 12th lay within one hundred and fifty yards of
the Confederate line, under constant fire. Major Gray, who had been in com-
mand of the regiment from the ist to the 12th, and had directed it in all the
fierce fighting of that time, continued to do so at Bermuda Hundred and be-
fore Petersburg. When Early was in the Valley of the Shenandoah, the
Sixth Corps was dispatched to the support of his army. On September 19th,
at the battle of \\'inchester, the 119th drove the entire Confederate line for a
half a mile until its advance was checked by the latter's falling back into a
strong position. At 4 o'clock the Union line was strengthened, and. Sheridan
leading it forward, drove the enemy, utterly routed. On September 20. the
brigade was detached for garrison duty at Winchester, remaining there until
the following November.

At Petersburg, the 119th was highly distinguished, for, with no aid what-
ever and under a heavy fire from front and flank, it stormed and carried a
part of the enemy's intrenchments, capturing the ojiposing force, with artillery,
small arms and colors. Col. Clark had been wounded early in the action, and
the command developed tipon Lieut. Col. Gray. On the 6th the fleeing enemy
was overtaken in a strong position on Sailor's Creek, and the brigade, fording the
stream in water waistdeep, charged in a body, capturing the entire command.
.-Xfter marching to Danville, Virginia, to unite with Sherman's army, and after
the surrender of Johnston, the regiment returned to Washington, being mus-
tered out at Philadelphia, June 6th. On May 13, 1864, Major Gray was com-
missioned lieutenant-colonel by Gov. Curtin, and April 6, 1865, the president
gave him the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet, for gallant and meritorious
services before Petersburg and at the battle of Little Sailor Creek, March 10,
1865.

0/)(' Hundred Twenty-fourth Regiment. — The three companies of this
regiment recruited in Delaware county were Company B, (Delaware Cotinty
Fusileers), Captain Simon Litsenberg, Company D (Gideon's Band), Cap-
tain Norris L. Yarnall, and Company H (Delaware County Volunteers),
Captain James Barton, Jr. The regiment was for a time at Camp Curtin, but
before organizing was hurried forward on August 12, 1862, to Washington.
Here it was organized, with Joseph W. Hawley, of West Chester, as colonel;
Simon Litzenberg, captain of the Delaware County Fusileers, lieutenant-col-
onel ; and Isaac Lawrence Haldeman (previously on Davis's staff) first lieu-
tenant of Gideon's Band, major; and was assigned to the ist Brigade, ist Di-
vision, I ith Corps. It reached Antietam creek on the evening of September

538 DELAWARE COUNTY

i6. 1862, having marched all day without rations, and the hungry men were-
about to receive provisions when an order came sununoning it to the support
of Hooker, on the right wing. The fighting began in the dull gray light of the
early morning, when company could hardly be distinguished from company.
As it grew lighter the struggle grew more fierce and steady combat ensued un-
til 3 o'clock in the afternoon, when, after positions had been lost and recap-
tured several times, the enemy's guns were finally silenced. The exhausted
men, who had been fighting for eight hours, on empty stomachs, were then or-
dered to the rear, where Gen. Hancock held them in readiness to support the
batteries on the right, and there passed the night. The regiment, in its first
battle, lost fifty men killed and wounded, among the latter being Col. Hawley.
The 124th was subsequently assigned to the brigade commanded by Gen.
Kane, and when it was transferred to the 12th Corps, Kane still continued its
brigade commander, in Geary's division. It took an active part in the disas-
trous campaign culminating at Chancellorsville. On May i, 1863, it held the-
right wing of the 12th Corps, and in the advance had pushed the enemy before
until it was in danger of being flanked, when it was ordered to retire to its
position of the evening previous. On May 2 it advanced along the Freder-
icksburg plank road, and the brigade, being unable to dislodge the enemy
from their intrenchments, returned to the breastworks, which thev had hardly
reached, when the demoralized nth Corps came rushing in from the extreme
right wing. Geary's division immediately formed to check the pursuing ene-
my, and from 10 o'clock in morning until 3 o'clock in the afternoon it held its
position well, until, outflanked, it was compelled to retire to a second position,
where it readily repulsed every attack. On the 6th it recrossed the Rappa-
hannock, and on May 9 was forwarded to Harrisburg, where it was dis-
charged on the 1 6th of the month, its term of service having expired.

One Hundred Fifty-second Rei/inicnt (Third Artillery). — The Dela-
ware county men recruited in this regiment were in the batteries ordered to
the front to take part in the siege of Petersburg, being posted on the Bermuda
front. The artillery regiments never received the full credit due them, be-
cause they never acted as a whole, although their conduct was just as gallant,
their behavior as soldierly, and their bravery as conspicuous as any other regi-
ment in the war.

One Hundred Sixtieth Regiment (Fifteenth Cavalry'). — William J. Pal-
mer began recruiting a battalion of cavalry in Pennsylvania in the earlv jiart
of .-Vugust, 1862. which was subsequently iru-reased to a full regiment. At
the time of Lee's crossing the Potomac and advancing into Maryland, 250
picked men were ordered to the front, the remainder of the regiment to re-
main in the Cumberland valley. The detachment in the -\ntietam campaign
did effective duty in skirmishing and scout work; and .'September 15 when
the Confederate troops were on the retreat from Hagerstown. it charged
through the village and captured thirty stragglers. The regiment was trans-
ported to Louisville, Kentucky, November 7, 1862, and a month later joined
Rosecrans at Nashville. On December 26. Rosecrans, then prejiaring to-

DELAWARE COUNTY 539

give Bragg battle, ordered the 15th Cavalry to advance with Gen. Stanley's
division, but the greater ])art of the regiment stacked arms and refused to
obey the order. It is greatly to the credit of Delaware county that among
the three hundred men who, deferring all their real or imaginary grievances
until a future time for settlement, volunteered to go forward, were the fol-
lowing : Captain Edward Sellers ; Lieutenants Joseph R. Thomas, Edward C.
Smith. Annesley N. Morton; Sergeants Isaac Bartram, Simeon Lord, Jr.,
Marshall L. Jones, George W. Lukins, Geoffrey P. Denis, John W. Caldwell ;
Corporals Hiram P. Eves, Thomas A. Jones, Henry W. Pancoast, Benjamin
Bartram ; Privates Horatio D. Snyder, Andrew J. Buchanan, Richard
Pancoast, William Armstrong. Edward W. Jones, Augustus W. Markley,
Samuel Trimble, Charles P. Sellers, Joseph S. Bunting, and William P. Pow-
ell. The brave and loyal conduct of those three hundred volunteers from the
regiment on that occasion was the subject of a commendatory order issued by
Gen. Rosecrans, and the historian Bates mentions it as follows : "The con-
duct of the men who followed the gallant Rosegarten and Ward, even under
the most discouraging circumstances, and met death in the face of the foe,
will never cease to be regarded with admiration and gratitude."

Stanley, covering the entire right flank of the Union army with his com-
mand, attacked the enemy on the 27th, driving them nearly five miles, and on
the 29th, in the engagement at Wilkinson's Cross Roads, charged the greatly
superior force of the enemy and finally, overpowered, was compelled to retire,
although he made one more desperate effort to dislodge them. The detach-
ment suffered severely during the four days of the battle at Murfreesboro,
when it was constantly on duty. On January 20, 1863, Rosecrans submitted a
plan for the reorganization of the regiment, which was accepted, and the 15th
Cavalry was thoroughly organized and equipped. On April 4, after' its return
to camp from a successful scouting expedition, Rosecrans received the regi-
ment, expressing himself pleased with its good conduct and soldierly bearing
To show his good feeling toward the regiment, which had once taken excep-
tion to his orders, he detailed three of its companies to act as his personal es-
cort, while the remainder was instructed to scout and become acquainted with
the topography of the country in advance of the army. The regiment had be-
come so expert in scouting that in January, 1865, it was especially detailed to
watch the enemy, learn its movements, and harass its foraging parties. This
duty brought it into frequent contact with the enemy and its conduct was uni-
formly commendable and meritorious. In one bold dash it captured Gen.
Vance, part of his staff, 150 horses, and fifty men, besides recapturing twenty
Union baggage wagons and prisoners. A week afterwards it partially re-
peated this daring stroke by capturing eighteen wagons, ninety mules and sev-
enty-two of the enemy. The story of its many narrow escapes and death de-
fying escapades while scouting about the body of the enemy, reads like a book
of fiction, and the amount of information it was able to bring to the command-
ing general was of inestimable value, gaining frequent public praise from head-
<juarters and more than atoning for an error committed in its youth. In pur-

540 DELAWARE COUNTY

suit of Hood's demoralized troops after the battle of Nashville, it was emi-
nently successful and of great advantage to the Union cause, and on May 8,
1865, while searching for Jefferson Davis, near the banks of the Appalachee
and Oconee rivers, it captured seven wagons, one containing $188,000 in coin,
one with $1,588,000 in bank notes and other securities, one containing $4,000,-
000 of Confederate money, besides considerable specie, plate and valuables,
belonging to private citizens in Macon. Two days later Company G captured
Gen. Bragg, his wife and staff officers. At the close of the war the regiment
went to Nashville, where it was mustered out of service. May 21, 1865.

One Hundred Eiglity-cighlh Regiment. — Delaware county was repre-
sented in Companies B, C, F, E and H of the 188th Regiment, recruited out of
the artillery in- 1864 as infantry and assigned to the i8th Corps, 3rd lOivision.
It participated in the battle of Proctor's Creek, May 10, 1864, and June 1 was
engaged at Cold Harbor, where it suffered heavily. On June 16 it was in the
battle before I^etersburg, and on the 28th it was in the force which charged
and captured Fort Harrison, turning the guns of the fort U|)un the fleeing
enemy. The same day it attacked Fort Gilmore, but was repulsed, the killed
amounting to nearly sixty, and the wounded to more than one hundred. It
was mustered out of service December 14, 1865.

One Hundred Ninety-seventh Regiment. — This regiment was recruited
under the auspices of the Coal Exchange Association of Philadelphia, and
was known as the Third Coal Exchange Regiment. It was organized at Camp
Cadwalader, July 22, 1864, with Captain John Woodock, of Delaware county,
major, and many Delaware county men in Companies A and I. Shortly after
organization it was ordered to Mankin's Woods, near P)altimore, and instead
of being sent to the front as the regiment, mostly veterans, hoped, it was or-
dered to Rock Island, Illinois, where it was assigned to guarding prisoners of
vvar. There were 9000 prisoners detained therein, and the <Iuties of the iQ/th
.vere so constant and arduous that the service bore almost as heavily upon
the men as an active campaign, barring, of course, the casualities of battle.
Immediately after the regiment's arrival at Rock Island, Captain Barton was
appointed assistant provost marshal of the island, in which capacity he had
direct charge over the prisoners. The prison covered about forty acres, sur-
rounded by a board fence ten feet high, beyond which was a trench twelve
feet wide, filled with water. The guard was mounted on an elevated platform
on the outside of the fence, while within were barrack? for the accommoda-
tion of the inmates. The prisoners were provided with comfortable clothing
and food from the same larder which fed the men of the regiment, but, not-
withstanding the excellent treatment, the incarceration broke many a proud
Southern spirit, and melancholia and nostalgia were diseases far more destruc-
tive than an epidemic of fever, many deaths resulting therefrom. On Novem-
ber II, 1864, the 197th was mustered out of service at Philadelphia.

One Hundred Ninety-eighth- Regiment. — This regiment, which niunhered
forty-three Delaware county men among the number of Company K. was re-
cruited under the auspices of the Union League in Philadelphia, in the sum-

DELAWARE COUNTY 541

mer of 1864. It required five weeks to fill its ranks. On the morning of Sep-
tember 19th it was reviewed before the League House, presented by that as-
sociation with regimental colors, and immediately proceeded to Petersburg,,
where it became part of the ist Brigade, 5th Division, ist Corps, Army of the
Potomac. On September 30, it participated in the battle of Peebles Farm,
and was hardly in position when the enemy opened upon it with a heavy artil-
lery and musketry fire, but holding its ground it finally gathered for a c/iargt
and drove the enemy from its first line of ivorks.

On October 2 it held its lines under a fierce attack and severe fire. At
the battle of Hatcher's Run, February 5, 1863, at 3 o'clock, the 3rd Brigade
was being hard pressed when the igSth was ordered to its relief by Gen.
Sickles, and. crossing an open field at doublequick it fell upon IMahone's "fight-
ing brigade." The enemy was repulsed, but during the night succeeded in cap-
turing a part of the Union line by a massed attack. At the first alarm the
198th delivered a volley, and with muskets clubbed and bayonets drawn,
charged the enemy in a hand-to-hand conflict, driving them back and regain-
ing the works. At the battle of Lewis's Farm, March 29, the 198th encount-
ered the enemy near the old saw mill, and, side by side with the 184th New
York, charged the enemy across a clear field of one thousand yards, led by
Gen. Sickles. The entire fire was reserved until close to the fortifications,
when an effectual volley was given and the foe dislodged. The regiment's
loss was appalling, it being learned later that three of the best Confederate
brigades had opposed the Union troops in that engagement.

On March 31 it was in action at White Oaks Swamp and Five Forks. Its
last battle was fought April ist, when, after the Union assault had failed.
Gen. Chamberlain, commanding the division, rode to Major Glenn, command-
ing the 198th, and asked, "Major, can you take those works and hold them?"
The latter, turning to his forces, inquired "Boys, will you follow me?" and
dashed forward, his troops following to a man. Twice, the color bearer was
shot down, but the standard, caught up by another, was carried forward and
planted on the enemy's works. For this magnificent deed Chamberlain pro-
moted Glenn on the field, but the latter had little opportunity to enjoy his new-
ly won honors, for later in the day he was fatally wounded. The regiment
was mustered out of service at Arlington Heights, June 3, 1865.

Tzi'O Hundred Third Regiment. — Delaware county was represented in
the 203rd Regiment by Company B, nearly all of which was recruited as sharp-
shooters for Gen. Birney's division, but upon the General's death they were
disposed of as ordinary infantry. It was organized September 10, 1864, and
on the 27th reached the army before Petersburg, being assigned to the 2nd
Brigade, 2nd Division, loth Corps, the same day. In the action at Chapin's
Farm and New Market Road, the 203rd was employed in picketing Malvern
Hill and escorting prisoners. On October 7 it participated in the battle, repuls-
ing the enemy's assaults, and on the 27th was in action on the Darlington road.
When the Army of the James was reorganized the 203rd was part of the 2nd
Brigade, 2nd Division, 24th Corps. On December 13, 1864. it embarked on trans-

542 DELAWARE COUNTY

ports at Fortress Monroe and accompanied the naval expedition under Ad-
miral Porter for the reduction of Fort Fisher, North Carolina. On January 15,
1865, when the attack on the fort was made, the regiment was in the Penn-
sylvania brigade which drove the enemy from the palisadings. The 203rd
charged through an opening in the face of two guns, which it captured, carry-
ing traverse after traverse, and when the 4th was charged. Col. Moore, his
regiment flag in one hand and his sword in the other, fell dead while urging
on his men. The fight continued from 3.30 in the afternoon until far into
the night, when the enemy finally yielded. In this memorable assault the colo-
nel, lieutenant-colonel, one captain and a lieutenant were killed, and two cap-
tains and four lieutenants wounded, among the wounded being Captain Benja-
min Brooke, of Company B. Admiral Porter, in his report, pays this tribute
to the men under his indirect command : "Fort Fisher was really stronger than
the Malakofif Tower, which defied so long the combined powers of England
and France, and yet it was captured by a handful of men under the fire of the
guns of the fleet, and in seven hours after the attack commenced in earnest."

On February 11, 1865, the regiment was in the advance on Wilmington,
thrown out as skirmishers, and succeeded in getting possession of the riflepits
in front of the enemy's works, but owing to the swampy ground and the
dense underbrush the line of battle could not advance. Hence the regiment in
the pits could not withdraw until night, when with cautions stealth they with-
drew, a few at a time. The works were finally captured by a flank movement
and the enemy compelled to abandon its fortifications. The 203rd was in ac-
tive service in all the movements in North Carolina until Johnston's surrender,
when it was assigned to duty at Raleigh, where on June 22, 1865, it was
mustered out of service. Captain Brooke, on June 22, 1865, was promoted
to the rank of lieutenant-colonel.

Two Hundred Thirteenth Regiment. — This regiment was recruited, as was
the 198th, under the auspices of the Union League .Association of Philadel-
phia, and was organized March 2, 1865. On the 4th it was ordered to Annap-
■olis, Maryland, where it was assigned to duty in guarding Camp Parole, part
of it being ordered to Frederick City to protect the lines of the Baltimore &
Ohio railroad. In April it was stationed at Washington, where it remained
guarding the northern defenses of the city until November 18, 1863, when
it was mustered out of service.

Delaware County Militia. — The northern invasion by Gen. Lee, begun
September 5, 1862, aroused in Pennsylvania almost as much excitement as
had the first announcement of war. It was believed that Lee in his advance
through Maryland would gather many hitherto inactive sympathizers with the
Southern cause to his standard, and, thus strengthened, march northward in
invincible array, carrying everything liefore him and leaving in his wake
such dreary desolation as had followed in the path of many a Union army in
the south. In consequence of these forebodings. Gov. Curtin, of Pennsyl-
vania, on September 4, 1862. ordered more military organizations to be
formed, and a week later called 50,000 of the state militia to the field. The old

DELAWARE COUNTY 543

■state had responded nobly indeed when the danger was far from her door,
-but now that the enemy was at hand her exhausted supply of men seemed to
be magically renewed, and company after company of militia was organized.
William Frick, at that time a leading business man of Chester, within a few
hours after the call was issued, hastened to Harrisburg to tender his services
to the state in any capacity in which he might be used. Gov. Curtin imme-
diately appointed him colonel of the 3rd Regiment of ^lilitia, but he declined
pleading that his knowledge of military tactics and movements was too im-
perfect to permit of the proper handling of so large a body of men, but upon
the Governor insisting that he should at least be major of the organization,
he was mustered into service in that capacity.

Sunday, as a day for religious services, was not observed in Delaware
county on September 14, 1862, and it is believed that the Recording Angel will
pardon the oversight, for all day preparations for sending the companies to
the front were being made. On Monday, May 15, a company was fully re-
cruited at Media, with Hon. J. M. Broomall as captain, which after being
mustered in, left the following day for Harrisburg. The same day the Ches-
ter Guards, commanded by Captain William R. Thatcher, and the Mechanic
Rifles, of Chester, Captain Jonathan Kershaw, left for the state capital. The
two latter companies were equipped partly by the borough, which appropriated
$1500 by public subscription. In Upper Darby, the Darby Rangers, Captain
Charles A. Litzenberg; a company from Thornbury and Edgemont, under
Captain James Wilcox ; the Delaware County Guards of Concord and Aston,
Captain John H. Barton ; and the Upland Guards, Captain James Kirkman,
were also dispatched to designated rendezvous. The last named organization
had recruited so many men from the mills at Upland that the factories of that
place were compelled to close, as every able bodied operator had left for the
front. The blankets for the militia were supplied by Samuel Bancroft, of
Upper Providence, who declined to receive any compensation whatever. While
it is impossible in this work to pay tribute to all of the citizens of the county
who either by their services or financial assistance served the Union cause, it
is fitting at this point to say that nowhere in the state was there a more spon-
taneous answer to appeals for financial aid, and that on September ist, 1862.
' Delaware county had sent more men to the front, in proportion to its popula-
tion, than any other county in the state. The troops from this section were,
after arriving in Harrisburg, assigned to various regiments and hastened to
Camp McClure, at Chambersburg. The leaders seriously considered, just be-
fore the battle of Antietam. sending militia over the border line into Maryland
and advancing them as far as Hagerstown, that they might be within support-
ing distance of Hagerstown. The companies were informed of this plan and
told that if the move was made, none but volunteers would be taken for-
ward. Again the Delaware county contingents responded bravely, less than a
dozen signifying their intention of remaining behind. However, after the
Union victory of September 17, 1862, when Lee retreated across the Potomac,
the crisis having passed, the militia was relieved from further field service. Al-

544 DELAWARE COUNTY

though never in actual battle, the value of the moral support thus rendered to
the L'nion cause was inestimable, for besides the encouragement it ofifered to
the leaders of the regular army, it had its effect upon foreign nations, who,
had the outcome been different, or had the North suffered invasion with in-
difference, might have recognized the Confederate government.

Iliiicrgcncy Troops. — Hooker's defeat at Chancellorsville in May, 1863,
once more aroused the hopes of tlie Confederate leaders that a bold, quick in-
vasion of the northern states might terminate the war and compel the north
to submit to terms of southern dictation. Gov. Curtin, who had all through
the war kept in close touch with its every move, saw the threatening danger
and began preparations to check its advance. Therefore, on June 12th, he
issued proclamation asking the people of Pennsylvania to cooperate with him
in raising a home force for the protection of the state. The mass of the peo-
ple had been deceived so many times by threatened Confederate invasion, that
the Governor's plan met with little favor and much opposition. It became so
evident, however, that such was the intention of the enemy, that on June 15,
1863, President Lincoln called for 100.000 militia from four states, Pennsyl-
vania's quota being placed at 50,000 men. A short time before midnight on the
15th, a Confederate force occupied Chambersburg. On Monday, June 15th,
authentic information was received that Lee had invaded Pennsylvania, and
for a second time since the initial call for volunteers, Delaware county was
plunged into wildest excitement. In Chester a meeting was immediately held
and a company recruited, the Chester and Linwood Guards consolidating, and
many of the citizens, fully awake to the gravity of the situation, hastened to
Philadelphia, these uniting with military organizations. In the Crozer United
States Hospital at Upland, eighty convalescent Union soldiers and several
men from Bancroft's Mills in Nether Providence, formed a company, with
Lieutenant Frank Brown, of the 12th New Jersey, as commanding officer, and
departed for Harrisburg the next day. On Wednesday they were ordered to
return, transportation having been refused them at Philadelphia on the ground
that they were in no fit physical condition to endure the rigors of a campaign.

At Media, conditions were much the same as at Chester. On Wednes-
day, the 17th, messengers were sent in all directions to summon the people,
and the court house bell rang out a general alarm, so that at noon a vast as-
semblage gathered in the court-room, ami steps at once taken for the enroll-
ment of companies. That evening a company collected by Judge M. Broomall
started for Harrisburg, Dr. D. A. Vernon and nearly every member of the
Delaware County American staff volunteered and went to the front. The fol-
lowing day the Delaware county companies of the 124th Regiment, mustered
out a month previously, again offered their services and left that night for
the capital of the state, Company 1'.. Captain Woodcock, and Company D,
Captain Yarnall. The ranks not being filled, Lieutenant Buckley remained at
Media to collect the recruits, following on Monday, the 21st, with a number of
men. Captain James Wilcox, with a company from Glenn Mills, and Captain
Benjamin Brooks, with a company from Radnor, left for Harrisburg on the

.DELAWARE COUNTY 545

17th. John C. Beatty, of Springfield, suspended operations at his edge tool
works that his employees might enlist. When the news was received at Darby
on ^Monday, a strawberry festival was being held, which was immediately
turned into a meeting and a full company organized. While the company
was being recruited at the one end of the grounds, subscriptions were sought
at the other for the support of the families of those who would enlist. The
troops went to the front the following Wednesday morning, commanded by
Captain Charles Andrews. At Lenni, thirty men joined the Media company,
and on Wednesday a meeting was held at Black Horse, in Middletovvn, wher'.'
a number of men enlisted. At Chester about fifty colored men volunteered to
raise a company of their race, an offer which was not accepted.

The real seriousness of the condition of affairs was brought home to the
public when on the afternoon of June 26th, Gordon's brigade of Early's divi-
sion of Lee's army, occupied Gettysburg and moved onward toward Hanover
and York. On that day Gov. Curtin issued a proclamation calling 60,000 mili-
tia to the field for forty days. Wild rumors filled the air, growing with each
repetition, and none so wild but that it found ready ears to listen and willing
lips to pass it on. On Sunday, the 28th, it was reported at Media that a Con-
federate force was marching toward Philadelphia, having come as far as Ox-
ford already. Intense excitement and anxiety prevailed. By the discharge of
cannon and the pealing of bells the townspeople were called to assemble. H.
Jones Brooke was chairman of the meeting, with B. F. Baker secretary,
Charles R. Williamson and Frederick Fairlamb collected $2300 to be used in
the payment of bounties to induce enlistment and, when the people gathered,
the fund was largely increased, Mr. Fairlamb pledging $1000 beyond the
amount he had already contributed, if it were necessary. The greatest con-
sternation prevailed after the report of the Confederate advance. Plate and
valuables were packed for instant flight, and the money in the vaults of the
Chester bank was collected and carted away by the officers of that institution ■
to Philadelphia in order that it might be transported to New York. In Ches-
ter, on Monday, June 29th, a meeting of the citizens was held in the town hall,
and, council being assembled, appropriated $10,000 for the maintenance of the
families of volunteers. In answer to a call for additional men, in an hour
eighty men enrolled under Captain William Frick. The store of George Bak-
er was compelled to close for the reason that he and all in his employment en-
listed in the ranks. Next day the company left for Harrisburg, its ranks
swollen to over a hundred men. At Upland, on Monday morning, the 29th,
the people gathered by common impulse, and in a trice a company of seventy-
two was recruited, with George K. Crozer as captain.. On Wednesday it
went to Philadelphia, where it was attached to the 45th Regiment, Pennsyl-
vania Militia (First L'nion League Regiment), Col. Frank Wheeler, and en-
camped for a day or two at the Falls of the Schuylkill. The regiment was
soon ordered to Shippensburg, then to Greencastle, near the Maryland line,
and after the retreat of Lee was stationed at Pottsville, returning home Satur-
day, August 22, 1863, having served longer than any other Delaware county
36

546 DELAWARE COUNTY

C()ni])any of militia. At Rockdale and Lcnni a cc)ni])any of tifty men was re-
cruited in addition to the number already raised, and on Tuesday, July 2, was
forwarded to the state capital. In fifteen days after President Lincoln's call
on Pennsylvania of June 15, more than Delaware county's quota were on their
way to Harrisburg. Pver one thousand militiamen had been gathered to meet
this new emergency.

In the meantime the Army of the Potomac was advancing steadily to
meet Lee, who, learning of their approach, summoned his widely spread forces
to concentrate at Gettysburg. Here he awaited the Union army, and while
the militia waited for orders at Harrisburg, the armies of the north and of the
south met death in a grapple at Gettysburg, and there men's bodies were
strewn over the fields in more careless profusion than seed had been formerly
strewn, and were watered by their blood as plentifully as spring showers mois-
tened the crops in peaceful days. Here the battle was fought that dwarfed the
slaughters of the Old World, that made Agincourt, Waterloo and Marathon
seem but as a skirmishing of picket lines, and here the whole tide of the war
turned in favor of the north, while the gallant southern soldiers, defeated
in body but unconquered in spirit, retreated, to fight for two years with a
courage that was admirable, for a lost cause.

The militia companies from Delaware county were distributed as follows :
Company C (Captain Broomall), Company F (Captain Woodcock), Com-
pany G (Captain Bunting), Company A (Captain x\ndrews), and Company
[ (Captain Piatt, Captain Yarnall having been appointed lieutenant-colonel;,
were assigned to the 29th Regiment, and stationed for a time at Huntingdon.
Comiiany G (Captain Brooke) was assigned to the 28th Regiment, Company
A (Captain Frick), and Company F (Captain Huddleson), joined the 37th
and were at Harrisburg, Carlisle, Shippensburg, and on the Maryland line;
while Company F (Captain Black), was assigned to the 47th, Col. Wicker-
sham, and was stationed at Williamsport, afterwards at Reading, and later
in the mining regions of Schuylkill county, where outbreaks were feared. .-\11
the companies from Delaware county returned between the ist and 5th of
August, excepting Captain Crozer's, which, as has been said, was kept in ser-
vice three weeks longer.

'In addition to the service of Delaware county companies in the regi-
ments named, there were many men from Delaware county, who entered and
served in other Pennsylvania regiments and in regiments from other states.
Ten [jhysicians from the county served as surgeons in army and navy, and
Delaware countians served in the 6th California, 48th Illinois, 6th New Jer-
(iey, 43rd Pennsylvania (ist Artillery), 64th Pennsylvania (4th Cavalry),
65th Pennsylvania (5th Cavalry), 66th Pennsylvania, 17th Pennsylvania (6th
Cavalry, Rush's Lancers), 71st Pennsylvania (California three years service),
72nd Pennsylvania, 77th Pennsylvania (Baxter's Zouaves), 88th Pennsyl-
vania, 8(jth Pennsylvania, 95th Pennsylvania, onth Pennsylvania, 11, ^h Penn-
sylvania, 1 18th Penn-ylvania. i6ist Pennsylvania. i8ist Penn,■^ylvania. Ser-

DELAWARE COUNTY

547

vice in these regiments was arduous and many of their killed and wounded
were men from Delaware county.

As soon as the government announced that colored men would be re-
cruited, a number of men of that color, living in Delaware county, enlisted,
although no colored company was enlisted from the county. The colored sol-
diers served in the regular United States army in the 3rd, 6th, 13th, 32nd,
177th regiments, and in the 54th Massachusetts. Drafts were made in several
of the townships in Delaware county, the last time the fatal wheel turning
being April 7, 1865. The men who were drafted in Upper and Lower Chi-
chester responded and the greater part of them were held for service. On
April 13, Secretary Stanton ordered all enlistments and drafting discontinued
in every part of the country, and on April 25 the drafted men of Delawai ';
county were ordered to return to their homes.

The Navy. — It is extremely difficult to treat the subject of the naval rep-
resentatives of Delaware county who took part in the Civil War, with any de-
gree of thoroughness, for the reason that enlistments in the navy were not
made, as in the army, in bodies. An entire company was not assigned to one
ship, probably but a few from the same county seeing service on the same
vessel. It will, therefore, be impossible to mention the numerous enlistments,
but only to give a brief sketch of the county's sons who have gained a degree
of prominence in the service. The most noted family in the county whosf
name appears in naval warfare annals of the United States, is the Porter fam-
ily, those remarkable sea captains — Commodore David, the father ; William
David, Admiral David D. and Lieutenant Henry Ogden, his sons. The county
likewise claims credit for Admiral Farragut, the hero of Mobile and New
Orleans, who resided in Chester at the time of his appointment, and who was
there educated.

The most noted of Porters to serve in the navy was Admiral David D.
Porter, who is said to have been born in Philadelphia in 1813, but in a letter
regarding the date stone on the Porter (Lloyd) house in Chester, he speaks of
Chester as his birthplace. His boyhood was spent in Chester, and in 1829
he entered the United States navy as midshipman. He took part in the Mexi-
can war, was in command of the Powhattan, of the Gulf Squadron, in 1861.
He commanded the mortar boat fleet in the attack on the forts defending New
Orleans in 1862, and did valiant service on the Mississippi and Red rivers in
1863 and 1864. He was a conspicuous figure at the siege of Vicksburg, and
was there created a rear-admiral. In i8fi4 he was in command of the North
Atlantic Blockading Squadron and rendered most important service at Fort
Fisher, in January, 1865. In i86fi he was created vice-admiral, and in 1876
admiral. His father. Captain David Porter, was one of the brightest orna-
ments of the early LTnited States navy, and in the Essex, which he rendered
famous in a battle with two British war vessels off the coast of Chili, he cap-
tured many prizes during the war with England, 1812-1814.

William David, brother of Admiral David D. Porter, was also a noted
naval commander in the Civil War, and was so badly scalded by escaping

548 DELAWARE COUNTY

steam that he ultimately died of its effects, May i, 1864. This was in the at-
tacks on Forts Henry and Donelson. Later, though in feeble health, he ran
the batteries between Cairo and New Orleans, took part in the attack on
Vicksburg, destroyed the dreaded ram "Arkansas," near Baton Rouge, and as-
sisted in the attack on Port Hudson.

Theodoric Porter, another brother of the admiral, was killed in a skirm-
ish with the Mexicans, April 18, 1846. It is said that he stayed out of camp
the night before the battle of Palo Alto, and that his body was found the next
morning, with several dead Mexicans lying around him.

Another brother, Henry Ogden Porter, was acting lieutenant in the navy
during the Civil War, and fought his vessel, the gunboat "Hatteras," off Mo-
bile, in an engagement with the "Alabama," until she sank, her flag proudly
flying as she disappeared beneath the wave. He was rescued and died near
Washington about 1870,

Another brother, Hamilton, was lieutenant in the navy, died of yellow
fever, August 10, 1844. These Porter boys lived in Chester, and after the
marriage of David Porter to Evelina, daughter of Major William Anderson,
they lived in the historic old Lloyd house in Chester, purchased by Major An-
derson and conveyed to David Porter, February 24, 1816. After the Por-
ters ceased to use it as a residence, it passed through a variety of tenants un-
til 1862, when it was leased to Prof. Jackson, a manufacturer of fireworks.
On Friday morning, February 17, 1882, fire was discovered in the kitchen of
the old building, and later an explosion of powder stored in the building, kill-
ing eighteen and wounding fifty-seven persons.

Commodore Pierce Crosby, of Chester, entered the navy June 5, 1838,
as midshipman, and at the outbreak of the Civil War held the rank of lieu-
tenant. He was employed in Chesapeake Bay and the sounds of Carolina, and
was complimented by Gen. Butler for his conduct at the capture of Forts Hat-
teras and Clark. In April, 1862, he was in command of the gunboat "Pinola,"
and during the night of the 23rd that vessel and the "Itasca" led the fleet when
Farragut determined to run by Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and broke
through the barrier of chains stretched across the Mississippi at these forts.
He was at the capture of New Orleans, .^pril 25, 1862, and when Farragut
and his fleet ran the batteries at Vicksburg, June 30, and returned July 15,
the same year, Crosby, in command of his vessel, shared in the glory of that
daring deed. On September 13, 1862, he was promoted to captain, and dur-
mg the year 1863-64, did effective service in command of the "Florida" and
"Keystone State." Rear Admiral Thatcher, in his dispatches of April 12 to
the Navy Department, said, "I am much indebted to Commodore Crosby, wh