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975,1 
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1737551 


REYNOLDT   v,MOTORICAL 
OENEALOGY  J  OLLECTION 


3  1833  02256  3370 


HISTOKY 


DELA\\^UiE 


1609—1888.^,. 


J.    THOMAS  ^SCHAKPy  A.  N[.-  LI^-  I^- 


^SSISTEOD    EY     ^ 


!T^:p:f   o:b'   ^; 


;  S I  S  T  A.  IN- T  S - 


I>-    TWO    VOLUMES.    ILLUSTRATED. 


y,  /,  .-^  f 


VOL. 


I'lIILAl'KI.lMll.V: 

L..   J.    UlCHAllDS     X-     CO 

18S8. 


,^yo 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATiONS. 

VOL.  I. 

1737551 


l^it.i,I)..M 

lU.es,  Martin  W 

li.yiir.l,  Hon.  Ji«.  A 

RiyarJ.  T.  F 

Ik-lle  of  thij  Ri'voliili.in 

liJJIo,  CnpMiD  J;iMU;3 

Bi-iTS,  B.  T 

BrilHhstnmr 

Buri.il-pl.ne,  Wni.  ffiiu 

n.irt.D,  Williiini 

B.i^li,  I.e«UP 

Currvll,  Jlrs.  Cli;i3.,.rr 

Cuns?y,  Peter  r 

>Cb;iiidler,  Srtitliin 

Cliirk,  IW.ert  II  

C'Uyton.'Joha  M 

Chiyton,  Tlu.'um3  

Coni.gys,  G.  P 

Cuurad,  Hsnry  C 

Cca::.-.^:;;-!  currency 

Cre.iiu  ii..t,  printed  to  Henry  Hill 

Matuvr.. 

MKh  nie.l' 

Map;V„v^Sv.cir.- 

JtcCullo 

-gh,  P.... 

McKi-nu 

S.lly... 

McK-ar 

TI.M,..ui 

Hcl,.u:e 

^IWn.. 

McL»Tir 

Lotiw  ... 

Mi-iii,  . 

Ibion  ];.■ 

^!il 

MfiCl.i.i 

iMtick-: 

Mllli;;,.n 

.Ii.hu  J. 

Mixire,  Jacob 

Noucs,  Onplain  He 

ury 

I) 

OH  lor. 

.011  Cotf.e 

Ho 

- 

Read,  (  ol.  James.. 
Read,  C<.1.  Jolm..., 
Kead,  'Join.  Thus.. 
KeJ.i,  Coi.i.  TIjoj.. 


H.i.;=oD,  Ilei.ry.. 


Seal,  Philadelpliia,  17 
Seal  N'ewNethe.laa.l. 
S'lldiera'  liiOQimjents. 

SaiUlient,  X.  B 

Si.iyCll,Tl.ur„a^.\ 

.Stotklcy,  Gliarl.'S  C... 
Stocks 

Stiljv-siint,  Gor.  Pet. 

S»-.-.li-h  Jlap ^, 

Tatnall,  II.  L  ' 

Till-n.  Dr.Ja.ii.il 


,  J.   I--. 


CX)N1'KX1^S  (JK   X^OI.lIMl^]    I 


(•ii\rTi;i:  i.  ^  ,^  ciiai'TI'.ii  xiv. 

!NTKciril(_TIoN-    AND    Tol-i",i;AI'llV    .>F    1  IK  I,  A  U  A  K;.   .         1  DkI,A\VA1:K    UUKIN'.     ihi:    KlAliI.iniiiy, 

CIIAPTKi:  II.  CEIAPTER  XV. 

The  (lEOLOGY  OF  Delaware, 4       From  Tin:  Revolition  tu  the  War  of  ISl 

CHAPTKl:   HI.  CHAPTKU  XVI. 


I  he    .\lJoUK;tN-E.'i, 


The  Wak  oe  1812-1 


CHAPTER    IV. 

I)lsr0VEUY     AND     SETTLEMENT     OF     THE      l>IT(ir, 


1  CHAPTER  XVII. 

.,n       From  the  Treaty  of  (Iiient  to  l.SOO,   ...        .  ."04 


CHAITER  V.  CHAPTER  XVIIl. 

■;w  Sweden  on  the  DLEAw.uti;, 34      The  Civil  War 


CHAPTEIi  VI.  CHAPT[;R  XIX. 

^IR    F.D.MrND    Pl.oWDEN    .iNl>    NeW    Al.llloN.  -')7         DELAWARE   AFTER   THE    (.'IVII     WaK,   IStJ-'-lSSS,   .     .375 

CHAPTER  Vll.  ;  CHAPTER   XX. 

Delaware  under  the   Di  t.  h Gl    '    internal  Imfuovemknts, 41S 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
William  Penn  and  his  (;overnment, 


CHAPTER   IX. 

ire    ENDER  AVlLLlAM    l'l\-v 


CHAPTER  X. 
\TEs  AND  Privateer..-,    .    .    . 


CHAi'TER  XI 

iDAKV    I)WITT1>   AND    SrriTLL.' 


CHArTER   XII. 

'■"LONIAL   Hi-thrv,   IT'il -177.".. 


CHAPTER  XX! 

AgRICULTIRE    in    IM. I, AWARE. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 
Pl-ri-ic  Education, 


CH.\PTi:i;   XXI II. 
The  Pre.-  of  Deeawai-e, 400 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

.\Iei>|.  AI.   Mi::-.-,     .    . 


CII.M'TER   XXV. 
The  IJen.h  and  Pah 


CHAPTER  Xi 


\Umners   and   Crvn.v.   .,r    t„w    Ew,tv    Iv, ,..,.,.  APPKNi'lX. 


:rs  and  (.u.vd.m-^  i,v  tuh    Early 


!!(•       ft.wTER  or  Delaware   Vountei 


IM  Ml]  FACE. 


That  in  tho  tw.i  liuii.liril  and  liliy  ,mx  years  ]Ki-t  >iiire  men  (if  tlie  Caiica.-iaii  race  tir.-t 
■  ttmiptcl  settleiu.nl  uillilii  it^  1m ,iiii,hn  1-,  nu  |Mvvi,,u,  attempt  sli..ul.l  have  heen  made  to 
rumplete  a  lii~t..ry  nt'  the  ,-,,l,,ny  aiul  State  ..l'  Deh.uare,  is  a  self-exiilaiiatury  rea.-un  for 
the   preiKinitioii   aii.l    piiMieation   wf  thi-    work. 

While  it  i-  remarkaMe  that  s.>  impcrtaiit  an-l  interesting  a  liehl  nf  hi.turi.'al  inve-ti-atimi 
-honhl  iiave  heen  ne-leete.l  in  the-.,  latter  .lays  .,f  keen  tm.l  .Lvp  n-eaivh  int.,  the  in.livi.lu- 
alities,  the  euvin.nm.iit,  th.^  m.iti'..-.  th.'  !al".r>  an-l  th.'  r.'war.ls  ..f  the  people  wli.,  lai.l  the 
leiin.lations  ami  ere.'t.'.l  th./  snper-triiei  nivs  ,,f  th.'  Ameri.'an  e.im-ni.nu'.alths,  it  may  he 
a.-.vpteil  that  in  the  ea.e  of  l>ela\vure,  th.'  .litH.-iiItie,  uf  a  .■..mplete  an.l  .n-e.<Iitahle  \v..rk 
^■eme.l  even  m..re  in^urninnntahle,  than  ih.'  t.niptati.m  to- enter  tlii-  alm.i-.t  iinexiil.jretl  .Inmain 
was  attraetive.  Tn  tin.l.-rtaki'  an  .'xhaii-tive  in.piiry  an.l  carry  it  to  sui\-.'sstul  eonipleti.m 
has  heen  a  la,-k  that  enli>t.-.l  paii.iit  .l.i.i  minaii.M,,  th.ii,.huh  ,-ynipalhy  with  the  .•,ul.j,.rt, 
miiuite  s.a-utiny  an.l  that  liheral  eiiterpri-.^  which  the  puMish-rs  have  i,a-neron,-Iy  furnidial. 
Now,  after  many  months  of  toil,  in  whi.h  the  lore  ..f  Delaware,  the  fragmentary  ivor.l^  left  by 
its  pioneers,  the  sta^^^'s  of  its  progress  an.l  the  .-.ilLvtions  e>f  Eiirop.'an  an.l  American  writers 
hearing  iipim  It-  .■.-taMi-hment  an.l  i;-ro\vth,  have  hen  .•<Mnpell.-.l  b>  yickl  their  sc.-ret  or 
open  treasures,  this  hi.-toiy  i.-  pnt  forth  with  full  e.infi.lence  that  no  means  have  been  unem- 
l/loyt'il  to  secure   its  accuracy  anil  c [iletene-s  in  .letail   .ir  as  a   whole. 

Whatever  lapses  and  err.ir-  may  he  found  within  its  pa^es— an.l  it  is  believed  th.?y  are 
.■omi)aratively  trivial  in  miml..a-  and  signiticance— wore  inseparable  from  the  conditions. 
Delaware  possesses  fewer  .■oIlat..l  an.l  .■oime.'te.l  iv.v.nls  of  her  early  days  than  any  of  the 
.•.il..ni.s  ..r  .irigitial  Stat.s.  What  chronicle-  were  ke[.t  by  the  Swedish  an.l  Dnt.'h  settlers, 
they  ni.i.-tly  cavi-'wd  away  .ir  .lestroyed..  and  alth..n-h  the  succeeding  English  were  more 
I'iinstaking  in  the  niakinu-  .■in.l  pre-.-rvation  ol'  tle^  written  materials  of  history,  the  centre  of 
tlii'lr  politi.'al  life  wa-  h.eat.d  autiy  from  the'  -Thr.-  (oumies  upon  the  Delaware,"  and  their 
re.-,.,r.ls  were  largely  formulated  in  .■uime.ai,.n  with  {'.•nn.>ylvania,  New  York,  and  to  some 
■xteiit  with  Marylan.l.  It  is  t.)  an  aiilenom.nis  piolitieal  .■ommuiiity  that  we  lo.ik  t'or  a  well- 
liid^e.l  chain  .,f  history  firged  by  the  h.im,'  interest  of  it,  people  in  their  .,wn  atfairs,  an.l 
IV'htware  .lid  not  approach  a  (;onilition  of  embryo  stat.4i.xjd  until  she  reach.'.!  a  .•.in.lition  of 
legldative  semi-in.lependcif.;  in  17(»b  Still,  the  narrative  of  iter  public,  >..,.  ial  an.l  in.lu.-trial 
life  is  tliirly  well  kept  in  her  own  recor.ls,  th.>se  of  the  parent  couutri.s  which  Hi-t  p..pulated 
lier  territory  an.l  tli.-se  ...f  the  ontignou-  .-oloiii.-,  and  tVom  them  an  intelligent  narrative 
"f  her  colonial  ep...di  ha.  been  .;..nstru.t.'.l.  In  the  next  f.llowitig  j..ri.«l,  the  pillage 
ati.l  de.tru.'tiou  ,,f  the  ar.-hives  at  Wil:niiigt..!i  an.l  New  C\ttie  by  the  liritidi  .luring  the 
Uevohition,   was  a  deplorable  ob~taele    to    the    procurement    of   inti^miatiou   at   first  hand     but 


»v  PJiKFACK. 

thi-  lack   lia~    Im..,,    Hq.j.li,.,!    l,v   tl„'    ainlifniir    n-laiio,,-  ,,f   ,■,„„,  inporarv    InMonan-    in    n,l,er 

(nx-l-,  pr.>cnt,-,l  tl„  ,n>..lv.  in  llirir  ,„■..,„.,•  niaunitu.l,.  an,|  inline,,,.  .M,„v,,v,t,  the  klt-rs 
an.l  paiiLTs  of  Ddauar..^  sratc-nR'n  and  -Mi.  i-  aiv  nnnK-i.,n-  en.-u.^h  t..  tlinr.v  a  hr.i.Hv- 
illuniinatin-  li-hl  np.m  the  ..111-1-,  in.i.lri,  I^  and  ...n-,  .[n,  n,r>  of  il,,.  tinu/,  and  liavr  1m.'„ 
u<wl  witli  >i;.iial  i-nrllt.  For  tl„.  Mory  of  thr  niov,nu..nts  of  atlalr.  aft,,-  tlic  [h,,,-,.  \vi,l, 
(Jrtat   Lfltain    to   tl,.   p,v-.nt   day.   lUr   l,i-tori,al    nKitnial    Ik-   l-ecn   >uffiri.ntly   almndant. 

Attention  i<  railed  to  tl.r  roaipl.tmc"  of  tl.o  Io,-al  narrative  ..f  tl,..  pnlitirul  and 
geographical  divinon^.  'J'hi-  ti.'ld  lia~  Iwvn  ini.-parin^ly  ^ian-d  and  the  r.  Mdt>  -nhniiin.l, 
althongh  these  have  in  -onie  in-tanre-  involv.<l  the  appraran.r  ,,f  ,Ia<h,  eontn^on  and  r.,n- 
tradi.tion.  In  many  in-ian,v.s  the  -rkrteh.-  ,.f  •' hnn.lred  hi-torirs."  in  tlir  -,.ond  voluni.'.  havr 
been  in,-erled  a,-  they  were  prepared  hy  the  local  writers.  Th,!'  editor  wa-  not  at  liUitv  to 
change  either  their  matter  ,)r  form  of  arrangement.  But  tliefe  i-  n,,thin-  in  whieh  h.eal 
e.xpcrt.s  aud  amhoi-ities  so  mu.li  ditl'rr  as  in  tho-e  vicinage  cvonts  an.l  matters  on.Trnin.^ 
which  they  collectively  agfee  that  th.^  int.'rferenc  .,f  the  ontM.ler  niii-t  he  stuhbornly 
resentetl.  Therefore,  the  l.x'al  writei-  have  h.vn  perinitte.l  to  IrU  th.ir  ..wn  -tories  ex.-.'p"t 
where  certain  ver-i..n-  have  been  j.lainly  cntrary  t.,  the  e,-labli>h,,d  truth-  ..f  i,np..rtant 
liistory,  in  which  the  editor  has  -et  Ibith  the  fa.'ts  as  aec.pt. .1  bv  the  eriti.'al  w.n-ld, 
and  it,  of  c.iur^c,  foll.iws  that  every  t'orin  of  a  pnr.av  lo.-al  narrative  enriciie.-  the  bo.'k 
for  the  readers  of  the  hx-ality  atli-ct.'.l.  As  t..  the  variatioin  in  the  ortlio-raphv  ,,f  flie 
names  of  places  an.l  persons  that  will  be  n.itic.l,  it  inn-t  be  ,-ai.l  tliat  the  e.lit.ir  has 
ailhere.1  to  the  original  -pelling  as  near  as  it  coiiM  be  a-.-ertained,  but  in  c.imin;:^  'h'wn 
to  later  times  the  nj..d..riiiz.:d  ..rthography  ha-  been  a.lopt.-l.  Am.mg  the  Swedes,  Dut.-h, 
and  Eugli.-h,  wh.i  peop|._'(l  Delaware,  there  wa-  a  conl'n-ion  an<l  much  ..f  a  blen.iin-  of 
tongues;  spelling  wa<  not  a  j.o-itive  -ience  v,  ith  any  of  th.an,  an.l  in  early  document^  ..ne 
page  will  often  sh.,w  several  ditliavnt  .■ondiinati.m^  of  letters  in  one  tianie.  Under  sii.-h 
circumstances  the  ..nly  safe  rale  i-  that  which  ha-  b.  en  pursued,  to  f..llow  the  record;  or 
in  the  printing  of  biogr;iphie^  in  in.livi.lual-  to  ac.'.'pt  tlie  dicta  of  the  laniilics.  It  will 
not  esaipe  ob-ervati.)n  that  the  bi,-.graphie-  ..f  .iniiient  citiz.'n-  wh.i  have  borne  or  are 
bearing  distingiii-hed  parts  in  tfic  pi...-..— e-  and  progre<-  ..f  J)elawar.'  are  .if  ab<.irbin.r 
interest  and  tlia'  the  list  is  -o  volumin..us,  die  history  ,.f  th.ir  lives  so  e.xact  as  to  alm.^t 
make  in  tln.'in-elv.s  a  compen.lium   of  event-  f..r  over  tw.i  .■.■ntnri..'s. 

A  limited  am. .nut  of  -pace  lias  ixen  given  to  l.i,.-,n-aphi.  -  of  ivpre-.-ntative  men,  liviie.^ 
and  dead,  who  have  b.-riic  an  a.-tive  part  in  the  various  .nt.  rpri-..-  .,f  life,  and  ^\h.l  hav 
become  i.lentiti..!  with  tlic  hi-tory  ..f  th.'  -tai.>  an.l  the  l..calitie.-  in  wiii.'l;  thev  live  The 
achievements  of  the  living  mii-t  n.it  b.-  f.M-gotten,  nor  mn-t  the  memories  ..t'  th..-e  who  h  ive 
pass.il  away  be  allowed  to  peri.-h.  It  is  th.'  imp.a-ative  .Iiity  .,f  tli.'  hi-t..rian  t.)  .■hr..nirie 
their  pubii."  an.l  jirivato  ctfort-  t..  advance  the  great  int.'r.-t-  nf  .-o.-i.-ty.  Their  d.^.ls  arc  t.) 
be  recorded  f..r  the  bcnetit  of  tho.--  win.  f..ll..w  them,— th.y,  in  fiet,  Ibrm  |iart  of  the  lii-t.,rv 
of  their  communities,  ami  their  -mvc-.-t'iil  liv.-  a.M  to  the  g'orv  .,f  tia-  .■oinmonwealth.  With 
tlii.s  view  the  pnbli-hers  hav.-  pr.pare.l  an.l  in-ert.tl  in  tli.-  w..rk  a  nninlH.r  of  intt-re-tiie-- 
biographical  sketches  of  a  lew  of  i>elaware's  representative  iHt-n. 


P II  E  F  A  C  I-: .  V 

TliP  oditMi-  would  Ke  (Ic-titutr.  ..f  a  .-rii^j  of  jii-ti.v  to  liiin-df  and  to  Hir  Stat.-,  wlio-o 
entiiv  hi-tory  Iki-  now  I).mmi  writtni  for  tlio  fir-t  time,  if  lir  fail.d  to  arknouird-i'  ia  tin-, 
place,  and  with  a  .cntinHnt  of  i-n-loimd  pralitnd,-,  tl,-  .-oulial  aid  .-xtm.l.d  to  hini  and  hi^ 
u.i.leftakin-,  hy  li,r  p-oplo  of  Delaware.  'I'lay  liavo  -iven  Inn.  tl,r  InlK-t  ,.nronra--nH-nt 
thnmgliout  and  have  helped  hin.  nuil.ria'.iv  in  elahoratin-  and  perl'eetin:;  the  uork.  To  the 
press  <if  the  State,  the  l'..nn-yl vauia  lii-t^.rieal  Society,  ih.^  Delaware  Ili-torieal  S.eicty, 
State,  county,  eity  and  town  oth.-ers  and  the  oHl.'iaN  of  ehnrehe-,  -o.i.tie.  and  corporation^. 
he  is  especially  indehted.  .Vn.on^  the  ua.nes  of  JRlp.av  and  co.itrihutors  are  tho-e  of  Chief 
Justice  J.  P.  Coniruy,-,  dnd-e  (h'or.v  P.  Fi>her,  Nathaniel  P.  Sinither^,  Wni.  Atkinson, 
(;eo.  II.  Pates,  Jud-e  Leonard  E.  Wales,  .Vu.tin  Harrington,  Dr.  Horace  Purr.  W.  P.  Lon^^;-. 
iiev.  T.  Gardner  Littell,  .John  C.  (iooden,  Prof.  \Ve-l,w  Webh,  I'rof.  W.  P.  (h.odi,,^^ 
Dr.  Charles  II.  Pi.hard-.  Dr.  Pohert  G.  Elk-ood.  Dr.  I'.dward  E.wler.  Dr.  (c^.r^e  W. 
Marshall,  Pev.  Lewis  \V.  (uh-^on,  Pev.  J.  F.  Stoneeii.her,  Pev.  Thomas  E.Terry,  Alexander 
Cumniin-s,  Charle.  G.  Fleuiin-,  Pev.  J.  L.  M.dvim,  Pev.  W .  W.  Can.pl.ell.  W.  S.  .M.^Xair, 
Alfred  Matthews,  Austin  X.  Ilun-erford,  George  P.  Prowell,  J.  L.  P'ock.y,  W.  A.  Ei'dnian, 
Harry  W.  Madntire,  P.  -M.  Stocker,  Jetierson  II.  Nones,  l>avid  <i.  Scott,  E.  P.  Fulton,  of 
the  Philadelphia  7V,.«,  Frederick  D.  Stone,  Lil.rarian  of  the  Penn-ylvania  IIi~torioal  Society, 
Gover  Kettlewell,  and  J.  G.  Guu-cnheinicr.  To  his  puMi-hers  the  author  nni-t  render  thanks 
that  are,  after  all,  not  -iiiricieutly  exprc-ive  of  uhat  is  owin-  t..  their  cnierpri-r  and  lil.crality. 
In  every  respect  oi'  lettcr-pres-,  portraits,  map-,  en^M-avin^s  of  -ceiie-  and  lf"alltie-,  and  each 
feature  of  artir^tic  and  mechanical  execution,  they  have  res[)onded  promptly  to  all  .-iiu^e.-tioirs 
made  to  them,  and  have  striven  with  tine  taste  aud  judicious  discrimination  to  make  the 
hook  hi  typography,  illu-tration  ami  binding  cpial  to  its  gieat  purpose  of  furnishing  Dela- 
ware and  the  historical  literature  of  America  with  the  oidy  entire  reeord  in  existence  of 
one  of  the  stars  in   the  original   galaxy  of  the   union. 

J.  Thomas  SriiAcr. 
B'l/thnnrr,   Fff/nufn/   '.'(;,   1887. 


HISTORY    OF    DELAAYAEE. 


CHAPTER     I. 


/\TU01)rCTI0N,  AMI  TOI'Ocii;.vrHY()K    PEL.VWAKE. 

The  State  of  Delaware  is  one  of  the  oviuniial 
thirteen  States  nf  the  American  I  uion.and.  thoiiL'h 
next  to  tlie  smallest  in  area,  and  least  in  popidation, 
|ins-es>es  annals  not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  other 
State  in  topics  of  varied  character,  romantic  inci- 
dent and  instructive  lesson.  Nor  does  her  early 
hi>tory  relate  alone  tu  thnse  coutines  which  now 
limit  her  territory.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts,  Maryland,  Virginia  and 
IVnnsylvania  all  partake,  to  a  greater  or  less  de- 
;rrue,  in  the  interest  of  her  peculiar  story.  The 
•■arly  adventure  of  discovery  and  settlement:  the 
-truL'gle  with  barbai'ism,  and  the  sabji;:.';u;iin  of  a 
riul;  soil;  the  contrast  and  blendincr  of  Kuropcan 
uitli  American  life ;  the  transfer  of  old  institu- 
tions; the  intermiuglins  of  races  ;  the  progress  nf 
C'lmmerce;  the  establishment  of  churclics  and 
srliouls  ;  the  triumph  (if  freedom  of  conscience  over 
IiiLTotry;  the  development  of  ])rinciples  (jf  sclf-gov- 
u-iirui'iit  within,  and  the  action  of  encroachment 
and  eoni]uest  from  without ;  the  relations  of  Dela- 
ware \Yith  Sweden,  Holland  and  Great  Britain  ;  cjf 
iheproijle  with  the  proprietary  of  Pennsylvania; 
the  attitude  assumed  towards  the  Dutch  of  New 
York  ;  her  position  before  and  during  the  Ameri- 
c.iu  Ucvokition,  were  ail  peculiar,  and  in  the  high- 
<-t  dcijree  instructive  to  the  student  of  the  present 
lis  well  as  of  the  past. 

At  every  period  of  the  country's  history  Dela- 
iiware  has  been  among  th.'  lirst  in  p  itriotism  and 
^mong  the  earliest  in  all  that  related  to  national 
'i'inise.  "  The  three  lower  counties  of  New  Cas- 
tl''.  Ivent  and  Sus-ex,  on  Delaware,'' were  repre- 
-  ntvd  in  the  Continental  Coni;ress  wiiicl;  a^sem- 
t'h^'  :»t  Philadelphia,  on  tlie  >ith  of  Septeaiher, 
^>~i,  and  from  that  day  to  the  present,  the  pen|,le 
"t  the  .'^tute  have  been  among  the  foremost  in  all 
that  led  to  the  prosperity  and  proirress  of  the  whole 
'■"'intry.  No  state  has  exhiiiited  stronger  ati'ection 
'•ir  the  Union,  made  greater  sacrifices  in  war  or 
i  'ir-urd  a  more  judicious  policy  in  the  accumula- 
li-ii  of  wealth.  Her  position  has  ci.mmaiided 
>"'  -!i"ct,  and  her  integrity  is  beyond  reproacii. 

It  is  surprising  that  Delaware,  with  a  pa,-t  so 
ii.ii'trious,  so  full  of  interest,  and  in  many  respects 
'•-'•iuo,  Siiiiuld  have  no  proper  history.       Not  only 


aliens,  but  even  her  own  sons,  have  been  very  im- 
perfectly informed  of  her  true  liistorv,  and,  as  a 
conseijuence.  she  has  been  denied  the  meed  of  liunor 
both  abroad  and  at  home. 

Jt  i^  the  aim  of  the  present  work  to  give  tlie 
history  of  Delaware  with  accuracy  and  intelli- 
gence, omitting  nothing  that  will  cimtribute  in  any 
degree  tD  illustrate  its  origin  and  growth,  its  na- 
tional importance  and  it?  peculiar  hx'al  features — 
to  paint  a  portrait  of  the  State  as  it  was  and  as  it 
is.  in  which  every  lineament  shall  be  truthfuUy 
portrayed  and  represented  witli  life  and  vigor 
enougli  to  make  its  fidelity  aeknowledcred  by  all. 
If  these  objects  can  l>e  attained  by  zeal,  sincerity 
and  taithful,  patient  and  exhaustive  research,  the 
author  and  his  co-laborers  have  no  fears  of  the  re- 
ception wliich  awaits  their  foi'miuable  undertaking. 

The  State  of  Dchiware  i-  sirnat.'d  lietween  ."S^ 
2.^'  and  .;!»''  47'  of  north  latitude,  and  lietween  74" 
o(j'  and  75°  4Li'  of  longitude  west  fnjm  Greenwich. 
Its  jihysieal  boundaries  are — on  the  north  bv  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania,  Delaware  River  and  i3ay ; 
on  the  south  "by  the  State  of  ^Maryland ;  on  the 
east  by  the  Delaware  River  and  Bay,  from  a  point 
twenty-four  miles  from  its  uortiiern  boundary  by  a 
line  of  low-water  mark  on  the  Jersey  shore,  thence 
to  the  radius  of  twelve  miles  north  of  New  Castle; 
on  the  west  by  the  States  of  JIaryland  and  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  periphery  of  tiie  circle  drawn  in  a 
radius  of  twelve  miles  from  the  court  house  at  the 
centre  of  the  town  of  New  Castle,  commencing  at 
low-water  mark  on  the  shore  of  New  Jersev  north 
of  New  Castle,  thence  extending  over  the  Dela- 
ware River,  and  following  its  circumference  until 
it  a',:ain  touches  the  shore  of  that  State  south  of  its 
radius  of  twelve  miles  from  New  Castle.  Sole 
jurisdiction  is  given  to  the  State  of  Delaware  over 
the  Dilaware  River  and  Bay  by  this  circular  line 
of  boundary,  from  j.iw-water  mark  on  the  Jer-ey 
shore,  aliout  a  mile  north  of  the  mouth  of  Naa- 
man's  Creek  on  tlie  Delaware  State  sido,  for  twenty- 
four  miles  southward,  nearly  to  where  Silver  Rim 
enters  the  Delaware  River.  Within  the  circular 
boundary  arc  Pea  Patch  and  Reedy  Islands,  on  the 
former  of  which  Fort  Delaware  is  situated,  and 
upon  the  latter  a  light-house.  The  jurisdiction  of 
tlie  State  below  tlie  circle  extends  to  a  line  run- 
ning down  the  mid'lle  of  the  Delaware  Bay  as 
tar  as  Cape  Henlopcn  ;  thence  alons:  the  Atlantic 
1 


HISTORY  OF  Dhl.AWAUt;. 


Ocean  to  Fenwick's  Maii.l.  in  :il)nut  •2-;°  I'O'  r.or'h 
latitude.  Tl.e  .-outl-.er.n  line  runs  westwardly  ihiity- 
i'niT  miles,  three  luni.lrnl  anil  nine  perehe.-s  to  the 
exact  half  of  the  (li>tanee  ht-tweeu  the  Atiantie 
Ocean  and  the  Ch<-ai"ake  P.ay  :  thence  by  arl.iit 
line  nearly  due  north  at  a  tan'j-<-nt  until  it  reaeht  s 
the  western  jiart  of  the  pcriiihrry  nt  the  vh\:k- 
twelve  miles  from  the  court-hou-L-   at    New  Cait!.-. 

The  length  of  thr  Statr  i<  niiiety-tiv--  "wle-:  at 
its  southern  houmlarv  the  width  is  thirty-fivj  niiie.-i : 
at  Cape  Henlopen  tiu-  width  is  aliout '  tw.uty  ^v- 
miles,  which  dimiui-hes,  hy  the  \\ater-liaH  (ii  rhe 
bay,  until,  at  Red  Lion  Creek,  in  Nesv  Ca^tie 
County,  the  width  of  the  State  is  not  over  teu  miles, 
while  at  its  northern  end  its  width  is  twelve  uiiies, 
being  the  radius  of  the  Xew  Castle  circle. 

The  line  whi.h  divides  Delaware  from  ^lar;,  - 
land,  starting  at  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  running  du'> 
west  for  a  distance  of  thirtv-four  miles,  turns  at 
right  angles  due  north  to  the  tangental  point  on 
the  New  Castle  circle,  which  was  run  hy  Cliarler. 
Mason  and  Jeremiah  Ptxon  in  176:!,  and  is  known 
as  "  Mason  &  Dixon's  Line." 

Each  of  the  three  counties  extends  across  the 
State  from  the  ocean,  bay  or  river  to  the  dividing 
Hue  between  Delaware  and  Maryland,  Xew  C^=tle 
being  divided  from  Kent  hy  Duck  Creek  ami  a 
line  running  due  west  to  the  ^laryland  line  ;  Kent 
is  divided  from  Sussex  by  the  Mispillion  Creek  and 
the  Tan  Trough  Branch  ;  thence  hy  a  line  south- 
westerly to  a  small  branch  of  Xanticoke,  down 
this  branch  to  the  boaver  dam,  and  th.ence  by  a 
line  due  west  to  the  ^Maryland  line.  Sus,-ex  cum- 
priscs  all  south  of  the  last-discrihed  line  to  the 
boundary  of  ^Maryland. 

The  topography  of  the  State  may  be  said  to  con- 
sist of  rounded  hills  in  the  northern  ])art,  wliieh 
rise  at  no  point  over  five  hundred  feet  above  the 
sea-level ;  this  elevated  portion  of  the  State  extends 
southward  to  White  Clay  Creek,  and  repo.^es  upon 
a  substratum  of  rock.  South  of  White  Clay  Creek 
the  State  is  level,  and  nowhere  elevated  more  than 
seventv  feet,  which  only  occurs  on  the  sandy  table- 
laud  ridge  which  passes  through  the  State.  In 
this  tabledand  most  of  the  rivers  and  streams  have 
their  sources.  One  of  the  most  notable  features  of 
the  State  is  the  Cypress  Swamp,  on  the  southern 
lino  between  Delaware  and  3Iarylan<l,  and  lying  in 
both  States.  Tliis  swamp  abounds  in  trees,  mostly 
cypre.-s,  and  "janie  of  all  kinds  is  to  be  found  in  its 
recesses,  lielow  its  ,-urtace  are  found  immense 
trunks  of  trees,  the  remains  of  giants  of  the  for- 
ests, which,  perhaps,  sunk  beneath  the  waters  in 
years  long  past.  These  trunks  are  raised  and 
made  into  shingles,  and  find  ready  market  and  re- 
ward for  the  lal)or  bestowed  u[)on  their  conversion. 
The  soil  of  the  State  is  fertile,  and  has  long 
been  celebrated  for  its  wheat,  its  fruits  and  vegeta- 
bles ;  while  the  clearing  of   it^   lorest.s  cut  aw  ay 


the  uh.'.te  and  !>!a  k  oak,  yellow  i,in.\  cypress,  tulip, 

the  whole  >^iat.-. 

Its  principat  r'vors  and  streams  are  the  Dela- 
w.'ir''  i'iver,  '.vuich  lor  iweuty-iour  miles  forms  the 
eastern  d^niurk.-.tiou  :  Naaman's  Creek,  enters 
the  Delaware  abot^t  a  mile  south  of  the  northern 
lif.e;  &he!poi  Creek  lee.vs  into  the  P.  randy  wine,  and 
thence,  with  the  i;rai!d\  wine,  which  crosses  the 
Staie,  erUer-:  the  Chri-nan;.  within  the  limits  of  the 
ritv  o<  ■'A'iln.in-l  ,i:.  aboui  out-  and  a  half  miles 
fi.jiu  th.'  Dehie.an.,  i'ito  which  it  emptie-"  its  wa- 
ters; the  Kr-astaywine  is  navigable  for  about  two 
miles  for  sloojis  aud  scliooners.  From  the  head  of 
navigation,  the  Erandywine  is  a  rocky  stream  with 
several  f  dls,  which  ati()rd  excellent  water-power. 
Tl.e  Christiana  rises  in  ^Maryland,  and  flows 
t'-.rouLd:  the  State  into  the  Delaware  at  Wilming- 
iop.  and.  has  depth  tor  ves-els  drawing  fourteen 
feet.  Red  Clcy  Creek,  :Miil  Creek  and  Bear  Creek 
-.A-"'  .-treams  tlowin'jr  into  'A'hite  Clay  Creek.  These 
were  once  navi.'able.  hut  are  now  valuable  only 
for  water-power.  Red  Lion  Creek  has  been 
dammed  up.  >t.  tieorue's  Creek  now  empties  a 
portion  of  its  waters  into  the  Delaware  and  Ches- 
apeake Canal,  and  the  remainder  through  a  new- 
channel  into  the  bay.  St  Augustine  and  Silver 
Riif  are  small  creeks  which  discharge  their  waters 
into  St.  George's  Bay  below  Reedy  Islam!.  Ap- 
poquinimink  Creek  is  navigable  for  sloops  from 
Ode-sa  to  the  Delaware,  a  distance  of  about  seven 
miles,  and  for  steamboats  to  Thomas'  Landing. 

Blackbird  Creek,  flowing  due  east  and  north 
until  it  empties  into  the  Delaware  Bay,  is  naviga- 
ble ;  Duck  Creek,  which  divides  Kew  Ciistle  from 
Kent  County  is  navigable  for  seven  or  eight  miles, 
to  Smyrna,  and  to  Hay  Point  Landing  for  steam- 
boats of  twelve  to  fourteen  feet  draft ;  it  reaches 
the  Delaware  Bay  through  a  channel,  called  the 
'■Thoroughfare."  at  a  point  north  of  Bombay 
Hook.  Little  Duck  Creek  is  navigal)le  for  sloops 
to  the  town  of  Leipsic  ;  Dona  River  connects  with 
the  Little  L>uck  Creek  and  enters  the  bay  below- 
Little  Bombay  IL.ok.  Dona  and  Little  Duck 
Creek  form  Kent  Island,  a  lar-e  marshy  island, 
several  miles  in  extent.  Mahon  River  is  merely 
one  ot'  the  outlets  of  D.jim  River,  which  hastbreed 
a  pa-sa-''  tlirou-h  the  marsh,  and  flow  int;  southerly 
for  four  miles  enters  the  Delaware.'"  Kellev's 
Bland  is  fu-med  bv  the  conjnnetlon  of  the  Mahon 
and  DnnaRiv.is."  Port  -Alahou  is  .steeme.l  the 
best  harbor  for  cnasters  on  the  Delaware.  Little 
C'-eek  is  navigable,  as  far  uii  as  Little  Creek  Land- 
insr.  about  three  miles  from  its  mouth,  for  sloops 
and  small  schooners. 

Dover,  the  capital  of  the  State,  finds  an  outlet 
for  its  commerce  to  the  Delaware  by  a  very  cir- 
cuitous route  through  St.  Jones'  Creek,  a  distance 
ot  thirty  u.iles.     It  is  navigable  as  far  upas  De.ver 


INTRODUCTrON,  AND  TOrO(^UAPlIV  OF  DELAWARE. 


Vf-^ 


wl    >teai 


t\v< 


tnns 


liurdeii. 

Murdorkill  Cnck  cnt.i,-  the  Itav  W\,>w  tlie 
mouth  of  St  Jdiirs'  C.'n  c'k,  ami  up  it,-  iiavi-alilf 
water.-  comnierce  tint!:*  its  way  to  Frederica.  Mi-- 
pilliou  Creek  atlonl:?  iiuvi-ahlc  faeilitit.-.-  to  .Mill'ir.l 
by  large  sloop.-,  -ehnoiior^  and  -tcaiidioat-.  (,\-dar 
Creekrthough  Miiall,  is  navi  .'.iLU-  fn.m  the  ]>  la- 
ware,  into  whi.li  it  tl'>w-  J)rap(  i-',-,  <lan-httjr's 
and  Frimeliook  Creek-  are  ^Illall  ,-tnani-  iiiteriiig 
tlie  bav  between  the  month-'  of  Mi-piHini)  and 
Droadkiln  Creeks.  Broadkiln  i.-  navi-ahle  for 
sloops  and  schooners  to  ^Milton,  about  twelve 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  flows  into  the  estuary  of 
Lewes'  Creek,  about  two  miles  from  the  Delaware 
Bay.  Lewes'  Creek  is  about  six  miles  long  and 
empties  into  the  liay  ;  its  navigation  was  destroyed 
by  the  "Great  .Storm,"  which  washed  sand  of  the 
ocean  into  the  creek  and  iu  this  way  destroyed  its 
mouth  for  navigable  purposes.  Canary  or  Mill 
Creek  aflbrds  navigation  to  Lewes  Creek  and 
from  there  to  Broadkiln,  and  "Wolf  Creek  an.i 
Old  Creek  fall  into  it  near  Lewes. 

A  narrow  ridge  of  sand  separates  Rchoboth 
Bay  and  Indian  Iliver  Bay  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  while  Indian  Eiver  Inlet  is  a  passage,  torn 
by  storms,  through  this  ridge  for  the  waters  of  the 
two  bays  to  the  ocean.  This  inlet  rarely  contains 
more  than  a  few  feet  of  water,  and  after  a  great 
easterly  storm  is  closed  by  sand  washed  into  it 
from  the  ocean  ;  but  soon  the  dammed  up  waters 
of  the  bays  bn-ak  again  for  themselves  a  pa-s;ige 
to  the  ocean.  These  large  bays  have  each  a  sur- 
fiice  of  twenty-five  miles,  but  their  depths  rarely 
exceed  four  or  five  feet.  The  most  northerly  of 
these  bays  is  Rehoboth,  which,  nearly  Siiuare  in 
shape,  extends  parallel  with  the  ocean,  fioni  which 
it  is  separaterl  by  the  ridge.  Line  Creek,  Midille 
Creek,  Herring  Creek  and  Guinea  Creek  empty  into 
Rehoboth  Bay.  Long  Neck,  a  narrow  sand  bar, 
separates  the.se  last-mentioned  creeks  from  Indian 
River  Bay,  while  the  "Burtons  ' — marshy  islands, 
called  on  old  maps  Station  Islands— indicate  the 
changes  that  have  taken  place  iu  these  waters.  In- 
dian River  Bay  is  al)nut  eight  miles  long  and  from 
two  to  fourbroa  1 :  it  fronts  the  Atlantic  (Jcean  lor 
three  miles,  and  is  separate<l  only  by  the  narrow 
ridue  mentioned  above.  .MiUsboro'  is  on  Indian 
River.  Pepptr  Creek,  Vine  Creek  and  White 
Creek  flow  into  Indian  River. 

Fresh  Pond  and  Salt  1',  nd  are  two  ponds  a  few 
milts  south  of  Indian  River — the  former  is  ah. nit 
half  a  nale  in  length  and  two  imndred  yard-  wide, 
and  is  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet  dee]i.  It  has 
apparently  no  outlet  or  streams  flowing  into  it, 
and  contains  but  few  fish.  It  is  separated  from 
the  Atlantic  Ijv  a  ridge  of  sand  not  more  than  an 
eighth  of  a  m'ile  wide.  The  other.  Salt  Bond,  is 
about  the  same  size  and  situated  about  three  miles 


Its  walr 

the  ,u-eai 

A --aw 


aii.l    It   IS 
.-ait,  and 


r.:i 


than 


formed  by  Jefi'erson  Creek, 
and  is  Ioml:  and  slialinw,  about  seven  miles  long 
and  from  on.'  ro  .,nr-iialt'  a  mile  broad,  and  from 
three  to  tiv  f  .  t  dr.  p.  It  is  separated  from  the 
Atlnntie  bv  Fenuiek's  L-Iand.  a  inn-  narrow  rape 
and  rid-e  of  lan.l  which  ext.nd-  in  length  tuenty- 
three  miles. 

The  streams  which  tluu  into  the  Chesapeake 
Bay  and  take  their  ri-r  in  Delaware,  are  the  Xan- 
ticoke,  the  Br.Kid  (_'n 'k  and  tin'  Pe.komoke.  Sea- 
fbrd  find-  uabT  euninmnieMlion  with  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay  down  the  Nanticke.  Portsville  is 
reached  by  Broad  Creek,  and  the  Cypress  Swamp 
is  reached  by  the  Pokomoke.  Back  Creek,  the 
Bohemia  and  the  Sassafras,  in  New  Castle  C'onnty; 
the  Chester,  the  Choptank  and  the  Jlarshy  lIo[)e, 
in  Kent  County ;  and  the  Wicomico  iu  S\is.sex,  all 
take  their  rise  in  the  Sandy  Ridge  of  Delaware 
and  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Chesapeake, — 
they  all  belong  more  properly  to  Maryland  than 
to  Delaware. 

The  lines  of  railroad  in  Delaware  reach  every 
localitv  and  give  tlie  people  every  facility  of 
transportation.  The  State  has  over  three  hun- 
dred miles  of  railroad,  and  the  respective  com- 
panies are  treated  more  fully  elsewhere  in  another 
chapter. 

The  waters  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Bays  are  connected  by  the  Ch'M'iptoki:  and  Dtla- 
irurr  Canal,  uavigable  for  coasting  vessels  and 
propeller  steamers.  This  canal  extends  from  Del- 
aware City,  forty  si.x  miles  below  Philadelphia,  to 
Chesapeake  City,  on  Back  Creek,  a  navigable 
branch  of  Elk  River,  in  ^Iarylan<l.  The  canal  is 
thirteen  and  a  half  miles  in  length,  sixty-six  feet  I 

wide  at  the  ti3p  and  ten  feet  doep.  It  has  two  tide 
and  two  left  lift  locks,  and  is  located  four  miles 
through  a  deep  cut  ninety  leet  iu  depth;  it  was 
completed  in  1828  at  a  cost  of  two  million  two 
hundred  and  fiity  thou-and  dollars,  and  has  since 
proven  a  source  of  incalculable  value  to  the  pro- 
ducers of  the  surrounding  country  in  furnishiug 
an  outlet  to  the  markets  of  the  large  cities. 

A  ship  canal  has  lieen  contemjdated  for  many 
vears  lietwetu  the  two  bays,  I'or  which  a  comjntny 
was  chartered  by  Maryland  and  liy  Delaware,  and 
the  line  located  from  the  Su-.-afras  River  to  tl-.e 
Delaware  Bay.  Beyond  securing  the  right  of 
way  nothing  has  been  done.  Salem  Creek  and 
the  Delaware  JTiver  have  been  connected  by  a 
canal. 

Delaware  is  an  agricultural  State ;  a  part  of  it  is 
in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  Beside  wheat,  In- 
dian corn  and  other  grain,  jjeachcs  are  grown  iu- 

tmall  fruits  are  also  raised  for  trausportatiou.     In 


HISTORY  OF   DHLAWARE. 


the  northern  part  of  the  ?^t:ite  are  niiiinrnu-  niaiiii- 
faetories.  WilmiiiL't'.n  is  the  principal  eintre  of 
industry.  New  Ca-lie,  al.u,  has  iiupnrtaiit  mliin- 
mills.  and  cotton  and  wn,,llen  fartoriis.  On  I'.ran- 
dywine  Cre^k  are  -onu-  of  the  tine.-t  HourinL'-uiills 
in  the  United  States,  to  u liieh  vesstls  drawini,'  eiirhr 
feet  of  water  ean  eonic.  The  foroi-n  trade  of  the 
State  is  effected  chietiy  throu-h  IMnladdphia,  Ikil- 
timore  and  New  Yoik  ;  -i  that  its  direct  firei.'u 
trade  is  very  iucuuiicK  rahle. 


CHAPTER    ir. 


THE 


iLoc;y   I  If    11 


DURIN.;  the  ycar^  l-^:',7  and  1.^"..^,  Prof  .Ta~.  C. 
Booth,  in  aceor.laiiec  with  an  act  of  the  State 
Legishiture,  niade  a  ireohi^ical  snrvey  of  Delaware, 
the  results  of  whicli  were  pul.)liilied  in  a  report 
that  n[)peared  iu  1841.  This  old  memoir  is  of 
great  value,  iioih  from  the  accuracy  of  the  author's 
observations  and  his  minute  attenti(jn  to  detail;  we 
cannot,  therefore,  expect  to  take  anythiiitr  from  the 
character  of  this  work,  our  aim  lieiiiL'  to  s,,  i^.,,],,. 
pletely  reconstruct  our  geolouy  as  to  hrini;-  it  into 
sympathy  with  results  in  adjaceiif  States. 

The  formation  represeut-d  witliin  llie  lioumls  ft' 
the  State  are  Archeau,  Creiaerous,  Tertiary  ami 
Quaternary.  The  relations  and  [lo^ition:-  id'  the 
several  divisions  of  tlie>.'  f  urinations  are  represented 
in  the  accoinpanyinL;-  talih-,  also  the  thickness  of 

each.      It  will  he  uiidorst 1   that   the   formation 

oldest  in  ago  and  order  of  drpo^ition  is  placed  at 
the  bottom. 


JlQdern.  Bug  Clay  Allu 

Post  Ijlaci.il. 

Glai-ial.  Delaware  Oral 


■ 

Claw  San.1— irj'. 

1  MicK.-ene. 

WliitePotl.T-sClaj-r 

1  Eocene. 

i  Upp.r. 

MiJJIe  Mail  Be.l-l;)a'. 

[  MidJle. 

In.ii:rate5Iail  l!ej  (lit- 
Jersej-l-HO'. 

.1  S.cia  of  New 

i  Lower. 

L'Wt-rMari  Bi'.l-Or. 
■   Pla.-.tic   Clo-3ll'L.t..inac 

Foruiationl- 

M.l-nusian  MarW 


'■  OjntrLutLj  by  Prof.  Fro,:  rick  D.  Chuler,  if  Di 


The  -e.do-v  of  the  State  of  Delauare  i.- coin- 
jiarativclv    ^imple.        T'hc    ol.i.-t    Arcli,.;m    rocks 

cover   all    that    p.^rti f   the   .-ial.    which    \[r,    to 

t!ic    north    of   the    Philadelphia.    Wiliiihi-ton   and 

P.alti re  Railroad,  uhcre'thov  are  tilted   at    hij, 

an-les,  ,-,,„forted  and  ovvrthroun  The  re-ion  is 
one  of  ureat  interest,  and  oltiTs  to  the  held  -eolo- 
-i.-t  prohh'rn-  of  such  moment  as  to  make  it  a 
classic  lield  in  American  ^eolo^-v  Re.-tin.:  upon 
the  ero.led  eA-vs  of  the  A/oic  rocks  are  suece^-ive 
series  of  pla-'ic  clav-.  -and  maris  anil  i^reeii  sands, 
of  Cretaceous  a-e,  which  form  iiuite  uiiif  )rm  strata 
dipping  at  a  l.)w  aii-le  to  tlie  -.uthea-t.  Tlii.~ 
lielt,  havin-a  width  of  ahout  eighteen  miles,  ex- 
tends from  the  Archean  hill,-  to  the  latitude'  of 
Niixontown  mill  pond,  iiisi  south  of  Middle! own. 
Tiie  Cietaeeons  is  succce'ded  l.v  a  stratum  of  white 
or  lead  colored  clay  having  a  thickne.-s  of  ten  to 
twentv  feet. 

This  continues  a-  far  south  as  :\rurderkill  Creek, 
and  from  fo.ssilit'enms  evidence  i>  prohahly  Miocene 
South  of  ISIurderkill  Creek,  the  iMioceue  is  suc- 
ceeded by  three  to  ten  feet  of  light  or  dark  blue 
clay,  beneath  whicli  is  a  uniform  stratum  of  tine 
white  glass  sand  of  at  least  f  u-tv  feet  in  thickness. 
That  all  the  State  south  of  Miirderkill  is  later 
Pliocene  rather  than  Modern,  as  the  older  writers 
have  claimed,  has,  we  think,  been  well  demou.trated. 
All  the  beds  of  the  Tertiary  lie  in  a  nearly  heri- 
zoiital  position,  dippiing  at  a  still  lower  aii-le  than 
the  Cretacemis,  and  probably  uucontiirmable  to  the 
same. 

Covering  all  of  the  f)regoing  formations,  and 
reaching  u|)  the  flanks  of  the  Azoic  hills  to  the 
height  of  two  hundred  feet  or  more  above  tide  is 
a  layer  of  sand  and  gravel,  wdiich  to  the  north  is 
of  a  coarse  red  nature,  and  to  the  south  is  fine  and 
white.  These  gravels  are  of  f,)uaternary  iiL'e.  and 
have  been  styled  by  the  author  the  Delaware 
Gravels  and  K-tuary  Sands,  r,s|i,  ,ti\  e-ly.  Along 
the  river  and  bav  shores  ir  al-o  the  belt  of  bo.^ 
clav,  which  is  modern,  and  of  more  recent  ori-in 
than  the  Gravel.-. 

Tin:  Akcheax. — Generally  speaking,  the  south- 
ern line  of  the  Azoic  or  Archean  rocks  is  the  lindt 
of  the  "highlands,"  but  in  certain  places  they 
extend  well  into  more  level  regions.  Beginning 
with  a  point  upon  the  ^Maryland  boundary,  a  little 
north  of  where  the  latter  is  cut  by  the  Mason  and 
Dixon  line,  the  limit  of  the  rocks  runs  in  a  north- 
east direction,  cutting  through  the  western  end  of 
Newark,  and  follow iul;-  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  town.  Thence  it  runs  close  to  the  south  shore 
rd'  White  Clav  Creek  to  a  distance  of  two  miles 
beyond. Koseville,  u  here  it  makes  an  abrupt  bend 
to  the  north,  until  at  Sianton  the  rocks  cease  to  be 
f.und.  A  mile  b.iek  of  the  railway  station,  llu  y 
again  ap|)ear,  continuing  to  a  poiut  about  a  mile 
Lack  of  Newport,  where  their  course  runs  slightly 


TIIK  Cri:OI.(>i;Y  Ol-    DKLAWAllE  ^ 

to   the    ..ut!u.n-t,  -n.-in.    tl.   W,lnn,.n,n    tun.     ^^^ ^-^';--^'';-;;  ;-X!r:U^^^^^^^ 

turns  abniiitly  -outli  to  tho  rivrr.  'X'cnr  m  all  .-t;._c.-  ''''';'''"''''''''''''''.'",  i-i|,",^,','.|^,v 

stnmg   contrast    to    the    low-lying    rcyiun    to     the  ^ax..nN.        _  v,  ,,    ,1  in  the  .■•^ten- 

south.     The  rorks,  however,  are    too    unitorm    in  Lhe  nu.ss.ve  lmIiIu-o-,  l»'.-t  jM.o-mI  ,n    n 

texture  an,l  structure  to  cause  n.arke.l  tnpoL'raph.c  sive  .inarms  ot  hr.^u^y^^m■■  llnn.li..  ,  a  .   . 

outlines.     The  r...i..n  is  rath.-r  rollln..  ,.■   th.^  hill^  nK,..v,.  u,  .tn,c.mv,  ..■  .ulyu,   ;-;-. ^;;^- "^  j.^ 

''" i"' i:"11:-n"i !;:pn -i.i-'''''n,:":v:ati:a;  i,:;:;.!.;":';.;':!,."' An^evi.!...,.  ,.i,tain..,i  in  ti„. 

of'thishi-hlan.ln  M,.n  varies  iHiwecT,  two  hnn.h-.-.!  tiel.l  an.l  with  the  n.icr._«M,pc  cnnrms  th.^   inli.t 

and  three^u'>n,ln-ran,l   tit tv  feet   above   ti.le,  gra-  that   they  are   truly  eruptive    and   that   the   ro.^k 

,„  ,,,,.  ;,,„,.p.win.r  t,)  the  n..rth  ^vas  at  one  time  in  a  more  or  less  molten  ^tatl,  in 

'  S;  ^XZ-J::!^:^  ti:  state  can  be  divi.le.l  .Inch  .-on-liti-.n  it  wa.  pn.hahly  ti.re..!  up  th,„u.h 

eliptical    area   ot    ..tier    micaceous  gnus.,    an.l  ;;;;-';;;^l:'-,';;  ;;^,^  ^,,^  ..^^,,,, , His  gahhro  belt 

''  Tim.,  t  th.'  wla.le  ..f  Bran.lvwin.'  1  [uii.ln  .1.  an.l  have  h.vn  subjected  to  great  pressure,  a  pressure 

th('    .)utheru  half  ..f  Chri-tiana  Ilun.ln.l  are  .'ov-  which  the  n.icr.iscope  shows  was  great  enough  to 

ered^bvthero:ksofthetii.teIa.s.     To  the  west  of  flatten    an.l  ek.n.ate    -f  f "  ''f  j'^,  "^"f;;:^  ^j:;-!: 

Brandvwine   Sprin-s  these  ivcks,  however,  taper  stituents  ...t  the  r...k  and  to  cru.-h  otliei.^  into  Iia^ 

out  into  a  uarr..w  belt  of  not  over  a  quarter  of  a  ments. 

mile  in  wi.lth  whi.'h  runs  along  the  southern  limit         To  the  north  of  the  area  ot  gabbr.,,  an.l  ho.n 

:;^d,:  A:f  iu:  t,.  bevond  Xew^rk.  blende,  rocks,  and  resting  upon  the  latte.  is  an 

Another   Interesting  development   of   th.-  same  extensive  h.rn^tion  ot  highly  micace,!..  .L><.k 

rocks  occurs  to  the  s.,uthwest  of  K.-.l  Mills,  and  so  easilv  tViabl..  as  f,  crumb  e     o  tl-  t,  u       .u  d 

thence  to  the  well-know-n   elevati.ui-    .-allcl    Iron  which  break  into  a  l....e  .-andy  l..an,  ot  guat  n.h 

and    Chesfiut   Hills.      The  ;>1-;;;    ';;•':;-:;'--  -- ^  ,.^,^.,^.  „,  ,,^  „„,.,  .,,,;,,  u,u  are  all  strati- 
gabbro  or  hypente  ..t   tli.'   .•iul.-.liap.  .1    .ii.a  ju.t  tnt_   hkk.  oi  uil  i.i 

described  is  ^pres,.ntc,l  bv  the  .,,.,.,11.  .1  -  IWumly-  tie.l  with  variations  ot   b,.d,hn.,  In.n^  tha     as  d   n 

wine  .ranite,"  whhh  i-  ,,uarned  to  such  an  exten-  as  slate,  in  the   nn.-a  ..h.t.,  t,,     hat  o    a       .ud^ 

sive  de-ree  in   tb,.    ,„.l  .lib.-rhuod  of  Wilmin-t,.n.  b..hl._-,l   .-hara.'t.a-   m   in.av    brj.ly  i„.'tan„aph,,-,  ,1 

It  is  a'rockof  .lark   blui-h   urav  or  bluish   black  forms.      r...th    strik.'    an.l    .bp    m    th.-e    n..-..    a,... 

color  of -reat  har.ln.'ss  an.l  firmness,  and  is  with,.ut  subject  to  great  vanation.     A  aiiat.,.n-  ..1  .-tn  .^  m 

doubt  one  of  the  mo.t  valuable  an.l  .birable  .tones  this  case  provmu  tuat  tb.  .   evat.n.  -;;-';•■_ 

in  exi.stence.'  unequally   showu,.^   it.-..lt   in  a  tw  -t  n.   an.l   uiuu 

This    r.i.'k    has    been    studied   in    detail   by    the  latiou  ot  the  ,iut-.r,,ppin- .  ,l-- -t   ihc    .«  k       v. 

writer   an.l   fr..U!  its  wide  variation  in  composition  riati.ms  of  dip  ,  nablm-    il.e   -,  "h'-i.t,    .y  pl.mnej, 

and   slru.tural    .-haracters   is  of  peculiar  interest  upon  paper  th...'  ob.,.rv,,l   al„u_   ^'">-   ;";';;    "■"; 

The  rock,  as  stu.,i..,i  iu„i..r  u-iicr........  found  j;--; •;•;;-;;;;:;;':;  I ;;;:  )xt  ^:t;r:. 

;^,;;;:;;:;;,  ,:xr ;: ./:;:  tb:a.;;:riK'r:i;h  ;:■:  !r  ti::-;:...^  i,.  a ,,;...... .  ..i.;.h.  by  a.,  en..- 

The  most  remarkable  fact  observe.l  in  the  study  lan.l  f.  Alaban.a,  ,.f  win,  h   uplilf  the  crystalline 

of  the.-'e  rocks  is  the  intimate  associatR.n  of  hiirhly  n.ck.  ,,i  D.lauai,'  t,,rm  a  [.ait. 
schi.-tose  black  hornblende  rock  with  these  massive  Th,.  nu.-a  .-.hi-t.  an.l  !-'";;'^^'-^  "'     ,,  T-'''^,"  1 

trrav  -ahbros.     The  black  h.,rnblende  r..ck  i.-,  after  a  .•ontinuati..n  ..ft,...  s,.-.-ad..l  1  h,lad.l|.hia    .u.  .,-. 

^     •   '"  .  ■      ._...,•.    iv..„.i    f,,   1,..   l.Mf   .,„    ..V.  l...lr     „l,;,.l,   ruviTs   tli,'   "leatir   liaft  ..t    Delawaie 


ia.~t   microscopic  studies,  fbund  to  be  but  an   ex-     l„.lt.  which  clivers   tlr 


of  variation  afiecti 


lurn  |,..r.i..n  ,.f  M. 


_„,   ^ _    ,-vh 

diich'i^thetrue  gabbioi-buta  rareora.'ce-ay  The-.'  r,..k. 


,..e    1.    Mill    un.leci.l.Mb      llv 

con.^titueiit.  IS   louna  lo  inciea.e   m   a...........   ...—     uunv.-; ^ -i-c     -  ,;..,.  11 

---.        ..     ,,.w.,..,,„.,u.,..  ,nany  th..y  are   r.var.le.l  a.  altered   ralaez.nc  sedi 


d  to  increase  in   am.HUit  until     trover.y,   an.l 


6                                                          HISTORY  OF 

DK[,A\VARK. 

monts,  whil,^  otluTs  .nntin.K^  tn  n-ml   tli.in   a.-^  <.f 

Th.-e  Slll„livi-i 

ons  uiU  1.,.  notie. 

.1  ill  the.'hrono- 

Archf;m    n-,:      Thi-    latl.T    .l.-i-natiM,,     i.    l,:,-,-,l 

loj-ieni  taM..  at   Ih 

r   npr|li||_r  ,,fthi- 

^  arliele  au.l  will 

upon   thrli-    lill„,l,,-iral   -iniilarilv  to   inanv  nf  tli,. 

Ih'  ,1,-erUi.Ml   111  oi 

vl-r. 

older  crv-tallinr   -,  !,i-t<.      Tli.v   havr   laai.v   l.-.a 

'fin:    l'i.\~iic 

Clay-..— This    1 

Poi-ination   i,-   the 

reforrod'to    tli.'   White    Mountain.   .,,■    tl„.    l;..,kv 

thirkr-t   lllellll..  r, 

■  f  ihe  ,avta. ■,.,„,. 

who-.,   iiortheiii 

I\[oniit:un  :^trii'tf.  one  of  t\u'  iipp.T  iiieniliei>  (if  tlie 

iiniit    correspoiicl- 

.    uith    the    uppe 

r    h.nler    of  the 

Arclieaii. 

cretaceoiw.        Its 

Soulhrni    line    he^ 

:in-    a   few  i.iilr- 

Associated  with  tho  softer  slaty  micaceous  rock- 

-outhofX,.w    Ca: 

-tie,    alel  exl.I^I- 

-  in  a  -..e.thw,  <t- 

are    probably    intrusive  masses   of  coarse    LTaiiic!  enilv   dii-eeti'iu  to    ju-t    In  IdW  le'il    I.Imii.  c.ro--in'_' 

granite,  whicii  vary  in  thiekuess  for  several   ineln  -  the  raili-nad    lietweii    I'.irter'- and  Kiikwood,    and 

up  to  nianv  feet.      The-e  L;raiiite<  often    hi.eome  so  eutiin::   tlie    Slate    line    alioiit   two    inileT   north  of 

hiL^hly     feid.-pathic     a-     to     p.,.-,...      ,.,,n-.d,.,-able  <;lie>apeake   City. 

economic     value,    ina.-iiiueh    a-    tlie      iMd-par    fre-  Althou-h  ,,f  so  mie-h  importam'e,  it  i-.  owiie.'  to 

quently  becomes  (lecoin|)osed  into  Kaolin.  the  L'lX'at  thii-kni.,—  ol'tl verlviiej  .jra\els,  rarelv 

The  celebrated   deposits  around    IIoi.ke-<in   are  expo-,.,!,  and  even  \\  hen  ni..re  tavnnd.h/ opp,,rtnni- 

of  this  character.     Dixon's  ipiarry  near    ^\'ilnlinLr-  ti.  -  .are  otlired,  luit  a  t'vw  fet  ot' the  eharaeteristi.; 

ton  has  produced  verv  tine  vields  of   f.ld-par.     A  Red  Clav  appear  abovo  the  snrfaiv. 

very  notable  vein  cuts  across   the   road   l.^adinir  up  The    elay    is    mop.    -eneially    nd    and    highly 

the  Brandvwine,  about  one  and  a  half  mile-  tVom  pla-tie;    in    other   I'ases   it  is    mottl.d,  and    a'jaiu 

the  head  of  the  ^^tate.     It<  width    i-    alnnit   tumtv  white  and  .-indv  like  tire  ,  lavs. 

feet,  and  the  material  a  mixture  of   red   orthorla-;  Tho  best  ,  xposures  are  al..ni:  the  loucr  levels  of 

albite,  blue   quartz  and   museovite.     The   rock   is  the  iriillies  cut  by  the  creeks  of  ujiper  New  Castle 

quarried  for   the  valuable   feldspar,   used    in   the  County,  jiartieiilarly  alnntr  Red  Lion  Creek,     (^c- 

manufacture  of  artificial  teeth.  casionally  the  charactcri.-tic  red  clav  comes  to  the 

Quartites  are  also  imbedded  with  the  mica  schists  surface  at  point-  aloivi'the  roads.     The  hills  to  the 

and  when  pure  and  white  are  worked   under  the  east   and  north  ot'  (,'liristiana  are  formed  of  these 

name  of///))/.  At  Tweed's  r>[ill,  above  Newark,  this  clay^,   wliieh    enter.. |.    very   freqitently   a!on;g    the 

rock  is  gr.nmd  into  a  line  Hour,  wlieii  it  is  shipped  road  lead.imr  fium  ( 'hri-tiana  to  N.'w  Castle. 

for  use  in  the  manufacture   of  pcu-eelaiu  ware.  JudLrint:  from  tli.'  niaiiv   p.iints   wlna-e  we  have 

It  is    an   interesting  point  to    note    that    these  found  this  clay  exp.i.-e.l  we   are   eouvinced   that   it 

quartz  veins  are  frequently  (.fa  eilliilar  character,  has     an     important     eeon..>mie     value      for     the 

when  they  are  quite  similar  to  many  ;iold   bearint:  inannfaetnre  of  terra  e.tta  war.'.      The    supply   is 

veins  in  rooks  of  like  a-e  in  \'ir'jiuia,  X(.rtli  Car..-  j.raelieallv   inexhau-tible,   and    thi>  elav   is  to   all 

lina  and  Georgia.      Hen, v  it  is  not  at    all    impp.b-  app.aran.v   a-    .j-....d    a<   .-iniilar   elay-    w.-rk.-d    in 

able  to  suppose  that  g.ild  beariuL'  veins    may    -on..-  X.-w  .ler-.-.-  ti.r  inani.fa.tuiv  int.j  terra  e(.tta    war(\ 

day  be    di.=C(jvered    up..n   the   farms   of  N.irthiru  The  l.|;■,^tie  clays  ..f   Delaware   hav(.   within   the 

Delaware.  past     year     been     correlated     with     the    so-called 

Another  connnon  associate  of  the  mica  ,-ehists  i-  Rotomac    fbrmatioii    of   Maryland    and    Virginia, 

a  black  hornblende  rock  interbedded  with  the  latter,  and    have    important     relation-    t.i    e.rtain  ol.ler 

and  forming  masses  often  several  hundred    feet   in  grav.  1  (lep..-i(.-  whi.h  will  l...  .Iw.lt  n|i(.n  lat.u'. 

thickness.   In  places,  this  alternation  of  hornblende  Sam,  .M  AKi..-Tlii-  is  a  ,1.  |,.,-it  ,.f  a    l..amv  yellow 

and  micaceous  rocks  is  frequent.              »  silicons  san,l,    with    whi.li    i-   mix.'.l    -..in,,   .jr,  i  n 

TiieCrktaCD-il-.s.— Thecreta(_v,,usof  Delaware,  saiel     niar|.,  wle.-e  thi.kn.-  is  ab.,ut    nimtv    f.t. 

a  continuation  of  the  same  f.rmation  as  (le\elop.(l  It    r, -t-     upon     tli,'     pla-tic  elav     forinali,,n.  and 

in  New  .I,M--.v,  .-xteiid,-  a,To-  th,.  .tai,-  a^  a  north-  .-..vors  that  part  .,f  New   Ca-tle   Countv,   Ivin-   1,.;- 

east  an,ls,,uthw,'-t  l„.|t,witli  a  breadth  of  ei'jht,,.!!,  twi-eii  th,-  s,.utliern  limit   (,f  the    pla.-tie   clays,  and 

and  a  lem_'th  of  tVoin  till, en  t..  tv^entv  mile-.      The  tie-  canal. 

northern  limit  of  the  belt  ha<  alrea.ly  been  trace,!  Tin;  Mai:l  R.i.i,-.— Th,.  marl  be,l-  ever  a  coin- 
out  as  making  the  -..uthern  boundarv  of  the  ]iai'ativelv  -mall  ar,  a  in  th,..  .■~tat,.,  and  are  pra,- 
Archean.  Tlie  .-outherii  limit  was  a  litth-  to'the  tieallv  limited  to  that  divi-i.,ii  of  New  Ca.-tle 
south  of,  and  parallel  with,  App,„piinimink  Civ,  k,  cnmy  , ailed  St.  (;,.,i-..-s  Hiiielr,.!. 
cutting  through  the  centre  of  N.>x.uit,nsu  mill-  T"li.' tir-t  imp,. riant  ,>utia-,.ps  of  ■_'i,.en -and  oc'iir 
pond,  and  thence  proi-eeds  in  a  straight  south-  alon._Mhe  D.laware  and  Cli. -apeake  Canal,  the 
w-esternly  direction.  The  ditferent  subdivi.-ions  ,jf  channel  ,. I' wlii.h  ciit-  d.  .plv  into  the  tiu-iiiation. 
the  cretace,ius  form  nnifirm  be,ls  ,li|,pim:  at  a  Ii-  ii.irth,a-n  liinil.  a- ,1.  i.rniin...l  bv  ..1.1  marl  jiiis 
low  au-le  t.i  the  s-, nth,  ast.    This  , lip  wa-  .•arelully  run-     appr.,xiiiiately     |.arall,.|      with     the      canal, 

and  Delaware  canal,  and  found  to  be  at  this   i».iiit  to  a  mile.     Fn.m  thi-  line  the  marl  extend^  south- 

nt  the  rate  of  f.,rf> -five  tiet  to  the  mile.  wa.rd  t,.  an.,tlier  h.^in  lary  parallel  with,  and  ab,mt 


THE  (;eo].()<;y  of  dklaware. 


Drie  mile  smith  "f  A]i[)^>'Hiiiiiinink  Crt'ek.  where  it 
^iv^l-Iace  tothe  t,Tli:uv,h,vs. 

Tile  (livi.-ioi,<  .,r  the  .jiv,  .1  sai>a  fnrinatinn  are 
t'lUiiil,  witli  twii  exce|iti'iii-,  U)  coi-n-iiniid  wjtli 
tlinse  liuule  by  til,'  New  Jei>ey  Survey.  The  clir..- 
iiolu^'ieal  tabic  at  the  upenini,'  of  llii-  article  y;ives 
tlie  suliilivisions  of  the  marl  lieds. 

LowjiR  JFarl  Bed. — This  stra'um,  which  ex- 
tends as  a  narrow  belt  on  each  side  of  the  canal, 
is  found  to  outcmp  along  the  entire  len;5th  of  the 
same,  rising  about  u  foot  above  the  surface  of  the 
water,  and  fartlier  west  to  the  height  of  twenty  leot. 
The  lowest  layer  in  thi^  deji'isic  is  a  t'lUirh  bluoish 
black  marl,  which,  upon  drying,  turns  to  a  lii'hter, 
ashen  or  earthy  color,  when  it  is  found  to  lie  made 
of  a  mixture  of  green  sand,  siliceous  sand  and 
argillaceous  matter.  The  solid  particles  are  coated 
with  chalky  carbonate  of  lime,  which,  under  the 
microscope,  appears  as  a  fine  white  powder  of  a 
granular  character. 

Overlying  this  last  layer  is  a  shelly  layer  ..f 
about  three  feet  in  thickne>s.  and  <-oiitainiiig  the 
characteristic  fossils  of  the  Lower  Marl  Bed  of  Iv'ew 
Jersey. 

Above  this  layer,  which  we  have  called  the 
"  Black  Argillo-micaceous  Marl,"  to  tlie  west  of 
the  Delaware  railroad,  it  is  exposed  in  tiie  •■  iJoep 
Cut, "where  its  characters  can  be  well  .-tiidi-d.  Thi- 
black  marl  is  composed  of  niiinuc  >liarp  ghi-v 
particles  of  quartz,  coated  with  a  grayi-h  du^t,  and 
associated  with  a  few  green  sand  particles  of  unu- 
sual firmness,  together  with  a  considerable  quantity 
of  minute  scales  of  muscovite  mica. 

Indurated  Marl  Bed. — The  nortlurn  limit 
of  this  belt,  which  is  also  the  southern  limit  ot'  the 
lower  marl  bed,  starts  near  the  mouth  of  .Si-ott's 
run,  and  thence  keeps  parallel  with  the  canal  to 
the  railroad,  where  it  begins  slightly  to  diverge, 
cutting  the  headwaters  of  the  northern  branch  of 
the  Bohemia  river.  The  southern  limit  of  the  lielt 
can  only  be  approximately  outlined,  but  as  can 
liest  be  determined,  runs  from  Port  Peun through 
the  headwaters  of  Drawyer's  Creek,  and  crosses 
the  Marvland  line  four  miles  below  the  head  of 
linhemia  Kivcr.  The  deposit  is  divided  into  two 
layers  :  1st,  Lower  layer  of  reddish  siliceous  sand, 
with  some  green  sand,  which  occupies  the  upper 
border  of  the  belt  a  littl.'  south  of  the  canal;  and 
-d.  An  upper  layer  of  [larlly  decomposed  or  indu- 
rated marl,  of  a  rusty  green  color  when  drv,  which 
underlies  most  of  the  area  of  the  belt. 

TiiE^IiDDLE  Marl  Bed. — This  belt  cro-<.s  the 
State  with  a  uniform  breadth  of  three  and  a  half 
miles,  the  northern  line  runninu;  Inun  I'ort  I'.-nn, 
a  little  north  of  Drawv>r"s  Civk,  aii.l  cro.v~iii.^  the 
State  line  four  mil.  s  ^out!l  of  tlio  Bolieniia  Liver. 
'I'liesoiitlicni  line  cr-.-^es  tlie  center  ot'  the  .\..xon- 


ippo.juini 


ik  Creek.     The  ndd.'Ie  marl 


IS  .livided    into  three   very  ,li-tant  lavei-s.     (1")   A 

bell,  and  well-ex[..,-ed  aloii-  I)^l^^  v'rs  Civek  an.l 
Silver  Lun.  (  2>  An  intern;ediate  hiyer  of  friaiile 
shelU,  from  three  to  ten  feet,  exposeil  at  the  head 
of  Noxontown  mill-pond  and  along  the  south  side 
of  Appoi|uinimink  Creek.  (.'!)  An  upper  yellow 
or  reddish-yellow  sand,  occupying  the  southern 
verge  of  the  belt. 

The  Economic  Value  of  the  ;^L\UL.— The 
area  covered  by  the  marl  beds  has  already  been  set 
f>rtli  with  sutiicient  exactness  to  enable  one  to 
know  where  marl  can  be  found.  The  supply 
within  the  area,  umlerlaid  by  it,  is  probably  inex- 
haustible. Its  value  as  a  fertilizer  makes  it  wor- 
thy of  consideration.  (Jreen  sand  is  composed  of 
grains  of  tlie  minend  glaiK'onite,  mixed  with 
greater  or  1l->  ipiaiitities  of  impurities,  as  clay, 
siliceous  saiul,  and  mineral  particles. 

Cilauconite  is  a  compound  of  silica,  iron,  prot- 
oxide and  potash  ;  the  quantity  of  potash  ranging 
from  four  to  twelve  jier  cent.  ^lany  of  the  Xew  Jer- 
sey green  sand  marls  contain  from  one  to  two  and 
a  half  per  cent,  of  phosphoric  acid,  and  there  is 
no  reason  to  doubt  but  that  the  Delaware  marls. 
which  are  geologically  identical  with  those  of  New- 
Jersey,  may  be  equally  rich  in  this  last  substance. 
^^'llell  used,  liberal  dressings  of  tlu' land  should 
be  made  before  plowing,  in  this  wav  a  large 
amount  of  potash  is  introduced  into  the  soil,  which, 
while  at  first  insoluble,  or  not  directly  available, 
becomes  slowly  set  free  by  decomposition,  and 
renders  it  available  to  plants. 

The  effects  of  the  marl  are,  theref  ire,  lasting, 
and  when  ajiplied  every  few  years  permanent.  A 
careful  inquiry  into  the  results  obtained  from  the 
application  of  marl  upon  some  of  the  Delaware 
farms  has  convinced  the  writer  that  good  results 
can  be  reached  by  its  use.  As  a  direct  ami  imme- 
diate source  of  potash,  green  sand  is  not  to  be 
compared,  by  the  rule  of  commercial  valuation, 
with  the  easily  soluble  kaiiiil;  but  as  an  easily 
available  and  cheap  material  for  the  culture  and 
permanent  improvement  of  land,  green  sand  marl 
is  a  material  worthy  of  the  attention  of  those  far- 
mers of  the  .State  w-hose  lands  are  underlaid  by  it. 

The  Tertiary. — All  that  portion  of  the  .State 
lying  south  of  the  lower  limit  of  the  marl  beds,  as 
already  pointed  out,  is  underlaid  by  the  Tertiarv, 
of  both  Pliocene  and  probable  I'liocene  age. 

The  northern  half  of  this  area,  which  is  iKirdered 
on  the  south  by  a  line  running  not  far  t'rom  the 
course  of  Murderkill  Creek,  is  underlaid  bv  a  dral) 
or  white  clay  deposit  of  from  ten  to  twenty  feet  in 
thicknos.-,  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from  such 
well-reeords  a<  have'  eumeto  the  writer's  attention, 
Thi-  .lepii-it  t-oiitains  in  places  abundant  f  i>-il~ 
futiicieiit  to  deiermine  its  Mioeeiie  ai'e  ;  it  aLo 
overlies,  probably  iin.''onf'ormably,  the  marl.     This 


HISTORY  OF  Di:r.AWARF:. 


hijrhly  phi^tic  clay  can  he  k 
crcoUi  of  Kent  Luunty  ami 
County. 

Along  thu  rre.ks  at  Sniyrn: 
freiiuently  ex|ii>r-(l,  whi-re  iia 
studied.  In  it?  pui\T  I'.irnis  ii 
mirable  potter'.- clay,  and  con.- 
supply,  underlying:  as  it  dots  the  v 
County,  its  \alue  for  that  ]Hirpose  is  worthy  ol  the 
consideration  of  potters  abroad  and  at  home. 
South  of  the  latitude  of  MurderkiU  Creek,  repre- 
senting the  whole  of  Su.-?ex  County,  we  meet  with 
a  later  de])nsit  of  the  Tertiary  of  probably  Plio- 
cene age. 

This  is  reprer-ented  by  an  uppcnno.-t  layer  of 
blue  clay,  and  an  under  deposit  of  ,>;la-#  sand. 

The  blue  clay  varies  iu  thickue^.^  from  ihr.  e  to 
ten  feet,  and  often  runs  into  a  black  hog  mud, 
while  less  often  it  becomes  of  a  light  drab  hue.  In 
its  upper  portion  it  contains  nests  of  the  modern 
oyster  in  a  verv  friable  condition,  and  which  Prof. 
Heilprin,of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  considers  as  of  a  somewluit  antiijue  char- 
acter. 

Underlying  the  blue  clay  is  the  glass  sand,  which, 
so  far  as  the  writer's  knowledge  goes,  has  been 
penetrated  to  a  depth  of  forty  feet. 

It  is  a  pure  white  glass  sand,  and  would  be  of 
great  value  in  manufacturing  were  it  easily  acces- 
sible. It  seldom,  if  ever,  comes  to  the  surface, 
owing  to  the  overlying  clay  deposit,  which  rises  to 
just  about  tide-level.  "Where  the  uppermost  grav- 
els and  loams  of  Susses  County  are  thin,  howevei-, 
it  miglit  be  found  near  enough  to  the  surface  to  be 
readily  worked.  At  any  rate,  this  point  is  well 
worthy  of  the  time  necessary  for  prospecting. 

Iron  Ova:  r>i;Ds. — The  ore  beds  of  the  State  are 
found  only  in  New  Castle  and  Susse-x  Counties,  and 
are  entirely  bog-ores,  ^Yhich  are  of  two  kinds 
"  dome"  and  "  layer."  The  Ibrmer  is  found  luostly 
in  New  Castle  County  ;  the  latter  in  Sussex  County. 
The  outlying  spurs  of  the  Archean  Kocks,  Iron 
and  Chestnut  Hills,  which  rise  abruptly  aliove  the 
plain  iu  the  vicinity  of  A\'hite  Clay  Creek  in  IVn- 
cadcr  Hundred,  New  Castle  County,  were  known 
to  contain  ore  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  that 
part  of  the  State,  and  the  hjrnier  is  mentioned  in 
official  records  and  papei-s  in  ICfll. 
forge  and  furnace  were  built  at  the 
ore  was  mined  and  smelted  for  a'^out  ten  years. 
They  were  then  aban.loned,  and  ill  1>41.  the  jiits 
and  adjacent  property  w-ere  purcha-ed  hy  David 
\V.,od,  an  iron-n,a-tcr'of  Philadelphia,  by  whom 
they     were    o]. crated    for   maiiv    years,    and    were 

known     as    "  W i'sOre    Pit;.""    In     l.sT'i,     the 

property  ].a---ed  to  the  proprietors  of  the  Principio 
Furnace,     l>y    whom    they   are    still     owned     and 


.•en    only   alon-    the 

a  mile  west  of  Ir 

on    Hill.)    nun 

ly    y 

lower    New   Ca.tle 

1^7::,  the  «cuk  . 

.f  miiiin-alhU 

hipp 

pun  on  ,,uite  a 

large    ,eale,  ai 

id    c 

I  and   at  Dover  it  is 

1^S4. 

.(Ualitics  can  be  well 

In  Su.scx  Con 

mty.alon-    the 

^trc 

t  would  make  an  ad- 

westerly  into  liie 

■  C"hc~a|„  ake    1 

'.ay    : 

•idering  its  luilimilt il 

Nantieoke    II  m 

;(lud.   1:.  g-(,ri- 

I'hp 

3   the  whole  of  Kent 

known  to  exist  f 

rom  alioiit  the 

mid. 

In    17 
.lace. 


mis  that  tlow 
,nd  lai-L'clv  in 
erj  haye  I'.ccu 
le   of  the    last 

,  large  ([uantitics 

iie  iron  shippi 


of  ore  were  raiM_d,  smelted  ainl  tiie  iron  shipped  to 
England.  The  blockading  of  the  Chesapeake, 
comjielled  the  abandonment  of  the  furnaces,  and 
the  mining  of  ore  and  the  manufacture  of  iron,  was 
not  again  renewed  until  the  beginning  of  the 
]>re^ent  century,  when  forges  and  furnaces  were 
built  and  large  cjuautities  of  ore  raised,  some  of 
wliich  was  smelted  iu  the  forges  in  the  vicinity  but 
tile  larger  portion  shijiped  to  New  Jersey.  The 
lauds  from  which  the  later  forges  procured  their 
ores  were  those  worked  before  the  Ptevolutiou. 
Collins  forge,  which  went  out  of  blast  about  PSoO, 
was  the  laat  to  abandon  the  manufacture  of  iron 
in  Sussex  County.  ^Many  of  the  lauds,  about 
1.^21,  passed  to  iron  masters  of  New  Jersey,  who 
raised  and  shipped  the  ore  to  their  furnaces  in 
that  State  long  after  the  abandonment  of  all  the 
forges  in  the  lower  parts  of  Delaware.  No  ore 
has  been  raised  in  Su-sex  and  Kent  County  for 
several  year?,  as  the  \isible  supply  was  nearly 
exhausted;  but  new  deposits  are  slowly  being 
made,  and  at  some  future  time  the  iron  industry 
may  again  be  mtide  a  source  of  profit  to  the  State. 
It  may  be  of  interest  to  the  people  of  the  region 
where  these  ores  are  found,  to  know  iu  what  other 
localities  similar  ores  are  worked  and  how  they  are 
formed.  Professor  J.  P.  Lesley,  an  eminent 
authority,  in  the  "Iron  ^Manufacturers  Guide." 
published  iu  1859,  enumerated  the  diflisreut  kiuds 
of  ore  ai 

■M.     Tlie 


folic 


I.,.-lc; 


operate 
Ore 


found  on  CI 


kn.ill 


THE  OKOLOuY   OF  Ul<;l.A^V"A  Ri 


finolil.'  nuxii.fc'  ere  l<  l'  11,,:  cbajCLiil  Hiriinc>-s  in  lL.-]r  ..ci;,liLu.l.uu.i  ; 
butowiugtotlie  sulphur  tiny  cun.im.nly  ccnliiiD  make  i,i!;.T  Eeulr.i; 
ores  run  red-.-hort,  and,  tin  rcf..ie,  •■lioiild  be  ni'xed  only  wiili  coid  sl.nrt 
Hiiid  ores.  Bv  t'De  uf  these  liai^i  y  adar.taticns  which  extite  our  plfe;i3 
urable  adniiration  for  the  laws  -which  Ku\trn  the  n  alt-rial  world,  these 
U-ff  dapo»iI3  fortunately  are  int>t  ctniiiLn  in  rej. ions  which  exhibit 
hfavy  silicious  ores  of  cold  short  temper." 

The  ores  of  tliis  nature  inentioned  above,  as  the 
"  dome  "  and  formed  by  a  nicchnnical  prooesn,  are 
found  mostly  in  the  north \\-estern  part  of  Dela^vare 
in  the  vicinity  of  Injn  Hill.  Profe.rsor  James  C. 
Booth  in  his  report  of  1841  .-^nvs: 

"  This  elevation  consists  oi'  clay.-,  .-^and  and 
gravel,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  abundance  of 
boulders  of  iron-stone  and  ferruginous  quartz  scat- 
tered over  its  flanks,  the  latter  of  which  was 
probably  at  one  time  of  good  quality,  but  through 
exposure  to  atmospheric  agents,  has  been  rendered 
valueless.  An  excavation  has  been  made  on  the 
summit  for  the  extraction  of  inm  ore  to  the  i.lepth 
of  40  to  oO  feet,  which  enables  us  to  estimate  the 
character  of  this  singular  hill.     .     .     . 

"  Nodules  of  iron  ore  are  aluindantlv  ;li.~triliuted 
through  the  whole  forniatinu;  it  i?  of  a  vhe.-tnut- 
brown  color  ( sometimes  bluei.-h-blaek  from  the  pres- 
ence of  manganese),  hard  and  tough  ;  may  be  con- 
sidered a  moderately  hard  ore,  being  both  siliceous 
and  argillaceous;  the  nodules  frequently  enclose 
an  oehrey  clay,  more  rarely  a  black  eartli  contain- 
ing manganese.  Large  quantities  of  the  ore  have 
already  been  ex[iorted."  , 

Professor  Le.-ley  continues  in  regard  to  laver 
ore : 

"  But  ore  of  another  kind  is  deposited  upon  the 
white  clay  or  white  sand  floor  of  peat  I.iul's,  lakes 
and  swamps  of  every  kind  iu  tertiary,  and  other 
low  and  gravelly  parts  of  the  earth's  surface.  In 
Etistern  :Massaclius..-lts  the  ohk-st  fur'i;i'-es  were 
built  to  smelt  such  ores.  In  Xew  Jer.-ev  and 
Delaware  they  have  been  wrouirht  manv  years. 
The  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  is  lined  with  fur- 
naces built  on  deposits  of  this  order.  In  true  peat 
bogs  a  cake  or  pau  of  peroxide  of  in.n  i,~  found  at 
the  bottom,  and  every  tree-trunk  is  ilved  bhirk  «ith 
it.  The  waters  which  feed  the.-e  bog.-  hriu-  into 
them  from  the  ferruginous  sand  hill,-,  bv  which 
tliey  are  inlocked,  emiugh  of  iron  to  suppiv  certain 
llll.•^o^copir  animals  with  the  mati  rial  th.-v  reouire 


for  chi'ir  fcrro-^ilirrous  sl-.ield -.  and  tliese,  upon  the 
dc-ath  i.f  til"  \[i:\'-  e.>-.-;tiins,  fill  in  a  fine  powd-r 
to  the  l>.,;t(,i,i  of  !h.'  bi.-g  or  are  ctirried  into  the 
pores  of  t;^-  tii'.otr  !■  cimt.iius."  ' 

The  ores  of  thio  .^i.ate  are  not,  however,  those 
formed  ia  pest  s\\;'a;ps  but  are  better  de.scriind  by 
Profes.sor  .}>f.u\,::^  C.  Booth  in  his  report  in  1.^41'. 
L'nder  the  head  of  •'  L'pper  cSands,"'  he  writes  : 

'•The  ores  of  imn  tbuml  in  various  parts  of 
Sussex  (.'ouoty  iu  coiisideriible  quantity,  and  par- 
tiouiavly  on  the  di\:-iing  ridge,  claim  attention  as 
•'.■■vx-i!i'r  yie'ded  and  still  introducing  some  revenue 
into  the  Stare.  The  most  remarkable  are  those 
situated  a  lev.-  miles  northwest  of  Georgetown, 
near  the  sources  of  several  strea^us  tlowiiig  \vesterlv, 
which,  being  on  elevated  and  level  land,  spread 
themse'ves  in  broad  and  shallow  basins  covered 
'.vith  a  stratum  of  black  argillaceous  mould.  The 
ore  fbund  below  this  black  soil  is  of  various  kinds, 
hard  or  sohd.  gravelly  and  loam  ore.  The  hard 
variety,  which  exists  in  great  abundance,  forms  a 
aoiid  substratum  to  the  mould  from  sis  to  eight 
inches  or  more  in  thickness;  it  is  hard,  moderately 
tough,  of  a  rich  brown  color  and  resinous  lustre, 
with  au  uneven,  conchoidal  fracture;  sometimes 
compact ;  often  cellular  in  structure ;  composed 
essentially  of  peroxide  of  iron  and  water.  Aa 
analysis  of  this  variety  of  ore  from  the  Clowes  bed 
(in  the  western  part  of  Broadkihi  Hundred),  per- 
formed by  E.  Mayer,  yielded  peroxide  of  iron,  ^0 
per  cent.;  water,  15  per  cent.;  silica,  5  per  cent., 
and  of  alumina  a  trace,  which  may  be  viewed  as 
the  average  composition  of  the  same  kind  found 
in  other  localities.  The  amount  of  metallic  iron 
in  the  above  is  55j  jier  cent.,  but  when  sulijected 
to  i-oastiug  the  remaining  ore  will  yield  nearly  06 
per  cent.  The  gravelly  ore  consists  of  irregular 
masses  of  a  similar  ore  of  the  size  of  a  nut  and 
smaller,  disseminated  in  a  yellow  ferruginous  loam, 
but  containing  rather  more  argillaceous  matter,  is 
softer  and  more  reatlilv  worked. 

"Ihe  loam  ore,  whirh  i-  -till  solter  than  the  pre- 
cedino-,  is  a  yellow  ot-hre  or  clay  highly  char-ed 
with  hydrated  jit-ruxide  of  iron.  For  workin-j-  in 
the  furnace  tiie-eveial  kimlsare  luiii-letl  to-etlier, 
which  not  only  facilitates  the  reduction  by  tluxing, 
buL  results  in  the  production  of  a  better  quality  ol 
iron,  ^'arious  names  have  been  given  to  the  ores 
of  Mi.-sox,  more  dependent  on  ditierences  in  their 
external  form  and  other  characters  of  the  ore, 
which  first  renders  itself  perceiitible  iu  the  metal; 
it  is  that  matter  wliirh  forms  a  cold. short  metal,  and, 

or  ar.-eiiic.  but- analysi-   has  not    hitherto  detected 


Sb 


lllsToUY  OF   I>i:L.V\VArJ 


their  prfscnee  in  the  ore.  The  liaril  ur  -uli.l  variety 
is  very  apt  Xo  ]iri"luce  such  a  inrtal,  Imt  iiy  !ni\in:x 
with  the  softer  kinds,  the  n.-uU  is  a  -mi  1  inuilraiiie 
iron  when  worked  in  a  forL'e. 

"Collins"  ore  bed,  the  Idw.  st  on  tlir  tiieen 
Meadow  braneh  of  I)eep  Creek  (,i:i  ^anii'.'ke 
Hundred),  consists  e'lietlv  of  a  si. lid  loam  ore 
which  is  principally  \\roU'.'lit  at  Collins'  lor.- —a 
hard,  compact  ore,  vi^-ry  rioh  in  iron.  I>iit  --.'.'i  to 
yield  a  cold,  short  nieral,  and  of  a  small  (juant'ty 
of  sandy  ore.  There  are  many  otlier  deposits  of 
ore  in  various  parts  of  Sussex,  such  as  that  on 
Green  liraneh, about  ten  miles  west  of  ^Iillsboruu_di, 
the  best  of  which  is  in  ball^  or  nodules  and  yields 
good  metal ;  that  on  Burton's  branch,  one  mile 
west  of  the  same  town,  makini;  a  cold,  short  iron  ; 
that  on  Little  Creek,  near  Laurel,  and  others  iu 
which  the  characters  are  referable  to  those  given 
above.     .     .     . 

"The  raising  of  ore  in  quantity  wa-  ronunenecd 
about  1814,  since  which  time  nearly  _'iin,()i)U  tuns 
have  been  rai^ed,  about  r.to.i.njij  of  wliirh  were  ex- 
ported, introducing  not  less  than  St.JOO,Ul)0  into  the 
State." 

At  the  time  IMr.  Bo(jth  made  his  report  little  was 
known  concerning  the  manufacture  of  iion  before 
the  Revolution  and  mining  of  the  bog  ores.  A 
full  account  of  the  mining  of  ore  and  manufacture 
of  iron  will  be  found  in  histories  of  the  hun- 
dreds in  which  the  furnaces  and  forges  were 
located. 

The  Quaterxary.— Overlying  all  of  the  f  ir- 
mations  of  the  State,  and  forming  its  soil,  is  a  broad 
sheet  of  gravelly  deposits,  whose  average  tliickness 
is  about  twenty-tive  feet.  In  New  Castle  County 
these  gravels  have  received  the  name  of  Delaware 
gravels,  from  their  identity  with  like  de[H.sits  along 
the  Delaware  River  valley.  Here  we  distinguish 
two  layers — an  upper  brick  clay,  called  the  Phila- 
delphia brick  clay,  and  an  under  red  sand  and 
gravel.  The  brick  clay  layer  has  a  thickness  vary- 
ing from  two  to  six  feet,  bur  with -an  averaL'c  of 
about  three  feet.  It  varies  from  a  .-titf  brick  clay 
to  a  loam  of  remarkable  richne-s,  which  firms  tiie 
soil  of  Xew  Castle  County.  It  often  becomes  quite 
gravelly,  containing  frequently  quartzose  boulders 
and  cobble-stones  of  huge  size.  Tin'  red  sand  has 
an  average  thickness  of  about  twenty  feet,  and  is 
characterized  by  its  color.  Tin-  saml  i>  ot'tcn  quite 
fine,  again  coarse  and  running  into  gravel ;  it  -hows 
frequent  cross  bedding,  and  indicates  the  ai^'iicy  of 
swift,  shifting  currents  in  its  depo-ition.  The  Dchi- 
ware  graveL  extend  up  the  slopes  of  the  Areheaii 
hills  to  an  average  elevation  of  two  hundred  feet, 
which  represents  the  heii'lit  of  the  waters  of  (Qua- 
ternary time. 

Over  Kent  County  the  gravels  maintain  an 
cciual  thickness:   the  brick-lay  layer,  however,  be- 


loam,  this  dep<,>it  forminL'the  rich  peach  la. id  of 
Kent  County. 

In  .<  lutlicrn  K.-nt  County  the  two  members  of 
the  (Quaternary  _'rav(  Is  m.Tge  iiuo  a  sim:le  de- 
posit of  a  hi-hly  gravdly  or  lo:imy  character, 
this  feature  continuing  over  the  whole  of  Sus-ex 
Countv. 

To  explain  the  mode  of  di'po-Ition  of  these  grav- 
els, we  me-t  umld>taiid  that  darin-j  the  Glacial 
epoch,  what  i^  iciw  the  Delaware  River  had  its 
source  near  1'..  Ividere,  at  tlie  lower  limit  of  the  ice. 
sheet:  that  it  ^lood  one  hundred  iind  fiftv  feet 
In-I..  r  than  at  pre-ent,  and  had  a  width  of  "some- 
thing like  ten  miles. 

Atthe,-anie  time,  what  is  now  the  Delaware  and 
.Maryland  Peninsula,  became  submerLred,  forming 
an  e-tuary,  like  the  tliesapeake;  into  tlii.-  the 
swollen  Delaware  Kiver  emjitied.  carrying  wiili  it 
its  loads  of  detritu-,  which  it  s[)read  out  over  the 
Peninsula. 

I'own  this  (,)uaternary  river  icebergs  floated, 
carryiiiir  burdens  of  boulders,  which  they  dropped 
at  i)oints  over  the  entire  State. 

Besides  this  universal  sheet  of  gravel  covering 
all  three  counties,  we  find  over  the  high  Archean 
hills  isclated  patches  of  gravel,  which  are  much 
older.  This  is  called  the  Potomac  formation  by 
W.  T.  ]MeGee,  from  its  fine  exposures  along  the 
Potomac  River.  ]McGee  has  shown  that  these  iso- 
lated patches  of  gravel  are  contemporaneous  with 
the  phustic  clays  of  the  Lower  Cretaceous,  when 
the  clays  exti  nded  farther  north,  so  as  to  reach 
over  the  high  hills  of  Dilaware. 

The  materials  of  the  Potomac  gravels  are  quite 
like  those  of  the  Delaware  gravels,  but  the  two  can 
easily  be  distiuL'uished,  from  the  fact  that  the  Po- 
tomac gravel  patches  reach  an  elevation  of  from 
three  hundred  to  four  hundred  feet,  while  the  Del- 
aware gravels  never  reach  that  elevation,  but  have 
a  maximum  elevation  of  two  hundred  and  twenty 
feet  above  tide. 


CHAPTLi:   III. 


THK    ABonii,INi;s. 

A  V.\sr,  my.-terii.iu-.  barbarian  race,  the  aborig- 
ine- of  the  We^-tern  Continent,  emerged  gradually 
tV,.m  blank- ol.-curiiv  into  the  clear  liL:ht  of  knowi- 
,.l::e.  and  lie-an  to  ti.nire  upon  the  pa-e- of  hi- 
torv  with  th-  other  peoples  of  the-  earth,  when  the 
pioneer  navi-ator,  ,,f  the  Old  Worl-l  touched  the 
shores  of  the  New-. 

At  the  dawt'i  of  the  historic  era,  which  .so  far  as 


TlIK  ABORKIINKS. 


it.  first  i:UMnii..L'  in  tlie  .-i.l'.vnt  ..f  H  nrv  llii,l-n„ 
„|Mm  tlie  Dclawaiv  an.l  the  Noitli  Klvr.  rl,.'  In- 
dian.* uccupvini:  thr  rnnutrv  \v;iri'i-.'il  liv  llicsr 
.rn-M  stiviuu^  uer..  .hinlv 'of  ilir  AlL'.Mn|nin-, 
l^enni-L^napr  .„■,  u>  tiuv  iuuv  l>..n  n.ore  o-ni- 
nionlv  calkd,  I  >rlawar. -,  an.l  tho  An.la.-trs,  In- 
quois'or  Five  or  Six  Nations/ 

The  former  fxt.n.1,.1  tVnni  tlir  lou.-r  IIu,i-^-.n  t- 
tlie  Potomac,  l>nt  tli-v  aopraf  to  liavr  1h-,ii  ren- 
tralized  npnii  th.'  I).'lau:nv  lliv.r  and  liav.  luu- 
ticularlv  tlh'  fnrmri-,  ^\llil,■  tluir  kiii-nim  tli-  Xan- 


ticoiies  had 


ter  and  occupied  at  that  laily  [uriod  iiiu'li  nt'  the 
territory  now  inelnd.d  in  tlie  -oniliLrn  ]iarts  ot' 
Dekwarean.maryhmd  and  tlie  ea-teni  .hore  of 
the  Chesap'^alie.  in  th.'  hitter  re^don  ln-inL'-  inter- 
spersed with  the  ManL-'iiiTs  or  Minu'oes  ;  i.iltfii  these 
were  called  the  Siisiiuehanoas.  The  Leuui  Leiitipe 
may  thus  be  said,  in  a  ^-eneral  way,  to  have  held 
dominion  over  the  fore^t-eovered  hills  and  plains  in 
what  is  now  southeastern  Xew  York,  nearly  the 
whole  of  New  Jersey,  all  of  Pennsylvania  east  of 
the  Susquehanna  and  much  of  the  reuion  included 
in  the  State  which  is  the  i^peeial  province  of  thi- 
work.  It  was  not,  h'.iWL-v.'r,  an  undisputed  domin- 
ion. Their  great  north. -ni  lu-iL'-ldiors,  die  Iroipioi-, 
were  their  implacLdil.'  t  .imiiis,  and  often  w  a^ed 
war  against  them,  repiat.'dly  rodiieiiiL''  and  iin- 
miliating  them,  so  thtit  hy  a  century  and  a  half 
after  the  first  authentic  knowledge  of  tlie  Luiiape 
was  obtained,  they  had  sunk  into  comparative 
^  insignificance.      The  Iroi|Uois  occupied    th.,-  re-ion 

;  of   the  Up]ier  Hudson   ujion   its  west   -liore,  and 

their  villages  sparsely  dotted  the  wilderne.~-  nortli- 
wanl,  to  and  beyond  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  west- 
ward to  the  great  lakes,  their  principtil  popula- 
tion being  within  what  is  now  the  State  of  Xew 
I  York. 

When  Henry  Ilnd-  .n.  in  September,  1(500,  after 
\  entering  and  examiuiiiL'- the  Dehiware  liav,  skirt- 

I  cd  the  Atlantic  Coast,  sailed  up  the  r.^yai  river 

;  that   bears   his  name  and    rode   at   anrlu.i-  in   the 

I  majestic  tide,  he  tom-lad  th.'  northern  and  eastern 

I  e.Ktreinity  of  the  land  ot' the  Lenape.     The  Indians 

j  whom   he  met  there  and  upon  the  islanii  where  it 

I  came  about  that    Xrw   York  was  built,  were    of 

I  that   nation,  and   with    tlimi    were   .ome  of   their 

\  iViends  the  Mohicans  or  M..he-ans. 

;  Full  of  sim[)le  sublimity  and   lofty  poetry  was 

1  '  "Tlic    nai.iQ    '  Delavvnn-5,-   wlii.h   Wi-    sive  to   Ihv-  ■,»•.  t.l","  sivs 

i  II-:k.-Mf|.ler,  "if  koown  in  th.!r  invn  luiiLniase  ;  *  »  th-v  rl,',..iL-l.t  tiie 

«Iiii.-1u„1k,v.ii  ,r  t..il,.:u  :„.l,T,M,.i.  l.ut  ll.i-y   wiTf   r-.o>,cile,l  to  it, 


.ti-anu^e    pale-fe^d    m.'n,    in     dn-,    b.arin-    a.id 

s| rh  dilKa-rnt  from   th-ir  own,  who  rainr  in  th.? 

'■  win-.'d  ean...s"  to  th.-ir  sle.n-.  In  th.-lr  a^oii- 
i-hm..,Uth..veall.Ml  .,ut  t.,  .m.'  an..th,r,  "  U.^ohl  I 
th..  (J.hN  aiv  eonu'  t..  vi-il  n^!"  Th.-y  at  fir.-t 
e..nMd.a-.-d  ih.-e  hith.Tt..  unkin.wn  b.aii-- a>  me^- 
sen..rers  of  peace  <■  nt  t..  tlfiii  fr.mi  th.'  al....le  of 
the^Cxreat  Spirit,  an. 1  u.  l.-.,m,.l  au.l  hn,„,n,l  tie  m 
withsaeriHeial  f.aM-  an.l  with  uift-.  Hu.l-ou  n- 
o.n-d,;{  that  aln.v.'  th,-  H  !■■  hIan.K  "  tli.-v  f.un.l  a 
verv  l.A-in-  p.M.pK^  an.l  verv  .,ld  men,  ami  were 
^^,■n  ii-.'.l.-' 

The-allant  Dut.'h  iiavi-at..r  ami  .li,eoverer  was 
n.it  t..  be  out.h.nr  in  .-iviiity  ;ind  -Lai.;r<.sity.  He 
gave  the  w..n.liTin-  .-ava'.;.;S   pr.'SeiU.   an.l   put    to 

ably  Hidlaud  -.■hnapp-  -in,— tint-  intr.i.lueing  at 
thi'  via-v  ineepti.jn  ..f  his  aciiuaiiitance  with  them 
.in.'  .if  the  destructive  and  important  character- 
istii-  of  civilization, — the  art  of  becoming  drunk. 
The  savages  reciprocated  by  extending  the  tobacco- 
pipe,  and  thus  the  Old  \Vorld  and  the  New  each 
gave  the  other  a  much-prized  new  vice. 

As  has  been  heretofore  intimated,  actual  knowl- 
edge of  these  people— their  history— begins  with 
the  coming  of  Henry  Hudson,  and  such  informa- 
tion as  we  have  concerning  them  in  after-years  i^ 
atii.nled  by  the  other  early  adventurers  and  set- 
tl.'i-.,  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  Of  the  origin 
(jr  di-rivati.jn  ..f  the  race — of  its  earlv  movements 
—there  i..  ab-..lutely  n..  .lata,  .udy  an  illimitable 
fiel.l  fir  wihl  conjecture  ;  and  concerning  the 
atliiirs  of  the  several  nations,  even  during  the 
peri.jil  closely  preceding  the  discovery  and  occu- 
pancy of  the  country,  the  Indians  were  able  t.> 
give  only  vague  and  fanciful  traditi.jns,  some  of 
them  corroborated  as  to  essentials  by  evidence 
from  other  sources.  Ofthi~ela.--  is  th.-  Delawares' 
traditionary  account  of  th.'  migrati.m  of  tli.ir 
peo[)le  and  the  Meugwe  or  Iro..piois  from  the  f  ir 
west  to  the  east,  which  there  is  external  evidence 
for  believing  in  the  main  true.  We  present  this 
with  some  other  D.dawaro  leL'end<  befirc  drawini' 
upon  the  accounts  of  tin-  Dutrli.  Swe.l.s  an.l  Kn.:- 
lish  fir  a  deseripti..n  <.f  the  hMian  chartieter  and 
mann.r  of  lit!'. 

The  L.iiap.'  elaini.-.l  gnat  aiiti.piity  ami  super- 
iority over  ..ther  ab.iri-inal  nati.m.-.  In.lce.l,  the 
name  Leiini  Lenape  i  .-.netime^  R.  iini  K.  iia|i;.i  < 
signifies  "the  original  p.opl.-"  ,a-  ■•  in.ii  ..f  men" 
— a  race  of  liunum  li.inLr>  ^^h"  aiv  ili.  .-ame  that 
thev  were  in  th.'  b.  -iunin-  unehan-e.l  an.l  un- 
mixed. Thev  a'-.rt.<l  that  thev  ha.l  .xi-te.l  fr..m 
th..  b.;.in.,in'_r.,t-tim.',  an.l  .uany  In.lian  uati.m.-. 
the  Miamis.  \Vyau.|..t.-,  Shawam/.e  an.l  more  than 

JTI,..-  L...U  I.n,,.,  I,,,ii.l.'.l  .l.i.wi  tl.e  tr.i.litiuM  ul  tl...ir  ri-«-i.liuji  uf 


jQ                                                        mSTOUV  OF  KKLAWARi:. 

,..,  „„ , ... ;;■.:':;.;;;:-:;:;'. -'■-»;  t ,:J:;.7!U'rc\:::i:. 'in":::';:':-;: 

tUllutV    UU.l    rMrd    Ilui.i       (.l,UiM,.iui  n,,,n,  -lir  Mltin"  Mill 

,•"•             »■      1            1,-    .,r    ,,(■    ill,-    irit  1.11-    IMHiIl     the  (ilir-t  ot  Imni   illi    MUni-.nii. 

tnulitiun   ot    llic  ;ia\riit    ..l    lli>    ^u^uu        '      ,         i  Mvd,  ■  w  to  their  ..ri-iu  ;w  urihIi'Ts  ot  the  hnman 

Dehuvare  ami  the  eu.-teni  .ea-eoa.-t  is  ihh  tieal  .i  i.^  f.„;,ii,._,V,,i,   ,.n.ati..n— .■xi-tr,l   anion-   the   DMa- 

intcrestiug      :f'^^>"  ^^'f  ;.';^;';',  ^J;;',;  ■;;''■    tCliuav  ^va.■eJ  \n   .reat  vari.ty.atte.tin^   the   ,,fo„ei,e-  of 

y^-^^^°^''"';r';^^:    :."\va    a--t    e  U. ■;  -->    thi.    ha,-hana„    ,eo,,l...  n.  eoiun.on   .ith   al 

country  beyon,!  the  1  allK    ol  W  at   1       t  ,,ivili,,,l   raee,~,  to  .-,,eeulaie   upon   the   niy.te.y  ot 

^,.,    o.    M,-M.,p,u-an.l    near    ^l;;-        '     .^ 'l;   »      ^^^^^   ,„„.    ,„,J,„    , K.   the    unl.no.ahle. 

which  the  -"''-"^.'■^"'>;"^;,  /,,■:„„,;.  Thev  eUmn  that  th.v  o:n..,-.v,l  .■■on.  a  eave   nt   the 

long  heton.  tho  ^'"^^   ■';;,;;       ;;,.  ,,,,,,  eat-th.  like  tl,..  uoo.leioiek  a,.!  .n.un.l  .,ninvl  :  to 

traveled  easlxNaril.  ^eokln_' a  l.ui.      laii    .  .,„.,„,-   In.in    a   Miail    that   «a>    tian-lnnueil 

theirpropliet-haatoia.lion,     ,na.-tl,eyn,ae,  ^  V,,;",  i„„„^  „„,„,„,„,„,.„  ,he  my.t.fie- 

the  western  >hore  ot  tlie  ureat  M.-M-nri  th.>  ma  |'|,'-^^-'^^^_|^^^^^^,  ,^^^^,  ^^^^_  ,^^,,,,    ,,^.  ^,  i„,,,,i,,,„t  .pi.-it, 

another   niiuhtNaKitiouoiinen   .4  ^  li,,.!  'that  'M,h..Muen.ly   he   ua.    ree-ive,!    into    the 

istence  thev  liail  he.n  in  i-ieaaa.i.      ^ '"       I      I  j^_    ^  ,.    ^.^^^    i„,.ivi.r    ami    niarri.  .1     hi<    tavonte 

theysayweretliej/w,;;e.,  ,„■I,^..,uo,-,an.^th,-^^a.  ^^^^-^^^^^^      \,.,.nlin^  to  another  l.^eml.  a  Nvoiuan 

the  first  meeting  ut   tlie-e  tuo^  nali-n-,  -l. -^  ^^  .   ^^^^^  ^-^^^-^  ^^^^  ,,^,„,1|,,1  fn.ni  heaven  i-  hoverin.-  in  mia- 

remaill  in  the  east  tor  e.  ntniie-   a^  n.    _              -  ,.1,.,,,^  ,,t'  ;U'-'-^'  ^^''tei'^^.  theix^   hein-  no 

enemies.     Tlrey  J"-;--'    •;'   I";,;  r;;';;!';  ,  arth  to  J.l.nl  her  a  re^m.-plaee.    At  thi.  entienl 

warfare  nor  tnena.-l,i|.,  hut   pi-ontl,,    tl.\  ■„„,.„,,,,   i„  t'„.  raiver  ..f  the'   Lenape   i,ro-ei;itor.-, 

that  they  must   nuite   th.  ir   toie..-  aLeun-l    a   e.me  ■'"".'^^^^'^^^^.^,  ■^,^^^_;  j.^,  ,^,  j,,,.  ^..,,t^.  ,l,.|,ths  aiia  i.lae.a 

men  enemy.     Ea.t  of  tlie  lather  ot        aier-  t  ie>  .   g  -^    ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^   ^.^^^    ^^^^^^^  -^^   ^^^  _    ,,.rviee,  aiul 

discovered  a  race  ealle,!   the  Alle-wi,  "';'-"l'>^'^'^'^  ''^  ^^^  ,]J,.ru,\<-A  upon  it  ana  ina-le  it  her  aho.le.    'Hu' 

vast   domain    and   tn^    only   Mron...'    "|   ;|'""   ;'  ;_^^,^  ^,             „„  ,,,„  .,„,,;„,,  „f  ^he  glol)e-coverin^ 

than    them-elves,    Imt    ..|naU>     iia\i       n  >  1,.,,.,,  ,,.1,-   attaeh.  a   thom.-lves  to  the  mai-ni 

skilled  in  .ar.  Thev  leid,  indee.l.  tortihea  toun.  -'.-■;;;;,!'  -;'^^;^^  ;,/^,  ^,  ^^^^^^^.^  ^^^j^^.^j  .p,,, 
and  numerous  stronLa,; .Id-.'      Ihe-  AlU-ui  leuuit^     ^^^  ^   ,,.,:,„„,',;-  of  sea-weed,  and  alfuf  the  jioh.m, 

ted  a  part  of  the  emi-ratimj  nation,  to  1'-'-      '^^  ,,nhe'ia  imal  .>eean  accumidatcd  until  the  dry  lami 

border  of  their  coniitry,  and  liav.n;.'  ""'Y''"~' '  .j  „,,,,,.,,„.;  .„ia  after  a-es  had  passed,  all  of  that 
division  of  their  antagonists,  leU   upon      ;|.-          ^      ^  ;      '  ^;^   ;,;^,,  ^^.j^;^,,   ,,,„,titnte.    North   Atm.riea 

great  furv  to  annihilate  them.  Lnt  t  a  m,i  n  ho,  >  a  t  i  ^^^  _^^ 
!fthealhedMe,,gweamlLenape,allvin..i-,.,nte      --;•-;;;;;;;  ;;;-\l::-^, .,,„..-- of  le. -it,:- 

first  shock,  made  resistance  ^Mth  .ueh  .h-p,  i.it.  amiu  a,..,,  J,vi.  of  va-t  dnratio.,,  hioken 
ener.vthatthey  defeated  theAlle.^i, ami -....pin.-  '^''''Y''  (j  ,;V'n  1  hieh  ^luMva- viMted  hv  a -piri. 
them  fbrsvar.1  as  the  ^vind  does   the  dry  leav  .  <.t     .m  >^  '-^jl. '  p|^;  'p'-oP  nhove  the  skie.,  aiei  ot'  tl: 


along   and  l)lo,.a\   \\.a  \\on\ut<iN  ^,,„„„„   .,ll    ,1,..    nat  on- ot 


dioni    have  si.ning   all    the    na 


tl...  earth 


untifthey  had  not  -^y ;■-'■'>,,;-:''-;; ;,;;;  I  ".;;;,u::ri;!::;i'ti::;;r:at  Spirit  i.  ,.,.pr,-ent.. , 

well-niLdi  exterminated  them,      iii'-ii   <  oumi.  ,  ^          th.' taer  ot'theuaM-  in  the 

which  their  earth  fortificatio.K  ri'inamea  the  onh  a.  ck>u                 i^^  ^^^^^^   ^^^^^    p,,„„liier  tli.  le  until 

reminder  of  the  dispelled  natmii.  wa-  o.-rupio,!  U^  toini  o     .             ^^          exovei-iie"  it-  e.vativ-  power. 

the  victors.     Alter  this  Loth  the  Men.ue  and   t   e  t   e  -;;;;;;;;-,:;;;^;;- :,^p;:,\;:::;,,,,.  ,Pe  alnmal- 

Lcnape   ranged   eastward,  the   tormei    ko  imig  to  a   .                         to  whom  wa-  'aveii  an  arrow  ini- 

the   northward,  and  the  latter  to   the  ...th.anl  -'';';:      'J;     ;;;,^,,,,,_,   ,,i,.,;,„  ,,,1   .  .ali- 

until   thev  reached   respectively  the    1  lud-oii   and  '""'^^^ "  '    '  >        ,^.,  ,    |,^.  ,,;,  ,,,,.i,.,,„„-„,  l„-t   the 

the  Dehuvare,  which  they  called  the  /„  ,e,;„     1  -    .-  .nan  .          ''';';;;;'■, 'l^,;':,  „„i  „,,;  ,,k,,  .,.,.1 

f»ci-,  or   Kiver  of  the   Lenape.-      I  [-n   il<   l.ank>.  a^no^  .^.^^^  ^^^^^  ^'  .  ^^^^^—    ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ,  ^^^^^^^   ^^^^^^  ^^^^^.^  _ 

''"^,l'i;,''u;'o':\a;':Vr;:V:;;;,li;;'\"''[.''m"l         ,..,,..,-...''■<-  .„,other'ana  very  prevalent  Hetion   of  the   Lenape 

'-i..  '."-  /■'■'  '■'    \'r'''-''''7;:;;:;;;^!l::'  ::':"•.':<'  ascribes  to  th.^aemi-od  Manal.ozhothe.avauonot 

I'^^V;;"':'-    ;,./.  7  ^;,,;n,,  :;;:,.-■.....,  .,.n.u,«.,o  ^^„    j,,„    J,,,,,,    „f,.ed    mon    from    Iho    earea-esot 

■V;-    :;     ■'   ,      ■''::::::' !]:tZ'':^^^^^^^^  various  ^nimakreptile.aiuH.ira-,  as  the  hear,the 


,  th 


.le.  et<-.      Mam 


:,llra     Me.- 


Mi,hah.-  and  Nanahn-h  ,  ua-  the  central 
in  the  lialian  nivtholo.^y  ;  wa-  the  re-lorer 
woria  after  the  deluue,  brun-ht  on   by  the  an 


tup:  abortgines. 


iic>.>  of  the  serpent  Manjtnus  or  evil  .-|iirit.-  ;  was 
rr.'unle.l  ;is  unrkiii-  all  ..l'  tlir  inv-hrinus  riuin-is 
in  natiuv,  an.l  \\a»  Mi|ii.n,-,,i  t"  ]'•■  tlir  kin^'  nf  tie' 
wli..le  ereatiou  uf  l»aM<.  11, ■  «as  tlir  .-,,n  ..l'  the 
west  uind  an.l  a  (h  -rciulant  ..f  ihr  inn,m  He 
sometimes  a],|M;nv,l  in  th,.  form  of  a  «..1|- .,r  a  l.inl. 
and  often  in  that  of  a  man  ut'  niajestie  mien  ami 
^.tature.  l)ut  hi.-  u.-ual  nianili  station  was  in  the 
siiapei.f  th.'  (;l::antie  Hare,  IK  ha.l  p-wrr  ..v,  r 
the  ma-i  ;  ua.-,  in  thrt,  a  >oiveivr,  aiel  iinit.-.l  in 
iiim.-elf  thr  ,iuali(h>  l»loU'.!ii_'  t..  I'r.  i-pei-o,  Ariel 
and  Pnrk,  In  in^'  -..nirtiin.-  a.-tuatrd    hy  ti  -j.irit  of 

elf  di^plaviiiu-  ill  in-eiii.ms  wavs  in-atiahle  nialiee 
and  niahvuhiir,.. 

The  matter  of  the  derivation  of  the  Indian  raee 
has  lieeii  as  vario,i-!v,  if  not  a.  wildlv  and  fuieitlillv, 

s[ieeulated    u| hv  H-holar>  as    liv  the   red    men 

thenr-elves.  William  I'euii  -ravely.  and  with  coin- 
jihiecnt  a-suran(;e,  put  forward  tiie  hy|,otlie.-i-  that 
the  so-called  ahorigines  of  America  vvere  de-.-eud- 
ants  of  the  ten  lost  trilies  of  Israel,  and  men  of 
much  more  pretensiou  of  study,  and  usually  eon- 
fining  themselves  to'  the  few  hard  facts  that  are 
known  com-ernin-  thi-  jieople,  have  permitted  them- 
selves iilea-iiiL',  it  pi'. litless,  dalliance  with  various 
unsiipp<>rfed  'leMiJ.-  of  their  origin.  Bancroft 
argues  that  a  Calnuick  or  3Iong,dian  immiirration 
was  not  impossible  and,  indee<l.  not  iiiiprol)al.)le, 
and  this  hypothesis  has  found  many  advocates. 
S[)anish  legeml-  have  been  adduced  to  contirm  this 
view.  31.  d(_-  (_iuignes,  in  a  memoir  read  before  the 
rreiich  Acailcmv  of  Inscriptions,  arL'ued  with  con- 
siderable plau.-il'.ility  that  the  Chiiie.-e  penetrated 
America  in  a.h.  4oS,  and  useil  the  de-cription  and 
chart  of  Fou  San-  in  proof,  and  Charles  G.  Le- 
land,  of  rhiladelpliia,  eminent  as  an  ethnologist 
and  explorer  of  the  hid.ieu  byways  of  hi.-tory,  has 
been  faseinatetl  by  the  same  half-myth  and  lent  it 
the  approval  of  his  partial  cred.  ne,>  in  hi-  re- 
publication of  the  story  of  the  .-o-e.ille<l  i.-land  of 
Fou  Sang  an.l  its  inhabitants.  De  Guigne^  asserted 
that  the  ('hine.-e  were  familiar  with  the  Straits  of 
Magellan  and  that  the  Coreaus  had  a  settlement  on 
Terra  del  Fii.-o.  Another  Clunese  immi_rration 
is  as.-igned  to  \.u.  l_'7n,  the  time  of  the  Tartar  in- 
vasion of  the-  Central  Flowery  Kiic-dom."  China, 
Tartary,  Siberia  and  Kamtsehatka,  with  the  -\.leu- 
lian  archi[)elago,  formed  a  natural  route  f  >r  immi- 
gration, thouLdi  none  of  the  student-  and  speculators 

explaining  how  the  hordes  of  savages  were  able  to 
make  their  way  throu-li  the  frozen  wastes  of  Ahiska 
and  British  >i''irth  America.  Syme  students,  as 
Williamson,  think  the  Indians  of  Cingalese  or 
Hindoo  ori::in,  and  that  the  Oc-idcital  world  was 
ke-pled  from  the'  Oriental  world  in  pre-hi-toric 
'one-  is  vervgeiierallv  admitted  up..n  the  <tront: 
■--round  of  the  clo-e  resemblance  which  the  ancient 


11 

md  rerubeartotlio-eof  E-vpt 
•vpt,  India,  China  and  Tartarv 
onlv, urie-  of  the   Fir-teru 


diiiavi 


ited  to  in 


the  F.ast. 
r-  the  re.ji 
of  popnia 


niiaiiy  spreicun- 
ov,a-  North  America  had  its  ori-in.  The  mo-t 
U'eucrallv  aciepted  iheorv  i-  that  th<_"  Indian  race 
came  ori.,i,iallv  irom  ciiina.      Humboldt  tlwu-ht 

ance,  many  of  the  historical  problems"  concerning 
this  theory  might  "  be  cleared  up  i)y  the  discovery 
of  facts  with  which  we  have  hitherto  been  entirely 
nnai.'inuiinted;"'  but  Prof  W .  I),  ^\'hitney,  one  of 
the  most  advanced  stu<lents  of  onr  time,  is  less 
sanguine.  He  says  that  it  is  "  futile  to  attempt, 
by  the  evidence  of  language,  the  peopling  of  the 
continent  from  Asia  or  from  any  other  portion  of 

the  world  outside If  our  studies  .shall 

at  length  put  us  in  a  position  to  deal  with  the 
question  of  their  Asiatic  origin,  we  shall  rejoice  at 
it.  I  do  not  myself  expect  that  valuable  light 
will  ever  be  shed  upon  the  subject  by  linguistic 
evidence ;  others  may  be  more  sanguine,  but  all 
must,  at  any  rate,  agree  that  as  things  are,  the 
subject  is  in  no  position  to  be  taken  up  and  dis- 
cussed with  profit."  The  author  from  whom  we 
have  quoted,  notwithstanding  his  attitude  upon 
this  question  of  Indian  origin,  is  a  warm  advocate 
of  greater  diligence  in  the  study  of  American  an- 
tiquities. "Our  national  duty  and  honor,"  he 
says,  "  arc  peculiarly  concerned  in  this  matter  of 
the  study  of  aboriginal  American  languages,  as 
the  most  fertile  and  important  branch  of  Ameri- 
can archa'ology.  Europeans  accuse  us,  with  too 
much  reason,  of  indifference  and  inefficiency  with 
regard  to  preserving  memorials  of  the  race  whom 
we  have  dispossessed  and  are  dispossessing,  and  to 
promoting  a  thorough  comprehension  of  their 
history."  - 

Reverting  from  what  may  seem  a  digression,  to 
the  matters  of  more  immediate  interest  to  the 
reacler— to  the  Lenape  or  Delawares  a*  the  white 
man  found  them  on  the  shores  of  the  bay  and 
river  bearing  their  name — we  find  cause  fir  regret 
that  the  first  comers  to  these  shores  were  not 
better  observers  and  more  accurate  chroniclers. 
Hudson,  Captain  Cornells  TIendricksou,  Captain 
.lacobson  JVIey,  De  Vries,  Campaiuus,  Acrelius, 
William  Penn,  Gabriel  Thomas,  Thomas  Budd, 
George  Alsop  (ot  ^Nlarvland),  and  others  among 
the  early  Dutch,  Swelish  and  En-lish  adven- 
tui-er-  aiid  writers  saw  the  Indians  before  they  had 
underLione  anv  inaterial   chauL'e  fVi'U)  iL-sociation 


IIISTOl'vY  OF  DKLAV.'Allt' 


linink  in  \\it!i  I[nllaii<l  .-cliiuii.p-  mikI  KikH.-Ii 
spirits  vtTV  nnich  nf  that  knowlnl-.-  uliicli  t>rici 
suspicion  in  tin'  -iivauc  lireast.  Ihul  thr-f  ni'Mifers 
of  the  Dolawan-  n-,ui(.u  Inrn  train.,!  ,,l.~crvtTMiD.l 
investigators,  alilc  to  ilivi  -t  tin  nj-.h  is  nt'  preju- 
dices :iii(l  to  luivo  tola  xvhat  tliry  Wi-.TUvd  intel- 
ligibly, thoy  couiil  htive  prestrvi'd  many  t'a.'tt. 
concerning  the  ImJians  wliich  now  are  lost  ibrever. 
Nearly  all  of  tlic-e  early  writers  irivp  spocnlations, 
and  dreams,  and  opinions,  often  exeoeuinglv  <-x- 
travagant  and  ridiculous,  instead  of  facu  H'e>' 
paid  more  attention  to  the  Indian's  r,-tr,j',(,_ri  ^  ;^^,,\ 
fable,  and  tradition,  than  to  the  Indian'.-  maiiiir 
of  living,  his  social  system  and  his  {a:igua:i---tiic 
most  necessary  factor  in  ethnological  stmly.  Smuic 
of  them  mingled  most  ..iitnig..nu>ly  false  state- 
ments, made  evidently  in  the  iitino.-t  seriousness, 
with  the  few  truths"  they  chnuiicled.  Of  thi= 
class,  the  baldest  falsifier  was  Thon.a.-  <Ja-i:panius, 
of  Stockholm,  albeit  a  most  interesti'iu"  racuitttur. 
and  the  preserver  of  some  valuable  tiiets  as  well 
as  of  many  more  or  less  interesting  statements, 
exhibiting  high  inventive  genius,  as,  for  instance, 
Campanius'  stories  of  the  rattlesnake  which  could 
bite  a  man's  leg  off,  and  of  the  "sea  spiders" 
(crabs)  which  had  tails  like  edired  swords,  H'itb 
which  they  could  saw  dinvn  trees.  The  way  in 
which  Campanius  allows  his  imagination  to  en- 
large upon  and  add  to  the  marvels  of  the  New- 
World  makes  him  worthy  of  the  title  -Scaiulina- 
vian  Munchausen  of  the  Delaware. 

From  the  time  of  Hudson's  voyaLri'  to  tlie  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century  there  is  t'rei[uent  co- 
temporary  mention  of  tlie  Dela\\ares  and  their 
kinsmen,  the  Nanticokes  (of  whom  we  shall 
presently  treat),  and  their  neighbors  the  Mengwes, 
Minquas  or  Mingoes,  known  in  31aryland  as  the 
Susquehannas,  and  latM'  in  I'enn.-ylvania  as  the 
Couestogas.  Captain  Cornells  Ileiidrickson  who 
explored  jiart  of  the  Delaware,  in  lill')-lti,'  met 
and  traded  with  the  Jlinquas  -  proiiably  at  the 
mouth  of  or  upon  the  Christiana),  and  redeemed 
from  them  three  Dutch  pri.-ouers.  Hi-  intereonr^e 
with  them  wa-  the  lieLrinninL'  of  the  Dehiuarc  i'lir 
trade.  In  li;-:'.  Caplaiii  Conieli^  .Iarol,-,,„  .Mey 
met  tlK'm  at  the  >ite  ot'  (  ilou-e-ter,  N..1.,  ju;t 
below  the  lilaee  where  I'eim's  -riat  eitv  was  to  be 
founded,  and  whore  he  Imilt  Fort  \a-."au. 

The  first  whites  who  f  .rmed  a  settlement  in  the 
lone,  but  lovely  wildrnie>s  re-ion  now  included 
in  the  bounds  of  Deh\wari' — a  little  colony  planted 
by  David  Pioters.-n  Di'  Vrie.-,  on  tiie  iloornekill, 
near  Lewes,  in  the  yearUl.'.l — soon  afterwards  fell 

own  doom  bv  iniliiUorv  ar!_~  ..t' \  ioh  nc c' 

When  De  Vrie.-  fmnd-l  hi^  rol,.nv,  an^l  at  the 
time  of  his  expedition  in   lo:;:;   up  the   Delawtire, 


)>art 


th. 


^i,e  ^linquu.,  of  the  1, 
:\Iar>land-\':rgi;i^a;,o 
;it  war  with  rl;e  Lenajn  ,  wiio  were  then  ehiellv 
eonllnt'.l  to  t;-,c  cpsrern  op  New  .Ter.-ev  side  of  thc' 
Delaware  Bay  Kal  lliver,  an,l  to  ihe're-hm  aloie_- 
that  pa--!  of  .i,,  ,No.,  J,,,,,,;  nou  in  N.,rthern  Dela- 
\.are  and  Nnuh..  >t,.n,  i'.,,nsvlvania.  In  hu\s 
the  Sued.s  ea;.:fc  !•.  the  Delaware  (as  will  be  miue 
fuliy  set  forth  in  the  next  chapter),  and  foundiii_r 
the  t^rst  permanent  settlement  within  the  re^don 
whiel:  .-our  especial  province  at  Christiana  (  Wil- 
mI(i^con'.  and  subsequently  est:d)li.-hing  themselve- 
;>c  otncr  points,  began  an  active  and  cxten-ive 
trade  with' the  Lenape.  31inquas  and  Nanticoke-, 
f  T  furs.  They  bought  tlv  land  which  thev  oceu- 
])ied,  and  a;;pear  to  hove  lived  with  the  Indians 
cn  veiT  friendly  terms.  They  were  supplied  with 
professional  interpreters,  and  systematically  soiiLdit 
rho  good-will  of  the  Indians  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  .m  an  advantageous  trade  with  them. 
'I'he  Swedish  governors  seem  to  have  understood 
how  best  to  conciliate  the  Indians  and  retain  theii- 
cinfidence,  and  they  soon  supplanted  the  Dutch  in 
ihe  esteem  of  the  savages.  They  even  exercised 
a  protecting  power  over  the  Delawares  and  the 
Mincjuas,  and  when  the  Iroquois  came  down  to 
wage  war  against  the  latter,  in  1662,  they  were 
balHed  by  a  regular  fort,  constructed  by  Swedisii 
engineers,  with  bastions  and  mounted  cannon. 

With  the  Swedish  Governor  Printz,  there  came 
to  the  Delaware,  in  1643,  John  Campanius  -  i  to 
whom  allusion  has  heretofore  been  made),  rendered 
prominent  from  being  the  first  to  translate  Luther's 
catechism  into  the  Indian  hmguage,  from  the  fact 
that  he  was  for  six  years  a  pastor  of  the  Swedes, 
and  last,  but  not  least,  because  of  his  keeping  a 
journal  from  which  his  grandson,  Thomas  Cam- 
panius, wrote  his  famous  "  Description  of  the  New 
Province  of  New  Sweden,"'  illustrated  with  cuts 
and  maps  made  by  the  Swedish  engineer  Lind- 
strom,  several  of  which  are  reproduced  in  this 
work.  From  Campanius  we  glean  some  interest- 
ing information  concerning  the  Indians  taking 
care  to  exclude'  much  that  is  clearly  erroneou-. 
He  states  that  the  Swedes  in  his  time  had  no 
intercourse  except  with  "the  black  and  white 
-MenLrwes" — an  expression  it  is  ditficult  to  under- 
stand. The  ^linquas,  or  Susquehannas,  had  their 
chief  population  upon  the  river  bearint:  their 
name,  and  in  the  region  now  Cecil  County,  .Marv- 
laud  (where  they  were  regularly  visited  by  the 
Swedish  traders),  but  they  are  known  also  to  have 
been  rpiite  miruerous  at  times  upon  the  Chrisriatui 
and    BraiMJywine,    and    thus    in     the    immediate 


:This 


printP'l    lobn 


TIIK  AnullKUNH 


,\:an.       N. 
tt„.    fa.-t  that    h. 
txcvpt    \v 

I'llIflS    U[)l 

\\lioni  he  afCUM.s  <if  li' 
a.i,  iu  truth,  were  near 
American    Indians,  but  oii!>, 

OCCO,«)0)I.1. 

The  attitiule  ..1'    the   Inr 
Dehvware    toward:;    the    eai 
settlers    is  shown  in   an    ae 
council  which   they   held    wiiilc   Print 
was   Governor,   proliahly    aliout    1(34" 
given  in  Canipanins'  worlc  and  iindouin- 
edly  authentic  in  its  essential  statements. 
The  council  was  called  by  tlie  Sachem 
Matta    Horn,   who  owned    the   ltouik 
on  which  Wilmington  stands,  and  soh 
that    upon  which    Fort    Christina   was 
built.     At  the  time  of  the 
of  the  inhabitants  along  the  Delaware 
were  Swedes,  but  there  were  a  few  Hol- 
landers  in    the   country.     Matta  Horn 
is  represented    as  calling  tirst  his  son,      ifc-^..-.-..^:--*^ 
Agga  Horn,  and  afterwards  upon  other 
chiefs    and   warriors,   to   ascertain    the 
opinion    of    his    people   as   to  the  advisability  of 
allowing  the  white  men    to    dwell  peacefullv    in 
the  country,    or   fall  ujion    and    disperse    them. 
The  dialogue  which    ensues  is    thus    represented 
by  Campanius : 


lli;i.AWAI;E    l.M 

lAX    lA.MILY 

(From  Gimpaniua' 

'  Kew  Swedeu.") 

S.-Y.'S,  I  have. 

F.-What  liave  vou  don.'  ? 

S.-Wi.  have  killfd  two  flUs 

ami  as  iiianvdee 

f.— Ilavp  you  sl.ot  no  tnilic 

FMrr  .Ifoffn  Hon 
S"a  A<j'j^i  Honi.~ 
:■■«  Cittmberg. 


-Wlie 


ms  and  we  fSwodps.  and  Dutch,  and  English) 
ich  othor.  We  are  jrowl  men.  Come  to  ns. 
cloth,  kettles,   gunpowder,  guns  and  all  that 

lit  d.i  you  Kty  about  this,  .\f:c;a  Horn,  my  son ' 


Il-<(rri..r.<— Yes,  gi' 


r— I', 

Tht  .01, 
{;,-Fal 


■ed  that  the; 
I,   .\cga  U., 


nilh  the  m. 
nlluuen  (sic) 

u..  dialcly  ou 


.M    1^     «l 

ili.T  we  shall  go  out  and  Kill  all  the  Swcles,  and 

■!.r,  or  whether  we  !ihaU  suiter  them  to  remain? 

1 

u  chii'fs  and   warriors,  what  advice  do  you  give? 

,:l,  the  Swedes?    They  have  no  cloth,  red,  blue,  or 

Ili-V   li.iv 

i.o  kettles,  no  hrass,  no  lead,   no  guns,   no  powder. 

n/.thmi: 

to  sen  us  ;  Init  the  English  and  Dutch  have  got  all 

'u!'"'!:^ 

-nisicfr.— We  arc  for  the  Swedes,  we  liave  nothing 

„...r«.-n  WO.lId    he    well    t..    kill    :ill    the    S,vele-;    f,,, 

,1  their  Mores.  r..r  whieh  «.•  .  :,r,  It  ele  u,il,  He  lu. 

;«  icini" 

,„;n;    Wheren.ie.  sloe. Id  »e  Kill    ,11  Mle^^,,,]^,,  .unl 

out  of  t 

to  make  .>  them.'    I'rc^ully  they  «ill  l.ringheic  u 

fu'l)  of  a 

1  soils  ..f  giH..i  things. 

niST<)RY  OF  DELAW-vil! 


Olhrs  ami 

.r.— y 

Th.-u  w  sl.-i 

1  n..t  K 

Olh.T.  r,.,.\ 

—  V  '. 

ami  til'  V  «ii 

,'.,  .11 

T*-  A-...  ■ 

A  sachem  rultd  over  each  trilie,  tho  otficr  hi  .nrr 
hereditary  u[)on  the  mother's  side.  "  When  a  1-  i-i- 
or  sachem  died  it  was  not,"  say.-  Can:,iai>ius,"  li..s 
children  who  succeeded  him,  but  hi.s  hrm  hers  by 
the  same  mother,  or  his  sisters  or  their  dtuighteiM' 
male  children,  for  no  female  could  succeed  to  the 
government."  It  was  customary,  when  any  act  of 
importance  was  to  be  entered  upon,  as  the  sale  of 
land  or  making  of  war  or  peace,  fur  the  suchem 
to  summon  a  council  cousistint;  of  the  wise  men 
and  also  of  the  common  people.  In  makinj^  d 
treaty  of  peace  or  friendship,  they  were  accustomed 
to  give  to  those  with  whom  they  were  making  it  a 
pipe  to  smoke,  which  act  being  performed,  the 
treaty  was  regarded  as  concluded  and  sacredly 
sealed.  Their  punishments  usually  consisted  of 
fines.  "A  murderer,"  says  Campauius,  "may  he 
forgiven  on  giving  a  feast  or  something  else  of  the 
same  kind  ;  but  if  a  woman  be  killeil.  the  penalty  is 
doubled,  becau.se  a  woman  can  bring  forth  chil- 
dren and  a  man  cannot."  Nearly  all  authorities 
seem  to  agree  with  the  Swedish  chronicler  that 
murder  was  very  uncommon  among  the  Indians 
until  "the  white  man  came,  when,  under  the  intlu- 
ence  of  intoxication  from  the  liquor  they  sold  them, 
several  wore  committed  by  the  Indians.  When 
they  committed  murder  under  tln).se  circumstances 
they  excu.sed  tiiemselvcs  by  saying  it  was  the 
liquor  that  did  it." 

Another  writer  -  gives  some  interesting  flicts 
concerning  the  relatiun  of  drunkenne.-s  and  crime 
among  the  Indians,  prefacing  his  local  facts  with 
the  remark  that  into.\ication  was  to  them  (the 
Indian.s)  a  new  sensation  ;  they  did  not  come  to  it 
by  slow  and  imperceptiide  degrees,,  .  .  .  but 
plunged  at  once  into  the  vorte.K  and  madness  was 
the  consequence."  In  the  year  lOtJS  some  Indians 
in  a  state  of  intoxication  attacked  and  murdered 
the  servants  of  one  of  the  settlers  near  wliere  Burl- 
ington, N.  J.,  now  stands  on  the  Delaware.  "The 
Indians  when  sober  appear  to  have  been  ever  anx- 
ious to  live  on  terms  of  friendship  with  the  whites. 
Accordingly,  we  tind  that  in  this  instance,  as  they 
had  previously  done  in  many  others,  they  deter- 
mined to  bring  the  otlenders  to  justice.  Having  as- 
certained who  the  murderers  were,  they  arrested  the 
chief  of  them,  a  man  i)y  the  name  of  Tashiowycan, 
siiot  and  brought  his  body  to  Wicacoa. '  from  whence 
it   was    taken  to    Xew  Castle  ami   there  luiu'r  in 


cl-.ains."  Il  i:-,  a  notable  fact  tiiat  after  tiiis  event 
tlie  Iii(li:iii.-^  r'.i.-Ki^'J.vs  reouctnl  that  an  ali.-oliite 
;ifiii,il>itii.ii  ot  ihe  saiu  of  liiiwr  to  the  Indians 
<h..i:id  !.eo.d.r<'.;  .lii.n-  the  uiti.v  length  of  the 
IV-hiw-.-e.  <;-.v,.r.i..r  I.,  ivrhuv  inltlTl  artuallv 
prohibtUd,  i:p-ui  , run. itif.aiii.th.jsellin-. if  spirits 
and  poudfrai.d  iLud  to  th.  Indians,  but  tlie  law 
was  ;ii(>i)cr:'.ti--e,  *'.  ■■  v.i'  tind  that  thi-.~e  very  articles 
w-re  the  oriiK-i  j.id  ■Mn.-id.'!  ai'mis  in  land  purchases 
from  t'u,-  Jiii!i:iiis  almost  inumdiately  after  the 
pro<:hu;-.ation,  and  continued  to  be  for  a  century. 
Ee-um'rig  our  extracts  from  Campauius'  work, 
thou'jh  tids  time  it  is  the  engineer  and  map-maker 
Lindstrom  who  is  quoted  l)y  the  former,  we  tind  a 
description  of  one  of  the  Indians'  great  hunts. — 


>-^' 


toudi  ll.-a 


Indians  were  stone  hatchets, 
iiid  the  war-club,  and  these 
•<'d  them  in  the  chase  and  in 
.'h  other  until  they  obtained 
guus     and     powder    and 
lead,  knives  and  iron  tom- 
ahawks,   the     Delawares, 
Susquehaniias,  Xanticukes 
'      and  some  other  tribes  from 
the    Dutch    tind     Swedes 
and  English,  and  the  Iro- 
quois of  New  York  from 
the  French.     Their  bows 
were  made  usually  of  the 
limbs   of  trees  about  six 
feet  in  length,    and  then 
strings  were  made  of  the 
sinews  and  skins  and  in- 
tLstiiies  of  animals    Their 
arrows    were   reeds    from 
and    a   half  long.     They  were 
r.-,   ami  in   the  end  was  fixed  a 
in  u  hirh  wa<  -.'t  a  flint,  a  piece 
onirtinn  -  the  sliarfi  tooth  of  an 
.whirh  was  .-ccnivh'  fastened  in 
Its    and  ll.-h  ■Jiic.    "When   thev 
bravr   piovidid  hinisvlf  with  a 
,f  anou.  and  a  club,  and   thev 
uid  pla.vdu|.ou  their  brads  ivd 
i-nia  of  b! 1.     Thev  ti.rtitied 


THE  ALOIUGINES. 

11  re  lie  (J, 


.•.oine  of  tlitir  Ik. uses  (ir  L'niu|w  of  huts  a-aiiist  tlie  u 

siliUk-li  atkirks  of  thrir  m.  ini.  s.       (  'anii.aniii.-  ^:lv^  tl 

tlie  :\[iuqua.s  Inul  "a  fmto,,  :,  |,i^r|,  n.oun-nii  al.out  lj; 

twelve  miles  from  NCw  Swi.iltu"  '  <  Foit  (.'liri.-tiiia,  tc 

on  theChrUtiaiia  River,  at  the  site  of  Wilmin-ton).  j.l 


111(1    uiion.      I 
.1   lieri.iulieiil 


15 

L'  lient  towards  eaeh  other  until 
Wh.re  the  |,alisui..s  .■ro-.^,!,  a 
ua-  throun  up  l^r  the  .i.fru.lers 
eases  the  paiisades  were 
ularly  in  iiule  post-holes,  and  tlie 
dihh  thrown  up  ai:aiu.st  them. 
:s  werereL'uhulv  iaiiit  or -ave  the 
ly  eoii-iderahle  stren-th/exeept 
s  had  the  assistance  uf  Euroi.eau 


None  of  these 
api.earanee  uf 
where  the  I  ml 
soldiers. 

Their  lodges,  aecording  to  Campanius,  they  con- 
structed in  this  way:  '-They  fix  a  pole  in  the 
ground  and  spread  their  mats  around  it,  which 
are  made  of  the  leaves  of  the  Indian  eorn  niatttd 
together;  then  they  cover  it  above  with  a  kind  of 
roof  made  of  bark,  leaving  a  hole  at  the  tun  for 


possibly  meaning  at  Iron  or  Chtstnul  Ilills,  near 
Newark.  He  says  "  they  surrounded  their  houses 
with  round  or  square  palisades  made  of  Ions  or 
planks.whieli  they  Ihsteu  in  the  ground."  Parkman- 


FLIM 

3K  by 

more    fully  de 
defenses.     Fir; 
lage,  the  eart 
trees   of  which    tl 


niadi!  were  burned  c' 
branches  partly  cut 
finished  by  haekinj 
the  Indians  pos-e.— i 
upright  in  tlie  emba 
centric  ruws,  those  i 


then  ph 
several 


smoke  to  pass  through;  they  lix  hooks  in  the  jiole 
on  uhich  they  hang  their  kettles;  underneath  thev 
put  a  large  stone  to  guard  themselves  from  the 
fire,  and  around  it  they  spread  their  mats  and 
skins  on  which  they  sleep.  For  beds,  tables  and 
chairs  they  use  nothing  else;  the  earth  .serves  them 
for  all  these  purpo.ses.  They  have  several  doors  to 
their  houses,  generally  one  on  the  north  and  one 
on  the  s(nith  side.  When  it  blows  hard,  they  stop 
-up  one  of  them  with  bark,  and  hang  a  mat  or  skin 
before  the  other."  The  Delawares,  intimates  our- 
Swedish  observer,  had  ti?w  towns  or  fixed  places 
, of  habitation  (though,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  thev 
did  have  some  permanent  abiding-places),  and  ho 
continues:  "  They  mostly  wander  about  from  one 
place  to  auothei-,  and  generally  go  to  those  places 
where  they  think  they  are  most  likely  to  fin.l  the 
means  of  support.  .  .  .  When  they' travel  thev 
carry  their  meats  uitii  them  wherever  thev  go  and 
fix  tiiem  on  poles,  under  which  they  dwell".  Wlen 
tluy  want  fire,  they  strike  ii  out  ot'  a  [jieee  of  ,h-v 
wood,  of  whicUtliey  find  ph-ity:  and  in  that  man- 
ner thev  are  never  at  a  loss  tor  fire  to  warm  them- 
selves or  to  cook  tlieir  me:U." 

The  huts  ef  the  Lijiape  and  other  Indians  of  the 
re^i-  n  which  we  are  coiisidei  nii:  could  not  have 
been  very  comfjrt.iblc  in  winter.     The  smoke  from 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWAI! 


their  tirfs 

Ikk 

no 

nutlet 

h..lcin  til 

■  r, 

f,  : 

n.l  th._ 

din.L'v,  an, 

1  tl 

■  h. 

h-.-tltl 

''flit  ami 

i  u. 

or.s  a:< 

lill..l 

much 
,    ul,l    ; 


ticm  nf  the  eve-  au,l  blimlur.s 
lleas  ami  other  venuiii  were  iiuiultuu-  ami  [n-tile-r- 
ous,  ami  Il,li^e  and  cont'usiou  reiiineil  .-upieine  in 
the  closely-huddled  laiuily  eircle.  i'arkmau  draws 
a  vivid  picture  of  a  hjdee  on  a  winter  nii^ht,  alter- 
nately in  glow  anil  <:liiomironi  the  tlirkcrin'i'  Hame 
of  resinous  woods  that  sent  fitlul  lla>hes  thi-ouL'h 
the  dinL'v  canopy  of  smoke,  a  hr^n/jd  L-r^iup  en- 
circling the  tire,  eookiug,  eaiinir.  -anihlinL',  quarrel- 
ing or  amusing  themselves  with  idle  chatl";  grizzly 
old  warriors,  scarred  with  the  marks  of  repeated 
battles;  shriveled  sijuaws,  hideous  with  toil  and 
hardship  endured  for  l;alf  a  century;  ynung  war- 
riors with  a  record  to  make,  vain,  boastful,  ob- 
streperous; giddy  girls,  gay  with  paint,  oehre 
wampum  and  braid;  "restless  children  pell-mell 
with  restless  dogs." 

Of  foods  the  Indians  had,  besides  their  game 
and  fish,  fresh  and  dried,  melons,  squashes  and 
pumpkins,  beans,  peas  and  berries,  of  which  they 
dried  many  for  winter  use,  and  several  roots  and 
plants  of  which  they  ate  largely,  and  they  all 
raised  corn,  the  Indians  along  the  Lower  Dela- 
ware, and  in  Maryland,  Pennsylvania  and  Vir- 
ginia especially,  paying  considerable  attention  to  its 
cultivation.  They  ground  it  in  the  hollow  plae-es 
of  rocks  either  naturally  or  artificially  formed, 
mixed  the  coarse  cracked  kernels  with  tlour,  and 
baked  the  paste  in  cakes  upon  the  ashes.  While 
engaged  in  the  chase  or  traveling  along  distances 
they  carried  pouches  full  of  parched  corn  for  their 
sustenance.  They  had,  too,  the  tiiobthoe  {i[\Q pvtuk- 
gunnug  of  the  Delawares  and  the  iauqornih  of  the 
Minquas),  called  by  the  whites  the  "  Indian  loaf," 
a  curious  root  sup]iosed  by  some  to  be  a  sort  of 
truttte.  It  was  of  the  form  of  a  tlatteued  sphere, 
and  varied  in  size  from  an  acorn  to  the  bigness  of 
a  man's  head.  It  was  roasted  in  tl>e  ashes,  as  was 
also  the  Indian  turnip,  which,  thus  deprived  of  its 
pungency,  made  a  wholesome  food 

The  Indians  of  Campanhi-'  time  had  well-ni'_dv 
given  up  the  manufacture  of  pottery,  t'.ir  the  cook- 
ing utensiU  they  secured  from  tlie  Europeans  served 
their  pur[)osc  better.  They  were  perfect  strangers 
to  the  use  of  iron,  and  their  own  tools  were  rude 
and  poor,  strictly  speaking,  being  those  of  the 
stoue  age.  Charles  Thom])son,  who  had  an  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  the  Indians,  but  who,  unfor- 
tunately, wrote  but  little  about  them,  >ays  in  an 
essay:'  ''They  were  perfect  strangers  to  the  ii.-e  of 
iron.  Tlie  instruments  with  which  they  diiu'  up 
the  ground  were  of  w<iod,  or  a  :-tone  ta.-teued  to  a 
handle  of  wood.      Their  hatchets  for  cutlin-  were 


of  stone,   sharpene 

pointed  with  Mint 
wore  was  of  the  sk 
and  tlieir  ornamen 


;CED  VESSEL  OF  POTTERY. 


Their  skill  in  some  kinds  of  domestic  industry 
[tested  by  Campnniu«,  who  savs; 

•'Tliey  can  tan  and  prepare  tlie  skin; 


I  fnicli 


J  Tr.ii 


THE   ;VROli!Gi:s-H.S. 


eiida   or  liu;vH,  ilioy  pn 


WiUiilHiiu  aiul  war  ami  [n-Arv  lalt^ai-c  .l-^ci  il.fd 
l,v  tlir  saiuf  wrilur  : 


V  11 11    )  1 

ullcr  .1 

itii.n  ■ 

yrihc 

■   IV.  1 

l\V      1 

I.-  :_'ivt_ 

u  l.v  ! 

'■■im  i 

111  a  1 

lIllT 

f  1 

:-a.l"l> 

,  niiii 

;i!i  1.1 

A  11^ 

ll.-l, 

I  \     1 

avy,  :u 

-e  ^.  li 

i-ralls 

■  tall 

aihl 

William  rciiii's  obiei-vatiuu.s  aud  o[iinious  uf  the  >■ 

Indians  are  iutt'i-c^tiiig-  and   ^vell   wurth  rfproduo-  Jj.; 

liuii  iu  these  pa.i;es,  tor  he  uot  only  first'saw  the  ■"• 

natives  of  the   New   World  on   the  shores  of  the  ''1^ 

Delaware   (at   New    C'astle),    but   those   whom    he  I" 

afterwards  had  oii-"irtuiiity  of  luimitelv  studyiiii;  at  '„" 

IMiiladeljihia  were  of  the  same  people,  aud  doubt-  •«■> 

l<->s,  iu  nu'iy  eases,  the  ?ame  individuals  who  lived  Z'' 

in  the  region   wliieh   now   eonstitutes  the  northern  "" 

i'artof  this  State.      In  a  letter  to   Henr\  Sewell,  ',',' 

'lilted    I'hila.lelphia,   SOth   of   Fifth    :\Innth.    Itis:!.  - 

lie  thu,-  rhrnnifl.-,>  his  impressions  :  I' 


hen  tl„-y  rlc.,.,..  Tl, 
an.I  fuurlLcn  ;  if  men 
Ttifir  liunt-e5  are  ma 


iP.nii>jivanuiSrchivw,  V< 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWAllK. 


every  kins  tl'<^" 


Tin 


the  reii.<..n  is,  a  litri-  r.-nt-nrs  fU 
Tenged  on  us;  if  the\  tre  iLcn^ra 
frum  our  piiina.  .  .  .  :*iii.ptii.'  Kn 
pruwn  ^(.-at  I.-ver»  .'t   -ti.^n^    Ij.j.ii 

liquura  thev  are  rfstka;  ril!  ihf\ 
crj,-~Somr'mnre  mid  J  uUl  .ju  to  <l 
WTtttcbeJ  spectacles  in  the  world  '. 


f-^ 


■\ 


GROOVETi  HAMMER. 


PIERCED  RECORP 
TABLET. 

cially  for  tlieir'cliilJreii,  1<. 
drink  at  these  times  ;i  r,-...^  . 


cautico.     Tlifir  siiori 
they  kill  goeth  t.)  tin 


There  h. 


;;•  (iabriel  Tli.miur.  .li^cmii-td  vf  the  Tii.lian.  in  a 

,  ,1  maimer  similar  tu    Peiiii,  but  adils  an  iutei'fjtiiii; 

-"  feet  or  two:     "The   En-li.-h  and  tlic  Indians,"   lie 

li^  savs  ■'  live  to-ether  verv  peaeealily.  by  iva<nn  that , 

"";'  the   EiiL'li^li  '-atisti.s    tii.rn    fur    their    J.and.   .  .   .i 

Itt'v  Tlie  Duteh  aii.l   Su.  a,!.-  iiitnnii    me  tliat   thev  are 

\"  -reatlv  deer.  a,-. d   in    numb,  r    to    what    thev'wu'e 

'''-  «hen\hev   came    tii-t  into  tl,i^   eMintrv,   and   th.' 

/',;  Indians   theinMlve.-   say   tliat    tuo  of  ti.em   die   t.. 

^l"  Xiiere  is  not  niiieli  nmiv  tliat  it  i.-  wnrth  uhih:  t.' 

.Tn;  d.nluee   from    the   cot.-miH.rai-v    writer.-    n|u.ii    thr 

';\f  Delauaro.  thoie.di    ue   -iiall    h.  rrafl.-r  .|ii.:te   imn, 

a";  (;,.,,rL'e  AUo,,  .•Mncrniin.Mi.r  Miihiua-.  .Minion,-  „r 

'■'''  Susuu.-hannas.     Wlial  ur  hav  extraeted  fmni  iIm 


both   whv^t  and   t^uio,  vvIiIlIi   Uiey  iii;ike 
leaves  of  th.' oitfiu  iuid  l.iikf  theni  in   tlie 

'^^^b::^^:::l^,!^<:T>^n:;ll'!::\.'^!ly'^  ZllZ.  .„,,  ,,....     ^Z  to  liiuit  imutt-rs  of  n,inor  importan«^  an,l  \ 
b.v  su,cer>,K.n,  rui  j1«.,>,  '..1.  111.-  ,i„.ihnr-.i  siiie.  .  .  .  Lver.y  Kinc  i.^iii     «  hich  are  elcarlv  erroiK'ous.  at!(.irds  (Hiite  a  eoin 


ichrr^h.;;", ,  ow'hin:!','.  ;»'.;  ir  i'al^^rZ,!, 'H '"!';":     hen=ive  view  .^f  the  manners,  enstom-,  charaeter  am 
.'','.''■''.   ''I  ', '.'''.;.'''',"~,"'t'V''tv  :!.>-''  -"I'v     whom  there  mnst  be  a  eoiistantlv  inereasiiiL:  inter 


TiiE  AEORiaiNHS. 


T!u'  laii-ua-c  of  till'  rA'mii  Li'i 
;..-tilian  of  th,'  Xeu   W.,rl,l,'-— , 

ape.— tlic  [,;,-.. 
1    the  opinioi)   ..f 

VITmI  COIll[)L-tfIlt   juclL'fs,  i-  tin-  11 

u.  I.uliaii  to„>:u.s.  akl.,a,-h  all 
what   philoli>i:i>ts  n-^'ard   as  o 

>fthe^e  hel..n-ea 
ne  uf  the   i.r.ve.-t 

alctyiu-.     l!  i..li,-tiM,Lnn>lir,l  \,^ 

heauty,  --treij-[h 

c^  .^/l 

m  ^ 

IRIl  AMI    TiiU-        IMTK's  IIKAIP   TI 

■E.          Fl.lVTSKIN 

beinj^  the  upr-*" 
th»  sd  riiv.>r  I..  I 

■.nu.tF..M.I„Ti.lC 


• ' 4^ 


'A.  Wellehms 


lulsi;  l-H'K.  SI  KAPKn. 

anil  flexibility.  It  h;is  the  power  of  conipveivlng 
a  whole  si^ntence  into  a  siiiL'lo  word.  This  is  done 
by   taking;   the    most    important   syllable   of  each 

bining   them    in    <lijhtly   varyiiii:   f..rni.^    ..r    with 

observed,  and  thus  foi-minL'  a   new  word.  ,X|;-i:ss- 

ing  a  variety  of  ideas      Nearly  all  of  the  Indian 

names,  particularly  tlmse  of  the  Leiiape,  are  rieh  in 

rvthmical  euphonv,  and  some  which  are  exceptions  ,,      ,.      .  .    .       .    ,    t^      ,      ,    . 

have   doubtless   received   their   harshness  throu.Th     ''"*'■<'*'■  «*  land  in  Appoquinmrnink  Hundred,  in  the 

imperfect   reuderiu'j-    into    luiglish    (or,    in    man; 


\nother  deed  si.iuliar  to  the  one  here  L'iven  was 
made  NovembeT-  1,  16.S0,  by  the  sa?iie  sachem, 
Mechacksit,  transferring  to  Ephraini  Herman,  "  for 
two  half  aneers  of  drink,  cne  blancquet,  one  mats- 
c'-atp,  two  axes,  two  kni\es,  two  double  handsfull 
of  povrder,  two  barrs  of  lead,  and  one  kittle,"  a 


ca.ses,  Dutch  and  Sw.di-h 
The  earliest  Indian  d, 
Delaware  which  is  on  rec 
and  is  preserved  in  the  ; 
ottice  in  New  Castle  Cou 
i>laud  upon  the  Delawai 
dred,  Kent  Conntv,  ki 
Island,  ..f  which  Mecha 
-rantor  and    Peter   Bavai 


tran.-ferri.iL'  lands  in 
I  i-dated.May4,  IfiTM, 
lives  of  the  reconler's 
.      It  is  a  died  for  the 

u  Duck  Cvcek  Hun- 
n  as  i;.md.av  Houk 
it.  a  saehrm.  wa.  the 

the  jirantee.      In   the 


lov.-er  part  of  New  Castle  County."  In  conveying 
lands  the  Indian  sachems  usually  signed  their  marks 
tc  the  deeds  of  conveyance  for  the  various  tracts. 
The  autographs  of  the  most  promiuent  Indian  chiefs 
from  1682  to  1692  are  shown  below : 


c 


1 


1ST     KNITF.  FLINT  PF.r:Fi>r.AT0r.. 

■h   is  the  full  text  of  the  deed,  here 
of    antiquarian    interest,   the    "an- 


following 

reprinted 

cher"  of  liquor  mentioned  as  one  of  the  items  in 

the  consideration  was  a  Dutch  measure,  equivalent 


to  al)out  tl 


Hon- 


■ti.rof  all 
1-8  Uook, 

in-'Kiltia  , 
iiml  De-  ' 
.lae  and 

.■f..re  .loe 
Ri.vard. 

,,   Tnins- 


alter   Js«.l  h  pul.l 


20 


1 1  IS  TO  i;  V  » » F   D  ]•:  LA  W  A  I!  E. 


Soraethini;  of  the  trilialdivisinn  and  latrr  lii.-tnrv 
of  the  vani^lu-.l  Ia-ikii-l'  nati<iU  ivniain,  tu  !.,■  t..l,i. 
It  is  nut  protiablc  that  at  any  time  nfti-r  they  he- 
came  known  to  the  whites  the  Delaware-  hai]  in 
their  whole  region  more  than  twenty-tive  to  thirty 
thousaud  j)eople  or  from  five  to  si  ven  thou-and 
warriors.  In  1750,  but  little  more  than  a  century 
from  the  time  that  the  first  knowledge ot' them  wa- 
obtained,  they  had  but  six  hundred  tiL'htiiii:  men 
between  the  Delaware  and  the  <  "hio.  It  is  |.i-oiialile 
that  their  numbers  had  iieen  greatly  redueed,  deci- 
mated time  and  time  again  by  the  Iro(|Uois  prior 
to  the  coming  of  the  Dutch  and  ."Swedes  and 
English  among  them.  The  Delaware.-  were  di- 
vided into  tribesof  which  the  most  notable  were  the 
branches  of  the  Turtle  or  Unamis,  the  Turkey  or 
Unalachtgo,  and  the  "Wolf  or  ^linsi  (corrupted  into 
Mousey).  While  the  domain  of  the  Lenape  extend- 
ed from  the  sea-coast  between  the  Chesapeake  and 
Long  Island  Sound  back  beyond  the  Suscinehanna 
to  the  Alleghenies  and  northward  to  the  hunting- 
grounds  of  the  lroi|Uois,  it  seems  not  to  have  been 
regarded  as  the  ccimmon  country  of  the  trilies,  but 
to  have  been  set  apart  for  them  in  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly-deiine<l  districts.  The  Unamis  and  Unal- 
achtgo nations,  subdivided  into  the  tribesof  As>iiii- 
pinks,  iMatas,  Chicheqnaas,  Shackauiaxon-,  Tiite- 
loes,  Nanticokes  and  many  others,  occupied  the 
lower  country  toward  the  coast,  upon  the  Delaware 
and  its  attluents.  The  Unamis  were  the  greatest 
and  most  intelligent  of  the  Lenape.  They  were  a 
fishing  people  and  ti.>  a  larger  extent  planters  than 
the  other  tribes,  and  e.|ualiv  skilled  in  the  hunt. 
They  had  nummous  small  'villages  und,  r  minor 
chiefs,  who  were  subordinate  to  the  Lrreal  council  ot' 
the  nation.  They  u.  n  less  nomadic  an,l  mo,-,, 
peaceable  than  the  other  tribes  of  Delaware^. 

The  more  warlike  trih.-  of  the  Minsi  or  Wolf,  as 
Heckewehler  informs  us.  -had  elio-en  to  livo  back 
of  the  other  trib.  s,  and  loiiu.  d  a  kind  of  a  bulwark 
for  their  ]irote,<ti..n,  watrhin-  the  motions  of  the 
Irotpiois,  or  Six  Nations,  and  heing.at  hand  to  oiler 
aid  in  case  of  a  rupture  with  them.  '  'i'lie  Minsi," 
c<intinues  the  authority  from  whom  we  hav  i|Uot' d, 
"extended  the'ir  setth  iiirnts  from  the  .Miuinnk,  a 
place  (on  the  Delawaif,  in  Monroe  (.'.miitv,  I'enn- 
sylvania)  named  after  them,  wlure  they  had  their 
conncil-seat  and  fire,  (jiiite  up  fo  the  IInd~orion 
the  east,  and  to  the  west  and  .-oulh  fii-  bi  youd  the 
Snsrpiehanna  ;  their  northern  lioundarits  were  -u|i- 
p,«.d  oriL'iually  to  be  the  leads  of  the  -rear  riv.  ,> 
i^usiiufhannaand  Delaware,  and  their -outhein  that 
rid-e  of  liill>  known  in  New  .lersev  bv  the  nam.' 
,.f  Mu.kan.rum,  and  in  Pennsylvania  hv  those  of 
L,.hiL:h,  Co-lnuwa^o.-" 

Th.'  l.ouai..'  and  the  Iro.|Uois  eonf  d.raev,  a. 
has  been  brlorr  niuarked.  were  almo.l    ron-tantlv 


at  war,  but  after  the  advent  of  the  Frem-h  in 
Canada,  the  Iro.,uoi.-,  tindin-  that  they  eould 
noi  uith.-tand  an  momy  upon  each  side  of  them, 
shreuillv  souirht  to  placate  the  Lenape  tribes,  ami. 
hy  the"u.-e  of  much  skillful  diphanacy,  induced 
them  to  aliamlon  arm>  and  act  as  mediators  be 
twti-n  all  the  nations,  to  taki'  up  tiie  peaceful  i)ur- 
suit  of  aL:rieulture,  ami,  hv  avoiding  war,  pronioti- 
their  own  growth  as  a  p.oplo.  and  at  the  same 
time  excrei.-e  an  influence  Inward- the  [ireservation 
of  the  entire  Indian  raeo.  Into  tin.  trap,  devised 
bv  the  eunnin-  Iro.,uoi.,  tiev  f  ]1.  and  f,r  a  hm- 
period  .iccupied,  a,-  they  thJm.-rive,-  expressed  it, 
the  position  <,f  ,n,„ieit  instead  of  mm.  The  Five 
Nations,  when  o[)p(jrtunity  presented  itself,  re- 
warded with  treachery  the  confidcnc'e  that  the 
Lenap(  had  reposed  in  them,  aud  the  latter,  then 
resolving  to  unite  their  forces  and  by  one  great 
effi)rt  destroy  their  pertidious  northern  nei^diliors, 
asain  liecame  /»-//.  This  was  bofue  the  .ra  of 
the  English  in  Amcri.a  had  really  l.c-uii,  ami  the 
Lenape  were  diverted  from  their  i)uri)ose  by  new 
and  strange  occurrences.  The  English  came  in 
great  nund)ers  to  their  coast.  They  received  the 
new-comers  kindly,  as  they  had  the  Dutch,  liut 
in  time  the  F^uglish,  even  the  followers  of  Penn, 
turned  from  them  and  made  friends  with  their 
enemy,  the  Iroi[uois,  as  the  Dutch  had  done.  Thev 
never  ceased  to  revere  the  founder  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, Mlqii,:,,.  as  they  called  him,  but  laid  all  of  the 
suliseiiuent  wrong  to  iiiischievous  peo))le  who  got 
into  power  after  their  good  brother  had  gone 
awav,  and  who.  not  content  with  the  lami  thev 
had'giv.ai  them,  contrived,  tla^v  alleged,  l,v  cvcr'v 
fraudulent  mcaiis  in  lln-ir  power,  to  rol,  them  (if 
all  their  p,,-M-iou-.  and  hrou.dit  the  hat.d  Iro- 
•  pioi.-to  humiliate  them.  Thevalv.av-  maintained 
that  thev  wcrciir-ulnd  and  treated  in  a  .IcTadiuL' 
manner  at  trealie-  lo  which  the  Km^li-h  wee  par- 
Philadelphia,  in  diilv,  174-i,  and  at  Ea.ton.  in 
November,  IT-  >\.  uh,ii  the  Six  .Nations  were  pnb- 
liclv  called  upon  toenmpel  the  Leuai.e  to  L'ive  up 
the  land  taken  trom  them  hv  the  fimous  and  in- 
famous -Walkin-  Pureha.se-  of  IToT.  Put  for 
th,.-  an,l  other  outra-es  th.'y  d.'clard  they  x\,„il,| 
not  have  taken  up  the  tomahawk  a-ainst  llie  jaii:- 
li-h  in  the  s,,-calhd  -FniK-h  aial  Imlian  War"  of 
17oo-t;:k  It  i.-  po-ilde  that  thev  would  liave  re- 
mained neutral,  not  w  itli.tandine  llair  -rievanees, 
had  ihey  not  been  incited  to  eiindty  by  the  I  ro- 
.|Uoi-.  After  llie  close  of  the  war,"in  'uc:;,  the 
Penape  withdrew  alln::ether  from  the  proximitv 
ofthe  whu-  Mtllemenlsinto  the  w  ihls  an.nml  the 
upper  w.-iter-  of  the  Su-^iuehanna.  and  to  Wyalu- 
-ing,  a  hnndred  mile-  from    the   pioneer  .settlers  of 

however,  for  the  in„|Uois  sold  the  w  hole  coimtrv  to 
the  EuLdish.    -Some  of  the  Mlu-^ls  ,,r  Mans,,/,  had 


THE  ABORKILNK.S. 


gone  before  this  U,  the  head-waters  of  theAUeirheny, 
and  those  of  this  tril...  uho  u,-re  at  Wvahinn- 
Joined  them  there.  >ah,-e,,ii.  iitiv  the  L.  nape  trihe-s 
were  in  Ohio,  an,l  a  e.aisidnahle  uumWr,  ehi.tly 
of  the  Min.v<,  in  Upper  t'anadu,  whih-  otheis  were 
upon  the  waters  of  the  \\'al>a.-li,  in  Indiana.  Be- 
tween the  years  1780  and  1790  they  he-an  Xu 
endprate  from  those  regions  to  the  territory  wesi 
of  the  Mississip[)i.  The  remnant  of  tlie  race  thus — 
if  their  legend  was  true— retraced  the  steps  of  their 
ancestors,  made  centuries  before. 

It  would  be  improper  to  conclude  this  -ketch  of 
the  Leuni  I.enape  without  a  few  Wl>rd^  upon  its 
greatest  and  nohh.'st  character,  the  most  ilhi>trious 
and  revered  chief  in  the  whole  history  of  the  nation 
— Tamanend  or  Tammany,  who  once  livrd  stmie- 
where  in  the  territory  now  constitutinL'  thr  >tate 
of  Delaware.  Comparatively  little  is  known  ol' 
hira.  He  lives  principally  in  tradition,  and  his 
name  has  been  perpetuated  by  frequent  application 
to  civic  societies  among  the  people  who  supplanted 
his  race.  He  was  a  seventeenth  century  Indian, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  died  about  the  time  of  its 
close.  In  lOSo  hei  with  a  lesser  chief,  afli.Ked  their 
hieroglvphical  signatures  to  a  deed  conveying  to 
William  Peun  a  tract  of  land  in  Bucks  County. 
Pennsylvania.  '  While  his  home  was  doubtless  tbr 
many  years  upon  the  Lower  Delaware,  and,  there 
is  reason  to  believe,  near  the  Cl;ristiaua,  he  doui)t- 
less  moved  northward  as  the  English  settlers  en- 
croached upon  his  domain,  ami  it  is  traditionally 
asserted  that  he  lived  far  up  toward-  the  head- 
waters of  the  river  of  his  i>en|.le  in  th.  ,-xtrenir 
northea.stern  part  of  I'l/nnsylvania. '  Of  the  chai-ac- 
ter  of  Tamanend,  Heckewrlder  says  :  "He  was  in 
the  highest  degree  endowed  with  wisdom,  virtue, 
prudence,  charity,  artability,  meekness,  hospitality, 
— in  short,  with  every  good  an<l  noble  (|u;dilication 
that  a  human  being  ujav  po,-;rss,"  and  Tiiatchcr 
declares  that  the  Indians"  ■■r,.nld  ,,niy  armunt  fnr 
the  perfections  they  a:-crili.  d  \n  him  l.y  Mippnsim.' 
him  to  be  favored  with  the  sjiiiial  cnnjiyunii  iiti..n> 
of  the  Cireat  Spirit." 

The  Nanti.'ofers,  to   .vhom    allusion    has  .-ev^ral 


tinu's  been  made  in  this  chapter,  were  allies  and 
kindred  of  the  Drhnvaivs,  whom  thev  called 
-grandfathers,"  and  occupied  the  l,,„er  paUof 
this  .State  and  the  Ka.-tern  Shore  ..f  .Maryhiiid, 
and  were  distinctively  n  li-hiiig  auil  trappiiiL' 
[leople,  rather  than  hunters  and  warriors.  The.-e 
facts  were  asserte.l  by  one  of  thi  ir  chiet;.  White, 
to  Loskiel  and  Heckeuelder,  the  .Moravian  mis- 
sionaries and  historians  at  Bethlehem,  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  Nanticokes  moved  northward  be- 
fore the  pressure  of  the  slow,  but  inexorable 
advance  of  the  white  settlers,  and  after  waging 
for  a  long  period  an  intermittent  war  with  the 
early  colonists  of  Maryland  they  retreated  to  the 
head  of  the  Chesajieake  Bay,  and  thence,  some  of 
them,  under  the  advice  and  protection  ol'  the  Iro- 
(piois.  moved  to  the  Wyoming  Valley,  and  others 
Went  farther  up  the  Siisipiehanna  to  Chemmenk 
or  Zeningis  (Sheuango),  to  which  region  they  all 
immigrated  at  the  beginning  ot  the  French  and  In- 
dian War  against  the  Ennlish.  The  tribe  suffered 
even  more  from  contact  with  the  Europeans  than 
did  the  Delawares  and  Sus(|Uehanuas.  ''  Nothing," 
said  White,  "had  ei|ualed  the  decline  of  his  tribe 
since  the  white  people  had  come  into  the  country. 
They  were  destroyed  in  part  by  disorders  which 
they  brought  with  them,  by  the  small-pox,  the 
venereal  disease,  and  by  the  free  use  of  spirituous 
liiiuors,  to  which  great  nnndiers  fell  victims."  ' 
The  tribe  had  so  dwindled  awav  that  soon  after 
the  Kevolution  (in  whieh  thev'  had  joined  the 
British  standanl  <  they  did  not  number  m..re  than 
tiftv  men. 

The  last  reiiiiunit  of  this  pi  npl,.  in  Delaware 
tonk  their  dep.-irtnre  alM,nt  1  7  1^,'  from  the  nei<rh- 
borluind  ..f  Laurel,  m  Su.-mx  C..unty.  In  thi.- 
loeality-aboiit  a    mile  from    Baurel,  on  the    b:,nk 

biir\  iiiL'--Mnuiid,    which    was   opened   earlv  in    tlie 


m 


earth  for  the  inirjiose  of  i-epairing  a  nnll-dain. 
They  dug  up  several  wagon  loads  of  bones  and 
left  a  large  quantity  still  remaining  in  the  earth. 
The  skeletons  were  in  a  fair  de<jree  of  preserva- 
tion, lay  side  by  side  and  eaeh  hone  was  in  its 
pr.i])er  )ilace.     Several    '>i'  theiii  were  of  such   size 

|,„..M-s(d     reniarkalily    high     slatni(^     an<l     great 

feet  in  length.  At  the  time  the  grave-yard  was 
opera  d  livthe  -pailc-of  the  laborers  there  were 
liviiiL:  in  the  n(  i^ihliiu  heMil  -everal  very  old  men 
who  reiuemhere.l  -tlie  la-t  ..f  the  Xantieokes." 
and  .-aid   that  ^i  short  time    bef,,re    thev  left   that 


HISTORY  i)V  D5LA 

le.lat  tl,i-<s,.(.r.      rbie!^ 


a: 


^,.(.r.  rbie!^,   ,!!Mn!;;ui.luMl   mm  nr   v,  iv   cln.o    khu\n  ,] 

U:ui  If.rkvvv.l.l   :■   i.   ;;rlh-itv    ti-r   tin-  ^Intrincnl    ll.:,. 

-i.,n  in  ti,c  vcai-lHn^v,.^.,;  IT.v'i  ;:,:.!  ITCi)  nianv  ,,ttl,.- 

..■n-  In.linM,     Avnf    r!,.«:,    t„    the    D,  lauan-Maivh,i„i 

a.'par-  l',ii,n..,la    !■.  .a;!■^   tlu^   l...iir-.  of  tin  ir  .l,.ail  \i|.  i^. 

u.-l.i.,r  \Vv..iu;ii^    a,„;    :\.'>,;.ii..rk,  an.l    ll.'   .a\.-,    -1    v.li 

n^.iiar  ivau-n.Uer  s...;:.-   thc-ru    loa^!,.!    \\illi    Midi    l,.m, -, 

cfa^cil  whlcl,.  i..ai;^  (ix-i,,  .m.!-  ■.!  a  ,li^al:lv,■al.ir  Mciuli  ;,- 


I    ill,"— :v    -lat'Tiieiit  Th?   SuM|iir!iaT"aa.-, 

lii.ntir    account    ^vo      .he   Pcro.„ar  an.!    tlio 


tl-rcis  of    llr 
l.a.l    tliiai- 


Cr.alC 


ti-il)e  \M\h 
111  <cttle,> 
,  ami  tlivv 


of  Nnrtiii  i-ii  iv  !a\ 
whom  tl„'  lailv  a 
of  the  L'rlauaa-c  I 
bave  rfcei\-e(l  iVviuiiit   mciitinii    in   this   (■hapti  i-. 

ivorthy  of  a   more  spefitii.'  I'lm-idn-atinn   in   llu-c 
paijts  thai!  ha-  yet   Ijeen  acennh  .1  t.i  tlnni.     Th'-v 
were — conciude  Frauci*  Parkinan   ami  ..tlu-r  stu- 
dents who  have  given  sperial  and  intiHi^aait  aitcii- 
ti'.n  to  the  suhject — a  hranc  h  or  mitU  ini:  I'lilonv  i  !' 
that  quite  wonderful  ^avaitc  ciinliMlriary.  the  Fi\r 
(afterwards  the  Six)  Nation^,  nr  the  ln..|Ui.is.  and 
they  seem  to  have  aetcd  a>  a  ;jiiard  or  check  ii[Hin 
t'ae  Delaware^  of  th.e  lou.r  rivr;-  mid.  ..tin  r  -Miithnn 
Lribes,  oi'ten   waging;   war   ai'ain-t    thcni   and    al.-n 
committing  occasional  drint  datinn,- (.a  tin-  fnaitii  i 
.    settlements  of   Marvland,      Tlnv   \w  re   the    Min- 
(|uas  or   .Min,|nM>v  of  the   1  )iilrli,  the   .M,  nttwes  of 
J     C'umpaniii-  and  the  S«,  ,1,  .  ^en,  rallv  .  lla-  Kndi=h 
/v      corrupting:    the    n; 
-^:\     hannasorSu.,".!. 


..   Mln-_..e>),  the  .SuMjue- 
<ofth<0*[arvhinders,aud 


:'f  v.ere  al.-o  ealhd  the  Anda.M<-  .>r  Gaudastogiie^ 
:|  I  corrupted  in  1'.  i,n-vlvania  into  Omestogas).  The 
j|  Siisi|uehanna>  or  .MiuL^ies  were  a  stalwart  race  of 
d  those  who  >aw  them  in  their  ]irime 
phv-ical  snperioritx  over  other  trihe,. 
,n  Mnith  <h-erihes  theia  as 


\      \  --.  f     warri, 

' -'-      attest 

}/•'     'i     eapta 


have   ma 
n.ar   I.a 
indeed  n 

■'Thf 

\-  a 

\i-    use    of  i 
nl.      In    t 
move  th.'  1 

1    re 
li^    i 

erelir, 

t.-    t 
•    th.' 
r  111 

he    di-e.i 
Indians 
11. 1>  t,,  a 

erv 

llill 

little  w. 

Ik 

tral    loca 
did   not 

itv    and    r, 
ake   them 

mini 

n    lull 

ity   t 

,..■.  Iiiit 
.    uhi.-h 

h.'V 

th.y 

;I',';:'':;i 

,',''^ 

wcr.'  ali( 

>h'  V  did 
!'..,r,-vl\ 

lit  to  enii- 

in   Drlau: 
aula  is  inc 

ate. 

l>o|, 

.III.'- 

Ihat 
-  ..t'  t 
d   Ma 

lahl,-. 

\  iaiu 
hut   i 

id  fn.m 
>   sueh 

i.rn 

H:r: 

dus  were  c 

,,uhi 

,-    tl 

.>e  o 

f  sacheli 

-  or 

■-•  H...  k.•^ 

Mr 

i;,..,l-e    AlM.p. 

i.hed  in  it;t,>;: 


l.y  liouiKc  Mmi,;   L.. 


TlieSu~.iiu-haiina>  u.-re  . 
l.utrh  au.l  Snv.,1,.-,  l„ni.' 
,.l,:unin..ne,ll.v  llir  hittor.  u  I 
Innltfurtlun,  a  fort  ul,i,;l: 
ip.in    defeat  at    the    liail.U 

Six  Natiun^.  The  Ki-li-h 
ware  were  ei|iKillv  .-killtui 
_'aiiiiiiL,'  aij(l  -I'-uiiii.'   the   Ii 


DL^COVKIIY  AND  SETTLHMKM   15V  TIIK  IM"TCII. 

CHAPTEU    IV. 

()VKi;y   ami  >i;i  ri.i;MiM'   i;^    Tl 


1  l'o,m1  terms  «i(h  the 
UMialjlv  a-si.-te,l  aii.i 
.,  a>  heret..tnre.-tatea, 

,f  their  kill. In, I.  the 
..t.h.r<ni.,.„^tl,e  I  >,.....- 

Ln,l-hi|.  ;,f  thi-^   tni,.', 

.ir    uith     then..      The 

,.nee    aureeahle   all. I 

ie,,e.l   the   aihlnniaev 


erni.rsat  New  Y,.,k  a'n.l  the  minor  ettieers  uimii 
the  Dehiuare  .lurin-  the  e^irlv  [.erin,!  , it' the  Kn- 
h^h  ,■,;/;„,-,  a.-  they  ,li.i  h.ter'  hetv.eeii  Peliu  aild 
his  fiin'eti..i,ari.<  in  reiin.^'.  I\  ania  an.l  the  -  three 
lower  cnuiilie^.'  (nweni-r  Aiidr.iS,  uriiiii-  to  the 
eoiirt  offieials  at  New  (a.-tie.  on  Noven.l.er  ^o, 
167G,  says:  '•  IH'  the  Su-iiiehaniui,-  -liouhl  apj-ly 
to  you  for  any  tiiiriL:,  you  are  {<>  ii-e  theui  kiuiily, 
still  as  tran.-ieut  frieml-,  hutt  tor  more  than  that 
to  Refer  tlieni  w  come  hither  to  the  Governor, 
where  they  may  exiiect  all  further  just  favors  ^v'*' 
dis|iatch  ill  what  they  may  desire'" — which  artords 
a  fair  illustration  of  the  prevailing  dispositiou  of 
the  English  towards  tlie  pe.iide  they  ;vere  destiued 


H;o-J-lti 

:;i;. 

•   i< 

11. •!    p..i..itiv.  Iv  kll..v 

Ui    wh.j   .1 

|i„.,,v,. 

tol\ 

•  now   kM..wu'a~   I)e 

hiware,  1. 

lit  a-  . 

i.ih 

e   .'-^paiiiai.U    n.it    ..ii 

Iv    ex|.|..i 

■e.l    tl,. 

t  Ir. 
•  ud 

.m    the    Mexiean    C. 

the  thirty-tit'tli  .lei:i 

lil!',  n.iMl 
.■•■  ..f  lati 

iward 

tu.ie, ; 

1   atl 

diel. 

tempte.l   t.i   f.rm   a 

M-ttlemel 

It  all. 
iilv  i, 

Tew  of  ther-e 


ihe    Kn-li.: 

•  if  th.'  Ame.ieau  .-..n 
-  it  w,.u!.l  have  been  s 


kn.,wh,l. 
>taoli-h    I 


Alternately  at  u 
tribes  of  thiii-  .umi  i 
nists,  the  D.lawar. 
Indians,  an.l   the  It 


with  the  whiter  an.l  .^ther 
•—with  tile  Marvian.l  col.j- 
:.e('h.sapeakean".l  P..tomae 
i..i,~  ui   the  north,  — the  J^u^- 


quehannas  at   last  gtive  way  Ijefore  the  march  ..f 
civilization  and  its  attendant  evils,  rum  and  small- 
pox, combined  with  the  onslaught  of  their  savage     t|,, 
enemies,  until   a    mere  fragment   of  their  iiati.iU,     <!, 
called  the  Cuiest.iL'as,  was  all   that  remained  ..f  a     „„ 


once  powerful  iie..>|ile,  which, 
thirteen  huu.lre.l  wairi..is  tr 
tirearms  by  Swe.li.-h  soldiers 
were  treacher.ui.-lv  an.l  bnita 
"I'axt.m  b,.\>,"  in  the  Lan.- 
reuM.^ylvania  anth..riti,s  ha.l 
te.lion,  and  n^.t  niaiiv  vears 
parably  the  g.vate.t  ..f  the  Mi 
ate  but  .liLMiili.-.l  an.l  s.  nte 
displave.l  in  his  w,,r.N  of  ,„o 
kindled,  is  w.,rl.bfan...u.-.  iMI 
ahawk  of  an  In.lian  a-s.,-in 
lonelv  camp-tire  in  the  wil.ls.i 
tlielastofthe.Annu..es,thenol 


HF.Xr.Y    Ht't'.-OX. 

■at  ba>in,  n.iw  kn.iwii  as  Delaware  Bay, 
have  remaine.l  unkn.iwn  to  the  Spaniards 
was  visited  bv  Heiirv  lin.lson  in  I'ioO. 

Nestor  disco  verv 
lui  skill  of  the 
the  c..l..iiizati..n 


slate  a;i   ]iU7,  had  In  thesixteenth  ceiitnrv  ent. 

ineil   to    the    use  .T  ^vere   numen.us.   ami   the"  ,lari 

Tlie,-e    (•..n,st..L'as  earlv  vova-er.  «!,.,  l./.i  the  wa 

y  munlen.l   by  the  ,,f  the    ITlite.l   States  .le-.v,.   ih.'   hi-he>t  a.ln.ira- 

.-lei   jail,  where  the  ti.m.      The  chara.,ter   of  the   pixval.nt   wiii.U   aP.l 

at.'r    l...gai,,  inc.^m-  .li-mverv  were  -.n.rallv  ,T  I.-  than  ...i.'  Imn.lre.l 

U.....>,  whose  pas.-i.m-  t.^ns  bur.l.'U.      Frobi-her  sail..!  in   a   ve.-.d   ,.f  but 

th.us    el...|U.'li.-e,   a-  t^^.•ntv-ti ve  t.w.s  :    iw.,  .,f   th.,~..    ..f  C..himbn.-    were 

rniiu'   ti.r   hi-   slain  ui,l„,nt  a  .h.'k.  an.l   s,,  p,.ril,,us   were   the  v.>yages 

vi.tim  to  the  t..m-  ,l,..nH.l   that    th.'  -aih.rs   w.av  aeeust..me.l.  before 

while  -ittiiiu-  bv  his  l.nd.arkile^  t..  pirf.^ini  -..leiun  act-  ..f  dev..tion,  as 

Ohi...     Thuspa-se.i  if  ,„  prej.are  f.n- et.rnitv 
e.-t.. fall  that  brav..  ],   j.  .-ertain  tliat  th.-   lii>t  ora.ii.'al  .lis.v)verv  of 


if   barliar.His,  p. 


-his.iwn  fate  tvp 
n  an.l  his  race^ 


A I  of 


It  the  Delaware  I'.a 
IJav  an.l  Hml-.' 
Henrv  Ilu.lson, 


.1  Riv.-i 


..fthe  New  V.irk 
la.le    in    1(,(1!»,  bv 


Ufrur.l,,if  .NVu 


lie    ias;llil     t,> 

il-i,r>   ll.iii-.jn 
tie    Eu-llill    ilu 


FirSTOKY  OF  DKI.AWARK. 


vice   of  the    D.itrl,    K:ist    Iinlia    ('..mpany,   ul,,.-,. 

tane<s,  and    i>  tonnd    to  be  .< 

o   aeeurtite  to  thi,-  .lav 

title  loiiiiiiiirtalitv  .Mrnis  t..  I.f  :i~,-un.l  lu'tlif  fart 

that  111'-  roiito  can  !,,.  uiinut. 

■Iv  f  illoue.l. 

that  one  nf  tiir  lar'-. -t  l>av~  and  ■•n,.  ,,t'  ilir  iimUI,  q 

At 11  llud-on  haviu-  1 

i.a-.-.l    the    l.iwer  eapo. 

rivers  in  tl.r  unrhl  ,.,uallv  l,r:.r  lu-  nan,.',  aiai  aiv 

the    .-hore.v    wore    d.  .-.a  ied    .-1 

admitted   t-   have    Ue.ii   ,li-.  ..v,  a.  .1    l.v    him.       fhe 

ue-t,    whilo  laud   ua.-   al.-o   .-, 

•en  towar.l-  then.. Ill, - 

di.^covery  of  Drhiuaie    Havaiid    Uiver   ua.-iiiaa.-. 

(a,-t.  uhieh   he  al    lli-t   took    t 

o    he  an  i-lan.l,  but    it 

according;    t"    l!i«'    ioiniial  krpt    hv  K.ihi at  .Ffweit 

au.i  the  -eeond  poiui 

(or  Jiiet),   the   tir.-t   utiir,  i-   i,t'    I[ipI-i.ii's   -hip.   uii 

of  the  l.av.' 

Auj:iist2s,  it;(i;),,„.u  .-tN  I,-  .  and  ..„  thi-  di-r.K,rv 

tlie    Diitoli    f.iund.d    thru-   daiin    u,    thr  .■ouiitn,  , 

The  reniaiudrr  of  tno  dav 
th,'    ual.is,  uhieh    were    in'. 

...nie   part^   lille.l    with 

bind  ng  upon  and  adjacmt  to  i\\<-  Noith  '  lliid.-on  i 

-hoal.<.   a-   ar    tie-  piv-,  nt    tin 

ae,  ,-..    that  the    "Halt 

and  the  South  '  I),  hiuan)  iliv.  .-.' 

.Moon,"   thou'di  of  Irdit  drai 

luht,  still. 'k    Upon    the 

The  aeeonnt.- of  Had-on'.-   third  vova'.^e  and  lii,< 

h:d.l,n    -aud,<.      -llee     that 

will     thr.ai-hlv   ill.- 

discovery  of  the   Nmth    an.!   South  Kinc  i~  are  ti.o 

eoverthi^^ivat    l!av,"  >avs 

duet,   "lun.-te    have   a 

accurati,  eireuni>tantial.  and   ^at  i.-la.tor  y  to   alhuv 

-mail    I'inna.-e   tluit   nin<t  d 

raw    but    liiiir  or   live 

of  auy  (iue.--tion  ill  fiiraid  to  thim      Iliid  —  n'.s  Jour- 

footr watia-,  to  sound  before 

him." 

nal  as  well  as  tiiat  ot  ilol..  it  .liii  t  aiv  pie-oivrc|  in 

At  .-uii-et    the    iMa.-tor   aiie 

le.iv.l    hi,-  little    ve.-.-l 

Purehas'   Piigrin.-,  and   durt   ha.-   'Jv.  ii   not   only 

•■  in  eiLdit  fathom.- uator,"  an 

illouii.lati.ierunnin- 

the  courses  and  di-tanets  ,-ailed  on   tin-  eoa<t,  luit 

from   tlie   iiorthue-t  ;   ■'an.!    i 

It    ri-.th   one  fatboiue. 

the  various  depth.-  ..f  uaiei-  ohtaiiir.l  hy  -ouiidiiii:- 

and  floweth  South  S,utleea.-t, 

"■    "  from  thestrenth 

offthe  bars  and   within    tiie  eapes  of  thi'  two  ha\,- 

of  the  1  urreiit   that  .-et  out  an 

d  eaused  the  aecunui- 

Juet's  lot-book    of   An..:u.-t   '>.    l(;o;»,  l,a<   indeed 

lation  of  samU,"  lie  "  .-tispee 

te.l  tiiat  a   large  river 

been  tested  by  aetnal   sonndiii-s  aiai   -aiiiiiLi   (fi.- 

di.-i-harged  into  the  bay."" 

Con.puuy.      Tin,   „,:,„■.    -n.    .  l,n->..,.l„., ,    ,u|,|.,.,,l    „.|M«..    l„,.„     ,1,.. 

fiilheruf  thi-  gieut  ii.oi.r..,     »,,-  .,  ■.„\^    ,. i    ni,l,i  !■-;  :■, 

fiu.-tor  an.l  a«,Mit  oil  thi-  ...r  ,.|  il...  1. |,.„  .■ „,,.>  r,.,  1,,,.;  i,.   Ku-ih, 

In   the  course  of  the  ni^;h 
had  1m. ai  intensely  warm  all  d 
.\  pas.-in-.-tormiii-pell.Ml  the 

t.  the  weather,  wliieji 
av,,-ii.l.lenivchan^.Ml. 
heat,  while  the  breeze 

eiRl 

hteen  Kn^li-li  ^u.l  Dutch  »..il,,r. 

)Ute  to  the  K.ist^rn  fo:ii  -ucli  .._-. 

uot 

ol^truct.     It  v,.s<ii.  l.i-lh.rU 

fpvi 

:n    the  Ore.  lih.n.l    -.:.-,    1-    -..i 

Cb. 

■sHK-.ik.?,  an.l  ill-.  ..>.Ti.i    li.  l.m 

fo.i 

rth  1,.,%,.^..  Ik-  r.  t..r..-M    ,.^.,n,  . 

and 

,  eiil.'«.l    ni..l-c.i|--    l-o.  v.ii.t. 

aiifi 

IBmlhlnorew  bv  I...1-I.,..-  .„. 

:  aUrift  bv  the..!  in  ,1 -im  ill  !..,,t 

thv 

k-fon  tlio  d.-3..1iit.-  I.r.r  1.  r  mI  ih 

nev 

.rli.!aril  of  iiftur«ar.l      K  .r  1. 

an.l 

intelligent  navi-at  .1.  ul,.,  v,: 

WL^l 

l-deliriftl  piirrosf,  ih-  r,  ii.  1  n.. 

monosriiiihs  uf  n.iii.  It.  i'   M.;i|.|iv 

and 

KtT.  1!.  K..lee..-t.. 

bl..wii,g  iroiu  tiie  ian.l  retre.-hed  the  Weaiv  men 
with  the  in.iist  perfumes  <,f  sweet  shridis  aii.'l  slim- 
mer tl.iwer.-.  At  early  dawn  the  e.\p!.. rations  wt  re 
renewed  anil  Hnd.-on  sto.id  towar.l.-  the  "norther 
land,"  where  lie  again  "strooke  ground"  with  bis 
ruilder.  Convineed  that  tiie  rotid  to  Cliina  did 
not  lie  that  way,  he  hastened  to  emerge  from  the 
Delaware  in  search  of  new  ehanuels  through  which 
be  might  pass  ({Uickly  to  India,  the  goal  of  his 
wishes.  Imbued  with  this  ideti,  he  contiuiied  his 
voyage  along  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  and  east 
aiieiior,  on  tlie  3d  of  September,  within  the  shelter 
of  what  is  U..W  San.lv  Hook,  New  Y.irk.  His 
-iib,-e.iuent  discovery  of  the  rivrr  which  bear.-  Iii- 
name,  and  his  ascent  to  a  point  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  jireseut  city  of  Albany,  are  facts  too  well  kn.iw  n 
to  be  given  re[ietition  here.' 

TliL^  English  early  gave  tlie  name  .if  Delaware 
I'.ay  an.l  River  t..  tiie  South  River  of  the  Dutch, 
upon  the  pretext  that  it  wa.-  .li>.'.ivered  bv  Lord 
.le  la  Warr  in  his  v.ivau'e  to  N'ir.dnia  in  IGIO. 
Mr.   Brodhea.l   an.l  .lth■el•^vriters,   however,   have 


DISCOVKIIV  AMI  SirrTLEM'rlNT   H\   T[)K  IKICR.  25 

,,|;„nlv  slunvn  ll.at  L-nl  L:i  Warr  iiev.T  .-^w  i  )r'u-  far   voon    fivoraMe   in    mcanl   to   th.    \nrtl,   than 

U^-alLs    of  I.nnl'Sonirr>'   .>.,ua.lrnn,   «!....    lu  in-      D^\U-\'.    Th.'-JlaitM "  in  !iil  n  Aa:.  .mt  hack 

!,.|r[rated    fr.mi    liis    ronnnandci-    in    a    f..-..t!    th,-  to  i.he  Nurth  Ri  VcP  v.  i!n  a.  ..ia-,liri.'  rar-o,  ami  tn.,k 

lUTiiiiuhis,  in  that    vnvat:c  tiio  narration  of  wiiich  lu  ILjliaui;  a  heavy  car-  >  of  rlica|i]v  hon-iit  tnr,>. 

,-..ii|,p<..<tMl  to  haveLMv.'nShak>[,rarc  ln~t'.,rna"lor  in  lull    fthe  sai4  y,.;,r  ili:.t    Iln.l-"on   was  al)an- 

ll,c  Triiijirsf,  was  carrii.l  hv  a  rvclonc  a,  far  north  dontil  to  ^i  horrihle  deatli     !iiM..lii.-k  ( 'liii-f  iarn-rn, 

.,-  Cape  Cod,  an.l  .1. -vndinj    ihe   -a-t   a-ain   to  of  Clrve,-    -.ear  Xie:i:jn,n,  Holland,  a  Wr^t  India 

Viririnia,  si-htcd  the  raiH'  n.  ouo-tion  and  ^lave  Id.  tra.lei-,   and    Adri.Q    fdork.  of  Ani-tprdani.   char- 

lord.-luji's  nanie  to  it.  ;e.-ed  a  ship  in   c  inip.inv  witl;  clii'  Schipper  Ily.ar. 

The  Dutch  eventually  r.-tcd   their  .'laim   t..  the  a,-;d  :„:.de  \:   vova-e  to  the  Manhattans  and  ""the 

New  Netherlands  u| the  nia-nitieent  di-co\eries  Lfreat   riv^T  oi'  tl-e   uio':ntain-^,"    returninir  with   a 

ef  Hudson,  as  opposed  loth,' lai-lisji  <'lainitliron'.'f.  n.'Kuuity  of  tiivs  and  hiin-in-  aNo  txso  -ons  of 
the  freneral  discovery  liy  tlie  Cahoi^,  Imt  :liey  did  Indian  chief-;,  who:,i  tiiev  ii:n),e,';  -  N'ah  ntine,"  and 
not  immediately  pr.iht  "l.y  them  to  any  -leat  ex-  "Orson."  These  yor.ng  .sava.ires.  and  tlie  rare  hut 
tent,  nor  did  tliev  make  prompt  endinvors  to  hv  chcop  ft'rs  from  their  native  land,  appear  to  have 
that  hest  of  all  niethod-,  or^'anized  colonization.  roiHeJ  the  phlegmatic  Hollauders  from  their  leth- 
huleed,  when  it  is  taken  into  con.sideraiio:.  tli.at  argy,  auj  pnblic  interest  iu  the  newly  <liseovered 
Holland  was  then  the  first  maritime  pouer  ami  teintorics  began  to  show  .sortie  liveliness.  A  me- 
the  greatest,  trading  couutry  of  the  worfl  :  that  morial  on  the  sabject  v,-as  presented  to  the  Pro- 
Amsterdam  was  to' the  north  what  Venice  had  vincinl  States  of  Holland  and  West  Fricsland  by 
been  to  the  Mediterranean  and  the  le>s  known  several  merchants  and  iuhabitants  of  the  United 
seas  of  two  continents;  that  iier  tratlic  with  Jlns.-ia  Provinces,  and,  says  Brodhead,  "  it  was  judged  of 
trei|neutly  necessitated  the  xaidiiii:  of  as  manv  as  :"'i.'.iiicient  interest  to  be  formally  communicated  to 
.-eventy  or  eiglitv  ship-  a  \ear  to  Ariliaii.'cl,  and  the  cities  of  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  Hoorn  and 
further,  when  it  is  brougiit  to  mind  that  her  Euckhuysen."  -  Iu  the  foliowiug  year  Christiaeu- 
l)eople  had  for  years  been  urged  by  the  energetic  '^en  and  Bloi.k  received  material  aid  from  sc'veral 
L's.seliDX  (of  whom  much  moreanou),  to  system-  leading  merchants,  ami  titteil  out  tuo  vcs-^el-,  the 
aticallv  seek  the  riches  of  the  New  W(uld",  it  is  "Fortune"  and  "  Tiger,"  upon  which  they  sailed 
ditficuit  to  form  other  .■onclushm  than  that  the  auain  to  the  Hudson  and  traded  alon- its  banks 
Dutch  were  somewhat  dilatory  in  takin-  advan-  w  ith  the  rndian.-.  In  l.Sl:;  ,,ther  merchants  albu-d 
tage  of  their  enlarged  op]iortunities.  There  were  by  tlie  lian<l.-or,,e  [profits  of  these  ventures,  can_dit 
reiLsons,  which  will  presently  be  exphiined,  for  the  the  New  Worhl  tever,  and  the  "Little  Fox,' 
avoidance  of  colonization  schemes,  but  the  tardi-  under  ciiiniand  of  John  Dc  Witt,  and  "Niuditin- 
ness,  the  comparatively  incon.sec|Uential  character  .gale."  under  Thys  Vidkertseii,  were  .-eiit  out  from 
andtheincompletely  organized  efforts  of  this  nation  Amsterdam,  while  the  owners  ot'  the  ship  "  For- 
of  merchants,  towards  establishing  trade  with  the  tune,"  of  Hooru,  placed  their  ve.-sel  under  charge 
rich,  new  found  rcirions  of  the  world  are  ficts  not  of  Captain  Coruelis  Jacobsen  Mcy  (or  .May), 
easily  accounted  for.  What  the  Dutch  at  first  This  little  fleet  sailed  to  the  Hudson  River,  where 
undertook  and  actuallv  aeeom|ilisiied,  how.  ver,  was  Block's  ve.ssel,  the  "  Tiger,"  was  destroyed  iiy  fire 
inspired  bvmonetarv  i"atherlhan  politiealiinibitiou.  .just  as  he  was  about  to  set  sail  tbr  Holland  in  the 

The  reports  carried  to  Holland  bv  Hudson  were  faU.      rndauiite.l   bv  this  ndsfortune,  the  mariner 

built  a  hut  cm  the  sh,,re  of  a  small  islan.l  (named 

i.^MiMiluim."  l^iVhv'Lu'li'sV'i''-"!^^^^  ^'y   ^''■"    15'"''k    Island  1,  and    spent    the   winter  of 

U.Mr. mM  II..  e  Nil- I,..  I  .-.l.li.   t;    tl.«  I.Uc.     ile  wii.,  tlie  lii-.t   Govern.jr  1()1;;-1  4   iu  CoUStrUt'I  iUL'  a  boat   to  SUJlplv  tile  phlCC 

^^l'n!ln,l'rHMn^"'KH"bn,i!ii,.l''hI-'^,'"'^^^^  'd'the  "Tiger."     Thi-  was  a  yacht  of  lliirty-ei-ht 

I'.'^n'^i?",  M!'^7u'V■'"Vn '''-^'''^''^?!''''ii\'',^'V'''rr  ''-■'-■"^   keel,   forty-four   and    one-half  feet   long,  and 

r.r  .,i,-.i,<,,.n.i..i  ir IN- w .  ,t -i...  k  ,!.■ -till  hi  ii,.- i:.  \ ..  .mi,  .m.i  elevcii   fcct  wide,\sitli   a  Carrying  Capacity  of  six- 

n'.'.^'f!lHi!'.^,i^:;r','''i.'i'nM  !'!l'r.u!,'li'!'r"!Vn'-^  "'"-■"  '"'"'■   '-^"'"^  ''^^''-  ^''''■^'  ''"^  '^•'^^  ^'"''^  ''>' 

J"-"",  "-"-I'"'' ■'■■'"  "'.-li. ".•■'"-  'i.-r'i.-  uw.u,  ,;,  >'h'.t  the  L'nited  States,  the  builder  named  the"  (hirust" 

^■"■^'JZ'V'.!u.:'.-u''Xu  or  "Restless."   aial   the   name   j.a-M.l  inlo  history, 

M^u^'r:!^^!,":',;..'V^'ni,'''-ln',''''',,m'm',lr-,°m"n^  '""'      ''"-'•'""■     t^l""""^     •!>     that     of    the     VeS-el     wllijh 

^>niX'.u^^'.l[''\y[V'':.',7\"\Z'Z'~i"'V^^^^  bore    the    tli>t    actual    exjdorers    of  the    Delaware 

\'m'!, !.!'.''!'','■',  iu''.!/'i/,Ti.'.M.,ri''M.'.,l!!i  'Vli'.i'i'v  '■!!..'!- i'''i'\,"^i'i'''  l^'^''-'''-      I-y  the  time  that  the  "  t)nrust "  was  tiu- 

•loi  !:■ '!.■  i..tui,  i«.  II.  ii,.,.i-.  .,,  i,,..i,,.„i.  .i.n..  7,1  1-.    Hr,n.  i-il  ishedaiid  neai'ly  ready  for  service,  in  the  spring  of 

''|.l.'!l^■!H'M'l^.^^le■i!!..!'^ ''i-',-.i '.i,"v''«'i'a^  I'ild,  the  ci.impanion  vessels  of  the  preceding  year. 


heix-tct 

iii-L-  eiuir 

lllTU 

ted. 

.  were  1)1 

I  tliei, 

1-  ua 

V  ()' 

ocean, 
tinio,  1. 

to  liiLrii: 

1    ih. 
tl.rx 

■ir 

iiir  iindi 

rt  aii 

irk. 

in  cuii.- 

-v(iurlH-f 

wt' 

thr 

|.i\>Mit: 

llioll 

"'■  !' 

rtll 

26                                                        mSKJRY  OF  DKI.AWARK. 

r  the  ..fthe  States   (lene.al,  l,v  John   Van  Ol.l,  ,,  Rarm 

Tins  veMt,  ll,e   "a.lvnrate''   ■■!    Il,.|h,ial,  tiiev  uiifoM. 

..   I,.,-  uhat  tluv  er.lle.l    a    "  ti-uiallve  ina|.-..'f  tlie  W,  . 

i~  l.v  lialia   iur   .\nierieain   ena.-t,   t..M    their  tale  ,,t'  ,„, 

covery"  to  tlie"Hi-h  aii.l  Mi-htv  State-  <  h.iMial  the   iii.,ia.iH,l\    uhieh    the   e.liel    pn-mi-e.!.      It    u. 

ofHollaii.l,"nne,lietur..nliuanee"lia,ll.eeui->ie.r  at  ,.i,ee -rante,!,  aii<l   a  .|.e,-ial  eharter  U,  llieiu  , 

deciariuu'-  tliat   it   "  wa^  iiuimrahle.  umIiiI  ai..l  pn.-  exclusive'  privilege-  h,  tia.h-  lor  four  vya-es  in  li 

fitable"  Unit  tlie  |.e.,|,h.  ,,r  tlie  Neiiierhiu.ls  -'e'liia  re-i..n  thev  ha.l  ex|.h.re.l,  uhi.l,  now,  lor  the  lo- 

be  eiicinira.ueil   to   ail\eiiture  thrin-vlve.-  ill  .li-e,,v-  time,  ohtaiiie.l   the   iKUue  et'  the  ".Nkw  Nkiiiii; 

erini;  uukliowu   countiie.-,   and   lor   the   |iuri.o.-e  of  i.A.Nb>,  '  wa.- draw  n  Ufiand  ^i-'ied  <  »ctoiier  1 1 .  iiil  1 

making    the   iudtlcemei.t    ■•five    and    co .ii    to  Tlie  territory  coseivd  hy  thi.  eliarl.r  wa.  all  of  ii„ 

every  one  of  the  inhahitanl.-,"  it  \va,~  'jranted  and  re-ioii  Iron,  New  Fraiiet'  i  a,-  the  French  |,o,-m - 
conceded  that  "\vlioever  shall  from  this  time  fn--  sion-  in  Canada  were  ealkd ,  and  Virdnia.  Tl., 
ward  discover  any  new  pas.-a-es,  havens,  land-  or  e  miiany  wa-  -ranitd  th.'  |irivile_L:e,  exclusively,  t^ 
places,  shall  have'theexelu.-ive  ri-ht  of  iiavi-atiiiL-  navigate  t.,  the  newly-di.-eovered  lands  for  liv, 
to  the  same  for  lour  v..yaL:es."  It  wa-  |.re.vided  voya-e-,  within  the  p.rioil  of  three  year-,  eoi,.. 
that  the  discoverer  should,  within  llmrteen  days  ineiieiiiL:  the  1st  of  January.  1U15.  The  privi- 
from  his  return,  deliver  to  the  Stale  "a  pertinent  le-e  exiiired  on  the  1st  of  January,  Hil^,  ami  then 
report  of  his  discoveries,"  and  that  in  case  any  is  uo  evidence  now  extant  that  any  of  the  ve-.|^ 
discoveries  were  nuule  simultaneously  hy  ditli^'rent  ever  traded  on  the  Delaware.  Tiiis  chaiter  hae 
parties,  they  were  to  enjoy  in  coinniou  the  rights  a  broader  historical  iinportame  and  greater  in- 
acquired.  '  Huenee  in  the  chain  of  rans<'  ami  erte-ct  than  llh 
In  the  spring,  when  voya-in-  he-an,  Chri-tiaeii-  mere  granting  of  a  valiiahle  fianchise  to  a  hali 
sen  pushed  up  the  lliid.-on  and  eiviied  a  tiadm-  do/.eu  or  more  indivi.hial-,  for  it.  in  eHect,  assert. n 
post  an.l  Wock-house  on  (,'a-tle  l-laml.  ju-t  l.eh.w  that  the  Dutch  territory  ..f  the  New  N'ctherland- 
the  site  of  Alhanv;  l;l..ek,  uith  the  •■  (  )i.ie.-t,"  ex-  embraced  all  the  territory  ami  .oa^t  line  of  NoiLi. 
plored  Long  l.-land  .Sound,  and  .Mey  .-.liled  directly  America  from  the  fortieth  to  the  torty-tifth  paialhi 
southward,  upon  the  ■■  Fe'riune,"  eiiarod  ihe  const  Hendrick.sen  in  th.;  little  yacht  "  Onru-t  " 
from  Sandv  H...,k  f.  the  Delaware  ami,  enterin-  .scarcely  larger  than  the  siualK.st  oyster  shall. .p  m 
that  bay.  gave  hi-  surname  (now  spelle.l  Mav  i  to  the  pre.-eiit  day  ,.was  meanwhil,.  engaged  in  makiii- 
the  northern  cape,  hi.-  (.Tirijtian  name,  Cornelis.  the  first  actual  .•xpl.u-atioii  of  the  Delawaiv  Ha;. 
to  the  southern  cajie  o[i]iosite,  and  to  the  southern  and  Kiver,  a  work  which  seems  to  have  oiciiiiiw; 
cape,  facing  the  ocean,  the  name  of  Hindlopen  or  the  greater  part  of  the  year  Id].),  an.l  some  poi 
Henlopen,probablyafterThynien  Jacobscnllinlop-  tion  of  the  .-uc.ee.ling  .me.  Authorities  radicallv 
en,  of  Amsterdam. "or  a  town  in  Friesland,  though  differ  as  to  the  extent  of  the  Captain's  exjiloratii>n- 
the  latter,  applied  as  it  was  to  a  fal.^e  cape,  was  sub-  simie  firmly  asserting  that  he  went  as  far  n.irth  a- 
sequentlv  transferred  to  the  Delaware  cajte  (near  the  Schuylkill,  and  that  he  was,  therefore,  the  tir-: 
Lewes), "which  n.iw  bears  it.  There  is  no  evidence  w  hite  man  to  gaze  upon  the  site  of  the  city  of  I'hihi 
that  iSIav  attenipte.l  to  chanoe  the  name  of  Dela-  delphia,  and  others  stoutly  denying  that  he  went  In 
ware  Eav  and  Kiver  from  that  given  by  the  yond  the  head  of  the  liav  or  the  mouth  of  the  Dela 
Dutch,  Ziiev.lt  River,  ..r  that  he  lau.led  a"t  anv  ware  Kiver  pr<. p.  r.  Without  entriinL' into  an  elaho 
point.  In  "the  fall  th.'  vessels  of  the  tra.lni-  rate  and  uii.-atisfyiiiL'  .li-.us-i..n  ..f  the  meriis  .■ 
sciuadron  all  relurne.l  1..  H.dland.  except  the  -On-  these  clashing  as.-rrti.ai.-,  it  may  be  .-tate.l  that  th- 
rust,"   which    was    left    at   .Manhattan    under    the  f..rmer  ihj.-sc-.-.s  the  -reaier   portion  ..if  pn.haliih 

command  of  Captain  C..riielis  Hcndrick-en,  .l.aibt-     l.es,  an.l   has  been   generally   ( ce.led   by  the  n 

less   for   the  express   purpose   of  making   a    m..ie  over  cajiti-ais  clas-^  of  critics  an.l   hist.irians.     Th- 

minute  examination  of  the  country.    ThcRti.rne.l  chief   groun.l    tor    belief  that    he  did    sail   u|i  lli 

navigators  and  their  associate  merchant-  torme.l  river   is   to   be    fmiid    in   his   rep.u-t,   in   which   h 

a  company,  drew  up  a   rep.irt  and  chart  ..f  their  speaks  .if  having  "discovered  ami  explored  certan 

several  di.-coveries,  ami  jiroceeded  t.i  the  Ha-ue  t.i  lamls,  a  bay  and  three  rivers,  situated  between  '■'■■ 

claim  a  concession   umler  the  diet  oi'  March   1J7,  and  40  .legrces,"  crrespomling  resiiectively  to  th 

ICU       In  the  iiresence  of  the  twelve  mi-litv  lords  south   b.ain.larv  of  Marvland.w  here   it  touches  th- 

Atlantic^ind    the    huitu.le    .if    I'idladelpliia        1 

sk;,^''■'v''"-:■■:.      :,/;:,  ii.''M'''w,Mn:;;.,;tM:"Vi'";,,'^^  the  Delaware  Kavand  Kiver  ami  th.- Christian,!  aii' 

r;;"'l:     -'-'        ,        'i^'a'>.'J^u!uZ'^'Zi:'l^[i:Xt.n'^  S.-huvlkiH   .■oul.l   be   naaiit.      But    litth'   has   1k-i 

ilv.i.io  k-^.rrnK.^^ii,.,i,.v  lawr.^.inati.  s«.-a..,^>^  proorvcd   of  the   inlormatiou    which   Heiidi  i.'k- i 

codvu'B  i!.!v"  '"'  " "'  "'  "  "'  '"""■'"""■■'  "'^  '   "  -  "^'^     ""     ■'■  ""'  curried  to  Holland  concerning  iiis  voyage.     What  i 


DISCOVKRV  AND  SKTTLE:\IENT   F.Y  THE  I'UTCir. 


27 


.avf<l  from  ohliviuu  nuiv  l.c  iv-ard.Ml  iis  tlic  first 
r,.,nnl  ufniMii  upmi  tl.u  Driiiuinv,  and  it  L^fnouu'li 
(,,    sliow    tluit    ho   hmd.Mi    nt   ,-uveral    ],!;!.•.-.   t.H,k 

„r  tlio  I'm-  and  tlie  .  apahili'i.^  ,.f  tlu'  riwr.  He 
I, 'IN  li(i\v"he  trad.d  uitii  thr  Indians  ri.r  .-kins  nf 
various  kinds,  saMes,  ottei-.  mink,  l)far  miIm-;,  t-to. 
lie  s[)eaks  of  the  ve^'etatiou  ot'the  shores  and  men- 
tions the  kinds  of  trees  that  alxumd — the  oaks, 
hickories  and  pines,  richly  draped  and  fe-tooned 
jiere  and  there  uitli  irrape  vines  and  flowering 
cieepers. 

The  forests  he  says  were  alive  with  ltiUio, 
Inieks,  does,  turkeys  and  jiartriduL'S.  "  He  hath 
fonnd,"  says  his  report,  "  the  climate  of  said  coun- 
trv  very  temperate,"  and  lie  believed  it  to  be  simi- 
lar in  temperature  to  Holland. 

At  Christiana  Creek  wiiere  he  landed,  and  pos- 
sibly walked  over  the  very  ground  that  was  des- 
tined to  be  covered  with  the  streets  and  building.s 
of  the  City  of  Wilmington,  Hendricksen  met  a 
band  of  JMin(|uas  (or  ^lingse)  Indians,  and  re- 
deemed from  them  three  white  men.  who  in  the 
spring  of  IGIG  had  left  the  Dutch  Fort  near  the 
site  of  Albany,  wan<lered  up  the  ]\[ohawk  Valley, 
cro.-^sed  the  dividing  ridire  to  the  head  waters  of  the 
Delaware,  and  deseende<l  that  ^treanl  until  they 
had  encountered  the  Mimiuas  and  iiecn  inaiJe  pi'is- 
oners  by  them.' 

In  the  summer  of  Itjlti,  Ctiptain  Hendricksen 
was  agaiu  in  Holland,  for  on  August  19,  he  laid 
his  report  of  discoveries  an<l  claims  for  extensive 
trading  privileges  before  the  States  General. - 
For  some  reason  which  does  not  clearly  ap])ear  this 
was  not  granted,  and  the  brave  and  energetic  ex- 
plorer reaped  no  advantage  from  his  arduous  and 
dangerous  undertakini;,  nor  did  he  fiirtlier  tigiire 
in  tiie  cisatlantic  aHiiirs  of  his  nation.' 

If  of  little  use  to  himself,  Hendricksen's  discov- 
eries were  nevertheless  of  vast  imi)ortance  to  Hol- 
laiiil,  and  of  far-reaching  inlluenee  and  effect  in 
the  plauting(}f  the  American  Colonies.  His  rejM.rt 
of  his  vovaires  alonir  the  coast  and  ex]iloration  of 
the  irn^at"  Zuvdt  River,  did  more  to  briie.^-  about 
the  organ izat'ion  of  the  Diit.li  West  India  Com- 
pany than  any  one  power,  if  p(i--ibly  we  e\e(  pt 
tile  l.,n-eontiniied  patient,  pouertiil  and  adroit 
manipulations  of  public  ..pinion  by  William  Usseb 
inx.  T'his  man  who  had  Ion,'  before  been  a  char- 
acter in  the  action  of  the  <lrama  of  human  progress 
How  became  a  most  ]>rominent  one.  He  wa^  a 
native  of  Antwerp,  in   Brabant,  a  merchant,  who 


the  Azores  Wands,  and  had  become  thoroughly 
t'amiliar  with  the  profitable  corinucrce  carried  .ai 
between  those  countries  and  \Vt>t  India,  as  all  of 
the  then  known  America  was  called.' 

As  early  as  1591,  on  hi-  return  to  Hollan.l,  he 
proposed  to  certain  iiiercliant.--a  plan  to  i-tabli-h 
a  company  for  carrying  on  trade  with  America, 
and  in  the  following  year  ho  presented  that  plan 
in  writing  to  the  States  General,  to  several  cities 
and  numerous  imUviduals.  He  secured  an  ardent 
adherent  in  the  person  of  Prince  Maurice,  and  at 
his  suggestion  traveled  thnuighout  Holland  to  urge 
his  scheme  upon  the  inhabitants,  but  he  could  not 
arouse  them,  for  as  he  exprc'^sed  it  "The  people 
could  not  be  awakened  from  their  sleep."  Now 
that  Hendricksen's  report  h;id  awakened  fresb  in- 
terest in  America,  Usselinx  in  1616,  resumed  the 
agitation  that  he  had  commenced  at  the  beginning 
of  the  century,  and  in  that  year  he  presented  a  pe- 
tition to  the  States  General  of  Holland  and  West 
Friesiand,  in  which  he  offered  to  prove  the  follow- 
ing points : — 


I  Cun.pan 


tlif 


collfctpd  til  i-iirry  on  tliis  work  propf-rly 


It  was  not  until   nearly  a   year  had   passed  that 
this  document  was   permitted  to  b,.  n  ad,  and  even 

then   its  time  of  fVuitioii  had   not   , v,  and  even 

when  it  did,  the  man  wlio  had  fo-teivd  and  imur- 
ished  the  plant  received  no  re^^anl  tor  hi,  indefati- 
gable services  which  were  of  vast  \ulue  to  hi- coun- 
try. For  years  he  had  devoted  nearly  all  of  his 
energies  to  his  favorite  scheme,  and  he  became  so 
impoverished  and  embarrassed  in  his  private  athiirs, 
that  in  l(lls  it  l.iecame  necessary  that  he  should 
be  pi.itectj.d  from  arrest  by  his  creditors  through 
the  L'l-anting  of  mretr  du  corji-i.  But  further  than 
thi-  Ills  frei|neut  )ileadim:s  for  remuneration  re- 
ceived no  recognition,  and  the  very  pisjple  who  re- 
ceived benefit  from  his  acts  liar.-lil\- ci  iticlzed  them. 
This   was  too  much   ti-r  hi.  lierv.piiii  t,.  b,..r,  and 

he  ;_-aveexpn--iou  to  hi,-  iudi^nalioi,  iu  u i-tak- 

able  laiejuaL'c.  •■Crack-brained  audoveruise  pre- 
ten,ler.>-  he  wrote:— 


28 


HISTORV  OF  DKLAWARK. 


If  we  toUou-  f..r  a  hrief  pcrioil  tlu-  lii-t..r_v  -if 
this  reniarkulile  man,  before  takiii-;  ii]i  tlir  ..i-ani- 
zatiou  and   atiliiis  of   tlie  oiiniiany   uliicli   he  .li,l 

his  misfortune:,  tiie  ell.vt  ..f  an  in.-r.ilitu.le  uiii.-li 
it  isdiitienil  to  aciMiint  for,  except  ii|...ii  liie  iriound 

of  the  l.asenrv.  and  m  1H.-1iih.>s  of  the  romm rd 

of  man,  who  often  when  injoyin_'  th.'  r. -uhs  of  ui-o 
actiou  foi-et-  tlie  iiiMniiiienI  liy  whhh  th.y  urre 
aceompli.-^hed.  Trinee  ^Maurice  nio-t  rarn.-tlv 
urged  a  settK-mmt  of  poor  l^Mdiiix'-  .lain,,  and  i'n 
a  Tetter  to  the  States  (jennal  of  tiir  United  Neth- 
erlands under  date  of  Aii-u-t  oit,  lilJli,  said: — 


in  it  with  tin-  Killi.'  /^.I,  ei  Ahi.h  h.'  i„~ll>  .i,-.r>,,  I..  I,..  |.r,.,.,  rlv 
rewarded.  Tlier-for.- it  ..  "ur  .1.  hi.- Ui:.t  \-ui  Ih.-I,  >1 1  Jmn.-.,  (■■•ii- 
sider  well  liia  f.TiiMT  iiii.l  fiiiiiu. -i  uci  ^  ,,ii.l  ~.iti-t>  III-  in-l  ,  hill, I       Ji,, 

dangerour^." 

In  spite  of  this  stronL'  advcjcaey  of  his  ritrhtshy 
an  influential  personage,  the  States  (jeiieral  on 
July  4,  16-J3,  positively^vfused  to  settle  his  ehiim, 
and  referi'eil  iiim  to  the  managers  of  the  West 
India  Cminiany,  with  a  letter  in  wiiieli  they  warm- 
ly attested  his  zeal  and  atleetion  f  ir  the  eoiitinnanee 
of  the  Company,  spoke  of  his  willingness  to  remain 
and  his  willingness  "  to  give  and  explain  the  know- 
ledge he  had  aci|uired  iiy  long  experieiiee,"  and 
begged  that  the  manageis  "  wouhl  examine  ami 
consider  everything  favoralily,  ami  aennding  as 
they  found  him  worthy  of  his  serviets,  make  a  sui- 
table dispo-sitioii."  LV.-elinx  did  not  deliver  this 
letter,  because  in  the  tiist  jihur  he  did  not  nirard 
the  managers  or  company  as  hi.~  dclitors,  init  "  that 
their  High  :\Iightiuesscs  the  Lords  States  Generals 
owed  for  his  services,"  and  -ceondly,  liecanse  he 
had  reason  to  fear  tlie  jealousy  and  unfiiciidlim  >s 
of  several  of  thi'  mana-cr-.  "  l"..r  these  i-taM.ii,-," 
he  says,"  I  finally  resolved  not  to  trmilile  my^elf 
any  more  alxmt  the  company,  ami,  :ijter  giviiiL'"  due 
notice,  left  them  ami  the  ctaintry  to  try  my  luck 
elsewhere,  out  of  the  country,"  And  thu>  p..i,r, 
disappointed,  stung  w  ith  ingratiliule  and  >  nihilten  il 
in  S|iirit,  he  tran>ferrcd  hi<  valiiahle  knoivled-e  and 
energies  to  the  service  of  Sweden  and  ot(lu>iavus 
Adolphu-,  where   as  will    presently  he  .-I, own    ihey 

were  not  only  used  to  ^j 1  advanta-e,-,  hut  hotter 

appreciateil  than  in  his  native  c iirv. 

The  Dutch  Wot  India  fompai.y  was  tiiiallv 
incoriiorated  on  the  ."nl  oi  dune,  Hiil,  for  the  time 
was  ripe  for  the  coTi>iimmalion  of  the  -reat  si  heme 
wdiieh,  indeed,  now  looked  to  a  coloni/aliou  .if  the 
new  world  possessions  of  I  lolhind,  as  well  a<  the 
establisliment  of  trade.  '[\>  under.-iand  the  Inn- 
delay  of  this  ni,a~uiv,  it  i-  neee-arv  to  recall  one 
or  two  eireiim.-taiices  in  the  conditimi  and  attitude 
of  Holland  early  in  the  seventeenth  centurv.     The 


nation    had    hcen 


n    lieu   of  a    pi 


lent  treatv  o 
peace.  I'hilip  II.  had  coii.-^ented  to  the  imlep-  n 
deuce  of  the  Netherlands,  hut  w.mld  not  eo,r~eii 
to  give  them  tree  tra.le  in  the  East  Indies.  Tin 
NetherlaiKis  wouhl  not  accept  a  limd  and  per 
manent  treaty  which  did  not  guarantee  thei 
commercial  freedom,  heme  the  truce  as  a  com 
promise.     The  negotiation  wa-  etlected   hy  (.ir.iliii 


L-ll     i.V    Ih. 


di^tinctivelv  •■  war  partv  "  of  the  dav,  headed  In 
r>.>clinx,  tor  the  reason  that  it  destroyed  tie 
project  for  a  West  hulia  Company.  This  part\ 
was  eager  to  resort  to  every  inean.i  to  injure  and 
humble  their  haughty  and  arrogant  enemy,  and, 
indeed,  Usselinx  appears  to  have  had  a  bitter, 
personal  hati-ed  of  Spain  and  the  other  Catholic 
countries  in  which  he  had  traveled.  The  party, 
too,  was  infused  as  a  whole  with  the  heat  of  re- 
ligious rancor  for  the  Calvini.sls  and  Puritan.- 
(the  latter  exiles  in  Leyden)  were  in  bitter  antag- 
onism to  the  Arminians,  who  controlled  the  Slate.' 
The  Reformers,  finally  in  Kjlit,  carried  everything 
befire  them  in  the  Synod  of  Dort,  the  Arminians 
were  put  down  and  thus  one  obstacle  to  the  success 
of  colonizati'iii  \va~  i-emoved.  The  charter  to  the 
Amsterdam  merchants  expired  iu  Uil.s  ;  the 
twelve  year  truce  with  Spain  ended  in  the  spriim 
of  IfiL'l.aud  the  United  Provinces  must  soon  be 
renewed  while  the  nece-sity  for  a  more  vigorous 
policy  on  the  part  of  Holland,  in  supjiort  of  its 
claims  to  the  New  jS'ctherlands  was  given  an  ad- 
ditional force  of  demonstration  by  the  fact  that 
the  English  government  was  preparing  to  remon- 
strate against  the  expansion  of  the  Dutch  territory, 
both  on  the  New  England  side  and  on  the  Dela- 
ware, the  Virginians  having,  in  fact,  sent  one 
abortive  exiiedition  against  the  traders  on  the 
latter  stream.  Thus  various  causes  conspired  to 
brill-     aliout    the    result    that    Usselinx    and    his 

hrin-  about. 

It  was  upon  the.-ldof.Iune,  1(121,  that  tiieStat(S 
(b'lieral,  under  their  -leat  seal,  eranted  the  ll.niial 
patent  incorporating  the  Wt  st  India  CoiiipMjy, 
for  the  encouragement  of  that   torei-n   .-etilement 


and  commerce  that  it<  advocate.-  a.-.-eited  the  wel- 
fare of  the  Netherlands  larjelv  rested.  The  coni- 
paiiv  was  invested  with  tremendous  powers.  It 
wa-'ai.th..ri/ed,  as  Prodhead  savs,  to  make  in  the 
name     ..t     the     Stat,  s     Ciiieral,"    ■•contracts     tmd 


within    tl 


DTSCOVKKV  AM>  >M:T TLKMKNT   UV  THF   i)(;T{  II.  29 

,li:irUT,  l)iiil(l   f(.rt;s  npiHuut  and   iIImIkm-..    ■_r,,y^  !i:i!i|x-i..-.l,  liowrv-',-,  tl.iit  tin-  iM.iks  v.orc  not  cl.w-d 

„.iice  ami   pnnn.Hc   tnidc      II  wa-    IkhiihI   to  a(i-  [■U;<i-A. 

pari.-  and  ilo  all  that  the  srrvire  of  tli.-v  cniinirlc-  -^.-vural  ^-iiii-  w-u   mt  .,:;  tn/MiiLf  vntiia'^  <if  more 

..ihl  the  jn-olit  aud  increase  nt'  iradf  >hall  r,M|iiiie.'  '"■   l^-'--s   [.riv-Jc  .•:,ar;.<  ;,t   t..   thr   n.  u  Iv  dixovrird 

It   had  11  power  iu  Anieriea    |iraclnallv  •■.ju:;!   to  ■imriiric.-,  1m  hhm'.;  Iji.'.ndt ,-  in    ;w]ii  4o    "  to-cthrr 

,|,at  of  Holland   itself,  tor  all  nf  tlio   Inn, '[ions  oi'  '^hh  a  -u'V.   i;-,.r  l^io-    1..  i/a-imi    -W   and   40   d,- 

that  ijuvernnient,  aiJpcitainin--  lo  ii.~  loiiiLrn  [lo.-^cs  -recs  of  i.".iiii(h-.  '  -ao!   Ii  i.,'  roin,-,.  was  none  oilier 

«i,.ns,    were    unre.-ervcdiy    drli-attd    to    ii.      Tlif  than   the   Ddawart  .       Then    is   no  evidence  that 

Siate.s  General,  reservin-  the  |>o\\ei- to  di  el,!;-!,  wa;.  tli-_v  arioallv  t'ailed  I'ri  this   river,  hut   it   is  to  he 

hail  a  sort  of  general  supi  i\  i.-i..ii  with    llie   |.vi\-i-  '•o'.'Me,!  li:)iii  ;ii,   a- ti"ii  oi' the  J'Jmli.-h  in  Virjiinia 

|i".'e  of  contirniinu    the    appointment  ol'     -nperii.r  tliat    ihev   'lei.      iiKhed    it   is    ornhaMe  that   thev 

otficers,  hut  that  was  the  limit  of  its  [lowers.     'J'he  visited,  all  of   tiie    .'.ater.,  ol"   the  eoa.-t  from   lUiz 

charter  set  forth  that  except  ill  the  name  of  "  the  7Crd'3    Bay    (within    twenty    miles  of   Plymouth) 

Tnitcd  Company  of  these  United  Xcther!au<ls, '  tor  down  to  the  Delaware. 

the  sjiace  of  twenty-four  years,  no  native  inhabitants  A  plan  of  coloni/atinii  was  al>o  matured.  There 
of  the  Netherlands  slioidd  he  iiermitted  to  sail  to  were  then  in  the  Xnherlaiids  a  nuniher  of  Walloon.s 
or  from,  or  to  trafhe  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  from  i  Belgian  I'rotesiants  of  iU|iposed  Waelsche  or 
the  tropic  of  Cancer  to  tiie  Cape  of  <; I  Hope,  (Jeilic  oritrlii)  wlio  were  retaijees  from  Spanish  per- 
nor in  the  countries  of  America  or  the  West  In-  secutien,  who  had  sou;.i-ht  to  emigrate  to  Virginia 
dies,  between  the  south-end  of  Terra  Nuva,  Ijy  the  but  o -Mid  not  secure  .-atisfaclory  terms.  Tlie  We.st 
straits  of  jNIagellau,  La  Maiie,  or  any  oilier  straits  India  Conip;ui\'  ipiick  to  see  that  these  people  would 
and  passage  situate  thereab.uit,  lo  liie  straits  of  be  good  iniiuigi-anls  with  whom  to  begin  the  p^er- 
Arriaii,  neither  upon  the  North  or  the  South  Seas,  niauent  settlement  of  their  possessions  in  America, 
nor  auy  islands  situated  on  the  one  side  or  the  at  oiJ';e  made  provision  to  carry  them  over  iu 
other,  or  between  both,  nor  on  the  Western  or  one  of  their  ships  soon  t(j  sail.  This  was  the  "New 
Southern  Countries,  reaching,  lying  and  betXTcen  Netherlands"  iu  eominand  of  ('a|itain  Cornells 
both  the  meridians  from  the' Cape''of  Good  Hope  Jacobstn  Mey,  who  ti.x  after  Hudson  had  sailed 
in  the  west-end  of  New  Guinea  in  the  west,  '•  under  into  the  Delaware  Day  and  who  was  going  out  now 

penalty  of  forfeiture  of  g Is  and  ships."  as  the  Srst  resident   director  nv  governor  of  the 

The  government  of  the  company  was  vested   in  colonies.      Tlie     vessel    sailed    from    the    Te.xel  in 

five  boards  of  managers — one  at  .\  m-teichiin  mana-  March   102:i,  i  Adiiaeii  Joiis  ol   Thienpoint   beintr 

ging  four-ninths  of  the  whole;  nne  at  .Miildleburg,  second  iu  command  ),w  it  lion  t  about  thirty  "Walloon  ' 

ill    Zealand,    managing    twn-iunth.- ;    oni'  at    Dor-  families  on  boaid  an<l  look  I  he  southern  course  to 

trecht,  on  the  ilaose,  managing  one-ninth  ;  one  in  America,  (the    one   then    commonly   followed)   by 

North  Holland,  one-ninth ;  and   one  in  Friesland  w;iy     of     the     liiilish     Channel,     the    Canaries, 

and  Groningen,   one  ninth.       Tlie  general  execu-  across  ihe   Atlantic   to  (  o.iiana  and  the  Carribees, 

tive  power  was   placed  in  the  hand.-  of  a  board  of  thence   northward  betuivii  th.'  licrmudas  and  Ba- 

nineteen   delegate.,  ,  n.-uallv   ,len ated  the  CI-  hama.-   to  the  \'ireima  eoa.-l,  and  then  skirting  the 

lcge(,f  Nineteen)  of  wh. M^ht  w.iv  to  c e  from  .-hole   t,)  the   North   River.      Keaehing  his  ilestina- 

the  Amsterdam   Cliamiier,   and   the   n  >t  .from  the  ti.m  Mcy  di-li  ibuted  hi- handful  of  colonLsls  as  far 

other  Chambers   in    pinpm  i  i,,ii  h.  their  .-hares,  ex-  as   he  could.      The   niajmiiy  weie   t;lkeu  up  to  the 

cept  that  the  States  (ieiieral  wa<  tn  be  lepie-eute.l  site  of  .\lbanv   where    the    Dutch    had   built   F(U-t 

by  one  delegate.      The  Slates  were   plcd-ed  to  ,le-  Orange   (Aurania)  in    ICl  (.  a  (l.u   to  the  Counecti- 

feud  the  company  again. I  all  cmer,-,  t..  l-ivc  f.r  it-  cut  Kiver  and  fuur  en„,,le.- w  ii,,  bad  married  on  the 

each,  and  four  vacht.  ,.f  ei-htv  teii.-eaeh.  an.l  w.re  scu't   to   the    Delaware,  where   tln-v  were  either  ac- 

to  advance  a  million  guihiers  ,n  n,ei,ev.      Tiie  ,om-  companied  or  ,.,„,n  vi-ited  by  Mev.    The  site  seleet 

|Kiny  wa.-   to   provide  at  il.-  own  e\pei,-e  a  unmber  ed    f,,r   thi- South  Kiver  >ettlemeiit  wa,- Verliid-ten 

"f>hips  equal  to  those  supplied  bv  lb,'  Lrnvcrumeiit  Island    near    the    |.ie-eut   citv   of   Trenton,    N..I. 

and    to    arm   ami   e.piip    them   all"       The    lleet  thu.-  While    the  Wallnous  were  located  at  this    place,   it 

instituted  it  wa.-  innvid.'d.-l 1,1  be  placed  umhr  appear,  thai  the  -ailoi-s  and.-eldiers  were  stationed 

llac.mmand  of  an  Admiral  .el,, ted  bv  the  Stale-  at  a   little  loit  ^'JnvU  was  hurri.div  built  for  their 

Ge,„.,.;d.      The  b,,oks  ot"tlie  .■,,iu|.aiiv  weieniilv  |,,  protection    at  a   -pot  which  !lie  natives  called  •' Te- 

l-k.ptopen  fnr>lneL.Hib-,,ipti,,n.  d'unnu'lhe  vear  kaaeho  "  near  (  dmiee-t.r  roint,  imiiM.liatel  v  oppo- 

l''".;i,  and  while  anv  inliabilaiit  ol  the  N.tbeilamU  >ite  tiie  lower  part  ,.f  the  .-ilv  of  j-hila.lelphia. 
loljht  become  a, -ln,kbnl,ler  within  that   pcrio.l,  it 

wa<  uniioiinced   timt  none  could   do  so  l-.i'er.      It  ,,r..i«'biy',ruii'/tZ~vii  G.'rnMM  w^i-'i  wilue,  "i-in^ 


nrSTORV  OF  DELATVARr:. 


This  wiii  F.irl  Na.*sau,  the  tir^t  huihliuL'  kiiuwn  to 
have  bffii  er'rted  by  rivilizt-il  mrii  on  the  ihi,Tos 
of  the  Dehuvare.  Its  exact  .-ite  eaiiiint  now  he 
pointed  out,  but  it  was  supposed  to  be  upon  the 
north  branch  of  Tiud.er  L'reek  or  as  tlie.  Dutch 
called  it  "  Timiuer  Kill,"  '  then  called "Sapackon." 
It  was  built  clo.-e  to  the  point  of  rocks,  its;  southern 


rampart    l)einu 


ithin    a  tew  feet  of  the  creek. 


The  year  in  which  the  fort  was  built  is  disputed, 
but  it  is  probable  that  its  construction  wfis  under- 
taken about  Ib'io,  which  was  doubtless  ulso  the 
time  of  the  settlement  near  the  site  of  Trentc!:. 
The  men  and  women  of  the  Walloons  at  this  iso- 
lated station  grew  homesick,  and  within  a  year  o"- 
so  returned  to  Manhattan.  The  fort  toowasabr.n- 
doned  after  one  or  two  years  of  occupation  though 
it  was  irregularly  occupied  by  a  few  soldiers  for 
short  periods,  down  to  1642  when  it  was  coctiuu- 
ously  garrisoned  until  1650  or  1031  when  the  Dutch 
themselves  destroyed  it,  because  it  was  too  high  up 
the  river  and  too  far  from  the  chief  theatre  of  their 
activities  to  serve  any  valuable  purpose.  It  appears 
to  have  been  occasionally  used  as  a  lodging  place 
by  the  Indians,  probably  at  such  times  as  they  ex- 
pected trading  vessels  to  arrive  which  was  at  least 
once  a  year,  and  DeVries  found  it  thus  tenanted 
by  the  savages  when  he  visited  it  in  IG.'io. 

In  1625,  the  colony  at  :Manhattan  imndiered 
over  two  hundred  souls,  and  Cornells  Jacobsen 
May,  who  administered  its  simple  government, 
(luring  the  year  1624,  wa>  succeeded  by  William 
Verhulst,  as"  the  second  director  of  New  Nether- 
lands. He  seems  to  have  visited  the  Snuth 
River,  and  his  name  was  for  a  hjng  time  com- 
memorated by  '-Verhulsten  Island,"  near  the 
bend  of  the  Delaware  at  Trenton.  Upon  this 
island,  which  is  described  as  being  "  near  the  falls 
of  that  river,  and  near  the  west-side  thereof,"  the 
West  India  Company  established  a  trading  house, 
"where  tliere  were  three  or  four  families  of  Wal- 
loons." The  companv  also  had  a  brick  house  at 
Horekill.  The  Wall'.nu  families  did.  not  remain 
very  long  iu  their  h.nely  fruutier  home.  F.y  order 
of  the  West  Inilia   Companv,  "  all  iIiom'  who  were 

Fort  Nassau,  iu  lli2s.^sen■  r.-movcd  to  .Manhaltan. 
A  small  ve.ssel  onlv  remained  there,  t..  keep  up 
the  f.ir  trade.  That  trade,  however,  was  le>s  pro- 
Htable  than  traffic  on  the  North  Kiver 


Wi.il-  -hip^  regulailv  vi-^u.  d  the  South  Kiver 
for  purpo-:e..  ot  t.-a-'e,  half  u  do/.,  u  yeai>  elap-d 
before  any  furcLer    iittempt  wa.^   mado   to   place  a 

ihis'.vas  nuallv  broi  .-ht  abi  ui  It  wa-  largely  throi:i:li 
private  eiilerpris.'  i.ml  rosull'-d  iu  trie  f  lumling  ot' 
ihe  hrst  sefr'enieiU  -Aiihiri  ihe  present  state  of 
Deiawar"^.  In  tl'.ei-iLantime  ch.anges  had  taken  place 
in  the  lUHuagement  of  New  Netherland  atlitirs  an<i 
in  the  poliev  of  the  ^Vest  India  Company.  Peter 
Minuit"  c.Tr,\.'  out  and  succeeded  Verhulst  as  Di- 
rector „ri'K-  New  EuL'l.ind  colonies,  in  1624,  hoid- 
iiv:  ti'.e  po.--iti(»n  until  1632,  when  he  wm  recalled 
and  Van  Twillev  became  governor  in  his  stead- 
Minuit  (as  will  become  apparent  in  the  succeeding 
chanter)  v.as  a  man  of  great  sagacity  and  energy, 
but  hewiis  compelled, so  far  as  what  nnght  be  call- 
r:d  the  home  aSiurs  of  the  colonies.  t(j  follow  a  very 
conservative  policy,  for  the  West  India  Company 
was  .sadly  neglecting  the  colonization  and  conuner- 
cial  schemes  it  wassi!ppf>sed  to  have  been  organized 
t-j  fuster  and  devoting  its  strength  to  i'ar  more 
ambitious  and  adventurous  on?s.  While  the  cora- 
patjy  had  been  nominally  chartered  to  trade  with 
au'i  colonize  the  New  Netherlands,  the  real  object 
01  it.s  chiefs,  had  been  a  colossal  system  of  legal- 
ized piracy  agaiiist  the  commeroe  of  S[.ain  and 
Portugal,  in  Africa  and  America.  And  already 
had  it  won  brilliant  successes  and  acquired  vast 
P'-ofits  in  following  this  mammon  of  unrighteous- 
ness. It  had  invyed  upon  Spanish  fleets  from  one 
side  .if  the  Atlantic  to  the  other.  It  had  in  two 
years  taken  one  hundred  and  tour  prizes.  It  fre- 
quently sent  out  Sijuadrons  of  seventy  armed  vessels 
to  sweep  the  seas.  It  had  captured  Bahia  and  Pern- 
an-,buco  and  aspired  to  the  conquest  of  Brazil.  It 
had  declared  dividends  of  titty  per  cent.  These 
spectacular  and  enormously  protitable  perform- 
ances had  dazzled  the  wealth-worshipi)ing  Dutch 
mind  and  completely  cast  into  the  shade  hundjle 
profits  of  plodding,  but  Icgitinrate  trade  and  the 
company  did  not  care  to  be  bothered  with  the 
dischar'.'e  (jf  such  common-place  duties  as  direct- 
im_'   the   settlement  of  the  Dutch    'possessions  and 

or  liwartin-  in  iniportaucc  of  the  original  ]iuriio>es 
of  the  company  whirl,  had  been  one  of  the  chief 
causes  of  the  withdrawal  of  William  L's-elinx,  its 
promoter,  iu  1624.  But  tliore  were,  neverthele.-^s, 
among  the  mendjers  of  the  Amsterdam  chandler 
some  shrewd  minds  albeit  of  conservative  charac- 
ter, wh.i  did  not,  amiil  the  e.Kcitenient  of  conquest 
and  qui.k  makiicj  of  vast  firtunrs,  forget  that 
th.ie  was  an  ubidin- value  in  lands.  Of  this  c  la^- 
—  all   ii,-h,  all  well-inform.Ml,  all    int.n-t.'d    in   the 


-.all,al-o, 
i,'h  would 
De   Laet, 


DISCOVEKY  AND  .^KTTLE.MKNT  ]!Y  THE   OrTfll.  31 

iW   hi.-t,.rian,    K.lliaan    Van    i;cii..-rla.T,  Michat-l  land,  an,!  thrsr  au'tut^  pun.-lia.nl  lV,„n  tl„.  Indian., 

I'aiiu     I'ctcr  Kvcrl>rn  Ilii.  It,  d..na.-  WiImmi,   H,  n-  „n    tlioniitli    (,,r    u,>i)   .-idc   ..f  tlir    l.av     a   tra<-t' 

dnrk    IIa,n,:l,  Samuel   G.^Un   and   San, in  1    Jil^m-  ll,irlv-tu,,   n,ili>  l„n-  and  lu,.   nidr.  d-vp,  extrnd- 

niacrt.      Tl|.  se  Ani.-tn  dan,  mm  of  Md^lanru.  a:h  r  in-    frnm    .,/,/    Cape    Henlopeu    (al,.u:t    u  la-re    ihe 

rnnHilting  uill,  l.aac  I  )e  Ka.-iei  i  .-,  Minuit'.-  .eere  .-nuth    l.uundarv   ,,f  Delauare   t-mhe.   the  ,,,.,,1,  ), 

laiy,  wliM,  for  >ome  reason,  ha,l    l.een  >ent    l.aek  to  uortliuaid,  to  ll,r  inoutli  of  a  river,  the  patent  l»  ini: 

Holland,  .-teured,  truin   llie  Colle-e  of  Nineteen    a  rcL-i-ter.d   and    .nnfirined    .iui.,'    1,    l<;:;i).'      (  jthrr 

'•Charter   of    Kveinption    and    l'r,vile:;e,-  '   to   all  Uo,dd-l,e    patron>    .-,,on    fojloue,!    tl sample    of 

Mich   as   >hall    plant    eoloni,^  ni    New  Netherland.  DIomma.rt  and    (.oduvn.   and    made   -i ar    pur- 

uhirh    the  Slater   General    eontirined   on   June     7,  cha.-es  ,  l.-eu  here  ni  N.u  Net  horland-.  \'an  l;,'n-,-<-- 

plaiited    it    upon     the   .-oil    of    tin:    ueMern    uorld,  present  Connlie.  (,t  A  ll.,i„v  and   ]:en.,-,la.r  in  Ne« 

destined    not,   indeed.   Ion-    to    noiiri-h     it,    l.ut    to  York,  uhil.'  their  eomrade.-  -eeinvd  ai -t,.piallv 

hecome    the    -lohe'-   hroade.-t    tield    of  deinoeiaev.  extensive,  and    in   -omi     ea-e>  even   more  valnahle 

A  landed    arisloeraev  ua~    l,n,n-ht    into  exi.-tence  e.-tates.      IJut  tia-e  lord,  of  the  ,-oil  Im -;,„  t(i  .piar- 

aiul     the     .\eu     Netherlands    were     liandeMl     over  rel  amoii- themselv,  >,  ainl    to  avoid  expo.-ure   and 

I)retty  nineh  to  it.- eeiiilrol.      The   eharter  -ave   the  scandal   (for   the   land   -  j 1"    had   iiuieli   to   tear 

America   by  the   company'.-  ship>.  on   certain   coii-  ihey   ,livi<led   the   hiinU  e.piallv   anion-  the   di.-af- 

ditions,  three  or  ti.air  i.er.utis  t.,  -elect  lands,  which  fected  one.-  of  their  niiinher,  the  hi.-toriau,  De  Laet, 

on  purchtise  from   the    Indians  :ind   on   piescnhed  IJIommaert   and   (iodyn,  each  receiving  ii  fifth   in- 
conditions  of  plaiittug  eolouies,  should  in  tracts  of 

fixed  size,  bec<jnie  tiie  proiierties  of  feudal  lords,  or  i^!.  i!ll",H?,iVil'-T,'tV'\!r  i'!'i  1^1^'' Vi,'i'rt'iT'''\m\ 

patruons,  who  were' also  to  have  the  control  and  d.,ui-.  u.i>  ,v,.,^.,u/..i  i.,  n,.  i i.,,  ,„.i  e,.„,,  ,i  ,,i  \.  „  n,  iiM.ii,,„'i., 

government  of  their  iiihtihitants.     The  land  select-  j'.',',.''i'",',','!,i~'i"i ,, ':'Tm  '  ■"  '■  V  '  .'■  V' i'"'i''" 'n,,"V'  ni'M''>'i"!>i''.r' 

ed  for  a  colony  might  extend  sixteen  Dutch   miles  is  n.n.ii  e,  a. .   ,1, i  ,,,: i  i.u,.  im^.-m,.,,,  a  .i i,  i.,.,i- 

in  length   if  coiiJiaeil  to  one  side  of  a  navigable  s\ri',i"''i'i'ii^V>''''''i  -  i-i.-'i" '^  ■ih' ''-V!^^^'i'^^^^ 

river  or  eight   miles   on   each   side,  if  both   Ijaiiks  - c  ■■ i.iu.,r.  i.>  .,.■!,.  .m.-iciIi'I.  K"o,.t.    n  h.,.  .,i-.,  i...  „  |,um,.|h,i 

were  occu[iied,  and  extend  as  far   into  the  country  I,''.,l  M-''l't^.^'.'I'"^l''HMl  nm-rilllv^.'-'i'iM^^^^^^^ 

sirable  ( though  this  latter  clause  seems  tifterward.  t^!''•'i"\'■'■\'7\',■Al'l''vJ'h'':'T■''  I'r,;',  ^,  i„'r'.M.'''Ti!.'  'i.  !i.  h  '|.,"L'i!iy 

to  have   been   revoked   and   the  extent   inland   to  "yi-""''- mi..  i.m,-i  .,i,.i  ,.„„.■  „..iti,  m  ti...  Mi-mi,  .  i  ti„.  M;ii,..m 

have  been   nioditied  to  one  half  of  a  Dutch   mile,  fuii,",Iv,i,- ihTrnnts  ,.r  tii.'"o'asi' 'Ti!r''l;cm,V.!t 'wi!',!i!  T.^,.-^^ 

or  two  English  miles).     These  great  ;;runts  were  ^'^''[ 

to  be  bestowed  upon  any  members  of  the  company  fuiiuv 

(to    none   others  were    the    privileges    open)  who        .. ^ 

should  within  four  years  plant  a  colony  of  fifty  '-i"" 

adults   upon   the  tracts  in   ciuestiou  anywhere  in  [",", 

New  ^'etllerlands  except  upon  the  Island  of  :\Iau-  ^'-'■•i- 

liatttin       .More   immigrants  entitleil  the  patroon  to  !",',l',[ 

proiiortioiiately  more  land.    The  i>atroons  aoiuired  ''"'^' 

their  estates  in  fee  simple,  with  jiouer  of  <li-po.in-  the., 

Imunds-^'Miad    chief   command    and   dower    juris-  ."..'"',! 

diction  "--and    each    patt.ioi,    had    the    ,A-chiMve  |"'" 

privilege   of    Hshin-,    fiwliii-    and    -rin.lin-   corn  .'.'.i!' 

within^his  own  domain.     They  had  also  the  power  j'',"  " 

of    founding    cities    and    appiiintiiig    otlicers    and  .'^n'Vi!! 

could   trade  anywhere  along   the  cna.-t   or  to  Hoi-  J;;)''; 

land   on    paytnent    of    five    per   cent,  duty  to   the  »  i.-^. 

company,  at    it-    re.-,  rvati.m   of   .Manhattan.     The  ;|',;-,'' 

cwm[iaiiy  prohiliited  engagement  in  manufacturing  "•■■••■ 

and  retained  exclusive  inon.ipoly  of  the  fur  trade.  '"',',' 

In  all   other   matters   the  patroon-  were   to  be  .-ov-  i"-i  " 

Among  the   M'ry  tir.-t   to  act  under  the  Charter  ^'  — ^ 

maert  and  Samuel  (iodwyn.      in    KI'JK   thi'v  -eiit  -'•"'< 

two  persons  to  tlie  Delaware  to  examine  and   buy  I,"^.';', 


terest  in  Van  l^m.-rlac 
una  Gmlyn  ,l.aiin,-  h: 
the  tract  nn  tin-  S.Hitli  I 
Bav,  as  il  U"W  ln-Lran  t 
Go.lyn  an.l  Ul.uinr. 
rather  sccuif  tuil  titlr 
nize  auil  irn|iicivc  it,  an 
this,  Davi.l  i'lctn.-.n  D 
HoUand  port,  -a  l.nl. 
master  ofartilicrv  in  tin 


HISTORi   OF 

and  i;l..innKU-rt 


ilv  uilh 
ran.l  l\: 


ind    sk)llul    V,. 


31.1, 


kn..v 


L'lMt.Mi  I'r 
■•  ',h-Vvh 
ui,l,  wh.. 


■.-lul 


Inuu  n.ulvrrtr.rne- 
!u-    Ka~t    iii.li.-,  ,v;- 


a  skipper  ul 

16l'4,  ha.l  tried,  un-iic 

India Cloinpany'.s  nmni 

from  a  three  year.-'  er 

ofiered  an  (ipportunit\ 

as  a  captain   and  ".^c 

clined  to  enter  into  tiie  prnject  nn   aiiv  t'U.i.-  .<; 

equality  with  the.  rest,  which  finally  ii.'inu  a^n 

to,  he  was  made  a  patnuai   on  (  ),tn!.ri-  iC,  16 

and  taken    iuto    partuer.-liip    with    (iod;,  n.    Bio 


lU 


niaert,  De  Vries  and  Van  Ken.-selaer,  ami  almut 
the  same  time  four  other  directors  nt  the  \\\>t 
India  Company,  Van  Cetdeu,  Haisicl,  \'aii  Har- 
inghocck  and  Van  Sittoriiih,  were  adniitl'd  to  tfie 
land  "pool,"  as  it  would  n.,w  hccall-d.  The 
ca[)taiii  now  set  to  work  to  advance  tlir  enter- 
prise of  his  a-(,ciatcs.  The  ship  "  Walvi>,"  or 
"Whale,"  of  ei-htron  ,-„„,,  and  a  yacht  unv  im- 
mediately eipiip[icd  anil  .-ailed  troni  the  T(  .'ccl,  in 
Decemher,  Ui:;(),  to  plant  the  tii.-i  <ctiKnicnt  within 
the  present  hotm.lancs  of  the  State  of  1),  lawarc,  a 
settlement  which  ha.-  a  niournt'ul  inteve-i,  tiom  tin; 
fact  tiiat  all  of  it<  people  were  i..a-a.-rcd  l.v  the 
Imlians.  The  ve-ef-  ea.rie,!  out  nunii-nuit.-.  , -at- 
tic, foo,l  and  uhalini:  iuiplenuiit.-,  lor  He  Vr  es 
had  heen  told  that  whales  alionnded  in  Ce.lvn's 
Bav,  an.l  !..■  intcn.h-.j  estahli.-hini.'  a  wh.ale  and 
seal    H,-hcry    th.uv,    as    well    a-    a   .-ettlenu  ut    and 

grain.      The  expe.lition   .siilc.l   fr the  T.  xel,  in 

Decemher,  nn.l.'r  the  .•onimaml  .if  i'.'tcr  Il.'ves, 
of  Edam  (for  Dc  Vries  .lid  not  -o  .mt  at  this  time. 


us  .-tateii  iiv  <amc  wri'crs;.'  They  arrived  in  South 
Kiv' r.  in  .Ip'-il,  lil:'.!.  Sailin-  up  the  southern  or 
w.'st  sh.ire  the  '-Walvis"  an.l  her  .•..n.s.irt,  jn-t 
ah.ive  the  prcM.'it  i /ape  H.'idop.n,  .nterc.l  "a  tin.- 
naviLMhie  str.'tir:!,  rill.  .1  with  Idands,  al...unilin'_'  in 
good  O^sicis."  .-1.  i  tlowin-.:  ll-reULdi  :i  fertile  rc'_fi..n, 
and  th"re  the  imuo-p  ai;t-  -aiiout  thirtv  in  nuiii- 
her,  ail  ,uah>^-weie  lan.l.  d,  ami  th.-  lirst  clonv 
if.  Uelawar  •  e-;a!.lidi,-,l.  Tli.-  pla..-e  was  near  th.- 
..i;e  -f  Lcwo.  aiNl  the  ^tr.-au,  wa>  what  i.  now 
kn-iwr  ^^<  Le^'..-.  Creek,  i..:t  wa.-  th.-u  nam.-.l,  hs 
fuv.-.-,  Ho.,rif!-id,an.l  Mii..-.  .|U.-nt!v  cornipl.-.l  into 
W  ho;-tk;it  or  tier,  kill.'  The  .<.-ttle".ucnt  was  .-allcl 
Z.vaanenJacl  .;r  Swanvale,  ami  a  Mnall  buil.lin-.' 
snrr.juu.led  with  palisades,  was  iriven  the  name  of 
J-.irt  f)plai/dt.     The   land   at  Zwuaiiendael,  .ir  the 

in  a  kin. I  ..f  c.intlnnat..ry  way,  l.y  Peter  II.  ye.- 
a:n!  Gdlis  Ila.-sett,  r.-spectively  the  capiain  ami 
commissary  ol  the  expediti..in,  on  May  o,  Itiol, 
from  SaDuoowoun*,  Wiewit,  Penehacke,  M.-kowe- 
tiek,  Teehepewuga.  Mathsniem,  Sac.io.-k,  Aiichi>.)p- 
0»a,  Janqueus  and  Pokahake,  who  were  either 
Leuajie  or  Xautic.ike  Indians. 

Soon  after  the  colonists  were  comfortably  settled 
at  Zwaaunen.lael,  Ileves  er.)ssed  to  Cape  May  an.l 
bought  from  ten  clnefs  on  behalf  of  Codyu, 
Blommaertan.l  their  a.-sociates  a  tract  of  land  twelve 
ii'iles  s.piare  wITn-h  pur.-hase  was  registered  at 
Manhaitan  June  :!,  l(i;;i.  Then  after  demunstra- 
tiug  that  nothing  was  to  be  expected  from  the 
whole  fishery,  Ileyes  sailed  in  Septemlier  for 
Holland  to  report  to  his  employers,  leaving  Ilossett 
in  command  of  Fort  Oplandt  and  the  colony  of 
Zwaaneudael.  Just  how  the  massacre  of  the  set- 
tlers came  about  was  never  known,  but  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  it  was  incited  by  wrongful  or 
at  least  unwise  acts  on  the  [tart  of  H(.)S.-<ett  and  his 
men.  The  Dut.-h  .-ay.s  .me  account  (given  to  De 
N'ries  by  an  Imlian)  as  was  the  custom,  erected 
a  pillar  an.l  pla.-e.l  a  piece  of  tin  u|)on  it, 
tra.-.-.l  with  the  c.at  ..f  arms  of  the  Tnit.-.l  Pr..- 
vinces.  One  of  the  chiet;  n..t  kn.iuinL:  the  irravity 
..f  the  .irteiice,  t.iok  away  the  tin  to  make  pip.-.- 
Irom  it, which  .rcate.l  great  imli-nalioii  ani.mg  the 

liunes  this  luirrative,  were  exceedingly  an.\i.jus  t.i 
maki-   amemis    t.i   the    white  men,   f.ir  they   enter- 


»Vi:i:V  AM>  SKTTMIMHNT   liV   TIIK   Dl  TCI[ 


83 


„llriulin,i:  cliift'hmu-hl  ;i  token  of  their  art  to  tlir 
i;,rt  holiiii,:,'  lliiii  t(;  appra.-r  tli,'  u  hit.'  Maiiilou's 
iiiii;<T-  llit-'y  wuru  relinked  tor  llii.s  act,  uhicli  liny 
'.hoiii:lit  would  pruvu  propitiatory,  and  went  away 
,1,. pleased.  Some  of  the  friends' of  the  murdered 
,.hief  who  had  taken  no  part  in  the  erinie  and  re- 
garded it  :u  bein-  actuated  by  the  Dutch,  rooked 
,;pon  reveuge,  and  stealin,^'  upon  them  when  with 
ill,'  e.xeeptiou  of  one  sick  man  ihey  were  all  at 
work  in  the  fields,  >lew  them,  afteiwanls  -oiu-  to 
ihe  fort  and  iiiakiii.'  tlie  ma--aere  complete  liv 
killim;  its  solitary  .Mvupant,  and  >i,.„,tim:  twentv- 
live  arrows  into  a  hii,-e  eliained  ma^lili.  'fliis  ac- 
count of  the  deitructiou  of  the  Hrst  colony  of  white 
men  within  the  boundaries  of  Delaware  is  open  to 
(l.iubt,  so  far  as  the  jirovokin;^  cause  is  concerned, 
hut  it  a[ipear.s  certain  that  the  whites  were  greatly 
to  blame.  Whatever  may  have  been  its  causes 
the  massacre  was  a  melancholy  fact,  aud  thus  was 
;hed  the  first  wliite  blood  upon  the  Delaware. 

DcVries  early  in  lti'4'I  had  made  preparations 
to  visit  the  colony,  inspect  its  couditiou  aud  place 
mure  settlers  there.  Just  as  he  was  ready  to  sail 
from  the  Te.xel  in  command  of  another  ship  and 
yacht,  on  ■May  24,  Governor  Minuit  arrived  from 
.\lanhattan  with  the  startling  intelligence  of  the 
massacre  at  Zwa:;iiend;',!e.  Xotwitnstanding  this 
discouraging  news  he  sailed,  and  after  a  tedious 
Voyage  (making  their  customary  immense  detour  to 
the  southward)  arrived  off  the  Delaware  coast  early 
in  December,  knowing  long  before  he  saw  laud  that 
it  was  near  "  by  the  odor  of  the  underwood  which 
at  this  time  of  the  year  is  burned  by  the  Indians 
in  order  to  be  less  hindered  in  their  hunting."  On 
the  3d  of  December  the  weary  v<iyagers  saw  the 
entrance  of  the  Bay;  on  the  oth  sailed  around  the 
Cape,  and  on  the  Hth  ran  with  the  coast  up  the 
Iloorukill,  having  first  taken  precautions  against 
an  ambushed  attack  by  the  savages.  De  Vries 
<loubtless  had  hopes  that  the  massacre  would  prove 
to  have  been  of  a  le.ss  pending  character  than  had 
been  represented ;  that  some  of  the  men  had  es- 
caped or  been  spared  ;  but  he  found  that  his  worst 
fears  had  been  realized  and  the  scene  that  met  his 
eyes,  even  before  landing  told  too  well  of  the  fact 
of  the  settlement.  The  stockade  had  been  burned 
and  the  dwelling  or  store  Ikjusc  which  constituted 
the  stroiiLdiold  of  Fort  Oplaiidt  was  nearly  ruined. 
l!ut  the  worst  was  reached  when  they  came  to  the 
place  wh.ere  their  countrvnieii  had  been  butchered, 
when  thev  found  -Ihe'  L'round  be.-trewed  widi 
liea,U  and"  bone-:  of  their  nuirdered  men,  and  near 
by   the  remains  of  flieir  cattle.  ''      Silence  and  ruin 

The'  meluucholv  little  search  partv  returned  to  their 
ship,  and  having  as  yet  seen  no'ludian>,  DeVries 
ordered  a  cannon  fired  with  the  hope  of  bringing 
some  of  them  down  to  the  shore,  but  none  came 


dav.  Upon  the  next,  the  7th  of  December, 
di-eovered  -eveial  Indians  n-ar  the  ruin-  of 
,ui,  but  thev  would  not  .onie  down  to  the  .hip. 
evidentiv  feared  to  appiu-oaeh  an.l  ,l,.-ire,l 
.lute,    to    C( on    -l„,re,   Whi.'h     DeVries    ,li.l 


.f  tl 


.."ii.le.      Hew, 
.nl..r   that    h," 


sh 


■  UL'h   in 


ceived  the  st,iry,  already  given  in  substance,  which 
was  very  probalily  a  fabrication  desii.^ned  to  pal- 
liate the  action  of  the  Imlians  aud  at  the  same  time 
to  conciliate  the  Dutch.  DeVries  di,l  not  care  to 
investigate  too  clearly  a  deed  which  was  irrepara- 
ble, and  which  he  t'At  assured  originated  in  some 
brutality  or  debauchery  among  his  own  race.  Tie 
already  knew  something  of  Dutch  ,aiielty,  and  at- 
tributed the  massacre  of  Ilossett  and  his  men  to 
"mere  jangling  with  the  Indians"  and  made  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  them  aud  sealed  it  with  pres- 
ents— dufiels,  bullets,  hatchets  and  Nuremburg 
toys"  after  the  u.-ual  custom. 

De  Vries  ami  hi,-  m.  u  lin-eid  in  the  regi.m  of 
Lewes  Creek  through  the  remainder  of  December, 
attempting,  it  is  suppose,!,  to  capture  whales,  but 
on  January  1  lO-'So,  navigati,in  being  open,  they 
weighed  anchor  aud  sailed  up  the  bay  and  river 
to  Fort  Nassau,  where  he  arrived  on  the  5th. 
There  De  Vries  met  some  of  the  natives,  who  de- 
sired ti,i  barter  furs  for  corn,  of  which,  however, 
he  had  none,  and  was  thus  unabl,.'  to  tra,le  with 
them.  The  Imlians  made  a  show  of  olleriiig  peace, 
but  their  actions  were  susiiicious,  and  he  was 
warned  by  a  sipuiw  whom  he  gave  a  cloth  ilress, 
that  their  intentions  were  evil.  He  noticed,  too, 
that  some  of  them  wore  English  jackets,  and  pres- 
ently learned  that  they  had  recently  murdered  the 
crew  of  an  English  sloop,  said  t,)  have  come  up 
the  river  from  Virginia,  and,  as  they  greatly  out- 
numbered his  men,  the  wary  ca[itaiu  dealt  with 
tliem  verv  cautiouslv.  On  tin-  (itii  he  anchored  in 
fnmt  of  "the  Tininu'r  Kill  (Timber  Creek),  fully 
prejiarcl  f  .r  the  Imlian.-  if  th,'v  intended  harming 
him,  ami  soon  their  ,-an,H.s  ,.'am,.  shootin-  from  the 
.-hore  aud  approaclie.l  the  vaeht.  Forlv  od,l  of 
the  nativis  ,-lamlM're,l  on  boanl.  Their  "visit  was 
prolial.lv  n.a.le  with  paeih.'  int.nt,  but  thev  were 
closelv  watehe.l,  ami  wh,-ii  the  captain  tli,,ii-ht 
thev  'ha,l  l.e.ii  there  I,.ul'  cnoUL'h.  tie  or,l,Te,l 
them  ashore,  thnat.M.iuL'  them  to  lire  if  th,'V 
r,-tus,,l  to  ,l.'|,art,  and  telling  them  that  he  ha,"l 
been  warned  by  their  Manilou  (^Oo,l  or  .jevil)  of 
their  wicked  designs  On  the  .sth,  after  cruising 
up  and  down  the  river,  he  au'ain  retiirne,!  to  his 
position   before  the  tort,  which    was  now  tlironged 


iiisT(M;Y  or  i) 

K[.A\VA 

tly  a  cu 

iu,e  cauif  ..Ifwitli 

Tun    V,:: 

11     tllcV 

v.unr    on    tw    tlu-      1: 
TLcv  .  rourl,.  ,1  ii,      r 

,i.  colulli. 

tt.T 
nil   tl 

iIk.,1.| 
1,.  l),la 

uMiv  on 

,,f  DcVii 

tllr   Till, 

,f  I'M, 

■  \\\f 

.Ir  nl'  ll 

hi  ll,.' 

"■  1'''"'"' 
vtrliill- 
oth.T     . 

aloii-  til 

.'   Cap. 

ll'lnl 

lIl.lillL: 

r,.lllllrv 

lor  a  (li-l 

Ulll-L-   .. 

Wile 

jiati',- 

>Ml,i 

'Wr-t 

Ivii,    l;ioi 
iinlia  Col 

iipaii) 

iii.-ai 
hull 

i.l  .-ix 
.lrr,l    : 

liuii.liv,! 

Ul.l     loll 

I     .^UlM.T- 

V  ilollai-. 

'riu 

Nvith  Iij.liaii.,  an. I 

vacht.  w.Tc  toun.l  to  l,c 

aci.cle.  aiul  -avt'   the  .aptaiii  I..  un.i..>tan.l  tli.y  ^l:..lv^  ..f  tli.-   I 

had   toun.l   hu   H^-   alrai.i   ..f  tl.ein,  Km    thai    th.:.v  tlmty-tu.i    mil. 

bmviT   ^k■HlS,   Nsitii    iiiu.li    c.TL'in..iiv,   ill   t.^kun  ol'  twuive    mil.,-,   ' 

their  frlLU.Uhip.     *_lii  tlir '.Uii  aii.l  iUlh  he  ohtaiiKa  ami   tln'ir  a-.'e 

from   theiii   a  .<iiiall   .,,iaiitity    nf   cuu   and    a   tl-w  tor    iiftLrii    tli.. 

fur^,  au.l  oil  the  latt.r  ilav.li-.i|.;.i-.l  .i..wu  the  river  thou.-aii.J    tu.i 

uiid  anelmie.!  half  a  mile  al^ve  the  .Min.|.ia.  Kill  wa.-   the   lii>t    laml   ,-.,1.1  hy    uhit.,-  ui...ii   the  Dela- 

(Chrir^tialia     Itiveri,    oil     the    l..ok.,ut    lor    uhale.-  uaiv  Hay  ..i'  Kiv.  r. 

HLs  yarht  ua,-  aftei-wai.U   twie.'    lV../,eli    ta.-l  in  the  F.irl    Na.-aii,  uhi.li    ua-    iiii...v,ii,ie.l  except    hv 

ice,  and  he   wa^  in   ,-.,ine  .hae^er   tn.m    In.lian-.  of     Indians  iu    Ki:;:;,   mu-t  hav-    h.en   ,^ai  i  i,-oii,-,U 

whom   h.-sawnan,ei..u.-   haii.Ls   there   hein-  ...me  afterwards,    for    in     If.oo  a    party   ot    hiiji-lim.  n 

interueeineNvaram..ii.rthein      He  ivaehe.l  Z.vaan-  from    the  olony   .,n  the    (.■..ni.eetieut    lliv  r.    ule. 

endatd,  after   m.-t    vexation.,  delavs,  ,,n   P.hruary  -'ujit    V,  make  a   -.  tll.in.  iil  ..n   the  De  auaiv  .  n- 

20th    aud  on  Mareh  6th  ,-aiie.i  for  Virginia  L.  pm-  deav..iea  t...apluiv  it,  hut  u.iv  thuarted,  eaptur, .. 

cure,  if  possible,  supplier  lor  liis  e..h,ny.       He  was  an.l  .eiit  a.   pr,-..ii.  rs  t..  Manliatiaii.      It  ,>   pn.ha- 

upou  his  arrival  there   met  l.v  the  (i.,vern,.r  an.l  hie  that  the  f..rt  wa-  .■ontiiiii..usly  ..eeupie.l   hy  the 

some  otfieers  and  sol.liers,   wlm   t.eate.l   him    very  Dutch   lV..m   tin,   time  t.,  ami  alter   the  >ettleineiit 

cordially,  but  told   him   that  the  !?.nUh  Uiver   he-  ou  the  river  by  the  Swedes  m   ICl^,  an.l  Ue.rtam- 

louged  to  the  British  by  riolit  of  dk-cvery.     The  ly  was  in  that  year  as  the  aeeouiil-  ...t  expe.litmn.- 

Goveruor  appeared  never  before  to  have  liear.l  that  fir  its  inaiuteuanee  m  the  West  In.lia  (_ompany  .- 

the  Dutch   had  built  forts  aud  placed  settlements  books   prove.       But  other  than   tins   iiitiiutesiinal 

upon  the  river,  but  spoke  of  a  small  vessel  that  dot  of  slowly  dawnin-  civili/.ati..n,  near  t!ie  pres- 

had   been   sent  s.,me   time  before  to  explore  the  eut  town  of  Glouee-ter,  N    •!,,  th.P'  wa-  n. .where 

stream,    an.l    ..f   whi.h    n.,tliiie_'    ha.l    ^im■e    lu-eu  up,.m  the  shores  ..f  the  river  an.,  bay  any  ,-mn  ..I 

heard  aUh..a-li  -he  wa-  h.ll-^in.•edue.     De  Vries  human    habitation,   save    the    o.vasi..na.    wi-wam 

then  narrate.I  what   ha.l  been  told  him  bv  the   In-  of   the    natives;    and     the     -ivat    \wlderiie..    that 

dian  squaw  iu  regard  t.,   the   munler  ..f  a   boat's  >tretclied    away,  no    .me   knew    whither,   In.m   the 

crew,   and    related     the    circum.-tauce    of    having  n.yal   water-way   lay  a-  a   virgin   ivgb.n   awaitiii,' 

seen   some   of  the    ludiaus  wearing  Knglish   gar-  the  coming  of  man.      L'.ut  pi.paiatmns  were  again 

ments.      Purcliasing    provisions    aud    receiving   a  making  beyond  the  ocean— this  time  m  lar  away 

present  of  half  a  dozen  goats,  De  Vries  set  sail  Sweden— for  the  peoi,liiig  of  these  shores. 
again  to  the  northward,  and  in  due  time  reached 

Zwaaueudael.     He  found  that  his  men  stationed  

there  had   taken  .even  wiiales  from   which  they 

had  rendered  thirty-two  cartels  <jf  oil,   but  as  the  CHAPTER   V. 
fishing  was  too  ex[)cnsive  in  |)roporti.jii  t..  the  |>r.i- 

ceeds,  and  the  cohiuy  boin- s.i  small  that  it  could  sew  swedes  on  tuio  dklawaise 
not  reasonably  be  expect,  .l  to  mainiain  it,-.  If  and 

resist   the    Indians,  he   t...,k    the    fu    a.lveiitur.rs  >;weuen   was    now  to   hecime  the  competit..r  ot 

there  and  saih.d  to   Manhattan  and  tluiice  I..  Hoi-  Fran.'C.  an.l  E lejaii.!,  an.l  ir..llan.l  f..r  a  f.,..ili..l.l 

land  some  time  in  th.'  summer  ..f  l'i:l:i.     Thus  the  iu  N.-rlh  America.      The  lib,  im1  n.in.l  ,,f  Gustasus 

Delaware   Bay   wius    a-ain    aban.hine.l   t.,    the   In-  Ad. .Ipliu.- early  .li-crnd  tli..^  ben,  tit.  t..  Ins  pc  pL' 

dians,  and   uo  pe.. pie   i)ut  they  br.)ke   the  Solitude  of    cilonies    and    an    expaii.lc.l    cmmerce;     an,l 

of  its  sh..rc...rtr..,l  the  melancholy.  bl.,..d-stained  William    U.-^s  biix,    the    pr,,iect,.r    .,f    the    Dutch 

and  des..hile   ■.'r...iin.l   of  the   -  Valley  of  Swans,"  West  ludia  Gmipany,  vi-itiiiu  tli.>   lialtic,  .piick- 

the  site  of  Delaware'.-   lii>t  settlement,   mr  many  cued  the  zeal  .>f  the  .-a.-aci.ui.- ..verei-n.     Turning 

years.                                                                                 "  t.,  Swe.len   an.l  cnteiiiplating  tli.- .-..inplex  begin- 

Accordiug  t.)  Eu-Ii-h   rule,  occupan.w  was  nee-  ning  .,f  her  c..l..iii/.ati,.ii    pn.j.'ct,   which    resulted 

essarv  t..  complete  a  title  f.  the  wihleruc-      The  in  th.-  plaiuiiiu   of  the   lir.-t    p.a-maiieut  organized 

Delaware  havim:  bi. 11  ie.-.,n.|iiered  bv  th..  native-,  setllcineiil  ..n   liie   Delauaiv,  in    KioS-Chnstina- 

beforethel).it.li<-..ul.l  ivuew  their  cJaim,  the  pat-  ham,  the   .ite  ..f   whi.li   is   ii,.w  embraced    in   the 

ent  <aaiite.lt.,Ce-iiiu- Calvert,  -ecml  I,..r.i  Balti-  citv  .,f  Wilmiiii:t.,n  -  ,.iic  ..f  the   iiu'st   D..t.w.,rt!iy 

more,   on   Juii-  -.'o,  ir.:;-J.  L'av.'  the  Dutch  an  En-  an.l  curh.us  I'ads  which    pr.^.ul-  it.elf  t..  the  .tn- 
li-h  coiii|.etit.ir  in  the   per-oii  ..fthe  pr..pri.-tarv  of     .lent,  is,  that  tli.'   thre.-   iii.li\  hluals  chielly  in.lru- 

Murvlan.l.                                                                        '  meutal  in  acc...l.iplishiiig  that  work  were   men  who 


1737551 


NKW  SWKDKN  (JN  T!If:  DEL -.  V"AR[j. 


IkicI   !ilre:i(lv  liocuiui'  jn-di 

nine: 

nt  in  t! 

lie  Dn 

l,h  e..l, 

niil    tiit<'i|iri-e.s       Tiii>o 

U(T( 

,'    Will 

iani    1 

—elin; 

1',-liT    Mimiit     ami     S:iii 

liloni 

UKurt 

—  naiii. 

•,(itli  which   the  nailer  of 

thr 

pri-rc, 

linL'  e 

ha|,ter 

:..lrf;Hly  familiar,  knowiii- 

;    i1k 

•in    to 

have 

lieen   it 

.|«.H-tivt>ly  those  of  tiip  fir: 

-t  pr 

■of  th 

le  Dule 

■h 

W'r.-t  Iiulia  Company,  in  l<i-Jl  ;  a  (i.iv.rm.r  ..f 
Ni'W  yetherlamls  and  a  palro^.n  |.n.].n.  n.r  of 
-real  land  tracts  on  the  Delaware,  one  oi'  which 
included  the  site  n{'  thi-  iinfutuntUe  coL.ny  of 
Zwaanundael,  npnn  the  Hoornkili. 

Usselinx,  as  ha-  lireii  <le.un,  left  Ilnlland  late 
in  1023  or  early  in  ir.-.H,  impoveri:~heil  ami  .-u.ng 
hv  the  ingratitude  of  the  Dutch.  He  went  ininie- 
iliatoly  to  Sweden  ami  tli.iv  made,  through  Clian- 
cellor'Axel  Oxen^tierna,  to  Kin.-  (il!^tavlIs  Adnl- 
phus,— the,  then,  iim.-t  cmmanainLr  ti-ur.-  in 
Europe  and  the  chief  defender  of  Protestantism, 
— a  proposition  to  establish  a  Swedish  Trading 
Porapauy  to  operate  in  Asia,  Africa  and  America, 
hut  to  especially  direct  its  energies  to  the  latter. 
Both  King  and  Chancellor  embraced  the  enthusi- 
ast's project,  with  alacrity,  and  their  interest  and 
a.'^sistance  knew  no  abatement,  save  through  the  pe- 
cuniary embarrassments,  political  changes  and  wars 
which  unfortunately  ensued.  Usseliux,  in  urging 
all  the  advantages  that  might  accrue  to  the  nation 
and  individuals  by  the  enterprise,  stated  that  there 
were  thousands  of  miles  of  shore  in  Anitrica 
where  no  Spaniards  or  Dutch  had  ever  been,  with 
fertile  soil,  and  good  climate,  to  the  natives  of 
which  their  superfluous  goods  could  be  sent  and 
from  whom  other  goods  taken  in  return  :  that  colo- 
nies might  be  planted  on  the.^e  shores  to  the  great 
benefit  of  the  mother  country  and  vastly  extend- 
ing His  .Majesty's  dominions,  and  that  the  causes 
of  civilization  and  Chri.stianitv  might  be  i:reatlv 
advanced.     "  Above  all,"  said  he  :  — 


lh--.i[5,  u.ia  touiirsubjeots  -.mj  r  .v..-ii..-,it  :im.1  b.-,ii:u 

A  second  charter  for  t.'no  compaiiv  was  L'ranted 
by  the  King,  June  l4.  VV1(^.  wh'.h  was  similar  in 
all  e.ssentia!  matters  to  'hat  ><t'  two  yiars  beliire, 
except  that  it  changed  (h-  tim.'f.r  goin-  into  ef- 
fect from  -'6'i-;i  to  1(5^7.  ft  emi-j.-ted  of  thiity- 
.-even  articles  aad  was  intiodm.  i  'Aitli  ilie  tullow- 
;;'g  words  by  the  King; — 


Kii,-..fSv^a,::.-etc 

,  ■•fortli.'sr.read 

writy   cf  orr  s..l.j-c 

u"      ....  tuve 

company  or  ui.ilcd  i 

lower  of  proprictc 

others  :.,!  »la!l  as-o- 

iHle  thei.iselv.-3  « 

work,  proniisi::gtT<t 

rcT'Ctbi-n  it  with  c 

elp  forward 


The  charter  fully  set  forth  the  objects  of  the 
corporation  ;  provided  that  it  should  be  open  to  all 
countries,  citie.>  and  individuals,  and  that  those  of 
them  who  should  bving  one  hundred  thousand 
thalers  >hould  be  entitled  to  appoint  a  director; 
guaranteed  national  protection;  assured  a  crown 
subscription  of  four  hundred  thousand  thaler>; 
lixed  numerous  other  details  and  prescribed  a  form 
of  government  for  the  company. 

That  the  services  of  U.sselinx  were  neither  ig- 
nored nor  inadequately  o.-timated  is  apparent  from 
the  thirty-ttiird  article,  in  which  he  is  most  favor- 
ably spokeii  of  and  a  plan  established  for  his  pecu- 
niary recompense,  viz: — 

'■  Wlienns  Williiiiii   f-^-i.Iiiix,   horn    in  .Uitw.rp,    I'.nilB.nt.  Ii;l-   spent 


For  the  scltlemrnt  of  -^ii  h  a  ,-i.h,panv  as  Osd- 
inx  proposed  the  Kiie.'  -lant.il  Iwters  patent, 
dated  November  111,  liijt,  enaliiiu'  t!i.'  .-w  di-li 
.^onth  Sea  Companv  u  lii.-h  it  was  p.-ovld,  d,  >hoiil,l 
L'o  into  operation  M'iiv  1,  ICJ.-,,  ami  cntinue  twelve 
vears  or  until  HioT.  On  tlieL'M  day  of  the  next 
month  C.n>tavus  Ailolplnis  autliori/'d  C-.-linx 
to  travel  thion._di  the  kiie_'d..m  and  .-olieit  >ni.-.  ri- 
ber.  to  thi'.-toek  of  the  Cmipany  and  -ave  him  a 
kind  of  ._'eneral  letter  of  i-,-e.iinniJmlalion  In  whieii 
he  .aid:- 


HISTORV  (^F  DELAWAIIE. 


N..    ^Ulves 


The  Kin-  "as  a  profmiiid,  tar-s. 
and  liberal  tlunktr;  an.l  lir  tl.>  nf..! 
freeilom  of  coiijciLiir.'  un.l  .-i»-.c!i  .-li 
any  colony  founded  iiiidrr  tln'  >" 
that  to  it  should  be  wulenuied  all 
battle-torn  fields  of  the  "Id  w..ri 
should  tread  its  soil  "f.r,"  lie  >aid 
great  deal,  labor  with  reluelanee  and  .-.M>n  perish 
from  hard  usage.  But  tl;.'  >UMli-h  nation  is  in- 
dustrious and  intelligent,  and  hereby  \\e  sliall  gain 
more  by  a  free  people  witli  wives  and  children." 
The  project  thus  warndy  endorsed  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus  -was  received  with  enthusiasm  by  his 
subjects.  "It  is  not  to  be  described,"  says  one 
writer,-'  "how  much  all  these  new  schemes  de- 
lishted  the  Senators,  particularly  that  relative  to 
the  establishment  ..f  ihe  West  Indi.-  i  as  America 
was  then  called',  tn  whieli  ali  penplr  subscriijed 
,  in  eonforndty  to  the  ex- 
kiriu-."  Ships  were  made 
.  s..nie  authorities  actually 
t  till  into  the  hands  of  the 

■n 

newed  and  Sw 

at  home,  all    furth.T  elforts  towards  coloni/atmn 
tiinr  ;i!iand"nid.      Durini:  the   period 

td  tl,.,,.-  u: 
:,.,iu,.nl  p..l 
t.nn  ul.leh 

...nandrd  ,-. 


In 

tlli 

-  doe 

linen 

a  I 

d    St 

aled 

by  C 

St. 

les 

U^^. 

linx. 

re 

•tor 

of  tl 

e   N' 

fa 
di 

thtV 

1     \\" 

iHian 

le 

ter 

nil 
C'Hlt 

niiin 

Li 

ermauv 

alls 

South  Con, 

lany. 

h. 

nor 

d)le. 

our 

u 

^^eli 

n.x." 

,       'J- 

e.dlcet  ^ 
r    lo,  K 


4'l" 


readily  and  gem 
ample  set  them 
ready  and  aeeon 
sailed  for  Ameri 
Spaniards  an. 1  tl 


ity  Year- War  lieing  re- 
all  her  men  and  monev 


liini  "tlie  i!l,-t  ia"je,-t..r  nt  tin 
nowapiinintedOv.-i-  Direemr,  ll,.- 
particularly  beloved  William 
The  disastrous  engageiiicnl  win, 
Germanv  in  regard  to  the  company  was  entiicl;. 
broken  oti'  by  the  defeat  of  the  Swedish  army  ui 
the  battle  of  ^'ordlingen,  August  1^7,  lGo4,  and 
Usselinxthen  endeavored,  though  inetlectually,  tn 
interest  the  French  Government  in  the  scheme. 

And  now  in  Iboo,  after  nine  years  of,  fjr  the 
most  part,  well-directed  but  intermittent  and  i>ru- 
ductive  labor,  and  too,  anad  the  very  same  di^all■ 
vantages  which  had  defeated  the  original  pn.jeet, 
there  was  begun  what  was,  in  many  essential  re- 
spects, a  new  movment  for  the  colonization  ol  New 
Sweden,  and  one  which  culminated  in  sueee.-.- 
Concerning  the  atiairs  of  this  period  in  which  the 
Chancellor  Axel  Oxenstierna,  Peter  .Miunit,  Sam- 
uel Blommaert  and  Peter  Spiring  were  the  chiet 
actors,  a  Swedish  invebtigator'  has  in.  very  recent 
years  discovered  interesting  data. 

The  King,  a  short  time  betbre  his  death,  had 
freshlv  urged  public  attention  to  the  trading  and 
colonization  scheme,  and  Oxenstierna,  to  who^e 
wise  guardianship,  he  had  entrusted  his  little 
daucrhter,  Christina,  the  future  Queen  of  Sweden, 
d    his  well-known   desires      He 


.thcialh 


d  t. 


were  for  the 
which  follow 
and  the  coii- 
divided  atteii 
the  scheme  d 
it  by  thii.-e  i 
blow  alike  t, 
companv  in 
mimled    Kin 


id.  During  the  peril 
little  re.-pite  in  the  u 
i-al  turmoil,  and  the  n 
e  successful  niatuiini: 
d  not  1)0  lir>toUed  up' 

:u,d  the'  I'l-os, 


the 


also  stated  that  the  work  was  almost 
completion,  but  was  delayed  by  the  ab.-enee  of  the 
King  in  the  crusades,  in  l'nl.-^ia  and  Germany 
and  from  other  causes.  Fully  realizing  tlie  im- 
portance of  the  project  which  had  been  left  him 
as  a  political  legacy  and  trust,  the  Chancelhir  in 
the  spring  of  Kio-"),  while  sojourning  at  the  Hague 
and  Amsterdam,  made  the  actiuaintance  of  Sam- 
uel Bliimmaert,  the  commercially  ambitious  Hol- 
lander, whose   lan.l   investments  on   the  Delaware 


N-„vember  i 
aflUirs  had  1 
elude  (ieiii 
and   his  ant 


NEW  SWELUIN  ON  TIIK  I>ELA\VAKi:. 


with 

ll.rtU: 


lis  (Irpart- 
ini.  whirh 
l,:i(l  the  c-tt.rt  ..t  -ivin-  ;i  nvw  iiMi.rtus  V,  Svs,-,1l-Ii- 
Anirricau  allair.^.  (  )nc  of  llir  first  of  BldiiiiiKunt's 
l,.|t,is  niu.le  iii'iiiiry  as  to  tlie  })rosi.i.'rts  of  u 
Sui'lisli  f\|i' (liiiou  to  (_;uinea,  t(j  uhifh  coiintrv 
;iiiii  ISrazil  tin-  atti'iitioti  ot'  tlie  Dutchman  seems 
tlicii  to  have  lieeii  prinei|>ally  ilevoted,  ami  siih- 
.iM|iient  letters  dealt  hu'L'ely  Avith  a  description  of 
tlic  coiiimereial  and  maritime  enterprises  of  Hol- 
hiiid.  In  the  following  year  Oxenstierna  received 
a  visit  in  Wi.-mer  from  another  Dutchman  \vlio 
was,  however,  engaged  in  the  Swedish  service  and 
stood  high  in  the  esteem  of  the  government.  This 
was  Peter  Spiring,  who  was  now  sent  to  Holland 
on  a  commission  to  gain  subsidies  for  Sweden  from 
tJLe  States  General  and  also  "  to  observe  whether 
it  might  not  be  possible  in  this  conjuncture  to 
obtain  some  service  in  atfiurs  of  commerce  or 
manufactures."  Ho  wrote  the  Chancellor,  in  ^lay 
l(i:](i,  that  he  had  held  several  conversations  with 
r>lonimaert  concerning  the  trade  with  Guinea, 
and  had  sought  to  interest  in  it  him  and  other 
Dutch  men  of  business.  He  also  heard  from 
JJlommaert  of  the  person  best  qualified  to  impart 
information  on  these  subjects,  viz ,  Peter  Miuuit, 
the  leader  of  the  first  Swedish  expedition  to  the 
Delaware.' 

^linuit,  whom  it  will  be  borne  in  mind,  was 
Director  of  the  Council,  or  President  of  the  Board 
of  the  Holland  We.-t  India  Company,  and  Gov- 
ernor of  Netlirrland.-,  resident  on  the  Island  of 
-Manhattan,  from  .May  4,  lti2G  to  1632,  was  a 
native  of  We^el,  in  the  war-torn  Cleves  in  the 
Rhine  provinces  of  (lermany.  He  was  probably 
compelled  to  relin((uish  his  position,  in  1632,  by 
the  intrigue  ot  a  powerful  faction  of  the  company, 
and  thereufti-r  .-eems  to  have  led  a  retired  life,  in 
Holland,  until  ]62(i,  when  he  was  brought  into 
notice  by  Spiiiii-.  It  was  propo.sed  that  ^linnit 
shoidd  journ.v  lo  Sw,din  in  tlie  summer  of  Kioll, 
"  to  ai/l  the  authoriti.  -  with  hi-  c.uiu.m.1  and  ,-'up.r- 
ior  information,"  but  in-  was  unable  to  d<.i  so,  and 
senta  written   coiiimiini(  ation   (^dated  June   l.jiin 


rillJ  Bj. 


He  suggested  that  the  Sui(li>li  fiovernmtnt 
miuht  grant  a  chain  r  to  .-.curr  the  trad..'  Irom 
Terra  Nova  cNewfoundlaml  -  lo  fhuida,  and  uI.m, 
grant  power  to  capture  Siiani-h  and  I'oitUL'Utse 
vessels,  and  that  the  uoods  of  ihe  e,>n>pany  -hould 
be  made  free  liom  duty,  hoih  in  and  out,  for  a 
period  of  ten  years.  He  thought  tiiat  the  coni- 
pany  ought  to  "  try  to  get  there  the  so.jner  the  bet- 
ter, and  procure  triendly  terms  with  the  wild  in- 
habitants, so  as  to  induce  tliem  to  collect  beaver- 
skins  during  the  winter;  trade  willi  them  for  four 
to  five  thousand  skins.  Tlius,  with  a  small  begin- 
ning, increase  the  capital,  so  as  to  take  more  in 
hand  afterwards."  Such  an  expedition  as  Minuit 
contemplated  required  a  ship  of  irom  sixty  to  one 
hundred  lusters,'  with  a  cargo  worth  ten  thou- 
sand to  twelve  thousand  gulden,*  and  a  company 
of  twenty  or  twenty  five  men,  with  provisions  for 
a  year  and  a  dozen  soldiers  to  serve  as  a  garri- 
son for  the  colony  which  should  be  located,  besides 
a  smaller  vessel  to  remain  at  the  settlement.  This 
proposition  of  Minuit's  or  one  based  ujion  it  was 
read  in  the  Swedish  Kiid,  September  27,  16'16,  and 
seems  to  have  been  favorably  regarded  by  that 
body  as  well  as  by  Oxenstierna,  Spiring,  Bloin- 
maert  and  other  interested  individuals. 

In  tiie  fall  of  16o6,  Spiring  was  again  sent  to 
Holland,  but  this  time  as  Swedish  resident  and 
"  Counsellor  of  the  Finances,  ennobled  under  the 
name  of  Silfvercron  till  Norshalm  (with  which  he 
coupled  his  o«n  name,  usually  writing  it  Peter 
Spieringk  Silvercroeu  of  Norshalm).  He  immed- 
iately resumed  negotiations  with  Minuit,  and 
Blomniaert,  (the  latter  ot  whom  was  now  made 
Swedish  Comnii>.-ary'  at  Amsterdam),  the  final 
result   of  which  was  that  the  expedition  to  Guinea 

volviiig  too  giiat  e\pcIl^e   and  the  coie|-ie  resolved 


to  form   a  Swedl^h-Dlll^ll   Company,  for  the   pu 

colonies  ui'oii  tho-c  poiiious  of  the  Amirican  coa 
not  already  occupied  by  the  Duleli  and  EiiLdi. 
It  was  e.-timatecl  that  the  .'o-t  (jf  the  first  exped 
tioii  woiihlL.e  about  tv.eiity-lour  tliousau.l  Dutt 
florin.-.'  half  of  which  was  to  be  contributed  I 
Blonii.KHit,    Minuit    and    tlieir    friend>    and    tl 


^luS-lll'KltoSI- 

luiir  iMit.  h  n.. 


iii^TOUY  (.)F  dklavat.i: 


Spiring   was   (If.-^irmi 

-  of   tak 

iiii;   iuto   tiii-ir  tuiili- 

Mr.Mlcn 

ilonre  <.tlu.r   l.n-inr- 

•    men.   li 

lilt   thfir  coiiipi'.ui.ras 

vjsi.iiig. 

protrstr.l    a'jain-l     It 

aihl    111 

■iri'd    sfcrecy    iii?    ihe 

worricil 

only   satV-iKinl    a.'ai 

frustration   of  their 

cf;n.^ffiut 

sclionie    1)V    tlio     l>ii 

t.h    \V,- 

-t     In.lia    Company. 

of    til.      . 

This    iirtord.s    a    SM, 

11. ■what 

(■aii>tic    r..:nn„-nta;v 

.-ix    th..: 

upon  the  luothoils  liy  wliirli  the  fii.-t  S'.vedi-li 
colonies  were  phuiteil  uiion  the  I>ch\waie  apu 
explains  why  so  litlle  was  known  of  the  eatiy 
nuivenients  towards  that  olijcot  hy  coteinporary 
historians.  Bhuiiniaert  was  a  meniher  of  rhe 
Duteh  eonipany,  l.ut  no  less  zealous  tW  tha 
welfare  of  the  Swi^di-h  eiiter|iriM'  on  that  :-eorc, 
and  indeed  he  had  he.  n  en-aLTed  in  .onuntioa  with 
the  eonip.iny,  which,  ilouKlle.-s  had  it.-  etfeet  in 
making  him  a  party  to  the  new  project,  but  it 
is,  nevertheless,  a  notahje  tact  that  he  was  not 
taken  into  the  confidence  of  his  a-ssociates. 

Minuit,  when  these  preliminaries  had  been 
arranged,  in  February,  I6o7,  went  to  Sweden 
and  began  preparations  for  the  expedition  of 
which  it  was  agreed  he  was  to  be  commander. 
The  money  required  from  Sweden  was  contribu- 
ted by  Axel  Oxenstierna  and  two  of  his  relatives, 
Peter  Spiring  and  Clas  Fleming,  who  was  prac- 
tically the  chief  of  ihe  Sweilish  Admiralty  and 
secretary  of  the  Swedish  company.  It  was  he 
who  obtained  the  commission  to  fit  out  the  ships, 
and  he  carried  out  the  details  of  equipment  with 
Minuit  and  Blommaert.  The  latter  procured  the 
crews  of  experienced  nun,  in  Holland,  and  also 
bought  there  the  articles  tor  the  cargoes  for  trad- 
ing purposes.  Botli  nun  and  L'ood-  were  sent  ovir 
to  Gottenburg,  whence  lli>'  oxp.  .lition  was  t^  s;,i| 
in  the  spring,  but  owin-  to  Minuit',-  h.-in-  -i-rioiis- 
]y  sick,  a  long  d.lay  fii.-iird.  On  the  ;ith  of 
August,  the  Adniiraltv  i-.-unl  pa-sp^rt-  f^r  the 
ships  "Kalmar  Xvok."!"  (  Ivry  of  K;,in,ar)  and 
"Vogel  Gripen"'  (iho  (uillin,  or  |;i,d  Ciitfini, 
the  former  a  lar-v  man  of-war,  th.^  latti-r  a  sloop, 
to  sail   from    t'torkholm,  and    tin 


Gottenbur 
sailing  fro 
adverse  win.ls  a 
December    had 


■V  did 
ill.  •  K 


icKeieut  and  liiey  were   fearful 
i.i'ize  i;o  prolir   f'om  their  venti 


il  procure  jU"- 
rs   were  S"i(l\ 


that  they  won!. 
re.  Minuit  pro 
.  to    induce  th 


'  anil  '•Orittin  'just  as  the  vear 


Key  of  K al- 
io:;:, drew  to 


thi 


Of  that  old-time  venturesome  voyage  across  the 
ocean  which  resulted  in  placing  the  first  perma- 
nent settlement  on  the  shores  of  the  Delaware 
Kiver,  withm  the  boundaries  of  the  State  named 
lb'-  it,  uothintr  defiirlte  is  known.  The  passage  was 
lioublless  by  tlio  ciri'uitous  .southern  route,  along 
the  coast  of  Portugal  and  by  the  way  of  the 
Azores  and  Canaries  to  the  West  India  Islands 
an.l  thence  northward,  along  the  American  shore, 
to  the  entrance  of  the  Delaware  Bay.  What  may 
have  been  the  thought  of  the  few  persons  on  the 
two  vessels,  thus  breasting  the  waves,  day  alter 
(lay.  in  tlu.ir  iiro_'i-.s<  towards  a  practically  un- 
known land,  mav  bo  partly  conjectured.  AVhat 
vague  hopes  and  vaguer  fears  filled  some  of  those 
b'-easts  may  be  imagined.  They  had  heard  misty 
and  fabulous  stories  of  the  wealth,  and  salubrity, 
and  luxuriance  of  the  country  to  which  the  wiiids 
of  heaven  were  bearing  them  and  they  heard,  too, 
tales  of  the  cruelty  and  blood-thirstine.-s  of  the 
stiange  race  who  dwelt  there  Some  of  them 
had  kiiMwh-.L^.  of  oiitraLM'S  comniitled 
intry,  and  those  who  knew  the  actual 
of  the  .^hips  were  not,  improiiably, 
i,  of  the  awful  fate  of  the  Zwaanendael 
S.aiie  of  the  saih.rs  had,  verv  likelv, 
.-^e  >lHins  befoiv.  in  the  Dutch"  .-erviec, 
e  commander  Minuit  knew  -oni. - 
dition  ..f  the  coiintrv,  but  the  iv-t 
,l.-..hite  i.jnorance  of  the  situation 
e-  that  awaited  them.  The  mind 
donhtle-.s    ilile.l    with    dreams   ,t 


uiust  have 
in    the   co 


.hlavcd  liv 
1  a<  late  a- 

•     and  thev  1 
^     thini:  of  tl 

harbor  ol 

r     were  in  al 

and  circiii 

•■.'.-„.,  ;ir.,;, 

.     of    Minuit 

:r.,i.t...l    u,.,„   I, 

•     personal   i 

.„,   ..., .,,,.1,, 

,     richment  . 

,ory  miiia,  <A  iU-.a  s.uiill   1 

l,i     1t.-j      own      tll'HI-Ilt,-      ul' 


'.-tat.lv-'k'rv  ,.r   K:.l,u;i 


NEW  s\vi:i 

M-,N    ON 

Till-:   DKLAW.VUH. 

30 

t    I.I1X..1    a,->ri 

nMauc, 

TW-    .^a.on    ua^    an    ta.  1 

V    nlle.    ll 

le    VeL'> 

•tati.iii 

ihc     hair     iiiv 

-tv.-i..,,- 

u.H    aavaii,-.-.!.  an,l    I„  tl,.-  , 

•ve-  ..f  tl 

1.-   luivi 

i^at.ii- 

lioiiihi    aihl    1 

iiinul-il 

arru-tnn,r,l,  Inr  ti.HM-  ln.,I,tl.,- 

-.  I.I  re-t  1 

i|...n   11 

othillL^ 

V   tl.r  ai^lllht, 

aluH'-l 

Uut  a  u.llouv  «a^tr  of  uatr, 

■,  an.l  ha. 

n.i-  h, 

>t  .-et-U 

lnn,->    (,f    ihr 

FatlKT- 

lan.l-Sut-il.u  ai..l    ll..llai„l 

-IJ.   llle 

.h-.„l  .. 

f  uiri- 

tt-r.  ihu  .>i-lit  nt'  lla.  .hnn- 

..f    [»ehiv 

,are.    a 

f  til.'  v,>va-i-, 

t;n-    ll.r 

-n  .11,  luiist    have  iinii  a  n-l 
[heir  heart.- with  happy  auti. 

re>hiii-  .. 
■i|.atin„-. 

Wat 

tilleil 

f.l  hv 

'III'    "iinl,~    tl.a 

t    tilL-.l 

i.al'iiy  hiee/es    that    Ijofc    th. 

i-in-  (" 

i..r>  ..r 

th. 

,-e     uhirh 
eertaiu     tli 

uaflei 

1 

the 

a!,, 

a  peri,  1,1    n. 
1    Hve    in.. 

•  t    -re; 

'tl. 

nil 

a  ' 

^•ovii2;e    to 

A.neri 

ea 

in 

tai 

itdav.'     T 

lie   act 

11  a 

1    .-; 

lia. 

1  occurred 

al.,Hit 

tl 

le   e 

or 

the   hei;ini 

lillU'    111 

Ian, 

.-hi 

ps    were    ti 

pun   tl 

le 

Del 

M: 

irch,  KJ.'lN. 

1-.  iiio: 

m.l   th 


he  nuh.eke,! 
uiiL-  iif   va.-t 


mil 


ip.-,    pi 


r.t  phi 


ilheranee  of  delijit 
hieh  thev  hinileil  f  ir 
oh.-ervation  ami  relre-hnunt,  ■•  I'ara.'li-e  Point' 
(Para.lir^  U.hlen  ,i.  To  their  lanii.-heil  eve.-,  the 
venliire-clad  shore  ut  thi.s  phiee  (which  wa?  some- 
where between  the  3Iiirderkill  and  .Mis[.illiuu 
Creek,  in  the  nei^uhln.rhood  of  Lewes,  in  Kent 
Countv)  was,  imletil,  a  feast  of  beaiitv — an  earth- 
ly pamdise,— all  unmimlful  that  the"  de.-ohite  site 
of  Zwuaneuduel  was  only  u  lew  mile,,  uuay. 

The  phice  winch  they  were  to  make  their  home 
was  not  yet  reached,  and  so  after  a  brief  enjoyment 
of   liberty    on  shore,  the    [)eople  returned   to    the 

bay  and  river,  tlie  latter  of  which  tliey  named 
Nya  iSwerige's  Elf  (New  Sweden's  River).  Fin- 
ally they  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  of 
goodly  size,  the  3Iini[Uas  Kil.'  of  which  ^liuuit 
probably  liad  some  knowledge  through  the  explor- 
ations of  Captain  Hendricksen,*  and  doubtless 
with  the  fixed  inteutii.  n  of  locating  upon  its 
banks,  the  vessels  steered  into  its  channel  and 
slowly  made  their  way  beyond  the  mouth  of  the 
Brandywine  to  the  spot  known  as  "The  Kocks,"' 
an  excellent  natuial  vUiart'  about  one  mile  and 
three-quarters,  follouing  the  couiseof  the  stream, 
from   the   Delaware.      Upon   these  rocks   the   i>as- 


/...„./.„.       l„:„,„.„U,      Vul.      I    ,      pjl. 


40 


HrST(»i;Y  OF  DKLAWAKE. 


seuf^ers  of  tlit-  "  Kvv  ut  Kalmar  "  ami  •'  <  irittiii  " 
—the  piuiuri-s  nf  "l»,.lawan  -,li~.„,l,a.-k..l  ami 
the  carLMies  of  the  tuo  v.-mN  xv.ae  uiil.a.i..!. 
Prepjiratiiiiis  uvre  iruim  .liati  ly  li.-iiu  lo  iinvt  tin- 
wauts  ul'  tliL-  iiLdjil.'  aii.l  I.,  makr  tiir  placi  liaM- 
table.  Upon  the  -rniin.l,  iMinuaiat.-U  lia.k  nf 
the  creek  (uhi.-h  Miimit  tii-t  ralK.l  th."  i;!!,,.,  hut 
soon  changed  to  ( 'hri.-tiaiia  l'',lt,  at'in-  the  v(.uiil: 
Queen)  was  l.uilt  F.nt  (;ini.-tiaria  .  -fhii-tiiia 
Skaiits")  a  small  eii.-ln~,,.v  liaviii-  the  -•  neral 
form  of  a  sr];]are,  am!  within  the  >trnii_'hohl  were 
erected  two  1..l'  hmi.-^..  Ihr  the  ahodr  ..f  tlio.-e  who 
should  form  the  -ani-nii  an<l  a.-  a  place  h.r  the 
storage  of  provi.~inn-  for  th-m,  as  ufll  a-  a  ilr[i,i>i- 
tory  for  the  g.ind,-  hrmi-ht  tn  barter  with  the  In- 
dians. Ininieiliately  hack  ot'  ihi;-  liirt,  upon  the 
rising  ground,  was  afteruaid>  laid  out  and  luiilt  a 
small  town  called  Christinaham  <,r  Christina  Har- 
bor, the   first  town  within  the   houndaries  of  Dela- 

The  fort  extended  ahuu-t  to  the  Christiana  and 
fronted  upon  it,  while  upon  its  eastern  side  was 
also  water — a  iitle  cove  or  basin,  (now  filled  up) 
■which  was  called  the  Harbor — large  enough  to  ad- 
mit several  vessels,  I'^pou  the  other  sides  were 
low  sand  banks  and  niar.-hes  except  in  the  rear 
where  the  rising  ground,  already  spoken  of,  grad- 
ually widened  and  exteu<led  back  to  the  rolling 
hills  on  which  Wilmington  now  stands.  At  that 
time  there  was  much  more  water  than  at  present 
about  this  place,  and,  indee<l,  it  is  probable  that 
twice  in  every  twenty-four  Imurs,  when  the  tide 
was  at  its  height,  the  ocen pants  of  the  fort  could 
look  from  it^  ranqiarts  (U-  tVom  "  the  R(jeks  "  over 
a  sheet  of  water  extending  to  the  New  Jcrsev 
shore,  and  unhrok,  n  >ave  l.v  "  e'herrv  Island.'"' 
The  spot  where    the   f.rt   stoo.l  was   called    bv  the 


isalleg.Ml  hr  or  ,-..„.,  of  h,-m,n  a-r,aid.  d  ih-rix,,- 
as  far  as  TimlMT  Cnrk'  had  ,ailv  knnu  ledge  m 
the  invasi.ui  of  what  tlav  re-ani'.d  a^  their  d- 
main.  William  Kieft,  uhouas  n..u  the  Govn,,,,, 
of  Nrw  Netherlands,  had   n-,viv,d  intrilij,,,,-,.  o( 

It   at    Maidiattan    M:iud    h\     A|>iil    L'^lh,    al a 

m.,nth  from  th.'  tim.^  ..t' M  hiu  it'-  arrival.  rr,vi\ii,_- 
word  from  ih.-  vommi-sirv  at  Foi  t  .\a->au,  for 
upon  that  date  ho  wtoto  ih,'  diivctor-  of  the  We^t 
Imlia  Companv  that  .Minnil  had  la.ehd  on  the 
Delaware  and  hadln-jun  to.'onMrurt  a  ,-tronuiioh! 

and  ha.l  tried  to  pu~h  on  up  the  nvor  hov 1  Fo,  t 

Na.>au,   but    had    heell    prevented    lion,  "doin-   m,. 


g^ljlllMia: lllllllllll         llllimil        IIIIIUIII  III  Mill        iiLiii.iii        r,„.m     ^ 


N  ly^ 


I    . 


Minouas    (or    .Mi 


Indians  whom  Minuit 
found  in  the  region  HopokahaikiiiL'.  From  one 
of  these  Indians,  a  chief  named  Meta?iment  or 
Mattahoon,  the  commander  bought,  on  :\Iareh 
29th,  this  site  and  [)robalilv  <Mnsi(lerable  surround- 
ing land,  as  mucii,  the  Indians  afterward  .said,  its 
"lay  within  six  tri  ■•-.."  meaning-  certain  trees, 
which  had  been  desi_'natvd  hv  •  h!a/in-  ■•  or  mark- 
ing with  an  axe,'  and  a  lililc  later  he  purchased 
a  tract  along  the  w, -t  ^hore  of  the  I),  lawaie, 
several  day:-' journ.  v  in  ext,  nt.  the  bargain  b.  In- 
ratified   bv    live   .'-^achem-.   and   a  wriltiii    eonti.ict 


'€^ 


0^ 


Iloerrkil. 


'C^pMuj,      - 


f    ^W^t"'"°'"'^"  V|No\-,^  SVFXLV.i 


After  .Mi 


i.uircd    pi 
.    and    pi 


eha.-e  trom  tlu-  n.itiv,-.  hr  ,-anM'd  thi' arm>  of 
t^ueeu  to  her.ivt.il  and  iiam.d  tiieeohnv,  w 
he  had  plant.. 1,-N,,w  Swu.KN." 

The  Hull  li   at    Fort  Na--au  i  (  ilouee-ter.  N. 
either   hv    thnr  ouii   uatchluliu>-   throu-h    ii 


Fort  Na-aii  to  proto-t  a-ain-t  MinuitV  action, 
and  that  olhrial  ,lulv  .-mt  I'd. a-  .Mov  down  to  the 
Chri-tiana  to  .-,•,.  the  commandor',-  lieeiiM.  and 
ro,Mini.-.ion.-,  whieli  he  refiixd  to  >liow.  Tie,' 
(governor  tlen,  on  .Mav  Clh.  old  ,-ivIe,  or  I7rh, 
iiou  >tvle  (the  Swch-  'u.Mii-  the  firmer  and  ihr 
Onteh"  the  latter.  .M-nt  the  foIl..uiii-  .-..lemn  |.r..- 
test,  inuhieh  he  lai.l  elaim  in  heh.-dfofihe  Dutch 
We.-t  ImliuVompanv  to  the  Zuvdf  River; 


NKW  SWKDlvN  ON  Till-:   DKLAWAinO.                                                41 

.,,,    ,i,,,.r    „,    Vw    N.Ml,..rUn.K   h:u.^l»..-n^„.    our    ,--,-pm  ^|„,^,1,1     „,.vrr  sre     M-aill.        He     li:ul     ,-,01     tl,0    >1..0p 

':^]  lai':^  iZ'\''^Z\:  ul  u^,^'\^^^^^^  "(Jrilfln"  ill   a.iva.Kv   tn   thr  \Vr>t    In<lir-    f.  .'X- 

V...S.-M,,r,,,n.|.:,.a    ,ys.  :!„,.. un^.....^^    \W,.,-.. ^,„,y.l„  ,.1, ,,„,_,,     [1,,.     riM'-n     l,n,lp.Kt     ,.1,1    IVn,,,     G,  ,t  (l-.I  I  HI  I-, 

:t:!^.r"''-rp'.i',,h ''""!!  ,i'.!lh''„','"  ■'!'h.,,''.':'li.,V':,.^M  aihl  lu-  >ailMl  u|,on  tli.'  •'  K.v  ,,f  Kaluiar"  to   the 

'■^Mr'li'fr^wi  M!u,.-.r^r"«''''rrt^'\!IVr,-n'\!'7'^^  same  placc.      Hr    arrivo.l    .alMv  at,    thr    Wan, 1   of 

■;^\,u.|^l''..'^"ur^l"n",~~,   il    ,,"!,J^,.^^,    v,M    ,.nJi-.~i^  St.      CiiriMn|,l,rr,      Mlrr,,.!,.]       ill"     .li:^IM,sill-      ,,t'      hid 

i'^;a;;'^'m";^n,',M'^/'!lM'n'm';w  Sl"l'''    ^-T-"'     '»"'     ^'^'^     -''"'I't     '"     ^^'il     tor"  Swolm, 

'!''1;Mr!,!'^r""L!!lv!^l'r^r[!.'n!l,:^-''^'i,-''!,!'''u  ^f*^   went  with   his   captain    to  vi-it   a    Duteli  ship 

'".';,:.„  ,,,.,.„,  ,:„.,H.r_    n,,,  a..,,.  Ti,„„uy,  u:,:.^  the  .,11,  „r  ,M.n.  luuued  "  Het  fliegeiiile  here  "  (The    Flyiii-  Deer) 

'•'''■'"  lying  uear,  and  while  tliev  were  uii   hoanl    one  of 

Mliiuit  paid  no   attention  whatever   to  the   O-.v-  '"'"'^^  t?';"'''^  hurrieane.s  to  whi,'h  the  \V,.-t  liidi    ■ 


,rn-rV  protect.  This  .•h, in,  iv-.ed  lip,.li  tl 
,l,-,ovrvandor,npatio,Mif  ilie  eoumrv,  1 
haduliollvahan.lonedtl 


ui.se  thev  regarded  their  chi.ii.  as  nnte,.:      ^'^'^''^^^^  ''■^'-      '^l'  "^'  t'"'  -I'M-  i"  H-  .-ad-tead  had 

'  l.eeii     .Iriveii     to    .ea    and     all    had    Milfeivd    .-oine 

damage,  hut  it  >o  happened  thai  >[in,iit-.  own.  the 

Kev  of  Kalniar.  ua>  iioi   oulv  anion-  tho.se  which 


ahle  for  this  reason,  or  tijr  the  reason  that  ti 
1.  r  of  the  West  Indian  Company  prohihi 
d.  eiaratiou    of  war   without    the    consent 


-tates   General,   the    Dutch  suhmlttcd    ipiietlv   to  '■-"d'*"!.  '"'t  one  o(  i  ho.e  whieh  sustained  the  least 

«hat    they  regarded    a.,    -ro.ss    usurpation  of"  the  '"l"'-.^--'     '-^'^'t  -^I'">"t    ^^^'-^    -^    '"'I'L  enteriuising, 

.•^^udes.      Then    too    Kieft,    heeume    aware    that  1'='^"^"'  "'='"'    ^"'"""^    ^"^    S-'H'-^^^-'i  :'"<!    't  seems 

.Minnit's  colony  bore  the  commission  of  the  Q.ieeu  "'"'''  *''=^'   he  could   not  have  been  permitted  to 

,.f  Ssvcden,  and  lie   knew  how  distasteful  to  the  •'''^"'^  '^"J'^>'"1  *'^'"«  "^  "'^'  '"^■'"'f^  "^'  '"-^   '=^'^"''  '^"'1 

lloUand  Government  it  would  be.  should  he  em  "^  !='■''  ^"  ''■''■^'  -'ri'^   '"  '"^  "•".'^■"  '•""'  '"■  'O' J' le 

I. mil  the  country  with  a  great,  powerful  and  war-  ^'i"i't"  where   he   toimded    the    tii>t   C(di>iiy  ot  New 

like  nation,  v/ith  which   thev   hail   made  eonimon  '  ^^eilen. 

ean-e  in  inanv  momentous   .natters,  and   too   there  '^'"-'    " '^''■>'    "*'   K^''"'^''-'"   ultimately   reached  a 

«iH    a   strong    bond     of    sympathy    between    the  *""""   1"""'  '"'^    ""'    without    iiuetiiig   with  other 

Sv,edes   and   Dutch    throu-h   their   reli-iou,   both  ""slortunes  than  the  h,ss  of  her  comman.ler.     The 

euuntries  being  Protestant.'   The  two  nationalities,  '^'"'^'^  '^*'""  cruising  about   for  a  time   in  West 

however,  were  destined    to  clash    seventeen   years  I"^'.^    ^^''it'^'-^-  »'fturned    to   the    little   fort   on   the 

Liter  and  ultimately  both  to  succumb  to  the  En-  ''hnslina.      Furs    had  been     bought  there  m  con- 

|„l,                              ■                                                      •-  siderable  ijiiantity  from  the  [ndiansand\velldaden 

Mincit   after  he  had  made  such  -eiieral  provi.s-  "'t''  'l"^''"'  "'^'  -^'"op  saile.l  for  Sue.len    where  she 

ions  as  he  deemed  proper  for  the  liule  baud  who  i"'"^''-''!  "ear  the  clo.se  of  31  ay,  IG.'JIJ. 

u.re   to  garrison   the   fort,  prepared  to  return  to  Ibere  now  came   about  quite  a    change  in  the 

-wed.^n.     "  He  left  a  portion  of  the  car-o  he  had  emigration  sclionie,  so  far  as  Sweden  was  concerned, 

brouudit   out,"   says    ( )dhner's    tran.dator,  "to    be  l''''^'  '^'   '^    ''^^canie    more    nation«l    in   character. 

.i-,d  in  barter  with  the  Indians,  as  well  as  twenty-  ^he  Swe.lish  partners  m  the  little  .■ompany  which 

three    men,    under    the    c<unmaiid    of  Lieutenant  ^ent  out  the  Christiana  colony,  had   from  the  lir.st 

Mans    Klin-     the    only    Swede  who    is    e.vpres.^lv  'h'-u  unite.l  upon  thi.  policy',  tor  they  fort-aw  what 

n..  ntioned  as  takin-  part  in  the  first  expedition, '  i"M'"i-t:inee  the  eolouy  under  national  and  political 

,"id   Henrik   Iluvghen,    wdio  seems  to  have  been  '■e'-'"""^-  ^^-""Id    a-^,-ume.      Clas.   Fleming    became 

\lumit'shrother-in  law  or  cousin.     It  was  enioined  the  <p..eial  leader  of   the  work   in    Sueden,  a    [.o.,,- 

"1 these  leaders  (of  whom  thefonner  appears  to  f'""  '"'•  ^^''"■''  '"'  ^^''^  ^^t'"    *"f^'''   '^'^th  by  his  eon- 

^aye  been   entrusted  with   the  military,  the  latter  "«'-'"""  ^^"''   ''"'   company  and   by  reason   of   the 

■'Mth  the  civil  or  economical  direction)  to  .lefend  '-^^'^  "''"  '"-'  ''=^^  become  president  of  the   college 

■'■■■'■  fortress  and  carry  on  traffic  with  the  natives."  "^'  >-'"'i""erce,  which    body    henceforth   gave   close 

Ih. -•   ii;-truetions  apiiear  to  have   been  faithfully  :»ttention  to  the  colony.     In    lookiii-   ab.uit   f.r  a 

■■'rrie.l    out,  especially  thoM.    in    re-ard   to   trade,  sueces.sor  to  Minuit,  they  wcit   a-ain  to    the    givat 

Old  the  ,Miece,->  of  Swedi,-.h  riidiui  affairs   to   have  '"'^ritime  Dutch  naticju,  and  ehc-e  Caiilaiil  Conielis 

'"',"  •-f^'I'li-li'-'l  from  the  -.tart,  3tik.  r.„t  .,f  ^ .■>.i.,„i,  „,  ,i„.  „on,.,.r  ,,!„.>..  ,i.,-,., i  „  „„„  „f 

It  uas  probal.ly  in   July  thai    Minuit    made   his     *.v„,..i  .„-.  i,r,.„,j,.  „„.  i,y  ,Mi„„fl.  n,..  s ii-i,  «n,..r„..i>.;,._- .■ ii, 

•i'  I'arture  Iroin  these  shores,  which  it  was  fined  he  ^^^^"•■'^'■■lu.'^'TLJ'^^llTon',^^^^^^ 

^  tl.in.i." 'ai.,1  Cl.iy,    FiM-riH,    Vini-cut  iiml    ii,,n,>    iilli.,'r.    h:n,-    n.tiniillv 

'■■I   t,...l  ~.iil„,„.-nt3  uii  til.'   Ii.MH«Mr»    River  i.Vop    IV.rt    I]i.,l„r„;l  .-iihu.-Ii  ,  ,,|u.,,l  tl„- errur,  Bomp  uv,.ini«,i  tin.- .;  ii ..  uiii,laiili.aiy  hi- l..u  i,,l 

■  ''   I-  I  r.. I,. ,1.1..,  |„,„-,..r.  th.it  thi^re  w..|e  ii  few  other  Swedes  in  the  <  OJUn-:.--,  Siir  .Sir  ^?,i  Ptnumlmma  Jf, ,;..;„..!  of  llUvn,  Vol     III,    D. 


HiSTOitY  0 


Van  Vlii-t,\vh.>  hail  hfuQ  fur  i^fventl  vaiii-  ),.mv- 
ever  in  thf  Swrdi.-h  .-rrvicf.  Ilaviu--  .■■r-furftl  liii'i 
as  the  caiiiiiiaiiik'r  uf  the  i)r.ipu.-^tM.l  fX|,L'J;liuu  ihi-y 
took  stu]is  towards  timlini:  a  uuuibur  oi'  coli^nists, 
which  was  hv  no  means  a.s  easv  a  ih'iivs  ti-  aeeonip- 
lish  as  it  wuul.l  l.r  at  ti'ls  day.  Tlicv  i>cin,Lr  ur 
applicants  for  i\\x-  niii-rati.iU  the  -wvor..ii!-ft 
ordered  that  certain  nf  it>  otiieers  in  the  prjviiue-; 
of  Elfshor-au.l  Varnihin.i  .-hnuld  take  hy  ^.ree 
such  married  si.ldiers  ;.-  had  de.-.ii- .:  -ir  coiei^.i:- 
ted  otlier  ollen.-es  and  transi^Tt  then,  wirii  ih.-r 
wives  and  cliihlivii  U>  \ew  Swed.  n,  at  the  au-ie 
time  giving  promise  that  tiuy  ,-houhl  be  L-ofjl;t 
home  within  two  years.  It  was  ordered  Uo-.vever 
that  this  sliould  be  done  "justly  and  discreetly" 
that  uo  serious  emi)roilnieiit  niiyiit  ensue. 
Thus  difficult  was  it  to  obtain  '  emigranu  for 
America"  two  hundred  and  fiity  years  ago!  Vro- 
curing  fund?  hjr  the  expedition  was  another  not 
easy  task,  partieuhirlv  ;is  Bloinniaert  aiiJ  the 
Dutch  partner^  had  li-conie  impressed  with  the 
fact  that  the  whole  enterprise  bad  been  managed 
more  in  the  interests  of  the  Swedish  crown  than 
their  own,  and  they  were  all,  Blommaert  especial- 
ly, exasperated  by  the  very  natural  reproaches  of 
the  other  mendjers  uf  the  Dutch  "West  India  com- 
pany for  placing  the  Swedes  in  their  American 
possessions.  Thus  Swedish  colonization  affairs 
were  complicated,  embarrassed  and  delayed.  At 
last,  however,  and  again  with  means  supplied  by 
Dutchmen — Blummaert  and  Spiring,  the  projec- 
tors of  the  second  expedition  were  able  to  move. 
Once  more  the  "  Key  of  Kalinar"  was  eijuipped 
for  a  voyage  to  America.  The  vessel  was  fitted 
out  and  supplied  with  a  crew  in  Holland  and  sail- 
ed for  Gottcnburg,  where  the  emigrants  were  to 
be  taken  on  board  Great  ditiiculty  was  experi- 
enced in  procuring  them  as  had  been  apprehended, 
but  finally  a  sufficient  number  were  got  together, 
and  after  the  vessel  had  taken  aboard  cattle, 
horses,  swine,  iiupleiueuts  fur  farming  and  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  provisions  she  left  G(jtteuburg, 
early  in  the  fall  of  1G:j9.  But  she'  had  proceeded 
no  further  thau  the  German  Ocean,  when  she 
sprang  a  leak.aml  had  t'.'  [>ut  into  port  fur  repairs. 
Two  other  attempts  to  sail  were  frustrated  by 
wind  and  bad  seas  and  the  incompeteucy  of  the 
captain,  and  tiually  the  crew  declared  that  they 
would  not  sail  under  such  a  commander  as  Van 
Vliet.  He  was  accused  both  of  carelessness  and 
dishonesty  in  victualing  the  ship,  and  the  charges 
being  substantiated  he  w;is  removed  and  the  com- 
mand given  to  Puuwel  Janseu,  "probably  also  a 
Dutchman,"  and  a  new  crew  was  likewise  provided, 
and  after  suHering  several  delays  tlie  '■  Key  of 
Kalmar"  at  last  made  her  departure  from  the 
Texel  on  the  7th  ol' February,  KUd.  .Making  an 
unusually  ipiick  vuyage  she  reached  Christiana  uu 
the  ITthnf  .\pril  and  her  immigrants  were  added 


.t    ti 


;jp 


ar-d  he  --died  up.:i,  ih-  ■•  Kev  of  Kalmar,"  uh, 
siie  rbvdiv  was  i-rihiUed  to'  have.  The  pa-l^. 
Reorus  T'i|i<;;!u-.  ;m-o  .induubtedU  .•aine  over  ; 
this  Lime  ;  c.'-:ui,,Iv  not  nith  Mlnuit,  a.  .rv.,„ 
wri,..,:,  have  ...ite.i.  !!.-  wa>  the  tir.t  ivliu,,,.  . 
t  -a-h' r  iu  Xew  Suedti;  ;  hut  little  i:-  kiiouu  ol'  h,. 
hi.stoiv.  a, Ml  he  -!vep.  ia  :,n  iinknoun  L-rave.  pi., 
bai.lv  in  the  b:iiial  i:.o!,„d  of  the  Old  Su-l,  ■ 
chinch  .IL  \Vili.,ii)-to;;.^  As  to  the  other  ilie.M 
-rants  1m-  this  ^ecnud  vo^;l^e  of  the  '■  Kevof  K;,: 
mar,"  thtre  i.  n^.  exact  date;  but  a  .hn-uuH  lu. 
aiina.g  the  iloyal  Archives  uf  .<tockhulm  giv- 
!lic  m.Tiies  uf  a  number  whu  must  have  come  cithi . 
by  thi.  or  the  first  expeditiuu,  and  who  wer. 
ther.  f>re  the  tb>t  reMdeuts  at  Christina.  Th... 
were  A,ol  -rs  Sv.n>^oa  Boi.de,  Per  \udvv....n. 
Audcrs  Lar-.-ou  Daalbo,  Sveu  Lar~.-on,  I'ei^  : 
Guniiarsson  Rambo,  Sven  Guniiai>son,  Lai- 
Sveustfon  Kiiekiu,  Miius  Aiidersson,  .Joen  Thro.-.m. 
and  Miirten  Guttersson, — ten  iu  all.  It  is  iiiiere^t- 
iug  tu  note  a  few  facts  concerning  the  after  life  or' 
these  first  dwellers  in  Delaware.  For  iu-taiice  :— 
Bonde,  the  first-mentioned  in  the  list,  who  w:i- 
l.urn  in  Sweden  in  IG'JO,  settled  in  lti44  at  Tiui- 
cum,  later  removed  to  what  became  r'hilad.'liihi:i 
Guunty,  and  in  1(30:!  was  assessed  as  the  wealthiot 
inhabitant  of  that  county  west  of  the  Schuylkill. 
He  died  between  1601  aiid  It^OH,  leaving  a  widow 
(Anneka")  who  die.l  in  ITl".,  and  six  sons  and  foi;i 
daughters,  who  pLrpi-tiiate'd  the  family  under  tli> 
angHcized  form  of  the  name.  Boon  or  Boii.l 
Daalbo  also  moved  up  the  river,  and  was   the  pm 

present.  Baiiibo  wa.- another  of  those  who  came  ov.  : 
ill  the  "Kc'V  of  Kalmar."  ofuh,.Se  people  the  lili^ 
may  be  traced.  .Many  of  hi^  de.-eendant.  berani, 
prominent  in  Peniisylvauia,  Xew  Jersey  aud  D.l:'.- 
ware.  And,  again,  Sven  Guunarsson  left  po-tev- 
ity,  who,  by  the  customary  Swedish  changes  i:" 
names,  came  tu  bo  known  as  Svensson  (that  ;- 
Sven.  son  uf  Sven)  which  was  soon  anglicized  iiii- 
."^wauson,  the  coLrnomen  of  a  now  vciv  e\tcnji\' 
fimily  Of  several  other:,  named  iioihiiig  i- 
known  beyond  the  liist  few  years  of  their  n-  ■ 
dence  lieiv,  but  enough  has  been  said  to  show  tli..: 


NKW  SWHDKN  (JN  THE  DELAWARE. 


tia-  .--.r.l  of  the  "  Key  ..f  Knliiiar"  pi..n.crs  ,li,i 
,„,t  [i.-risli  from  tlie  v:\nh. 

KfViTtinu'  to  the  :ill;iiis  of  the  now  reinf.rrid 
,-,,l,,iiy,it  iiKiy  he  remaikeil  that  hut  htth'  i>  known 
,  i.iu'ernin;;  it  (UiriiiLfthe  time  hetwerii  Miimit'siie- 
j.arture  ami  HolleiiderV  arrival.  The  only  .locu- 
„i,iit  of  local  nature  whieli  has  heeii  pre.-erveil  (in 
ilie  lioval  Arclilve.-i  of  Sweden  1  i#  an  aceotiiit  hook 
;,,  |it  hy  Henrik  Huyghen  from  the  year  l(i:!.S, 
uhicii  yiehl.-^  no  speririe  intormation  the  colony 
j,  shown  fiom  otlur  .-oureis  tu  have  maintained 
ik.  >ame  hraithful  ciidiiinn  in  which  HoUcnder 
r,,und  it.  Thev  had  luv.i  sn  a.-tive  in  the  fur 
trade  that  thev  ha.l  daiiiaL.d  thr  Dutrh  trade, 
aeenrdiii-  to  Governor  Kicll  hiin,-elf,  fully  thirty 
thou.-and  florins.  The  governor  also  repijrted  that 
the  ci>lonists  had  become  so  distressed  that  they 
were  about  to  leave,  and  had  made  preparations 
to  do  so,  upon  the  very  day  that  the  Swedish  ves- 
sel came  to  their  succor,'  but  the  wish  was  very 
likely  father  to  the  thought.  The  Dutch  had  l)een 
initated  by  the  presence  of  the  Swedish  fort  upon 
their  own  Zuydt  river,  and  had  issued  several 
orders  iutended  to  embarrass,  or  intimidate  theiii 
and  to  prevent  further  usurpations  of  their  domain, 
among  them  being  a  prohibition  of  sailing  on  the 
Zi:ydt  river  without  license. 

Governor  Peter  Hollender  docs  not  appear  to 
have  entertained  a  high  opinion  of  the  colony,  or 
to  have  been  able  to  administer  its  ati'airs  without 
friction.  The  immigrants  seem  to  have  lieen  too 
lew  ;ind  not  of  the  I'ight  class  They  may  have 
.HTved  very  well  to  garri.son  little  Fort  Christina 
and  to  have  supported  it  properly  as  a  trading 
-tation,  but  they  know  little  of  agriculture,  upon 
which  the  colony  must  largely  rely  to  becomeself- 
.'ustaining.  The  governor  stiys  in  one  of  his  let- 
liTs'  to  Chancellor  <  ).\enstierna,  "  no  more  stupid, 
iudilfwent  pei.ple  are  to  1h'  found  in  all  Sweden 
Ilem  tho.se  that  are  now  herr,"  Tluy  f.Min.l  too, 
ihat  they  had    brought    an    iii.-uttirient   supply   of 


doMiotic  animals, 

Ilollend.r  was  in  fi 
tnde  tuuanls  the  l>u 
In-   had.    in    fact.    Imvu 


the  nio^t  jiaeilic  atli- 
at  Fnrt  .\a.->au,  and 


1-iliey,  hut  Klin- and  llin-lhii  up.m  uhuiii  the- 
diieeticn  of  athiir-  had  nVt.d  .luring  the  period 
''■■twecn  Minuit's  drparliirr  and  the  governor's 
■irrival,  were  in  favor  of  eiiiploviiig  force  in  the 
-vent  of  Dutch  ..l.Mrrprroii-m.-.a.id  nfi^r,„,rin- 
'h->  arts  of  dipl,„na.y.  1  b.ihn.l.r  niad.-  a  littl- 
voya-e   up   the'  D.hiwarr   in   a  slnnp,   .,n    the  Jl.~t 

^^as  fiivd  up,,u  thnr  iiii,,..,  but  he  i-noivd  the 
I'ro.vcdh.g  and   eabidv  cnulinu,,!  his  w.iv,  and  on 


nninication  on  shore.  He  received  no  answer 
other  than  .-everal  shots  tired  at^.r  the  sloop  as  it 
pa.-,-e,l  down  the  river. 

(oivernor  Hollemler's  mission  up  the  river  was 
thi-  purchase  of  Indian  title  and  it  was  probably  lU 
this  time  that  the  land  was  bought  on  the  west 
side  of  the  river  as  far  up  irs  Trenton,  for  he  ?et  u]) 

nine  Swedish  (thirty-two  to  thirty-six  English) 
miles  above  Christiana,  and  subse.piently  cieeted 
one  below  the  fort.  There  is  no  account  of  further 
occurrences  in  tlie  colony  at  this  time  and  indeed 
very  little  pertaining  to  any  portion  of  IIollen<ler's 
j'tiiod  i>{  government  which  expired  earlv  in 
1043.  In  May,  1640  the  "  Key  of  Kalniar" 
started  on  her  homeward  voyage  and  arrived 
at  Gottenburg  a  few  weeks  latter.  ^lans  Kling, 
the  lieutenant  who  had  ^had  command  of  Fort 
Christina  accompanied  her  under  orders  to  recruit 
imndgrants  in  certain  regions  of  Sweden  tor 
strengthening  the  colony. 

In  the  mean  time  preparations  were  making  for 
planting  an  independent  Dutch  colony  in  New- 
Sweden,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Swedish 
West  India  Company.  This  came  about  through 
certain  jealousies  and  ill  feeling  in  Holland 
towards  the  Dutch  West  India  Company.  The 
Swedish  Government  had  become  anxious  to 
have  its  colonization  schemes  carried  on  inde- 
pendently of  the  very  Dutch  element  which  it  had 
been  glad  enough  to  interest  at  first,  and  through 
whose  aid  the  first  and  second  ex[)editions  were 
made  successful.  Steps  had  already  been  taken  to 
buy  out  the  Holland  partners  "  since  they  are  a 
hindrance  to  us,"  although  that  result  was  not 
actually  reached  until  February,  ItlH,  when  the 
sum  of  eighteen  thousand  liulden  was  paiil  lor 
the  purpose  out  of  the  public  funds.  The  .^wcdus 
however  had  no  objec-tion  t.i  th.'  settlement  of 
Dutch  people  in  New  Sweden  provided  thev  were 
sid)ject  to  Swedish  rule.  Thus  the  way  was  made 
e:isv  for  a  private  conipanv  formed  ot'  certain  dis- 
atll'ctcd  persons  in  the  Duleh  \V,-t  India  Com- 
pany, liviiiLT  prineipallv  in  the  Provimv  of  rtreeht 

v:'ii  der  Hor.-t  was  tlietn>t  to  enter  into  iie-,,tia- 
tion  with  the  Swedish  Government,  hut  the  -rant 
wa-  .-ubs-ipiently  transferred  to  Henrik  Ilong- 
kainer,  or  as  it  is  more  commonlv  .-pelled  Henrv 
Iloekhamnier  and  his  a-..eiales,  thev  as  the 
ehartc-r  stat.'s  ••bavin-  the  iuLutinu  of  "establish- 
in-  a  colonv  in  New  Sweden.'  fliis  eharter  called 
"  'Irtrnlj     n„.l    J'rir;/.. ,;„„,-      ill    imaalioi,    of    the 

eoneev-ions  common  rrhU  the     Dulel,    \Ve,t    I .a 

(.'omi.any  called  '•  p:,t  n.ou-liip-,"  provided  that  the 

west)  .-ide.ifthe  Delauaie  River,  at  lea-t  l'o:ir  or 
five  Ciermau  miles  from  Christiana,  to  iiohl  the 
same  under  the  protectioh  of  th<'  ero«  n  of  Sueden 


44                                                        HISTORY  OF  DKLAWAllH. 

aa  hert'ilitiiry  propiTty  aiiil  oxerci^^e  nvtT  the  same  ni;iiiy  (if  ulioin   li;i«l   licun    irupri-iiiL'il   hv  tlu'  |ir..- 

high    and     luw     inr'-.lifti..ii     :,na     liriii-     it  into  vincial    l^'Vitiimi-s.     Tliii.-  thrv  MTiii-.-i  luaiiy  iii4i 

actual     cultivation     ia     tea    years.       They     were  viduals  of  tiie  hiules.s   classes,  th  kil'Ii  tiie   iio.lv  ..t 

to     recognize    the     suzeraiaty    of    the    erown    of  iinniiL'raats    was    not    so  constituted   as    a    wlml,-. 

Sweden  and   pay  as  trlUute  thnv   iaip.rial    <_'ulden  Out     of    tliirty-tuo      persons      secure.l      for     thi- 

for  every  family  settled.      Iji  reii-i^.n  they  vM-re  to  expedition        tiirou-h         tlie       persnual       ellori- 

prefer  tiie  Au-il-urLT  <.'onfe"inn  of    Faith  hut    he-  of    KhuL',     four     w.uv     eriminals.   "hut     the    n- 

sides  were  to  lie  alh.weil  ihe   privih-.'e   of  tiie  "so  mainder    went    eitlier   as  servants   in    tlie  i-uipl.i\ 

called  Ileformed  Ii'li_'ii>a. "  lint  ia   -ueii  a  maam-r  of    the   company,   or    to    h.  tti  r   thfir    eou.litiMii    ' 

as    to   avoid    all    ilispuic      Tlie    patroous   of    the  The  vessels  of  the  expediti-a    this    time    were   lli. 

colony  were  hound  to  .~n|iport  "  as  many  ministers  "  Key  of  Kalmar  "   aad  the   "  ( 'haiitas/'   tin.'    !:i;- 

and  school-masters  as    ih.'   nuaiher    of  the  inhahi-  ter  made  ready  at    SinelJiclin.      The\>aiKd    fr^.in 

tants    shall    seem    in   r.M|nire.    ehno.-in:;  so    far   as  Sweden  sometime  ia  1  lU  I ,  aad  arrived  diiK  ..a  th. 

possible  for  these  o!Kees,  ai, ■11     vh.,    W'.uld   he  will-  Delaware,  hut    the    particulars    ..f  the  vnya--  ;in 

ing  and  capable  in  the  conver.-ii'ii    ol'  the   savages,  wanting'.     -V    papi  r    anion,:    the     anhives    nf  tli. 

They  were  to  lie   allowed   tn    iie.'aLje    in    every   in-  Pennsylvania   Ili.-torieal    Sncirty  ^dves  the   iiaan- 

dustry,  trade  and  eommriv.'  uiih    fri.ndly    powers  of  s..nie    firtv    odd    nf  the     immi-raiits   unany   n| 

but    were    limited     to     the     u-e    of    ve.-.-els    huilt  them     with     faiuili.sj     who     eaaie    over    at    llii- 

only  in  Sweden  and  were  to  use  Gottealiiirg  as  the  time.'       We  _  are     tohl     that     Li.utenant     Klin- 

place  for    bouding  all  L'^ods  sent  to  Europe.  They  brought   with    him    his  wife,  child    aad    a    inaid 

were  exempted  from  all  taxes   f  )r  a   period   often  There  appears   to   have   lie. n  also  a   prie>t  —  llvn 

years.  Christotter- (  no  surname  is  given  in  the  original 

A  passport  fir  the  sliip  •-  Fredenhuri:"  was  with  this  expedition,  but  he  could  nut  have  re- 
granted  simiiltaneo;;-ly  witli  this  charter  aad  maiued  long  in  the  country,  lor  no  further  men- 
also  a  commi-si.iii  jnr  Jost  van  Bogardt  as  Swe-  tion  of  him  is  found.  It  is  slated  that  he  canu- 
dish  agent  in  New  Sweden,  probably  to  live  in  the  out  for  experience,  stipulating  fur  nothing  bui 
Dutch  colony  to  lie  t.iiiuded  umler  tiie  charter — at  maintenance,  although  he  received  a  present  ot 
least  he  is  aforwanl-  fmind  in  that  iiuslti.iU— and  ,,ne  hundred  daler  copper  money  from  the  /.'(7-.-r„» i'- 
as  comniandrr,  with  a  ,-alary  ..t'  tive  hundnd  r.// i  or  admii-al )  u].on  wlmse  recommendation  h' 
florins  per  aiiaum  The  "  Fredi  nluirg"  duly  embarked.  Cbi.-taf  Stiahl,  a  voung  nobleman. 
sailed  under  eoaimand  of  Captain  Jacob  I'owel-oii  sailed  also  upon  the  reconiuHMidation  of  the  adnii- 
but  with  Bogardt  a-  commander  nf  the  expe.li-  ral.  Midiael  Jan.-son,  the  burgomaster's  Snn. 
tion,  and  arrived  mi  tin-  D.laware  Xnvemlier  2d,  from  GeHe,  was  another  adventurer.  The  remain- 
1640,  the  imaiijiant-  briiiLf  .-etthd,  according  to  der  of  the  arrivals  appear  to  have  been  actual 
the  best  infiraiatinii  imw  ohiainaMe.  abmit  three  or  settlers,  and  the  brief  notes  which  we  are  able  tn 
four  (Swedi-hi  mile-  belnw  C'hi  i.-tiana,'  whit'h  give  concerning  them  atlord  in  many  cases  intev- 
would  place  it  in  nr  icar  \\hat  i-  imw  St.  (Jenrge's  esting  siiggotioiis  in  iei:ard  tn  the  cnnditinu,-  whicl 
Hun.lred  of  Xe«  Ca-ll.'  (;oiiatv.  governe.i  the  coloni/atioii  scheme,  the  character  n; 

This   enterpil-n   i,iii-t    imt    I..-    cmdouaded   with  the  persons  themselves,  aad   the  conduct  n.f  aliiiir- 

the  thir.l  Sv,i.l,-li    rxpcditinn       It  will   be  remeai-  during  the  earlv  vears  of  New  Swe.len's  hi>tnrv  : 
bered   that    Li.'Ut.naiit    .Mans  Klin-   had    in  Mav, 

1640,   acccnaipaui.d    the   •■Kry    M'    Kalmar"   io  ,^:Z:\^rZ^T!t,^:^!^^^'^"ZiZX^^^^ 

Sweden,  with    anllmritv   to    cnllect  iaoni-rants   ll.r     »-^i h.i.imrM  i.y  i,i«  «ir.-,  two  ,i.ni_.|,tf,s,' .,n.i  n  liai.. -n„.  ,u.m  n  ^- 

strengthenin-    tic-    cohaiv.       He     pmM^.aitcd    this     '''I.^p" 'r.^snirrrc.'.iUoirM^"/' lun,,,  p.n.i,    r...i, 

work'zealnii-lv.  iiaviiiL'    as    a    en  lahmv,-  ,,ae  Limi-     a  n„i.unj,i.   '. .,„■  ,„".. ]..■-.  ,..,,.1  :.,  ,ul  -i,,r>  u:  . 

tenaut-cniniH  1  .inhaii  I'riat/,  tim  .atiic  who  Mihse-  ,::^',\:':::',":';:;:,;:!!i^:r',Hr;;';;';";,,' u!'::  '";!il.ir:^,"'mr;,;,::"..: 

qucntly  became    '.'nveruor  of  New  Sweden,  and   ot'  r-i.i.n..-  m,  ]...:.  ,-  in.i,.  ii..i  .„,  i  .h.,.ir..M,j  i,m|.,    in  i.  ■-  ;u..\  .,:•■■ 

whom  we  shall    tluaxfire   have   more  to  sav  later.  r,,'n''iiwM,- ',,,  i.'-c  i'.'nt'.ii.-.i''|.ii\'.r"rVi'i,'.;.'i,''uiT','_.  :.'-.'n.'''.i[,.i,ii  siii'' 

They    were    jiarticaihuiy  ordered  to  recruit    in  the  i-r„  ,„  i.  n .  ti,.  ..n..-i .,- ,.i  ,,«.  ii  !,„.,>.„  iMni.,adi.h,..  f.u.iiiy 

mining   .li-trhts,  ai-r,    fmm    a ng   the  "  roaming  s.,m.^''t,Lnr ''^,-'-'!ira"r' uiilr!-  ur  nr!'nih!!m!'n  !!r"'.i'!!!'.^!-',' 

Finns,"  whn  " '.\,i\'  vM.nt   to  live  free  of  charge  in  cumiiuni^i  i.y  i.is  «ii.'.    in  i.ii  i.  ^.inni..r  ui  tu.t  ci,,,-tn,..,  n,  i- j-  . 

the   hoU.-rS     of   the   inhahitantS    of   the  Swedish    for-  ''Amil'ra  niiM--.-..n.  or  .Cu,,,..n,  U,..  piiniicr'sbr  .ther,  en-n....I  l,y  Kli.. 

ests,"  and  among   the  "forest-destroying  Finns,"  ^.,!^f j,".',','^!'I!,'''|\rr''','^,!rVo'a                                    ^t- y.;,ri> 

I  Inr.Kiir.!  I.ll.i-i„,n.rl,   »■  v.^r  U.-re  have  l.een   snnie  rtmil.ts  nn.,'  •^'^e'  Still.*,  «.me;    iiiituiuliw.l  in  iliinl;.ii.l  in  lr,i,l,    hut    rr..lKii.l:- 

or   t».i  «rit.  r,  .  >.  N  .  ;a    i.'N-  II   .1  III..  r„l,..iv  uiu  l,.;it.-.l  „i,  KIk  Kiv.  r.  ri-ti,rii.<l  (■■  !li.'  I..l..w.ir»,   f.,r  tlio  ni.Tii,.  up]..  ,.i-  i.n,..nb-  th^.M  of  |-i 

MiirvUn.!.       It  i..  .-o.."    -liUi.-  I. -•in   .-f  -iih-,,.,.  i,t  Hx.nl-i   .l..u   the  ^'""  loins  in  i'l,il,.,l,-l,,l,i;i  c>.iuily  in   1.-.;. 

lotJ.Iily  wnsii, Ih-  a   ;.n.  .r.  .,.,1  ,  ...1.,,;,;..  ,1,  „  „  „,„  i.  ..,,  .  „,;,■,. „a.  oL.f  I'ul,-n,  ..uil,-,    «ltli    lv>r„ly   Juh;  i,t  th..  .tnrt. 


NEW  SWEDEN  ON  THE  DELAWARE. 


45 


,;:<,Mrr   as  yearly  wa 


.Irinving  r 


tiy  tlie  expfilitii/n  fur  piiuishnirnt."     Id 
Peter   Larssou  Kudc.    burn    in  li}ll,  was  to  st 
Decess;\ry  food  :lmi1  L-lutli.-d  ;  in  I'US  :i  ffeiniM, 


Clen.put    .M. 

:ili-SU 

ri.    a    .;..! 

irie 

Finns,"  of   ti.e 

piil. 

i,li    ..f    Li 

jnj 

in    tlie   sol.lier; 

|*niutt. 

-.1 

betiirae  a  freeni 

inn  b. 

V  li>4S. 

Eskil  L^.n«or 

1  sj»ni 

e. 

Bartel    y.<kiU 

>.n,s. 

1.11  of  the 

fo 

H^.ns  Maii^. 

.n,  a 

trooper,  sinl 

only  to  be  sup 

IS  a  freninan. 
as  pm,i,bi.i.-., 


by  the 
istml  fol 


the  "Cliaii 


During  the  year  1G42  the  colonization  scheme? 
of  Sweden  were  broadened  in  scope,  and  perfected 
ill  nryani/.ation  ;  preparations  were  made  for  the 
f'liirth  and  gieatest  expedition,  and  a  more  elahor- 
ati'  and  etli.'Ctive  system  of  guvernment  for  New 
Sweden  was  devised  and  broiiglit  into  operation, 
file  Dutchman  Sj)irinij;  still  remained  as  one  of 
the  chief  ad  vi.scrs  and  foreuio.-t  promoters  nf  the 
I  iitrrjiri^e,  and  it  was  hu-j:ely  throngh  his  intliience 
that  a  new  coiiipiiny  w;b~  tormed  of  those  interested, 
r.illiil  the  Wt.-t  India  nr  American  conipan\-,  and 
al^o  "  ('(iiiij/iKjaii  ijr  Xnni  Siif'ciaJ'  with  a  capital 
"f  thiny-si.v;  tliiHi-and  riksdaier,  afterwards  cusid- 


erably  increased.  One-half  of  this  capital  «a., 
subscribed  by  tlie  old  Si)Utliern  Ship  Cuiiiiiany, 
onesixth,  or  six  thousand  riksdaier,  by  the  Cruwn, 
one  twelfth  each  by  the  great  Chancellor,  '"  the 
heirs  of  the  great  chancellor  of  justice,"  and 
•Spiring,  one  twenty  t'ourlh  caili  by  Claes  Fleming 
and  the  treasurer  and  —  whiii  the  total  was 
enlarged -the  sum  of  two  thousand  ;-(t^vZ'i/f)-  by 
11 -nrick  Huyghen,  tiu'  mniiiii^.-ary  at  Christina 
and     twelve     thousand      rik^dalor     through     the 

/.ation  had  at  its  di-po-al  at  h/a>t  tiftv  thousand 
W/.W./Ar,  b.-id.>  whi.h  it  r.r,.ivrd  a  grant  of 
the  tobam  iiioin,|io|y  formerly  besluwcd  upon  tlie 
Soutliorii  Ship  Coiupany. 

Chancellor  Oxeiistierna  determined  now,  also, 
to  appoint  a  governor  and  other  otHcials  for  New 
Sweden  and  to  pay  their  salaries  out  of  the  Crown 
funds.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Johan  Priutz,  the 
same  whom  we  have  seen  engaged  in  gathering 
recruits  for  emigration,  was  commi.ssioned  governor 
on  the  15th  of  August,  1G42,  and  on  the  30th 
a  "budget  for  the  Government  of  New  Swe- 
den "  was  adopted,  mentioning  a  governor  with 
a  salary  of  eight  hundred  rihJalei;  a  lieu- 
tenant, a  sergeant,  a  corporal,  a  gunner,  a 
trumpeter  and  a  drummer,  with  twenty-four  pri- 
vate Soldiers.  In  the  civil  line,  provision  was  also 
made  for  a  clerk,  a  barber  (surgeon  ),  a  provost 
and  a  hangman!  The  expenses  of  this  govern- 
ment, about  three  quarters  of  which  were  to  be 
collected  from  the  excises  laid  on  [..\r.\rro,  it  was 
founil,  would  foot  up  the  respecltible  sum  of  three 
thousand  and  twenty  rihc/uliT  per  year,  the 
amounts  besides  that  to  be  ]>aid  the  governor, 
being  as  follows:  One  lieutenant  governor,  sixteen 
rix  dollars  per  month ;  one  .sergeant-major,  ten 
rix  dollars  ;  one  corporal,  six  rix  dollars  ;  one  gun- 
ner, eight  rix  dollars  ;  one  trumpeter,  six  rix  dol- 
lars ;  one  drummer,  five  ri.x  dollars;  twenty-four 
soliliers,  at  four  rix  (hjllars  ;  one  paymaster,  ten 
vix  dollars;  one  secretary,  eight  rix  dollars  ;  one 
barber,  Icu  rix  dollars  ;  one  provost,  si.x  rix  dol- 
lars, and  one  four  rix  dollars:  makingone 

hundred  and  eighty-live  rix  dollars  per  month. 
Special  agents  for  the  company  were  ajipoiuted  in 
Gottenburg  and  Anistenlam,  and  Clas  Fleming 
was  i)laced  in  general  charge  of  the  whole  home 
business  of  the  company. 

The  most  elaborate  directions  were  given  to  the 
governor,  contained  in  part  in  iiis  commission,  but 
more  fully  in  ■' Instructions,"  issued  for  hi.s  guid- 
ance. His  commission  datecl,  Stockholin,  .Viigii^t 
lo,  1(;42,  to  <:o  into  Cllect  Januarv  1,  lli4:;,  was  as 


IILSTUUY  OF  DELAWARE. 


.struct 
,.f  th. 


The  "Instructions,"'  containiug  tufiity-ciu'lit 
articles,  after  recitin;,'  the  advantaircs  autii-ipatcd 
to  follow  the  measures  already  taken  and  those  tor 
which  preparation  was  being  made,  set  forth  a 
multiplicity  of  detailed  directions  concerninL:  the 
duties  of  the  Governor.  U[ion  tus  arrival  in  New 
Sweden  he  was  to  see  that — 

"The  frni.t.  ■[-  "f  t!,         ,^.,-rv  PXt..n.|    (f.m  tli.-  l.nr.l.r-  ..f  tlic  sc;!  to 


With  the  Dutch  he  was  to  cultivate  a  friendly 
intercourse,  but  positively  to  deny  their  pretended 
right  to  any  part  of  the  land  on  the  west  side  of 
the  river,  purchased  by  the  Swedes  from  the  In- 
dians and  he  was  authorized,  in  the  failure  of  all 
friendly  negotiation,  to  repel  force  by  force,  but 
says  the  document : 

"Those  n.ilhin.Ivrs  wl...    Imv.- .■ini-.T  .t.^1    l..   N..«- Sweden   iinl  5.-tt|pc1 


The  English,  too,  were  .somewhat  to  be  frand. 
for  thev  lunl  made  a  settlement  on  the  ea^t  >ide  ,.f 
the  Delaware    I'.av,    an,l  one  artiele  of   the  "  In- 


In  regard  to  treatment  to  the  Indians  he  was 
counseled  to  "  humanity  and  mildness,"  and  to  see 
that  "neither  violence  nor  injustice  was  done 
them,"  but  he  "must  Jabor  to  instruct  them  in  the 
Christian  religion  and  the  Divine  Service,  and 
civilize  them."  To  disengage  them  from  the 
Dutch  and  English,  he  was  ilirected  to  sell  at 
lower  prices  than  they. 

The  Governor  was  by  every  means  in  his  power 
to  encourage  the  fur  trade,  and  agriculture,  to 
promote  manufactures  and  to  search  for  metals 
and  minerals;  to  ascertain  whether  whale  fisheries 
could  not  be  made  profitalile,  and  to  investigate 
the  condition  of  the  country  with  reference  to  the 
propagation  of  silk  worms.  He  had  also  to 
dispense  justice.  \\'ith  all  these  divers  and  diverse 
duties,  and  many  n.ore,  it  will  readily  be  seen  that 
tlie  Governor's  otiiee  was  one  bv  no  means  easv  to 
fill.  Printz  wa.s,  besides,  to  bu'ild,  if  neee.-arV,  a 
fu-twhieh  shouhl  "shut  up  the  South  river,"  or  at 
lea^t  command  it,  but  it  he  t'ound  Fort  ( 'hristiua 
ade.piate  he  wa^  to  turn  his  attention  more  partic- 
ularly to  agrieulture,  especially  the  cultivation  of 
tobacco  and  to  rai-e  cattle  and  sheep,  the  breeds 
of  which  he  wa.-  to  improve  bv  obtaining  the  best 
animals  from  the  Enji-h  and  Dutch.'  He  was 
allowed    to  chon>e  lii~  n -id.  i where  mo-t  conve- 


<  ai.p 
The 


,,M„v„fF„rt 

NHW  SWEDEN-  < ;N  TIFF.  [•KLVWaUE 

(;,,tt.'iil)iin.'  oi  rupi.a  but  tliiVL-  luniiths  an. I  a  ir.lt'.  Su..!ivit  a;-i  lOii.'u^  Gvli 

Tlio   K.'V.  Jolm   Cainpaiiiu.-.,  u  Im.  a.v„i„pani-,l  it,,'  .li.r,  in  ]  ^Ul  )!,«•- ':,c  I 

'..littJ   in-'liis  -raii.lM.n.     Tin  v  t..,,k  tlir  iiMial  n,--  l,ia\.-   ,>;q,l,,it<.      [/.    .M 

.■uituus   suutJK-in   o.ui>r,  -ailini:   liv    iIk-  .,,a,-l.-   ■.(■  ,.1    [i.-jl.  niuit  u!,d  tool-: 

|'oi-tuj,Ml  aiul   Bai-ijaiy,    an. I    tlic   ('anary    l.^lan.i-,  (  a-inii.-,  !iy  i'.ui'crn.M-  I 

,.;,.|,|iin.;  tluiinj;  tlic(.'ini>tnias  h..li.la\>at  Ami.;.:  I.  in'..,    ti,.-    t,>rt   by   tli-j   . 

«lKTf  thi'V  uciv  ..■nt.itainc.l  l.y  lli.'  »;..Vfin..i    aii.l  S.-Lnt,  .  t-xk    |).».r, -^Mon 

r,.-iiniin-'tli.'ir  v..\a-u   l.v  uav  ..f  M.  ('Iiri-I..i.l:c:-,  .ImaiiiIk.    Dutch    ila- 

St.   Ma.tin'.-   an.l'..il,Lr  W.-t'  In.lia    l-lan.l.^,  ai.J  .-t._-a.l.-' 
ihcncL-  .•a-tuai.l  al..nu  liir  An..ncan  ...a-t.      Tli.  v  .N\-a:lv  .ill  ..riliw.c  v 

^^w   in.-i.lr    tiie    IKlauaiv  I  lav,  .  .H' tiir  ll.,„n,kiii  cf.-Vf,!,  Jan.-.  „..t   a.—  . 

„n   tlie  'idtli  ..f  January,  and  ..n  lli.^  lull. .win;:  .'a>  li-n-.!.  ^^'-Vf. 

hiiii.iin-^n..w,  in  wiiirh  iia.  -Fan,.'"  ^sa^ f.ai j,h  -.,,';:::';,; r"!'.:,;:!!'^'!':.'!" 

I,andietl,  l..^iu-   ihiw   ancli..r=,  a   main   nia^t.  .md  ,:',;,:;',,;;'':,'l;;;'; '''  ■'"■  "' 
>|irit^ail,  suHeriug  utiiLT  (laiuagL->,  ami  liually  run-        ii,,V."'i'..i',''i.k,V',,  ,. -m..  .  .,, 

uinL,'  aground,  and   bein^  rtiii  oH' with  great  dit!i-  ''J',!'^!^,',,''/' "',,'', ','.'.' ''^ 
cnltv.'       Priutz    and    ids    lelluw  vova-ers    dincn:-        <'^l^ \Z^'7Z' -'':"■■- 

barked  at  Christina,  but   he  di.l   n.it   h,n- rcu:ain  ,Z'uZ:Z'Z',!n':;'''"'''' '' 

did.    'The  Govern._.r   nia.l.j  hii   h.jnn.-,  an.l   built  a        r,";'-';!',"^!.','!: ;'.!' r,;','.'l'i 

tbrt— at  Tinicuni,  above   Chester — hii;lirr  u|i  tli.-  K-n .  i,.r.t...a.  ii.'i.  •  ...-'.-n. 

river,  as  will  be  shown  hereafter,  an.l  it  is  [.niba-        "I'ii.'li, '.',V-:-.is,-'m 

ble   that  he  took  with   him  most  of  the  people  he        ivi.r  >i.;,.r. -,.;,h.. 

had  brought  over.  r?,'iiJ^..Vmi''3i;i'''ij^'i'."'i'h  Mine 

Of  these  colonists   who    came  to  the   Delaware        l^^.r.^-.hu.l^.Jn.  s.....:^. 
with  Priutz  in  the  fourth  Swedi.^h  ex|iuditi(m  there        !i!jl^urZ','i,,^'^,v"vn^^^^^^^^^  ,.,  i.,n.  i„  1..1-.,  ~.i.i„.r 

e.^ists  uo  complete  list,   but  some  of  their  names        Lar-.  Jacoi.sso...  itMiJa-r  ..t  rhu-.i!..,  ...  i.ai  h.,.i  i.,j^ 

have  been  preserved.-     The  juost  [n'onjinent  char-  lUnirTnl^    ui.ii'isjQ     jn.  .tn.i.ii.,  ....p.  1.  .r  m    .     ...n 
aeter  of  all,  not  even  exce[)ting  the  Governor,  was       -M-.iteD  m  irteMss.jn  Gt.:..-.T.;.  n.  1..14, .  ..itiv-.tii,-  t.,h;.o..j  f,.rthe  cum. 

the  clergyman  John  Canjpauius,  made  lamous  by  f-"  >""'-!'■'"■""'"•■"'"■"""■'. '" 
the    journals    which  he  kept,  itertaiuing   to   Xew         ,  -•  ,      ,  •     ,  1      •        1 

Sweden,  from  which  his  grandson  wrote  the  cele-      ,  ^^  "^  ^''^  ^"Y:''  ^'   '^'f  lourtli  expedition  and 

hrated  "  Description  of  the  Province  of  New  Swe-  the  settlement  o    its  people,  the  .^wedi,sh  coh.nies 

■n  America  niav  be  considered  as  tairlv  established. 


den,"  a  higlily  imerestinir,  but  in  some  respects 
untrustworthy  work,  and  n. .table,  too,  as  the  tinest 
translator  of  Luther'-   catechism   into  the   Indian      -"^''"'l 


the  sihenies  first  advocated  by  Gustavus 
V.l...lplins,  were  at  last  sutticiciitlv  a.lvanced  t.i 
Hbrd  a  tau-ible  pi..mi-e  ..filie  riel'i  f'iuili..n  which 
that  ni..narch,  t..gali.u-  u  ith  William  U-Mliiix, 
.Minnit  an.l  ..thcr.-.  ha.l  lon.llv  h..i...l.  Print/-, 
wrote"  -It  is  a  remarkablv  line  Ian. I,  with  all 
excellent    .malilics    a   man    .-an    n.-.-iblv  .1,  ..i.v  ..n 


language.  His  name  often  ap]iears  as  .John 
Campanius  Holm,  the  last  word  being  a.hled  to 
designate  Stockholm,  the  [dace  of  his  nativitv.' 

The  Governor  brought  with  him  his  wife  and 
daughter  Armgott,   and   Lieutenant    Mans   Kling 

returned  to  the  settlement.                                           ^  *-'"''''•  ,'""^   yet    the   ..iitc.ni.'  wa-.   tar   tn.m   beni; 

Amonmh,...ewhowere,h..tin.;dt..lK.c..meproni-  "'>="   th,>  an-picmus  beg.n.nng  w.,.:l.l  au,^nr.    11,. 

inent    among    this   ;a.t    partv,  were    J.,ran    Kvn  ^'7;"'    -f'  the  settlement,  a.  a  n.att.r  .,.' la..,  wa 

'       •                                 •  Iceblc  and   tardy,  a  eonditi..n  ..1  thuiL's  whi.h  IS  t. 

v.. I  III,  p.  4.7:1.                      '        '  ance  of  the  c.il..iii/ati.'n  project  and  was  renii.-s  il 

^Ti„.i:.v.j„i,„c.,n„,:m,.,.  «:..  i,„rn,„  s,,„ki,„i,„.  ..,.  ,i„.  r.u,  „r  ,,xtcli.lin-     financial     an.l     ".-iher    ai.l,    wh.n     th. 

m""!;';.""!!.  'vn.'tCn.^l'h:''';.!^!''- u:.h'''^n 'il  ZZZiZZZxll  struggling  col.my  ^t...Hl  in  M.re  necl 

.^'>l''rlw;'''u,,''n"!V,;'I:',;'.,''^^  adndni.trati..n     many  "..t    the  settlci^  dhd,   whirl 

n'M.'umlr'uV''2V,..V','u'''r'' ''",'''  ',"'"'r"  I 'i"' i 'i  I  ui'i/''',  '  i' 1 1''' 'n '  ""^  I'riiitz  .~tatrd   ill  li  is 'fcp.  if  t ,'  w  a.-  iluc  to  hard  worl 

hi'im'"!.!'  \i'i'i1  n,  ■,','i''v','r"inT,''  !  0,''l'!  m '^\ll  -'.''r-r'T  «".'l''  "  h  m'k    '.'■''i'iTI  '  ■'^'■"-  ''--■""«."'<""'<'  -l'"3"-''"e  ■'.''  «"(■■•;;,  Vul.  II.,  p.  J-J.".. 

•"■--.in  in  .\ii.eric.i,  an.l  «hi.  I,  h- l.tT^  n.-.;...  t.'.l.     II.- I  ....  .!..■  ITUi  ..f  ^   l,i,i,Ut]-..iii'a  ac.-...ir.t. 


48 

and  the  scarrity  tit']Mn]irr  tnml. 
timieil    ta  arriv.',   ami    tiny  a;i|M 
Cdiistitutud  i.t'  llioami'  c-hij.-o  a.- 


IIlSTollV  OF 

lU'.i.AWAin:. 

S 

Inin.l.'ia.it.  r<m- 

nf  Dclawarr,  t. 

,    the    i 

i-lan.l    nf  Tini. 

■nn,  (n.,u  al-., 

\r   U)    have   lu'Lii 

thr  tou^^lMp  .1 

■Tn.ir, 

11,1,   D.lauaiv  ( 

niinty.  ['.  nn. 

u   til.-  l,.-iniHi,-. 

>vlvania)  al.mP 
ofthocitv  of  ( 

■iI'mIt' 

lile-    iVnlll     th.' 

then    .'ailed    li 

.a-tern  limit- 
V  the    In.lian- 

;', 

Tvna.-uii^r,    '[\a 

llckd      1 

lii.'li  -ii-n-t.'d' 

's,     "the 

it,- M'li. 11111,  - 

i 

Hen-  liL-  l.uilt  : 

\  f..rt  . 

.r   lilnel<-hnU-e, 

nf  uhieh  Ale 

^Z.'V-'H'sZ'!^^ ',', 

diva>    IIu.Mr 

all.  ru. 

AV.U    .ai.l,— -i 

t    i-    a    |,retl^ 

',' V'""f' , ''V'\\>"!'' 

stn.n.'    fi.l1,    c. 

,n>trur 

t..l     l.v    laving 

■    v.rv    li,.a\) 

'i 

'zFF::i!c:}':: 

h.n.loek   (-...•„ 
a  iiiausioii  lor  1 
and    a    rhiin-l, 

en.    1.1 

-,  th."  .ine"  nn 

''"■'"'"•':.•'' 

1 

■;l;',h",n''.i'M-i''"- 

,    ul.ir] 

!i    prea.li.'i-    (''a 

,||J,;||,i„,        ,. 

1 

>e.-ralr<l  tn  Div 

ilie  ll,~t 

■     nn     th.'      1th    . 

,f  .S.,.ten.l,..r. 

i 

"^"'^^''^'T^SX:: 

ICKi.  •     Aniui 

id    the 

iv^i.l.n.v,  ^^hll 

rh    was  .-all..! 

j 

'^,."\".'!.'(nn,    -u'll!a''l 

••I'lint/.    Hali; 

"■'uivli 

lar.l,^   aii.l    -af. 

«,.-  .,IT.  1    111,,  I.itl.i.M.  II. 

nut,  and  the  -f 

elUld    V 

va.  ..th.TuiM-  1. 

ea,uiti.-.l.   -fill. 

1 

ill,,  ri-  .1.  Ii-Kt    \liiii_-lil\ 

i;.rt,  Nvhich  ua. 

name. 

l-X.U    (nitt.'.l 

"  .-.I'l-hlei-alili 

''""■-'"  '■■•V 

J 

1 

'E::!':S:?z 

(  nithlliliy    '  i,      1 

■•(In  thi.-  i>lan. 

1."   -av 

>   ('ani|ianiii~,  • 

■th.'  i,rin,i|.al 

j 

inhaliitant.-  Iku 

1  their 

.lu.'lliii;-   an.l 

|.laiitatinii.-," 

' 

,mm'  h''rr,'i'iVr.''i''ih.  ■!•■ 

and   it    is   cvi.l. 

nt    tlu 

It     it     l..ealii.'    I 

!,.■    In.'iillty  ..f 

■■'■>■■■'■ '1"  '"■"'" y. 

chief  iini".itani 

!■.•  in,  ;i 

m.l  ,.ra.li,-ally. 

the  .-aiillal  nt' 

no.imus,„,„g,l,.a,h.vo,u,cit,....i,-.,, I,  New  Sweden.      A  nnthef  f.nt  «a,-  eie.'te.l   tlu'  .aim; 

This  Statement  of  Canipanius  (like  manv  ..thers  year  ( lti4:l )  .,n  the   ea.-t   .-i.le   ..f  th.'    I  ).la«ar.',  at 

of  his)  isn.jt  tohcrelie.lupnna,-^awhole.    I'rint/.-  Varkin's   Kill,   aft.  rwanl,.^   ealli.l    hv    tli.-    i:n_di,-h         , 

report  rilUT)  shows  that   criminals  were   re.-eived  Salem  Cnek  nr  .M  ill  < 'nvk.     Thi>  «a>  ri-ht  ahm-- 

up  to  that  time,  ami    yet.  they  mnst   have    firnu'd  side  ..f  the  s,  ttl.ni-nt   ..f  th.'  New  (lavn    pe.iple. 

but   a   small    pnrtinii   nf  the  "eninnuinitv.   li.r   the  .,11  the  opp...-it.' or  >nuth   liank   ..f  the  .iv.  k,  at  it,- 

whole  mmdn'r  ..f  .nlniii-ts,  in  lii47,  ua-   nnlv  ..iH'  .-.■nllnenee   with    the     DehiNsaiv.        Itwa,~    named 

hundred  and  ei-htv-three-nuI,-(  and  iiianvnfth.  Ill  "  KHshoi- "    ,.r   -  \V.H,twe.-iin-,'    an.l     later   uas 

have  already  been  shown  to  hav.'  h..,-,,  -  freemen,''  yalled   Elsinh.u-  <.,r  El.in-l.nn.n-h.  ^    It  luul  eiulil 

or  otherwise   indicated   as    p.  ni.le   .,f    respeetable  ii'!.'"    i^'J    '"••'•■^■^    ,-'iiii-.   :'i>''    ""•■  "  I'"t-.hnnf."   an.i 

character).     The   report    allinle.l    t..  ,-avs,  that    of  aeeording   t.-    Ilii.hh',   was    n-nally   ■jarri-nn..l    Ky 

the  total  nnniher,   '•  twentv-ei-ht   ..f   the    freemen  twelve    men,   enmmande.l    l.y    a    lieutenant.     Thi- 

had  made  setthaii.mis,"  and    that   a    part   ..f  them  f"i't    whieh   was   rea.ty  f.n-   .i,-.-iipan,-y  in   (  •.■tnher, 

were  provide.l  "with  oxen  and  .•..w,<."  Uil:;,  e.miman.led    the   .liann.l   ..f  th.-    il.-h,«aie. 

Printz's  iileas  .,f  tact  an.l   .lipl.anaev  re-enihle.l  "Its     primipal     ..l.ject,"    .sivs    A.aelins,    "  was    f. 

an    elephant    .laimin-.       He    was    a    I'.lnti;    ./..ar.se  -'■ar.li   the   Il.illaml   .-hips   whi.h    eame    1>,  I'n.v   it. 

soldier,  well  .k.-.  liln.l   hv    the   -hrew.l,   ..h,-.rvant,  an.l  i^which  stuck  verv  hanl  in  their  maw-  tn  make 

caustic   Pieter,-.n    !  )e    V'li..-,  a-    -  Captain    I'liut/,  them  lower  their  lla-."      Proml   an.l  ,-iui.ly  Davi.l 

who  weiuho.l  f.mr  liun.lie.l  pmm.ls,  ami  t..nk  thiv.-  I'ictei-scn  De  Vries,  the  f  mn.l.a-  .,f  th.'  lii-t  -ttle- 

drinks  at  everv  meal."        11. ■  la.k.-.l  n..|  in  eii.-r-v  ni.ait  .,n  the  Delauare  ,  the   unf  nt, mat.;   .■..hmv  nf 

or  decision   of  chaia.ter.      Hi-   alertn.-,-    an.l    a--  Zuaamn.lael  at  the  ll....ii,kill -.  u  ii.  n  he  attempi,  .1 

pre.*sivencss  nia.le  him   a   n.-.t'ul    man    in    id-   time  tn   pass   up   th.'    rlv.T   in   (.>i't..i..'r,  ir.i:;.  wa-  cmi- 

and   place,  an.l    pmhahlv    his   a,lmini,-t,'aiinn    was  l"'lh'd  to  halt,  .hi. 'k  his  tla-  and   '.iv.-  an   a.'coimt 

more  valuabl.',  to  the  ...louv  at   lar-e,  than  wmhl  of    h:niself   ami   mu.-^t    liav.'    .'.xp-i  leii. .  .1   a   unm 

have  been   that    ..f  a   reallv   ahler  man,   .'ouplmLr  .- n>.' of  th.- chan'.'e  uhi.'h  a  feu  y.  a,  -  ha.l  wn.u, J,t. 

with  hi-her,|ualitie.  than   iii-    uieat.ru.akne,-..-.  1 1  n.hle   .-ay,- :    "  I'.v    me.iii-    ..f  1  hi-   f.irt       .       .       . 

The  Govern. .r  ha.l  11. ,t  l.eeii  km'.-  in  X.w  Swe.leii  I'r'mt/  ih->d  the  ,  ntrame  of  th.'  nv.r  ,-0  that   all 

— and  it  will  h.'  remenihere.l   he    lan.h.l   at   ('liri>-  v,'.-.-els    either     tlmse    anive.l     from    li.n.'e    (  N.'u 

tina,   Feln-uarv    1  .".th.  Ill  k'.—h.  lore   h.'   -ehete.l   a  Am,-tei'.lam  )  or  oth.'r  pla.'.s,  ai.'  .'.mip.'ll.  .1  t.,  .a.: 

home  and  tlu'".-.'at  of  -ov.rnm.nt.      T..  .lo  thi.-  he  their   aueli..r.    not    .'X.'.pliii'.:    tlm-e    nf  il,.'    .N.,M.' 

went    l.eyon.l   tlu'   ..^.'ttlein.nt    alrea.ly   e.-tahli^li,.!.  Company  1  th,'  Dut.h  We.-l  In.lia  CnipanN  ),  a- i.-. 

and  beyJn.l    the    pre.-eiit    houmlaries  of  the   State  .                                                                               i 

olh.'r',i'm!;-'"l'r  i,n'''iM  '\n'~i.J '',1-.    -„  u!'  lZ,''t  '^il,  'M!!l"nn"l'arr!  ^  t"n  r^■  ■^•-^'n.^l  ..■M.mrnt,  ■„,  ll„   K.  I,«,,1V,  |i.,-.   i.J                                               | 

:|i,.,».rl..f  i;,.A,.i„i.,-rr,,il/,  hr  l.i;        l,.u.-!ia,.il  fr..m   tl,^  Swnli^h  li.in.nl    ilu.vn   l.y   aca-lout   «i..c«    tli.'    n.iM,i„„nn,.',.l    uf    tl.u    i',.--'!.!              j 

by  l>r..:^»-.i.-..;.   B.    K  .ii.-i',..,.-;,!.. ......  .i;.ij'.-..,f.i/  /r./or;,.  V.jI.  Vir,  ..nt.iry.— Ki!Rnl?.                                                                                                                 J 


NEW  SWEDEN  ON  THE  DELAWARE 


,  vidriit  tVoni  si'vernl  yachts  ci.tninLr  fV'.ui  the 
ManlKitUiiis,  which,  wi-hin-  to  |Hir>iic  their  vovn-c 
[,,\v:in!s  the  phice  ot'  th.ir  distillation  with.mt 
-topping  often,  were  injiireil  V,v  caniiiin  liall-.  ami 
«,  IV  in  inimineut  daiiirer  of  losinu-  ^(Jln(■  of  their 
,  rew;  so  that  tlioy  must  proceed  with  small  cratl, 
upwards  of  six  miles,  towards  the  afon-aid  Pi-iiitz. 
to  ohtain  his  co nsait.  t\vdt  they  nii_dit  -ail  lii-her 
lip  the  river,  no  matter  whether  they  are  EiiLdi>li- 
iiieii  or  Netherlandeis,  without  payiu-  any  re-ard 
to  their  commissions."  ' 

Printz  was  as  arhitrary  and  violent  toward-  the 
KiiLdish  as  to  the  Dutch.  The  latter  people,  it 
will  be  remendiered.  had  expelled  the  New  Haven 
M-ttlers  from  Varkin's  Kill, and  they  now  returned 
oulv  to  experience  the  peculiar  tender  meieir-  of 
the  Swedish  Governor.  They  were  led  liy  the 
.-ame  Lamberton  wdm  had  before  been  theii-  nio>t 
prominent  man,  and  it  wa;  doubtle.-s  his  ]>urpo-e 
to  rejilant  the  settleiiient.  While  Lamberton's 
sloop,  the  "Cock,"  was  lyiuir  at  anclior  somewhere 
in  the  river  between  Fort  Elfsborir  and  Christina, 
I'rintz  induced  him  and  tw-o  of  his  men  to  come  to 
Fort  Gottenburg  where  he  placed  them  in  irjns, 
and  threw  them  into  prison.  He  put  the  irons 
upon  Lamberton  with  his  own  hands,  and  he  and 
his  wife  made  the  inferiors  all  drunk,  and  hv 
promises  of  rich  reward  and  other  means,  en- 
deavored to  induce  them  to  swear  tliat  Laml)erton 
was  incitiuLr  an  Indian  insurrection.-  They  re- 
mained true,  however,  and  Printz  had  after  a  few- 
days  to  release  his  prisr.mers  without  acconqdishinr^ 
his  purpose.  Land>erton,  before  regaining  his 
liberty,  had  to  pay  a  "  weight  of  beaver,"  and 
receive  a  vigorous  cursing  from  the  burlv  and 
irascible  governor.''  Printz  expelled  all  of  the 
English  who  would  not  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  crown  of  Sweden,  and  the  proceeding  led 
to  a  long  series  of  negotiations  between  the  New- 
England  authorities,  and  the  .Swedish  and  Dutch 

Printz  was  swollen  with  the  "insolence  of  ofhce," 
and  in  KU-l,  when  the  Dutch  placed  Andreas 
Hudde  in  the  p,i>itioi,  of  commi-.-ary  at  Fort 
Xas-au,  he  f.und  that  he  lia.l  a  more  viL'orous 
otHclalto.leal  \\ith  than  the  depo-ed  dan  dansen 
Van  Ilpentlam.  Hu.lde  wa.-  .piick  to  protest 
a-ainst  everything  that  the  Swedes  did  which 
iiiight  be  construed  as  adver.-e  to  Dutch  intere.-ts. 
and  Printz  either  paid  no  attention  whatever,  to 
-iich  protests,  or  upon  their  receiition  connnitted 
acts  even  more  outiaL'-eoii<  than  tho.-e  which  had 
<alle.l   them   futh.     WKcu    Hudde,  upon    Kidf, 


order-,  purchased  from  the  Indians  some  lan.l>  . 
the  we-t  -hore  of  the  river  i  wliere  ;,lterward>  w 
built  Philadelphia-,  and  -et  up  there  the  arm- 
Holland,  Print/  -cut  Coinmi-arv  Heurik  Hu 
-hens,  of  JM.rt,  Chri-tiiia,  to  throw  the  in,-i-n 
down.  Thereupon  Hialde  arn-tcl  Iluv-her 
threw  him  into  the  -narddiou-e,  and   -cut  word 


-.-ed 


a;ide  Hud. le's  communication,  re-anlin- the  ri-ht:- 
of  his  company,  and  seizing  a  mu-ket  threatened 
to  .-ho,.t  the  me.-senger.  Print/  was  certaiidy 
irritatingly  insolent  towanl-  tho-e  whom  he  re- 
garded as  intruilers  u]H.n  Swedi-h  .-oil.  Hudde 
says  that  when  visiting  him  at  hi.-  own  house,  at 
talde  and  in  the  presence  of  his  own  wife,  in  reply 
to  his  remark  tlnit  the  Dutch  were  the  first  scttler.- 
on  the  Delaware,  Printz  sai<l  that  "  the  De\-il  was 
the  oldest  possessor  of  hell,  but  that  ho  sometimes 
admitted  a  younger  one,"  which  was  certainly  not 
diplomatic  language,  or  calculated  to  create  or 
cement  friend.-hip. 

The  Governor  had  comi)letely  closed  the 
Schuylkill  *  to  the  Dutch  by  the  erection  of  a 
fortification  at  its  mouth  calleil  "  ^lanayunk,"  one 
at  Kingsessing  and  aiK.ither  at  Passayunk,  called 
'■  Korsholni,"  and  had  besides,  put  a  fort  almost 
contiguous  to  the  Dutch  Fort  Beversede,  between 
it  and  the  water,  rendering  it  entirely  useless. 
About  midway  between  Christina  and  New  Got- 
tenburg,  a  colony  was  founded  comprising  houses 
and  a  fort.'  called  Upland.  North  of  this,  also, 
several  scattei-ed  settlements  were  gradually  es- 
tablished. Printz  built  the  fir-t  water-mill  on 
South  Piver,  at  a  place  called  Karakung,  other- 
wise Water-^Mill  Stream  (  Amesland  or  Carkoen's 
Hook),  on  what  is  now  Cobb's  Creek,  near  the 
brid'je  oit  the  Darby  road,  at  the  old  Blue  Bell 
tavern,  near  Philadelphia,  This  was  put  up  instead 
of  the  old  wind-mill,  which,  Printz  says,  never 
would  work  and  was  "  gooil  fir  nothimr."  This 
mill  ground  both  meal  and  tlour,  and  f  mnd  con- 
stant wijrk. 

PrintzV  zeal  was  rewarded  by  his  government 
with  the  urant  ot'  New  Gottenbunr,  as  a  perpetual 
po-<e^-ion  tor  himself  and  his  heirs  f  .revcr.  It 
pa.sed  to  hi-,lau-liter.  n.arried  to.lohan  Papegoja, 

Throuirh  their  Governor's  energetic  action  the 
Sweiles  eH'ectnally  became  masters  of  the  river 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  neighboring  territory. 
He  was  prudent  enough  to  keep  on  a  good  footing 
with  the  Indians  anikcut  the  Dutch  oil'  from  their 
traile.  The  credit  enjoyed  with  the  natives  by 
the    Swedes  was,  indeed,  so   irreat   that   when,   in 


uir  Slilli-,  Ev, 

4 


HISTORY  OF  riT^LAWARF 


the  spriniT  ot" 
were  niiir(lcie( 
themselves  hcti 


;44.  siiiiie  of  the  Min. 
•  I'rintz  tn  iilllr  coniiin 


of  "  Wu-i 


sue  for  peiK-e.  lie  il 
Dutohmen.  ;i(ln],tc(l  :i 
ami  sohl  the  [nili:in-  a 
securing  not  only  tlie 
larirer  returns  of  fur 
expelle<l  every  Dutch 
would    not    take    the 


.  lie  :il>o  persecuted  ur 
nan  in  New  Svoden  who 
lath    of   alleiiianco   to    hi,- 


sovereign. 

The  Swedish  enl.mi-ts.  however,  had  great  difli- 
culties  to  coutenil  with,  not  heing  able  to  i^roduee 
their  daily  bread,  with  which  tliey  were  providetl 
partly  at  the  cost  of  the  company.  The  rovelty 
of  the  climate  and  the  various  privations  suffered 
caused  the  death  of  many  persons  (during  16-i3 
not  less  than  twenty-five),  according  to  the  Dutch 
account  reducing  the  number  of  male  inhiibitauts 
in  ltU5  to  eighty  or  ninety.  The  situation  of  the 
survivors,  however,  rapidly  improved ;  tobacco 
was  diligently  cultivated,  and  the  raising  of  corn 
and  breeding  of  cattle  were  duly  promoted  by  the 
Governor. 

In  the  spring  of  KU-t  the  ship  "  Fama  "  arrived 
from  Sweden,  having  been  equipped  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  Crown  and  setting  sail  the  previous 
year,  bringing,  it  is  presumed,  both  emigrants' 
and  merchandise,  althougli  we  have  not  found 
any  definite  information  concerning  this,  the  tifth 
Swedish  expedition  to  the  Delaware.  The  vessel 
was  despatched  back  to  Sweden.  June  20,  1644, 
carrying  a  cargo  of  two  thousand  one  hundred 
and  thirty -six  beaver  skins  and  t\\enty  thousand 
four  hundred  and  sixty-.seveii  pounds  <<t'  tobacco 
for  the  company,  besides  seven  thousand  two 
hundred  pounds  sent  over  by  the  Governor  to  be 
sold  for  his  own  account. 

The  ascension  of  Queen  Christina  upon  the 
throne  of  Sweden,  in  1644,  and  changes  in  the  sy.s- 
tem  of  government  largely  contribut(;d  to  the  decay 
and  final  ruin  of  New  Sweden  on  the  Delaware. 
From  June,  lh44,  until  October,  164(i,  eomnumi- 
cation  was  suspended  with  the  mother  country. 
Governor  Print/,  was,  however,  zi^alou-ly  endeavor- 
ing to  promote  his  enterprise.  ^Ve  liave  already 
seen  how,  by  the  action  of  Nya  Kor.-liolm,  he 
secured  the  mouth  of  the  Schuylkill  :  he  also  con- 
sidered it  necessary  to  guard  tlu'  route  of  traffic 
with  the  ^linqiuis  still  further  to  tlie  interior.  To 
this  intent  he  caused  to  be  built  some  distance 
inland  a  strong  block-house,  "capable  of  defence 
airainst  the  savages  by  four  i^r  five  men,  well  sui)- 
plie<l  with  powder  and  A\"t."     The  place  received 


,-eral  "  frcen 
le  beyond,  ir 
as  construct 
luts  also  set 
"■  -■   because. 


1  h 


■with'.n  tn( 
provemen 


■i[.i-.io:i.  ir.  tile  great  aclvanta-r  ^  ! 
It  va-r,  as  iieretot'ore  stated,  the  tir-i 
nits  of  Pennsylvania.  Further  iii;- 
,vere  also  made  at  the  old  phue.-, 
C]ir:iri;ia,  Ellsburg  an.d  Koi-sholm.  On  the  •J-".il, 
I'!'  "No'-ember,  ^"'^5,  Fort  New  Gottenburg  w;i- 
set  fire  to  bv  a  gi'nuer  and  it  W":xs  destroyed  in  an 
hour.  The  Governor  and  people  suffered  great 
loss;  the  company's  goods  consumed  by  the  tin- 
were  valued  at  four  thousand  riksdaler.  Notwith- 
standing this  great  calamity  to  the  infant  colony, 
nn  the  4th  of  September,  liUG,  Campanius  con- 
secrated the  fiist  Swedish  church  on  the  spot,  and 
i'rintz  afterwards  built  liis  dwelling  there. 

The  colony  was  largely  reinforced  on  the  1st  of 
October,  1646,  by  the  arrival  of  the  ship  "  Gylkiie 
Tlajen  "  ("  Golden  Shark  ")  with  the  sixth  Swedish 
expedition.  The  voyage  had  occupied  four  months, 
the  vessel  losing  near  all  her  sails  and  the  entire 
crew  being  sick.  The  cargo  consisted  of  Holland 
goods  intended  for  barter  with  the  Indians  for 
furs.  On  February  20,  1647,  the  ship  "  Gyllene 
Hajen"  sailed  with  a  return  cargo,  consisting  ot 
twx-ntv-four  thousand  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven  pounds  of  tobacco,  only  six  thou.«and  nine 
hundred  and  twenty  pounds  of  which  was  rai-ed 
hv  the  colony,  the  remainder  having  been  pur- 
chased in  Virginia. 

Being  in  a  condition  to  revive  his  languishiii.' 
beaver  trade,  Printz  now  sent  Huyghen  and  Van 
Dvck,  with  eight  soldiers  fifty  miles  into  the  in- 
terior among  the  Minquas,  with  presents  of  all 
kinds,  to  induce  them  to  trade  with  the  Swede-. 
Thejealousy  which  had  existed  between  the  Sweii.  s 
aiid  Dutch  from  the  beginning  of  the  settlement, 
having  broken  out  in  open  rupture  in  1646,  tin- 
following  extract  from  Governor  Printz's  report 
"to  the  Most  Honorable  We.st  India  Company." 
■jives  a  fair  idea  of  the  relations  which  then  ex- 
isted between  the  rival  ci'ldiii.-t-  on  the  Delaware: 

■•  Il  is  of  the  utnK.st  nc>ce.«ity  fnr  us  tn  'Iriv.?  llio  Putcli  fruiii  th-  ri^■  t. 


,  Pruf.  G^  li.Kti- 


Che  presi-D!  e  Al 


NEW  SWEDEN  ON  THE  DELAWAliE. 


Notwithstaiuiiii-  tli.:<e  ditHfultii-s  the  c.Ionv 
veiiR'i-1  to  prusper,  t'nr  it  \va-  .-ucc -stiilly  eiiLra-td 
in  iiirriculture  and  traile.  LUiil  uiimiui-i  ,|  ,,nv  luiii- 
ilrrd  and  eighty-thrff  .-uui.-.  Ir  \v:i<  -iTatly  in 
n. ■.■(!,  however,  of  skilled  iiieihauirs  and  soldi. t-, 
■•  and,  above  all,  unnian-ii'd  women  as  wivo-  for  the 
unmarried  freemen  and  the  rt-t."  In  eon-eiiiieurr 
„t'  I'rintz's  report,  on  the  2.jth  of  Siptemljei-,  li;47, 
the  seventh  expedition  set  sail  from  Gottl'lll)urL^ 
on  the  ship  "  Svanon,"  Captain  Stetlen  '\Villein>fH, 
carrying  emijrrants  and  a  valuable  cargo.  Among 
.  the  former  were  two  Lutheran  clergymen,  Lare 
Carlsson  Looek  (Laurentius  Lockenius)  and  Israel 
Fluviander,  Printz's  sister's  son,  with  Johan  Pape- 


'narkal.lv  sliort  vova-e  ot   thirtv   .lavs   arrive.l  at 
Ibl-ingur,  and  on  "tin-  ;;.l  .,f  Julv,  at  M.M'kholni. 

In  1(147  th.'  Dutch  I)i.vrt,,r-(.u-neral  Kicft  uas 
~nci-eeded  hy  Peter  Stnyvesant.  win.  Iie-an  hi-  a.l- 
inini.-tration  on  Mav  I'Tth.  Print/,  fi.iin.l  him  a 
Very  .litU'rent  man  "fmni  Ki,  fr.  Winn  tli.'  tu.> 
-•'ivern..rs  hnallv  uui  .,n  .Mav  'irnU.  K.ol  the 
''■ii'-h  director-general,  uhih^  '-luite  a>  .-..Idi.rlv. 
I'l'nr.  an.l  ira.cilde  as  Print/, -howe.l  himself  f,  l".,- 
iiea.l  and  .-houldc-rs  above  th-  latter  in  dip;.,ma.  v. 


I) 

in  the  per 
had  sedul 
bv  public 
the  lan.ls  . 


lltlu<e,Ii,-pi 
ri.i.l  ..f  Prin 


the   II 


e    Del: 
'h.-    Sv 


.I..S    h; 
ith     U 


cut  1 
the 

land 
hoM 


nd 


Stuvve-ant  came  to  the  S.,utl 
Kiol.  "t.,  pre-crve  and  pr. 
rights  and  jurisdiction."'  He 
of  the  company's  rights  ii. 
demanded  in  return  that  tli 
should  jiroduee  jiroof  .if  wh; 
chased  and  his  authority  to 
.■ould  merely  define  the  limits  of  his  t 
say  that  his  pajiers  were  on  tile  in  the  chancellory 
of  Sweden.  Then  .'-^tuyvesant  is  said  to  have 
detected  Printz  in  an  attempt  to  secretly  buv  title 
from  an  Indian  <aehem  calle.l  Waspang  Zewan, 
whereupon  the  Dutch  governor  forthwith  dealt 
with  the  Indians  himself,  and  was  hy  them  pre- 
M-nted  with  a  title  to  b.ith  sides  of  the  Delaware 
from  Christiana  Creek  to  Bombay  Hook,  they  at 
the  same  time  denying  that  they  had  ever  sold 
any  lands  to  the  Swedes.  Finally,  Stuyvesint 
determined  that  he  would  build  another  fort,  Fort 
Xassau  being  too  much  out  ofthe  way,  and  in  >p!te 
of  Printz's  protests  he  built  Fort  Ca.simir  on  the 
Delaware  side  of  the  river,  about  one  Dutch  mile 
from  Fort  Christina  and  near  the  present  citv  of 
New  Castle,  where  he  stationed  a  garrison,  with 
cannon  and  two  shijis.  The  central  jwint  of  the 
Dutch  power  on  the  Delaware,  was  now  trans- 
ferred to  Fort  Casinur,  and  sc-on  after  Fort  Xa.- 
sau  was  abandoned,  Printz  and  Stuyvesant  had 
several  interviews  with  each  other,  and  the  final 
result  was  that  "  they  mutually  [iromised  to  cause 
no  difficulties  or  hostility  to  each  other,  but  to  keep 
iH'ighborly  friendship  and  ..•orrespundence  toireiiier, 
and  act  as  friends  and  allies." 

It  will  be  observed  that  all  through  these  con- 
troversies, while  there  were  many  hi^di  words  and 
some  kicks  and  cutis,  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  never 
came  to  actual  ho.-tilities,  and  always  maintained 
a  vwdtL-i  rivenil,  with  one  another.  This  was  not 
because  they  hated  each  other  le.vs,  hut  because 
they  drea.led   a  thinl   rival    more.      Both    Dutch 

designs  up..u  the  I),  lawaiv.      As  was  lai.l  ,l,.vwi  in 

cecle.l    Printz   in    New   .<w.-,l..n,\-i!.'.ak 

new   K..rt  Ca-iniir,   if  Ki-iuL'h   e.mjd    i 

the    Dut.-h   t,.  al.an.loii.  tli.^  p.,>t  bv  aii.onn..nt  a 

rt'in..n.-tnin.v  and  uithout   resortii'iL'   t.i   h.-tiliti 

h..-tiliii,-,  confining  themselves  .^delv  to  ]n-..t,~ 
ti..n^,  and  ^uHcr  the  Dutch  t.,  .uvupv  the  .-: 
f.n-tre-s,  than  that  it  shouhMldl  int.,  the  han.ls 
the  Engli^n,  nlw  are  the  nin,l  pnayrjul  and  oj  cou 


of  the 
in.luce 


52 


IIISTOllY  OF   DKI.AWAlUv 


the  mo.'t  dniign-nu^  in  tint  rnuulryr  In  tlir  -^aiiie 
w:iv,  after  Stuvv.-;,nt  IkuI  mrt  tin'  Kn-li-h  at 
Hartford,  C'miiu..  tri-alv,l  xsitli  th.  in.  and  >.ttlr,l 
a  mutual  l.Mun.hiry  linr.  s,,  that  all  was  appar- 
ently pcacr  mal  lVirii'l>hi|i  li.lwr.  II  tin-  Dutch  and 
theKew  Kii.'lan.i.T-,  thr  >.\-\v  Hav.ii  L'onii.auy 
thoiight  thrv  u.MiM  l)r  i.rruiitto.l  without  .li>!  tite 
to  resumu  the  iiceuj>aiicy  of  ilii-ir  piinha-cil  Iimian 
lauds  on  the  New  J.r.-v  si.lc  of  tlu-  ivlaware  llay 
at  Salem,  when.',-  th.v  had  h.-n  twi.v  exi  elh  d. 
Accordin-lv,  Jasper  ( iraine.  William  Tuthill.  and 
other  inhabitant-  ..f  N.w  llav,n  and  >otoeket. 
to  the  nunilHT  of  al.out  tifrv,  hired  :i  ve.-^^el  au.l 
sailed  for  that  de-tinatimi.  On  the  wav  thev  enn- 
siderately  l^nt  into  Manhattan  to  imtity  Stuyve-aiit 

of  their  errand,  and    ( .-ult   with   him   a.-   to   the 

best  way  of  aeeMniplishin-  it.  .--invve-ant  took 
their  commi.-,-ion  away  from  them,  clapped  the 
master  of  the  vessel  and  four  other-  into  prison. 
and  refu.-?ed  to  relea.-e  them  until  ••  tin  v  jiKd-ed 
themselves  under  their  IkukU  "  not  to  -o  to  Dela- 
ware, infi.>rniinir  them  likewise  that  if  any  of  them 
should  afterwards  be  IVmnd  there  he  would  con- 
fiscate their  goods  and  send  them  prir-oners  to 
Holland.  At  the  same  tina'  he  wrote  to  the  gover- 
nor of  New  Haven  that  the  Dutch  rights  on  the 
Delaware  were  ab-olute,  and  that  he  meant  to 
prevent  any  Englir-h  settlement  there  "  with  force 
of  arms  and  martial  oppo>ition,  even  unto  blood- 
shed." The  Swedes  were  so  mu(di  impre-ed  with 
this  iirw  attititde  ami  with  their  own  unprotected 
eonditi(.)n  (thi-  wa-  probably  durin-  the  inter- 
regnum between  I'rint/.'s  ileparture  and  the  arrival 
of  Risingh,  when  I'ape-oja,  Print//-  -o,i-iii-law, 
was  acting  goverm>r.  and  there'  was  no  news  from 
the  mother-country)  that  they  a.-ked  Stiiyve-ant 
to  take  them  under  his  protection.  The  director- 
general  declined  to  do  s,,  without  instruetii.n  from 
home,  and  the  directors  of  the  company  when  he 
consulted  them  lett  the  matter  to  his  own  discre- 
tion, simply  suggesting  that  while  population  and 
settlement  shouhl  be  encouraged  by  all  means  as 
the  bulwark  of  the  State,  it  would  be  advisable 
that  all  settler,-  ,-liould  yield  allegiance  to  the 
parent  State,  and  iie  willin-  to  obey  its  laws  and 
statutes  in  order  to  obtain  protection. 

The  ilitHcultie-  between  I'riiitz  and  Stiiyvesant 
came  before  the  Koyal  Council  of  Sue.len  in 
March,  16o-_'.  and  j.,  n'dni-  its  negotiation-  (iover- 
nor  Trint/.  f.  11  into  >till  -reater  .-trait-.  On 
August  oi),  l.i.VJ.  he  wrote  to  the  ClKineellor  of 
the  Kine-dom:  ■' The  Puritans  threaten  us  with 
violence,  and  the  Dutch  are  pres-iug  upon  us  on 
all  sides;  they  have  ruined  the  fur  trade;  the 
savages  are  troubling  us.  having'  broiiLrht  ear;^'oes 
of  stran-ers;  the  people  ;,re  be.dnnin-  to  ,1,-ert 
the  colonv  in  despair;  f.rtv  Dutch  lUniili. ,-  have 
settled  east  of  the  river,  win,  have  ab.-olntely  no 
pruvi=ious,  and  do  not  sow  or  plough,  de-iring  to 


livi'   bv   the    tralh 

thene-elveshaved, 

vear  the  situation  wa-  not  i 

"had    now    assembled    his    f 


the   natives,  which   th 
I."     Dnrim:  the  follow! 


t  Fort  faMinir. 
where  alreadv  in  the  l,c,ini,in_'  of  K;.",:;  no  I, - 
than  t\ventv->ix  Dutch  familie.-  ha.l  setthd.  an,! 
more  .still  w'ere  expected.     Nevertheless,  he  did  im, 

Swedes,  chieHv  for  ti'ar  of  the  English,  but  leli 
obli-ed  to  confirm  to  the  admonition  of  hi- 
Directors,  to  endeavor  a-  far  a-  ]io,--ibl(}  to  :ivoiil 
dis.-ensions  with  them;  "imt  to  increa>e  the  miin- 
ber  of  the  Company's  enemies  during  that  critical 
period."  Not  a  wtird  was  heard  from  Sweden  to 
relieve  the  anxiety  of  Printz,  although  he  urgently 
applied  for  aid  in  his  letters  to  his  superiors.  II" 
iii.sisted  on  his  di-nii,-sal.  and  many  other  inhabi- 
tants of  the  colony,  particularly  persons  in  the 
service  of  the  comjiany.  de.-ired  to  return  to  their 
native  country,  while  some  removed  to  ^Marylaml. 
and  others  Inxjught  Stuyvesant  to  allow  them  to 
settle  among  the  Dutch,  a  privilege  he  dared  not 
grant.  In  consequence  of  a  war  between  two 
neighboring  Indian  tribes  no  fur  trade  could  be 
carried  on,  and  the  non-arrival  of  any  succor 
•j-radually  caused  the  colonists  (hitherto  in  the 
enjovment  of  the  great  consideration  accorded  to 
the  Swedish  nation)  to  be  regarded  "as  abandoned 
wanderers,  without  a  sovereign."  '  To  give  further 
weiirht  to  his  complaints,  in  July,  1653,  the  Gover- 
nor sent  home  his  son,  Gustavus  Printz,  who  had 
Iteen  a  lieutenant  in  the  colony  of  New  Sweden 
since  1648.  Ciovernor  Print/,  himself  now  feared 
that  the  colony  had  been  abandoned  to  its  fate,  a- 
he  had  not  received  any  letters  or  orders  from  the 
mother  country  for  six  years.  His  command- 
were  no  longer  obeyed  and  he  resolved  to  uo 
home,  after  having  promi,-ed  the  settlers,  for  their 
lldelity  to  the  Crown  of  Sweden,  to  come  back  in 
ten  or  twelve  months  from  September,  16o3,  or, 
at  least,  to  procure  the  sending  of  a  ship  if  oidy 
to  inform  them  as  to  the  condition  of  their  enter- 
prise. He  ajipointed  Johan  Papegoja  I'rovinciai 
Vice-Governor,  and  in  company  with  his  wife  and 
children,  Ileiirik  IlnyLdieii  and  a  portion  of  the 
coloidsts,  he  .-ailed  earl\  in  November,  aitd,  cros- 
iui;  the  ocean  in  a  Dutch  ve.-sel,  December  I^t. 
reached  Rochelle,  from  whence  he  wrote  to  th. 
Chancellor.  Early  in  IH.",-!  he  went  to  Ilollainl. 
and  in  April  arrived  once  more  in  Sweden.  Alt'  :' 
his  return  he  was  appointed  eohaud  in  the  Swedi-li 
armv,  and  in  looS  governor  of  tlie  province  ol 
Jonk.lpin'r.     He  ilied'in  16(;".. 

In  the  meantime  Printz's  re[n-esentations  at 
liome,  put  fre^ll  life  into  measures  f  .r  the  relief  oi 
the  eolunv.     Her  .Majestv  renewed  her  mandate  te 


NEW  .^WHDKN'  OX  TIIH  DELKWATH' 


;|„.  Ailnilnilty  I'diiccriiinu'  tlie 
.■.ii]i|>iiu-iit  of  a  jlii[i  i'ur  Ncu  Swc- 
,1,11,  •'that  the  enUTpri?!'  iniirlit 
:miI  altogetlier  conic  to  nnu-lit." 
riir  ^'ciieral  niaiKi.'i-Nicnt  nt'  Swo- 
.|;-li  affiiiiv  un  the  IVlawaiv  lia.l 
,,,,u  pasSLMl  to  tlie  .■liarirr  ..i  tiio 
■•(•.eiu-ral  Collt-tje  <,t'  Cuiiinu  r.v," 
.,fSMckhoIni,ot'  uliich  Krik  (rx- 
,  !i?tjenia  was  jiri'siilLiit.  lie  i>- 
.iic(l  the  necessary  iii.-tnictioiis 
.111.1  the  ship  "  Ornen  "  (the  -  Ea- 
.'Ic  "jJohii  Piockhoni,  coiumaml- 
.T,  was  assigned  to  take  out  eiui- 
L-rantsaiid  supplies.  Sven  Schute 
«:ls  corimianiled  to  enlist  fifty  sol- 
.liiTs  tor  the  reinforcement  of  the 
i'..l(iny,  and  to  proceed  to  Viirni- 
laiid  and  Dal,  and  collect  fanii- 
lics  and  single  pei-sous  livini:  in 
ilie  forests,  to  the  number  of  two 
imndred  and  fifty  souls,  -'the 
majority  to  be  good  men.  with 
some  women."  In  accordance 
uith  Printz's  request  to  quit  the 
I'lilony,  Johan  Klaesson  Eisins, 
the  secretary  of  the  college,  was 
commissioned  as  his  assistant  on 
December  12,  KloM,  at  an  annu- 
al salary  of  one  thousand  two 
Imndred  dalersUJver.  The  ninth' 
Swedish  expedition  left  Stork- 
liolm,  on  the  Sth  of  October,  on 
the  ship  '•  Ornen,"  liut  was  de- 
layed at  Gotteiiburg,  takin.'  on 
cargo,  et<-.,  until  tlie  L'd  of  Feb- 
ruary, l(;.-.4,  when  she  saih  d. 
'I'lie  ^ettleI■s  were  accompanied 
hy  Peter  Lindstrom,  a  militarv 
engineer  of  some  distinction,  ^^ho 
had  been  appointed  to  serve  in 
I    1  roft    nnil    ca    Kit\    m    tlu 

I  n\        He  dfteiw  11  J     HI  1(ij4 

'  iiudea\tr\  mt  u  tuu  ni  ip 
f  N\  I  ^\\cii_t  t  1  111!  1 
'  \  C  impiniu      hi  t  i\         V    f  ( 

td  (  f  It  ip[(  r  in  th  t  \t 
^ith     th       In  bin        1      -w,  1,  h 

un       t  1  all  th       in        n   ^  nth 

HN     r  V         llltcl    «lth    1.111      V     1 

'^      ir    i,h  1      1    tin  III   ,t    ml 

^■itthu      Nutuniu  wh       hi  I 

'    I  li     in    iltcmi  t    t  i(  uh   th 

I  n\  in    104)    with  th      unt   i 

"iitt  \ic  ht,  n\\hi  h  111  1  111 
'''       kittui          Vit   1      I    It     ut 


/sru 


^ 
*  f 


^7-     ) 


•^"•^f 


-^  •   J. ..  .  !  1  .<!  CUE)  i 


p 


•  *j  «  5  I  S  ^ 


^- 


=^ 


P       j' 


S4 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE 


arrived  in  the  Delawar.-  Ilav  on  the  L^th  of 
.Mav,  an.l  two  .hiv^  afteruanis  ai-ii\..l  at  Fort 
Eltih.u-  uhieh  ^^a^  now  ,h-,-n..i  an.l  in  ruins. 
On  the  ■2\>t  of-  \[ay,  ImJul'  I'rinitv  San,lav, 
the"Ornrn"  ea-t  aii.-lior  olf  Fort  ( 'asiniir,  and  dis- 
chiirired  a  Sweili.di  -aliitr. 

Kisinir'-  in-truMion^  nndor  date  of  Dectaber 
15,  165:;,  an.l  si-n.-.l  l,y  Erik  (  »xen-fjerna  and 
Korster  Bonde,  ;-h  .w  that  tiie  S\\rdfs  int.  adr.i  to 
re-establi;li  pow.r  in  the  colony.  He  and  iho 
Governor  \vere  to  adniiid.-ti  r  ju-tioe,  and  ]ininioto 
trade  and  the  profr-sion  —  li^hiii-.  hu-l.andry,  at- 
tracting meiiiher-  of  nii-hltoriii.'  nations,  who 
might  be  able  to  give  them  aid.  F-peeially  were 
they  required  to  seek  "to  rid  the  place  of  the 
Dutch,  who  had  erected  a  fort  tlicre,  exerci.sintr, 
however,  all  pos^?ible  prudence,"  and  above  all, 
taking  care  that  the  English  did  not  ..btain  a  f  lot- 
hold.  They  were  also  to  endeavor  to  .•nla.r-o  tlic 
limits  of  the  settlement,  and  try  to  get  all  trad  ■  on 
the  river  out  of  the  hands  of  foreigner,-  by  build- 
ing, if  need  he,  anotiier  fort  at  the  mouth  of  iln' 
Delaware. 

Immediately  upon  Ri^iu^'s  arrival  otf  Fort 
Casimir,  he  sent  Sven  Schute,  with  twenty  soldiers. 
to  the  shore,  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  garri- 
son, and  not  receiving  an  answer  to  his  signal, 
fired  at  the  fort  from  two  of  the  heaviest  guns  on 
his  ship.  Taken  by  surprise  Gerrit  Bikker,  the 
Dutch  commander  dispatched  four  men  with  a 
request  for  three  days'  respite,  which  was  refused, 
and  when  the  latter  ini|uired  the  terms  of  the 
Swedes,  they  were  told  that  thev  should  lie  in- 
formed of  these  the  followin-  day  at  Fort  <  'hristina. 
Meanwhile,  Lieutenant  ( i\IlrnL:ri'n,  uiider  oiilers 
of  Schute,  pressing  in  with  some  men  througli  a 
gate,  overpowered  the  sentinels,  disarmed  tlie  gar- 
rison, and  triumphantly  displayed  tiie  Swedish  tlag 
above  the  fort.  The  force  which  hehl  it  consisted 
of  barely  a  dozen  soldiers,  although  not  less  than 
twenty-two  houses,  inhabited  by^  Dutch  settlers, 
lay  round  about.  After  a  body  of  Swedes,  under 
the  command  of  Schute,  had  entered  Fort  Trinity 
(named  after  Trinity  Sunday,  because  it  was  ca[)- 
tured  on  that  day),'  the  Dutch  soldiers  received 
permission  to  >tay  or  go,  as  tiiey  pleaseil. ' 


On  the  (lav  foll,,win-  the  i-ipture  ot  Fort  ('a-; 
inir  the  "orn,,!"  sailed  up  to  Christina,  wlirre  tl  . 
three  hun.hvd  ciniL-rants  wero  landcl— the  lar.-^ - 
body  that  had   ever   rea,-he.l   New   Sweden   at   o,., 

.    On  the  ibnowiii-  davall  the  peoi.le  atChri>ti„ 


FORT  CASIMIR  OR  TRINITY  FORT. 

assembled  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Sweden 
and  the  West  India  Company,  and  Papegoja  re- 
signed his  ortice  as  Governor  into  the  hand-  of 
Eising,  notwithstanding  the  latter  had  not  y ; 
been  duly  appointed  to  that  charge.  PapeL^oj;, 
and  Schute  continued  to  be  the  Governor's  prin- 
cipal assistants  in  the  direction  of  the  colony.  ( in 
the  od  of  June  a  similar  meeting  was  held  at 
Printzhof  on  TennakoiiL',  and  the  Dutch  com- 
mandant at  Fort  Casimir  and  the  majority  of  hi- 
garrison  swore  fealty  to  Swedon.  Afterwards  tl;- 
Governor,  in  company  with  engineer  Lind^trom. 
made  a  journey  around  the  rest  of  the  Swedi-1. 
settlement  to  become  acquainteil  with  the  rcidon  : 
and  finally  he  called  the  neighboring  Indian-  t.- 
gether  with  a  view  to  make  them  his  allies.  Tb- 
joint  council  was  held  at  Tinnecum,  (then  c:\]\>  ■: 
Printzhof)    on    June    17th.    at  which  ten   Indiai: 


uf  tliecnplll 


NEW  SWEDEN  ON  THE  DELAWARE. 


55 


.-hii'tV  were  prosiMit,  ami  Risiiii:  iiHi-rcd  maity 
pri^oiit.''.  (listrihiitt'l  wim-  ami  spirits,  ami  s]  i.:i,|  a 
-rcat  feast  of  suppauii  ;  the  old  trfatii-  urn-  n  ail, 
mutual  vows  of  friendship  exeliaii-ed,  and  tiie 
liKliaiis  heeanie  allies  of  the  Swed.-s,  \\  hoi,,  they 
-troiiL'ly  counseled  to  >ettle  at  once  at  ra->ayiink. 

On  July  od  Risiii-  -eiit  an  open  letter  t..  all  th.' 
Swedes  who  luid  L'-one  otf  to  :Maryiand  and  Vir- 
■_'inia,  inviting  them  to  return,  when,  if  they  would 
not  remain  at  the  settlement,  they  should  reeeive 
jiermission  and  be  provided  with  a  pass  to  lietake 
themselves  wherever  they  wished.  I'ort  Trinity 
\va5  rebuilt  from  its  foundations  and  armed  v, iih 
lour  fourteen-pounder  cannon  taken  fmni  the 
"Ornen."  The  land  nearest  to  Christina  was  di- 
vided into  building  lots  for  a  future  town  of  ('liri>- 
tinahamn  (Christinapnrt  ',  fmni  wiienee  tra'lie  was 
to  be  carried  on  with  tin'  I'roviiiees  ot  N'iruinia 
and  Maryland,  with  whieh  intent,  al-.,  Ri,-ing 
planned  the  widening  of  the  Swedish  territory  to 
the  west  by  means  of  a  new  settlement,  no  limit 
ever  having  been  set  to  it  in  that  direction. 
Finally  a  map  of  the  river  and  Swedish  posses- 
sions was  prepared  by  Liml.-trom,  with  an  accurate 
description  of  the  region.  Tn  an  "ordinance  con- 
cerning the  people  and  the  land,"  etc.,  dated  July, 
lt;")4,  he  decreed  the  first  anti-slavery  act  adopted 
in  America:  "  Whoever  bespeaks  of  the  company 
any  slave  over  fourteen  years  in  service  shall  give, 
hcsides  the  passage  money  received,  twenty  four 
riksdaler,  and  the  slave  shall  serve  him  six  con- 
secutive years,  obtaining  his  food,  shoes,  and  so 
forth  every  year;  after  six  years  a  slave  shall  be  , 
absolutely  free."  / 

Rising  selected  for  himself  a  piece  of  land  south 
of  Trinity  Fort,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  leii'jth,  and 
in  a  letter  to  Chancellor  E.  (Jxenstjerna  dated 
.Time  11,  165-1-,  he  solicits  "  His  Excellency  to  find 
him  a  good  wife  and  send  her  over."  He  assigned 
I'etrus  iljort,  one  of  the  ministers  who  came  out  on 
the  "Ornen,"  to  a  home  in  Fort  Trinity,  while  his 
companion,  Matthias  Xertunius,  dwelt  at  Upland. 

The  Dutch  and  Swedish  population  on  the 
Delaware  at  this  time,  according  to  a  census  taken 
hy  Itising.  was  three  hundred  ami  sixty-ei-lit 
per.-ons.  Thi~  is  probably  exelu-ive  <<t'  many 
Swedes  who  had  gone  inti.>  tlie  interior  and  ero-ed 
the  ridge  towards  :\Iarylaml.  But  little  a-rieul- 
ture  was  attended  to  bi.-ide-  t<jbaeco  plaiitin.',  and 
tlie  chief  industry  was  the  trade  in  peltrie.-,  nhieh 
was   very   protitable.      Jn    this   trade    the    Indians 


'  ef  heaver-skin-,  and  the 

.rt  Na-au  that  tl,e>avai:es 

luallv. 

d  toSwe,|enin.Tulv.li;."')4. 

I  and    .-Marvland   tohaeeo, 
e.'ers    soni,-'  of    the    older 

II  Pape-nja.      Arrivin-at 


aver  and 


neat  skill  as  m  trappin-  the 
his  i>elt.  Thepriceofabeaver- 
-kiu  was  two  fathoms  of'  "seawant,"  and  each 
lathom  was  taken  to  be  three  ells  long.  An  ell 
was  measured  (as  the  yard  .-till  is  in  country 
I'laces),  from  one  loiuer  >il'  the  mouth  to  the 
thumb  of  the  opposite  arm  exten.led.  The  Indians, 
tall  and   Ion-limbed,  alwavs    sent    their    l..n_'est 


at  (lolteidiur-  the'Mlyll,  nellaien"ill,e  ••(;,, Iden 
Shark  "  I,  for  anntlu'r  expedite. 11  to  the  Delaware. 
On  thelL'th  of  September  the'M  iyllene  Ilajeii  "ar- 
rived otf  the  American  coa~t,  and  '•throuL'h  ra.-h- 
ness,  or  perhaps  malice,  of  the  mate."  entered  a 
bay  believed  to  be  the  Delaware,  but  in  fa<t  the 
Ninth  Kiver,  or  Hudson,  the  blunder  not  being 
discovered  until  she  had  reached  ^laidiattan. 

It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  a  man  of  .-^tuyve- 
sant's  heady  temperament  wmild  permit  an  out- 
rage, such  as  the  capture  of  Fort  Casimir,  to  go 
un revenged,  even  if  the  directors  of  the  West 
India  Company  had  jxassed  it  by.  But  they  were 
quite  as  eager  as  Stuyvesant  himself,  for  prompt 
and  decisive  action  on  the  Delaware.  The  time 
was  auspicious  for  them.  Axel  Oxenstierna,  the 
great  Swedish  chancellor,  was  just  dead,  Queen 
Christina  had  abdicated  the  tlirone  in  favor  of  her 
cousin  Charles  Gustavus,  and  England  and  Hol- 
land had  just  signed  a  treaty  of  peace.  The 
directors  insisted  upon  the  Swedes  being  etibctually 
punished,  and  ordered  Stuyvesant,  not  only  to 
exert  every  nerve  to  revenge  the  injury,  not  only 
to  recover  the  fort  and  restore  affairs  to  their 
former  situation,  but  to  drive  the  Swedes  from 
every  side  of  tiio  river,  and  allow  no  settlers  ex- 
cept under  the  Dutch  thiLr.  He  was  promi.-cd 
liberal  aiil  from  home,  and  w;is  ordered  to  press 
any  V(.'ssel  into  his  service  that  might  be  in  the 
New  Netherlands.  Stuyvesant  meanwhile  was 
not  idle  on  his  own  side.  He  seized  and  made 
prize  of  the  "  Gyllene  Hajen  "  at  Manhattan,  and 
placed  her  captain  under  arrest,  as  soon  as  he 
heard  the  news  from  Fort  Casimir.  He  received 
five  armed  vessels  from  Amsterdam,  iind  ordered 
a  L'eneral  fasting  and  prayer,  and  then  ha.stened 
to  set  his  armaments  in  order.  On  the  oOth  of 
Au-u.-t,  Stuyvesant's  forces,  consisting  of  seven 
ship>  and  >ix  hundred  men,  entered  Delaware  Bav 

th..'  follow  in.j  dav  the  Dutch  ll.;et  was  otl'  the  late 
Fort  (V.-imir,  now  Fnrt  Tiinity.  The  fort  was 
summoned    to    surrender.       The    Lranisoii,    under 

seven  men,  and  thoir  commander,  surrendered 
them  on  honorable  terms  before  a  gun  was  tired. 
Stiiyve-ant  marelie.i   .,n   the  follow  i.rg  ilay  to  Fort 

ve.-ted  it  on  every  siile.       RisiuLih    pret.  lukd  i;reat 

trivance  he  could  think  of,  and  then  on  the  14tli 


56 


HI3T0RY  OF  DE].A^-\\rv5:. 


of  Septfn:ber.  sumTi<l.Tcil  al^i.  lut'on-  the  Dutcli 
liiitterifs  o[i(;-,n-d.  In  truth  his  toi-;  -.va-  a  Uiak 
:ind  (IctVnselr^:;  nnc,  ami  he  liail  scaiviiy  tw. 
rounds  nf  amiminitinn. 

In  aceordanee  with  the  terms'  ajreiil  to,  the 
little  ^^\Vfdi-hL'aiTi<oii,nan'hcd. "lit, ••colors  tlv:'.-.:;." 
The  Diitrh  wont  u].  tho  river  to  'niiiKcinn, '^^  here 
thev  laid  wa.^te  all  the  house,  and  ..lantations, 
kilfed    th.'   eatfh     and    ., hindered    the   InhaMtai;!-. 


[From  Camranius'  "  Xew  Sweden."] 

A,  Fort  OlirUtina.     D,  Christina  Cre.'k.   C,  Town  c.l  Clii 

D,  Tennekuiij,-  Lan.L     K,  Fi,li  Kill.     F,  SlaiiL-eubul  ■_-.     G. 

H,    Eottnburg.       I,    Fli.iffUbors.       K,    Tiiiil.  r   M.nul. 

M,  Position  of  the  Lesiegers.     X,  Harb.-r.     o.  Mine.     P,  S 


A  great  many  Swedes  eanie  in  and  took  the  oath- 
of  alleaianee  to  the  Duteh. 

All  such  were  sultere<l  to  remain  nndisturlied  in 
their  pos-.-sion.?.  A  few  who  retii>ed  to  take  the 
oatii  \\c:re  tran,ported  to  Manhattan,     while  others 


doubted)}'  Silt 

This  v:td  a 

Dehiwp.re.  ■; 
the  West  Indi 
redelivorv  of 


hnt  theDutel 
upon  Swedish 


n.ade 
fused 


^. 


nili 


.in.di,  but  th. 
n'ceive  it,  ai 
f  New  Anist, 
antir  moo.I." 


tie.-  in  .-^\  euei.  sii;  .\..ed.  d  in  titliii-  out  the  teiitli 
and  last  c.s.;-.eiiition  to  New  Sweden.  The  Mi  ,- 
curium  sailed  on  the  i6th  of  October,  IG-jo,  bearin,- 
the  last  hope  of  safety  for  the  enterprise  on  th. 
Delaware,  which,  had  already  come  to  an  itrnoniini 
ous  end.  She  arrived  in  the  Delaware,  March 
24,  1()')().  the  emiL^rants  tirst  learning  the  chan-c- 
that  Iiad  occurred  when  they  were  prevented 
from  landing,  by  the  Dutch  Vice-Governor  I'aiil 
Jaeijuet,  until  the  receijit  of  further  orders  from 
Manhattan.  Stuyvesant  sent  instructions  f.rbid- 
ding  thern  to  laud,  am.l  directed  that  they  >houl.! 
be  sent  to  Manhattan,  to  lay  in  provisions,  etc.,  for 
their  voyage  Lome.  The  emigrants  refusincr  t'^ 
return  to  Sweden,  they  took  the  vessel  past  Fort 
Casimir.  and  ufi  the  river  to  Mantaes  Huek,wherc 
they  landed.  The  Mercurius  returned  to  Gutten- 
borg,  arriving  there  in  September  of  the  same  year. 

Upon  the  coniiuest  of  Xew  Sweden,  Stuyvesaiu 
appointed  Captain  Derrick  Schmidt  as  conuiiissaiy. 
who  was  quickly  succeeded  as  we  have  seen,  h\ 
John  Paul  Jacipiet,  in  the  capacity  of  "  ^'ice- 
Director  of  the  South  Itiver,"  with  a  Council  con- 
sisting of  Andreas  Hudde,  vice-director,  Elnier- 
huysen  Klein,  and  two  sergeants.  Fort  Christin.i 
became  Altona,  Fort  Casimir  resumed  its  ol.i 
name,  and  a  new  settlement  grew  up  around  ii 
wliich  was  named  New  Anistel,  the  tin>t  actual  town 
upon  the  river. 

It  must  be  confessed  that  if  the  Swedes  on  the 
Delaware  were  not  a  ha]ipy  people  it  was  their 
own  fault.  But  they  were  happy.  Come  of  a 
primitive  race  not  yet  spriiled  by  fashions,  luxury, 
and  the  vices  of  civilization,  and  preferring  agri- 
culture and  the  sim]ilest  arts  of  hu.-bandrv  to  tra'N  . 
they  found  them-elves  in  a  new,  beautit'iil,  an.i 
fertile  re-ion,  with  the  mildest  of  climates  and  tl  ' 


SIR  ED.MrXD  I'LOWDEN  AXD  NEW  ALIilOX. 


1,111. lliot  of  siiiN.  (I.iv.Tiini'Mit,  tlu>  pi-.'s^iire  (if 
^i«.S  the  w.^iirht  <,f  taxation  llif\-  sraivi/ly  kn.-,v. 
:„i.l  their  relation,  wen-  aluav<  i,lra-aut,  fn.ai,ilv. 
.,a.l  iutiinate  witli  tli'.-,-  <ava.'-'  trili.'-  tlw  tm-nr  .,f 

:itrocities  and  barbarities.  Ve-ry  fcvv  Swo  le-  ever 
|,.-t  a  night's  rest  beeau-^e  of  the  Inilian'.>  war- 
\\hocip.  They  were  a  peojile  of  -iniple  ways,  in- 
.i'lstrious,  loyal,  steaUh.-t.  In  UVX',  sotue  of  these 
lijaware  Swede-  wroti-  home  fn-  ministers,  licjoks, 
;,;id  teaehers.  This  letter  says,  •'  As  to  what  con- 
.■.THs  our  situation  in  tnis  eoiinti-y,  we  av.-  for  tli" 
npi-t  part  liusliaudiiU'n.  We  plow  and  Sow  and 
till  the  ground;  and  as  to  our  meat  and  drink,  we 
hve  according  to  tue  old  Swedish  custom.  This 
(■iiimtry  is  very  rich  and  fruitful,  and  here  grow 
all  sorts  of  grain  in  great  plenty,  so  that  we  are 
riehiy  supplied  with  meat  an  I  drink:  and  we  send 
eiit  yearly  to  our  neighbors  on  this  continent  and 
t!ie  neighboring  islands  bread,  grain,  llour,  and 
oik  'We  have  here  also  all  sorts  of  beasts,  fowls, 
and  fishes.  Our  wives  and  daughters  employ  them- 
.-elves  in  spinning  wool  and  flax  and  many  of  them 
in  weaving  ;  so  that  we  have  irreat  reason  to  thank 
the  Almighty  for  his  manifold  mercies  and  bene- 
fits. Goil  grant  that  we  may  also  have  good 
shepherds  to  feed  us  with  lii-  holy  word  and  sacra- 
luents.  We  live  also  in  peace  and  friendsliip  with 
'lie  another,  and  the  Indians  have  not  molested  us 
for  many  years.  Furtlier,  since  this  country  has 
censed  to  be  under  the  government  of  Sweden,  we 
are  bound  to  acknowledge  and  declare  for  the 
-ake  of  truth  that  we  have  been  well  and  kindlv 
treated,  as  well  i,y  the  Doteh  u^  l,v  his  Majesty 
tlie  King  of  En_dand,  our  uiaeioiis  -overeiL'n  ;  on 
t!ie  other  liand,  we,  the  Swedes,  have  been  and 
-till  are  true  to  iiim  in  \vords  ,uiil  in  deeds.       We 


jus 


'!'ati's;  and  we  live  with  one  aiu.ither  in  jieace  and 
■luirtude."  ' 

'  )ne  of  the  missionaries  sent  over  in  response  to 
tile  touching  demand  of  whieh  the  above  ipioted 
i'l-age  is  part,  writing  back  to  Sweden  after  his 
arrival,  says  that  his  eongre-atiou  are  rich, 
;ilding,  "The  country  here  is  delightful,  as  it  has 
:ibvays  been  described,  and  overflows  with  every 
i'le-sing,  so  that  tlie  people  live  very  well  witlmnt 
'"  ing  compelled  to  too  much  or  too  severe  labor, 
llie  Uixes  arc  very  liulit  ;  the  farmers,  att.r  tlieir 
^*ork  is  over,  live'  as  tlicv  do  in  Swi.l-n,  but  are 
■lothed  as  well  as  the  respeeaable  inhal.itauts  of 
■i'e  towns.  They  have  fresh  meat  and  ii.-h  in 
;'-i'-indanee.  and'  want  nothiiii:  of  wiiat  other 
•••untri.-  produer:  tl.ey  have  plenty  of  grain  to 
'!'ake  bi._ad.  and  p!.  nty  oi'  diink.  Tliere  are  no 
]■  "T  in  this  eoiihirv,  liiit  tlev  all  provide  for 
:l^'U,-elves,  feu-  the  ia'nd  is  rieli' and  tVuitful,  and 
'•■"    man    ^^\u,  will    labor  can   Miller  want."     All 


tullv  reprod 
his  "  Peans\ 


.f  Jean  i 

of  ni-!io 

whieh    I, 

pi.r.Jo! 


It  L- 

leli-!ll 


CHAPTER    VI. 

SIR  EDMl'ND  TLOWriLN  ANLi  NICW  ALIUOX. 

Bi;foi:e  the  grant  of  tlie  Province  of  :\Iary- 
lanil  to  Cecilius  Calvert,  .second  L  ird  Baltimore, 
in  l()o2.  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  an  Englishman  of 
distinguished  ancestry,  with  Sir  John  Lawrence 
and  others,  petitioned  Charles  the  First  for  a 
grant  of  Ling  Island  aiid  thirty  miles  square,  to 
be  called  Syou.  This  was  modified  in  another  pe- 
tition to  the  king,  asking  permission  to  occupy 
"  an  habitable  and  fruitful  Island  named  Isle 
Plowden,  otherwise  Lung  Isle,"  "  near  the  conti- 
nent of  Virginia,  about  sixty  leagues  northwards 
from  .James  City,  without  the  Bay  of  Chesapeake," 
and  "  forty  leagues 
square  of  the  adjoining 
Continent,  as  in  the  na- 
ture of  a  County  Pala- 
tine or  body  politick, 
by  the  name  of  New 
Albion,  to  be  held  of 
your  ^Majesty's  Crown 
of  Ireland,  exempted 
from  all  appeal  and 
subjection  to  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Company  of 
Virginia."  One  month 
atter  the  Province  of  .Maryland  wasLdven  t'>  Cecili- 
us Calvert,  KingCharlesordered  his.secretary,  John 
Coke,  to  reque-t  the  Lords  Justices  of  Ireland  to 
grant  to  the  [)etitioners  the  island  "between  thirty- 
nine  and  forty  degrees  of  latitude,"  and  f  .rty 
leagues  adjaeent  on  the  adjoining  continent,  uith 
the  name  of  Xcw  Albion.  This  grant,  which  was 
enrolled  in  the  city  of  Dublin,  where  Sir  Edmund 
I'lowden  chose  to  have  it  registered,  being  a  Peer 
of  Ireland,-  conveyed  to  him  the  following  uncer- 
tain-bounded territory :  ^ 

"Our  a.i.lh    l.oi;i„l   is   SUryUn.]    n.rtli    1-un.l,    .in.l    l...._-it,n,ll,    at 


Shortlv  a\\rv  New  Albion   was   granted  to  Sir 


%'y-f 


SIR  EDMUXD  PLC 


v.iii;.     Dy 


58  IIISTOIIV  OF  J)i:i.AWAi:i:. 

Edmund  Ploxvdrn,  C;ii,tain  Tlidnias  Y..uiil',  a  .-on  \vitli  the  title  "  Din.-ii.in  f-r  A,l\vnturer>.  and  ir 
of  Grep.ry  Y..un-.  of  V,,rk,  received  a  .^perial  L)i-cri].ti.>n  of  the  heahhie.t,  i,lea.<ante.-t,  riel,,. 
coraniisMnn  fmm  the  kii.-,  which  i#  printtd  in  phintath.n  cf  .\.  w  Alhiun.  in  X..ith  Vir-inia 
Rymer's -FuMleiariuid  dated  Septendier:!;;,l(.i;-l:5,  a  letter  fn.ni  Ma.-t.  r  ];.,l„rt  Kveline.  who  l;-., 
autliori/inn  liini  to  tit  oui  armed  vis^els  for  the  there  nianv  vear-."  Th<'  (h -<  ripfion  "wa-  in  i 
voyage  to  VirLrinia  and  adjacent  parts;  to  take  form  of  a  'let'ter  and  addre.-.-ed  to  I'h.w.ien'.,  ^^\■, 
possession  in  the  kin-'s  name  of  all  territory  .lis-  <ir  Edmund  rio\\den':<  tir.-t  visit  to  Aineri. 
covered,  not  yet  inhahited  liy  any  Christian  was  in  Jd4'2.  Koliert  Kveivn,  mIio  liad  al.-o  r. 
people;  to  establish  tradin.t:  posts  with  sole  right  turneil  on  the  liod  (,f  June  of  the  same  year,  n\.' 
of  trade,  and  to  make  such  regulations  and  to  conmii.sioned  l.v  the  authorities  of  Marylan,!  •■• 
appoint  such  officers  as  vere  necessarv  to  estab-  take  charue,  ami  command  of  all  or  anr  of  tl 
lish  civil  government.  E,„li,l,   i„,  ,„  „ear  about,  Pi^.^atawav,  and   L  v^ 

In  the  sja-ing  of  Kio-l  the  explorin-  expedition     tram  and  n.a-t.-r  them  " 
departed,    the    lieutenant    of    whieh    wa>    Robert  I )urin- the  vear  lt;-i2  Plowden  appears  to  h:P. 

Lvelyn,  a  nephew  of  Young  ;  Evelyn'-  father,  of  .-ailed  up  the  Delaware  and  visited  "  the  f -rt  .-iv,  • 
Godstone.  burrey.  havim:  married  .-u-au,  the  cap-  over  by  Captain  Young  and  Master  Evelvi,; 
tain's  sister.  Among  other  otricers  was  a  surgeon  which  seems  to  have  beeu'in  or  near  the  Schuylkill 
named  Scott,  and  the  cosmographer  was  Alexander  His  residence  was  cliioflv  in  Northampton  Countv 
Baker,  of  St.  Holborn's  Parish,  ^liddlesex,  de-  Virginia,^  and  he  brought  some  servants  of  In- 
scribed by  \  onug  as  "  skilful  in  mines  and  trying  family  from  England.* 
of  metals."     The  great  object  of  Captain  Young 

was  to  ascend  tlie  Delaware  River,  which  he  called  ' ""'  i^''"-'''''  ^'  ^^- '"  r,.  -;  j. m  ,.r  m,.,  ,1.  -trr  c.ti...-.:.,  Minn.-, , 
Charles,  in  comfiliment  to  the  king,  until  he  found  v-'  ."'-  ".Vi"  '/  '.'  ,  ''  ',  !.  ,  '"  '  ■,"  '  ^!:''i!:i°'M''.' .'^^t; 
a  great  lake,  which  was  said  to  be  its  source,  and  '  ,  .,  ,  '  ..;.:;•.,: 
then    to    find    a   Mediterranean   Sea,    which    the     ii:  '  ^^i  .  :■.  ^  i'  ^   ^  1  .i:  ^^I  j.  v...  ,.^.,,.',  ^,,  :  _-".\i'V^'  ,  Vi',,.". 

Indians  reported  to  be  four  days'  journey  beyond  ,'';;„'',;,',,',V,-,; 

the  mountains.     He  entered  Delaw-are  Pav  on  the  -i.i^  r!  .s'll.r,  i 

25th  of  July,  1GG4.  and  on  the  2!ith  of"Aui:ust  i",',"'',' ''"liL' « 

had  reached   the   Falls  of  the  Delaware    River,  .''''.r.,  od '.'co 

On   the   first   of  September    Lieutenant    Robert  .^^'^'^'j^.Tl'^,' 

Evelyn  was  sent  in  the  shallop  "up  to  the  rocks  ^-  "1  ""ii;:-"  i:  ^i  '-  V rT',"'\  .'^'7'ihe7ifri 

both  to  sound  the  water  as  he  went  and  likewise  '1'.  ',,    .     '  ',      '  ;  ".'' ,  '    ~  '      >tnbmumeaii 

to  try  whether  the  boats  would  pass  the  rocks  or  '■  •       >,>      .  ,1  ,  !       1  •  i.M.'li'.'-tt-d'^il" 

no."     Meeting  a  trading  vessel  there  from  Man-  I'lliirj-.y'' "jV'L.iri'J"mt'l'>X,riha"]Vh^^^ 

hattau,  Young   ordered    Evelvn  to  see    the  llol-  ins^.i-'na^  «..'i,ij  UMt  boy,,i.',re,'i." ''" 

landei-s  outside  of  Delaware  Bay  and  then  to  go  .he'i'ifntTami'ily.mt"  i^h.^^^^^^^^ 

and  discover   along  the  Atlantic  coa.-t.     He  was  r^'- "n  loi,  ii,,ei  .i.,.-ii..  c.i...  o,i'i,.ii  •■exq'i.iMica'nd'fUi' 

sent  as  far  as  Hudson's  River,  and  then  returned  ll!VVrw!li!::'!:riL!,rH,Kr''nI 'ti,'''';^l:,,t^^^ 

to   Young   on    the    Delaware.       Captain     Youns  I'-i-  ■.  ti.  r.- r- u^....,. .  ..i  nvc  i....u.,.is\n,.'i'im',ft'.,.n  si, 

writes:  "As  soon  as  he  was  retuniMl  I  :-,  nt  him  '":VJ,irMKll-,'nir,l'!^r''f  ynrtl!!,m 

presently  once  more  up  to  the  falls,  to  try  wle-ther  "■•-■■■-■  ^."|^  "i..r,  u,  .i.^^uvuf  sir i;.iim,,U'iMui<Tn,'Ki 

he  could  pa;-s  those  rocks  at  a  spi«in--tide,  which  w,'V\"'':r'!T' -  v;■'''':!''A^."^'!,l\!''V'M  IL^!!^^^ 

before  he  could  not  do  at  a  neapi  tide  ;   but  it   was  ';■-::  ^      ;  ir.ii,"  h- iic-ms  at  that 

then  also  impossible  with  any  great  b. .at-,  where-  i..V    :   .    '„.,,",,    . '•,  Vi,'''i;'!^!lV,".!!!'i"-!ir\",jrc. 

upon  he  returned  back  to  me  airavne."  '  "=•  '•  ■•■.!.:. ,.      1     >  ,.    ,, ,n.t  .i.:,i,.-t  lM..^^,l,.n  1 

After  this  expedition  Y'oung,  jtill  beiiiL'  in  the  d.i-"-.ii''n-."niak''i,'J  '"li'l.'!','''  'I'i!.", '.".,'. '."i.'.t'  bri'Jf'i 

Delaware  River,  where  he  traded  with  the  Indians  ;".'"" ,'"-"";'-'  -;';■•->' ^■-  '"■'  '■•.■:';;'.-■  <■'  '-.^  ,,„„.t.v' .., 

at  Fort  Eriwoneck,  R..bert  Evelyn  was  sent  with  deu'- ali'llTM^.  lAC'i'  \>i'''^i^''^l''Z^''^"'l!Lii!^^^ 

dispatches  to  England,  where  he  remained  until  oiiV'u!XTrnrtaV'\' 'm'\'\"' ''' ' '^^' "^ 

the  fall  of  liioi;,  when  he  returned  to  \'irginia  and  ern.'.r  Lo!„.ud'  eCiv(-n,'\i-:'.',^-''ti,.^'iV,!.'.',''K"','""n'ti 

the  next  year  was  one  of  the  cown.allors  and  sur-  j^;'  ''i;,"",''i'"'v,u^',  ■,,"'"■•  ^'  =-|;"^-y;'"i-'>-^""  ■'<'  >■■■  1 

veyoi-s  of  that  colony.     At  this  time  i.norire,  his  10 invo'lhreo  n'aid.'-"n,inis  u7'^irK!hl,'ur,Vrb?«^ 

brother,   came    to  Kent  Island,  iu  Marvland,  as  i:',4'%',\l,'a",fi'iuXI'no'i'°,'''' '''''"''' "■"''"''' 

the    agent    of   the    L<,ndon    jnirtnei-s    of '  ^VilIiam  i''^2  inl!^:",i'u!!-!Z!S!i!^j'^^^^^^^^ 

When  Robert  Evelyn  again  retuin.d  t.,  En-lan.l     ^!liunV""'i''';i" ^^i^M' rh''n!JhZ!  !i..!i;!\:  ■;'';  j;;"^' 
he  was  induevil,  in   li;il,to  write  a  small  (quarto     K!!t''ul,'i!'r!!r,'!i,!!o,"''!!'.'ir'^,'!:,'ii,u !!,!  i','^ 


Is.  liishar-littva 

„;.  i.i 

ii  Jiest  in  ti.e  no. 

of  Kuniis  an.l  co„ 

.ini.. 

■1.   tu   Mhuni   L^' 

ad  1.. 

s  cruelty  was  at 

fU-tl 

lined  hor,  and  TIo 

vdon 

SIR  EDMCND   PLOWDEN    \NI)  NCW  ALBLOX. 


.I„lin  I'riiitz,  til.'  tliirJ  L-ovornor  „f  X.'w  Snr.len.  of  .A[;!ryl-;tn(l,  -viii.  h   '■, 

,rriv.il  on   the   l-'ith  <.!'  1-Vliniaiv.   KU-'l,  at   I'nrt  his  sn-ai.r.      >Ie   ;.:-.:u;.i 

I  ■|,ri>tiiia  c;n  the   Dehiware.       He  appear.-:  to  have  servaptd  an;.!   settlfi'-.  : 

r,-irtc(l   the   eUiims   of  Plo'.v<len.     In    tlie   "lie-  and  labor,  in  en;i'=":iV()r 

-n.in.-lrance    of   New    Xetherlauds,"    publisheil  ill  He  leased  to  T..>r(l    M;i 

M..',t),  IS  the  tbUowinir  :  settle  it  ^Ti^h  :.0  hr:,  • 


inO: 


acres,  v 
T.   Da-,.! 


settle 
acres, 


,l,-r..J- 


It  appears  by  tlie  stuteiuetit  of  Charles  ^'arlo 
that  SirEdimiiul  I'low.kii,  with  his  wite  and  tw 
children,  came  ,.ver  to  X.^w  AUiiou  to  eiijov  hi, 
property.  Findin;,'  that  it  was  occnp 
claimed  by  the  Swedes  and  Dutch,  he  took  up  his 
residence  for  six  years  in  Xorthamptou  County, 
Virginia,  and  on  Kent  Island  and  other  portions 


thousand  pounds  uf  t 


for  trespass  for  departi 


:t!c  it  with   '>0  men 

i^rr.   Bowls    400;: 

res,  who  was  to  settle 

with  40  men;  to  Cap- 

[     ttiin    Wni.    Claybornc 

seftle   it   wi,h  :,ii  nirn. 

ami    to    \fr    .Al,i-kerv 

5000  acres,  nho  was  ti 

settle  it  with  50  ni-n. 
Z^.  Aecordii:Li  to  Evelyn's  account  of  New  Albion, 

'■;"■[     a  splendid  palatinate  was  projected— the  banks  of 
.     the  Delaware  were  set  off  into  manoi-s— all   tiie 
'I     earl's  children  received  titles,  and  a  chivalric  order 
,!,„■     wa-:  instituted   under  tlie  imposing  name  of  The 
;,'!.'';     Albion  Knights  of  the  Conversion"  of  the  twenty- 
three  Kings.     His  grant  as  we  have  shown,  em- 
■li,  u.     ^""^iced  all  Of  the  territory  now  comprised  within 

New  Jersey,  regardless  of  the  ])rior  grant  of  a 
.''':  I  large  portion  tliei-pof,  to  the  New  Encrland  Com- 
..  panv.  all  ,,f  J^rh,„ar,..,  an<l  j.nrts  of" :Marvland. 
^  ;  IVnii-vlvania  and  N.  w  York.  By  the  liberal 
Hi.,  grant  whicii  I'low.h.n  procured  from  his  sympa- 
'■;;,■;  thetic  monanh,  he  was  invc-ted  with  the  title  of 
-..-.  Earl  Palatiiie,  which  drew  after  it  very  great 
"Z.i  privileges  to  the  grantee;  for  Bracton,  "the 
■■■'■"  ancientest  of  lawyers,"  as  Plantagenet  calls  him, 
J  ,',  dclincs  an  Earl  Palatine  to  be  one  who  has  rectal 
^iiB  power  in  all  things,  save  allc-iance  to  the  king. 
"\'"^  The  first  of  the  manors,  called  Warc(-<it,  the  earl 
-d  to  reserved  for  himself.  It  wa-  -ituat.-d  aliont  the 
'X:,.  Mtc  of  Salem.  N.  J.,  at  th(>  southern  end  of  what 
"■■'-  Plaiuag.-net  calls  "the  mountless  plain,  which 
,:",'  3Ia-ter  Evelin  vouchcih  tu  be  twmly  mih-  broad 
I  "-J  ami  thirty  hdiL',  and  tifty  mil.-  \i;i-h.d  bv  two  fair 
„V,rv     naviu'alde  rivrs  ;  ,,f  thr-o  hundivd  tliou^and  acres 

-■'■^     tit  to  plow  and  sow  all  corn,  t-.l.a. and  lla.K  and 

,";,.:,  rio>.  the  f.urstnph-s  ,,f  .Ml.inn."  Three  miles  as 
^■-J  wn<  e-tiiaated  from  W'air, -.jr.  l.iv  the  domain  of 
I'j";-,  "  l.adv  Barbara.  J'.ar-m  -s  ,.f  Rich',,,  .-k.  the  mirror 
"-  of  witandb.autv."ad',inin^C.U:,u  Biv.r  .  now 
■..',,11  Allnuav's  C-rrkK  •■.-'.  naiiu.l  .,f  .ix  hun.hvd 
i'iu,'!i'  P""'"'~  ''f  c..tt..n  wih!''  ,ui  tr.-e  <_nM\\inj-."  .-ays  our 
.,„„'-  hi.-t..ri:in  :  who  furlh..'r  >ets  f.u-th  the  vahie  of  the 
''>-'     seat   awar,!..,!   to   the  Earl's,  fa  v.. rite   daughter,  bv 

adding  that  it  was  of"  tw.aitv-tbur  miles  comuasse. 


60 


HiSTuiiY  (IF  dklawakf:. 


Wlirn  th.' 
in  l'i4:;,  it  is 
nr.l  together 

■II,    composed 


of  \v..,m1,  liiiL-c  tinili.T  invs,  aii.l  two  i'.  .'t  blai 
mouM,  inurl,  ,leM.v,l  l.v  tin  V,i-ii,lans  t,)  plai 
tobaceo."  Tlu-  uvMun-  nt  Kii.luipy,  at  tin-  lall. 
Trenton,  \\as  unappmiiriatc  .1.  Kulahuanaek,  i 
BelveJere,  on  the  (h.-apeake  blure  nf  DehrAa 
State,  ^va.-  L'iven  tn  l'lanta.j(  net  iiii.kr  the  le.r.: 
seal,  as  a  reward  for  hi.s  pains  in  exjihirinL^  tl 
country. 

How   tar   this   ~rh(Mne   was  realized   we   eaiin 
tell.     It  i-  said    that    the    New   Haven   settler. 
Salem   were  visitid   kv  .Ala-t.T  .Miles,  who  sw.. 
their  offir.Ts  to  fktdtv  tn  ih.'  I'ah.tln,'   k.'f.Te   tlu 
expulsion  by  the  1»liIc1i   and   Swio. 
Earl  hiin.-eli'  eanie  to  .New  Albion, 
said  he  "  niarehed,  lod-ed  and  calji 
among  the  Indians." 

The  Kniirhts  of  the  Conversi 
originally  of  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  and  the  seven 
persons  with  whom  he  conferred,  partook  strongly 
of  the  fantastic  spirit  which  marked  the  Hndi- 
brastic  age.  Whatever  seltish  motive  inii:lit  have 
influenced  them  in  reality  in  their  organization, 
they  professed  to  have  at  heart  only  a  desire  for 
the  conversion  of  the  twenty-three  Indian  tribes 
living  -within  the  limits  of  Sir  Edmund's  grant. 
Hence  upon  the  badge  of  their  order  we  find 
their  own  and  Plowden'.s  arms,  supported  by  the 
right  hand  of  an  Indian  kneeling,  around  which 
are  twenty-two  crowned  heads ;  the  whole  being 
enriched  by  tlie  legend  Doceho  iniquuos  vias  tuaa,  et 
impii  ad  te  converteniur.  The  knight's  device  was 
a  hand  holding  a  crown  upon  the  point  of  .a 
dagger,  above  an  open  Bible  ;  and  the  Palatine's 
arms,  two  flowers  upon  the  points  of  an  indented 
belt,  with  the  legend  virtus  beat  sic  suos. 

Of  the  mode  intended  to  be  pursued  by  these 
knights  in  proselyting  the  Indians,  Plautagenet 
has  left  us  a  hint,  for  he  tells  us  that  any  gentle- 
man who  was  out  of  employ,  and  not  bent  to  labor, 
might  come  to  Xew  Albion  "  and  live  like  a 
devout  apostolique  soldier,  with  the  sicord  and 
the  word,  to  civilize  and  convert' them  to  be  his 
majesty's  lieges,  and  by  trading  with  them  for 
furs,  get  his  ten  shillings  a  day,"  which  he  thoi.ght 
much  better  tiian  eniitraelinu'  with  tlie  L'overn- 
ment  at  home  "  to  kill  Cliri.-tians  for  live  shillings 
a  week." 

But  notwithstanding  the  ••apn;t-.llir  bhu^^and 
knocks,"  whieli  the  KniLdits  ,.i'  tio-  Cmivirsiuu 
thus  meditate.l  f.r  tlie  -.".d  nf  their  iv,l  bn.iher.' 
souls,  the  Earl  himself  intended  no  Mirli  In.jie  for 
his  Englisli  subjects.  He  meant  by  an  act  ,,f  his 
parliament  to  reipiire  an  ob-ervanee  of  >onie  ot' 
the  fundamental  creeds,  but  tlure\\as  to  ]<v  "no 
persecution  to  nnv  di.—  ntinL',  and  to  all  -in  li  a- 
the  Walloon.,  free"  ehape  I..-  The  -overniu.l.t  he 
had  i)rijeeted  was,  exeeptini:  hi-  own  exorl.itant 
powers,  as  liberal  as  liis  eliuieli.       Its  ollieir-  wire 


hve  of  th.  ni,  w.  r.:  alo  a  .'nurt  of  ,haiu-erv."  Ii: 
\n^^,l■  iiou-e  ,on-i-tid  of  thirlv  hurLdiers  f n  , '. , 
,-ho.M.n,  who  wore  to  nie,  t  tin-  hmls  in^Parliam,: 
annually  on  thr  tenth  of  Novend.er,  to  IcJ-l;,: 
for    the"    palatinate.       Any    lawsuit     under    fort 

value,  was  to  he  "ended  bv  the  next  justice  at  o; 
.-hilliiiL:  ehai-o."  The  juiisiiietion  of  the  couuv 
court-,  e<in>i-trd  of  tour  jiK-tiri  -,  and  meeting  evei  ■ 
two  months,  lin-an  at  ton  pound-  -torling,  or  lifloi  : 
hundred  wei-l.t  ot  tohaeeo  ;  and  the  cost.-  of  ii 
ca.e  tried  iierein  were  h>  exceul  four  shillin- 
Ajipeals  lay  I'rom  these  courts  first  to  chancer 
and  then  to  parliament;  and  our  author  concludi 


THE    .MP.DAL    AND    RIBBOX    OF  TIIF.  ALEIOX  K 


the    L. 


deliUt 


his  exposition  of  the  Earl's  judiciary  by  sayin- 
"  Here  are  no  jeofails  nor  denuirers  ;  but  a  sum 
mary  hearing  and  a  sheritl',  and  clerk  of  conr 
with'  small  tees,  and  all  for  the  most  part  in  a  fe\ 
word^," 

After  the  di.-per.-i..n  of  the  New  Albion  sulijeet 
(as  I'lanta-otut  claims  the  ^ott]ers  on  Vaivk.n- 
Kill,  in  IGlL',  tohavebern.  the  land  cmbrarod  i, 
their   pureh;i.-e    of   the    Indians   was   the   .'au-e   « 

New  Au'-ti fdani,  and  the  ciinmii-.-ioners  of  tl. 
united  eoloni.s  of  New  i'.n-hnul.  On  the  ISth  ■ 
September,  IcrA).  M  difihulih-  were  ap],areiit! 
removed  by  a  treaty  conehided  at  Hartford,  hi 
twcen  Stuvvesant  and  the  said  ciiminissioiiers,  li 
which    it  "was   a-reed    "to   leave    both    iiartics   i 


Df:LAWA];E  UNliF.R  TIIK  DUTfll, 


U\v  In, 
tll<-  rl, 

P'- 

ar- 

■vv   kin 

.tr,l    V, 

itii 

-t:itii  quo  pria*.  \>i   \>]v:u]   and   ini|irovt 

,'h,v  >liall  ,-L-e  rau-e.-  ' 

Jlaving  tailed  to  iiiduci'  the  friiiL'ra 
••viM'(.imt>,  lian>ii.~.  Iiaroin  ts,  kiii-iil.-, 
iijtrfliaiit!', advtntun  r>  and  |ilani.i>" 
I'lil  colony,  and  liavinL''  .-tinlied  minute 
aeter  and  peculiavilies  ot'  liis  twenty-t 
and  as  Watce.<bit  had  fallen,  and  di,-; 
the  treachery  of  the  men  he  had  load,  d  wiili  titles 
and  promises,  Sir  IMmninl  I'lnwdcii  determimd  to 
return  to  Knuland.  In  tlie  sumin,-r  of  KM-s  he 
vi-ited  Bo.-ton  on  hi.  reluin  home.  ( lovernor 
Winthrop  in  his  jenirnal  wiives:  "  ilere,  arriveil 
line  Sir  Edmund  Plowden  who  had  lieen  in  \'ir- 
^inia  about  seven  [six]  years.  He  came  tirst  with 
a  jiatent  of  a  County  Palatine  for  Delaware  Bay  ; 
hut  wanting  a  pilot  for  that  place,  he  went  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  there  having  lost  the  estate  he  brought 
over,  and  all  his  people  seattered  frmn  him  :  he 
came  hither  to  return  to  England  tnr  supply,  in- 
tending to  return  and  plant  l)elauare,  if  lie  could 
get  sufficient  strength  to  dispossess  the  .Swedes." 

Arriving  in  England,  Plowden  determined  to 
make  another  efiiirt  to  stock  the  country  with 
settlers.  Accordiu-ly  "A  Der-cription  If  the 
Province  of  Xew  Alhion"  was  issued,  and  on 
Tuesday,  June  11,  lii-)iJ,  a  pass  was  granted  for 
about  "seven-score  persons,  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren to  go  to  New  Albion,''  but  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  the  [larty  ever  sailed.  The  effort  to 
awaken  an  interest  in  Xew  Albion  tailed,  and 
when  the  L)iiteli  < 'ommissioners,  in  the  fall  of  liJo'J, 
visited  Secretary  Philip  Calvert  in  Maryland,  they 
argued  that  Lord  Baltimore  had  no  more  right  to 
tlie  Delaware  Kiver  than  "Sir  Edmund  Plowden, 
in  former  time  would  make  us  believe  he  hath 
unto,  when  it  was  afterward  did  prove,  and  was 
found  out  that  he  only  subiiptiti'and  obreptitf  hath 
something  obtained  to  that  jiurpo.se  which  was 
invalid."  To  this  it  was  replie<l  by  Calvert  "That 
Plowden  had  no  commission,  and  lay  in  j:til  in 
England  on  account  of  his  debts ;  that  he  had 
.solicited  a  patent  for  Xovum  Albiuni  from  the 
king,  but  it  was  refuse<l  him,  and  he  thereupon 
a[>plied  to  the  Vice  Boy  of  Ireland,  from  whom 
he  had  obtained  a   patent,  but  that  it  was  of  no 


p.di: 


drawne 
In  hi 


Alhii 


Allii. 

III.       Si 

:l  in  1 

i;;is    ;ui 

li:th 

of  .Ala- 

111...,-, 

Ui'.i.s,  1: 

.  the   , 
y  di't; 

latent  ( 
lined  f 

re,  liy 

his  SOI 

which   he  said   had    lurii    w  ii 

vears  to  his  great   loss  and    I; 

in-law   Andrew  Wall,  of  Lud^hott,  in   the   countv 

of  S.iwrhtnn.  ' 

Brf.ire  the  War  for  In.lepen.lenee  Charle,- Varlo, 
ijf  Londiin,  purchased  one-third  fif  tlie  cliarter  of 
New  Albion,  and  spared  no  expense  to  secure 
the  property,  by  registering  his  title  deeds  under 
the  great  seal  of  London.  He  also  sent  printed 
copies  of  the  charter  to  be  distributed  among  the 
inhabitants  of  East  and  West  Jersey.  After  the 
close  of  the  Revolution,  in  :\[ay.  17^4.  'Sir.  Varlo 
secured  an  appointment  as  'lovernor  of  the  province 
of  New  Albion,  and  embarked  with  his  family  for 
America.  He  took  steps  to  recover  the  estate  by 
a  suit  in  chancery,  and  pursued  other  measures 
but  failed,  and  after  the  expenditure  of  much 
time  and  treasure — he  returned  to  Europe.  He 
there  jietitioned  to  the  king  but  received  no  an- 
swer. He  then  a]iplied  to  the  treasury  to  secure 
compensation  which  was  then  usually  paid  to 
loyalists,  but  he  failed  to  obtain  redress  because 
there  was  no  act  of  Parliament  authorizing  his 
special  payment.  He  then  sought  the  Prince  of 
^^'ales  to  use  his  influence  with  the  king  to  make 
some  "  restitution  for  the  heavy  losses  I  have  had, 
in  peru-ing  an  unconstitutional  act,  arising  from 
a  crowned  act."  In  all  these  efforts  Mr.  Varlo 
failed,  and  upon  the  acknowledgment  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  colonies  as  free  and  independent 
states,  all  the  rights  of  the  heirs  of  Sir  Edmund 
Plowden  were  swallowed  up  by  the  occupants  of 
the  territorv. 


CHAPTER    VII. 


,AWARE    UNDER    THE    liUTcri. 


Plowden   signed  hi.-  will   on   the  2'.ith   of  Julv,  Aftei:  the  conquest  of  the  Swedi-h  settlements  on 

K<r>:>,  in  whh-h    he   .-tyles  liim.-elf  "  Sir    Kdnuind  th.'   Di  laware,   Director  Stnvve.-ant    Ivft  for  New 

Plowden,  Lord  Eail  Palatinate.  Cuveiiinr and  (  ap-  Anist-  rdam,  h'avin-  the  adniini.-traliiiii  of  justice 

tain-General  of  New  Alhinn   in   North  Am,  rira,"  and  the  superintendence  of  public  interests'in  the 

and  devi.-ed  his  |,i,->,  .-.-ions  in  America   to   hi,-  ,-,,n  ,,  , 


Inn,  hi>  tni-te-.  He  direrird  that  his  hndv  -hould  I" '■■'T  "7","'  , '\';  r'';Vi'  „  n"  ^"[l^^.-Y-f';""'' ■"" 
h.:  huried  in  Ledhurv  (  ■l.iuvh  in  ^alop,  with  "  l.ra.-e  -i-  •!'  ■•■  i>. 'i-i.i  ^i"h  ".L,:  .iw"!-  a.:.,,.-,.,  .nul' Z-Z' tTC 
plates    of   my   ei-hU'ene    children    had    attixed  to      ";'!:i'^!2''lu'n!"'u!Zn  Zt  !:'^^^^^^^ 


HISTOUY  OF  DELA'-VATtR. 


hamii  of  John  Paul  .T:H-,iu..t,  who  h-  atr,  i-.vards 
contirnii'il  a-  virrHliroi'tor.  .Viiilri«>  Hii'Mi'  was 
made  secretary  and  survi-yor,  and  lllu.ii  li!iy:.,ii 
Klein  coum^elor.  Tlie<e  three  ottietT-,  with  t\M-  of 
the  "most  expert  freemen,"  were  to  t\)ftn  ll.<'  >  'i.iirt 
of  Civil  Justice.  Fort  <Ai--itiiir.  now  re.'ainiujr  its 
original  name,  was  to  he  the  seat  of  trovernmi^nr. 
above  which  no  trading'  vessels  were  to  ■■zo.  unless 
they  received  a  permit.  In  the  settlement  of  the 
country,  the  colonists  were  to  concentrate  iheni- 
selves  in  families  of  sixteen  to  twenty  in  I'uniher, 
and  were  to  pay  aiinuall}-  f  t  their  lamls  t'.v.'!\-e 
stivers  a  morgen  in  lieu  of  tenths.  Tlie  ti'wn  lot.-, 
were  forty  feet  by  fifty,  and  the  streets  from  four  to 
five  rods  in  breadth,'  The  Swedes  were  to  be  closely 
watched,  and  if  any  should  be  found  disatfected, 
they  were  to  be  sent  away  "with  all  imaginable 
civility,"  and,  if  possible,  be  induced  to  come  to 
Manhattan.  The  vice-director  was  also  reijuired  to 
"  maintain  and  protect  the  Reformed  religion,  as 
it  is  learned  and  taught  in  this  country,  in  couforra- 
itv  to  the  Word  of  God  and  the  Synod  of  I)ord- 
recht,  and  to  promote  it  as  far  as  his  power  may 
extend."  The  wliole  number  of  inhabitants  eou- 
sisted,  at  the  time,  of  about  a  dozen  families.  Police 
regulation-  were  adopted,  and  a  libtral  commercial 
treaty  wa-  arranLTcd  with  the  Indians  with  the 
assistance  of  the  inhabitants. 

Xew  Sweden  ceased  to  be  the  name  of  the  terri- 
tory, as  it  was  now  part  of  the  Dutch  territo- 
ries of  New  Xethevlands,  and  went  bv  that 
name.  The  Delaware  Kivr  was  .-ailed  the",S.uth 
Eiver. 

Meanwhile,  information  reached  the  States  Gen- 
eral, through  their  ambassador  at  the  Court  of 
London,  of  the  fall  of  Fort  Christina,  and  of  the 
expulsion  of  the  Swedes  from  the  Delaware.  The 
Swedish  government  remonstrated  with  their  Pligh 
Mightinesses  at  Amsterdam,  but  the  jirutest  was  of 
no  avail.  The  Swedes  could  not  follow  up  their 
protests  with  a  sufficient  force  to  command  n-pect, 
for  "they  had  their  hands  full"  of  tl'e  war  they 
were  then  waging  against  Poland.  On  ^lay  I'l.i, 
1656,  the  Directors  couununicated  to  Stuyvcsant 
their  approbation  of  his  conduct,  "  though  they 
should  not  have  been  dis[)leased  had  such  a  formal 
capitulation  not  taken  jilace;"'  for  "what  is  written 
is  too  long  preserved,  and  may  be  produced  wlieu 
not  desired,  whereas  words  not  recordeu  are  in  ilu- 
lapse  of  time  forL'otten,  or  ma<-  be  explained  auav." 

The  Dutcli  Wt^t  India  Company  lirin-  much"  in 
debt,  caused  by  it-^opci-ations  in  IJrazii  and  (  uiinea, 
now  became  embarra-.-ed  l\v  the  aid  it  extended 
Stuyve-ant  in  ri'covering  S.iutli  Kiver.  In  older 
to  linuidate  the  del)t   which   the  company  owed  tej 


Jaeol.u 


thentl 


Lmster.lara  t.. 


the  aid  whi,'h  that  eitv 
of  tlie  .-wede-,  and  I. 
UMJane.of  New  Nether 
on  Ca.-iinir  and  a  pro- 


portiuTiiiie-  traer  ;n  :'>  » '■:  t,.t\' !  o  the  I'lUrL'omasti-rs 
of  Am.-tordam."  C'ejfei  i,e, .,  foil,, wed,  the  r.--ult 
of  which  ^SP.i  that  the  above  fei-t,  x\ith  all  tlie 
counlrv  i'rom  the  west  >i.l(  o.'  the  Mimjuas,  or 
Chri^Jiu;.  Kdl,  to  ;!>e  m.,uth  <,f  the  Delaware  Bay 
(nan.ed  "  l;..omtye's  [fe'ciuk  '  by  the  Dutch,  now 
corrojited  ;;\iu  "jjejmbtiy  iionk,"  and  Canaresse  by 
tlie  ihilia:i.-»,  inclusive,  and  -o  far  as  the  ^[inciuas 
land,  extended,  bceame,  with  the  Conqiany's  ri^dits 
and  pri\ilewf;-,  the  property  of  the  city  of  Amster- 
dam, and  was  erected  into  a  colony  of  the  first 
class,  under  the  title  of  Nieuwer  Amstel,  named 
after  one  of  the  fu'mrbs  belonging  to  the  city, 
between  the  Rivnr  Amstel  rnd  the  Haerlem  Sea. 
Six  commissaries  were  appointed  by  the  Burgo- 
masters to  martage  ihe  e.,liinv,  who  were  "  to  sit  and 
hold  their  meeting?  at  tie-  We.-t  India  House  on 
Tuesday.-  and  Thursdays."  A  set  of  "  conditions  " 
was  (.rawn  up,  oflering  a  free  passage  to  colonists. 


lands  on  tlic  riverside  for  their  residence,  and  pro- 
vision>  and  clothing  for  one  year.  The  city  engai-e'd 
to  send  out  "  a  proper  jierson  for  a  schoolmaster, 
win?  shall  also  read  the  holy  Scriptures  in  public 
and  set  the  Psalms."  The  municipal  government 
was  to  be  regulated  "  in  the  same  manner  as  here 
in  Amsterdam.  The  colonists  were  to  be  e.xempted 
from  taxation  for  ten  years  ;  after  that  time  they 
she-uld  not  "  be  taxed  higher  than  tlie-ie  who  are 
taxed  lowest  in  any  other  distrii-t  under  the  govern- 
ment of  the  West  India  Company  in  New  Nether- 
land."  Speeitie  njiiliitions  were  ailopted  with 
respect  to  trade:  and  boides  the  reeoL'uitions 
})ayal,le  to  the  We>t  India  Company  on  goeds 
expirted  froiif  Holland,  tiiur  per  centum  wa.-  to  l)e 

All  the-e  arran-eni.  nt-  were  ratilied  and  con- 
firmed bv  the  >'.ai  -  (ieneral,  upen  cndition  that 
a  church'  .hnul.l  be  or-ani/ed  and  a  clergyman 
establi-hed  ai  -aiou  as  there  were  two  hundred  in-  ■ 


DELAWARE  UNDER  THE  DriCII. 


63 


haliitants  in  the  colony.      I'rci.ur 
(liutely  nuide  to  or-uiii/.c  ll..' coloi 
Alriciis,  an  unci.'   of   Durk,  tli 

ilioii-  wi-rr  ininie- 

V,ofwh,rhJa<M,b 

vii-(-(liic(tor   at 

Cuniooa,  wiisiippointt'd  liirectnr. 
of    Xew    Anisterchini,    upon    Sli 

Martin  Kn-icr, 

vvc-ant's    "-o<.d 

report,"  w;iscoiiinii?,-ion.(l  :is  ca] 
of  sixty  soldirrs  and  Al.'xand.r 
had  fornierlv  served  in  i;r;i/jl,u: 

an,  ota.-ou.pany 
.riliuovo-.a.wlio 
>  mad''  lieutenant. 

Ordinances  •svci-f  also  pa<.-ed  reiji 
to  take  an  oath  of  alleLriance  to  t 

irini:  the  colonists 
le  Mate-  General, 

the  burgomasters  of  Ani-terdani,  ami  the  ilirector 
and  council  of  Xew  Nirlu  iland,  and  lik(\vi^i-  to 
promise  iiiithfujly  t(]  oh^crve  the  ariiiiis  whii-h 
defined  their  duties  and  ohli^ations  to  the  city. 
These,  among  other  thillu^,  rc.|iiiitd  tiiein  to  remain 
four  years  at  New  Am,-t<l,  nnh,-.-  they  L'ave  satis- 
factory reasons  for  leaving,  or  repaid,  within  the 
proper  time,  the  expenses  incurred  on  their  account. 

The  West  India  Company  informed  .Stuyvesant 
of  all  these  arrangements,  and  instructed  him  to 
transfer  the  territory  which  the  city  had  purchased 
to  Alrichs  on  his  arrival  in  New  Xetherlaud.  At 
Forts  Christina  and  New  Gottenhurg,  "now  called 
hy  us  Altona  and  the  island  of  Kattenbcrg,"  he 
was  to  maintain  tijr  the  present  a  small  garrison. 
"The  confidence  whieli  we  feel,"  they  added, 
"  about  the  success  ami  increase  of  this  new  colony. 
and  of  which  we  hope  to  see  some  prominent 
features  next  spring,  when,  to  all  appearance,  large 
numbers  of  the  exiled  Waldenses,  who  shall  be 
warned,  will  Hock  thither  as  to  an  asylum,  induces 
us  to  send  you  orders  to  endeavor  to  purchase, 
before  it  can  be  accomplished  by  any  other  natiiin, 
all  that  tract  of  land  situated  between  the  South 
River  and  the  Hook  of  the  Xorth  River,  to  pro\idii 
establishments  for  these  emigrants."  ' 

About  1G7  colonists  embarked  on  December  25, 
IGoG,  in  the  ships  "  Prince  ^laurice,"  the  "  Bear," 
and  the  "  Flower  of  Guelder,"  and  set  sail  from  the 
Texel  f  u-.<outh  River.      The  eiai-rant~,  alter .Milli-r- 

carly  in  ltJ57.  Alrichs"  arrival  on  April  t^l ,  termi- 
nated the  official  career  of  Jacquet.  Upon  his 
return  to  ^Manhattan  on  nccoiint  of  this  misgoveru- 
nd  proM-i'utid. 


oinpanv, 
of  Car-in 
land.-  del 
:  pmvha- 
on  the 
"ort  Ca.i 
aider  of  li 
.t,d    wa- 


n 

tnt 

he  wi 

s 

In 

a  few 

la 

•s 

n 

sts 

Stuvv 

•j: 

nt 

1 

h  W,.- 

1 

IP 

Upon  hi.-  ; 
fioin  Jac.| 
colonv  of 
The  i-e^ior 
the   iurisd 


the  lir-t  rolo- 
onlers  of  the 

v  transferred 

named  New 

on  It.  in  con- 

Jnlv,  n;.-,i.  • 

iehs  reeeiviMl 

ol.e.lh-mv  to  who^e  orders  the  name  of  Fort  Chris- 
tina wa-  chaiiLMMl  to  that  of  .\llona." 

Duriiej;  the  tew  months  of  Alriehs'  direetoi-hip, 
Xew  Ani>tel  pro-pep  d.  Tlie  muniri:,al  ::.,v.-m- 
ment  «as  reniodele,!,  the  touii  ^^as  laid  out.  I.inld- 
ings  were  rapidly  erertiil,  a  liridL'ewas  placed  over 
the  creek  near  Fort  Ca-imir,  a  maja/aia-  erected, 
the  fort  repaired,  a  L'lianl  hou-e.  bake'  h..u_-e  and 
forge  built,  tiigotla'r  \\\tU  i-r-idoiiors  tor  the  clergy- 
men and  otiicT  piililii-  oftie.  1--;-  iiidii-try  promised 
■^nci-ess.  and  thirty  I'amilie-  wi  re  t<-mpli',l  to  emigrate 
fi-om  .Manhailan'to  the  tioiiri-hin-  colonv  .,ii  South 
Uiver.  At  the  end  of  the  tlr.-t  year.  New  Amstel 
was  '•  a  goodly  town  of  about  Km)  housesl"  ' 

An  inevitable  couse([uence,  however,  of  the 
establishment  of  the  city's  colony  was  the  increase 
of  smuggling.  Large  quantities  of  furs  were  ex- 
ported without  payment  of  duties,  which  caused 
the  regular  traders  to  complain,  and  the  revenue 
suffered  severely.  To  remedy  these  irregularities, 
at  his  suggestion,  Director-General  Stuyvesant  was 
sent  by  the  council  of  Xew  Amsterdam,  in  com- 
pany with  Peter  Tonneman,  to  South  River.  On 
his  arrival  at  Altona,  the  Swedes  were  called  upon 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  which  was  required 
of  all  the  other  colonists,  and  ther  were  allowed  to 
choose  their  own  officers.  Upon  his  return  to  New 
Amsterdam,  Stuyvesant  informed  the  council  that 
'•  many  things  are  there  not  as  they  ought  to  be," 
and  to  maintain  the  rights  of  the  company  he 
appointed  William  Beekman  Vice  Director  of  that 
district.  His  instructions  required  him  to  live  at 
first  at  Altona.  but  to  have  his  ]>ernianent  residence 
at  or  ni'ar  New  Amstel,  wla-re  he  could  more  con- 
veniently aiteiid  to  the  eojlction  .if  the  revenue. 
ill  thi'  powers  of  the  com- 
le  South  Kiver,  except  the 
and  ua-  hound  to  maintain 


s  invo.t.-d  - 
n  tho  whol. 
.,f  Xev,  A: 


the  Ref .mud  reli-Joii. 

The  prosperitv  of  New  Am-tel  had.  meanuhi 
become  clouded.  The  coloiii.-t^  had  planie.l 
hope  ;  but  heavy  rains  setting  in,  their  harvest  \\ 

•-  A  Clty-liall  for  tli.'  btirj;tiers  w:i3  al-o  procted.     It  was  a  log-builili 


The 


ivhole  of  the   buitdin 

t  this  period.  Fortv  co\ 
nv,  v.lLJcU  were  purcliit, 
I  im.lt»enty-eJi-hteo  o: 

f  tl.^  --..VfMiriieiitof  Xe 

ou.r.'  lur.- ff  .,1.1.      Tl 


W'e.-t    India   C 


64 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWARE. 


ruined,  and  food  hrr-Ame  .<-irro  an,l  doar. 
epiik-mic  frvrr  lirnk.-  mit  ;  llir  >,,,■_'.■.,„  and  ii 
children  died  ;  and  iiio-t  ol  llir  luliaiiitaiil.- .-utl 
from  a  climate  to  wiiirh  tliiv  \vi  re  not  aonistoi 
While  the  di>ease  \v;us  vrt  raLin-,  the  .-liii-  -  .M 
arrived  from  Hulland.  alter  a  di;a.-troii~  voy 
briniring  many  new  eiiiiuTaiit-,  ainnii_'  whom  ' 
several  children  from  the  ( trpliaii  Hon-, 
Amsterdam.  Tlie  population  of  .\,\v  Am^tel 
exceeded  six   hnndrrd;    hut    its   iidiahiiaiit.<   ' 


ItoM:, 
dr,-d  I. 
.M.-ei 


•h  upon   tl 


\\h 


lit  the 
meed. 


"  without  bread,"  and  tl 

new  emigrant^  broifjht   no  siippi 

Industry    w;as    cripplod.    '.vliile    v 

Commissary    Rynvelt     and     niany    "  re.-peetahle " 

inhabitants  perished,  and  a  Ion:;  winter  stareil  the 

famished  survivors  in  the  fare. 

On  the  2.1th  of  April,  lt'>'>S,  Evert  Pietenson, 
whose  official  po.-ition  was  that  of  schoolmaster 
and  comforter  of  the  sick,  landed  at  New  Amstel. 
He  is  the  first  schoolmaster  of  whom  there  is  any 
record  on  the  Delaware.  He  at  once  commenced 
keeping  school,  and  had  twenty-five  scholars  on 
the  10th  of  August  foil. .wing,  "in  a  letter  of  his 
to  the  Commissioners  of  Amsterdam,  he  states 
that  "wharves  were  alrotidy  laid  out"  at  New 
Arastel,  "  and  almost  Imilt."  He  al.<o  .<ays  that  he 
"found  twenty  families  ino.-tly  Swedes,"  in  the 
City's  Colony  (that  portion  of  Delaware  south  of 
the  Christina),  "and  m.it  more  than  live  or  sixj 
belonging  to  our  (the  Dutch)  nation."  'i 

New  Amstel  was  in  deep  distress  early  in  16-59. 
Disease  and  famine  had  almost  decimated  its  popu- 
lation, and  the  heat  of  the  summer  had  enfeebled 
the  iinacclimated  survivors.  The  wife  of  Alrichs 
was  one  of  the  victims.  Everyone  had  been  occu- 
pied in  building  houses  and  in  pre]iaring  gardens, 
so  that  little  grain  was -own  ;  and  the  emigrants 
from  Holland  hrotiLrht  very  scanty  suiiplies  of  pro- 
visions. "Our  bread  ma-a/,ini\  our  pantry  room, 
our  only  refuge  is  to  ?*laiihattan,"  wrote  the 
desponding  Alrichs  to  Suiyvr-aut.  The  conditions 
of  settlement  were  also  altered  at  tiiis  fime  by  the 
burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  which  only  added 
difficulties  to  the  colony.  The  despairing  colonists 
began  to  leave  .Sjuth  Iliver,  the  .-oldirrs  of  the 
garrison  deserted,  and  toi.k  ri  fuL'e  i;i  \'ir::iina  and 
Maryland.  To  add  to  the  alarm  of  the  distrt-sed 
settlers,  intelligence  was  received  that  the  English 
in  Maryland  claimed  the  property  on  South  Kiver, 
and  that  persons  would  soon  be  >ent  to  claim 
possession.  The  panic  ran-  d  liy  the  la-t  rej)ort 
had  not  had  time  to  -ul.-ido  hi  fore  Col.  Nathaniel 
L'tie  with  a  suite  of  ^ix  p.  r-oiis  from  .Maryland 
arrived.  He  .-pent  .-ome  davs  in  sowin-  -  >.  ilitions 
and  mutinous  M-,-d  amon-  tho  o.n.munitv,"  and 
hnallvperemptorilv.-oniinandodth.'  1  )nteh  to  loave 
South  River,  or  else  dorlare  them-.lve.  .-ul.jeet  to 
Lord  Haltimoiv. 

Two  davs   afterward.    Lord    iialtimore's   agents 


■o,v  do,-pat,-hod   to   New  Am- 
-terdam  f.r  r.-eiif  .nvnient-- an<l    Diivrtor  (  .rnn-al 

command  of  Captain  Kri  iLTor,  who,  with  Sccretarv 
Van  Kuyven,  was  eoinnn--ionod  to  act  as  general 
aLTents  for  the  service  of  tho  oompany.  Au'.'Ust 
Horrmans  and  Rr-oKvd  Waldron,  "  were  abo 
<i.--patrh,-d  on  an  emha-,-v  to  the  2:overnment  of 
:\rarvhind,  to  .-.ttlo  the  ditli.-ulti.-s.  Thev  pro- 
coe.led,  uith  a  -mall  e-cort,  from  N.-w  Am.-tel.  and 

woi-k  at  I'atuxeiit.  Aftor  being  hospitably  enter- 
tained, and  nieetin.f  (Toveruor  Fendall  and  his 
council,  and  Sei-ietary  ( 'alvert.  and  discussini:  the 
merits  of  the  ro-pii'tive  claims  t(3  the  property  in 
dispute,  the  commissioners  returned,  having  failed 
in  their  nii-sion. 

Pending  these  discu.ssions,  anxiety  and  alarm 
prevailed  amohg  the  Dutch  colonists;  business  was 
suspjended,  and  every  one  prepared  for  flight. 
AVithiua  fortnight,  lifty  persons,  including  several 
faniilies,  removed  to  Maryland  and  Virginia. 
Scareolv  tliirtv  families  remained  at  New  Amstel. 
The  colony  was  overwhelmed  with  debt;  of  the 
S'lldier-  who  had  lieen  sent  out  from  Holland,  but 
five  remained  at  the  Horekills,  ami  ten  at  New 
Amstel.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1659,  the  in- 
habited part  of  the  colony  of  the  South  Iliver  did 
not  extend  beyond  two  Dutch  miles  from  the  fort.' 
In  the  midst  of  these  troubles,  vice-director  Alrichs 
died,  having  intrusted  the  government  to  Alex- 
ander D'Hinoyossa,  with  Gerrit  Van  Sweringen  and 
Cornelis  Van  (xezel  as  councillors.  On  assuming 
the  government  of  New  Amstel  in  January,  166U, 
Iliuoyossa,   by  his   indiscreet    conduct,    produced 


cii  pr^'suniptioLi  on  the  f-u't  '•( 


DELAWARE  UNI'ER  TlIF.  Di'TC 


ijrcat  discords,  which  wore  increased  when  news  of 
the  pro|iosed  retranst'er  ot'  tlic  col.inv  to  the  NVest 
India  Coiupauy  reached  the  South  lliver.  With 
Beoknmn  his  relations  were  scarcely  plea-;\nt; 
and  complaints  were  constantly  made  :o  Xew 
Amsterdam  of  hi-  hauLrhty  and  insolent  demeanor, 
and  his  contempt  of  the  pruvim-ial  re2-ul-.\tioiis 
respecting  the  sale  of  liquors  te>  the  -ava'.'ts. 

The  hostile  attitude  of  the  .Maryland  ;",:;iioriti.s 
had,  in  the  mean  time,  been  undiT  the  roti-i'iera- 
tiou  of  the  Amsterdam  direetcn-s,  wli-i  ■.nlirHd 
Stuyvesaut  to  nppose  their  encroaeiuie  nt-,  '  p''-t 
warnintr  them  in  a  civil  manner  not  tn  n-nrii  oi;;- 
territory;  hut  if  they  despise  such  kind  eiUre.Uies, 
then  nothing  is  left  l>ut  to  drive  them  from  there, 
as  our  claims  and  rights  on  the  lands  upon  South 
Kiver  are  indisputalde."  But  wdiile  the  company 
was  thus  strenuous  in  asserting  its  territorial  rights 
to  the  whole  South  Eiver,  it  declined  to  receive 
hack  fmni  the  city  of  Amsterdam  the  colony  of 
Nev,-  Anistel ;  and  the  city's  commissaries,  obliged 
to  continue  their  reluctant  support,  appointed 
Hinoyossa  director  in  place  of  Alrichs. ' 

In  16t31.  public  attention  was  drawn  tl.)^^■a^ll  the 
South  River,  and  various  plans  of  emigration  were 
proposed.  Finally,  a  colony  of  Menuonists,  or 
Anabaptists,  established  themselves  at  the  Hore- 
kill.  Pieter  Cornells  Pluekhoy  was  prineii>al 
leader  of  the  colour. - 

The  Dutch  West  India  Company,  seeing-  the 
impossibility  of  its  colonial  enter[)rise  on  the  South 
Kiver,  proposed  favorable  terms  to  the  city  of 
Amsterdam  i'or  the  surrender  of  "the  whole  of  the 
Delaware  from  the  sea  upwards  as  far  as  the  river 
reached,  with  the  territory  on  the  east  side,  three 
Dutch  miles  into  the  interior,  and  on  the  west  a.s 
far  as  the  country  o.Ktended  toward  the  English, 
saving  the  rights  of  the  settlers  and  proprietors  in 
the  neighliorhood."  After  f  .rmal.  and  -omewhnt 
length.y  ne.'otiations.  it  wa-  at  h-n-th  determiuc'd. 
on  the  Il'th  of  Feliruary.  KiOo.  that  the  f.'oinpany 
should  confer  on  the  city  the  entire  SouthVn-  Dela- 
ware Eiver.  By  this  grant,  the  "  high  and  low 
jurisdiction"  which  the  city  of  Amsterdam  pos- 
S'-sed  furmerly  over  the  cohmy  of  New  Amstel 
alone  was  now  extended  over  the  whole  territory 
on  the  river.  The  tbrmal  transfer  (jf  the  territe.ry 
on  the  Delawar.'  to  tin  eirv  of  Am~tenhim  .lid  not 
take  i.laee  until   December  '.'■J,  It;ii:;,  when  a  deed 


f-r  r!.e  wLoh.  territory 
to  Ale^a;vler  D'Hiuiv 
raandant,  or  vice-direct 


^tuvvisant 


'nr>i;i.ltie; 


ew  Vn 


to  be  s.-curcd  for  tin 


d  William  Beekman, 
left  witl;':'ut  posicio'i  on  the  Delaware,  was  after- 
ward- -ippoiiited  Shciurf  or  Sellout  of  a  district  on 
the  North  Riv.r. 

in  M:e  nu  VT.tii;;.  TIinoyo.i-:i.  who  had  arrived  at 
Ari>stf-r<him,  ind!;..td  the  Imrgoma-ters  to  apjiro- 
prlate  large  sums  of  inoney  f  jr  the  vigorous  prose- 
I'uclrtc  of  the  work  of  colonization.  He  reiu-esented 
the  ^Maiyiand  autliorities,  with  w-hom  he  had 
oomnmuicated,  as  anxious  to  promote  intercolonial 
eomtnerce;  that  the  Swedes,  Fiuus  and  others  had 
aln>ady  one  hundred  and  ten  plantations,  and 
thousands  of  cattle  and  swine,  besides  horses  and 
sheep ;  that  the  city  had  already  two  or  three 
breweries,  r.nd  more  were  wanted  to  Mijiply  the 
Ilngiish  with  beer,  who,  in  return,  could  furnish  a 
thcusand  tubs  of  tobacco  a  year;  and  that  ten 
thousand  furs  and  othei-  articles  could  be  annually 
precnred  from  the  Indians,  and  e."vported  from  the 
colony.  Tliese  representations  had  their  effect. 
The  nest  month  Hinoyossa  set  sail  for  the  South 
Kiver  with  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  colonists, 
and  airangements  were  made  to  dispatch  another 
ship.  Xot  long  afterwards  he  arrived,  and  Beek- 
mt'n.  in  obediemje  to  the  company-'s  orders,  imme- 
diately recognized  him  as  chief  of  the  Dutch  on 
the  South  River.  His  administration,  however, 
was  of  short  duration,  extending  from  December 
28,  l(id;-!  to  October  1,  lOui.  During  this  limited 
perii'.d,  arrangements  were  made  for  extending  the 
fur  p.nd  tobacco  trade  ;  a  gfivernmental  revenue  was 
provided  for  by  the  impo.-ition  of  a  tax  on  importeil 
goods,  and  up.m  tobacco  and  furs  exp.irred,  and  to 
prevent  trouble  from  savage  exce>s.  the  brewing 
and  distilling  of  liquors  was  prohibited  in  the 
colonv. 

The  relations  between  the  English  in  :Maryland 
and  the  Dutch  on  the  Delaware  durinLr  all  this 
time  were  far  from  being  harmonious.  Hardly  had 
Charles  II.  reached  the  throne  of  England,  before 
Lord  Baltimore  instructed  Captain  James  Xeale, 
his  agent  in  Holland,  to  re(juire  of  the  West  India 
Company  to  yield  up  to  him  the  lands  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Delaware.  Xe-ale,  accordingly,  made  a 
formal  demand  for  the  surrendi-r  of  Xew  Amstel, 
and  infjrmed  the  directors  that  Lord  L.altimore 
v.oiild  use  all  lawful  means  to  defi-nd  his  ri'_dits  and 
subject  the  Dutch  to  his  authority.  The  Am-^ter- 
dam  Chamber  reterre.l  the  que-ti.'.n  to  the  (■olh-.-e 
of  the  XIX.  who  resolved,  on  Sept.  I,  lt,r,i»,  that 
tl,ev  would  .h'feml  their  ri-hts  with  ••all  the  means 
which  (io.l  :,nd  imlure  hnd  -ivrn  thnn." 

])..r,l,ts  h;,d,  iiP-anuhile  ari..en  in  the  council  of 
^larylaml,  wletleM-  Xow  Amstol  was  really  within 
the  limits  of  that  piovince,  and  all  further  demon- 
strations Were  d.'l.'ived  until  Lord  Baltimore 
obtained    from    the    kini:    a    coufirmaticm    of    his 


y 


66 


HISTORY  OF  I) 


patent.  Pf-n.iini:  tlir>,>  pniccrdiiiL'^, 
liifS  conrludid  ;i  trcity  ut'  |i.  ;icc  will 
at  the  Iieail  of  Apiji|uiniiiniy  creek. 
lanilers,  at  the  .<ame  time,  pn.ipo-ed  t 
or  three  tb.ni.-an.l  ho-lirads  ..f  tub: 
to  the  Dutch  in  nturii  t.>r  iic^mck  ; 


i.-e. 


vi.-it   Al 


In  imZ,  n. 
more   was  al 

finding  that  "  In  ivi.n  ilicriv. 
of  French  wine  i-  oiitaiiialile," 
to  send  liini  >oMie  t'roni  Mai: 
nobleman  with."  The  next 
more's  son,  Charles  Calvert,  ( 
,  and  Altona  with  a  suite  of  twenty-six  or  twenty- 
''   seven  persons.     Beeknian  entertained  him,  nut  as 

/     a  proprietary,  but  as  a  gue.st.  and  their  intercourse 
\/       was   pleasant   and    hai-nionious.      In    conjunction 

C  with  Van  Sweringen,  the  sellout  of  New  Amstel, 
Calvert  renewed  the  treaty  with  the  savage.-,  but 
when  it  was  proposed  to  define  the  limits  of  the 
two  colonies,  he  replied  that  he  would  communicate 
with  Lord  Baltimore.  The  young  nobleman  took 
leave  of  his  Dutch  ho.sts  in  all  good  feeling,  and 
projiosing  to  visit  Boston  the  next  spring,  by  way 
of  Manhattan,  he  desired  Beeknian  to  convey  his 
thanks  to  Stuyvesant  for  his  "  otter  of  convoy  and 
horses." ' 


:he  two  c 
til.-    Iinli 
Tl„-   M; 

,.1,.- 

The.  .■ircum.-tance- 
,.f  the  Dutch  in  ti 
demand  anv  loni;   n 

.   Whlel 

,e    Ne- 
■cital. 

1    led    to 

W     Neth 

The  fa 

,  ,1,  liver 
•CO  anmi: 

illv 

there  is  nnJtirrinL'cj 
No    revolution    .■.•al, 

[,i.ode 

in  eoiiiie 
e     Keen 

1.1    mere! 

Kui- 

tran.-ler  of  an  emiMn 

■  more 

apathet 

•I.nrdB: 

1    r.e.Kn 

ilti- 
Jit 

l.a.l  alwav-  had  th. 
Kn-li-h  ueretheirw 
New  Xetlierlarid  lav 
andXcwr.nJ.ui.l.M 
Ciilonies.  while  ;il   lli. 

like  a 
■parati 

city    to 
Ue.lLje  1, 

■  to  trt'iit 

tiie 

acce.-s   to    the    be.-t    ? 

■oils,    t 

he    n.o,-t 

I.onl    r.: 
New   Am 

ilti- 
-tel 

waters    in    America. 

and 
Fr, 

the     l.o 
im    the 

oJhfad's  HistoT  of  Nfw  Yoil;, 


een   tlie  Mi! 


eriands,  do  ,,..; 
cts  are  few,  ai:! 
(  tion  withthdii. 
nuife  tame,  n.. 
ic.  The  Dutch 
know  tliat  the 
1  this  continent. 

.veakeniiiLMho-, 
keot  iM.th  from 
d.Vii-able    ami 

hle-t    navigable 
time    of    Loi-,i 
Baltimore's  settlement  on  the  Chesapeake  (lf)o4', 

the  pressure  which  the  Dutch  felt  so  much  U[ 

their  eastern  frontier  was  repeated  with  an  added 
strain  on  the  southern.  Baltimore's  charter  calltil 
tijr  all  the  land  north  of  the  Potomac  and  south  of 
the  fortieth  parallel.  This  line  would  have  in- 
cluded the  present  site  of  Philadelphia,  and  Balti- 
more was  urgent  in  asserting  his  claim.  As  ha~ 
been  stated,  he  sent  Col.  Nathaniel  L'tie  to  Ne\v 
Amstel  (now  New  Castle)  to  give  notice  of  his 
rights  and  how  he  meant  to  enforce  them,  and  hi- 
ambassador  went  among  the  simple-hearted,  timid 
Dutch  and  Swedes  like  a  hectoring  constable  armed 
with  a  distraint  warrant,  l'tie  and  others  assisted 
the  Indians  who  were  at  war  with  those  tribes  who 
were  clients  and  allies  of  the  Dutch,  and  Fendall 
and  Calvert  repeatedly  made  it  appear  that  they 
meant  to  invade  the  South  River  colony  and  over- 
throw the  Dutch  power,  either  by  sailing  in  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Delaware  or  by  an  invasion  overland 
by  way  of  Elk  River.  So  great  was  the  pressure 
put  upon  them  tluit  the  Dutch  abandoned  their 
>ettlemeuts  about  the  Ib.rekills,  and  withdrew 
farther  iqi  the  bay.  As  a  I'urtlur  precaution,  and 
to  erect  "a  wall  between  them  and  the  F.nelish  of 
-^laryland,"  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  a.- 
we  have  >hown.ced.d  to  the  city  ..f  Am-terdam. 
to  which  it  owed  heavy  del't-,  its  entire  jurisdiction 
over  the  South  Piiver  colony. 

But  the  En-li>li  to  he  dVea.led  did  not  live  in 
the  colonies  hut  at  home.  The  Stuarts  were  in 
power  aL'ain.  ami  so  'jreedy  were  they  and  their 
folhjwcrs,  atler  their  loiiu'  ta.-t  during  the  period  of 
the  Comraoinveallh  and  the  Protectorate,  that 
England,  thougli  ■•lean  .-tripped,  did  not  fur.d-h 
siioilsenou-h  to  ■' uo  round.'  (  harles  11.,  umiv- 
ov.T,  ha.i  no  lii.in-  f.r  the  Dutch,  and  it  had 
alreadv  become  the  j.olicv  of  Croat  Britain  to 
obtain"  control  <.f  the  N.ri'h  American  continent. 
On  .March  ll'.-Hii;!  i  O.  .■-.),  th,.  kin.:  rjranted  to  hi> 
brother  Jam,-,  DuLe  of  York  and  All.anv  (after- 
wards King.Iam..-  11.  i.  a  patent  f.r  all  the  land 
emoraced  lielueeii  the  >t.  Croix  liiver  on  the  north 


DELAWAIt!;  UXDKK  Till';  PrTCII. 


ZJul:l 

h:-    I) 

lar    t' 

•luwar. 

a-enil.le.l 
h..|,,le.MU.> 

liin   t.v  hi., 
an.l    thrc, 


;iiicl  the  Di'Liware  I5:iv  nri  tlie  -out 
ijl  of  New  EnJan.l.'.Wu-  Y.rk, 
hatitdi.l  nut  inchi.h' th.-u.-t-Hh' 
KivtT  nii.l  J'.av,  sh.nvii,.^  rl-.r.[ 
r.-|.c<'t.Ml  his  i:ilh-T'-  .•harr:T  rM„vcvi,iL'  ihis  t.Tri- 
t,,rv  to  CaUvi-t.  Ail  of  tlif  lan.l  -raiil^-.!  liy  tliis 
[Kitnit,  from  tli.'  -^t.  Croix  Rivor  to  tin'  I'a-ai.'. 
ha.l  hvL-u  previoiwlv  rot,,v,l,Ml  to  tlio  I'lvnioiitli  .,r 
North  Vii-inia  Coini.ai.v  hv  Km-  Ja,no-  [.  The 
,hike,  in  .Tulv.>ol.i  or  -rant.^l  tli.'  t-rritorv  l.-tuvrn 
ihi'  Iliulson  aii.l  lA'lauaro  Itivcri— tlio' «  l,,,i,.  ,,f 
N,.u-  Jersrv,  in  fa. t— to  LtI  B.  rkolrv  an.!  Sir 
(n.jrge  Carteret.  War  l^:•t^^.•eIl  the  En.jli-li  an,! 
Diiteli  broke  out  two  moutiis  after  the  Duke  of 
York  received  hi;  patent,  and  the  latter,  who  was 
lord  lii.irh  aiJmiral  of  the  British  navv,  at  onee 
.May  2-5,  O.S.)  fitt.d  out  an  exri.Mliti.ui'to  rMi.tuv.? 
tlie  Xew-  Netherlands— in  ,,:Ii,t  wor.ls,  t.i  take 
possession  of  the  e  mntry  piitiute.l  t 
brother.  The  e.Kp"diti..u,  .-.Mi-i-tiuL: . 
witii  one  hnndrrd  an.l  t\'.-.lve  irai 
hundred  soldier.-,  l>esides  tlie  sliijis'  crews,  was 
under  command  of  .Col.  Richard  Nicholls,  who 
was  accompanied  by  Sir  It'iberc  Carr.  Kt.,  Ge  jrge 
t'artwriglit,  and  Samuel  Maverick,  commissi. m.a-s 
jio  the  several  English  colonies  to  hear  complaints, 
'  /'redress  grievances,  and  settle  the  "peace  and 
security  of  the  country."  Their  instructions  ijound 
tliem  first  to  reduce  the  Datch  colonies,  as  the 
fountain  of  sedition  and  sanctuary  of  discijutent 
and  mutiny,  to  "  an  entire  obelien.'e."  The  mas- 
sacres of  Amboyna  were  cited  in  ])ro.)f  that  the 
Dutch  were  not  fit  to  be  intrusted  with  .j-reat  p.iwer, 
and  it  was  declared  to  be  "  high  tiino  to  put  them 
without  a  capacity  of  doing  the  sann'  mi-. 
America,  by  reducing  tiiem  to  the  sanjo  r 
obedience  with  the  English  subjects  there.' 
lui-ssion  to  English  authority  was  all  that 
bo  required  of  them,  tind  no  man  who  sii 
was  to  be  "disturl)ed  or  rem.ive.l  fr.)m  v 
possessed." 

The  Dutch,  both  at  h.)nie  aod  in  Xeiv  Nethe 
land,  were  acquainted  with  the  ex])editiou  and  i 


lir.-t  V( 


,  but  to 

-^el  ..f 

Now  ; 


ik  no  real  measures  of  d 
he  ex[>ediiion  arrive. 1 


"fense.     Th 


,f  .<..pte 


Kir.'hin,' 

out    < 

f    Ih. 

ir   t'..rt    u 

ith   all 

rum- be 
at.itulati 

Ci'rUM'  W 

itio'j,  ; 
1-  p.— 

nd.' 

iblo. 

l..r-tlvin 

V  lib.-ral. 

In  f  i.-t, 

^      The 

.'..Il-i.lr 

the  En. 

ant  an\ 

war. 

The 

V   -..uu-ht 

t.a-ritoi 

new  til  a 
pa.Miie 

t  that 
late. 

akes 

half  it-  V 

alue  fr. 

After  arranging  affairs  at  Xew  Amsterdam,  th. 


name  of  which  was  now  el: 
Sir  li.jbert  Carr,  with  tw. 
soldier.-,  was  -etit  to  the  De 
submi-ionoftlr_  Dutch  ther 
Amatol  on  September  oOth. 
one.;  vielde.l.  but  th 
Alrichs  and   Van  .>■ 


ged  to  New  York, 
frigates  and  some 
vare  to  receive  the 
Thev  reached  New 
The  inhabitants  at 
l.ait  D'Hinoyossa,  with 
en,  threw  himself  int(j 


the  fort,  and  declined  to  come  to  terms.  Carr 
landed  some  troops,  made  his  frigates  pour  two 
broadsides  into  the  fortress,  and  then  incontinently 
took  it  by  storm,  the  Dutch  losing  three  men  killed 
and  ten  wounded,  the  Tlnglish  none.  The  result 
of  D'Hinoyossa's  foolhardiness  was  the  sack  of  the 
fort,  the  plunder  of  the  town,  the  confiscation  of 
the  governor's  property,  as  well  a^  that  of  several 
of  his  supporters,  and  the  selling  of  the  Dutch  / 
soldiers  into  Virginia  as  slaves.  A  good  many  '^ 
negro  slaves  alsi.)  were  confiscated  and  sold,  a  carcro 
of  nearly  three  hundred  of  these  unhappy  beings 
having  ju-t  Ian. led  at  S.iuth  Ambi)y  and  lici.Mi  run 
are  with  the  i.lea  of  e.-."H)inL;-  th.e 
Y..rk.     The  nameof  New  Ainstel       '^^ 

New  Castle,  and  D'iIinoyo;sa 
m.l,  where  he  was  naturalized  and 
years  in  Talbot  County,  but  finally 
finding  he  could  not  recover  his  property,  which 
had  been  taken  by  Carr  and  others,  he  returned 
to  Holland,  entered  the  Dutch  army,  and  fmght 
in  the  wars  airainst  L-juis  XIV.' 


of  in 

across  the  !).• 

e  and 

Engli.shinN. 

Suli- 

was    chan-o.l 

■as  t.) 

retired  to  .Ma 

lilted 

] i  veil  for  sevei 

at   he 

finding  he  co 

all  who  submittal.     Sfuvv,-ant  i-paircl  ti..-  walls 

of  his  f.,rt,  but    he   c.uld   ii.,t    rally  the   | pie   t.. 

reinfnrce  the  L'lrri-.'ii.  TIk-v  wool. 1  not  l._av.  ili.'ir 
villages  and  b.aieries,  their  wiv,-s  an.l  rhihhvn, 
upon  any  ^uch  venture.  On  the  .luth,  (.'.jl. 
N'i.-holls  demande.l  the  ;urn.nder  of  the  f  .rt  and 
inland,  replying  to  Stviyvesant's  commis-iouers  that 
!"■  was  not  there  to  arL'if  qurstions  of  title,  bat  U> 
■'<'-:  or.lrrs,  an.l   tho   ,.la.-..   n,n-t  s.,,-r,-n.l,  r  to  him 

^•ith..ut  dohatr,  ,.r  lie  w.ail.l  liiel   moan-  to  <■ pel 

It  t.,  do  .so.  Stuyvesant  wa.-  .-till  di-p..-..l  t..  argne, 
to  tempurize,  to  fight  if  he  could,  but  tlie  iVigate 


.  uiiJ  tiiat  ro  aiippl\ 


CS                                                        IlISTOllV  OF  DKlAWAK'-l 

In  May,  lilCT,  Nk'hulk  was  siiper-f cK,l.  by  Sir  and  ilu-   .Inkc    ai.;:.M,ti'l     -ir   K.ltiiun.l   An-ip- 

Francis  Luvihur  a3  L'livirniir  of  th<'  I  iiKch  s.  ttle-  piv,  cipt  o\er   -Jr    \\li..lf   c.untiy   tvoiu  the   u.-- 

merits  on  the  Nurlli  an. I  South  Kivcrs,  aii.!  in  July  ride  or'  tht-  t-).ur.-rU' \il    Kivor  to   the  t-ast  side  ,.i 

of  that  year  [Kacf  wa-   niaih'  l.,tu,en   rh.^   i-,.tcii  tiu     Dehinar^       Ai,.iro-s   arri\..|   out    Xovoiiil,.  ,■ 

and  En-lish  (.11  tlie  lia.-is  ot' the  (((/ /..---•  ■/.'(.'v.      On  iOth.aud  at  010  p  i  ,  ,<•,  t-.i.-.!  :■,  v, -U'V<- the  .'<tatu  qn; 

the  Dehiwarc,  the  guverunient  ninaiiu  .1  in  eliarire  c/i/e  hullviii  as  I'ar  a-   he  i-nu!,h      lie  ^va^  an  astiit,-. 

of  Sir  Kohert  Carr,  with   ('apt.  Uoh,  rr  Nerilham  v,';  il-infor:!':.!  ni:.r..  -f  uo..;',   h.ihits,  witli   the  tar  • 

acting  as  military  comnianiler.     In  3[av,  liiTli.  tlie  of  a    pia.-ti'td   eoi:rtiu\  niid    many  of  the  rarr- 

town  of  New  Castle  was  erected  into  a  eorporation,  areoraro  Imunt.-     o;     a     .-taoinan.        Under    hi- 

and  Capt.  Edmund   t'antwell   ^\as   af.poh.ted   the  r.'liuiul-^ri'.tion    an'i    th-it   ..t'    In-;   deputic-   on   ti:i 

first  High  Sheriti;   and   Peter   Alrichs   Hailitf,  o:  ^)ela^a,v^     Ca.t.     <.  antw,  !].'     Capt.    Collier,    and 

chief    magi^tratc,   I'nr    the    town    and    rii^er.       In  Clii  i  t.'.h.i    _''o|!op,  ^^Ik'  .-.'ttlenieiits  on  tiie  South 

August,  IGC/.i,  -ome  di-turhaiur  iiro^e  ou  the  De!a-  l(i.-,  r  j.io.o. -lJ,  an.:    lt.'u    rapidly  in   population. 

ware  in  conseriuence  of   the  conduct  of  a  Swede  resor.rees,  and  in  syuniiitliy  and  fellow-feeling  with 

called  "the  long  Finn,"  who  gave  himself  out  as  the  other  colonics. 
the   son   of    Genera!    Count    KoniL'-niark,    mae'e 

seditious  speeches,  and  tried  to  incite  some  si>rt  of  

a   rebellion.      He   is   thought   to   have    bad   the 

countenance,  if  not  the  active  support,  of  Printz's  0  II  A  P  T  E  K    \  I  1 1. 

dauirhter,  Arniirart  Pappesoja.     He  was  arrested. 

put  in  iron-,  tried,  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  be  u'illiam  i-enn  and  his  coVERNArENT. 

publiclv  whipped,  branded  on  the  face  and  breast,  ,               it,              ■          c  .\       •              1 

1      \  ^    X     -!>     \     \       ,1         II      11     i-     1--  ■  A  ITER  the  Kcstoration  ol  the  Stuarts  the  atten- 

and  sent  to  the  Barbadoes  to  be  sold,  all  ot  whien  ,.         „  ^,             ,            ,,       .,              i      ,.-. -n     1      i 

,                 ,  ,.    .,  t!ou  of  the  court  as  well  as  the  people  ot  England 

was  done  as  set  forth.  t      ,    j   •                 i    1                             ,        .■ 

T     ip^.i                •     1.     1         »  I    »           »i     T^  t  1  was  directed  in   a  much  Jarjrer  measure  than  loi'- 

In  IGio  war  aeain  broke  out  between  the  Dutch  ,            ,       .          .              ,"'•■,,, 

,  T-     1-  1   ■      '                      r  1          ^■       ■   li  ni.rlv  to  the  American  colonies.     Jlon  who  were 

and  English  m  couse(|uenceot  the  mali^rnintiuence  -,,.„,.                 j       •,      , 

-A-Ti-            ,-i      1     TT      Ti     i.'        11-  wt-irv    ot    strd'^    discontented   with   the   present 

ot  Louis  XI  \  .  ui>on  Lharles  ii.     ihe  i  rench  kins  •       „      ..  .                       ,        .         ^     ,      \. 

1  J  ..1  -V-  .1  1  1  -.It  1  Ilu"  aspect  ot  atiairs  or  apprehensive  ot  the  tutuiv. 
invaded  the  Netherlands  with  two  hundre<l  thou-  '  ,.  ^  ,  ^-  •  •  r,.,  1  , 
,  1  ,,  ■.  ^  1  ♦  „i  sou;;ht  relief  and  peace  m  emigration,  ihe  liartl- 
sand  men,  and  there  was  a  series  ot  desperate  naval  ,  .'^  ,.  ,  .,  ,  '  ,  ".,  j.  t  ,• 
battles  between  the  combined  French  and  English  f 'P  '^^  ^he  wilderness,  the  perils  of  Indian  war- 
fleets,  with  one  hundred  and  tiftv  ships,  and  the  ^''"''  ''''  'impressing  diseases  ot  a  iiew  climate  and 
T,  ,  ,  n  .  f  ^  a  I  ,"  1  n,  r>„  *,  unbroken  soil  were  as  nothing  to  those  in  conipari- 
Dutch  fleet  ot  seventy-nve  vessels,  under  De  Ivuyter  °                            ^ 

and  the  VOUnger  Tromp.       The  last  of  these  battles,  '  O  |.t:ui.   EtlUHind   C»iitweII   .-md  WillKim  Znrn  were  amhf.rized  !■■ 

fought  off  the  Hclder,  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  Muturrnf"«'!ir  RM\l"t'Vi''ue,''r\riiy  pi."ruf'n«°riw^'^^^^^^^^ 

allied  scjuadrons,  and  the  Prince  of  Orange  at  once  "'"'  "ri^iu'^d  si.oriti,  m-  sdif.ut.  ana  ti.e  iM^r  secreMry,  ..r  .i.-ri;. 

dispatched  several  vessels  iin-  j',,,,',', '"„!M,!hH,i  \\  tiic  'i:n::'ii-'ir"i-f..r'e  t'l.c^.-.  lunii of  tiio  Duicb.^Tho 

.■'-'■-'--"  i  I.."        \^         V-     .                 ^    '         -"'          "''    •  f';-..'-:    ;    ■■•■■     ~          ■      r  ~.  i  Milt.  I.  .].i-in    I    iumiij  .  .aitw  oil  ;  Seir- 

'  f""   -"■■'     '   \  V.  •  ^  1'"     *  i*"    '""'''''.'''!'         .^^  Fi.;,',  c.iik,  r-i'.r  i.-iiui.i,  r-r,i«i  ni.ii.ii  11..-S  A,ir,. -,.„  w„„ii,.  >',>.,iii'. 

,,   .                     .      1  iintish  made   Imt  little  re-ist-  ■ii,„  ;;„vcrnni.ut  oh,i;mu..i1  tiuia 

'o^-™^-'"'.  / '""■^'  ''■'■'^'^  *'"^  ^'"''■''  '"^^"  ^^:-!!;rj"hrc::u!"ra-''ivnu" 

'..'A'  r — -J-:!  'v/   comed  their  old  tViuids.  Love-  anjof  Kiiiirlm  HeniMiiit  ai.^ecM 

^<<i^J    lace  tied,  and  in  a  tew  days  t::7^:::^^^-;T^ 

^^;::::z^^y       the  Dutch  had  resumed  con-  ivt-r  cu,  k.  r.ur  i;iimi>o,  i.mei : 

GOV.  ANDUOSS'  SEAL.     .  "^"         "'           ".',V|"            '^       '"'  in,  i!  ,.   ]:  il,  i.if  Aiign,Mr,T7,  OipUin  ,I.,lm  C.llier  was  rtlie 

nor,    but    there   were    onlv   a    few    administrative  »ar«,  umii  the  ii.u.r  i.Tt  .if  nT'i,  »hpii' l.o  wm  removed  fur 

chan-.is,  t]i..u-b  a  -iim.^d  cunti-ca'i.m  -.v.-i  was  tlr^''^'^^::J:::':X^l^:^:^^■T^t^^:^:^:^.. 

pa."(.l    UL-aill-t    the    En-lidl,        In     I'ud.    F.||,niary  I.eUvv,,re;  thr.-e  juiluJliu-.n...  ,,,.0..  tI.e  over  w.r„  al-.,  .-ul 

10th  .  (  •.  S.  I,  thr  treaty  ot'  Westminjt.T  was  siL'ued,  ','';;  'j'"^|I'.'^';i).Jr'ic't'«.,H'''e3i'aiilw^^^^^^^^ 

ami    pi  ;i.  c   a::ain    made    between   the    Dutih    ami  inin.  h  wua  i.iiKd  st.  Jonua.    i/ui-e  0/ iWi'.  tv.i  0/ iuus,  1 

English,  wi'h  a   pr.ivi^^o  entbrcin-  the  iv.:iiution  '  ti,"^,,,  ,,„,. r  .1  im  • :  i, -,. ...y. :  ■■  n  imn —,  rmm  „  ren-r, 

li;04.      The  Duke  of  York's  [.atciits  were  renewed,  '^^'.^'-'^^^'^j^J-'-^  ';;;/'■  ■;,\'',;:''"^^  "  il  "n  ;i!nE'i'!if  V 


:,diu,til  tli,.a:ldol 

'  Si-ploi 

iOMd  liy  tlio  ai.puii 
n.l.i»,.re    llivur  i 

ii,d    li.. 

;  fL.llowil.s  .Ma-istr 

Mull.  Ilehrj-W;,i.r 

,  WiUi.i 

WILLIAM  PKXN  AX[i  HIS  ( ;<»vi:knmk.nt. 


son  ^vith  the  liIo-sinLTS  of  pnlitical  an.l  ivliL'i'.us 
lilirrty  secLircd  liy  (  iniL'rati'i!i.  As  tin-  a-  ilic 
rnurt  was  coiu'eriiril.  (  liarli.s  wanrnl  iirnvinns  to 
,'ive  wav  to  his  favorit.s,  whil-'  lii-  lahimts,  lidth 
under  ChireiHlon,  the  CalKil,  and  Daiil.y,  ha.l 
siroiiix  political  reasMiis  t'ov  |.iittiiiL'  thi'  (■(.loniis 
more  ininiediately  umlcr  tlir  <.'(introl  .,t'  the  crown 

fjovenniHiit  ami  conijiarativf  iiKl('|»  inleiK'f.  Tiiu.- 
ihe  reprcsiiitativ  -  of  pren-jative  ^\<n'  eniiiprlJMl 
likewi.-e  to  give  an  enlarged  attentiuii  to  colnmal 
atlairs.  The  Council  for  F<jreign  riantatiuii.-  was 
L'iven  new  po\\ers  and  a  LM'eater  and  ni<jre  ixaittil 
membership   in    1<:71,   and   in    lii74  this    m  pa  rate 

nial  atiiiirs  intni.-tod  to  a  rdn.mittee  of  tlie  I'livy 
Cnuncil  itself,  which  was  directed  to  tit  onre  a 
week  and  report  its  proceedings  to  the  innneil. 
This  committee  comprised  some  of  the  alile~t  of 
the  king's  coiincihii-,  and  amoiiu''  the  meniliers 
were  the  I)iike  of  York  and  the  Manjuis  of 
Halifax. 

William  Penn,  who  was  a  great  favorite  with 
the  Duke  ofYork,  and  f  he  founder  of  Pennsylvania 
and  Delaware,  was  born  in  London,  in  St.  Catha- 
rine's Pari-li,  hard  by  the  Tower,  October  14, 1G44. 
His  father  was  Vice  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn  ; 
his  mother  ^Margaret  Jasper,  dauiihter  of  a  well- 
to-do  Kotterdam  merchant.  They  were  united 
•Tune  (3,  1043,  when  the  elder  I'enn.  though  only 
twenty  years  old,  had  already  received  his  com- 
mission as  post-captain  in  tiie  royal  navy,  and 
William  was  their  tiitt  chiU.  It  is  probable  that 
the  stories  of  Admiral  Penn  about  the  conquest  of 
Jamaica  and  the  tropical  splendors  of  that  beauti- 
liil  island  first  turned  the  attention  of  the  younger 
Penn  to  our  continent. 

William  Penn  received  his  first  education  at  the 
free  grammar-school  of  Chigwcll,  ]'l-;ex,  wliere  he 
experienced  strong  religious  impressions  and  had 
virions  of  the  "  Inner  Light,"  though  he  as  yet 
had  never  heard  Fox's  name  mentioned.  Hv  was 
not  a  puny  child,  though  he  uuist  have  been  a 
studioua  one.  He  d<  lighted  and  excelled  in  tield- 
sports,  boating,  running,  hunting  and  athletic  ex- 
ercises. At  the  age  of  twelve  he  was  removed 
from  Chigwell  to  receive  private  instruction  at 
home,  and  three  years  later  entered  Christ  Church 
*-'ollege,  Oxford.  Penn  studied  assiduously,  he 
.joined  the  "serious  set,"  he  went  to  hear  Thomas 
Loe  preach  the  new  gospel  of  the  Si^ciety  of 
!■  fiends,  he  resented  the  discipline  which  the  col- 
1'  ge  attempted  to  {.ut  upon  him  and  his  intimates 
lU  consequence,  and  he  was  expelled  from  the  imi- 
vir.-ity  for  rejecting  tlie  surplice  and  rintiuLC  ia  the 
'lua.lrangle.  His  tlith.r  b,  :.t  him,  r.lent.d,  and 
•-■nt  hinrto  Fran.v,  whrrr  he  cainr  h..,ue  with  the 

^wth  Gi-nevan  theolo-v.     He  had  bhown  in  Paris 


that    he    o.nld    ti.-e   his  rapirr  L'allaiitly,   and   his 

he  reinrnod  as   l.^aror  of  di>patrl,r-,  that   he  was 

plau'ue  <if  LdUdun  m  t  him  aL'ain  upiii  a  train  (jf 
.-,rious  thinking,  and  iiis  fathrr,  to  counteract  this, 
sent  him  to  the  Duke  nf  (  )nnoud,  at  the  same 
time  gi\ini:  him  charge  of  his  Irish  estates.  Penn 
.iamvd  ill  Dublin  and  fon-ht  at  Carrickfergus 
e.,eally  w.'ll,  and,  he  ev<n  appli,-d  for  a  troop'' of 
hoiM'.  He  was  a  verv  liand.^dme  vountr  tedlow, 
and  armor  an.l  lace  bJcanie  him  nd^'htilv.  But 
at  Cork  he  niet  Tiiomas  L.,.  a-ain  ami  "h.-ard  a 
sermon  upon  tW  text  ■■There  is  a  faith  which 
overcomes  the  woild,  and  there  is  a  faith  wldch  is 
overcome  by  the  wnld."  Penn  came  out  of  this 
meeting  a  contirmed  (Quaker.  His  father  recalled 
him,  but  coulil  not  break  his  conviction  ;  and  then 
again  he  was  driven  from  home,  but  his  mother 
still  found  means  to  sujiply  his  needs.  He  n(nv 
joiiied  the  (Quakers  regularly,  and  became  the 
most  prominent  of  the  followers  of  that  singularly 
eccentric  but  singularly  gifted  leader  of  men, 
George  Fox.  Penu's  aliection  for  Fox  was  deep 
and  strong.  He  rejieateiUy  got  "  the  man  in  the 
leather  breeches"  released  from  jail,  ami  he  gave 
him  a  thousand  acres  of  land  out  of  the  first  sur- 
veys made  in  Pennsylvania.  I'euu  [ircached  in 
public  as  Fox  wa<  ddinj.  and  so  well  that  he  soon 
found  him.-elt'  a  prisoner  iu  the  Tower  of  London, 
where,  when  brouglit  up  for  trial,  he  defended 
himself  so  ably  as  to  prove  that  he  could  have 
become  a  great  lawyer  had  he  so  chosen. 

Penn  married  in  1072,  his  wife  being  Gulielma 
Sj)ringett,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Springett,  a 
lady  of  lovely  person  and  sweet  temper.  He  did 
not  spend  many  weeks  to  his  honeymoon.  He 
was  soon  at  his  work  again  wrestling  for  the  truth, 
and,  it  must  be  said,  wrestling  ttill  more  lustily 
as  one  wlnj  ^vre.-tles  t'ur  victory  with  the  oppres- 
sors of  the  faithful.  In  this  cause  he  went  to  court 
again,  resumed  his  relations  with  the  Duke  of 
York  and  securefl  that  princ/e's  influence  in  behalf 
of  his  per.-ecuted  sect.  This  semi-alliance  of  Penn 
with  the  duke  led  up  directly  to  the  settlement  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware.  Penn  realized  the 
fact  that  the  Friends  could  not  escape  persecution 
nor  enjoy  without  taint  their  peculiar  religious 
seclusion,  nor  could  his  ideal  commonwealth  be 
planted  in  such  a  society  as  that  of  Europe.  It 
nni.-t  seek  new  and  vir^du  soil,  wJiere  it  could  form 
its  own  manners  and  ripen  its  own  code.  Then, 
in  107li,  came  home  George  Fox,'  fresh  from  his 

1  llaz.inl  Kivs  "TliiHViMr  [*■, 


nrsTonY  OF  dklawari 


I.- Its    t.) 

Mury- 


journey  throuL'-h  the  wilderness  i 
the  (^luikcr  Mrtloiiifnts  in  New  J 
hind,  in  which  hitt.-r  pnivin.'i' thi; 
of  Anne  Arundel  :ind  TallmK  ',,1111 
important  pitheriiiL:-  of  a  hiq, in- 
free  from  liel>eeutini;<.  \\',.  |,,:i 
eagerly  and  elostdv  I'(  nn  re;e!  V<<' 
the  letters  of  j:.lni,,iid-toii,  W,.,., 
and  others  alidiit  tlieir  s.  [tienicnis. 

In  1G75,  when  hi.  dis_-u~t  with  Kump.an  s,.-i,.tv 
and  his  consei.)U-ne.-=  ul'  the  inipns.iliility  to  etlect 
radical  reform  there  had  been  confirmed  and 
deepened,  Peiin  became  pennanentlv  identified 
with  American  colonial  affairs,  and  was  put  in  the 


The    Duk, 


leiie  entirelv 
iniagiiio  how 
journals  and 
k  Chri.-tisjn, 


It    p; 


heMtate  to  proelai,,. 
M  Xew  York,  I',„„. 
iuiM-lf  as  hi-  own  pri. 
t  of  .\,.w  XetlH  ,-l;„„i 
1    and     the     Delawar, 

Itl'i-K  before  ^■icnl^ 
take   \,,w  York)  CO.,. 


hannel   1- 

rd    X,.wJ, 


best    possible   position    for 
accurate    knowledi'e  of  the   res 


:3i 


C 


HOUSE   OF    YORK. 

bilities  of  the  country  between  the  Sus.|uehanna 
and  the  Hudson.  As  has  already  bren  stat.-d.  on 
March  12,  l(iti4.  King  Charles  II.  .^-ant-d  to  his 
brother  James,  Duke  of  York  and  .Mlianv,  a 
patent  for  all  the  land-  in  New  En-kmd  from"  the 
St.  Croix  liiver  to  the  Delaware.  Tlii-  patent, 
meant  to  lead  din  etly  up  to  the  overthrow  of  the 
Dutch  power  in  Xew  yetherlaud,  was  proiiablv 
also  intended  no  less  as  a  hostile  denionstratioii 
against  the  New  England  Puritan  colonies,  wdiich 
both  the  brothers  hated  cordially  and  which  latterly 
had  grown  so  independent  and  had  so  nearlv  es- 
tablished their  own  authority  as  to  provoke  more 
than  one  charge  that  the_v  se.ught  presently  to 
abandon  all  allegiance  due  from  them  to  the 
mother-country.  At  any  rate,  the  New  Endand 
colonies  at  once  attempted  to  or-aiii/e  theni-dves 
into  a  confederacy  for  puri.o-.  -  ,,t'  mutual  d.  teii-o 
against  the  Indians  .and  Canadian  Freinh,  as  was 
alleged,  but  for  divers  other  and  weighty  reasons, 

DiMtins  there,  it  bein^-  the  firbt  ever  hel.l  in  that  placo ;  theuco  they 


liivers    uas    forthwith 
saih-,1   from  i'ort-mo„tli 
veyed  l.v  tho  duko.  l,vd._od-  ot 
to   Lord  .lohn   lierk,|,,y  and   Si 
The  latter  being  i:overnor  oi'  tli 
at  the  time,  the  new  cohjiiv  uas. 
or  rather  Xuva  Ca'saren,  in  thr  ori 'inal  "i-aiit       In 
167.5  Lord  Berkeley  sold,  tor  o„r  thou>and  pour„i, 
his  undivided   halt^share  iti  New  J.-rsev  to  Joiiu 
Fenwiek,  in  trn.-t  tor    Edward    Biliinge  and  his 
a>,-igns.    Fenwiek  and  Biliinge  were  both  Quaker.-, 
and  Biliinge  was  bankrupt.     Not  long  after  this 
conveyance  Fenwiek  and  Biliinge  fell  out  about 
the  projierty,  and,  after  the  custom  of  the  Friends, 
the  dispute    was   submitted    to   arbitration.     The 
disputants  fi.xed  upon  William  Peiin  as  arbitrator. 
When  he  mtide  his  award  Fenwiek  was  not  satis- 
fied and  refused  to  abide  by  Penn's  decision,  which, 
indeed,  gave  Fenwiek  only  a  tenth  of  Lord  Berke- 
ley's share  in  the  joint  tenancy,  reserving  the  re- 
maining nine-tenths  to  Biliinge,  but  givintr  Fen- 
wiek a  money  payment  besides.   Penn  was  orfeuded 
at  Fenwick"s  recaleitrancv,  and  wrote  him  some 
sharp   letters.     '"Thy    days   spend    on."    he  said, 
■•and    make   the    best    of   what  thou    hast.     Thy 
grandchildren  may  be  in  the  other  world   before 
the   land    thou   hast   allotted  will  be  emploveii.'" 
Penn  stuck  to  Ins  decision,  and.  for  that  mattei-, 
Fenwiek  likewise  maintained  his  grievance.     Pie 
sailed  for  the  Delaware  at  the  head  of  a  colony, 
landed  at  Salem,  N.  .J.,  and  commenced  a  settle- 
ment.    Plere  he  carried  matters  with  such  a  hiirh 
hand,  patenting  land,  distributing  otfice,  etc..  tliat 
he  made  great  trouble  for  himself  and  others  aLo. 
His  authority  was  not  recognized,  and  for  several 
years  the  imme  of  Major  Joiui  Fenwiek  fills  a  lartre 
place  in  the  court  records  of  New  Castle,  Upland, 
and    New    York,    where    he    was   frequently   im- 
]iri>oiii  ,1  and  sued   for  damages  bv  many  injured 

Billinge's  business  embarrassments  increasint;  he 
made  over  hi-  interest  in  the  territory  to  hi- 
creditors,  aiijiointing  Penn,  with  Gawen"  Lawrio, 
of  London,  and  Nicholas  Lucas,  of  Hertford,  two 
of  the  creditors,  as  trustees  in  the  matter.      The 


plan  was  not  t( 
for   the  benefit 

)  sell,  but  to  impr 
of  the  creditors. 

ove  the  pro. 
To  this  ei 

partition  of  tin 
drawn  through 

?  in-ovinee  w;is  ma 
Little    Egg    liar 

ide.  a  line  h 
■bor    to    a    I 

WILLIAM   I'KX.N  AND 


(lOVERN.MENT. 


■rUU  !i 


Hid 


ne;ir  where  Port  Jt 
],r(ivince  on  the  riL'l 
Jersey,  the  nm-t  xttlnl  ]HMil,,n 
was  as.--i<:iie<l  to  Carti-rrt.  That 
New  Jersey,  was  ikeihd  to  Lillii 
tiirru  of  goveriiinent  wa>  at  oih 
West  Jersey,  in  winch  Penn's  h 
.-eeu.  Tlie'  basis  was  liherty  of 
science,  "the  power  in  tlie  piopli 
(  rnnieut  and  am 'liortition  ut'  tlie  criminal  cnde. 
The  territory  was  next  divided  into  diie  liundri'd 
parts,  ten  being  assigned  ti>  I'liiwick  and  iiiiutv 
to  BiUinge's  irii.-tees,  and  ih,-  land  xva-  op.n.d  tor 
sale  and  occnpancv.  lieini:  ixtt  n.-ivi  Iv  rdvertisrd 
and  particulaiiv  rr<-n,„n,aid,  d  lo  LnMids.  In 
1077  and  Kms'Hvc  ve.-,  1-  -ailed  l..r  Wi-t  Xew 
Jersey,  with  eight  hnndrtd  enugrants,  nearlv  all 
(Quakers.  Two  companies  of  these,  one  fnmi  York- 
shire, the  other  from  London,  lionght  large  tracts 
of  land,  and  sent  out  conniii.— ioners  tu  '|uiel 
Indian  titles  and  lay  ofi'  the  pn'i  "itie-.  At  (.'liy- 
goes  Island  they  located  a  town,  tir,-t  railed  Bev- 
erly, then  Birdlington,  then  Burlington.'  There 
was  a  regular  treaty  \vith  the  Indians,  and  the 
Friends  nut  only  secured  peace  for  themselves  but 
])aved  the  'svay  for  the  pacific  relations  so  firmly 


part   of  the 

onior  of  Now  York 

and  ool 

loctod   at  the  IToivkill. 

1  I'.a-t  Now 

The     next    vear     Po 

nn    bora 

me    part    pn.j.ri.tor  ,•( 

e    territorv, 

Ka.-t    New  J,r>ov,  ^ 

is  sold    under   the  will 

e  lolt,  Wu-t 

.^f    >ir    Ceoi-e'Ca 

rioret.    t 

hon    diooa.e.l.    to    p:,v 

nisioo-,      A 

hi-   Oolit..       A   l-oai 

■d   ..f  tw 

onty-four   proprietai  ios 

d.'i-l„d   for 

was  ortranized.   Pen 

11     b.  ill_' 

<,no,  and   to   them   the 

s    d:-tmctlv 

Duke  of  York  ma< 

le  a   Iro: 

■h   -i-ant   of  Ea-t    New 

11   and    r,,ii- 

Jersey,  dated    .^lar 

-h    14. 

UiM'.    Kobort    Barclay 

■al  self-irov- 

becoming  Governor 

■,    Whilo   ] 

['(■nn's  friend,  Billinge, 

nt  negotiations  with  the 
olony  prospered,  and 


sealed  by  Penn 
savages.  The  Bu 
was  reinforced  by 
ing  in  considerabl.-  niimbors.  In  Ki'^d,  Penn,  as 
counsel  for  the  trustees  ol'  West  New  Jer.-ey,  suc- 
ceeded, by  means  of  a  vigorous  and  able  remon- 
strance, in  getting  the  Duke  of  York,  then  pro- 
prietary of  New  York,  to  remove  an  onerous  tax 
on    imports   and    exports   imposed    by  the   Gov- 


!  on   the  Uel;i 


was  made  Governor  of  \Vo-t  New  Jersey.  Both 
these  governments  wore  siiirendered  ti.i  the  crown 
in  (,)iioo„  Ariiio'^  loi-n,  April  lo,  17(»L'. 

Whilo  IVnn  was  thu^  ao,,uirin-  knowledge  of 
and  -troii-  ]in.pL-i-ty  inten-.-t.-  in  Amerira,  two 
othoi-  ciroiiiii-tances  occurred  to  iiiloii.-ify  his  ini- 
l.atirnce  with  the  state  of  affiiirs  in  P.iiLdand.  One 
was  the  ill^en,-ate  so-called  "  Popi-h  i.lot  "  of  Titus 
Gates,  the  other  the   defeat  of  his   friend,  Al^er- 


'  fff^:- '  i.\ / '.  '■  .^:n  '^ 


non  Sidney,  for  Parliament.  From  the  date  of 
these  events  Penn  began  to  look  steadily  westward, 
and  prepared  himself  for  his  '•  Holy  "  or  "  Divine 
Experiment." 

Admiral  Penn  at  his  .leath  had  loft  his  son  a 
property  of  £l.jl)()  a  year  in  Iln-lish  and  Irish 
estates.  There  was  in  addition  a  claim  against 
King  Charles'  government  for  money  lent,  which, 
with  interest,  amounted  to  £lo.Ofii>.  The  king 
had  no  moiiev  and  no  credit.  What  he  L'-ot  from 
Loui-    XIV.,"    thioudi     the     compliant    Barilh.n, 


sulHced  ior  his 


own  in'ni 


Pen. 


being  now  resolved  to  establish  a  colony  in  America 
alongside  his  Xew  Jersey  plantations,  and  to  re- 
move there  himself  with  his  family  >o  as  to  be  at 
the  head  of  a  new  (^luakor  community  and  common- 
wealth, petitioned  tlio  kiii'_'-  to  grant  him,  in  lieu  of 
the  claim  of  £l'i.iiiM),  a  tract  of  country  in  America 
north  of  Maryland*  with  the  Delaware  on  its  e;ist,  its 


IITSTORY  or  DELAWAin: 


western  limits  the  same  as  tlio~of)t'^r.ir\  l.inil.,inil  ifj 
northern  :h  far  a-  plaiital)!^  rnunfr\  c  \ti  n.l,  ,1.  Jn- 
fore  the  Privy  (.'omicil  Com  nitt.  .■  1%  mi  .  \|  i.iiii'  <1 
that  he  ;\ anted  ti\e  deirrcu^  ot  latitml.'  nic  i-iii.<I 
from  Lord  Baltimore's  iiiie,  :iu(i  that  Inn  at  hi-  -iij- 
gestion,  wa-  <lra\\  n  fmni  tht  Miciiinti  ih  u.  i-  ot  a  (  ir- 
ele,  the  radiii--  ot'\\liicli  \\a-  t\\«-l\c  mil.  -  trom  N.  u 
Castle  as  it^  ..  iitio.  Th.  [ ,  litioimt' P.  im'b  u.i-,  n- 
ceived  June  14,  li'^O.  Tiie  Ml.j,.(t  boii.jht,  by  the 
petiticjncr,  it  \\a-  -t  iti  d  ua-  imt  .  iil\  to  provide  a 
peaceful  hoiUL  tor  thi  p.  r-  i  ut.  4  iiu  uilicrs  of  tlie 
Society  of  Frimd-,  but  ti;  aH'ord  an  a^yliini  for  the 
good  and  oppn  .-std  of  every  nation  on  the  basij  of 
a  practical  ap[ilieation  of  the  pure  and  peaceable 
principles  of  Clirijtiaiiity.  Tin'  pititiou  .  iicniiti- 
tered  much  and  various  oppu-itinn.  ^ir  John  ^V•  r- 
den,  agent  of  the  Duke  ot  Yni  k,  .,pp,.MMl  it  lueau-e 
the  territory  ^outrht  \\a~  an  appi  inlaire  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Xe«  York,  and  a-  such  belonged  to 
the  duke.  ]Mr.  Burke,  the  active  and  untiring 
agent  of  Lord  Baltimore,  oppo--ed  it  because  the 
grant  asked  by  Peun  \\ould  infrinL'-e  upon  the  ter- 
ritory covered  by  Baltimore's  charter.  At  any 
rate,  said  ]\[r.  Burke,  in  a  letter  to  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil Committee,  if  the  grant  lie  made  to  Penn,  let 
the  deed  expressly  state  lands  to  the  north  of  Sus- 
quehanna Fort,  "■nhii'h  is  the  boundary  of  ^lary- 
land  to  the  nortln\ard."  There  wa-,  al-o  strong 
opposition  in  the  Privy  Coiun  il  to  the  iJoa  ot  a 
man  such  as  Penn  being  puniitteil  to  t~talili-h 
plantations  after  his  own  pei  uliar  model.  Ili.- 
theories  of  government  ^\ere  held  to  be  Utopian 
and  dangerous  alike  to  Church  and  State.  He 
was  looked  upon  as  a  Itepublicau  like  Sidney. 
However,  he  had  stroller  friend-  in  the  Earl  of 
Sunderland,  Lord  Phde,  Chi.  f  Jubti.v  X.uth,  and 
the  Earl  of  Halifax.'  He  had  an  int.  i\i<u  v.itli 
the  Duke  of  York,  and  contiivi.l  to  wm  him  oser 
to  look  upon  his  project  with  taMir,  and  Sir  J. 
Werden -w  rote  to  the  secretary,  sa)  ing,  '"His  mval 
Highness  commands  me  to  h't  you  know,  in  order 
to  your  informing  their  lordships  of  it,  that  he 
is  very  willing  ]\Ir.  Penn's  request  may  meet  with 
success."  The  attorney-general,  Sir  William  Jones, 
examined  the  petition  in  view  of  pinposed  liound- 
aries,  and  reported  that  with  some  alterati'.ns  it 
1  any  territ.'ry  i.i'  pn- 


did  not  appear  to  ton 
vious  grants,  "except  • 
England  patents,  whit 
by  the  main  ocean,  sh.. 
impracticable  riL'ht  to 
The  draught  ..f  the  ; 
reached  that  -taiii-  of  i 
to  the  Lords  of  Tra.le 
interests  were  subser 
London  to  lo.'k  aftei 
Thekini:.--i-n..l  th.^  p 
the  venerable  d... amir 
curious,  fraiULd  and  h 


are    h.iui 


,1  -is 

II   di 


d,  vel.,pnunt,  w: 
to  see  if  lai-li.-l 
>-ed,  and    t..    th. 


■eal  tl„.ii-h 
.■rrit.,.rio.s." 
illv  it   ha.l 

.-ubndtted 
:'on]nurcial 

Bi-l,.,p   of 


S.-cr.'tarv  of  '^tat.',  at  H.irri-bupj-.  Tho  nam,'  t 
1...  ,ds,n  t,  th..  n.  •,;  t,  r,.t..rN  u,,-  l.-.t  bl,nk  ■  - 
th..  km-  t  .  !ill  up,  anl  Chiil.-.  ,  ,11.  .1  it  P.  ni,-.' 
\ania.      P.  nn,  ula,  -.  .  ni-  f.   luue  ben   n.  ..1|. -'• 

.av  that  h.>  N\  int.. I  the  t.  int.,rv  calle.l  N. 
Wahs.  ,m.|  ,.li,  i,,l  til..  I'mhr  ^..."retarv  tu.n|. 
-uiiu.i-  to  ilimj.  th..  iimi.  ,  -tor  I  f'jrul  1.  M  ,. 
shoul.l  li..  l..ok..|  .,n  a-  ,1  x.mitN  in  m.\"  H.iu.N.r 
he  coiH.I.  1  I, mi-.  It  with  til..  ntl..cti.in  that  ■' ,t  i- 
a  ju>t  an.l  .  I.  ar  tl.ln_^  aii.l  ni\  C.l,  that  ha> -i\  ■  i, 
it  III,,  throiud,  many  dith.  .ilti.  s,  ;wll,  1  h.di.  n, 
l)l..~s  and   maki.  it   the  -e.  .1   of  a  nation.     I   .-li.ill 


EMEEI.LI-IIMENr    ox    THE  i  lIVliriT  OF   PENN--YIV\- 
XIA,    (,1H.NTEI)    JO    \\IILIVM    PEXX    IX    ll'.sl 

have  a  t..nd(  r  cart-  to  the  irovernmi  nt  that   it  be 
well  h.id  at  lli>t." 

The  (  h,iit(.r.  which  i-  given  c.iniplete  in  "  Haz- 
ard's Annal-,"  ( on-i-ts  of  twenty-three  aitii.h-. 
with  a  jjreamble  reciting  the  king's  desire  to 
extend  his  dominions  and  trade,  convert  the  sa\- 
ages,  etc.,  and  his  sense  of  obligation  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam Penn  : 

1.  Tlie  grant  rompri«3  nil  thiit   pirf   of  America,  islands  ircl.i.t.-.l. 


WILLIAM  rKN>   AXD  HIS  GOVKR-.-ME.N 


7'.} 


ispniiJeDce  w 


I  fruiik-pliid^je,  holders  i 


\XI  'I'lii'  >  li  if-i  ru  !"■  v;iliii  1(1  English  courts  ngainst  all  aesuiiip- 
XXir     r         ,         ;  .    i,  lys'-nil  uut  clergynlen  if  asked  to  doso  by 

XMll     1  ,    .It  the  cliiirtc-r  is  io  l.c  inrerpretedaiid  cnn- 

..irii.'l    h'    ,    Jj.    11!    I'l.i.T    fivor.  i.rovid.'d  sudi   c-oiistructiuiu  do  not 
;iit>il.-re  luth  ui-  K-s.-U  the  n.yul  pverogative. 

On  the  2(1  of  April,  after  the  signing-  of  tlie 
i'h;ii'ter,  King  Charles  made  a  public  proclamation 
I  if  the  fact  of  the  patent,  addressed  chietly  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  territory,  enjoining  upon  them 
to  yield  ready  obedience  to  Penn  and  his  deputies 
.iiid  lieutenants.  At  the  same  time  Penn  also 
:i'ldressed  a  letter  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  pro- 
\ince,  declaring  that  he  wislied  them  all  happiness 
lu're  and  hereafter,  that  the  Providence  of  God 
li;id  cast  them  within  his  lot  and  care,  and,  though 
it  was  a  new  bu-iin>s  to  liini,  he  under.-tuod  his 
•!uty  and  meant  t„  d..  it  ujirightly.  He  told  the 
l"Mple  that  they  were  not  now  at  the  mercy  of  a 
'  i'lvernnr  who  came  to  make  his  fortune  nut  (if 
tlf'ui,  iiut  "yon  shall  be  governed  by  laws  of  yi.ur 

^vn  making,  and  live  a  fi\x-  and,  if  ynu  will,  a 
-'IxT  and  industrious  pioplp.  I  shall  not  u.-urp 
ih-  right  of  any  (U- oppiv^.  his  person,  (ind  has 
luruishcd  mc  with  a  brtti.-r  resolution  and  has  given 
111--  liis  grace  to  keep  it,"  He  hojied  to  see  thera 
■  '1  a  fv-w  months,  and  any  reason.-ible  jirovision 
i.c-y  wanted  made  for  their  security  and  happi- 
li'---'  wouhl  receive  his  apprtjbation.  Until  he 
■-wiie  !\e  hoped  they  would  obey  and  i>ay  tlK.ir  eus- 
'•  'luary  dues  to   his  dcputv. 

TluLt  deputy  was  Pcun's  (-oiisin.  William  .Mark- 

;'  Api-ii  20,  l^,^l,  commi-sioned  to"  -o  out  to 
'  -  ii^~>  Ivania,  and  a(-t  in  that  capai-ity  until 
'"uu'j   arrival.     1I(>   was   given    power   to   call  a 

oj 


Council  of  nil!",  of  wi;i'-h  he  was  to  b-  pri  -ident  ; 
to  secure  a  rec-;i'-n;tio!'  if  i'-uu'-  ■[utlmrity  on  the 
part  of  the  people;  t ->  s.-rtlc  bduuds  iMiwcen  Penn 
and  his  neighbors;  to  -uivcy,  lay  out,  rent,  or 
lease  lands  accordin.-  to  his  i[i,tru(-tioii-^ ;  to  erect 
courts,  make  ;-iieritl.s,  jastiies  of  the  jieace,  and 
other  inferior  ieqiii:;icfj  orfii-ers,  so  as  to  keep  the 
peace  and  enforce  the  laws;  to  sup]>ress  disturb- 
ance or  not  by  ^he  posie  coiiiitaiv-',  -.uxl  to  make  or 
ordain  anv  oidlnary  ordinaiiCcs  or  do  \\hatever  he 
l".wfully  might  for  ihi-  pc-o-..-  ;iu.!  .-.•iiiiity  of  the 
proviuce.  jfarkhao-  w-is  paitinijarly  in.-tru(ted 
to  settle,  if  he  coal' ;  i.oii!.,i;iri(s  \\  iti;  Lonl  IJalti- 
inorc,  and  Penn  i:;cvc  hliu  :■.  lotttr  ti.i  that  iiciLdibiir 
of  his.  The  (iei^ty  s.hvu  after  sailed  lor  Peun^yl- 
vania,  ou  what  day  is  not  dcHnileiy  known,  but  he 
■was  in  New  York  tm  dune  21st,  when  he  obtained 
from  the  Governor.  Anthony  Prockliolls,  a  procla- 
rnaiion  enjoining  upon  the  inhabitants  of  Penn- 
sylvariia  that  they  should  obey  the  king's  charter 
and  yield  a  ready  obedience  to  the  new  proprie- 
tary and  his  deputy.  When  Markham  arrived 
at  Upland  he  found  Lord  Baltimore  there;  the 
boundary  -question  at  once  came  up,  and  -^'as 
as  qa:ekly  let  drop  when  IMarkham  found  that  the 
lines  could  not  be  run  according  to  the  t-wo  char- 
ters respecriveiy  without  giving  to  Baltimore  some 
lands  which  Penn  wa<  resolved  to  keep  as  his  own. 
It  is  not  supposed  that  Markham  took  out  any 
emigrants  with  him.  His  bu.-ini--  was  to  L^et 
possession  of  the  province  as  speedily  as  possible, 
so  as  to  insure  the  allegiance  of  the  people,  .secure 
the  revenue,  and  prej)are  the  way  tor  Penn.  It  is 
probable,  th>;refore,  that  he  sailed  in  the  first  ship 
offering  for  New  York  or  Bost(.)n,  without  waiting 
for  company.  ^Meanwhile,  even  before  Markham's 
departure,  Penn  began  to  advertise  his  new  pro- 
vince and  popularize  what  information  he  had  con- 
cerning it.  This  was  the  inisiness  jiart  of  "  the 
Divine  Experiment,"  and  reiiii  was  v  rv  compe- 
tent to  discharge  it.  He  pulili-heil  a  i.aniphlet 
(throii-h   Benjamin  (.'lark,   iHiok.-eller,   in  George 

Yard,   I.oiiibard  Sti-(et.i,  entitled  "  ."^ e  account 

of  the  Pn.vinee  of  P.-nn.~ylvania  in  America, 
latolv  2-ranted  under  the  (iivat  .-^(.al  of  En-land 
to  William  Penn,  etc.  Together  with  piivilegcs 
and  powers  necessary  to  the  w  U-L'ovi-rning  theixof 
Made   public  for    the  inloniiation    of  Mieb  ns  are 

servants  into  tho.-^e  ],arts."  Tlii-  jiid~pe(-tii>  .-liows 
the  extent   of   the    knowled-e    Penn    had   ainady 


had   stlidie. 


.■ttleraent.     It 
hole  of  ^ach 


he 


ipfa 


It  wa.- 

iri.s],   ;: 

Pern 


HISTORY  OF  I>K 


hccr\n:<  with  an  exmir.Mi.^  upon  the  hru,Aa  of  p.anta- 
tions  or  cnl(inic~  in  -••niT:il,  t'>  "...iivinte  ■(  c  p:i;ii'')n 
objection."  ■'  Cnluni,  s"  ln>  >:iy-,  "  are  the  seeds  of 
nations,  U'lini!  and  nnuii-!ir.l  hv  the  care  of  wise 
and  po|iuloiw  ciintrie,--,  a~  cuneeivin-  them  best 
fur  tlie  increase  of  hum;in  stock  and  beueficiid  tor 
commerce."  Anticiuity  is  then  seartdied  throo'^h 
for  examples  neecUess  to  rejie-at,  bnt  all  hrou-iit  iu 
to  prove  that  colonies  do  ui)t  weaken  nr  impovt 


^vho  will  r-nt.  ..nd  s,  rvants.  "  Tn  t! 
..1,-  I  Mil  .hall  he  r,.,tainast(un,n.'.. 
,a:  i^f...av,,.v,vnn...l,.dl  contain  li-. 


the  mother-country.  Indeed,  thi-^  part  cf  his 
argument  reads  as  if  it  were  I'enns  hrief  while 
his  petition  was  before  the  Privy  ('.Hr.Ki!.  aiei  a-- 
if  he  drew  it  up  in  reply  td  ..hiertiMn-  iheiv  L-.r.'v! 
against  conceding  him  the  patent.  He  sh'n.s  h'>w 
colonies  and  foreign  plantations  have  contributed 
to  the  benetit  of  England's  commerce  and  indus- 
try, and  might  be  expected  to  continue  t'>  do  ?o. 
He  denies  that  emigration  has  depopnlatui  U-.r 
country,  hut  says  that  the  increase  of  luxury  l;as 
drawn'an  undue  prnporti.m  of  the  rural  eo.'umuTii- 
ties  into  cities  and  towns,  and  that  the  increased 
cost  of  living  thus  hnui-lit  about  tends  to  prevent 
marriage  and  so  promotes  the  decay  of  population. 
For  this  and  the  many  attendant  evils  emigration, 
ho  sucrgests,  is  the  only  eti'ective  remedy.  He  then 
proceeds  to  speak  of  his  province,  the  inducements 
it  offers  to  colonists,  and  the  terms  on  which  he  is 
prepared  to  receive  them. 

"The  place,"  he  says,  "lies  six  hundred  miles 
nearer  the  sun  than  England,"  -o  far  as  .litierence 
of  latitude  goes,  adding,  "I  shall  say  little  in  its 
praise  to  excite  desires  in  any,  whatever  I  could 
trulv  write  as  to  the  soil,  air  and  water;  thi-  -hall 
satis'fy  me,  that  by  the  bU-sing  of  (n.d  an<l  the 
honesty  and  industry  of  man  it  m.ay  be  a  go,,d  and 
fruitful  land."  He  then  ennmerat.  s  tho  larjlitie- 
for  navigation  by  way  of  the  Delaware  Bay  and 
River,  and  by  way  of  Chesapeake  Bay  also;  the 
variety  and  alMindance  of  timber;  the  i|uantity  of 
game,  wild  fowl,  and  !isii ;  llie  variety  of  pioduct. 
and  commoditie<,  native  or  introduci'd.  in^ludinL' 
".silk,    flax,     hemp,    wine,    sider.    voo.l,     madder, 

liquorish,  tobacco,  pot-ashes,  and  iron hides, 

tallow,  pipe-staves,  l)eef,  pork,  sheep,  wool,  corn  or 
wheat,  barley,  rye,  and  al.o  furs,  a:-  your  peltree, 
miucks,  racoons,  martins,  and  such  like  store  ot' t■urs 
wlllch  is  to  be  found  anion-  the  Indian,  that  are 
protitahle  commoditios  in  lin-l.md."  Next,  after 
explaiidng  the  .■li:inii^-!s  ot  tra.je  — rountry  pro- 
duce to  Virginia,  tol-acco  to  l-iuLdand,  English 
commodities  to  the  colonics,— he  gives  assurance 
that  under  his  liberal  charter,  paying  due  allecri- 
ance  to  the  mother-country,  the  peojile  will  i)e  alile 
to  enjoy  tin'  very  lar-r.-t  j.roportion  of  lilierty  and 

he  intends  to  pr.'pare  a  -ati-lartory  coii-i  iiiiiiou. 

renii  state.-  expliritly  in  ll.l-  paiiiphl.  t  tlie  ron- 
ditions  of  immii:ralioii  into  hi-  proviiui-.  li''  look~ 
to  see  th.ree  sorts  of  people  come,— tho.-e  who  will 


Thotisun.i  !!■■!•.  ^  t--e  Ironi  auv  in.'unil.ran.  ••,  t!  . 
I)rice  a  hnrnir:.!  nou-ids,  atid  for  the  .|uit-niit  !  ,• 
one  Engll^li  -hll;;^L^  or  tii.-  valu.'  ot'  it,  y.arlv.  t  : 
u  hundred  ,'Ci'-s  ;  and  tie-  .aid  .piit-rent  not  ;. 
heiriu  to  be  f.;a:  til!  ib>^).  To  the  .-ccoiid  ...r; 
thiit  Sake  up  land  uooi'  rent,  they  shall  hav, 
]ibe'-iy  so  to  i]o.  payiuL:  yearly  one  pieiiny  per  ai-n. 
'IOC  e:."ceodin<:  two  huncired  :u-res.  To  the  thir.. 
.=._.-it.  to  v,"i^,  servants  tliai:  are  carried  over,'  tiit\ 
.'Ci'es  shall  he  allowed  to  the  master  for  eveiv 
head,  and  fif'y  acres  to  every  servant  when  their 
time  is  expired.  And  beean.e  some  engage  witi. 
me  that  may  not  ijc  disp.o.ed  to  go,  it  were  v.  ry 
advi-ablo  Ibr  every  tiiree  adventurers  to  send  ov.r 
an  over.eer  witli  their  servants,  which  would  well 
pay  the  cost."  ' 

Penu  next  speaks  of  his  plan  for  allotments  i.r 
dividends,  but  as  his  scheme  was  not  then,  as  li'' 
confesses,  fully  >ioveh)ped,  and  as  he  later  furnish,--! 
all  the  details  of  this  scliein-  a-  he  tinally  matured 
it.  we  will  pass  that  by  for  the  pre.*ent.  It  i- 
enough  to  say  that  the  plan  is  very  closely  fol- 
lowed to-day  in  Eastern  Europe  to  jjromote  tb.e 
sale  of  government  bond-. 

The  persons,  Penn  says,  that  "  Providence  seem, 
to  have  most  titred  for  plantations"  are  "  1st.  in- 
dustrious lui.bandmen  and  ilay  laborers  that  are 
hardly  alile  ■■  with  extreme  labor,  to  maintain  their 
families  and  portion  th.ir  rliihhvn  ;  J,  laboriou- 
handicraft.,  e.-peeially  i-arpeuters,  ma-t^ns,  smith.. 
weavers,  taylors,  tanners,  shoemakers,  shipw  right., 
etc.,  where  they  may  be  spared  or  low  iu  the  wdrld. 
and  as  they  shall  want  no  encouragement,  so  their 
labor  is  worth  more  there  than  here,  and  ther-. 
provisions  cheaper."  3,  Penn  invites  ingenii.".. 
spirits  wdio  are  low  in  the  world,  younger  brothei- 
with  ..mall  iidieritanees  and  (often)  large  familie.; 
"la.tlv,"  he  savs.  ■' tliere  are  another  sort  ul 
pcr.ons,  not  only  tit  fjr  but  nece.-sary  in  planta- 
tions, and  that  is  men  of  universal  .pirits  that 
iiave  an  eve  to  the  -ood  of  i>o.terity,  and  that  boti. 

and   ju-t    giA'ernment    among   a    phun    and   ueil- 
intendin-' i-eoi.le  ;    -ueh    per.ons  mav  lind  room  in 


WILLIAM  i'KNN  AM>  IILS  (lOVKItX.MENT.  75 

,..,!.mirs  for  tlicir   -i,n,l   r,.iiii.rl    ■auA  (-..iitrivan.  o,  urf.-r.  an.l  lir  uns  fiinlin-   innst   iictiv.Iv  .■iiii,l(.v,  .1 

alio  ai-e  .-'liiit  out  fn.iu  lM'i,i_rofuiii,-l,  u-coi--,Tvi.v  in    .Ii-i.-hul--    of    lati,!,<     aii,l     Mqi.TJutMi.lliiLr   't!i.- 

I,,  L'reat  nation-.  un.Irr  .^ctllr.l  ou.toin<:   tlir-r  i  i.-u  -ailin-' ..f  -hip-loa.!.-    of   ]n.    roloui.!-..       The    lir-t 

,l,-.-,Tve  nui.'h  ,-t..  ni  an.l  wouM  !..■  hrarkoiiM  to.'  of  tlio...  paj.  I's  .,„  ,.,,ur..-Mo„s  an.l    .-..iLlitiou..-  \\a,-. 

\\.rvcon>i,lrratolv  I'.'iin  n.-xt  U:\\-  all  li- ki'ows  j.rq.aiv.l  in.lo..,!  on  th.'  . v  of  ll.v    >ailinL'  of  tlu- 

jM.ut  the  ^o^t  an.l  o'^iail.in.ait,.-  tor  tho  joniM.v  an.l  ,,i-t   vr.-.-.l-  i-ontalnin-   hi>    "  a.lvcntinvr.v"       This 

-iih>istt-nce<lu.-inL'  tiu-  hr.-t  frw  months',  -  that"  suoli  ua-  in  Jul  v.  an.l  t  ho  v. -,]- arrivo.l  out  in  Ortohor. 

;,s  incline  to -o  may  not  ho  to  s,.rk  hciv,  or.  hron-iit  I'.M'ry  papor  ho  piihli-h,,!   rail.-,!     f,rih   nunirrons 

under  any  .lisa|,[,ointm.nls  there."      He   mentions  lerte-rs  from  his  frieml.-,  wli.  i  uante.l  him  loe.xplain 

"[,rorit""all   ,-ons  of  apparel   an.l    ut.'ii.-ils   f.r  hu..-  .e.iiis    t.,    hav    re>p..n.h.l    eh,',  rt-ull v   t..    th,->..  .'X- 

handrvan.l  Imildin.:  an.l  ]i..useh..l.l  stulf."    I'.  ..pie  hau-tive  tax.s  np..n  hi-  tin,.-.     Hi..  w..rk  .-..„,.-  xn 

nnist  not  delude  th.'m.-.'Uvs,  he  say-,  with  th.'  i.'h'a  have    attra.-t.'.l    -naf    att.-ntion    an.l   .-..mman.h'.l 

..f   instant   profit-.       They  will    ha\.'   a    wint.  r   to  a.lioirath.n.      Jam..-    < 'layp.„.le  w  iltes    iJuly-ilMi, 

encounter   before  the   summer  c.mies,   ■'and    th.^y  "I  have    l...-L'un    my  hit-r   ..n  t.>o   little   a  pie.-e  ..t' 

must  be  willing  to  he  tw.i   .u-  three   years  \vith.,ut  ]iaper  t.i  -ive  the.'   my  jud-nient  of  IVnn.-ylvania, 

-.)me  of  the  conveni.jnees  tliey  eni..y  at  Imm.-.  an.l  but.  in  .-h.irt.  1.  ami   many  oih.is  wi,-.  r  than  I  am. 

y.'t  I  nm>t  needs  say  that  Am."-riea  i.^  anoluer  tliin-  .hi  way  much  appr.>v.'  ..f  it  an.l  .1.,  jii.l-..  ^\■illi.anl 

than  it  was  at  the  iirst  plantati..n   ..f  Virizinia  an.l  I'.-nn  as  tit  a  man  a<  anv  ..n.'  in  Kump,'  to  plant  a 

Xew  Eln^rrkuid,  tor  there   is   better  ncomm.Mhiti.m  .-..untrv."     I'enn  iia.l   al- ■  bieu   bn-iiy  m -..liatiic 

and  English   provi.-ions   are   to   be   had    at   ea-i.T  \vith  the  Duke   ol'  ^'ork  tWr   tli.'  lan.N   n.,\\  .-.jn-ti- 

rates."     The  passage  acro.ss  the  ocean  will   h.;  at  tiititiL'    the    State    ..f    Delaware,    whi.li    w.re   the 

the  outside  six  pounds   per  head  for  masters  and  duke's  jn-.iperty,  an.l    wlii.hrenn    wanted   t..i  p.js- 

inistresses,  and  five  pounds  for  servants,  children  se.-s  in   order   to   in-ure   hi- own    pr.>vince  the  free 

under  seven  years  old  fifty  shillings,  "  e.^cept  they  navigation   of  the   D.Iavar.'.  an.l   perhaps,  als..>.  t.j 

-uck,  tlien  nothing."      Arriving  out  in  September  keep  this   province    fr.im  liilliuL,'    int..  the  ban. Is  of 

or  October,  "  two  men  may  clear  a.s  nnich  ground  his   neighbor,    Lor.l    llahiM.-uc,    who    claimed    it 

by  spring  fwhen  they  set  the  corn  of  that  countrv)  under   his   charter.      T.ut    >ir    J.ihn    ^\'elllen,    the 

as  will   bring  in   that   time,  twelve   tn.inths.  f.irty  duke's   agent,  still   hel.l   ..if  ami    ^ave  I'enn  nunh 

barrels,  which  makes  twenty-tive  ipmrt.a--  ..f  ...rn.  troubh^  and  u^ea-in..^-.     Tii.'  latter  had  r.,.eived   a 

So  that  the  first  year  they  must  buy  c.rn,  which  t.niptinLr  otli'r  fr.im  a  c.mpany  of  .Marylan.hrs  of 

is  usually  very  plentiful.       They  must,  so  so.. n  a-  six   th.iLi-aml    p.nni.ls    .a-h,  an.l    a   tw..-an.l-a-half 

they  come,  buy  cows,  more  or  less,  as  they  want  c.r  p-r  cent,  r.iyalty  ti.r  t]i.>    m..n..p..ly  ..f  the  In. ban 

are  able,  which  are  to  be  bad  at  easy  rates.     For  (tur)   tra.le    between    the    Delaware    ami    Su.-(|Ue- 

swine,  they  are  plentiful    and    cheap,  these   will  haniia    rivers,    but     h..'    r.'fuse.l    it     up.>n    m.hle 

'piickly  increase  to   a  stock.      So  that  after  the  groumls. 

iirst  year,  what  with    the    poorer  sort    sometimes  S..  al,-o  Peun  retu-.'.l  t..  abate  the  quit-i-eiits  ev.n  t.i 

laboring   to   others,  and   the    more    able   fishing,  hi- m.'.t  intmuit.' fi  i.ai.i.-.  "  inien.liuL!-."  a<  Clayp....le 

fowling,  and  sometimes  buying,  they  may  do  very  wiMte.   "  t..  .lo   e.jual    by  all,"   hut    he  .li.l    r.'.lu.e 

well  tiil  their  own   st.)cks  are  sufficient   to  supply  them  from  a  [lenny  t..  a  ha.lf-pcnny  in  l'av..r  ..!'  .er- 

th.Mn  and  their  families,   which   will    quicklv   be,  vant.- -ettlimr  on   their  liftv-acre    i..ts,  alter  havim: 

and  to  spare,  if  tbev  follow  the  En..^lish  hu.-bandrv.  ^erv..l    their   tim.-.     Suli-.".picntlv,  a-  w.^  <hall  see, 

:ls  they  do  in  New"  England  an.l   New  Y..rk.  and  I'enn  was  !e.-    ri-i.Uy  nc.ral  in    his  lan.l  ...ntracts. 

-"•t  winter  fodder  for  'their  .st..ck."     Finally,  the  In  li.;i  ..f  the  j.P.p.i-ed  mon..p.dy  I'.iin  nui.h'  many 

'•andiil  I'enn  recommends  that   none  .-houl.l  make  111.,  ral  c.in.'..— i.ms  ..flan. laud  pri\  il.-.-.- 1..  an..ther 

up  their  minds  hastily,  all  get  the  consent  of  their  cmi.any,  •'  I'lu'   Fr.-.'  S.,ei.ty  of  Tra.l.rs,"  who-e 

tiieuil.s    or    relatives,    and    all    pray   Go.l    f..r   his  [.bins  h.'  liivor.  .1.  an.l  w  h..--    lon.-tiiution  ami  char- 

hlexsing  on  their  honest  endeavors.  ter  h.'  h.lpe.l  t..  .haw. 

During  all  the  rest  of   this  year  and  of  Uls-J  The  charter  t..  ih.'  I'enn-ylvania  Cmpanv,  the 

an. I    up   to   the   moment   of   his   emliarkati.ui  f..r  Free    S..ciety  of  Tra.hr-,    b.ars    .late    Marcii    L'4, 

liar.. pe, 'William    Penn   was  mo.st  bu.sily  an.l   ah-  Hi-^J.     The  "inc.. rp.. rat.. r-  nam.  .1  in  renn'.- .1.  ,-.1  to 

"■.rbin-lyen'.'age.l  in  the  multil'arious  pre[)arations  them    w-n-  "  Ni.-!i..ia-   .M....r.'  ..f  L<.n.l  .n,  n.e.li.al 

'""■   his   new    plantati.ms.       He   drc'w   up  a    great  d.i.'t.ir  ;  .lame- Clayp.io!,.,  m,  r.'hant  :   Philip    |-"..r.l 

-'atiit.'s,  coustituti..n-.  et.-.,   e.pud   t..   the  averaLre  L.in.|..n,    merchant*  F.lwanl    Pierce.  ..f    L..n.l.,n. 

In    a.hlithm   to   w..rk    ..f  thi-    -.u-f.  n.MpiirinL'   en-  -.v.  ..f  Ch.-hir.\  v.-.iaian  ;   Tl,.,nia-  I'.ak.  r,  ..l'  l...n- 

■■"trate.l   and   al.-tra.'t..l   tii..ujiit   an.l    -tu.lv.  his  d.ui,  w  ine-.-....per ';   an.l    F.luar.l    P>r....k. -,  .,f  L.,n- 

'■•rre.-p.nidenee  w-as  of  the  m.,.-t  v.duminous'char-  d.,n,    -n.cer."     The   .le».l    cites    I'enn's    auth..riiv 


76 

under  his  patent,  niciitidns   the   am 

tract  iiiin  til,,  man, 11-  ,,t'  Frank 
mon   >nr,-A'^r,  liv  -iiih    r  rii<   i- 


pan.    of    twentv    , .and  ■■  '   ^^  h" 


IIISTO'IY  OF   I 

>HLA\VAi;i:. 

vevanre  t..  tlio     , 

'■ntre  of  his  lot    anil 

■e~,     er.Tts    this      , 

len>  and    i.tvhai,!-,  - 

*"an.l'-.'rvi"!'"     ' 

i-y    town."   he  >aid,  • 
nd   alu  iv-  1   ■   \i  1    1 

1  s.'ei'n  „',...:.'.',.     i 

ity  enuld'   l,f    hiiih    , 

;■  allnu-   th.an 

iin:.-It'  aliaiid'.nrd    i 

'"fr,  ■un-liar'.m      t 

<'!'oiv    he    .-ailed,  the 

■h    u.!l    never    !„■ 


<  n'  <-nurse    lie 

•'''^'■'---'-'''-''■-^'::':-a.i:::^     i::l^u■::::l';;;:l^;'■:,:'■:■;;:,;^l;!;d;H^^^^ 

'^^V'"'"'";   "— -■•I>nvii,..,.„fo,und,a,on  U,.,u-   he    .ailed,  th.    -onm.-M,    ,."     „ 

rmd  courtd,.,.t  and    vi.-w   of  .Vank-|,le:U,.,  „iti,   all  tlndin::  it  itapo-nldo   to    ol,..,-ve  tho  ^onditiiui '' " 

the     au  hontv     ,v,|U,Mte     in     the     ,„v,ai...      The  I^eeiallv  « la-n  ve-.ds   he^.u,    to  l„.  nun  l7' 

.^,ety  ts    authota.d    to    a,,.oint   and    ren..,.    its  the  uaiet-.tont  and    l.n.ine-.    ,,  „„    ,  .;  '  / 

officers  and    servants,   .    .iv.,,    privih-.e    of    tVee  te.n  of  .reat  tanns,  with  a  e,.„tr      :;.     shi,,  ,    '  ,?  "i 

transportation   ot  it,-  ids  an<l    nroilnrts    .,.1,1   ,^v  ;,,r,    „  ;,,       i   »     i.  i  -o  couiLiup  ,ii\  |,|,  ,i 

en^pted  froiu    any  hut'-tato  and    local  taxi^Mlat  Ihe    T; -.f-  hI"  ZT-     !"  """''  ^'"  n'^"- 

at  the  same   time  it  can    l.vv  all   nr.dfal  tax.s  for  Koads  w.iv  to'  l,o  huilt  t,'  t  1  ''  >1  '"  f "'    ';^''       .".'■ 

11^  own  support  within  its  own  limits.     Its  chief  fVom  citv  to  .itv  on  airdh.es"^  ,!;''!,.  v'?.  '"in"' 

officers    are     commissioued    as    niap.trates    and  all  streets  wnv'to  I,,- laid  oti' -it  r-l,r",n"l      "'' ' 

charged  to  keep  the  peace,  with  jurisdiction  in  case  liberal  width   and  no  "hnildim-    w'  ,•  \  1  '1 

of  td.ny,  riot,  or   ,li.-onh.r    of    ane    kind.     It    is  to  encroach  on   tho-,.    „or  w^^tho,' ■  in   i,?    ,7 

given  three  representative,  in  the  Provincial  Conn-  bnihlii,.  to  he  pe.aeii^.d       This     ,  },  T  '    '^rT' 

C.1   t.tk  to  three-titth-  of  tho  prodn.-t-  of  all  mine,  amounting  alnlo.t  to    t^nn.di  v       aid   i^  t  1  " 

and  nunerals  found,  free  priviie,e  :,.  ri-i,  in  all  the  ried  out   anv  n,ore    tie.n    t        ''ivat       tv     1  '  " 

waters  ot  the  province,  and  to  e.tahh.h  fairs.  ,nar-  was  not  Penn's  notion  '  oiohahfv   fi  r  h\  , 

kets,  etc.,  and  the  books  of  the  society  are  exempt  precisian  ui  anvthin..  aLl  it"  k^,k    m^  ^ore  1  ki^ 

§nt;n;:h^::-;^  bi -^^^^^^ 

statement   ot    ■' ceruun    conditions  or   concessions  Lord  Baltimore   in   Maryland        t   is  -  ike Iv    h 

agreed  upon    by   A\  ilham  Penn,  proprietary   and  Penn  got  the   idea   where  Lord'  i;d„m,    edri    " 

Governor  otPennsyh-ania,  and  those  who  are  the  his.    IVom    Ireland,    that    form    of   l^r^de'enediv 

aaventurers  and  iRirchascR  m  that  province  the  ground-rent  being  an  old  and  familiar  Iri-h'tei'i 

1  th  of  July   1..M,     the   system  of  plantation  is  ure.^     The  quit-i^ent  svstem   can-ed    'dmo     i  n 

p^mly  described.     I  i,-t,_a  lar^e- city  is  to  be  lai.I  diate  discontent  in  Pennsvlvant    ^  d  u  1  ,b     m" 

ofF  on  navigable  water,  divided  into  lots   .,,,,1   nnr  iniinv.l  tl,     ,,,,.■,        •   "      "','■.'"'"  ""V^"- 

Chafers   of  large   tracts    of   lands  ,  five'    'Ian  1  i      h  J  m    i^       Ir^^ '"'"^'"^^' ""'^  "'^ 'f'>'' 

acres)  are  to  l^^ve   one  of  the.e  citv  1,   s  a--  '  m  s   n^"    '       n  „    "  r""'  'T'T'"'"'  "  t'"'': 

them,  the_  location  determined  by  chatice,     h^^  to  this  aW                              "      "     '"''  '^"""■''"'^^'' 

Penn's  oricrlnal  plan  to  have  his  nrcar  cirv  roi,  It  V,-  ,„•  .  ' 

of  ten  th..san(acres.  divided  .^L'i::iz:i  wJ:;:- .::::;;:;:;:;;--'':r  z:r\::rl 

otsot  .me  hnndivdaoresoaeh.  one  of  these  lots  to     could   di^  for  metal-  an  vu  leiv'  b   urn!   mh      , 
be  award..,     (  by  lot  -    to  each   purchaser  of  a  tract     ii.r  damages  .lone.     >.ttl..,s  .oiv  re,,u  rei  t,     .l'    u 
ot  manorial  proporti.ms,  who   was  to'  build  in   the     land  survc.y..,l  for  tluni  within  thr.  o  v.ars     ( !,'.„1- 

W„th,.-,.:..,yv„t..w,.re,ol,e.n  1,0.13  of  a,„„„.t  of 'st...k  ,„.,,!    ,,0-      ^"^     '^'''""'"^     '''■"'''     '■"'^'     ''^    '  "'Ud.  t   .  ,r  Sold,    in 'an  V 

....1,-  >...-«„,.„. o.,n,o„u,i,.    yoonei„K„,u„.i„..:n,^;v:!;     '-■a^'^  i»    public   market,  an.l    traiul   an.l  .ie....Mti..n 
^^'^^^-    ■'■    ■        --"''^^^^  '''■''    '''    ^-   I'"-''-l    I'V   .;.rtoiture.,fthe.',ol-. 

-■">-;       •    ^   -        '-o™,.    .•o„,n,ur...„,e:rnr,.„fr;     ^11    tia.lin,   with    In.iIan-wa-tolK..lo„ei,r.,,,,.a 

'" >''-' ■'•  '    ■  ■  '.:-  'T:n:;:::^TiZraic<:::::'z  '""■'^'■'- ^""' "■^'•"' "i-" '■"■'" i-went..,! in- ins,.. .- 

nr*;"  ^   "'     "■        '     -•■>-y..v.,„h'4.r;  ge...r.isu.:      .li""    "f   -'""1-      Ut|;.n-es  against   Iialians' w.,-..   f 

--;-       ^  '  ^::r--:;j::,:^::z::.j:-z  'r  i-"-'-' .i-' -tho-e  against, he  whit.-,  and 
:;;:;::^;,:,;,:::.\-; ,    ■    -  ■:::■':  ■^;.':,,:-,;'Mii:;:■  '!Z^'"'  ''':^""",.""'  '''■'  ''^""^  ^"  ''^''^"'-'  ''>■  -^ 

^;"!j"^';;;l;',";:;;,|;_^;  '      :;  ■    ;   -i     ■    .  .-.'••..Mi!a.'e.'''-n;';     as  th,-  win;,,  in  improvin-  ihoir  laii,ls  and  rai-i'ii- 
tobi.ik  t«o..,n,o,e  „-.n.Mi  ,,,  ^,/,.:/„r';,ns',La,;K"t,'ru"r.'^  '^''"'^l'*-     ^'^"^'''^    "'"^    uiarkcd  withiii    tlu'ee    months 

fK'aku  ISiiy,  oily  uii  D..-!;Liv;ire  or  fi-...vviiL-re  ■  t-i  ai.l  Iijdi'  ii-  i     l    -i  i-  «  * 

hou.«9,  eu-..  ;in  l^^to  h>.|.l  n.  ,-r...a  for  fu,m.,;.„  ,,x..,r,'  -vnic-,  ,vl„.u  ii'^.y  '  TMh^l^Ii"'"  !"  ';""""'""'""'"  f'^"'  '"ttlin-  the  colony,  Oct.  1:1,  1,-1. 

duco  on  hi.i.l  ;ill,.lt-.,l  to  ll,i.„,  l,y  tli,-"^,ci,.ty,  wii"h",i  "t'ic'k  r.',?i  t'',"N':'"f      ']'|'.,;.'.""?,'.''' '  ''';'  '''     '  "  '  J  i.l',-^<  ..r  tl„.  .M..n  l.,„.|Comt  ol'.l|.'|.r..l-. 

oftUc5ocic.ty.it  tl.ooulsKs...en.s  to  Uave'bci.uan  eMcLive'lro-'ir-iMe       "Vu'.Vl  'u'     e '        '   '■'""'         "  "■'''''"'"'  "'^"  tli.-sc  l^nst-rwerc  "'."r- 


■ial  Oumril,  -.-nd 

.  -lu.ll  L'lvc  tli.-ir 

o     tlr  I.,    .-rrn.l.th 

WILLIAM   rilXX  AXn  Iil^!  GOVUIlN^iENT. 

tMicl    to    tho    (n.v.inn,-.      1,1   rlrariii.'   hin.l.   nn.j-.  th.-    ..,  r:-.lo:.    and   •■irti-v.   Ct 

ir.'O.-    to    he   pix-ervr.l    !oi-l,i|.-lHiiiainL'.      T..  [u-  aftinKiLlivc    or    n<-,:lv.  .   v-iiir 

vvnt  (l.l.tors  tV..in  fiirtivlv  al.^ mMliiiL'.  iirua>  l.rsl.   .   .   .   an.!    tli'?   la",-.  -,  or, 

to   Icavo   thr  iirovince  until  altrrthi'Lv  w.vk^'  pub-  ;.=;    aforoaul    that    are   a,-eul,Ml   to  1m-  the  <  leneral 

lieatioii  of  the  thrt.  A,"„;iihlv  shall  ;,e  earoli;.!  as  lau.  oi'tjie  ].n.vinee. 

(»u   April   -.'oth  1h    j.iihli>hol  his  ■'tVanie  of -ov-  v.  iih  thi.-"  .ty!e  :  '  IW  tU-  (  (..v,  M.or,  vith  thea-Miit 

mnueiit.^ir,   as  James  Claypoole  eaile.l  it  in  his  an>l   apprui'.a'.ion   of  the  f;- en.ea  ,■.  tl;e  Provincial 

htters, '■  the    fiiiulaiiientalj    for  govornnunt," — ia  (.'ountil    nii'.i    Cieiiera!    .\.--eiiii>!y,' "      Ihio    is  tin/ 

tiut.  the  tirst  coiiititntiou  of  Pennsylvania.  lina!   Jeteet   vf  i'-au's  ('■•!:,.  iltntion,  a  d.  Let  which 

The    cloeiiinent    is   entitleil  "  The    frame  of  tlie  rol-- it  or' t'-.u  ai'v  |.ivi,  ".c,.  ,,f  heinu' repuhliean  or 

L'')vernment    of  the   province  of  Pennsylvania,  it;  ('enio.i  .tic   i:i    '•.■.■■n  ,,r  -.il.^ian.c      fhe  A-seiiihly, 

Ameriea,  toLiether  with   certain   laws  ai:rei-.l   upon  the  i^puhir  li.i.h  ,  i  !:■    ■;.  oie.-entative- of  the  jnople, 

in  Kii-lan<l  hv  the  -overn.,r  an.l  .liva- tiv.anen  ..f  are  r;  ^trh't.-l  simi.lv  to  a  ve,..pow.-r.    'f li.'V  cann.it 

the  af<.re.~ai.l  provin.'..,  t..  1m-  t'linh.a-explain.'.l  an.l  ..ri'/inate    hills;     tie.y   .-anu..t    even   -J. -hat.'-    tliem  : 

(■..ntinued  there  hy  the  lir-;   pr..vincial  cuincil  that  they  are  not  alhiwcTt.)  thinl;  (.r  act  f  .r  tiieuiselvis 

shall  be  held,  if  they  see  me.  t."  or    tiio.se    they    represent,  luit   hav.-  n..tliinLr  to  do 

The  "-prefiice"  or  preamlile  to  this  eoiistitutioD  except    vote    "yes"    or    ■'no"     To    In-    sine,    the 

is  curious,  for  it  is  writt.  n  as  it'P.nn  I'.lt  tliaf  the  Counc'l  is  an  "l.ctivt    hoily  t.io.      lint  it  is  mtaiit 

eyes  of  til"   .'oui-t  w.i-e   upon    him.     'J'lie  hi>t  two  to  consist  of  the  <  on  .■ninr's'fricn.ls       Iti^thearii- 

paragraphs    f.rm   a  .simple  .•xi-iirsis  iip..ii  the  .h.e-  toeratie    ho.iy.      It    iloe.-    not   cene    fresh  from  the 

trine  of  the  law  and  tin-  lran-gre~,-or  a.~  expounded  people.     'J"ho   tenure  of  its  members  is  three  years. 

in    8t.    Paul's    Epi.-tle   t.itlie  K.mians  :  "For  we  Beskles,  for  ordinary  business,  tweuty-four  of  the 

know  that  the  law  is  spiritual:  but  I  am  carnal.  Council  make  a  quorum,  of  whom  twelve,  with  the 

sold  under  sin,"  etc.     From  this  Penn  derives,  not  Govenior'.s  casting  vote,  compri.-^e  a  majority.    The 

very  i)erspicuoasly,  however.  "  the  divine  right  of  Governor    has    tltree  votes  ;    tlie  Bociety  of  Free 

government,"  the  object  of  .jovernment  beiiiir  two-  Traders  has  six  votes;   if  the  Governor  have  three 

il  to  chi-rish  tiio-e  that  or  fiur  friends  in  Council,  ^\hll  the  -upport  of  tliis 

■nmient    a   //>"-    /,■  imnd  soeietv  he  can  control  all  li'^iMalion.     Itse.iusin- 

■lit],   an.l   niak.:.,  it  as  credil'de    that    William    Penn   .-h.juld    have  ef  hi.- 

......1    men  sliall  he."  own  free  will  permitted  this  blemish  up.in  hisOm- 

vernm.-nt  seems  like  a  stitution.  whi.-h    he   .■laia../.l   gav.-  all  tlie  pr.wer  of 

part  of  r.ligi..n  it-elf,  a  ihiir.'  sa.-red  in  its  institu-  goveru'iient  and  Jaw-making  into  the  liau.is  of  the 

tioii  and  end.  people. 

In  the  Cnstitiition.  which  tMh.ws  the  preamble.  Aside  from  this  fatal  pL.-.-e  of  suliM-rviemv  there 

Penn  begins   by  contirmiiig  to  the  freemen  of  the  is    much    to     praise  in    Penn's     Constitution    and 

jirovince  all  the  lilierties,  franchises,  and   projier-  something  to  wonder  at.  as  being  m,i  iiir  in  a. IvaiK-e 

ti.s  secured  to  them  by  the  patent  of  King  Charles  of  his  age.     Tlie  executive  functi.ins   ot'  (n.vernor 

II.     Tiie  government  of  the  provin.-.-  i-  t.i.-on-i.-t  ami  Council  are  carefully  detined  ami  limited.     A 

of  "  tlie  Governor  and  freemen  of  th.-aiil  province,  wlml.  .-om.'  ami  liberal  provision  is  made  tiir  edu- 

iii  form    of  a  Provincial  C.iun.-il   and  fJeneral  As-  calic.ii,  publi.'  m-IiooIs,  inventions,  and  useful  .scien- 

semblv,  bv  wli..m   all   laws  ,1,;,11   be  made,  officers  title  di.-.M,veries.  ' 

cho.-,  11,  an.l  publi.' atlairs  trau-acteiL"     The  Coiui-  Th.'   Pn.vin.'ial   C.uncil,   tbr  the  more    ].r.-)mpt 

eil,    .,f  .-.eVLi.ty-tw,.    members,   is    t-i  be  eleetcl  at  dispat.-h  ..f  business,  wa-  t.)   be  .livi.K-.l   into    fuir 

once,  one-thinl  ..f  tli<'  m.'mb.r-  to  i^..  out,  and  their  committees, — ..ne    to   have    .'liar-e    of  plantations, 

h    vear.    and  after   the   first  "to   -ituate  ami  s.'ttle   citie,-,    ]i..-t-,    an.l    market- 

■j:  ..ut  .a.'h  vear  shall  not  bo  t..wn.-  aii.l   hi,-hwavs.   an.l   t..    hav.-  an.l   d.vi.le  all 

r.     I'w.i-thiril-  of  the  <'..nn-  suits    an.l   c.,i.tr.iv.'i>i,  s    r.-lating    to    plantati..ns," 

veiuv-tour  will  -utKc...      The  tra.le  an.l   tr.-aMirv.  an.l  '  th.-    t;.iirth    of  mann.'i-. 

,  p>v>i.le  over  the  M-i,.n  of  e.lucati..n,   and   arts   "  tliat   all   wick.'.l   and    s.;an- 

■  thiv,.  v..l.-"The(o.v.u-n..r 

il   shall  y., ■./-/,■'   .(„./  /„-.,^,...^        '  lnti...pr  ••■"   " • '  ■■ •■ -■■■   "■■- - 

to   th..   C.-n.-ral    A-.-'inblv  heiealier   m.Miti..ne.i  (,//  T,;';:!',- ^^"t.'', 

/"■//.   ul,i,-li    th.-v  -hall   a'r   anv  lime  think  tit  t.,  be  '-  -■'  — 

p:i-.-.l  int..  law-  within  tli.'-ai.lpn.vin.'.'.   .   .   .   an.l  ";:";";:;■' 

'  ■eiieral  .V^-emldv,  after  rea.liiiL'  over  the  r)r.>poSe.l  u,\l. 


tbld,  t.)  terntV 

evil-d..e 

.1.1  well,  "whic 

h    -ives 

n,n;,j,tio„    [/. 

r.,     divil 

durable     in     th 
Ilemv    Penn    tl 

..■    w.,rl, 

!,ink,-  tl 

<uc. 

-.•V( 

ai   v 

irs    eh'ct. 
•ears  tlio. 

;.l     .'a 

r.'ti: 

iru.i 

d  within 

a   ve: 

(al 

are 

re.iuired 

t.i  e. 

•  ;.,v 

,.,.,.,, 

„r    i,  .,K 

vavs 

C.MI 

an.l 

ui.al 
Pr 

an.l  i-  1 

..vim-ial 

:..  ha\ 

Collll 

..cc.ir»..n,-.,  ,.f  wl.i.l,, 


78 


}[IST01{Y  OF  T)KLAVvaI;K. 


m.l 


ilial.it 


to    Ih: 


:nrly,  dr.i,, 
iitii.-  ,'il  a!, 
■re   tn  E\., 

^  ;--ec-  ors  M 1 
:|..vt-  th,s>:. 
<:i[  an. 


A  -,-^ 


■li-il. 


thvi 


.1    vol, 


All  ih, 


m.l 


,i. 


nii.tl,.-  C. 
lu-  re-ula 


daloiis  liviii','  niav  lir 

may  lie  .-u^Tr-tiiily    tr;i 

flirkii.iv,].  il^v  aii.l  artv 
TlieC.-ie'ral  A-nnl, 

not  toex.vnl  two  liim.jiv.l   liM-Dili, •:■::.   re;-.re>e 

all   the    r.v,.mcn    of  the    |,rovinr,..      -HkV   we 

meet  in  the   eajpital  on  "the   '2'>ili  ila'-  et'  th'- 

ond  month,"  aii.l   iliiiiiiL:  ei-ht  dav-    w.to  ,-\ 

ed    to    tVe,  ly    eoiii;r    with    oil,-    aiiothei     and     the 

Council,  and.  il'  they  eho,e,  to  niaki  -nij.-.-rion.- 
tO  the  Cunneileoininittee-  ahoiit  ihr  aiueiMMi.el.f  e) 
alteration  of  hills  (all  .-ii.h  a~  rhi-  Coiineii  [eo- 
posed  to  otter  for  the  ailoption  ImJii,:-  ii'ilili.-l.ed 
throe  weeks  lieforehand ).  and  on  ihe  niarh  dav  loi 
were  to    vote,  "  not  l.:v- than  tu.-ihinU  hiakiie/   -i     sra 

quorl^m  in  the  pa->in-  of  hiw.,  an.l  r]u\,:.-  of  Mieii     trave-  of  il„    li|.  .,-rie^  of  the  pi-ovin<-e 
officorsas  are  hv   the.n  to  I..   ,.ho..„A     ■i'f,(,,u.  AH  ,  our;.- .hall  he  o,,..n.  and  ,u-iie,. shall  neiti 

'"*-'>■     hesohhd.  n.od.a    deh.y.d.      hi  all   eonrts  all   j, 

voi.,r     son.-  of  a! I    '  iTliLiou-'i    pei>iia.don-   may  freelv  : 

„         .,  .        1         ,         „.  rand     J'etir  in  their  own  way  and    aceordiu- to  their  o\ 

Council  were  to  select  the  officers  to  serve.     The     Planner,  i.leadoig  poemally  or  hy 'friend  ;  co 


No 


'"  !■■ 


rai-ed   upon   ,,, 


ill.  h 


to  l„.  treate, 


■'-  I" 


elu  to  \.v 
eral  As.-einbly  was  to  noiuin 
treasurers,  sherilf-,  ju-t;ee-,  >:> 
each    office,  from    which    list 


plaint  to  he  extiiidR.l  fourteen  days  before  tria 
and  ■^unnnon-^  i.-^u-d  not  less   than  ten   days  liefoi 

(•any  coniplaiiied  uf  at  his  dwellinjr.  Xo  con 
plaint  to  he  received  hut  upon  the  oath  or  atlii 
niation  of  complainant  that  he  helieves  in  hi-  coi 
scienee   his  cause  t.;.  he  ju3t.     Pletidin-s,  proce-.e 

'     ■  ■        '  reijuin'd  t,i  \,Q  \n-\vt',  ii 

'  as  to  he  under>too( 
11. 

11  trial.  >hall  he  hytwolve  men.  peers,  of  ^.o,H 
;ieter,  .-111.1  of  the  nei-hliorho,„f  When'  th. 
Ity  t;.r  the  otieii.^e  to' he  trieil  is  death,  th. 
H'  i-^  to  Minimon  a  grand  inquest  of  twentv 
men,  tw.-Ive  at  least  of  wh..in  shall  i.ron.iun.';. 


body  was  to  adjourn  upon  bcini:  serveil  with  m 
tice  that  the  Governor  and  Council  had  no  fnrtlie 
business  to  lay  before  them,  and  to  assemble  aii;Mi 
upon  the  summons  of  the  Governor  and  Couneii 
Elections  were  to  he  hyhall.it,  ami  so  were  ques 
tions  of  impeachment  in  th.-  A,-. mhlv  and  iud" 
meiit  of  criminals  in  the  C..iin<il,  In  case  th. 
proprietary    he    a    min.u-,    and    mi    Lnianlian    ha 

been  appointci  in  writin-  by  hi.-  lather,  the  Conn.  laiLdi-h,  aii.l  written  ..laiulv  -i 
cil  was  to  appoint  a  cmimi-Mon  ..f  thive  uuani-  hv  all. 
ians  to  act  as  liovernor  dui'iiL' >u.  h  min.u'itv.  X. 
busiuft-s  was  to  he  done  hv  th.-  (  ;..\,  in  u-,  ( 'i.iin.il 
or  Assembly  on  i:?undav,  except  in  .-.i-  -s  of  enier 
gency.  The  Constitution  could  n..t  h.-  altered 
without  the  consent  of  the  (.i..veni.ir  ami  six- 
sevenths  of  the  Council  ami  the  ( hiu.ral  A- 
senibly.  (Sin-h  a  nil.-,  if  .-nf „■,-.■. i,  w.nihl  have 
perpetuaied  anv  (  oii-titiiti..ii,  li.iw .  v.-r  ha.l  ..  Fi- 
nally IVuu  -..hnnily  ,|,.,-l,-n-e.|  -that  n.-itlier  I. 
my  heirs  nor  ti-iun-.  shall  ]iro.-iii-e  ..r  .l-i  anvthiii- 
orthiu.j-s  wh.-i-.-hv  th..-  Iil"-i-;ie<  ill  thi-  chart.-:  <-.,ii"- 
taine.l  an.l  ,-xpi-.-.-.d -hail  h,-  iniVii!,.-,!  .,r  hrokeu  ; 
and  if  auythiii-  he  pr,M-un..l  hv  anv  p.-r.-.m  or 
lier.-.ui.-  ,-.inti-ary  In  the.-e  pivmi-e^  it  .-hail  be  held 
of  no  foi-,-^.  ,,r.-H;-et." 

On    .May    Lnh    P.-nn's    co.Ie  ..flaws.   pa->e.l   in 
EiiLdan.l,   t.i   be   altered   or  aiii.-n.h.l    in     l\-n,i^yl-      wn.n-Jy    impi-i.-.me.l   or   pn-.- 

statutes,  th.-  tii-t    .if  wliieh  .1.-.-I.11-,  .  til.-  .-hart.-r  .A-     seeut.ir.  ■  -   •  r' -  - -- 

Constituti.in   whi.-h   ha.-  ju-t    b,-,  u   aii.-dvA-d   Mb.-  All  pri.-.n-   ,.f  whi.-h  .-u-h  ,-, 

"funilamenlal    in     the    u..v.M„„.-nt     it-eit.'"     The     shall  b.-  ^oik-h..,,-.-  to,- re|..a- 
sccond  e.tabli-h.-,-  th.-   qual" 
(or   v..:,-r   or  el.-,-tor).      Tl: 


rth. 


he  sheriff  t.. 
m.-nt.  Thi- 
1   r,-a-..nahl.- 


Je.-.-  are  required  to  bo  moderate,  thi-ir  am..unt- 
settK.l  by  the  Legislature,  an.l  a  ttihle  of  th.-ni 
hiiiiL:  up  in    every  court-room.     Aii\-  ]ier.on   .-..n- 


an.l 


lU.li. 


n-dialf 
.ler-ha 


part) 


It-. 


in.lre.l 


itli.-i.-i 


i<   pai.l    hi-    ow, 
nihivat.-.l    i,,-n    1 


t.iiaut  the    pro,. 

-    .luh-  l'ri-..,i-a 

.-^    the  All  lai 

il.linu-,  except  ul 

-s  ami  and  om-t 


VII  pe.-..u-  -hall  h,-bai!al,h- 
-av.-  in  ,-apital  oHhn-e-'-uh 
nt  <ir  tin-  pr,-umi.ti..u  -m-.-.- 
re  as  t.j  le.-.  ]o,h|. 
..Is.iiall  1m-  liabh- 


.1  l.-.l, 


pay 
then  all 


ilonlv.      (Tl 


WILLIAM    I'K? 

a  man    sli 

M.uM  ,li. 

!■  in.^olvmt.l      All    N 

!•_'.  attcsK' 

.1  l.v  tw. 

„   ^i.ii..-,-.  >l,all   1»- 

torco  a-  h 
\v  provcl 

.  lan.U  ^ 

uithiii  i; 

■  r  olInT  1 VrViill.r,- 

iitv  ilavs  within  or  i 

••  Al 
.1  a.' 
t,,  1), 


XN  AM)  HIS  (ioVF.UN.MKXT.  79 

nii.s  to  ].-.u-o  an.l  concnnL  KartM,-.  :,,,(!  oth.-r- 
L'uilrv.f  l.r.'arh  nf  n-u^t  liiii~t  liiak-  siti.l'action. 
an,l  ..nr-tliii.l  ovrr.  f.  ilirir  .  luplovrr-,  an.l  in  case 
of  :li..    ra.'l..i-'s    -loalli    tli--  Counci'l  C'oiur.iitl.o    ot' 

the  ["■"^'"'■'■-  'i"'-"-''''    '-    !')-(,■  that  sa:i-tartion  i<  nia.lo  out  of  hi. 

S,.vvii   yrai-'    .[Uiet    po-.-^ion    -iv.-  I  itle.  (^x.vpt  .-tatr.. 

in    ra.M's.,f    inlani-.   lunatie<,    nairrie.!    W(,nirn,   or  All  piiMie  oth.vrs,  lo-islator., ,. 

persons  hevon.l  thr  -.  a~.                                     ■  Sor-.f  taith  in  .1, -„-  Clui-t,  ot'  ■■,. 

ISriherv    an.l     extortion     aro     to    ho     .rvt-relv  hoi„..-t  rot.vidio,,.,  and  tuoniv-o,, 

pe.ni-hr,l,"  but   tino>  -honhl     o,.   in,.,h.rat,-  aiai   not  pa-..i-  livin-  in  ti,i-   provinV.   v 

exhan.-tive  of  meuV  pro,,ertv.'  knowle.l-.- the  onr  A  lini/lit  v  a.al 

.Marria-e   (not  forl.hhlen  'Lv  thr   ,lr-rre>  ..f  eon-  the   Crealor.    I'phohhr,   an.l    Ki 

satiL'uinitv   ..r   atllnitvi   ^h;,!!"!,,.    .-t.-oura.:'.!,   hut  a.al  that  h.ol.l    thm,--.  h. ,  .  ohii.-,  ,1  in    ,-on,M;ien,-..  to 

pannts  or   i:uanliaii>   inu>t   tir-t  ho  eoiiMiho,!,  aiM  live  pra.-oaMv    an.l  jn.tiv  in    <avil  M,ri,,tv,   shall  in 

puhli.'ati..n   nia.h'   i>ef  m-  -..,|.  ,niii/;;ti..n  :    th.'    .-.r.-  n..\vavs   I..'   in..K^te(l   or 'pi-'imlieeil   li.r'th.ir    reli- 

ni..iiyto  he  liy  takin-  .air  an..tln-r  a.  hu.I.an.l  an.l  L'i..ns"  p,a>iia<i.ai   or  ]iraetie>.    in   matters  .,f   faith 

recorded  in  the"  oth.-e  of  th.-  e..iinty  r.'ui-ter.     All  .-hip,    pla.r.  or  ministry   whatever."     Th.;    ]ieople 

holids,  ete.,   are   reipiire.l   t..    he    r.--i>teiv.l   al-o   in  daily   lal...r.      All    ".irttnses   a-aiiist  (  io-l,"  '..uear- 

the  county   enrollment  oftii-e   within    two    m  .nths  iiej-,  curtinsj:,  lyincr.  profane  talking,  dninki-nneis, 

after   they  are   executed,  otherwiso    to    he    void,  driukiny   of    healths,    obscenity,    whoredom    and 

."Similar  deeds   made   out    .if    the    ]iri.i\  inee    were  other  iiiicleanness,  treasons,   misprisions,  murders, 

ali.iwed  six  mouths  in  which  to   be  registered  be-  duel.s,  feli.my,  sedition,   maimings,  forcible   entries 

fore  becoming  valid.  and  other  violence,  all  prizes,  stage-plays,  cards, 

All  defacers  or  corrupters  of  legal  instrun.ents  or  dice,  IMay-ganies,  gamesters,  masks,  revels,  bull- 
registries  shall  make  .lonbl,.  s;ui-f:i.tion,  half  to  baitings,  coek-tlghtings,  and  the  like,  "which  ex- 
the  party  wronged,  be  .li-mi-si..!  fr,.in  place,  ami  cite  the  people  to  rudene.ss,  cruelty,  looseness,  aud 
di.sgraced  as  fal.<e  nuii.  irreligion,   shall  lie  respectfully    discouraL'ed  and 

A  separate  regi.-try  of  births,  marriages,  deaths,  severely  punished,  arcordiiiL''  to  the  appoiurinent 

burials,  wills,  ami   letters  of  adniinistrati.m    is  re-  of    the    Governor    aud    freemen    in    Coumil    and 

cjuireil  to  be  kept.  General  Assembly." 

All  propertv  .if  t'.ions  is  liable  f..r  donblo  >atis-  All    other     matters    not    pr.ivideil    tor    in    this 

taction,  half  to  th.'  party  wr..n,-,,l :  vli.ai  there  is  code    are  reffrre.l   to  '■  th.e   or.ler,    priidrn,;e,    and 

no  land   the    .sati-taclion    must    be  workeii  out  in  determination  "   ..f  th.'  (  oivernor  ami  Le.jislalitre. 

prison;    while    estates   of    capital    ottenders    are  The  mo-l   a. Imirabl.' parts  of  this  code,  jiiitting 

.■scheated,  one-third  to  go  to  the  next  of  kin  of  the  it  far  ahead  of  the  contemporary  jurisprudence  of 

sntierer  aud    the     remainder    to    next    <if   kin    of  Eii'-daml   or    any   olh.'r  civilized    coiuitrv    at    the 

criminal.  time,  =  are  the    re-ulatior;s  for  liberty  of  woi>hip 

Witnesses  mu-t  pr.imise  t.i  >pi-ak  the  truth,  the  :  i'.i;>  v..  n,u,t  .Ar..|,t  ti..- e.iih  lu- .^.i.^nv  in  Mirviimi  fnri„i..,i],v  sir 

whole   tiaith,ef.,  an.l  if  .miu  i.-t.'.l  .if  wiUfuU'al.H-     '->--- cio  r^v i,:n-..M- .r  ir,  1  ...i  ,i.,:.- r  .,  ...'i,  r.it,,  n  ,,!;.;.,i 

ho..,l    >hall    Miliia-  th.;   ]H-naltv  wi,i.-h   wouhl    have  ci..r":'^'i'''.''!oi,L'';Mn -nii'Vi^Ji'i;"'^^ 

been  inHiel.'.l  up.m  the   p..,-  .n  a.'.-u-,.!,  >hall  niake     bo.:.,..-,- i,_i„- ,„  ,.„  n:-e.r,i,,ri,-.,..- „..,..r ...lo-rrs,  i.,,,..,-.:,. 


tisfh. 

Mtior 

1    to 
t'al 

th.-  party  wro, 

'-'"'■  ^'' 

.d  b 

'■  i'"i'ii'-iy 

Vuh 

all 

It     b. 

iirt  1 

.lie 

"// 

■    k. 

,r  b,. 
ollic. 
ehih 

'pl    1. 

fore  anv  ma_-ir 
■r.-    shall    h.il. 
Iron    m.ire    th 

ai-.T  than  th 

-trat.'  iti 
1    but   .. 

n-a.l,.; 

Ih.- 
Ue 
.  till 

proviiK-e. 
..lH..e  at  a 

vears  ol.l 
•ant,-  -hall 
i-tb,.  v,..il 

'■  1" 

1    if 
It   ii 

idal- 

1  titti 
■iiion 

rvin-   an.l   at 

II-  '■■l"il'''-<-.  : 
-rr>,      ba.-k-l.i 

till-  .-m 
i.'.iinlii: 

tlfS,       .1 

i  .if 
I'j-  ti 
rfai 

ih.ar.,.n,i 
lurs     an.l 

rr:!.l 

,.rs  , 

lit  ta 

!-.•   nrws.  uh,.| 

11. a-  a-:; 

ni-t 

pnl,li,..u- 

ivati 

•  I"' 

>on-^. 

,  ar.t.i  be  -.,vi 

■r.  ly  pu 

ni-li 

ed  a-  elie- 

so 


HiSTOKr  iJF  PKLAWaI.K. 


and  the  adniini-'nition  ..f  j.istirc.  rMin's  (M.,ie 
on  tills  lattri-  p.iiht  i.-  nioi-f  than  a  li'.indrLii  years 
in  advaur''  nf  Iji.-laiid.  In  the  matter  of  ft-cs, 
charges,  jihiin  and  >inipK  turnis,  processes,  records, 
and  plcadiuLT-.  ii  -till  n  iimin-  in  advance  ot'  couii: 
proceedini.,'  and  riLrnlatmns  nearly  i  Vii-yw  htTf. 
The  clauses  al.out  wurkdiMii-.s  and  al.Mit  l.ai!a!-ie 
offenses  are  also  far  iu  advance  of  evei'  tiiC  Ijjs;. 
modern  jnri-iu-nd.-nee. 

Xotwithstiuidiiej'  all  these  and  Toany  ctiier 
heavy  and  piv— inu  en-a-enn  iits,  Pebu  -eenis  to 
have  found  time  to  attend  to  his  \v..rk  as  a  pi'-a-d!- 
er  and  a  writer  of  n-liirnus  ti-aets  and  iiampldeis. 
He  went  on  a  mission  tour  int<i  the  West  of  Eng- 
land, he  wrote  on  "  h-piritual  Conimissiou."'  'ne 
mediated  between  dissenting  Friends,  anil  healed  a 
breach  in  his  ehureh  ;  his  henevolent  endeavors 
were  given  to  aid  and  eiiedurage  the  Bristol 
Quakers,  then  severely  pirsecuted,  and  he  biirelj 
escaped  being  sent  to  jail  himself  for  preaching 
in  Loudon  at  the  Grace  Clmreh  Street  meeting. 

Penn  had  expected  to  lto  out  to  Penusyivaida 
himself  late  in  the  fall  of  IGM.  but  the  pressare 
of  all  these  concerns  ami  the  rush  of  emigrants 
and  colonists  delayed  him.  He  found  he  v.ould 
have  settlers  from  France,  Holland,  and  Scotland, 
as  well  as  from  Eugland,  and  few  besides  servants 
would  be  ready  t"  'jo  before  the  spring  of  lii82. 
"When  they  go,  I  gn,"  he  wrote  to  his  friend 
James  Hairisen,  "  but  ray  going  with  servants 
will  not  Settle  a  government,  the  great  end  of  my 
going."  He  also  said  in  this  letter  that  in  :-ell  ng 
or  renting  land  he  (deared  the  kin-'s  an.l  tiie  In- 
dian title,  the  puivha-er  nr  1.  --■e  pa'd  the  -eriv- 
ener  and  survex^r.  In  (,)eiMii..r  I'.ini  sent  out 
three  commi-Honers,  William  Cri-pln.  duhn  l]e- 
zar,  and  >vatliauiel  Allen,  to  co-oi>erate  with 
Markham  in  seleetin- a  site  tbr  I'enn'-  pr.pn-ed 
great  city,  and  to  lay  ii  nut.  They  aUo  we'i-e 
given  very  I'll  11,  earet'ul.  and  explieit  in-tnietious 
by  Penn,  iiartieularly  as  to  dealiuL'  \sitli  the  In- 
dians, some  Inilian  titles  needing  to.be  e.\tingui-h- 
ed  by  them.  He  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Indians 
themselves  bv  these  commissioners,  which  shows 
he  had  stiidi.d  the  sava-e  character  verv  care- 
fully. It  tniiehed  the  Indian's  faith  in  the  one 
universal  Great  Spirit,  and  tiuely  appeal,  d  to  his 
Strong  innate  sense  of  ju-tiee.  He  did  n"t  ^^i-h 
to  enjoy  the  great  pi-ovinee  his  kin.'  had  -i\en 
him,  he  said,  willic.iit  the  Indian's  enn-ent.  The 
red  man  had  siitfereil  mueh  inju.-iii-e  t'rem  his 
countrymen,  but  tlii^  was  the  work  of^.lf-eek- 
ers;  "  but  I  am  net  such  a  man.  as  i.-  well  known 
in  my  own  country,  I  haxf  a  great  li.>ve  and  re- 
gard for  you.  and  I  de~ire  t:i  win  and  L:ain  your 
love  and  frieml-liip  by  a  kind.  ju-t.  and  peaceable 


Hie.  and  the  pe,.|.|e  1  send  are  all  of  the  -a.,  . 
rr.imi,  uu^i  -iiall  in  all  thiiej-  behave  them-U,, 
nccordi'ig'y.  and  if  in  ai  ytiiinu'  any  shall  ell:... 
you  or  yo'o  p,.'ooie.  \<.n  shall  have  a  full  a;.  ; 
speedy  sati-f  let'on  tor  tlie  -aiiie  by  an  eipial  nip  ,- 
bcr  af  jj.-t  men  f,a  both  sid< -,  that  by  no  m.a:- 
uw  may  have  jnst  ocea.-ion  of  being  olliaai.  , 
ag;u:i?t  cl'.em."  Tiiis  v,a.-  the  initiatorv  *tfp  ii: 
that  '•traditional  policy'  -f  iV-nn  and  the  (tuak- 
ers  towards  the  l-.diau-nhieh  has  been  .-o  ee.;- 
fi.sieutiy  maintaineil  ever  >inee,  to  the  impeiirii- 
idde  JioTvir  of  thai  sect. 

As  the  year  liHi:  enters!  we  fiml  Penn  rep..rt(  .1 
to  be  "  exiraordinarily  iaisy  "  about  his  provim.- 
and  its  atlairs.  ilv  is  sellin..'  e>r  leasing  a  gtva: 
deal  of  laud,  and  sending  out  many  servants.  A 
thousand  persons  are  going  to  emigrate  alo!,_- 
with  hiui.  He  gets  Claypoole  to  write  to  his  eur- 
respoadent  in  Bordeaux  for  grape-vines,  iit'tei. i: 
hundred  or  two  thousand  plants,  to  carry  out  wit!: 
hiui,  desiring  vines  that  bear  the  best  grapes,  mt 
the  most.  Claypoole  has  himself  bought  tiv- 
thousand  acre>,  wants  to  go  out  and  settle,  but 
doubts  and  fears.  He  don't  led  sure  about  the 
climate,  the  savages,  the  water  the  vermin,  reptiles. 

By  June  1st  Penn  had  made  the  extraordinary 
sale  of  live  hundred  and  sixty-live  thousand  tive 
hundred  acres  of  land  iu  the  new  province,  iu  par- 
cels of  from  two  hundred  and  tifty  to  twenty 
thousand  acres.  Penn's  mother  died  about  thi- 
rime,  causing  him  much  affliction.  The  Free 
Traders'  Society  is  organized.  Clayjioole  makes  Uj' 
his  mind  at  la<t  to  emiirrate,  the  site  for  Philadel- 
phia is  determined,  and  -Markham  buys  up  Indian 
titles  and  .-eitlei>'  land  Upon  it,  so  as  to  have  ail 
clear  for  the  coming  great  city.  Augu>t  31st  the 
Du6e  of  Tork  gives  Penn  a  "pi'"tective  deed  tor 
Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  L'4th  the  Duke  linally 
concedes  New  Ca.-tle,  and  twelve  miles  about  it.  and 
Iloreklll  (Delaware),  between  New  Castle  and 
Cape  Heiilnpe.u.  to  him  by  deed  of  feoffment.- 
This  conciud.  s  the  major  part  of  Penus  busint^.- 
m  Enuland,  and  he  is  readv  to  sail  Sept.  l^t. 
IGSL',  in  the  .diii.  "  Welcome,'-  three  hundred  ton-. 


Captain    Ko 


that  he  write-   the  tuuchin-   letter  to   his  wife   aie 

the   love  of  mv    vciith   and    mueh  the   joy   ,,f  m; 
life  ;  the  mo>t  beieivcd   as  well  as  the  most  worth' 


,,f  nil    my    e:irt 

hl.v 

•    C'-lII 

if'.rt- 

^  ;  ami 

th.. 

,h:it  lovo"u;n  in 

.ii-f 

thv 

iiuv: 

irl  th: 

m  ths 

,^,A.|1.M1C0S,  whi 

rh 

yet  \' 

.vre 

many.' 

•    Ik" 

,U    Deal  with  :i 

la 

•ol„p 

any   o 

f  (.i.n 

iVoiu  the  I)»vn.- 

-    >L' 

lit  a 

Irtte, 

•     nf    ■■ 

,alnra 

f.iithfal  tViru^ls 

iu 

KnsV. 

111.1.' 

DELWVAUK  UNDER   WILLIAM   PKNX. 


!l     an'lK-iionAiie.an, 


This  petiti.iu  appear.st.)  have  he,.-ii  rin._>u-.-.l  at't.jr 
CHAPTER     IX.  Peim's    arrival,   tor   we    lln.l  in  the  miinu.- ..f  th,. 

Provincial  Couueil,  iin.li^r   ,lat.?  ..f  10  I,    ,,t' Thinl 
DEr..\.WARi-:  i-yni;ii  witjjA>[  picnn.  ^loiith  ('Mav  20,  Ki^!),  that   "The  (;..v'r  [P.iin]   , 

InRinns  lliJC.jnneiU  that  he  lia.l  CalJ.-.l  th.-  In- 
Fen'X  was  very  well  represented  in  the  new  ,li;i,i^  t.iir'-tli.'r,  aii.l  pi-..p  .-..1  to  L 't  th.iii  liave  ruin 
province  and  hi.-s  intere-t-  intelli^'ontly  card  tor  [f  ji^.y  xv.iiil.l  lie  .■..ut.iited  to  he  puiii-he.l  a-  v 
twm  the  time  that  Lieut-<TOV.  BroelcliolU,  of  Xew  Kiijli>li  were  ;  wliich  tliev  a-reed  tu,  [irovi.l.-d  that 
York,  surrendered  the  r..l..iiy,  until  h.'  hiiii.- •!!■  ar-  y  Law  of  n.it  .'Selliug  them  Rum  be  aholi-hed." 
rived  and  took  f.nnal  p...-.7-^ion.  llis  eou-in,  "file  hnv  wa-i  in  fact  d"ecl:ired  to  be  a  d.^a.l  letter, 
Capt.  Williani  .Markhain,  Dcputv-*  n.vernnr,  a-^  has  p,,,!;  Jn  ](]m  Vtum  besought  the  Coimcil  to  le-i.-late 
been  seen,  arri\e.l  out  iu  <J,-toiiei-,  lilsl.  .Mark-  ;xnew  on  the  subject  so  at  leti-st  as  to  arre-r  in.lis- 
ham  was  iu  Xew  Y..rk  on  June  21-t.  hut  th.'  first  criminate  sales  of  spirits  to  the  savages.  Thi~  sub- 
record  we  have  of  his  appearance  on  the  Delaware  ject  of  selling  rum  to  the  Indian.-,  is  concinually 
is  the  following:  coming  up  iu  the  Colonial  Piecords. 

••OLiii,-:iti.:.n..fr,unKii,nM,  ■■  "  wh-r.is  w-.'whn,..  i,.ni-:in.iseai,  Penu's  sliip,  the  "  Welcome."  sailed  iViun  "the 
";",|"i!;7n'V'  '■  e  '  .  '  '."  '  ",'."'  .';,"''."':  '';"";  r)..wiie's"  (the  road-^tead  otTDeal  and  Ramsgate. 
f.r>   -■;     .         I  .'    .    ,         .  -  iN.      where  the  Goodwin  Sands  furnish  a  natural  break- 

!'!!!Vr,; ;    .J'-u.;,!.Ji":i'  .''i.  .  .:^,:!  •>:,.■  :^,:  i.r  yi:l^  wali-r  I    ou    Or    about    Sept.    1,    1082.     Claypoole 

it.'S  oil  Si  pteinber  3.1  that '■  we  hope  the  '  Wel- 

iie-.'  with  Williaiii   Peiin,  i-^  gotten  clear."     The 

■*!■  ship  mail.'  a  t.ilerahlv  brisk  vovage,  reaching  the 

'  RuUort  W,i.le,  Jlorsan  Dreivet.  W=>.  \V.joam.(n5e,  (W.  \V.  The  nwrlc  '  ^.     ,         ^ii  '  /-\       "l         oi^v  IX- 

of)  w,u,,im\v,.rnar,Tii,.i.i«Friin..,.n,  .j..ru.-,svn.ii.jQM,  Will  CKyton,  oapes  ot  the  Delaware  oQ  October  24th,  and  >ew 

OituE.iroestKudi,  and  y  mark  (L)ur  L.icy  lur  L;i33e)  Cock.'  Castlc  OH  the  27  th,  b.  ill- thus  tifty-threc  davs  froin 

In  September  Upland    Court    apiiears  to  have  shore  to  shore.     1  h.' voyaLce,  however,  was  a  sad 

been   reorganized    uu.ler    ^larkhani's    iiistnieti.ms  one,  aliu.ist  to  the    point   of  disaster.     The  sniall- 

and  jury  trials  instituted.     The  iu^ti^es  pns.nt  at  pox  ha.l  been  taken  al)..u-il  at  Deal,  and  so  severe 

the    meeting    of    thi-  iiewh -..r_aiii/,.il   .•.uii-t   were  were    its    ravaL'-es   that   ..f  the  one  hundred  passeu- 

Williani  Clavcn.  William  'Wanier,  Ihihirt  Wade,  gers   the   shij)  can  ied,  thiitv,  or  nearlv  one-third, 

William  Bvies.  Otto  Enu-t   ('...k.  Ih.beit    Lucas,  died  durin'j-   the   pa.-ag.^.     The  terrible  nature  of 

L-..isse  Cock, Swell  Sw.u^. .11.  all. i  Aii.ir..i>   Eauk.-ou,  this  pestilence  maybe  ::arhere.l  from  one  <trikinu' 

live  of  them  bein^'  ni.'ino.  r-  ol'  Markiiam  -  (oiiii-  fact,  and  that  is  this:    auti^piarians.  -earehing  fir 

eih     The  clerk   of  tin'  court  ua.   ri„,:ua~  E  v.dl,  the  names  of  these  fiivt  adventurers  who  come  over 

and    the   sheriti"s  name  wa^  .I..linT.st.     '!.«.•  tir>t  with  Peiin, — a  list  of  names  more  worthy  to  be  put 

jury  drawn  in  this  court — the  tir~t  dr.nvii  in  P.  iiii-  .,n    r.ou-.l     than     the     rolls    of    Battell    Abbey, 

sylvania— wasintliecaseofas-aiiltaiidbatt.rv  I'et.  r  whi.-h    pre-.;rves  the  names   of  th.>  subjugators  of 

Earicksen    (•■.■.    Ilarmau   .lohn- ■:,    aii.l    \\ifi.    and  Ihi-laud,   who    came  over  with  William  the  Con- 

their  nanus  were  .Mor-an  Dnw.t,  William  W.,...l-  (nieiMr,— have  been  able  t.i  t^ii.l  the  mo>t  of  them 

man>on,   William    ileuvs,   .Lim.-  En.wue,   lleurv  attaehe.l  a.  u  itnes.-e<  or   otherwi.-e   t.,  the  udlsof 

Uevrnjlds,    E..b:Tt     >,■;,,, :,Lv.    Ei.-iianl     Pittuiai;,  the    well-to-.lo    bui-hcrs  ami   stur.lv  veomen    who 

Lakse  Dolboe,  J..lin   Akiauian,  Pet.r  Rambo,  .!r.,  embarke.l  with  Penn  on  the  -  Weleonie"  and  died 

Henry  lla-tiu'-,    ami  William    O.xK'V;    tu..    m..re  durin- the  v.iva-.'.     The  li-t  of  pa-..n.'ers,  .lerive.l 

of  tiJ'   ])eputv-(;..veru..rV    C..im.-il   beiii-  on   ihis  .-hi.-tlv  rnnu   Sir.  E.iuar.l  Armstron-'- a.Mre.--^  be- 

iury.      At  th.'n.'Xt  meetin-   of   I'plau.l    (.ourt,  in  f,r.'   th.'   Peun-vlvania   IIi~t..rieal  S.jciety  at  Ches- 

NoMaiib,.r.  Maikhaiu  ua-  pivMiit,  aii.l  heait.-ii.h'.l  t.T    iu    l^ol   (his  authorities  being  there  given  iu 

A    p.-tili.m   t.i    Maikham.  ilate.l    tV..ni  "  IV-i.  nk     ■''■^^'■•;';[^^';'^^^^^^ 

•A'.iil.i  lend  to  shou-  that  the-  Indians  of  that  day     "\  J'\     /„,„,,  „,"|,  ,,re<h.  ,.vii,.nc.  i.  th  for  „..i  i-.int  ihe 
'ould  not  see  the  merits  of"  L.jcal  Option."     It  is     a.-.Iumi'a!m'iil'irB,'a.l!oTu'oi'Mru!rr7r''t^^^ 


Thu.ma-  1 

dre.i,  uf  Yu 

Ellfn  (V 

John  F.> 

Thom.s  1 

MiJdlMi-x. 

\Mt.-.  of  Il,r:f.i..l: 
.11  h.-tor,   Krnt. 
:  ill  iriil.lK-an.ure. 


,  ami  8on  John 


filSTORV  OF  DiJ.AnAilt:.  I 

i 


orkshir,.,  a  firs 
Thomas  ilf.n 
John  Hev. 

KICHAKD    Isr, 

U.I  ..,r,    Li,    «ile 
purcliaser. 
OTT,  of  Hursl-rier 

no.     Cl.Tk  to  Pro 

ali.l    fali.ily, 
r.iint,  Sussex 
■iucial  Counci 

f    fjL. 

Fi 

smtior, 
St  [..If. 

Ilv,ll(.,ld, 

najcr. 

aiiir.. 

JOKX  iJooDso:.-,  ,hiri:rg.,.n.  of  S.irif 
8'.ip"Jol.i,,u.-liJ,a!:  -..r-nnst..!! 

'l'';'!i2!r; 

.'i.i  SOD  J.  ,.,,0 

or. 

lOUv:-!, 

tishirt!. 

JoiiNH.s;;TCsai:dE!iz,.bell,,  h,3  ■ 
J.-.sui'AH.v.,ti:;csa3d  x;ii2.ibelh,  hi 

ji:ry. 

J.  Ml.  A  .m',l:: 

'"■'■'■' 

1U..MA9  Hocp,  cf  Brta-on,  Eerbv-lii 

lal.ly  from  Lon 


ily,  of  ParTiJge,  L'. 
S.iriefy  of  Frt-o  Traders,     rami-  in 


■  of  tleJl. 


daughter,  horn  at  sea.  ,v„Ii,„  sight  of  the  Ilela,^are  Oan«.  Oct.  24;  F.  i.  , ,.,.;    IT-  .  ;.,.,-,   ...,.,,,  .-,„   Ue.y.nuu,  an.l  daoghter,  Anne  „,. 


Joh■,,H:;:;:„;l"^,:;;';F:::;::;;;:;;,;^..i^:^"o':K:''a"'^^  ,,^;;;--Ho..o.and3b.r,are,,hi.-«.fe,ofca.,ehi,ht,ren,ht„. 

ighter,  horn  at  sea,  ^vithiii  si"lit  of  tht    " 
1682.) 

, J'^*"^''*'.  fn"gi-ant  from  rhester,  Penn's  friend,  who  renamed  J-s,,.,  ,     [  i  !•  H^'f^lr,-^,  ,n^ 

Ipbnd  after  Lis  native  place.     His  lir.-t  name  rr..l'atilv  Rol,ert  I i    •  -      '    ,.,  ,„i    •       ,,'      -,, 

John  EowLANDatidPnsulla,  his., le.otBill,nsl..i'rJ,tH^;A-    First       no';;,:;..:,.    ;:     ,    -      ,      ^    -  ■■^"""1  """al'l^r  Mary,  of  Llangel,  y 

'^o^t-!^';!^!i^Um:!:Z;:  ";::!"     n^^f';"^::"    <„me  s..v        IrlS"""'^^  ^^'^  '^"Sl-t  an.:  their  mnmy,  of  Xarbeth,  Fe,,,- 
from  Conyhurst,  or  }iitchinL'nel.l,''.sus-ex'!i     IievllJ'fV'.'penn.'^iTemVr         "."^'KI!F'i^^,  srumorK,  of  I.oem  Hill   .'b.^hirp 

John  Jr  \ckiiolse  and  Margery,  his  wife,  of  Yorkshire.  Calei;  Pisey  aii.'l  u  ii,.  \nii   aii.l  ■!  ui'-h't.  r  \nn 

n.'i','.."!"'  ''""^~i'7"    ''''"   )'"'   '■  "   '    '''^  ■  =  >'""'""""  "■*\>l™n:e"in  i     i-,  -',,■     i    ^      !,,...,  iii>'«ife,  aiel  ebil.Iren,— Phebe,  John,  Tho.,K.< 

f,n,j„,  ,'.,"',,    '    ,,  '.,     ,|  ■     ''  "  ■';     -^ '■-■'"ii'g  Iri'-n.l  i>iid       Jim-    ,.  '   I  .loseph,  of  Iluddeston,  Lhesliire. 

\\'i,  ::[.,' w  ,,         ;'li,      '    .  ■   •     ■"  ^"- ""y^^'''-  ■'     ■■•  -.    ■  -- i.ty  of  Free  Tnuiers,  from  Ridley,  Cheshire.     A 

itoii,  Yorksliire.  '    "  ' 
Taylor,  of  sutlin,  Cheshire. 

Tl!r,.MAS  V'-.RNON,    of  Sf.„.,l„.r„.    .X,.!,,.. 

RocEiiT  Veuxon.  of  >i.  ,    -   ,  . 

-'"!'■    '■'    '     T.'^^,    HiiiUh.re.  .V..rth   Wales.  Panoall  Vei-.nox,  .  :    -  ,, 

'■'          .                                                              '  of  r..,n^ll,  Derl-'y-l.iie.                '      "■' Toe,  an  o     ercimien,        j 

i!ai-y,hisvifo,  John  Hcrb.tfsdaiifbter.  Fr.OTi  Pl.iMliD  W.nr.ii.i  (orWoralli   of  Oiu'   R-ksbire 

and.     A1.0  their  I«o  iluugbler8,«ho  died  at           John  Woiirem,.  j.r.Lablv  brother  of  f,.,',-„in-        '  j 

her  of  Asaembly  ill  lC&:i.                                                 Th.jMas  W.ip.Tit   of  (.ixt.a]    \ottiu^hai.-bir     '^  ' 


Dr.  Guor;...  Sn.iili.  in  tl„-  "  rii-trnv  nfD.hnv: 


Tin-  pa-.  n„  r.   hv  the  "  J,,l,n  ami  Snrah  "  :,n.i  ' 

"  Bristnl  Fa.H.ir,"  m,  tin-  a.  kn.iun,  inrlmle  Williai:.  ' 

Crispin,  «h.,  ,li,.,l  ,„,  th,'  «av  ..iit,  .T.ihn  Bezar  ami  ! 

tbniily,  William  J  [ai,v  an,!  Kiin.iv,  Nathaniel  All.n  > 

and    faiiiilv,  J.,hi,   On.r.  E,i„„m.l    L.ivett,  Jn.-tM.l.  I 

Kirki.ri.l^v.  an.|(;ai,ii,lTli.ii„av  j 


Co.,  Pa.,"  .,,f.ali,.<   tl„.t;,ll„.in.-   a.havin.^i.n.lia-  ^""''"^   l^'"   ""'/':"'   "*!l^'V''    ^^"''"''^   ""'   I'^" 

blv  come  ali.mt   ih,-.    lin.r   ..f  William  I'.-nn    -.,,,1,.  ^''"-"'■^  ■""'   ''"■"  "*   f''^' "  \\  >'l'-"iiic      wi-iv  Mil.j.r. 

before   ami     ..il,.-,-    imm.  .liat.lv    af'.iAvtnl-"  an.l  ^" ''"'•"."' •^■"'    v..va_a- to  tla-  I  Vlawaiv,  v,  Inn   iIl 

before  the  en.!  .if  JtiM'-  "  "        ''  "■'twal   in-iin,:^  .,t   man  aiv   ,,;,„, -,1   to  tAn..r  aa.!       i 

R...Ann„ARXAnt„of  .,en.id..,„e,n„M„i,neto.n  -l^-^h  -l-.un.  IVnn  -l,.,w.,l   him..|f  at   his   1,,-,.       ^ 

Jorx  niA,...,  or  l;ale,s»h,v.iiarried3Iarv,d,ui,hterof  William  Clay-       ^^^"^  """"''^  ""'^'-  ■""'   '"-'f  ' '^    '"^  Ini'mi.-.  wa.^    -iv.n         1 

"j;,:;xCx^,,ofDer.vshire,bi,„in.Sarabandtwoehi,dr.n      .       ^  ' ''"    ^"I•I7^"|■  ^'^  -'-  j'"''"';^"''''""    "'■''"         I 
preacher.if  theSU,,,,..lv.  „„u,berof  the    \.-eml.lyard  of  l'onan°'anl       "^l"?.    tl"'    burial     (it      tllO     i!,a<l.        Klrharfl     Tli\\a-  \ 

Epeakerofthef^™erbo,h.  '  '  sll.  ll.J,  a  t;  ij- o -[  .a  ~>.  11 -.T.    sii.i ,    -  1 ,  i^  -ood  con V,  I-         | 

" ^  "      '  ■  "  inilc.u.l    ill  i..ntri!i'ii'i:-;  -        ■• 

uh..  «.,-..  M,-k«ith    !i;.' 

iiaiiy    i:...,.l   nu-eiinirs  ,„i 

iurd."    In  ihu-e  i.i.iiis  M-rvios  l>,.„n  had  th-  .•m- 


.on.     The    cvi.lelle 

e  i»  con- 

IIi.< 

inuulai 

..■air    ua 

C    Kliisbt,  of  Abi 

en  b.ini  of  Fneli, 
h  of  October,  Its'. 

.;don.  ia 
1  taunts 
the  day 

to  th 
suial 

ia'!x": 

ti.^    .if  11 
.    W'c   h 

dkl.vwaup:  I'xnKR  wilijam  phx.v. 


,lial  iM^lp  of  UvM-  Pe 
.-ratefuliy    -uv    tl.r 
town  on  the  Dulauai- 
v.,rs   hin.le.J,  an.l   tla 
priatc  nanu>  nf  Upla 


The  record  of  Pi  uu"?  a 
f>llows:  "Octobui-  -JS,  ( 
hvv.  arrived  W-t\,;x'  tl... 
t.iwn  of  Nru-  Castl.',  in 
Delaware,  from  Kn-land, 
William  Penn,  E^'\; 
proprietary  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, who  produced  two 
certain  deeds  of  feoff- 
ment from  the  illustrious 
prince,  James,  Duke  of 
York,  Albany,  eti;.,  tor 
this  town  of  Xew  C'a-tk', 
and  twelve  miles  aljuut 
it,  and  also  for  the  two 
lower  counties  the  Whore- 
kill's  and  St.  Jones's, 
wliich  said  deeds  bear  date 
the  24th  August,  1682  : 
and  pursuant  to  the  true 
intent,  purpose,  and  mean- 
ing of  his  royal  hiLihue.^s 
in  the  same  deeds,  he, 
the  said  William  Penn,  re- 
ceived possession  of  tbe 
town  of  New  Castle,  the 
2Sth  of  October,  1682." 
This  delivery  was  niafle, 
as  the  records  show,  \<v 
John  Moll,  Esii.,  anil 
Uphraim  Plerman,'  gen- 
tlemen, attorn. .Ns,  consti- 
tuted by  his  r.'.yal  hi-h- 
iicss,  of  the  town  of  Dela- 
ware otherwise  called  New 
*  'ustle;  the  witnesses  to  the 
formal  ceremony  in  wliieli 
the   kev   of  the  foit    wa- 


.  iiTid  w.i.  lu  L't.lanJ  on  tlic  c 


8i 


IffSTORY  OF  DKf.V'V. 


to  receive  po.~.-e:-sion  of  the  lo-wer  counties  irmn 
Moll  and  IKrriKin.  This  \mi^  .l.aie  un  Xuvemhi^r 
7,  1G82. 

He  also  reconiin.  ii.ImI  a  rniivt  to  meet  :U  Xew 
Castle  on  ydvenilur  lid.  On  that  day  l\un  was 
present  with  the  justices,  and  ^larkhani,  IL.Jnic, 
Haigt',  Synicock,  and  Brassey,  of  the  Provinciai 
Council.'  The  lower  counties  gave  in  their  allegi- 
ance to  ^Farkhain  for  Penn  on  November  Ttn. 
In  the  interval  between  his  arrival  and  the  meet- 
ing of  court.  Octohcr  "iOth.  Penn  went,  to  Upl;"id 
to  pay  a  short  visit.  It  was  between  November  "id 
and  the  8th  that  Penn  arrived  in  Philadelphia. 

Penn  was  n(jt  idle  while  his  pecjple  were  ■•euin- 
ready  for  the  uint.  r.  Hr  -ent  ort'two  n;. --rii-w- 
to  Lord  Baltimore  -to  a,-k  cfhi.-  l..alL!i.  nti;  i  Kiu.i 
neiudiborhond,  and  a-r^e  iiih.ii  a  tin-r  tlie  better  to 
establi.-h  it."  Vu  i,~Mud  a  writ  „n  November  ISrh, 
to  Peter  P.auei.uiii,  the  :;h.  ritl'.if  .b.n--;  Oouuty,  to 
summon  all  freeholders  on  the  L'Oth  "■  iwA  ei"i  <  u\'\ 
of  theuKselves,  .seven  pers"iis  nl"  iim-t  ii.ire  .br  wir:- 
dom,  sobriety,  and  intep:rity  tn  ^nv.-  a-  their  drpu- 
ties  and  representatives  in  <  n  tu  ral  .\:-  mblv,  to  iie 
held  at  Upland,  in  Pennsylvania.  I  ),e,  mb'.r  (ith, 
nest,  and  then  and  there  to  (■on>ult  nith  hb-n  lor 
the  common  good  of  the  inliabitantsof  that  province, 
and  adjacent  counties  of  New  Castle,  St.  Jones  and 
Whorckill,  «/i((sDeai,  uniler  his  charL'e  ami  juris- 
diction." On  the  jauic  day  Jnhn  Viiic^  was  aji- 
pointed  sheriff  of  '\Vli,.avkill  and  ]'enii  di- 
rected him  to  hold  an  election  for  seven  repn- 
sentatives.  Similar  notices  were  issued  to  the  other 
counties.  Peuu's  province  was  then  divided  into 
three  counties, — Phihub  Ipbia,  Bucks,  and  Chester, 
— and  the  tcrritorii-s  int.j  Niw  Cattle,  Jones,  and 
Whorekills,  ulia--<  Deal.     The    names    of  the  two 


in    the  diitluariie  of    the  sai.l  tnvit.     .\uj  tliii 
I  iindi-r  my  hauii  anil  seal,  in   Ntw  Cjistlc,  this 


istlves,  is  alsu   preserved  as  fol- 
ril.p.1,   being   h.v  Willi.Tni  Penn, 


"  iVr  luy  h.n  in-  hi.n.ls,  .Tulin  Moll,  Peter  .^irickp,  Johannes  Ue  Hue 
William  Simple,  .\rnoiatis  lie  la  Grange,  and  John  t.'ann.  \>  hoe  acce; 
tance  and  obligation,  signed  b}-  them 


Esq.,  piopneti-ir  and  i:ovei 
Castle,  if.,  aiipiinled  jv, 
upon  llela«are,  and  t% 
to  the  n..ith  side  of  line 
dec-l..re      ^.l;d     full  ninlj    1 


un    therein.     The    pn.pi 
at  Philadelphia,   where 


ilie  cl,-c  nf  ll„,  vear  (Drrrn,!. 
•d,— Deal  to  >u--.x.and  Jo,„, 
■  o.-c.-fd  tl.itt  Cane  IIenl..p,'U  1 


:ftbeI>,_iuitv-(. 


ernor  ai 
iou  dirr 
the   kc. 

•e.M.lved. 


i-irf.l,; 


bcL 


After  }-enn  had  laid  otf  his  province,  he  t<.ok 
a  hei.^e  and  rod-'  ro  New  York,  to  r-ee  tlie  Ooverihi;- 
tiieiv.  ard  !(.()k  intu  the  atlair.-,  uf  his  friend,  tin 
Duke  ot  'i'ork's  province.  When  he  returned  he 
'lict  the  j^>iL-mbly,  on  December  4th,  at  I'plaial, 
Nicholas  More  was  jiresident.  The  first  day  wa- 
Gevoted  to  organization  and  the  selection  of  com- 
ri.iitees:  on  tiie  second  day  the  credentials  of 
ir.embers  and  contested  election  cases  were  dis- 
posed of,  and  the  House  proceeded  to  adopt  a  serit  .- 
uf  rules  and  regulations  for  its  government.  The^- 
have  no  special  interest,  except  that  they  show  il.i' 
Lower  House  had  set  out  to  become  a  deliberative 
body,  !jnd  was  prei)ared  to  originate  bills  as  well 
aa  vote  upon  them.  The  three  lower  counties  sent 
m  a  petilinn  si'.;iied  bv  seven  persons  from  New 
Deal,  sis  from  .<t.  ,b.iie.-,and  tive  from  New  Ca- 
tle,  asking  for  annexation  and  union,  and  the 
Swedes,  Finns,  and  Dutch  another,  asking  that 
they  might  be  niaele  as  free  as  the  other  members 
of  the  province,  and  have  their  lands  entailed  upon 
them  and  their  heirs  tbrever.  The  same  day  a 
bill  for  annexation  and  naturalization  came  down 
from  the  Governor  and  was  passed,  and  on  the 
ne.Kt  day  the  Legislature  passed  Penn's  "  Great 
Law,"  so  called,  and  adjourned  or  was  prorogued 
by  the  Governor  fur  tweuty-.jue  days.  It  uever 
met  again. 

The  act  of  unie>n  -  of  the  countiis  of  New  Ca-tle. 
Jones's,  and  Wlioivkill,  alia-  Deal."  and  naturali- 
zation •■  uf  all  torei-nei-s  in  the  prnvinee  and  coun- 
ties ature:^aid,"  after  ivcitinL'  I'eiin'.-  ditierent  tith.- 
to  Peiinsvlvania  and  the  three  hiwer  couiitie-  or 
Delaware"  IIiiiidre.l>,  and  tlie  lea^un.-  there  ueiv  in 
favor  of  a  closer  union  and  one  government  f  .rtii 
whole,  enacts  that  the  counties  inentiuiied  "  aie 
hereby  annexed  tu  the  province  of  Peiui.-yi\  ania. 
as  of  the  proper  terril.irv  theivof.  und  tiie  p.opl. 
therein   .-liaH    be   -overmil   by  tl,.-  -ame   Iau>and 

hal>ila!its   oi  I'eiiii-ylvania  lio  ,.r  .-IkiII  eiijoy."'      I'o 


further   tin 
enacted    tl 


airp. 


.t  ot 


DELAWAKK  rNKKll  WILLIA.M   rKNN. 


f;.r(M,L^nors    tli:it    do 

d.it   tl,i 

ITovil 

ccLiiities    :ilni(^:ii.i; 

and   u 

,0    ,,ro, 

li.^r    :,ll 

■L-iaiii't 

to  tlie  Kill;:  "f  1:11- 

1     olu'di, 

HV    to    t 

lie  on, 

[irietary  and  liisLjdv 

rniiiriit, 

-.-hall  1 

r   Inil 

iihI  re 

iiiiti'd  "tri'cnu-ii  ol'  I 

ir  provii 

rr  und 

MUlltl. 

-  11  Ion 

^:lid,  ill   as  ani|ik'  a 

id    Cull 

raiiiirr 

a^aiiy 

rr^idinu'   tliLiviii  :'• 

otiirr  t; 

lui'JIKl> 

ill  til'.' 

lutiuf 

iqiou   inakiiiL:-  ai.]Ji 

aiioii  ai 

1  pa\  ill 

^-  t\\'.  lit 

V  ddli- 

illL'S    ^toi-liii-,    to    li 

■    iiatur; 

li/,d'  ii 

lik.'    I 

laiiiHT 

Tlii.<    act,   say.s    1'.  11 

1,   in    a 

Irtln-   u 

rit;.ai 

-li  a-ti\ 

afteiwai'ds,  "  ininh 

plva.,.d 

til.-    (.,■, 

,.1.*  . 

.     I'li't, 

Swedr^,  for  tluni-e! 
(luaint   liiiii   that   th 

■es,    d..,„ 

ted  La 

l.ivr,    - 

y  ('o.d< 

.lolay 

day  ilicy  ov.r  >aw."  An  -  a.t  ot  ..■,,ttl.-i,u-iit  "  aj.-  ^he  second  arti.lr  ,d'tl,._'  .'.xle  re.juires  tliat  all 
[M-ars  to  hav.;  l.cui  pa-^ul  at  tin-  smu- tin,.-,  lu  ..ffi^^,,  .„„i  jh.,.,,,,,  ••  ,.,,„„„i-Moiiat.',l  -  an.l  in  th.. 
wlii(.-li,  owing  to  ''the  fVwnt'.-s  ut  thr  iil-o[i1l-,"  the  <^.i-vic(>  of  th.'  ( 'oiiiin..ii\\.  tltii  am!  ■  1  Ir- ■  •  1 
lumiber  of  representatives  \vas  redue.-.l  to  time  in  ,i.-].uti.'S  in  A.->.'i.,l,iv,  aii.l'-  „/'/  'll,„f  hurr  tlr  rn'/ht 
the  Council  and  nine  in  the  AsscniMy  from  .'aeh  f,,  j,,.f  ^.,„,/,  J,,,,,/;,.-  .||-dl  he  <iich -i-  uroti-s -ii  .[ 
county,  the  meetings  of  ill. ■  I. i-i.-laliin- to  lii'annii-  ,l,.,.|.,,-,.  thc\-  lii'li.<  .•  in  fi-iH  (_'liri-t  to  I  •  tl  '< 
ally  only,  unless  aiK'nier-oii.  y  >hoiil.l  .lei-iir  in  th.;  ,,i(;,„i  aii.l  Saviour  .if  tlie  v.irl.l  "  >-:r  Tlii*  wis 
opinion  of  Govern.jr  and  Coun.il.  ^^^  ,,,'rhaps'  illil.eral  f  .r  P.-ii'ii .-'  .'lavjuit  uml,  r'it 
Penn's  "Great  Law,"  pa,-sed  as  al.ove  recited,  ,„,(  ,j„i,.  ,,theists  an,l  inli.l.'ls.  hut  iVrian^au.l  S,,- 
contained  sixty-nhie  secti.jus.'  It  re|iresents  the  cinianswere  d.nie.l  tlio  ri  hi  oi' <utfr-i"('  ."-w  "ir'i  "■ 
final  shape  in  whieli  the  proprietary's  "  frame  of  '•  hv  the  iiini.'ofl  io.l  oi- C'lui-i  .ir  J '-us  "  w  s  m  '  1~ 
goven.nient"and  code  of  "laws  agreed  upon  in  .,hl,'.  upon  1._m1 ''.■'.uivirii,,u,  liv'a'fiue  of  ttve '"hill- 
England  "  conjointly  w-ere  laid  before  the  Legisla-  ij,,^^  ,u.  j^^.,.  ,|.,v.'  hai-.l  lih.iriii  the  House   iff 


ture.     The  \aiiation>  tVoin  the  original  forms  wcr 
lunieroiis,  >om.'  ..f  tlniii  important.     The  language 

pn-ot,„„'„t"  an.l  'l,la-ph.iuy  an, 

.is 


of  the  re\i.-.il  .■.i.li-  i- much  improved  over  the  Hrst     i,i-j-,,iiiniiit     ami  'lihi-iihtiii\-  'iml   cui'-iu"-  ii  .•    ■■•.1 
forms,  both    in    (li'.nit\"  ami  su.-laiiif.l   f.rce.     'I'li.'      .;,,,;i.i>-   .,..,,.,1.;.,        1  il.  ,.. 


a.lmiration,  and  they  .lioul.l  have  tlieirjilace  here  :  yi„,a,,r  ,,,,s    ,^',^10  'puui-liali!,'  with  .h-ath   an.l 

"THE  GEE.\T  L.^W;    on,  the  body  or  L.vws  OF  THE  PnovixrE  or  contiseatioll  of  pnipertv,  |o  1 1._-  i|i\i.i..l  li.tween  the 

Pf.XNSVLVA.VIA  AMI   TEKRITOniES   TIIHEEIXTO   CEEOXOI.W,,  PASSED    AT    AX  <. . «' .i-pi-'-       •llll       tll^        'vl        'I'  r  t'    l' '  Tl 

Hecemuee,  I6s'2.         '  '  '  punishment  for  maiislauulit.r  was  1. 1  he  L;'railiiateil 

"  UViereos,  the  glory  of  Almighty  God  and  tlie  soiid  of  mankind  is  iLq  i-  .       .1  .  f     i  ,.-  i^  1     . 

roason   and   end  of  guvernn,™t,  und   tl.er..r,.l-e   -ovornment,  in   it-olf,  iiCCOrdlUg    t.i    til.'    IiatUn'   ..f   I  he  oil.  Il-e.        lor  a.lul- 

Js    a  vener.We   orJinaiio-  of  r..,.\  ■    a„J    fu.a-m.Kb  a,- it  i.   prin.  i|..'ly  tciy   the    penally   Wa-   [llllili.'  uhippillL:  and   a   V.-ar's 

|''||-'-ji;^^-'.^'''^  ■-:-■'■•-  •;■•■'—    "      ■-         ■■;       -■■■■■•■■  v\a~    iuipn.-oiimont    for   lilo,  an   a.'ti.'U   f .r   div.ir.',' 

l'",*;.,' :!-''!!:'r,;'"',\^"'    '    ;  ":  ."  ,  :;  ,]    ':  ,',      '  ,"     \';;',';  al>o   Ivm-  at   th.-  .ipti.m  ..f  tlio  a--rieved  hu-l.aiid 

;":;'■■    \. ''[''"'  '       '    .      '  ■..':„.,„..  or   wit;';   iiir,'>t,  torfoitiire   of  half  ..lU's  .v-tate  and 

V,   "■:     ,,;/'.       '     ■    ,       .     ■,'  '■'"','"!:!-  a    y.'ar's    impri^..iim,'iit, ;    ^.-.-..ii.l    oti.■n:^e,    the    liie 

''■■"''    ■    ■     ■     ;     -"     '-r   -;,    •';:' '      '  -  -  :.f'r.-  i,.,,„  ;   -..d.niiy,  u  hippin-.  toHriiun'  of  ,„u;-thinl  .,f 


itlity  God  beins  only  I-ord 
llie  author  IIS  well  as  oliji-^ 

iidelKtuniliiigof  po.ple  in  . 


otal 

ll      .ill'el 

-i\ 

111. . nth.- 

in    prison 

;    life   t.-i 
>  .   .  1  ,  ;  ,■  1 

11  1 

jure. 

party 

or 

i.'\t   tVi. 

i.l.uhippi 

1'"^" 
cali.i 
an.l 

1.  thn  . 
if   par 

th-'  lab 

u-  ill   lloU- 
le.   t.i   ma, 

■..rc'on-. 

■ti. 
.itl 

alter 
ri.'.l 

h.'  fort 

:    th 
it- 

■  n.-thln 

;     if   th.' 
hi.-   .-tat, 

man    be 
in  a.hlit 

on 

Ivlll'. 
UoU 

in   pr 
.'  .if  Ci 

rr.'.' 

p..ly._a 
i.ift.  " 

iiv,  hanl    1 

abor  tor 

ife 

S6 

J  [V   (  r  ^ 

^     I    \U    VI 

Tho  penalty  for  wl 
is  punMic'.l  with  . 
p,m.,l.,n.nt  at  ,|,- 

Hi)M«'-l.ri!nki[l_'     ai 

ling  rum  to  In.iiii 
i,MHrc,-m..iit  of  ,1, 

1.1    l..r,>.iiy   ,i',„u 

ne    f 

I 

V        t 

f;u;tiun;  f.ircLl' 1  .'■ ','', 

i!'v"hl'V,"n'!,''.'i 

\  n"    \.i   I 

w  t.i    the    I.,..r,|.  ,,f  tlie  C'onimitt,-..  , 

llui:i;>iil:i-    ,-<ril,  in.ut    „f  Frim.U    ,, 
<k-!    ai..!    Tail.i.c   O.imtiL-.s    ^larvl.i,, 
reriching  hl^  (!,'Stin.itiiiii  on  the  2'.)tli. 

a','l'JuT''v";^u'^/"';:!;'!;;^^7;:'"" '''■'"'"'''"" ^  ''''■'' :'^'-"  '''■-■•  ■■^•'■^ -^  >-ri-v  i>u-v  one lor  ^\■illia;, 

r^Mt»,,l..,Mu-.;t.M,,,Ji-,r;alJ.hn!^!;'!l;':;t'';i"fc°,'^l;^^  P^'""-       A  ^l^'^^t  ,..;-;,.,l-  ot\ .  .lo„  i,u  am  Vc.  1.  \,u][.: 

••■•^^'^11    '    ■■     ^       ''i.    '  ''..!'!.''. V'.u.ce  of  diai!eL!,ed.,.,.,r,d  a  '"'^^     uuiong     ;■,!  nl  ,,::..jr-'     ua.-    a     >ourcc     of    inii,-:' 

!'"";'!'.'  ;'.','.''     '       '      ''    "'''""  "';""'^'"  "'"rl;!-- '"■--'.    Jiii'V.u.i  care   ailj    piTolcclrv,   tho    lin^s    aim     l)oiin,ls    an. 

'"-■-■''-'■'        .   .     ■        ^^'■''•■'   ■'•'v' !■'■'■'"  ,'V:."'v'^l!;  sf-ff^-    of  tlic    ii.w   citv   ■■.■■luin.,!  t.>  lie  R.a.|jii-r.,i 

h;":,","'..:,';,.       ■  ':  ,  ■  -       '^    '■       _  ■,;      --.^^  tl'^-Coonci;  ao.'  .V-ea.hiv  l.a.l  t..  l.e  ncwU-  cK;,-t,. 

"I '  V  '     ■'    -  1'.,  ■  ■,  •ii.!°o  "i^J    ':r-aiu/<;l.   wiih    mil,!,    iiui.ortaru   Ir-i-Uulv. 

fl'veor't.n'd,',vs7„a„.v.MkJ,;,L.;"'-'  ""'  '  "  '■■■"-  '""■'■   "-"''"^  busiijess    beJur,.  thrill,  ai.ii   ihoiv  were  be^.h.s,  th. 

■•XXXII.  slanderers,  sc^„J.il-n,oni,.e,vi,„mlspr..:i,lersufraI.enew8.va       botmrlarv  quc-^tion    all,l    iutervieW.S  witll  Lord   I^.ai 

!v,,!r.^"irt;"rt['Tt"Mi:["oitirpZf,"^^  "'"!"''^'  ^"'^'''"  '■""'  '•■•-"''■^ "''''  t'"^"-  t'^^Hou^  i„v 

''■■;'-■;''"■    '     '  -  iunumry  couneu^  an.l   pou-«-,,u^,  and  in    additi.,. 

.,.;..^^   :'         '    ,  ::.™rasen,entofn,arri:tgeH«.itwu3       tO     all    this    ail    eYlen<iv,.    a,„l    ,.v -,  ,.t  i,,..  ,., :   ; 


.aire.       Pemi,    liowe^. 


liKil    to   it  all. 


'xxxvir'ii  ,•  "",.':     :    v:  "  ■""   !'.!''"!,■;' C':.tv,u„db„     "isiHtaiued  lii=,  health,  spirits,  and  energy 


third 
atid  tbe 


or  whoTh'^ii'.i.' '    '                                ■      '  ■  "  '"■''  ■'';'"''■■'"-■  "'''•^'  ''■'^"-     -^^^  '^^■'•'^  ^'^""'^  ^''"*''  f*^  '"''^ke  a"  exteu- 

jnHti.lof;!,,.',:  ,      .                .:....'ii.^^u.iju.iKefindml^!Le  "'m-  *'^'° '^'^"i"  ^'ii'<^"i:^^i '"' t'=''»''tories,  visited  the  Indian 

P'^";,;"  ;" ''  /'                      .■  -'"...  lunbem  in  suu,»ay  as  they  tribes   in  friendship  with   them,  curionslv  studied 

tu'k,,,'..' ,  ,1,'.  ,i  .    ,:,                :!;;,""e!'^' """■'■  "'"'  "''"  "'"'"  "'■'"  '"  '^''^'i'"  iJiiinnsrs  and  customs,  and  even  piJked  up  a 

ami'l^oVi,''ri..v'„Mi,'-h',iii'e'  ^  II  f'r'n'  '",'"''''"-''""'-'.' "' '"^-  "e^"  Smattering  of  their  tongue.     Penn  was  more  and 

cbe»ler'qnartr,n!'i',.~^JLroneVe""vra''i".?-'n.'"'^^  ?nore  pleased  witli  his  pry  vluec  the  moie  he  ^a  w  of  it 

?uuce?,.)a'".''p.?''.'.l  "'Tr!,'d;„''u',.rn^'l'M''',''      '      ,'       ''      '     '   ""'-"-'''  '^'"^  ^^'"^    ^''^''•"'^  ^^"''^^^    ^^*^    ^^'^'^^  ^'^'■'^    ^'C   liad    ^et    il, 

aii'i.  ' .  1^  -.'   .              .'  '"'",'  •"''.",', :'"   '     .         :'  ,    '  """,'.';,  niotion,  even  while  he  could  not  conceal  from  him- 

b,'.','','  "  " :     ,  :         .,.',  'i   ','   ;':':'            '    '~"'""  '*'^''-  ^''^'^  ^^^  new  province  was  going  to  prove  ditti- 

■i"!!."'-.  I'M  "..   ':. ..  .  :  ■' .  I  '  •  !  ,:',>'  ,.'.'  l,':'^,. ,  '„ ,,  '.    ,'•'■"■■"  cult  for  him  to  govern,  and  that  his'liberal  expen- 

o^^^^lur'"  .  '          .  i''  alien  names';f.tre'vH:"r'""j''  '■l''"''"  '"  behalf  of  its  Settlement  would  eventual]  V 

-itbe  week,  an.]' firl,',' ,^;!',;od|'La  plunge  hiui  deep  in  pecuniary  embarrassments. 

a.:iu.^' with  , he  day  called  S.J '..lay,  The  Govenior   ajipoiuted "  ucw  sheriils   for  th. 

'•Sections  Xll          I  M  ..     .     .   n.-endof  thi3cn,learesnb5tantially  several    COUntieS,  Ulld    oldele.l    them     to    issUCWri:- 

cm^::::::: .^. ,; ,   ,:-'i.i:;v^:t!::tu;etb"-:r"'^  ^'  ^ z^'^'  '^^'^^^'""  ■''' ""•'"'"'■^ "^' ^^^^  provincial 

of  justice,  tbe  .:...,)..,  t,  1.1,    ...    hnv,  iVgislration   iliicrtl'ie'imrTtyrf  ^"'^Ulicil     and     General     -\.>selllllly            The    "  'let     el 

:^;X.h:i.,:e*:r::;::;:;;;:luy^u!:::;:;':^:.^^^  settlement,-  or  trame  of  gov..|nn,ent  proviMonaHv 

After   the   mectin,   of  the  A.semblv    Penn  ^et  '^;'°p'^|^ '^[ '''^';«^  LegUhuure  in  its  brief  .e.-i„n 

out    on   December   lltli  to   ■..  to  vi^r  Vonl  l",[^  M'^"^'l.  or  Uiester.  ha.     ananged  tor  the  elec- 

timore,  with  wh.. Ill   he  ha.l  an  ai.|H.ii,tm,.iu  t'.r  tl  ^  '      ''   ,    ""."'''    "      ^''''^'^   I"^''=ons    from  each 

19th.     The    meetiii-    t.i.,k    , ,!•„■,.     ,t    W. -,    Pi-,."'  '■"""^•\' ■""'■'  '"''"'^■'■''1  -^--'""l.^- to  consist  of  n<.r 

where  Penn  was  e,,u,a,.,.,.lv  an,M:,V'tabv    'm.'  """^  '''^'^'  '""  '"""'"''    ''■•""-'•     The  people  of 

tained.     Xothin^^   ua.    a..,;,n,.li-he,l    li;,u,"v,.r    in'  '"-' 7'""^"  - '";"';^ ''■■  '"""^''t   that   this  woiild   be 

thewavof  seftlin.r  the   boiin.larv  di-miie    l„.vi,n,l  "            ■    ''\               "'"'"  ''  ''^''"^''^'^   '""'    ^''^   y^'^ 

a  general  .ii.eii..ou  of  .he  ,n,,eei.  liabm,.::'  ::;:;•  1  iiT :;;':; ;,::!';:;;:''-,,"/i'''"  "!":■"  '^■''■';- 

contended    f,r   uhat    his    ehart-r  ■_'.iv...  him  :   ]',,,„  ae..',idii,'.|'    ih,  v        .    ,';''"''"'''"  '=!"-"'=''-^"'--  ■""' 

hs\,,la'ati!!n''';!,iai,d^*hulH'noiim'e"ii^  iZnu-l-Jc'l  Ti]    'Y'T""^    '"   '""','"    '^"-'. 

tion    in    whi.-h     I'enii  aii.l  the  Virginian  Ch.ib.M.e  \  ";  I" '' '  ^ '  '"" 'I;  l'-   -<  t.,  act   as   meiiibe,-  ..i 

t.ioK    e,,miii.,n    ,r,.„i,d.      d  he    i-M,e    of   f,,,     .,,    ,..  '.,.| "    l'   I   "''"""■  '     ■        ,        ■ 

'"  i''^'   L<"Ji^h,l.in.   met  lor  111,,  fii-.t   time  in  Phila- 

l''l|'h>a.  the  ('..u.i.al  an.l  (iovenmr  e,m,in-t....eth,  r 


wlieth.-r    tlie    l).-hnva,e   limi.hv.l.-   u,.,v  ..trl,,] 

r;;:::,,:...':r:,:i::!':'j;;:';r:':r;r      .-.;-.:-.oi,.,...,„..:, .,.„„„,..., , 


iteii.lin..'   partie--hoiil.l 


Tlie  members, .f  the  (; 


;?:;ui  h>.'''' Th.':;;:i;2;;i:;:it:ii:-:a;:d'^  y^''-,  ''-'}-r  '^'' ■-  "'■''-■  '■--  '-'- 

ing  to  meet  a.ali, ili ^laivh. I;;;:;!:' ,:;■;:  \!;r'f-  '■'   ■'L-'u'-n-  ""■'■;■""• ''"-''' 

to  write  out  hf^oun  vieus  an.l  hi.  ou„  aee.ai    r  of  AV   T'         ''  J-p""'".':-  .  ^^  '"'^^"^    *  '^'.^"f"''    J  =  ^''i"'' 

><i  m.   ouu  a,  e.aintot  A\  uh.Ts,    ^^  iiluim     Haiee.    John    .Mojf    K.hiinnd 


DKLAWAUE  UN[»i;U  WILLI  A  >[   I'KXN. 


i,k.  IMuanl  .-..utliriii, 
iKrr-  .ifthr  A".i„l.lv, 
ti.s  nn  til-  Ihhr.y.w, 
im.  .r.hii  I):,rl,v.  Vul- 
panis  ILii.uiii,"  .Tolm 
Willimii  (iu.-t.  IVtiT 
A-„^— .L,J,nLriL'L's, 
l<l..lnhn(.'urtis  IMi.rt 
r.nuldMO, 
r.— Luko 
Kl.-i,1,.,r. 
Inhnliill, 
:lius  Vfi- 

Pl.ihuJel- 


Caiuuell,     Fran.'L^    Whitu.H.    .I,.l,n    ][ 

.I,.l,n    IliUianl,  Willia'ii   V 

ana  .J(>hn  liMa.ls.      Th.^  ,n,- 

inmi    the    tlmv   l,,urr  mu 

«ore:  A'- (crVr-//..— Jnlm  C 

.■ntinc     IloUiii-wnrth.    (ki 

Dfhraef,   Jaiii,-   Wiliian,-. 

Alrichs,  ILn.lrirk  Williaia 

Siinun  Irnns,  Tl.-nias  IIa-~Ml,|.  .Inhn  ( 

IVluell,    AVilliam      \Vi„.UniM,v.    ,L. 

Daniel    BnnMi,    Leiioni     lli-hnp.      ,^ 

Wation,    Alexaijilir    DraiKi-.   Willi 

Henry  T-ownian,   Alexau.l.  r  MnW-.v 

Iviliort    Bracv,  Ji.lin    Ki}i>haven,  C 

h,.of. 

At  the  firet  meeting  of  tlie  C'ounci 
piiia,  JIarch  10,  1083,  Pluu  took  the  i  hair  and 
sixteen  of  the  eij:htLen  councilois  •\\eie  present. 
The  sheritib  of  the  diiftient  lountic-  (  Edmund 
CaIlt^Yell  fui  >l\\  C'a-tle,  Pati  l]aii(  omli  t,,i  K' nt, 
and  John  \'iut  s  for 
Sussex)  were  called  in 
and  made  their  return* 
respecting  the  election. 
The  rules  were  of  the 
simplest :  the  Govti  nor 
ordered  those  speaking 
to  do  so  standing'  "ii' 
at  a  time,  and  tac  in_ 
the  chair,  and  till  nn  m- 
bers  agreed  upon  a  nm 
voce  vote  in  all  c\- 
cept  persona!  matte  i.?. 
"When  these  arose  the  vote  was  to  be  liy  ballot. 
The  question  of  the  power  of  electors  to  change  the 
number  of  representatives  without  ninililyinLr  the 
charter  at  once  arose,  when  Penu  answeivd  that 
they  might  "amend,  alter,  or  add  for  the  Publiek 
good,  and  that  he  wa.s  ready  to  settle  such  Founda- 
tions as  might  be  for  their  hajipiness  and  the  good 
of  their  Posterities,  according  to  y"  powers  vested 
in  him."  Then  the  Assembly  chose  a  ."ipeaker, 
and  tin  re  was  an  adjournment  of  Council  till  the 
12th.  At  the  .-essiou  of  Council  of  that  day  nnth- 
ing  seems  to  have  been  done  beyond  cdminllinL'' 
L)r.  Nicholas  Jlore,  president  of  the  Society  ,.f  Fno 
Traders,  to  appear  and  apohiLrize  for  haviirj-  abwM.d 

CDtnpanv  in  a  publirk  liiMi.-t\  .  .  .  a>  lliat  l!iev 
have  this  day  broken  the  .  Iiart.r.  and  ih,  u-f  .re  all 
tliat  you  do  will  come  tn  notliinir  i.'i:  tl 
in  Enu-land  will  cur,-e  vnu  for  what  v. 


ili.r 


hundreds 
ave  done 
vou  mav 


Dr.  ^[ 

n\ 

•s  ap 

.'■1. 

a   det. 

ni 

n^.l   , 

-sii 

n    was 

oc 

■Upin 

le.- 

and  sii 

stion 

w 

IS    obvi 

iU> 

that 

m.  and  tl 
I'reason  for  what  you 
Acre  am]ile,  as  became 
Uive.      Thr  next  . lav's 

aniendin-  ihr  ohartrr. 


■ntlv  onl 
Dr.  .Mo 
to    a~k 


Th 


IS  was  t 

manity  or  moral 
tress'  interests, "- 
severely  servants 
that  the  jmni.-lin 
corporation  of  tin 
the  ea 


tiled 
Ka-al. 

atH 
od, 

of 

ba 
F, 

itivel. 

o.        < 

■e   Tr 

•.  1 
n  I 

1.1. 

trrpn 
ili.-al 

le 

m 

of    th 

-iTvai 

■  1 

t^ 

'■'  the 

.Mr 

i^- 

.Mrs. 

nt 

erau. 

e  ot 

a 

■orpo 

ati 

<  not 

on 
■  in; 

''t. 

,ideofl 

■tv  ,1 
-died 

id 
tor 

lot 

tl 

ir  vi( 

h 

L'pnvetl 


Anion 
to  tiie  (  leii.ral  .' 
bill  for  [ilaiitiiii: 
twenty-four  liy  si 
each  county,  to  I 
other  provinces    ; 


ab. 


>t  Mil-  prejiared  for  submitting 
.  inMy  were  the  following:  A 
lax  and  hemp,  for  building  a 
■oil  fift  Ilon-e  of  T'orrection  in 

ami  t...  prevent  nina\\ays,  a  bill 
lut  burning  w.iods  and  marshes,  to 
have  cattle  marked  and  erect  bounds,  about  fenc- 
ing, showing  that  servants  and  stock  gave  the  set- 
tlers more  concern  than  anything  else.  The  coun- 
try was  so  large  and  free  that  it  was  difficult  to 
retain  people  in  any  sort  of  bondage,  and,  ^Yhe^e 
nineteen-twentieths  of  the  land  was  unincl.jsed  and 
free  to  all  sorts  of  stock,  it  was  necessary  to  fence 
in  impnned  anil  cultivated  tracts  to  save  the  crops 


■tion. 


l.ilL 


Wlu.-h  tile  Coini.H  „ 
the  I'.llh  the  Speak 
senilily  reported  tin 
CVmsritufion  ),  with 


0  divide  ii.-elt".  On 
:>mnuttee  of  the  As- 
tlenient  (charter  or 


divers  amendment-,"  whi.di 
were  yielded  to  by  the  Governor  and  Coiineil,  and 
other  amendments  suggested.  The  Duke  of  V.nk's 
laws  and  the  fees  charged  in  New  York  and  "  Dela- 
ware "  were  also  considered  in  this  connection  ; 
finallv,  on  the  20th,  there  was  a  conference  between 


t!ie  (T.ivernor  and  the  tw.>  H.i 
.[iiestion  beincc  asked  bv  the 
woiil.lhavethL^olilrhaftei"or  a 
inou-lv  .le-ired    there  miju  be 

bills  intro.liiced   at   this   time  I 


>eizure  of  goods 
marriaire  bv  ni: 


-Ite-te 

•aek<. 


then  tl 
her    the 


-e.    pos-e.- 
■S,;0U!,1<," 


marks 

hou-to 


■tin- 

.\l.-o 


83 


IIISTOUY  OF  Dr.I.AWAUi:. 


dcntiirf,  lmil-V,un,ls  and  suniniuniii-  irrnn.l  iuri.-.. 
Th.'iv  wrr.;..ii;.,-..l  lik.  ui-,.  H  l;nv  ..f  n,l.H,r-,';iii.l  a 
hill  tixin-  til.'  |.inii-l,nir„t  for  in;ni-l  lu.^h:,.,-,  ;ir„l 
it  w;i<onl,T..I  thiit  r!,--.alon'hil:hl.-li,l,KiC,,ui.tv 
hf  the  anclior,  of  r,,irk~  Cmiitv  a  ti-r  and  vi.ir,  ,;t■ 
Chwtera  i.low.of  Xeu  ( 'a-tlr  a  ra^tlr,  of  K'oiir  tin- 
earsuflihlian  corn,  ami  of  S'i-~,x  a  ,-Ii.af  of  uinat. 
The  iKivnfCounriloi-  vva-  flKr.l  at  thnv  .hilliu--. 
aud  As^rnihlvnirn  two  ^Inllinj-  >ix!irnr..  ]„a- .lin:', 
the  ex]ivnsc.-  of  -ovrrnnirat  to  \.r  rnot  !iv  a  land- 
tax.  On  April  ■_'.  li;v;,  •Thr  (i.vat  (.'iiarter  of 
thi^  provinr,.  xva~  this  ni-ht  rrad,  .-i-nrd,  -eal.-d 
and   .K-liven.d  hv  y'  (  iov'  to  v'  inhal.itant.,  and  iv- 


SEAL  OF  KENT  CO.,  16S3.        SE.VL  OF  SUSSEX  CO.,  1G83. 

ceived  by  y"  hands  of  James  Harrison  aud  v" 
Speaker,  who  were  ordered  to  return  y'  old  one  ^v'" 
y°  hearty  thanks  of  y"  whole  house,  which  accord- 
ingly they  did."  Then  on  the  '\d.  aftrr  passing 
son\e  minor  laws,  the  cliief  ot' which  wa-  to  prcjjiibit 
the  importation  (jf  felons,  the  As-iinhly  adjourncil 
"till  such  time  as  the  Governor  and  I'mvincial 
Council  shall  have  occasion  for  them." 

The  new  charter,  Constitution,  bill  of  setth - 
ment,  or  frame  of  government  was  modeled  upon 
the  plan  originally  pro[iosed  by  Penn.  It  retain- 
ed in  the  hand.s  of  (lovernor  and  Council  the 
auth(jrity  to  originate  bills,  hot  in  othir  re^pc.'ts 
it  deviateil  materially  from  the  couflitions  of  the 
old  charter.  The  Council  was  to  ron-i-t  of  thivr, 
and  the  General  .V-.-rnil)[y  of  -ix  ninnl..  r-  from 
each  county.  The  nioniliia>  of  Coiimil  ^crvod 
one,  two,  and  thn  f  years  n  sp'otivi-ly.  .V  provi- 
sion was  introduced  lookinL'  to  inia'ease  of  n-pi-t- 
sentation  in  proportion  to  the  growth  of  popula- 
tion. The  whole  lf-i~Iativo  iiodv  \\;i-  to  bo  call,  d 
the  General  A-cnil.ly.  an.l  all  l.ilN  hcromin- 
acts  were  to  Ije  called  acts  ot'  .-uch  A>>enilily.  and 
the  Lower  Hoii-e  was  not  to  a.ljourn  until  'it  had 
acted  upon  the  busine--  l)etbri-  it.  It  was,  more- 
over, distinctly  implied  in  the  lan-uau'c  of  the 
charter  that  ?ome  of  tlie  ri-hts  and  juvroMativ,-s 
enjoyeii  hy  I'eiin  under  it  were  to  cea.-e  « iih  jiis 
life;  they  were  conce<,~ion~  to  his  character  and 
his  labors  for  the  i.rovin.-e,  and  not  a  linal  surren- 
der of  freemen's  ri-lit-.  In  return  I'.nn  .on- 
tirmed  all  in  all  tluir  libertlo-.  and  pledjed  hini- 
•  self  to  insure  to  all  the  iiihaliitants  of  tiie  province 
the  <iuiet  pos?e.-.Mon  and  lieaceable  eu)ovm<-nt  of 
their  lan.d^  and  estates. 


The  ( Jovernor  anil  Council  were  in  what  ni;i\ 
be  , 'ailed  contimiou-  -e-iou,  -ince  the  charter  ,. 
.piired  that  the  (.overnor  or  hi-^  deputy  de,'l 
alwavs  provide  in  the  I'rovincia.l  Council,  ••  ,,a.i 
that  hediall  at  no  time  tlicrcan  pertbrm  anv  :u- 
of  Stale  whatsoever    thai  diall  -u'  may  relate' uni  , 

vince  and  tei-ritori.s  ;if,r'-aid.  but  'l)v  and  will, 
the  advice  and  con-ent  of  the  l'r,,vincial  Council 
thereof  The  A-enibU-,  howev.T,  did  not  met 
a-ain  imtil  (_»etober  •J4th",  uheu,  after  a  two  dav-' 
se-ion.  devot.d  t.,  buMUe.-  le-i.dation  and  pro- 
viding that  couiitrv  prodnce.  could  be  taken  in 
lien  of  curren.'v,  'it  adjourned.  The  bu-in.-, 
befor.'  the  Coinicil  durln-  Kis:;  was  niainlv  of  a 
routine  ,'hara.-ter.  The  people  and  officials  u,  re 
too  Im-llv  oc.aipied  iu  ..ut-door  work— huildin,', 
pianlin-.  Mirvevin-  lavin-  oif  manor- and  town- 
ship-atid  treating  with  Indians-to  have  time  to 
spare  for  records  an.l  debate-.  Xieholas  .More, 
of  the  Society  of  Free  Traders,  wa.s  made  presi- 
dent of  CounVil.  ■ 

At  the  Council  held  in  Philadelphia  on  the 
■2'.Uh  of  Januarv,  lii.^.l,  John  Moll  represented 
New  Ca>tle  Couiitv  in  the  Council.  Fr.-iucis  Whlt- 
well,  Kent,  and  William  Clarke.  ,<u-,-ex.  The 
comndttcc  of  th^.  A-e„iblv  were  .I^une-  William-, 
of  New  (  a-tle  C'-intv  :  Pe-nonv  ] li-h. ,p.  Kent  ;  and 
Luke  Wai.-on.  .-a-ox.  The  m-xt  A,-cud>ly  met 
at  Lewe-  un  the  Jd  of  March,  but  oidy  routine 
bu.-iness  was  transacted.  Early  in  the  year  1G84 
a  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Kent  Countv 
refused  to  pay  their  taxes  to  Peiin,  and  expressed 
disloyal  sentiment,-  a-ain-r  his  •jrovevnment,  which 
gave  him  much  concern.  The  leaders  of  the 
revolt  appear  to  Ije  John  Piehard-on.  Thomas 
Heather  and  Thomas  Wilson,  who  made  com- 
plaint aL'ain.-t  the  Government  in  the  General 
A-,-end.ly.  Franei>  Whiiwell  and  John  Ililliard, 
who  were  n,eml,er-  of  the  Gmucil  with  John 
]:iehanl-on,   were  al.-o  implicated  iu  the  rebellion. 

To  conciliate  the  disatlectcd  in  the  three  lower 
counties  (..f  the  Delaware,  the  General  Assembly 
met  at  New  Castle  on  the  l(>th  of  .March,  l(jS4.  ;it 
whi.'h  William  Penn  was  pre-ent.  The  minutes 
of  this  session  of  the  .Vs>-n'iblv  contain  a  .sin-ular 
record  as  illustrative  of  the  I'liaraeter  and  metho.ls 
of  Peini.  and  what  he  meant  bv  ,  ivatim:  the  office 
of  peacemaker  or  arbitrat.u-.  who  mljht  stand  be- 
tween the  people  and  the  court.-  an.l  .-  ive  them  the 
expense-  and  heart-burninu-  ..f  liti-alion.  "  .\n- 
drew  ,l,,hn..,n.  l'!..  Han.'.-  .[lan-i  1'. Lr-en,  I>,n. 
There  bein-a  Diti;  r.iu'.- deiieu.iin,:  between  the'm. 
th.-  G.,v-  A-  C..uncill  advi,-ed  then  to  shake  hamls. 
an.l    t.i   fir-ive    One   an.^ther:  an.l   Ordered    that 

f.u-'th.ir  u.M.d  abearance:  w  '  a.v.u-di.i-lv  thcv 
did.  7/  u-a.<  also  Or.lu-al  that  the  n,c.,M<  of  Court 
coii'Xrnuig  that    IJil-Iuc.s   shonld   he   bHrnt.''      Thi- 


DKLAWARF.   INDKI;    WdJ.IAM    I'K.VX. 


89 


<w[<\v.     nakr.l     r, rd     of     li.uv     tlir     .lit!' nuns  thr    [.n-i.lmt.      Xi.-h,,Ias    Mor.-,    Willi;ini    Wrldi. 

l„.tuv..n    Jail    Jan-ru     an.l    Ilan-    I',  t.  i-n     wav  William  \V..hI.  llMl.'it   Turn, t.  au.i   . I,, In,    l>klv 

^  -ttk'.l  i>  i.iic  lit'  tlie  iii.,-t   iiii|irr>-iv.'  r\anipl.<  of  uviv  iiklI,'  |.ro\  iiirial    jihl-r<  tWr  two  var.-;  ;   Mark- 

pnicti("il  fthi.'S  aiipli.-.l  to  jiirisprudcmv  that  was  ham  was  MM-nlarv  (,f 'rniim.-il,  aii.l  .lam.-    lla.ri- 

William    I'enn    ha.l    lu^.u    km::    |.art,-.l  fi- m,  liis  kurv.      H-  rmlurk,.  1  at  ami  vuk  ,1 'fnmi  I'kila.kl- 

familv,    an.l    hi-   aH'airs   in    ka.-lan.l    w.t.>   n..t    in  j.hia  An-u-r  k_'.  l'•■■^k  s^.n.liuL'  from  ..n  h..ar.l   tii.' 

a  -...,.1   c.m.lition.      Uv    ha.l    ,l..n.>    m.i.-k    f,r    his  v.-^.d   mv  sl...   saikMl   a    final    ktt.r   ..f  partin-   t.. 

province,  whirh,  at  thi>  time,  ha.l  a  p..piilati..n  ..f     Lk.vd,  CkiypiH.I,',    Sim 'k.  <  ■hrist..ph.r    Tavl..r, 

seven  thousan.l.     He  now  thon.'hr  it  l'"  "1  tkr  him  an.l  J;inKS    }Iarri>..n,   in   whicii    h.'   v\pi-.--;'s  the 

t.)   return  f.ir  a  s-ason  t.i   En.'lan.l.  . -p>  .iallv  a,-  deejicst    aliecti..n    f..r    tlmse    taithfnl    fri.'ii.Is.   an.l 

j           there  was  tlu'  place  in  whi.-h  ho  ini-ht  mor,-  satMy  .spn.ls  them   lii>  pravers  an.l   kksMii-s.     Tliev  ha.l 

hope  to  etli'.'t  a  sittl.'ment  of  the  vexatLms  lioiin.i-  many  resp.msikilitius  npou  their  sh.iul.lers,  and  he 


%e^:&- 


FACSIMII.E   OF 


-VN  S    ArTOl-.RAPII    AND   SEAL    AXt)    TUP.    ArT.Jl.iR.l 
WITNESSES    TO    THE    CHARTER    OF    IOSL'. 


)V    ATTESTI! 


ary  disputes  with  L..rd  r.akim.ire.  wh.ise  a-ent.s  hoped  tliey  woul.l  ,h->  their  duty.  The  k'ttcr  con- 
had  invaded  the  kjwer  counties,  built  a  f.rt  within  cUi.led  Avith  a  fervent  praj-er"  f.ir  Philadelphia, 
five  miles  of  Xew  Castle,  and  were  coUeetinii- taxes  "the  vir-in  settlement  ..f'the  province,  named 
and  rents  and  dispossessing  tenants  in  that  se.   '  •     -         ■  .         ..     _ 

Calvert  himself  had  gone"  to  Englan.l  in  .M: 

and  Pcnn  wrote  to  the  Duke  .it'  Y..rk  that  he  see  his  virgin  city  and  his  bel.ived  province  until 
meant  to  f.illow  him  as  fast  as  Ik- coukl.  A.-.-..r.l 
ingly,  he  prepared  to  leave  th.'  pr..vince,  n.irL'an 
izin^'  the  church  discipline  of  lii.- .•..-reli-i.:!iari.- 
and  looking  after  the  tiscal  sy-tcin  of  hi.-  civil  _:.,v 
ernmont  in  a  pra.-ti.al  and  able  way.  Th.-  ket.'l 
"Kn.lcavor,"  just  arrived  from  Englan.l  with  let 
ters  and  di-pat.'h.s,  was  o-ot  rca.ly  to  carrv  th, 
Governor  hack  a-ain.  II. ■  r..mmissi..ii.'d  th."  I'r.. 
vincial  C,,uii.al  t..  a.  t  in  his  .tea.l  uhik-  lu-  wa.- 
"Way,  intrusting  the  great  >eal  tu  Thoma-   Elovd 


the 

bef.jre  th.iu  wert  born."  Penn  arrived  in  Y^wj.- 
land  on  the  o.l  of  October,  ami  did  not  aurain 
see  hi: 

The  pr.ic.Hiling.s  of  Council  and  As-emblv  bc- 
ve^-n  lii^i  and  ffiSiO,  while  they  ini-ht  till  s.-'vcral 
;igcs  in  a  v.dunie  iif  annals,  mav  besmnmi'd  n]i  in 

few  paragraphs  in  a  history  ,Mmh  as  this.'      The 


90 


inSTOUY  OF  DELAWAllK 


transaotions  were,  as  a  ruh\  not  vrrv  important, 
and  the  major  part  ot'  tlif  rcconi,  .nit-i.li'  nt'  the 
rcirular  routine  of  aiipMimnirnt-.  (  tc.  1~  taken  up 
with  till-  <|UarrrN  ot'  p'lMi.'  otii.vr^  anion-  thorn- 
sM;'lvf?  anil  tho  complaint-  ot'  the  people  a-ain-t 
IVnn  an.l  the  ixovernment  p  i:erallv.  A  l-'reneh 
slii[)  with  irre-ular  [lapen-  was  .-ei/.td.  coinlemneil, 
and  s,. hi  In-order  of  Conn.-il  under  tli.'  Kn-li-h 
navigation  laws.  There  ;uu-t  have  tieeu  a  'jreat 
many  ves-els  on  the  eoa,~t  and  in  the  havs  at  this 
time  which  could  not  -ive  a  -.'od  aeeonnt  of  them- 
selves, and  complaint?  of  piraev-  are  loud  and  fre- 
quent, the  colonial  jroverniuent-  lieinj-  .-oinetinjes 
accused  of  undue  leniency  in  their  de.diii-^  witli 
the  freebooters.  Governor  Fletchc'-,  of  New  Yorlc, 
who  was  also  Governor  of  Penns\  l\ania  duriu'j- 
the  suspension  of  Penn's  authority  in  r*Iay.  lOlto. 
was  on  friendly  terms  with  Kidd  and  others,  and 
Nicholls,  one  of  his  Council,  was  commonly  charged 
with  being  agent  of  the  sea-rovers.  Governor 
Markliam's  alleged  son-in-law,  James  Brown,  was 
denied  his  seat  in  the  A=seral)ly  and  put  in  prison 
for  sailing  in  a  pirate's  vessel.  The  people  of 
Lewes  openly  dealt  with  Kidtl,  exchanging  their 
provisions  for  his  fine  goods.  Teach,  called  Black- 
beard,  was  often  about  the  Delaware,  and  it  was 
charged  that  he  and  the  Governor  of  Xorth  Caro- 
lina and  other  otficials  of  that  -State  were  altogether 
too  intimate. 

Penn's  noticeaide  tact  and  skill  as  a  pcaee- 
maker  and  composer  of  personal  dilhculties  were 
sadly  missed  after  his  departure  for  England. 
The  Assembly  and  Council  got  into  a  serious 
squabble  in  consequence  of  a  ditfi-rence  aliout  the 
prerogatives  and  dignity  ot'  the  two  ho. lies.  Chief 
Justice  Nicholas  ^[ore,  tlion-h  an  alile  and  ].rol)- 
ably  upright  man,  \va-  dietatorial  and  ariiitrarv, 
as  well  a~  (|Uarrel~ome.  He  wa^  not  a  (,)nake'r, 
but  he  x^^rd  very  plain  lang\iage  sometimes,  ami 
was  free-spoken.  Him  the  As.sernbly  fbrmallv 
impeached  before  Coun<;'il  on  June  15,  1GS5, 
upon  the  ground  of  various  malpractices  and 
misdemeanors,  chietly  technical,  or  growing  out  of 
■his  blunt  manners. 

Penn  at  this  time,  l.e-ide-  his  grave  concerns  at 
court,  was  bii^y  lookin-  at'u-r  the  honi,-  intere-rs  of 
his  provini'c  on  one  ^ide  and  it-  cxteiiial  interc-ts 
on  the  other,  now  shipping  wine,  beer,  si  eds,  and 
trees  to  Pennsylvania,  anon  imMi>hinL:  in  London 
accounts  and  descrijitions  ot'  the  province  and 
exccri)ts  of  letters  received  I'roin  it-  hap[iy  .-cttlers. 
The  projiru'tary  was  never  f.iti-ued  e\en  he  the 
most  minute  details  in  a-ay  matter  in  which  he 
desired  to  succeed,  and  hi-  h  tiers  .-how  that  he 
anticipated  and  thoiijht  ahoul  .very  thin-.  His 
supervision    was  nee  le.l,    i:.r   CouneiL    .\-imlily. 

in  regard    to  privilege.     In  fact,   underneath  tlie.^e 


trivial  in.-k.a-in-s  a  gri<at  striiL'-lc  was  goin- 
lielwceti    the  repre.-en lati ves    ot'  tiie  t'reeiii.  II  ot  , 

eoiit...-t  la>l.J  l.mL',  ami  I'etin'-  I'n.n.U  inVl..-..: 
witlcut  serving  hi<  pojiti.-ai  ,ni,  re.ts  materia: 
contrived  to  deal  hi<  p.-r.-omil  int.re-t,- a  cruel  M 


peo| 


leehn-a::aiii-t  him.  and  prov.-kim:  them  to  wit!, 
hold  rent,-  and  punha-e-.  and  re.hiee  hi^  in,.,;,. 
in  everv  po-Mhj,-  wav.  i'.ain  him-elf  wrot-  i 
Llov.l.in  KISC,  that  tlieilj  fame  ,he  i.rovim,'  ha.i 

■■^■'i'l'd    .,11   ai nnt    of  it-   hiekeriim-'  had    lo-t    ,; 

tifleen  thoM-and  immi,rant<.  who  would  hav 
LTime  thither  ha.l  it-  athtirs  appea.v.l  more  >etthd. 
but  a^  it  wa-  th.v  w.-nt  to  North  Can.lina  in-lea.l 
In  rel.niarv,  lil.s;,  Peun  took  the  exeenIi^, 
]>ower  away  trim  tlu'  ( 'ouncil  and  intrusted  it  t.. 
a  commi-ion  ..f  tivc  iiersons,— Thomas  LIov.l. 
Nicholas  .More.  James  Claypoole,  Kobert  Tun;..-. 
and  John  JCekly,  any  three  to  have  iiow.r  t..  act. 
He  sent  over  many  instructions  to  his  hoard. 
among  others  to  compel  the  Council  to  their  idiar- 
ter  attendance  or  dissolve  them  without  further 
ado  and  choose  others,  "  for  I  will  no  more  endiiii 
their  most  slothful  and  dishonorable  attendtinc," 
The  commissioners  were  enjoined  to  keep  uji  the 
dignity  of  their  station,  in  Council  and  out.  an.l 
not  to  permit  any  disorders  either  in  Cmiiieil  .,r 
As-emb|y,  and  not  to  allow"  anv  parleys  or  c..,-i- 
t'erenc,.<  between  the  two  Houses,  Init  ciirion.-!v 
in-pect  the  proceedings  of  both.  Thev  weiv  i\n- 
ther  in  Penn's  name  to  disavow  all  laws  pa— .  d 
since  his  absence,  and  to  call  a  new  A.-.-emlilv  to 
i-epas-,  modify,  and  alter  the  laws.  When  "thi- 
conimi-ion  w.a,-  received,  in  Fehruarv,   liiss,  i„,tli 

^I'"-'^'     i""^    Clavi le    were    dead.    'Their    plac- 

weivsitpplie.l  l.v  Arthur  Co.ik  and  J,,hn  Simcoek. 
andthen,.w  eha-tioii-  onh-red  gave^amt.el  Ilieh- 
ardson  the  appointment  of  nieml.er  of  Conneil 
for  three  vears,  while  Thoma.-  llooteu  Thonri< 
Fitzwalfr.  La>-e('.iek.  Jam.- Fox,  ( ;rifliil,  ()„.„. 
auiMVilliam  Soiitherhv  wen-  clio-in  memher-  of 
Assembly.      The     contJ-t^     tor    privilege    between 

Av-embly   -wore    its   members  to  divulge   no  ;iro- 

the  (  oiincil  a.-.-ert(d  its  ancient  prerogatives;  in 
.-hort,  the  quarrel  was  interminable  except  bv 
what  would  be  practically  revolution,  tbr  on  one 
.-ide  was  a  writt-n  charter  and  a  .'ystem  of  ir.)n- 
b.iund  law,-,  on  the  (.ther  the  popular  detern;ina- 
tioii.  growing  ^tl■ongcr  every  day,  to  secure  fir  llie 

lai-er  .-hare  111  the  major  concerns  of  -overnmeii: 
and  leui-latioii.  The  .•ommi.-.-ion,  in  fict,  wo.ihi 
not  Work  upon   trial,  and   beiore  the  ve.ar   wa^    out 


the   provin. 


old   otlicer  under   tlie   Commonwealth  and    Crom- 


DELAWAilK   UNDKi;   WIl.i.i.SM  P 


:uv 


It  Geii.    Lanili' 
iv;il,— bv   lUUll 


,  ,,1R'  time  was  .Mnu 
'.lack  well. 
Cinvernor  BlackutU  hail  a  tr(iulile;Oiue  career 
1  c.tHce.  For  a  jjeaecable,  iiDii-re^i^-taiit  peiipli', 
10  Ponnsylviinia  settkrs  luul  as  many  tloiiie>tic 
illu'iilties  on  their  luimU  as  ever  any  h^M'J'y 
iiiiily  had.  As  ^'0(ln  as  lilaekwell  was  indiuted 
,■  was  liroiiuht  in  cdlision  with  Thomas  Llovd, 
liM  would  not  '_'ive  up  the  irrcat  seal  of  the 
rovinee,  and   declined  to  athx  it  to  any  comniis- 


i.us  or  documents  of 

which  he  did   not  ap]irove. 

-  the    niisundeistand 

inL'    LMCW    deei)er.    the    old 

-le  of  prerogative  c: 
clared   that^Ehukw 

une   up  a-iiin.  and    it    v.':is 
ell   wa^   ijot   Go\ernor,    ii.ir 

,e  reason  that,   undei 

■    the  charier,    I'enn    couhl 

It  create  a  Governor, 

hut  only  appoint  a  DepiUy- 

overnor.     An  eHbrt  \ 

vas  made  to  expel  iruui  the 

luncil  a  member  who  had  insisted  upon  this 
rw  of  the  case;  it  failed,  the  Governor  dis- 
Ived  the  f'ouncil,  and  at  the  uext  session  the 
■.iple  re-elected  John  Itichardson,  the  otiending 
ember,  whom,  however,  Blackwell  refused  to 
rniit  to  take  his  seat.  From  this  the  quarrel 
lUt  on  until  wo  find  Lloyd  and  Blackwell  re- 
ining and  reappointing  ofiicers,  and  the  public 
licers  declining  to  submit  their  records  to  the 
luncil  and  the  courts,  Lloyd  was  elected  ineni- 
-•r  of  Council  from  Bucks  County,  and  Black- 
ell  refused  to  let  him  take  his  seat,  which 
■ought  on  a  violent  controversy.  The  general 
scussion  of  privilege  and  prerogative  in  conaec- 
■n  with  these  differences  led  Bradford,  the 
inter,  to  print  tor  general  use  au  edition  of  the 
Form  of  Government  and  the  Great  Law,"  so 
at  everyboily  might  see  for  himself  the  right 
id  the  wrong  of  the  matters  in  dispute.  The 
:peuse  of  the  publication,  it  is  said,  was  borne 
.■  Joseph  (jniwdon,  a  member  of  Council.  It 
lis  ci'iisidirrd  a  claugerous  and  incendiary  act, 
id  Bradfjrd  \vas  summoned  before  the  Council 
id  closely  interrogated,  but  he  would  not  ad^nit 
lat  he  liad  printed  the  document,  though  he  was 
I-  only  person   in   the  province  who  could   have 

iiii'_'  toil,  some  nun    ciuntinL'  Finn    as   favoriiii'- 


itv  f 


,t  A- 


ca.l 


-emiily,  anotlier  pro- 
;ss,  Ix-cause  the  char- 
in  fai't,  made  him  a  sort  of  iudependjnl 
ICO.  The  result  was  the  Council  broke  up  in 
I'usion,  and  for  some  time  could  not  get  a 
rum  together.  The  Assembly,  meeting  May 
li,  was  suddenly  adjourned  for'lhe  same  r.  a-on, 
popular    party    having  discovered    that   by    a 


niiii- 


taiic 


Blackv 


(■policy  ottl 
.OSes  were  jia 
.■illu'r  Counci 
of  y\:xy  till 
1  sjirung  upi 


It    thr  ( 
'..  d.      11 

A -.11 


,n    t!i 


the    .\,,rth.-r' 
Sus'iUi'.al.u:' 


.re  f.r   the 
lid   1-aL'md 


>unti 


Miiryhfnd  to  de.-rroy  Phdad.  iphia.  Blackwell 
wanted  insfnnt  autiiorlty  to  h-'^y  a  force  for  de- 
fense, but  the  <^iiakeis  t  ...k  tilings  rather  more 
•'luietly.  They  did  no-  w.ou  -in  army  and  they 
did  uot  be'.ievD  :he  rumors.  Claike  said  if  any 
;-iioh  Si.heiuf;  of  iuvasion  had  ever  been  enter- 
tuined  it  was  now  dvdd.  Peter  Alrichs  said  there 
was  nothing  to  bo  reared  about.  John  Simcock 
did  not  see  "  but  what  we  are  as  safe,  keeping 
peace-able  a-~  those  who  have  made  all  this  strife." 
Gritfidi  Jones  saiil  there  was  no  cau-e  uf  danger 
if  they  kept  iiuiet.  lu  fact,  the  Council  not 
only  cbiecied  to  a  levy,  but  they  laughed  at 
Blackivell's  apprehensions,  !\Iarkham  .said  that 
all  such  talk  had  no  etiect  but  to  scare  the  women 
and  chiidrcn.  The  Governor  found  he  could  do 
nothing,  and  adjourned  the  Council. 

Isext  canie  news  that  James  IL  was  dethroned 
and  William  of  Orange  made  king  of  England. 
The  Council  was  called  together,  and  the  lione-t 
Quakers,  not  feeling  sure  which  king  they  were 
under,  determined  neither  to  celebrate  nor  wear 
mourning,  but  to  wait  events,  ths  Council  amus- 
ing themselves  in  the  mean  time  by  keeping  up 
their  old  fe'.ids.  Shrewsbury's  letter  anuiiuncing 
the  new  king's  intention  to  make  immediate  war 
on  the  French  king  was  laid  before  Council  Oct. 
1,  lt)8y,  and  was  accompanied  with  the  usual 
warning  about  defensive  measures  and  the  need 
for  commercial  vessels  to  sail  in  companv  and 
under  the  protection  of  convoys.  William  and 
Mary  were  at  once  formally  proclaimed  in  the 
province,  and  a  fresh  discussion  arose  in  regard 
to  the  proper  defensive  measures  and  the  necessity 
for  an  armed  militia.  The  Quakers  wore  utterlv 
ojipnsed  to  any  sort  of  military  preparations.  \i' 
they  armed  themselves,  it  .was  urged,  the  Indians 
would  at  once  rise.  "  As  we  are,"  said  sensible 
r?imcock,  "we  ;ire  in  no  danger  but  from  bears 
and  wolves  We  are  w' 
quiet.  Let  us  keep  oursclv 
but  a  peaceable  S[iirit  an. 
Grirtith  Jones,  moreover,  ; 
thin-  would  co.-t  and  ho 
taxation.       Finallv.    after 


(luak.rs    ' 

Aithdr.w 

the    pr.-p:n 

rations   fl 

creti^iU   of 

the  Ciov 

was  now  i: 

n  .hep  di 

in    hidin^.'. 

lie    w 

loUL'er    as 

the    Goi 

dl 

ai 

id    in    11 

icace 

and 

e.- 

so. 

I  kno 

-w  u; 

lU.'ht 

i 

iha 

t    will    , 

1..     \ 

veil." 

di. 

If 

d     l,oU- 
Would 

nuic 
iru 

h  the 
■rease 

lo 

let 

s 

di-.ru- 
oppo.-i 

re   left   1 

i(.ns 
lion, 
;o  th 

,    the 

and 

e  dis- 

\\ 

'illi 

nd 

am  Pen 
partly  ; 

n   lii 

mself 
u'itlve 

Governor    Blackwell 


92  IlISTOltY  OF  DKl.AWAllK. 

on    J'ln     1     K'lOO     it    was  to  inf.irru  tluin   that   lie  tlii.'vi'.<    am!    rnlilicrs.   an-    tli.^   -anio  courfrs    th  ,■ 

l,ad  l.een  relKv,.!    ,.f  hi.  nili.c.      II.  ..vni,  .1    -Uul  tin  ir  ,na;.-t,.s    tak.    tor  tlni,-   tnrt<,  uarn.n,,-,  :;,.  ; 

to  he  free.  snhli,.,--  rtc,  tos.cure  thru- kn.-.hun  aii.l  [.rnyn.  ■  . 

The   Council,    urtin-    upon    IVnnV  in-tructinn.  ami   v.m   as  ^^vll    as  th,'    n-t    u\   th.ir    suIh.  .  t- ' 

and   coinmi.-ion   on  Januarv  'J.  li'.'.lU,  .  L.t,.!  Tl.o  lint  tli.;  Muakrr,-  wrc  nnt  t-  Ih'  runvnir,  .1  l.v  .:, 

.uas  Llovd  i-iM  .;,lrnt  an.l  ■/■  !■>■■'■■  D^mtv-Govrmor.  surh  ar-un,rnt-.      Flvlriirr   ha.l  n-aur.  ,1  th-   i;^-,  . 

Thelo^^TrIV'a^^a.vcn,„m•..,  «-,T.   ...vi.,ns   ,.fth..  Iht  nf  \^<r,My,uru.  an.l    whwi    th,.    L....-!:.!:, 

gro^vth  of  Phihukli-hia,  Burks.  u..a-(  lu  ,t,.r.     The  niet  on  May  Kith,  th.  ti.-t  thin,'  before  the  A.-,-,...        ■. 

traditions   and    manners    of  the   ditli  nnt    -eetion.  1,1  vv.a-^  a  pn.|„Mt,n„  to  vai-n  n,o„,.y  by  taxation,- 

had  little  sintilaritv.     Finally  the  had  f.rliii-  -n  --v  thr  tii-;  taK  levi.  d  in  I'.hn-vlvania  and  Delawai. 

so  strong  as   to   lead   to  secession,   which  i^   ni.,n.  —and  an  act  was  i^H-ed   hvyin-  a  penny  a  p..ui„l 

fully  treated  in   a  sueceedin- chapter.     Tl,.-  ivla-  <m    pn.perty   f<.r    tlu-  .uppnrt    of  the  governnuM, 

^vare     counties    (or    -  frritorirs,"    as    th,v    were  Tlu- .uin  thus  n.i-r.l  auiounlrd  tu -even  hundred  an.i 

called)  held  a  -larat.'   Cn.inril,  rlr.;trd  tlirir  own  .ixtv  iiounds.  MXtem  .hiiliu.-js.     Thus  far  Fleteli,  i 

judges,  ana  tinallv  o,„„p,_llrd  I'.nu,  in  lo'.H.nuieli  sinveeded,  ,.nly  to  fail,  how.-ver,  when  he  attempt,  o 

against  his  will,  to   divide    the   L-overament,  which  to  >eeure  the^pa.-ane  of  a  law  provnlm-  for  ov-im-         ■ 

he  did    by  continuing  Lloyd   as  Deputy-Governor  izing  the   militia.     The  As-^-inhlv  did   [.iis^    ana-:         ; 

of  the  province,  and  appointing  Markham  Deputy-  pn.viding  fl.r  the  edueati.m   .,f  child.o,,  a;,.l   al- ■        .i 

Governor   of  the    territnries.     Geor-e  Keith  also  one  fur  the  establishment  of  a  post-nttice.      A  ^hmmI       ^ 

had  at  this  time   he-un  to  agitate  in  behalf  of  his  deal  of  practical   local  legislation  was  done  al.-..       | 

g(.j,ig,u_                       '  probably  under   Markham's  intluenee,  for  he  wa-       | 

The  French  and  Indian   hostilities  on   the  fron-  an  active,  energetic  man.  and  knew  the   town.  th.        ^ 

tier,  the  apathy  and  non-resistance  of  the  Quakers,  people,   and   their    wants    better    than    any  oth.r       | 

and  the  ambi'.;uons   position  of  Penn,  lurking  in  person  could  do.                                                                   | 

concealment,  with  an  indictment  han-in-  ov,'r  his  In  the  winter   of  1693.  Penn  was  acquitte.l  by       ? 

head,  were  made  the  pretexts  for  takin- the  gov-  the  king  of  all  charges  against   him  and   re.ton.l        I 

ernment  of  Penn's  pn>vince  awav  fnmi  him.     llis  f.  fivnr.  his   .jovernment    lieint;  confirmed  to  linn        | 

intimate    relations  with    tin-   dcilimntd    kin^.  and  aii.'W   by  htt.-i.-    patent    gniiiod   m  AniMr-t    l(i!i4.        j 

thefactthathispn.vince.a..  wcli  as  the  Delaware  Pmn   would   pn.bably  hav   nlunn.l   to    hi-    pn.-        \ 

Hundreds,  had  been  James'  private  i>rnpcrty,  and  vince   immediately   after    hi-    exoucnitioii,  but   |n-        . 

were  still  governed   to  .some  extent  by  "  the  Duke  wife   was  ill,  and   died    in    1\  bmary.  le:)4.     Th;-       | 

of  York's  laws,"  probably  had    much    to   do  with  gnat   affliction    and    the   di-oideivd    state   ol    li;-        , 

prompting  this  extreme   niea.^ure.     Governor  Ben.  hnaiices  detained    hiui    in   En-land   several  years        | 

jamin  FleU-her,  of  New  York,  was  made  "  Captain-  longer.     After    his    government    was    restored  te       i 

General"  of  PcniLsylvauia  on  October   24,  100l>,  him,   his  old   friend    and  deputy,  Thomas  Lloyd,       j 

by  royal  patent.     He  came   to  Philadelphia  April  having  .lied,  Penn  once  more  appointed  his  cou.-in,       j" 

26,  1693,  had   his  letters  patent  rtad   in  the  mar-  William  Markham,  to   be  Deputy-Governor,  wiia       | 

ket-place,  and  ollered   the   test  oaths  to   the   mem.  John   Goudson   and  Samuel  Carpenter  for  as.-i-i-        '. 

hers    of  the   C>uneil.     Tho„,as   Llovd    n-f,;-ed   to  am-       The.e    .•omndssions    reached   Markham   oi,        ■; 

take  them,  but   Markham.  Andrew  Uobe.on,  Wil-  Mandi   'Jo.  V'^r,                                                                     j 

liam  Turner,  William  Salwav,  and  La-e  Coek  all  In    the    naai,    time  Governor  Fletcher,  with   In-        - 

subscribed.      Fhtcher    made    Markh;\m    his    Lieu-  dcpny  i  tlds  sann-  Markham '.  ha<l  luen  encouutei-        | 

tenant-Governor,  to   preside  over    Cuncil   in    the  in-  the  old  diiheultie-  with  Councd  and  A>-einb!y        ; 

captain-generals   absence   in   New  York.     Here-  dnriut:  lb!' !-:•.!     The  dread  of  French  and  hub-       j 

united   tlie   Delaware   Hundred-  to   the   pn.vince,  an-    .-till    pn-vailed.   luit    it    v,a>   not    .-utHci.nt   f        .. 

but  did  nut  succeed   in    harmoni/.in-  alfaii-s  in   his  induce  the   (^inkers   of   the    [n-oviiice   to    tavor  a        i 

new   government.     The    Council  and   he    f  11    out  milita.y  ivyo,,-       hnleed.  Tammany  ami  hi-  b.im;-        | 

about  the  election  of  representatives  1..  the  A-.-em-  ol'  Delawares    had    given   the    best    pn.of  of  their        | 

hly.      When    the   Lc-kslalun.    met,    Fleteh.r    .le-  pacific    intentions    by    coming    int.,    Phila.lelphia        . 

nianded    men    an.l    mon,  v    t.,    aid    New   V.,rk   in  an.l    .ntreatiug     tin-    (i.ivernor    and    Council    to        ^ 

carryin-  on  the  war  with  th,-  Fnnch  ami  Iii.ban-.  rnerf •re  n.  j.n  v.nt  tin-  Five  Nations  from  forciu-"        i 

The    -V^-^emblv  nfu- .1    to   .•..inplv  unle-  the   v.-te  tlunn  int.,  th,'   lijn  with  the  French  and  Hun.i,-.        j 

of  supplies    was    pn-ce,le.l    bv    a  "re.he-  of  .^rhv-  Th.v  .Inl  i-ot    want   to    have  ai.vthing   t.,    .lowiti.        I 

ances.     Fietch.a-    tri,.l    to  na,-.,n    with  tiieni.      ''I  th.-    uar.  b.n    to   liv,-   as    tieylia.i    b.-eu   livm-    m        1 
wouldhavev,iuc.m.-ider."  he  sai.l  in  hi-  -!..,.■!,  to      e.,n.'.,nl     ami     .iUi.t     with     their      neiglib.n-s     tie;        ' 

the  As.-enddV,  "  the  walls  about  y,,nr  .^anh  n-   ami  Fri.n.ls       There  i^    m.  evi.l.  n.v  that  the  h-auiie   .1         , 
orchards,    v.uir    do.,rs    an.l    L.-k-    ..f   v.^ur    h.,u- .-.      amity,  imphed  or  wntun,  ha.l   ever  been  .-,ri.,ii-l} 
mastiff  d.,''s  an.l   such  .,th,  r   thin-  as    v..u    make      hn,ken       Ti,e  Imllaii-   w.aihl  .-..metimc-  be  .Iniak 
use  of  to  def\ii.l   y.,ur  goods    an.l  pn,|  erly  against     an.l   dis  ..rdeily;  an.l  ..mictim.s    u.,nld   .teal    a  I'V 


DELAW.vr.K  UNDER  WILLIAM  PENX. 


or  a  calf,  l.iit  tliat  w:i<  all.  As  Tanmianv  saiJ  in 
ihis  cuuf.Tun.v  uith  Fin.  !„,i-ai:.l  >Lirkhani,  •'  Wr 
..„i,l  the  ChriitKui-  ct'this  river  have  aluavs  ha.l  a 
iVee  roadway  to  one  anoilier,  anJ  thuii-h  si.nie- 
tinle^^  a  tree  has  talkn  a:-r..s-  the  ma.l,  yet  \ve 
have  still  rein.yvo.l  it  a-ain  and  ke|,t  tlie  path 
riear,  and  we  desi-n  to  euntinne  the  old  iVi.nd-liip 
that  has  been  between  us  and  you."  I'l.-teher 
promised  to  protect  the  Delawar.s  fVi.iii  the 
Sciiecas  and  Ononda^'as,  and  tuhl  them  it  v,a~  to 
their  interest  to  remain  ipiiet  and  at  peace.  A\'h'  n 
the  Legislature  met  (May  "22,  ir,94),  Fletcher,  \v|„. 
had  just  returned  from  Albany,  tried  his  hi  ~t  to 
tret  a  vote  of  men  and  money,  or  either,  fir  di>- 
tensive  purposes.  lie  even  suggested  tiiat  they 
coidd  quiet  their  scruples  by  raising  moiuy  ^imjilv 
to  feed  the  hungry  and  clothe  the  naked,  hut  this 
roundabout  way  did  not  commend  itself  to 
(Quaker  simplicity  and  straightforwardness.  A 
tax  of  a  penny  per  pound  was  laid  to  compensate 
Thomas  Lloyd  and  William  Markhatu  for  their 
past  services,  tlic  surplus  to  constitute  a  fund  to  be 
disbursed  by  Governor  and  Council,  but  an  ac- 
count of  the  ■way  it  went  was  to  be  submitted  to 
the  next  General  Assembly.  Further  than  this 
the  Assembly  would  not  go.  Fletcher  wanted  the 
money  to  be  presented  to  the  king,  to  Ije  apjiro- 
priated  as  lie  chose  for  tlie  aid  of  Xew  York  and 
the  defense  of  Albany.  He  objected  likewise  to 
the  Assembly  naming  tax  collectors  in  the  act. 
hut  the  Assembly  asserted  its  undoubted  right  to 
control  the  disposition  of  money  raised  by  taxa- 
tion, and  thereupon  the  Governor  dissolved  it. 

In  June,  169.J,  after  ^Markhain  was  well  settled  in 
his  place  as  Penn's  Deputy-Governor,  there  were 
again  wild  rumors  of  French  designs  upon  the  col- 
onies and  of  squadrons  already  at  sea  to  assail 
them,  and  this  was  so  far  credited  that  a  watch  and 
lookout  station  was  maintained  for  several  months 
at  Cape  Ilenloj.en.  In  the  latter  part  of  this  same 
muntb  Markham  informed  the  Council  that  Gov- 
ernor Fletcher  had  made  a  requisition  upon  iwm  for 
ninety-one  men  and  officers,  or  the  funds  for  main- 
taining that  number  for  tlie  defeii.se  of  Xew  York. 
This  matter  was  pre-.d  hy  F]e;eh,_-r,  but  the  Coun- 

ti-aiHacted  without  coii.ultii.-  the  General  A.-...-em- 
hly.  which  would  not  meet  het'ore  the  secouil  week 
of  September.  Markliani  ;U_'_'ested  an  earlier  day 
lor  meeting,  but  the  Council  tlionght  the  secniriug  of 
the  crops  a  moreimportaut  busine.-s  than  any  pro[io- 
-ition  that  the  ex-ea]itain-general  had  to  lay  before 
thein.  When  the  Assembly  did  meet,  in  September, 
It  at  once  revealed  the  cause  of  the  continual  di.- 
<oiiteiits  which  had  vexed  the  province,  and  gave 
I>epiity-Governor    Jlai-kham    the    oiiportunity    to 


,     pav    Markhaiu     C'.m.    eoninl 


,  ward- 
en  th. 


-■nt  I 


that  he  was  an  lioia.-t  luaii.     It  vo 
my  per  iiound  and  ^ix  ?h 


probably  XToUU  \\ould    have    been 


Government.  F>ut  the  menihers  ae.'oinpanie,!  this 
bill  \\ith  another,  a  new  aet  .,f  m  ttlemenl,  iuwiiieh 
the  A->eml)lv  ..oeured  to  it^-lf  tlie  privile-e-  uhieh 
thev  had  sought  to  obttiiu  from  Peiin  iu  vain.  It 
w;'.~.  as  has  justly  been  remarked,  a  species  of"  log- 
rolling'." It  had  long  been  practiced  with  success  by 
Parliament  upon  theinijiecunious  monarchs  of  Eng- 
land, and  iu  these  modern  times  has  been  reduced 
to  a  science  by  nearly  all  legislative  bodies.  Mark- 
ham,  liowever,  refused  the  bait.  He  declined  to 
give  his  assent  to  both  bills  ;  the  Assembly  refused 
to  divorce  them,  and  the  Deputy-Governor,  iu  imi- 
tation of  Fletcher's  summary  method,  at  oni'c  ilis- 
scdved  them  in  the  very  teeth  of  the  charter  lie  was 
refusing  to  supersede. 

After  Markhara's  first  failure  to  walk  in  Fletch- 
er's footsteps,  he  appears  to  have  dispensed  with 
both  Council  and  Assemlily  for  an  entire  year, 
governing  the  province  as  suited  himself,  with  the 
aid  of  some  few  letters  from  Penn,  made  more  in- 
frequent by  the  war  with  France.  On  the  25th 
of  September,  1G9I),  however,  he  summoned  a  new 
Council,  Philadeiplna  being  represented  in  it  by 
Edward  Shippen,  Anthony  ^lorris,  David  Lloyd, 
and  Patrick  Robinson,  the  latter  being  secretary. 
The  home  government,  through  a  letter  from 
(.lueen  ]\Iary  (the  king  being  on  the  continent),  it 
appeared,  complained  of  the  province  for  violating 
the  laws  regulating  trade  and  plantations  (proba- 
bly in  dealing  with  the  West  Indies).  The  Coun- 
cil advised  the  Governor  to  send  out  writs  of  elec- 
tion and  convene  a  new  Assembly  on  the  2Gtli  of 
October.  He  complied,  and  as  soon  as  the  Assembly 
met  a  contest  began  with  the  Governor.  3Iark- 
hain  urged  that  the  queen's  letter  should  be  at- 
tended  to,  asking  for  supplies  for  defense,  and  also 
called  their  attention  to  William  Penn's  pledg(. 
that,  when  he  regained  his  government,  the  inter- 
ests of  England  should  not  be  neglected.  The  As- 
sembly replied  with  a  remonstrance  against  the 
Governor's  speech  and  a  p'tition  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  provinei;il  chait.  r  as  it  was  before  the 
L'ovcrnment  was  couimitteii  to  (xovernor  Fletcher's 
trust.  That  Governor  wa>  .till  a-kin-  f.r  m.  nev 
ami  relief,  and  M:nkl,:,m  entreated  that  a  tax 
might  be  levied,  and,  if  eonseience  needed  to  be 
quieted  in  the  matter,  the  money  could  be  appro- 
priated for  the  pureha-e  of  food  and  raiment  for 
those  nations  of  Indians  that  had  lately  suffered  so 
much  liy  the  Fre«ch.  This  proposition  became 
the  bar-is  of  a  compromise,  the  Assembly  aL^reeing 
to  vote  a  tax  of  one  peimv  per  nound,  providei!  the 
Governor  convened  a  new  A-emhl v,  with  a  full 
uumberofrein-eMMitative-aeennlingto'the  old  char- 
ter, to  meet  March  10,  Ili'.IT,  to  .erve  in  I'rovincial 


IIIST()|;Y  of  HELAWMti:. 

in.'  In  rhart.r,  until      n,ir:iltv  Cuuit   a 

ii.I  tlie 

V    cuul.l   1m,   kno«n      oivci   im.iiv.lial 

'      I"-"" 

il.r..v..l,  tiic  ari  ua.<      liivit.Ml  to   alt.ai 

.1    the   1 

1.   1,1.-  I'uiHi.il.hvw     a.ul   it  uas  r. -ol 

vv.l  tl.; 

riiait-i-  uv  ir.vuv  of     f.-rthu itli  pul.ii.- 

hvil.li-, 

04 

Cni.ncil   au.l  A.--.niMy,  ; 

tlie    lord    |irn|,n.iary's   pl<a.-uiv    cuul.l    \,r   kiio«n  pivcii    iiiwiu.liali      |u-omiii(.iirv.      (',,1.    (^i 

about  the  luattir  ;    if  h 

to   be  void.      Maikhan,   yi.1,1,.1.   hi.-   I'mni.  il -hi  w  a.ul   it  uas  r. -olvv.l  that  a  |.i-oclan.ati.in  .-I;,,,,!,! 

up   tho  supiily  hill    aii.l  a  n,  w  riiait.-i-  of  I'v.vuv  of  forthwith  |.ul.ii.-hvil  .li-.'oura.'iii- iii|-a<y  and 

governnieiit,  and  lioth  hill- lic^anir  law,-.  traik-.      (^aari\'s    i.-hai-'.'    a-aiii.-t    riiin's    ■^•.\,  r 

Jlarkhaiu's  new  Coiutitiition,   adopted    Xovciii-  riieiit  was  that  the  ju-ticrs  of  l'liilad(.l[ihia  ( '..-,; 

bor    7,   l(;oi;,  wa-    eoii<h.  d    upou    the   )-.ic.|i.  -ii  iou  liad    ir-ii.d  a  w  rit  ot'  ivj,]   vin,  ainUt  nt  the   -le  . 

thaf'tbe  I'oniiurlranieof  ..rnvcnitiieiit,  mod,  ;.  d  hy  M-hivjioole^   to  s,.i/e   -ood-  whirl,  were   iiither:,- 

act   of  settlement   and   eharter  of  lil»  rtie.-.  .-  n.it  t..dv"(d'   the    mar.-hal    ot'  the  Adimraltv  Conn,  :■ 

deemed   in   all   ix.-neet.-  suitahly  aee,,i„i,iedaiMl  to  .Xew  Ca.-tie,  ha\  in-  hieii  K-ally  ,-ei/.e,l  in  the  n,,a. 

our  present   circiini-tanees."     'i'lie  I'oiincil  was  to  of  the  ero\\n;   that  the  ju-tiees  liail  lieeii  oih n-e.. 

consist    of  tw.i    repre.-enlatives   Iron,   each  eouiity,  and    in-oh  nt.    to    dnd-e    (Quarry,  ehalleliiiinL'    \. 

the  Assemhly  cd'  f  ,iir  :    ele,-tlons   to  take  phue  on  coninii.-sion    and    ehrnniii-    that   I  heir   juri.-dieii,  ; 

the  10th  of  Mareh  laih  \.ar,  and  the  General  .\s-  was    eo-exten.-ive    will,     l;i,-  and   their  aullairitv  i 

semblv    to     meet    on    the   Kuh   of  .\Iav  eacdi  vear.  unloose  fiiUv    as    i:reat    a.-    his  to   bind;  that'li. 

The   Markham   eharter  poe.-  into  .letail.- in  .."jaid  sheritf  made   a   pietenec  of  keeping  certain  piral, 

to  the  oaths  or  aliirinatious  of  otiieials  ofall  ela.-es.  in   custody,  while   in   fact  they  were  at  hirire  evi  r'. 

jurors,  witnesses,  etc.  ;  it  sets  the  pav  of  (Jouiu.il-  dav.     This  led  to  a  long  c(;uferouce,  and  it  had  tie 

men   and    ineniher-    of   Assembly,   and    is  on   the  result  that  the  As.-en,bly  to  be  called  would  com, 

whole  a  char  and  more  sati-faetory  liame  of  gov-  prepared   lo   auirate  the  ciue-tiou  ol  constirutioiia: 

ernnient   than  the  .lUe  which   it  super.-eded,  while  amendment,  as  well    as  that   ed'  piracy  ai,d  illic.; 

Dot  varying    ii,    n,any  sukstautive    leatiiivs    from  trade.     It  was  decided  to  call  the  ohl  A.s.-endily  t- 

that  iustruiiient.      The  Asseniblv  secured   at  lea.-t  meet     on     Janmirv    :ioth,   a     new    election    lieiii_ 

one-half  what  tiie  framers  of  the  province  had  so  ordered  in  New  Castle  (A,unty,  which  had  ue  Ject,  o 

long    been    fighting    liir,  to   wit:     That  the  repre-  to    chuosc    representatives    fur  the  last  Assemhlv. 

sentatives  of  the  freemen,  when  nut  in  Assembly,  At    the  time  named  the  Assembly  caaic  togethw. 
shall  have  poivcr  to  prepare  and  propn.<c  to  the  Gou-         The  sheritf  of  Xew  Castle  County  returned'^  in  an- 

ernor  and  Coiincil  all  such  bills  as  they  or  the  niajur  svver  to  the  Governor's  writ,  that  liichard  Ilalliwell 

part  of  them. <hall  at  anij  time  see  need/alto  he  pii.<itd  and   Robert    French  were  elected  members  of  the 

into    law  icithiii  the  said  province  and  terriinri,.-."  Council,   and    John   Healy,  Adam  Pcter,son,  Wil- 

This  was    a    great   victory  for  the  popular  cau-e.  Ham  Guest,  and  William  Hou^tou  member.- ot' A,- 

Another   equally  important   point  gaine.l   was    a  sei,ibly.     The  writ  lor  this  electiou  is  interesting 

clause  declaring  the  General  Assendily  indissoluble  from  its  untisual  ftrui : 
for  the  time  tor  which  its  members  were  elected, 
and   giving  it  power   to  sit  upion  its  own  a<ljouru- 

ments  and  committees,  and  to  coiitiiiue  its  .se.-sions  ','ii'i!,'r!i'i'i!!",'„'.','.'i"  \'i,,l,  i,r,u\'7i'ur'',irt'r\'iV.'hLi\''I!LXVndi'L  i^^^^^ 

in    order    to    propose    and    jTcpaie    hills,    redi-..-ss  k.,^  e  a.M  j-j.  .;■■.,-;,,  ..i  a.,  .r  i .  .ii_- s.j  m„j,  ,.iK..„r,i^v.i  ,„  n,.-- 

grievances,  and  impeach  criminals.  umik  my'iW'".i!iii!'Vt'M 'J-,^^^^^^^^^ 

There  is  not  much  more  to  .-av  about  tie.'  hi-torv  "-"  ^"  ='"'■  ''"  n"  ^i'^"  ■'"  e.xivc.ui..,,  u  y  m-xt  .\so,i,.!ii>  ,» 

of  this   period.     The   Colonial   Records   fumi-ha  ^ri'ii'r'sw.rfr.eMv'or 'uuwnimMill^ 

barren    tale   of  new  roads  jietitioued  for  and  laid  noiv  cuii  wiii  be  \»iy  „iii.it,  ;imi  o.ion  uvur.  ,\:  >«  new  .\-,i-i„My  ,.i...i. 

out;  fires,  and  jirccautions  taken  a-ain-t  them  and  ruac-r\'ia\kMu'".MLirruvcnim>u^'wiu -,io'f^^ 
preparations  to  meet  them ;  taxdiill-.  etc.    Wiiljam  ■    ,    .,    „    .',,.    - ,  ■•  "1".Dver. 

Penn  sailed  from  Cowes  on  Septenihei- !t,  l(i:i!i,  tor 

his  province.   He  had  arranged  his  luieli-h  alliiiis  :  ^-omc  id'  the  Xew  Ctistle  pcojile  complained  that 

he    brought   his  jecond  wife  and  hi-  (laii_diier  and  thev  did  iiol  lia\e  any  siiliieient  notice  of  thisehv- 

infants  with   him;    probably  he  expiated  thi.-  time  tion       renii  said  the'-lieriri  .siiouhl  he  puui-hcd  l.^r 

at  least  to  remain  in  the  province  li^r  '.ood  and  ail,  his   neL.deel.  hut    in    the  mean  time  tliei-e  wouhl  lie 

He  reached    I'inladelphia  1  )eeemher  l.-t.  and  to,.k  no    bu-ine,-.-   before  the  pix.s.iit  .se-ioii  except  w  hat 

lodgings  with    Robert   Wade,      d' he  eity  of  hi-  love  was    named    in    the   w, it,     in    u  hieh   he  lu,pcd  all 

was  quiet,  sad,  glonmy.      It  was  ju-t  b.'-innim:  to  would  i.Miieni-,  witiioiit  making  t/.e  Xew  Castle  "a.-e 

react  after   having   been  Iri-htliillv  lava-c  d  bv  an  a   preeeileiit    tor  the  future.      < '..mmitteCs  ol' (/out,- 

epidemic  <d' yellow  lever,  attendid  "with  enat  I'.ior-  cil   ai,d   Ai-einhlv  were   app-iiucd    to  eon.-ider  tia 

tality,  aial  the  people  who.-urvived  were.-oher  and  subject   of  the  twc.  propo-ed  hil!.-,  which,  a!ier  .-.v- 

(^laker.     °  '"  Tl,e    A-emliK-    oi.i    not    lii.e    the    clau.-e    loihel- 

The   fir.-t  Council  attended  by  Penn  nat  on  De-  din-   tiadc  u  ith     .Madaua-ear    and    Xatal  ;     thc-e 

ccniber    21,    li'.'.l'.).   and    the   is-tie  between  the  Ad-  [ilaccs,   it    wa--e-\plained,  had  heconie  retreats  aiid 


'T.)   r..  Halliwo 


DHLAWAin:  r.\]ii:i:  william  I'Knn. 


ri'tiriiiLr-]'l:i<v>  ..f  tliL-  piiiitc-:,  and  tviuh'  with  tluni 
»;is  accnnlin-ly  fnrM.'KKu  l-r  tl  ivx^  ycai -.  I'lnn 
lluu  dissolved  l\w  As.-oiiildy,  allrr  iiitnniiii!- tin  ni 
lluit  he  intended  to  call  the  next  lieli.ral  A.-M-ri,- 
hly  nccording  Id  charter  at  the  ii.-ual  annual  .-.s- 
-Kin.  Pcnn  had  nnt  .-i-iiili.  d  to  the  A^-emhly 
whether  or  not  he  a].|Miived  of  the  charter  I'l-anttd 
hv  Markhara  in  KiVi;.  X,,r  did  he  .ver  fonnally 
api>r()ve  it,  fur  the  chaite-  finally  ;fr;iDteil  hy  Penn 
ill  1701  ajiiiearcd  as  if  it  were  an  aniemlineut  to  or 
^uhstitute  t\>r  the  charter  of  lU^-1.  I'enn  appar- 
.  iitly  was  not  on  very  good  terms  with  Markhaiu 
Lt  t'his  time,  or  else  the" hitter's  ill  health  he  died 
ill  1704  after  a  long  illness;  no  longer  .-utiercil  him 
ut  take  an  active  part  in  government  atl'airs.' 

Penn  showed  himself  determined  at  tliis  time  to 
break  up  the  ])iracy  in  the  Delaware.  He  even 
uent  a  little  into  the  detective  and  private  imiuiiy 
business  himself.  He  wrote  to  Luke  Watson: 
••  Thy  Son's  ^^'lfe  has  made  Affidavit  to-day  before 
iiie  of  what  she  saw  it  knows  of  Geo.  Thomson  hav- 
ing East  India  goods  by  him  about  y"^  time  KidJ's 
^liip  caDie  to  yo'  Capes  :  Thy  .Sou  doubtless  knows 
much  more  of  the  business  :  I  desire  thereiore  thee 
would  cause  him  to  make  affidavit  bef  ire  thee  of 
what   he  knows  either  of  Georires  Goods  or  anv  of 


Xeu    fa.-tle    he- 


in-MiInT  uf  tlio  .\SH_-i!il,ly  Iruiii  Kent  in  li  'JS.  iiiul  tLcn  csi-llcil 
iikt   of   Ills  n-Utiuns  tu  the  l.ir;itf».     Peiiii  liu.l  Iimi  iiTrt-steU  in 

the   t"rl  ol  IStlhiinonI,  Ouvernor  of  N.vv  York.     Tljij  ni.au  is 


ul.Ut  iniike  a  Dilticulty  ill  bin.Jiiii;  thy   Exe^ue"  » Itii  Ui>.-vll 

tli>  uui,   I.,r..-,  only  for  .%  c.M.iiter  security.     Thou    ki.uwe,'t 
r.rv  M  ,1...  fiiai  of  all  oh:ii;,iri.,iis,  ,t  I  .-.innot  but  like  it  hur.l 

—  1  ,.:u  I,  t  .,.[,<  criK.J  ivith.     I  e.M'-'-t  u  n...re  e.vpre.-,,  -ii.in.r 
:  I.  .-t  V.  1  „•,^,.„  .,,.,1  nin.un  thy  ..ikcti""  Kinsman,— W.  I'."— 


Phil 

answ 


A.v-  • 
thini 
he  " 
wliic 


.~on...Mi-prclrd  of  pira,  V  had  -  laflv  land, .1  lu  low, 
on  ihi,-  and  t'other  sid.;  the  Kiv'ei-,  A  that  some 
hover  about  New  Castle,  full  of  (>ohJ.  The.-e  are 
to  de,~ire  vou  to  u.-e  \  our  utnicr-t  lilndi  avor  and 
Iliii-eliev  in  di-eove;-ing  ami  appdiending  all  Mieh 
1  .-o.i,..,  as  you  may  kii<.w  or  h.arof  that  n.av  be  .-o 
.^u-p.rtid,  aceordiiiL:  to  mv  Proclamation'.-  A 
-iiuilar  letter  wa-  .eiit  to  NehoDiiali  Itield  and 
Jonathan  Eailev. 

Birch,  collector  of  cu.-tn,„s  at  New  Castle,  wrote 
to  Penn  under  date  of  .May  'Js;,  1  7(h).  complaining 
of  vesscds  having  gone  down  trom  and  come  upi  to 
lelphia  without  reporting  to  him.  Penn 
red  he  was  sorry  that  masters  were  so  lack- 
1  respect.  Ther-  was  a  bill  uow  before  the 
ildy  to  make  the  oifeuse  penal.  Put  he 
a  customs  collector  ought  to  have  a  boat,  if 
iiteil  to  secure  the  enforcement  of  the  laws, 
were  all  on  his  side.  "Thou  canst  not  ex- 
pect that  any  at  Philadelphia,  40  miles  distant 
from  you.  can  putt  Laws  in  execution  at  X.  Castle, 
without  any  care  or  vigilance  of  officers  there,  if 
so  there  needed  none  in  the  place,  especiallv  since 
no  place  m  the  River  or  Bay  yields  y"  prospect  y' 
i.s  at  >'ew  Castle  of  seeing  20  miles  one  way  and  a 
dozen  the  other,  any  vessel  coming  either  up  or 
down.''  Penn  confesses  he  thinks  the  particu- 
lar care  he  had  taken  of  the  interests  of  the  king 
aud  his  immediate  officers  de:erved  a  better  re- 
turn ''than  such  testy  expressions  as  thou  flings 
out  in  thy  Letters  both  to  myself  and  of  one  to  y' 
members  of  Council."  Birch  is  reminded  that  he 
has  forgotten  the  respect  due  to  the  proprietary's 
station  and  conduct,  aud  that  he  should  not  make 
Penn  a  sufferer  on  account  of  his  pique  agtiiustthe 
coll  ctor  at  Philadeljiliia,  a  matter  with  which  he 
neither  had  nor  wanted  anything  to  do.  "  Ltt 
your  Jr'j4crs  at  home  decide  it ;  ichat  aniir.-^  j'nirli/ 
before  me  J nhall  acqnitt  mijse/fof,  icitti  Hon'  ii:  Jus- 
tice to  if  bcit  of  mil  undevMandinij  n"'out  regard  to 
fear  or  Jarour,  for  tlio^e  sordid  pn,-.-<ions  -shall  never 
move  y'  Proprief  &  Gov''  of  rensilvaiiia."  But 
Penn  was  not  done  with  ]Mr.  Birch  yet.  In  a  po.-t- 
script  he  says  he  hears  that  the  collector  talk.-  ot 
wilting  home,  aud  making  he  knows  utit  w  hat  coui- 
pe    thou   irilt   he   caidiou.i  in  that 


plain 
point 
prove 


hope    thou   irilt   he   cauti 

>,ld  n-rltr  too,  nhieh,  vhen  I  doe, may 

irjh  to  ma/:':  fhre  .r./.^lb/e  of  it  at  a  di.<- 


t.        ■•/ 

Ud  I>h. 

lu,ol  ,n, 

tancr.  If  thou  an,]<r->,uoU  not  thi.i.  it  ,liall  be 
plained  to  tli'.nA  oar  n..rl  m,,/in.,,  >rh,  n  damn 
at  Lu^uref  This  letter,  full  of  con-ri,His  pox 
was  palpa'.ilv  meaiu  tor  (  luai  rv  quite  a.  muel 
Birch.  Penn  sent  the  whole  corr, -pond^n.v  to 
Lonl.  of  Trade,  ami  when  Birch  .lied  .-ho,  tlv  at 
ward<,  Penn  himself  appointed  hi.-  -;ieeo--or 
tun.,  in  order,  as  he  sai.l,  to  protect  lli.-.MaJe.- 
inttrests, — in    other    wvrds,   implviiii:   that    tl 


IIlSTUllY  OF  KELAWAin-: 


interests  were  nut  <ervoil  by  eitluT  Bircli  or 
(iuarrv. 

At  tlieses-i..n  <A'  tlie  A-nnblv  uii.l  C^imcil,  in 
October,  1700,  :it  Xew  (.■a>tl..,  tli'.Tr  ua^  a  -.  u.  ral 
revision  of  laws,  ami  a  t.ax  bill  wa-  [la.-.-i  .1  to  rai-e 
two  tluiii.saiiil  jiniinib.  <  lue  liuii.li^il  ami  i''iir 
acts  were  pa—.il  at  tlii<  .-■— ii^ii  ot'  ilic  Gcmial  A.-- 
senibly,  the  nio.t  ot'  tlimi  Ik-Ihl-  iii.Mlili,;ati-ii>  nt" 
existiui;  laws,  nr  a'/t-  "f  local  rliararti-r  ami  nilu.ir 
importuiiee.  Tii,-  ]>iin'l,a-e  ,■[  land  imia  In, Tans 
witliout  con-  nt  <'l'  the  inoprirtai-y  was  toi-Ui,i,ln  : 
better  provision  was  madf  t^.r  the  ponr.  DiiclinL' 
and  chiillenL'inL'  to  ciiinbat  vi-it' i|  with  three 
montlis' inipii.-oument ;  b.mml  .-fr\anis  ioihiihlen 
to  be  sold  withont  their  eonstut  aii^l  that  't'  two 
magistrates,  and  at  the  expiration  of  their  terei  of 
service  were  to  have  clothes  and  injj)lenients  jriveu 
them.  An  act  relating'  to  roads  gave  the  regula- 
tion of  county  loads  to  county  justices,  and  the 
king's  highway  and  public  roads  to  the  Governor 
and  Council;  inclosures  were  to  bo  regulated, 
corn-field  fences  to  be  made  pig-tight  and  five  feet 
high,  of  rails  or  logs ;  when  such  fences  were  not 
provided,  the  delinquent  to  be  liable  to  all  damages 
from  stock.  The  counties  were  to  provide  railed 
bridges  over  streams  at  their  own  expense,  and  to 
appoint  overseers  of  highways  and  viewers  of 
fences.  A  health  bill  was  also  passed,  providing 
quarantine  for  vessels  with  disease  aboard. 

A  new  Assembly  was  called  to  meet  on  the  15th 
of  Septcn)ber,  1701.  The  proprietary  told  them 
he  would  have  been  glad  to  defer  the  session 
to  the  usual  time,  but  he  was  summoned  away 
to  England  by  news  seriously  threatening  his  and 
their  interests.  A  combined  effort  was  making  in 
Parliament  to  obtain  an  act  for  annexing  the  sev- 
eral proprietary  governments  to  the  crown  A 
bill  for  that  jjurpose  had  passed  a  second  reading 
in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  it  was  ab.solutely 
necessary  for  Penn  to  be  on  the  spot  to  prevent 
the  snccess  of  these  schemes.  \\"lien  the  Asseinblv 
met,  I'enn  told  them  he  contemplated  the  voyaLC 
with  great  reluetanee,  "  having  piomi^ed  nivself 
the  Quietne-s  of  a  wilderness,"  iuit,  tiihliii-  he 
could  best  serve  them  on  the  other  side  of  the 
water,  "neither  the  rudeness  of  the  season  nor  the 
tender  circumstances  of  my  fansilv  can  overrule 
my  intention  to  undertake  it."  At  the  first  regu- 
lar session  of  the  A>~eii)lily  since  hi-  return  i  April, 
1700)  Penn  had  addr.-sed  them  on  the  subject  of 
reforming  the  charter  and  laws.  Some  laws 
were  obsolete,  he  said,  some  hurtful,  S(jnic  iinjur- 
fect  and   needing   improvement,  new  ones   to   be 


made  also. 

All  this,  h: 

.wever,  wa^  -imi.lv  ] 

u'elini; 

iuarv. 

The 

Assemblv   ni: 
tlie    people    o 

ade   a    renion-tranee 
f  rhiladelphia   whi, 

and 

L-h   ha, 

petitio 
1     be,,, 

IK    of 

pre- 

sented  to  ( ;„■ 

.ern,„-   .Markham  in 

Apri 

i,  ii;o7 

,  and 

again  brough 

t  before  Penn.  were  ] 

:nadet 

he  oec 

asioii 

,ldbei 
,deup 
id  terr 


full 


.1  be  tak, 
integrity 


charter  should  l,e  granted,  that  all  lu-opei'ty  .,::,  . 
tious  .-hould  be  settled  in  the  courts,  and  no  lon_, 
allowed  to  go  bet<)re  Governor  anil  Council,  a-, 
that  the  justices  should  license  and  regulate  o,m. 
naries  and  drinking-houses.  The  rest  of  the  a,i; 
clcs  were  in  I'eference  to  the  land  question,  and  il. 
freedom  of  the  demands  provoked  the  Govern,  r 
who  said,  on  hearing  the  articles  read,  that  if  i: 
had  freely  expressed  his  inclination  to  imliil. 
them,  "  tliey  were  altogether  as  free  in  their  era'. 
ings,"  and  there  were  several  of  the  articles  whi  ! 
could  not  concern  them  "as  a  House  of  Ke]ir> 
sentatives  conveu'd  on  atlairs  of  Gov'm't."  1: 
fact,  the  Assembly  demanded  (1 )  that  the  proj.rlr 
tary  should  cease  to  exercise  the  right  of  reviewin, 
and  altering  the  land  contracts  made  in  his  nai..i 
by  the  Deputy-Governor,  and  that  the  hut, 
shiiuld  have  power  to  remedy  all  sliortages  and  over 
measures ;  (2)  that  the  charter  should  secure  ai 
titles  and  clear  all  Indian  purchases;  (3j  tha 
there  shonhl  be  no  more  delay  in  confirming  lai,'! 
and  granting  patents,  and  the  ten  in  the  hiindr, ' 
should  be  allowcil  as  agreed  upon  ;  (4)  no  surveye,- 
secretary,  or  other  [lerson  to  take  any  extra  fe, 
beyond  the  law's  allowance;  ('>)  the  ancient  la,. 
records,  made  betiire  Penn's  coming,  shoul.l  !■■ 
"  lodged  in  such  hands  as  y"  A.ssembly  shall  jml.' 
to  be  most  safe;"  'tli  a  patent  office  should  i- 
created,  like  that  of  Jamaica  ;  i  7}  that  the  ori-iii:> 
terms   f..r   laviu'.^  out    I'liila, 


the    l.aml   Iv 
ilreadv  built 


phia  were  clogg. 
itrary  to  the  desi- 
oil  Id  be  eased;  .  ' 
.f  that  part  of  !.' 
common,  and   tie 


Ic; 


tor  tin 

■  of   tl' 


iture,  te 


e  ownei-s  .-hall  be  rea 
ereon,  ami  that  the  1 
uii  b..  left  to  thelnhal 
,ir  winter  tibdder  ;"  (0 
the  strvvts  of  the  town  should  be  re-ulate. 
b.mnded,  the  end-  on  Delaware  an.l  .•^.•huvl: 
be  nnlimit.d  an, I  hit  free,  an.l  iVee  public  lai 


Id  or  Imp: 
1  tllat-  n.ar 
thi-  t..un  t. 


DKLAWAItE  r.NDKIl  WILLIAM   rilNN 


97 


uhvts  be  ooiifirnii'.l  at  tlif  IMiic  Aiirlmr  Tuvrii 
„na  tlu'  Penny  P,.t-iro,is,.  ;  (  10  i  the  .l.v,l>  of 
eiifooffiuent  tV.mi  tlie  Diik-  of  York  for  tlio  low^r 
counties  should  \>''  n-ronlrd  in  llirir  rouns  ami  all 
hinds  not  disposril  of  thm  hv  K-tte.l  at  th.>  old  rate 
of  u  luishel  of  wheat  thr  hundred  acres  ;  ^  11  )  Xcw 
Ciistle  should  receive  the  one  thousand  acres  of 
common  land  promised  to  it,  and  liankdnts  these 
to  be  confirmed  to  owners  of  front  lot^  at  low-water 
mark,  at  the  rent  of  a  bushel  of  wheat  per  h  .t ;  (12) 
all  the  hay  marshes  should  be  laiil  out  for  commons, 
except  such  as  were  already  granted  ;  (!•'.! )  that  all 
patents  hereafter  to  be  granted  to  the  territories 
should  be  on  the  same  conditions  as  tlie  warrants 
or  grants  were  obtained,  and  that  people  should 
have  liberty  to  buy  up  their  quit-rents,  as  formerly 
promised. 

Penn  informed  the  Assembly  that  their  adilress 
wa5  solely  on  property,  and  chiedy  in  relation  to 
jirivate  contracts  between  him  and  individuals, 
whereas  he  had  recommended  them  to  consider 
their  privileges,  the  bulwark  of  property.  He 
would  never  sutler  any  Assembly  to  intermeddle 
in  his  property.  The  Assembly  retorteil  that  they 
were  of  opinion  they  had  privileges  sufficient  as 
Englishmen,  and  would  leave  the  rest  to  Provi- 
dence. As  to  the  king's  letter  demanding  a  sub- 
sidy, the  country  was  too  much  straitened  of  late 
by  the  necessary  payment  of  their  debts  and 
ta.\;es;  other  colonies  did  not  seem  to  have  done 
anything,  and  they  must,  therefore,  beg  to  be  ex- 
cused. 

Penn  now  made  answer  to  the  address,  article 
by  article;  he  would  appoint  such  deputies  as  he 
hud  confidence  in,  and  he  hoped  they  would  be  iif 
honest  character,  unexceptionable,  and  capable  of 
doing  what  was  right  by  pjroprietary  and  province; 
he  was  willinir  to  grant  a  new  charter,  and  to 
dispense  with  delays  in  granting  patents ;  fees  he 
was  willing  should  be  regulated  by  law,  but  hoped 
he  would  not  be  expected  to  pay  them  ;  the  custody 
of  the  records  was  as  much  his  business,  as  the 
Assembly's ;  if  the  Jamaica  patent  law  would  im- 
prove things  he  was  willing  to  have  it  adopted  ;  the 
i-laim  for  town  lots  was  erroneous  ;  the  reservations 
ill  the  city  were  his  own,  not  the  pro[)erty  of  the 
inhabitants ;  improvements  of  bed  of  streets  con- 
'■eded  ;  license  proposition  conceded  ;  the  deeds  for 
I>elaware  counties  were  recorded  by  Ephraim 
Herman;  the  other  propo-itions,  in  substauce.  so 
fur  as  they  were  inijiortant,  were  negatived  or 
referred  for  revision. 

In  the  course  of  the  discussions  the  representa- 
lives  of  the  lower  counties  took  offense  and  with- 
drew from  the  As-sembly  ;  they  objected  to  having 
the  Assembly  confirm  and  re-eiKft  the  laws  pas-ed 
lit  Now  Castle,  since  they  rc-ard.  .1  the-e  a>  aire.-idy 
l^'rnianent  and  established.  Thi^  was  ..idv  pre- 
hniinarv  to  the  final  se]>aration  of  the  Dtdaware 
7 


counties  from  Peiinsvlvanla.  Finallv  the  Assem- 
bly was  dis.-olved  on' Oct.  L's,  ITol,  the  ( iovernor 
having  signed  an  act  to  esiahlish  courts  of  judica- 
ture ibr  the  jnuii-hnient  of  ]ictty  larceny;  for 
minor  attachments;  for  preventing  clandestine 
marriages;  for  preventing'  fires  in  towns;  for  pre- 
venting swine  from  ninnin'.'  at  large;  fi>r  the 
de>truction  of  blackbirds  and  crows,  and  against 
Selling  rum  to  the  Indians.  Penn  also  signed  the 
Charter  of  Privile-es,  ■■with  a  Warrant  to  Affix 
the  Great  Seal  to  it,  w'"°  w:i.s  diliver.-d  with  it  to 
Thomas  Story,  Kee[)er  of  the  said  Seal,  and  master 
of  the  Rolls," to  be  Sealed  and  R.-cordcd.'' 

The  Charter  of  Privileges,  after  a  specific  pre- 
and)le,  begins  by  confirming  freedom  of  conscience 
and  liberty  of  religious  profession  and  worship  in 
ample  terms,  as  had  been  done  in  the  earlier  f  jrni 
of  government ;  it  provided  for  an  Assembly  of 
four  members  from  each  countv,  to  be  elected  bv 


SE.VL   OF   THE   IN-Il'JLMKKT   OFFICE   OF 
PENXSYLVAXIA,    1GS3. 

the  freemen  each  year  on  October  1st,  and  meet 
in  General  Assembly  October  14th,  at  Philadel- 
phia. The  Assembly  to  choose  its  own  iSpeaker 
and  olficers,  judge  the  qualification  and  election  of 
its  own  members,  sit  upon  its  own  adjournments, 
appoint  committees,  prepare  bills  in  or  to  pass  into 
laws,  impeach  criminals  and  redress  grievances, 
"and  shall  have  all  other  powers  and  privileges  of 
an  Assembly,  according  to  the  rights  of  the  free- 
born  subjects  of  England,  and  as  is  usual  in  any 
of  the  King's  Plantations  in  America."  The 
freemen  of  each  county,  on  the  election  day  for 
Assemblymen,  were  to  select  two  persons  for  sheriff 
and  two  for  coroner,  the  Governcjr  to  commission 
a  sheriff  and  a  coroner,  each  to  serve  for  three 
years,  from  the  persons  so  chosen  fiir  him  to  select 
from.  If  the  voters  neglected  to  nominate  candi- 
dates for  these  offices,  the  county  justices  should 
remedy  the  defect.  "  Fourthlij.  that  the  Laws  of 
this  Govrm'  shal^  be  in  this  stile,  viz'.  [By  the 
Governour  with  the  Consent  and  Approbation  of 
the  freemen  in  General  Assembly  mett]  and  shall 
lie.  after  Confirmation  by  the  Governour,  forthwith 
Recorded  in  the  Rolls  office,  and  kept  at  Philadia, 
unless   the   Govr.    anel    Assemblv   shall   aiiree  to 


IIISKJIIV  OF   I'KLAWARH 


FIfthhi 


their  acfiistTs 

:  coin 

phiiii 

Its; 

:is  to  jirop,  1-1 

heard  anywhc 

TC     bll 

t    in 

VI 

mrts   of  jn-ii 

upon  appeal  h 

iwfuli; 

V  jin 

.Vi( 

ltd  tor;  'no  1 

ordinaries,  t'^'. 

'.,    to 

he    L 

Tanti.d    hilt    ui" 

mendation  of 

the  C 

ount 

V    . 

Ju.-ti(vs    uh, 

suppress  such 

hoUM.- 

i  for 

\v.- 

..r.l./r  and  ni 

suicide  was  ii 

Ot     to 

u„rk   , 

reheat  of  im 

affect  its  reyuh 

ird,-.- 

ellt  t' 

.1. 

-ai  h.-irs:'n, 

of  estates  to  pn 

.prifta 

ry  in 

(■<< 

l,M.|U(n.V,.f; 

The  charter  w 

us  n(it 

to 

he 

anien.lrd   ..r 

any  way  but  1 

)V    Cnn 

■^ont 

of 

th.'  <_;..vtrn.. 

sevenths  of  tl 

le   A>: 

-eujl: 

'Iv, 

and    the    lii 

guaranteeing  1 

liiierty 

of  t 

•(".n 

science,  ".Ik 

and  remain  wi 

tiiollt 

anv 

alti 

eration,   Invi 

ever."     The    . 

A  .-em 

'olv. 

U 

:    thi-    charl. 

secured  what  i 

It  had 

been 

mtcndin-  tnv 

alley,  ( ■ 
tiiein  t' 


TUr  C.ainc-il  as  noinii,:. 
■  f  Kduard  Shipp.n.  .1 
trr,  William  Clarke,  Th,, 
rhiiu-as  I'emherton,  Saa 
and  J(din  Blun.-ton,  anv  i' 


William  }',, 


tl.    hi<  ui 


r. 


k 


't;^y 


L«, 


the   first   session  at 

r 

ph,nd. 

,-tlie 

pa 

rliam 

entarv 

privilege  of  uriiiinatin 

1-1 

i.ills,v 

.hiclu 

the  in 

I.erent 

in   e\ery    pro].crIy    : 

ItiitUt 

e,l       1,. 

■eisl 

ative 

ho.ly. 

Penn,  in  fact,  conced 

ed 

ever\ 

thine 

hut 

iiar-in 

of  acres  for  .-horta-i 

the  in 

un    \u 

t-,    il 

aid  Ih 

e  .pnt- 

rents.      To   e\|H.litf 

t 

he    en 

nvevai 

lice 

of     p 

atcnts. 

titles,  and   land  -ran 

t> 

he    er 

eated 

a  ci 

jniiiii? 

,-i.Hl   of 

propertv,   consi^tiiiL' 

ot 

■  i:dw 

aid   .< 

hii., 

pen.  (. 

iritfith 

Owen,    Thomas    St,. 

and 

.lanu 

L..i.'aii 

1,   with 

power  to  grant    Int- 

"a 

i.d    la 

nd 

make 

till,.-. 

The  new  charter  did 

aw 

ay  wi 

th  an. 

•lee 

tiveC 

.ain.-il. 

and  the  legi.-lativr  ]<■ 

.w 

er  wa.- 

-  vc-te 

d  exelu-1 

velv  in 

the  Abseud)lv.      Hut 

1'. 

.■nil  ce 

iiiiipi" 

■loll, 

■d  a  t 

■,,i:n.'il 

under  his  own  .-al  t. 

.  (_■ 

■ollMlll 

t  and  : 

:i"i,- 

-t  him 

i  or  his 

d.'putv  or  lifutniant 

ill 

1  all  tl 

le  pul 

ill.- 

aliah-- 

•..f  the 

pn.vinr.,.     TheCoui 

ici 

1  thu> 

ii"i. 

Mlle.i    ' 

U.T.'  I.I 

hold   their    plar,-  at 

tl 

le  <;■! 

xenu.i 

■'-    1 

■  leaMI 

r.'.  th.' 

Deputy-Governor   ti 

.   1 

lave    t 

he    p, 

■    to    ;' 

ippoiut 

men   where  there   w 

as 

a  va 

cancy. 

to 

ne.iiii 

nate   a 

president  of  Couuci 

.1, 

and 

even 

to 

iiicrun 

i:,e    the 

It  N.ivemh.r 
Hannah,  h 
his  infant  son  d.ilin.  end 
■•Dalmah.iv-  f.r  Kn-lan 
Amlrew  Hamilt.m.  firm.rlv  ti.ivernor  ..f  I 
an.l  W,,>t  New  Jersev,  to  U-  his  Lieutenant-(  e  . 
.rn.ir;  an.l  he  ma.le  James  Lo-an  pn.vite 
secretary  ami  .1.  rk  of  (".mncil.  While  the  .di- 
dr.>].iK-.l  d.iwn  the  riv.r  the  proprietary  wrote  h  ■ 
l.'tter  .)f  instruclieiis  t.i  Logtin,  from  which  extra. : 
have  lieen  given  above.  And  so  Penn  pa--  . 
away  fr  im  the  province  he  had  created,  never  i 

return  to  it  again.     He  died  on  the  oi't: 

N     of  July,  171^   (0.  8.),    in    the   sevpni\. 
I  f.iurtli  year  of  his  age.     The  funeral  to' 4. 
I  place  August  5th,  in   the   burial-groui.e 
J^l  at   J..)rdan"s    Quaker    meeting-house,   i:, 
^'"-  ■  "^   Buckinghamshire,    where    his    first    wi:, 
"j   and  several  of   his   ihmilv  were  alrea.iv 
■  :.  ;    interred. 
.    '  /y       After  Penn's  departure  from  the  De'.a 
• '.'   ware   the   proceedings  of  the  Govern. t. 
.;-,.-'-dl  Council,  and  Assendily  of  the  provin.' 
;'\-^'^i  became  monotonous  and  dreary.     A  con- 
stant struggle  was  going  on,  but  it  ha.i 
no  variations.    The  same  issues  were  he 
ing  all  the  time  fought  out,  over  the  saa.' 
tl  familiar  ground  and  by  the  same  parti. - 
The  interests  of  the  crown,  the  inter.  .-:- 
of  the  proprietary,  the   interests  of  t!.- 
people,  did   not  harmonize ;  there  wa.-  :i 
continual   and    ince.-*ant   clash,  and    \. ; 
nothing  was  settled.    The  Governors  w a  v- 
of  inferior  metal,  the  people  vexed  and  complain 
ing,  the  Penus  wanted  money,  the  crown  wantui 
siqiplies    and  money,   was  jealous    and   solicit. ii  - 
aliLiut    prerogative,  everything   seemed    to    be    :.: 
...Ids  an.l  outs,  yet  the  colony  grew  and  prospeni 
aniazinirly.     The  vari.uis  an.l   .'..uflicting  intere-:- 
di.i    n:it    .li^turl)    a    people    who   were    peacefnilv 
r.apin-  the  fruit,  of  th.ar  lal...rs  un  a  kindiv  m  ''■ 
in    a   -eiitle    climate,  almost    untaxed   an.l   a"lu,. -: 
uim.iverne.l,   an.l    iiiiini-rati.in    ll.,we.|    in    like    .' 
stea.lv  m.mntain  ti.le. 

Un  July  111,  ITnl.in  advan.'e  of  otiicial  in.-tna- 
ti'iii.-,  Lieuteiiant-t  nivern.ir  An. hew  Hamilton  ai  ■; 
(.'.iiineil  ..rdire.l  Ann.'  .if  Denmark  t.,  be  pi  - 
elainie.l  (^leen  of  Great  liritaln,  prin.ipallv  L 
caUM'   war    haTl    b.-eu   .l.vlare.l    uith     France"  an: 

n.r.^sary  in  eallin-  out  the  militia  f.,r  defei;- 
This  detenidnation  to  inv...ive  the  col. my  in  iiue 
tary  measures  at  yiice  provoked  tlie  passive  ri;i:e 


riKAT'v-   AM)    rillVATKKnS. 


99 


„noo  of  tl.r  Qinkc.-.  Win  i,  thr  tirn.^  c^anr 
(Niivt'iiil.ur  14.  17!il  )  l<v  ih-  A--.p.l,lv  (..  11,.,;, 
tho  lower  coui.tl.-  ,„i  thr  I)oI:u\.Me  \v.,ic  i.^t 
rclircstiited.  All  lurjiMunir.rnt  \\a-  h:i,l.  iL  .tiwii, 
h.l.l,  and  IKU-  rrj,ri-ntnu\.;,-  <l:n.>,n,  l.ut  V.rv 
hkrwi...  i,i\.-ol  I.;  -o  to  I'liiLfl.lpiiia,  and  ..'li'^ 
(^,:ak.is  „r  ll.at  c.-umv.  liiuk.  aud  (  h.'.-'.T  Lad 
thiii-^  all  tluir  null  wav.  .       ' 


/^P-^mx 


SKAL  OF   PHIL 


Ihunilton  died  April  20,  17i)3,  and  was  suc- 
ccc<U\,  on  FtlTuarv  2,  1701.  l.v  John  r.vans, 
IVnn's    IRW    Ciovnnur.     IL.    failed    in    i.n,euiin- 

fuinsties  to  tb.c  Assembly,  alien:itiii;4  tlieni  more 
conii'Iflely  still,  and  irritatinLi-  tl.e  represented 
counties  by  !ii=  methods  of  procedure. 


CHArTEll    X. 

PIliATI^S    AND    PF.IVATICF.RS. 

Among  the  manv  h.Trdships  with  which  our 
f.reliitliers  had  to  ornlen,!  in  the  early  colonial 
peiind  were  tin'  ineii!>ioii3  rind  ilepredatioii^  o!' 
pnate=,  freel,ti..ters  nnil  prjvateers.  As  sodd  us 
tliev  sueeeeiled  in  buildii!-  their  ouiet  little  town- 
fhips  nlon-  the  coa-:,  and,  throaLd,  titeir  thrill  and 
(i!-l-jy,  C-t:.hli.::e.]  lliein^elv,  in  eon.fortalde 
home-  rea.lv  to  .-tart  out  in  lile  in  the  Ne'A  World, 
th.  V  fell  an  ea-v  prev  to  jdr.ite--,  aliur.d  hv  the 
•■oraf.rlablc  and  fru-al  aoprai.niee  nt  ih,ar  I'eMn. - 
M.'ad..  Thev  Millered  m'.t  unlv  at  the  i,an  1-  of 
Mrati^nrs  aiel  torv  ii:ieu-,  hut  "  fre.pientiv  advei;- 
U>r,-i.  would  I'o  out  Inun  their  own  mid-t.  di-ap- 
!>>inted  or  di-ati.lhd  with  Aueaiean  -oil,  and,  hi 
Collu-lou    \\it!i     llielldl    vdio    lei.uiinrd    ,.u   .horc. 

tleir  W.nurv  iri.iid<.  A  va-'  .jUanlitv  of  material 
i-  in  e.v;i-ienee  b.^-arin-_'  .n  thi.  pie  -.■  of  e,,!,  ,ui.d 
lite,  to  be  lonud  chiellv  in  the  dep,,dli.,iw  of  wit- 
ii'-e.s  before  tile  Coui'r.il.-  of  the  Governor-,  the, 
''■^ulatiou:^  pa-  ..d  lii  thecoleiiiei  or  tie   ie  trn.  ;ioi, ; 


<ent  from  Knjand  v;iih  a  vi,  w  to  suppress  thf>o 
nul-a.ie-.  Ihil  Uo-u  uf^iandin- th- inter.^t  attach- 
ino  to   it,  the   matter   lia<   not   a>  y.  t    received   the 

tim-  lar  prelerr.d  to  u-'  the  .-dhie.t  a-  the  ba,-i.-  of 
ro.nan-e^  and  tabulo,,-  t.d.  -  >,f  advetiturc  ^uclI  a» 
arep!ea^in-toju^eMil.■ra-|.-. 

As  early  as  It;:.:;  we  hud  a.vounts  of  the  pirat- 
ic:ll  cxcur-ions  of  I'ii. .:,,.,.,  J;.,n!,t.  a  re.-ideut  of 
New  Am,-t(rdani.  Holland  and  J'n-land  ■■ere 
then   at   war.   and  it  vva^    Baxters   pla,.   to   pilla-e 

inthehaM,u--ofi;„.  l'.n.Ji-!i  ..nh:,>,  who  protected 
him  from  hr-  Duid,  pur.-uers.  Others  folh.we.l 
the  e.xani].le  of  Jhixtcr,  and  the  condition  of  atlairs 
was  such  that  a,t-  of  piracy  ,ould  be  comn.itteil 
with  absolute  impunity,  d'l'ie  Dut.li  letaliated  on 
tlie  Kuirri>h  and  oiiued  their  p  u■t^  as  places  of 
refuge  U,v  those  who  had  plundered  the  Enirli>h. 
Tlic  region  abecjt  I.^.n-  Uhuid  and  the  shores  of 
the  East  J;iver  liaalK"  became  so  infested  with 
these  robber,  that  boil,"  the  EnLdi,-h  and  the  Dutch 
found  it  to  their  advanta,L'e  to  ta!;e  measures  to 
supi-ress  them.  Stuyve.-aiit  rai,-ed  a  force,  a  jnirt 
of  which  wa^  aluaN-  on  ^uard.  Yachts  were  kept 
],lvim_'  alon-  tlie  eor.-t  keepin-  a  vi'/ilaut  watch  for 
pirat.s.  and  severe  p,  naltie.  svere  iiill'cred  oa  those 
whe>  oieied  juxitection  to  suspicieHis  characters; 
and  it  was  only  aftc'r  th.cse  nu^asures  were  ligidly 
uiforced  that  tlie  New  Netherlander.s  were  relieved 
of  the  excesses  jiractieed  by  th.ese  Ireebooters. 

Being  thus  driven  iVoni  the  scene;)f  a  prolitable 
occupation,  th.-y  were  I'orecd  to  lind  a  new  iield  in 
which  to  carry  on  their  (hi,in'_'  operations,  and  it 
is  doublle-- duo  to  tids  iioerruptioi)  thai  we  lind 
them  a  lew  year,-,  later  perpe'lrating  their  outrages 
along  the  coa-t  of  JJelaware. 

Delawaie  being  lie  a  a  part  of  rennsylvania,  it 
is,  therefore     to    the  r^jrurA^.    and   archives  of  the 

liidit  upon  this  suhicct.  The  earliest  appearance 
ot  pirat'.s  oi!'  the  coa,-t  ol'  ])elaware,  of  which  we 
have  any  delinite  know  li.(l:_'e  was  about  IGSo, 
but  ibr  th.'fir-^t  two  vear-  tlev  were  not  a^TLrre.sive, 
and  .ati>li,  d  th.ni^^lves  with  occa.ionaf  sallies, 
accompanied  bv  no,.u,a  daina-,^.  ]n  IG^?,  how- 
evr,  tlMV.Middcidv  ho,,. me  bolder  and  more  auda- 
,ioo,,;„,d  their  ho-i,!,.exhihition<  w-ere>of,e.pient 
and  deva-tatin-  a-  to  d-niaml  the  titletitiou  of  the 
•'overnm.  nt  in  Jhijaiid,  Deemiiu:  it  lust  to  deal 
uKh  them  mihllv  ai  ilr-t,  dames  11.  b.u.d  an 
Older  icpiiring  the  ,oh,nial  authoriti.s  to  u-e  every 
precaution  to  cheek  ihe  abu-e>  ami  rent  a  ileet  to 
aid  ih.eni  hi  the  worit  ;  but.  he  nuth.ori/.,;d  the  p  .r- 
d-n  ol'  aiiv  pii.i-,-  wh,,  haviiu'  beeu  captured 
witi.in  lu.-lvc  r.enth-  ,.f  the  d,,te  of  the  in-true- 
tr.us  !Au:o;-t   21,   lo-7x   diouhl   -ive  securitv   to 


'J  ids   l..,t.   p. 


h„d   an  efhet 


100 


HISTORY  or  l>i;lawaiip:. 


that  was  little  fxi.ect..!  <ir  still  1.-  (lr-i,v,l.  The 
colouinl  <  tHcirs  used  their  new  ly-aciiuireii  preri'i.'a- 
tive  of  parddii  lor  the  iimst  venal  purposes,  and 
the  most  notorious  pirates,  who  were  able  to  pur- 
chase their  ininiiinitv,  went  free  and  unmolested, 
while  those  whose  booty  had  not  been  sutficieut  to 
satisfy  the  avariee  of  the  otiicers  suffered  the  full 
penalty  of  the  law.  ^[oreover,  they  we-re  extremely 
careless  in  the  legal  processes  which  the  less  fortu- 
nate freebooters  were  compelled  to  nndersro,  aiid 
many  were  convicted  unjustly,  through  a  desire  of 
those  in  power  to  seem  zealous  in  their  enforcement 
of  the  King's  commands.  Jiiit  cdniplaints  soon 
reached  the  ears  of  those  in  Ldiidim,  and  a  second 
letter  was  written,  this  one  addiissrd  tn  Wiiliaiu 

,Penu  himself  and  dated  OetolK-r  i:;,  U>x7.  The 
King  requested  his  servants  in  the  colonies  to 
remedy  the  abuses  named,  mentioning  particularly 
the  unfair  trials.  He  went  further,  however,  and 
removed  from  them  all  original  authority  in  the 
case  of  captnied  piiates,  who  were  henceforth  to 
be  imprisoned  until  His  ^lajesty's  will  should  be 
known.  In  addition  to  this,  Sir  Robert  Holmes 
was  appointed  a  commissioner  whose  duty  it  was 
to  decide  in  what  cases  pardon  should  be  granted 
in  pursuance  of  the  first  letter  of  instructions.  In 
;N'ovember  the  Privy  Council  met,  published  an 
order  against  pirates,  and  placed  Sir  Robert 
Holmes  in  command  ot  a  squadron  to  be  sent  out 
for  the  defense  of  the  colonies,  and  as  a  reward  for 
his  services  he  was  granted  all  property  which 
might  be  taken  from  pirates  within  three  years  of 
the  date  of  his  commi.ssiou.  Early  in  the  follow- 
ing year  the  King  issued  a  royal  proclamation 
condemning  the  pirates  in  the  most  severe  terms 
and  urging  their  hasty  extii'pation,  commanding 
that  those  who,  in  contempt  of  His  ^lajesty's  orders, 
continue  their  abominable  practices,  be  pursued 
"  until  they  and  every  one  of  them  be  utterly 
destroyed  and  condemned." 

Through  these  precautions  the  outrages  per- 
petrated   by  the  rovers  of  the   sea   wqre   almost 

.  entirely  abolished,  and  for  a  few  years  the  inhabit- 
ants along  the  coast  were  able  to  manage  their 
aflairs  in  peace  and  contentment  Still,  there  was 
always  cause  for  anxiety,  and  in  the  commission 
creating  Benjamin  Fletcher  Governor  of  IVnnsyiva- 
nia,  in  1693,  he  was  given  authority  to  rai-^e  forces 
to  protect  the  colonists  against  pirates  Latrr  in 
the  same  year  the  Governor  iicommended  the 
erection  of  a  fort  on  the  Delaware  River  near  New- 
castle for  the  security  and  defense  of  trade  and 
the  inhabitants,  to  which  the  Council  readily 
assented. 

When  once  the  surveilhmee  was  relaxi-d,  how- 
ever, pirates  a'^ain  madf  tlirir  ap|n-u aiui'.  At  a 
meeting  of  ihe  G.,iwi.-H  hrld  at  l'l,ila.lrl|.iiia  111 
1097,  the  Governor,  William  Maikham.  piv^.uird 
a    letter    from    IN  uu,   who    was  then    in    London 


Complaining  of  certain  rumors  which  had  reach..! 
Enirland,  to  the  etH'Ct  that  the  e.ilonists  had  t:.  ■ 
only  been  lux  in  their  opposition  to  the  piratic 
but  had  even  harbored  and  protected  them.  '11, 
Council  submitted  this  to  a  committee  for  invent i. 
gation,  and  it  was  re[>orted  that  these  rumors  wi-i. 
without  foundation,  that  several  of  the  crew  of  ;, 
pirate  shifi  eommanded  by  Avery  (one  of  the  ni.-t 
famous  pirate  captains  i  liad  been  imprisoned  an  i 
escaped  to  Nc>vv  York,  but  beyond  this  thui.- 
could   he  no  lan.-e  tor  coni(>laint. 

DiiriuL:  the  two  year- tiillouinLMhe  audacity  ai.i 

<  )n  a  ."--eptember  afternoon  in  Iti'.t.'^  there  appearcl 
otf  the  cape  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Su>.m  x 
County  a  small  sloop,  which,  although  it  had  been 
noticed  by  the  inhabitants,  was  not  sus])ected  ot 
having  evil  designs  upon  the  village.  Early  th.; 
next  moniiuL:,  however,  it  suddenly  bore  down 
upon  Li-wi-to\ui  anil  landed  fifty  men  well  armed 
and  tlior.ai;;lily  e  |ui]i[ied  for  sacking  the  place. 
They  plundered  aJmoit  every  house,  using  force  to 
secure  an  entrance,  and  battering  to  pieces  every 
chest  and  box,  after  they  had  once  obtained  ad- 
mittance All  money  or  valuables  of  whatever 
nature  were  carried  off,  and  one  of  the  townsmen 
remarked,  in  his  plaintive  wail  before  the  Gover- 
nor's Council,  that  they  were  left  with  "scarce 
anything  in  the  place  to  cover  or  wear."  They 
killed  a  number  of  sheep  and  hogs  and  forced  a 
number  of  the  chief  men  of  the  town  to  assist  them 
in  carrying  their  booty  on  board,  and  even  took  the 
village  carpenter  prisoner.  After  having  thus 
terrified  and  ruined  the  people  they  quietly,  sail,  d 
out  into  the  l>ay  and  Ir.y  at  anchor  without  fear  of 
being  attacked  until  a  small  brig  appeared  and 
tempted  them  to  offer  chase.  The  particulars  of 
this  occurrence  were  reported  to  the  Council  by 
four  of  the  prominent  citizens  of  Lewistown — Luke 
Watson,  John  Hill,  Thomas  Oldraau,  Jonathan 
Baily  — who  explained  the  dangers  to  which  the 
town  was  exposed  and  asked  for  greater  protection. 
The  Council  investigated  the  matter  further,  and  it 
was  learned  that  the  sloop  had  been  taken  from 
John  Redwood,  of  Philadelphia,  as  he  was  cominj 
out  of  C  innepuxon  Inlet,  by  a  pirate  named  Canoot. 
who  abandoned  his  own  vessel  for  a  fleeter  one. 
Many  other  Climes  .if  >imilar  nature  were  traced  to 
Caia.ot  an.l  his  piiat.-  >lop,  an. I  the  Council  at 
once  em|iowere.l  the  Lieiitenaut-t  iovernor  to  mu- 
ter such  forces  a^  should  be  ie.|uirtd  t.)  delend  the 
coast  towns  an.l  pursue  th.ir  enemies.  The  expeu^.- 
required  for  this  work  was  ordered  tube  rai,-:.  .1 
bv  provincial  .;ax.  but  the  daiinu-  Canoot  nia.le 
good  his  escape.  XeveMh,l,-s.  ,-,-veral  conviction- 
..foth.r  piial.-.-.M.n  loll,,w.  ,1  tl„.-.-new  prudential 
m.a-iHV.-,  ,,n.'  ..f  tin-  m.j.-t  n..|eu..nl,v  beini:  llial 
of  David  Lvan>,  «h..  ^^a^  aceu-ed  of  bel.mdm.'  t.. 
Averv'^  crew.      Tlii<  cnvi.-ti.ui  was  due  laruelv  t.. 


PIRATES  AND  PRIVATEERS. 


101 


the  efforts  of  Robert  Snra<l,  who  iiKhir-trinvi.-ly 
soiiijht  to  secure  any  evidtiice  altaiiinlile  iiL'ain^t 
men  suspected  of  pirney.  On  one  oecasion,  how- 
ever, his  zeal  carried  him  too  (ar,  and  he  was  sum- 
moned beiore  the  Council  for  havini;  advised  tlie 
English  authorities  that  IVniisyJvuina  lind  become 
the  greatest  reiuize  for  pirates  in  America,  and  that 
the  officers  refustd  to  seize  them,  even,  when  an 
opportunity  prtM-ntnl  itstlf.  AhhouL'h  Siie:id 
promptly  deniid  liavini:  writtm  >U(h  n  ]  on-,  it 
ap]ioars  that  tluy  were  not  allom  iher  unwarrant- 
able, or,  at  hast,  the  precautions  taken  were  not 
such  as  w.  uld  be  in  a.  ,  ord  with  more  m.Mhin  ideas 
of  fruardinn;  prisoners.  The  cases  of  Knlicrt 
Braudingham  and  William  Stautoi)  will  furnish 
an  apt  illustration  These  two  men  were  im- 
prisoned in  the  county  jail  of  Philadelphia  under 
suspicion  of  piracy,  and  the  Lieutenant-Governor 
having  heard  that  they  were  allowed  too  great 
liberty,  demanded  an  explanation  from  the  sheriti" 
That  functionary  admitted  that  the  prisoners  were 
allowed  to  stroll  about  the  town,  but  never  without 
his  leave  and  a  keeper,  and  added,  by  way  of 
apology,  that  he  thought  this  might  be  allowed  in 
"  hot  weather."  Notwithstanding,  the  stern  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor was  not  to  be  moved  by  humani- 
tarian scruples,  the  sheriff  was  instructed  to  keep 
his  prisoners  in  close  conlinement  thereal'ter. 

About  the  same  time  the  Council  delivered  a 
severe  reprimand  to  one  of  the  Admiralty  judges, 
Quarry,  who  had  on  his  own  account  appre" 
hended  two  pirates  and  sent  them  to  West  Jersey 
his  oidy  excuse  being  that  he  was  extensively  en- 
gaged  in  trade,  and  acted  purely  in  self-defense. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  1699,  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  county  of  Xew  Castle,  presented  a 
jietition  to  the  Council  setting  forth  their  griev- 
ances, from  which  many  points  of  interest  regarding 
the  pirates  may  be  gleaned.  They  mention  the 
plundering  of  Lewistowu  in  the  preceding  year, 
and  also  the  capture  of  the  brigantine  "  Sweep- 
stakes," belonging  to  Col.  Webb,  a  former  Lv^ivernor 
of  Providence.  This  vessel,  already  laden  and 
prepared  for  a  voyage  to  England,  was  lying  off 
the  town  of  Now  Castle.  On  the  night  previous 
to  the  day  set  lor  her  departure  she  was  attacked 
by  thirteen  pirate  sliips.  and  carried  off,  with  crew 

unfirtunate  situation  of  tlie  town,  the  inabilit\-  of 
the  citizens  to  iin.tect  tin  iiiM'lvrs  from  tl;(-e..n- 
flaught.-:,  and  tiiuilly,  the  in^ulliiifu<-y  of  the  t^rtiti- 
'■ations.  But  de.-pite  all  tlii-.  ihiv  met  with  little 
sympathy.  The  boanl  laid  all  the  blame  for  the 
iletay  in  the  construction  of  a  fortress  at  the  feet  of 


the  inhabitants  t 

tl..vc!,n!i'l,'iva' 
■I  general  As.-e.ul 
a  hearing  to  th. 


people  of  New  Castle  had  nogl.rti  d  to  send  repre- 
sentatives to  the  la.-t  nicetiug  of  tlie  As.-;end)ly, 
which  would  have  been  the  proper  place  to  discuss 
matters  conccnnng  the  good  and  safety  of  the 
government.  Beside^,  the  Council  did  not  regard 
the  prosperity  of  the  colony  as  sutticieutlv  great  to 
warrant  a  large  expenditure,  and  they  had  learned 
that  in  the  neighboring  and  more  flourishing  colo- 
nies of  ^laryland  an<l  \'irginia.  where  extensive 
firtifications  had  been  erected  and  ships-ot-war 
were  continually  plying,  the  pirates  continued  in 
their  nefarious  work,  apparentlv  unconscious  of 
the  pre.-^enee  of  any  oppi-iiion.  In  fact,  the  pirates 
would  not  infreipiently  attack  the  men of-war  with 
a  vigor  greater  than  usual,  and  seemed  to  find 
special  delight  in  murdering  His  Majesty's  marines. 
Consequently,  with  the  exce()tion  of  one  or  two 
new  laws  on  the  statute  books,  the  citizens  of  New 
Castle  secured  very  little  redress  or  satisfaction. 

In  Ajiril,  1700,  the  famous  Capt.  Kidd  honored 
the  people  of  Delaware  with  a  brief  visit.  He 
dotd)tless  considered  that  the  spoils  to  lie  gathered 
from  an  attack  on  the  towns  would  not  repay  the 
trouble  requisite,  and  therefore  did  not  molest  them. 
He  had,  earlier  in  hi.?  career,  made  nninv  attacks 
on  the  colonists,  and  Captains  Kidd  and  Aveiy 
were  the  only  n;en  exempted  from  the  privilege  of 
pardon  in  tiie  instructions  sent  from  London  some 
time  previously.  Although  on  this  occasion  be 
satisfied  himself  with  anchoring  at  some  distance 
from  tlie  coast,  his  visit  was  nevertheless  the  means 
of  involving  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  in  serious 
difficulty.  Kidd  had  just  returned  from  the  East 
Indies,  where  he  had  been  eminently  successful  in 
his  depredations,  and  brought  back  a  ve-sel  heavilv 
and  richly  freighted  with  the  choicest  products  of 
the  East.  The  importation  of  these  goods  into  the 
colonies  was  strictly  prohibited,  but  in  direct 
antagonism  to  these  laws,  Wra.  Orr,  George 
Thompson,  Peter  Lewi^  and  two  others,  all  resi- 
dents of  Lewistowu,  lioardcd  Kidd's  vessel  and 
purcha.sed  a  large  quantity  of  his  plunder.  Thev 
were  successful  i-n  eluding  the  vigilance  of  Lowman, 
the  collector  at  Lewistowu,  and  had  already 
managed  to  dispose  of  their  goods  before  anv  in- 
formation reached  the  ears  of  the"  authorities. 
Penn,  who  was  at  the  time  both  proprietor  and 
Governor,  immediately  on  the  di.-covcrv  of  the 
facts,  .«-cu  red  their  appri  hcn.M>  .n  a-  ;i.-c. '-Mri.-s  to 
the  pirates  and  promolcis  of  ill.  -al  tiad.'.  Thc.-e 
cases  attracted  so  much  attiiiiinn  that  once  nuiiv 
the  colonists  received  instruction-^  from  En-land 
regarding  the  suppression  of  piracv.  This  k-il 
Penn  to  call  a  special  meeting  of  the  As-e  i.blv  to 


<,  thev  having  huiL'  sine 
ild  it.  As  tor  a  uiili[i:i 
i't.n-  tn  be  c..n.-idcr.  d  ic 
hey  rcfu.-c.l  to  u'l-aiU  cvci 
t   tor  .-u.h  ai.l,  .-mce  th. 


prefKiro  a  bill  aLrainst    pirat 
a    committee    ol    CMiiicii 
Shippc.  Davhl    lJnv,l.  1'!, 
Kodn.y    and    Cald,  "  Pu-~c; 
with  an  A.-^cndilv  committt 


He  a  I 


■tin_'    ,.f     Kduard 
IVnilHrt-.i-.,  Win. 


weru.to  draw   ur 


102 


HISTORY  OF  PKLAWARi;. 


bill,  and  after  ileli:itiiv.'  C't  throe  week?  it  \v;is 
finally  pawed.  Thi>  Ian  was  un,l.uhtr,lly  the 
most  stringent  that  had  vri  incn  iiiactcd.  It  wa.s 
followed  bv  a  ]irnchiniatiiJii  renuirin_'  all  .-tranL''rs 
traveling  in  the  enloiiy  ro  .~h,,w  |,a>.-es,  uhic^h  enuld 
onl}-  be  seeured  after  the  identity  vt  the  |i.'r<(in  had 
been  estalilished  beyond  a  dmiht  All  iiiii-keepors 
■were  reciiiired  to  give  notice  to  a  ma_'i-trate  imme- 
diately upon  the  arrival  of  a  .-stranger,  or  in  case 
there  happened  to  he  no  maudstrati'  near  hy,  "  two 
housekeepers  ut'  the  neighliorhoi.id "  were  to  be 
notified.  Even  the  ferrymen  on  the  Delaware 
River  were  not  permitted  to  tran.-port  a  straniier 
or  suspicious  character,  and  were  firceil  to  give 
security,  pledging  themselves  to  abide  l^y  this  pro- 
vision. The  Council  also  treated  New  Ca.-tle  with 
less  severity,  paying  for  boats  and  liipiors  sent  to 
that  town  when  it  was  re]iorted  that  French  pirates 
threatened  the  town.  The  colonists  had  at  last 
thoroughly  awakened  to  the  enoripnity  of  the 
ofTenses  committed  around  them,  anil  the  jeopardy 
by  which  they  were  surrounded.  They  accordingly 
demanded  appropriate  legislation.  The  ra'-asur.s 
above  mentioned  were  soon  followed  by  an  order 
making  it  the  duty  of  the  magistrates  of  Sussex 
County  to  keep  a  constant  watch  on  the  cape  near 
Lewistown,  and  as  soon  as  any  vessel  should  appear 
off  the  cajies,  which,  on  any  reasonable  grounds, 
might  seem  to  appear  suspicious  in  its  movements, 
they  were  forthwith  to  report  to  the  sheriff  of  the' 
county  with  an  accurate  description  of  the  ve-f-el. 
The  sheriff  of  Sussex  was  to  forward  this  informa- 
tion to  the  sheriff  of  Kent  County,  and  it  was  to 
pass  by  special  messenger  from  sherifl'  to  sheriti' 
through  every  county,  until  it  reached  the  Governor 
at  Philadelphia,  who  directed  what  action  should 
be  taken.  The  sherifis  were  empowered  to  use 
horses  for  the  mes.sengers,  and  to  avoid  delay,  the 
magistrates  were  to  attend  to  these  dispatches  in 
the  absence  of  the  sheriff,  and  any  expenses  thus 
arising  were  to  be  paid  hy  a  provincial  tax,  levictl 
for  the  purpose 

These  several  laws,  proclamations  and  orders 
grew  more  salutary  in  the  results  yiroduced  bv  them, 
than  any  that  had  preceded.  During  the  first 
eight  years  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  coa.-t  of 
Delaware  retnained  unnxjlested  bv  the  pirates, 
while  the  people,  iindi;turl)ed  by  their  old  oppres- 
sors, increased  and  prospered  In  ITn^,  however, 
the  troubles  were  once  more  renewed.  The  char- 
acter of  the  water  thiev.-<  had  .-lightly,  ulth.oiigh 
not  materially,  changttl,  hut  [Ik;  hurdni  was,  if 
anything,  more  difficult  to  bear.  The  dangrrs  now 
to  be  guarded  agaiust  were  chiefly  from  French 
privateers,  but  the  Dutch,  Spainsli  and  other 
nations  were  al-o  en iiaj-ed  in  similar  nccupatious. 
lu  tho,  year  just  mentioned,  the   ma.-ters  of  three 


of  r..-  (.n.  taken  on  his 
Carolina;  Moudv,  of  I' 
London,  who  v.as  eapt, 


.1  ui 


('a.^trau    an,l 
entire  tii 
nepuxen 


sail 


d  fron.N,. 
nd  Voun- 
;ht  ,.f  Ian. 
■  coa^t  of  Sussex  C  .in 
er  privatei-rs  spent  tl 
,een  Egg  IlarU.raml  ,- 
m  between  tho.-e  points 


tls  were  taken 


ued  Castrau.     _  They    were    Captain^    I'liilips, 


soon  rendered  so  dam^erous  that  it  became  nei-.  >. 
sarv  to  appeal  a'_'ain  to  Iae_'laiid  for  asdstaui-,-. 
The  Governor  of  IVnn.-vK  miia  called  a  joi,,! 
session  of  the  Council  and  A-emMy,  and  prcst'ntnl 
in  writiu'.'  \\\<  vim-  ,,n  tlio  new  soiirers  of  puil. 
The  nn>tortuii.s  with  «lii.|,  the  people  were  m. v. 
he-.'t  exc-ed..!  anvthin-  th-v  had  experien.vd  \n 
tho  pa-t.  Tiir  r/,a-t  of  what  i-^  now  Delawaiv, 
furni-hed  tli.-  theatre  for  the  nm-t  violent  of  tlu -e 
exi-esses.  NaviL^ation  became  alm(i.-t  impractimdile. 
and  the  bravest  sailors  dared  not  leave  or  approach 
the  coa.-t  and  trade  was,  as  a  natural  consequence, 
brought  to  a  complete  standstill.  The  Govei'Uor 
stated  his  opinion  to  be  that,  while  the  laws  were 
quite  rigid  enough  to  suppre.ss  the  evil,  the  ofhcers 
through  whom  they  were  enforced  were  not  suffi- 
ciently nuraerou^  to  properly  carry  them  into 
execution,  and  he  warmly  appealed  to  the  Assemblv 
to  increase  the  number,  and  grant  money  supplies 
for  any  action  that  it  might  be  necessary  to  take 
at  once.  The  Assembly,  however,  were  slow  in 
levying  a  new  tax,  and  remonstrated  with  the 
Governor,  charging  him  with  being  derelict  in  his 
duty  for  not  having  reported  the  matter  to  the 
admiral  before  they  came  to  their  present  deplor- 
able condition  ;  moreover,  they  insinuated  that  the 
taxes  had  not  been  a[)plied  as  economically  or  as 
wisely  as  might  have  been  jiossible.  These  com- 
plaints they  forwarded  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor, 
John  Evans,  who  in  turn  submitted  them  to  the 
Council.  To  this  the  Lieutenant-Governor  prepared 
an  elaborate  reply,  in  which  he  showed  that  the 
only  hope  of  relief  rested  in  what  the  colonists  were 
willing  to  do  for  themselves.  Governor  8eymour, 
of  ^Maryland,  the  vice-admiral  of  the  province, 
had  no  firees  at  his  command  which  he  could  semi 
to  the  assistance  of  his  neighbors,  nor  was  there 
any  rea.son  to  suppose  that  aid  mi'.dit  be  expected 
from  the  Governors  of  any  cjf  the  adjoining  colonies. 
A  detailed  explanation  of  the  munner  in  which 
the  funds  were  disposed  ot'  was  al>o  incorporattil 
in  the  response,  and  after  again  picturing  the 
seriousness  of  the  situation,  a  second  appeal  was 
made  to  the  members  of  the  Assemblv.  The  letter 
elicited  from  the  A.-sembly  by  thi.  was  based  on  a 
new  line  of  argument.  While  admitting  that  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  proprietary  extended  over  a  wide 
stretch  of  torritorv,  thev  asserted  that  the  legi^la- 
tive  powers  of  thJ  A.-^emhlv  were  limited  to  that 
porth.n  of  the  province  bounded  by  the  Delaware 
i'uver,  and  "goes  no  further  down  than  twelve 
miles  on  this  side  ^'ew  Ca.itle."     3Ioreover,  theV 


PIRATES  AND  PKIVATKER^ 


103 


itpi 


:,<all:.utl 


l)v  which  tlu-y  ;ittfii,|.t.  .1  to  |irov. 
on  the  hi.u'h  Jeas  was  in  al)snhite  ii,.>^,-.->i.,ii  of  the 
crown,  and  the  colonial  otiicors  Iiad  no  ]io\vtr  to 
encroach  thcreoii.  In  tin  ir  opiirhn,  the  mily 
proper  course  to  hf  pur-ind  liy  the  <  lovimor  wa- 
to  coninumieate  with  the  vici'-aiiiniral.  ulio  was 
not  Governor  Sf-ynionr,  as  he  hail  >tatei'l.  hut  Lord 
C'ornburv,  Governor  of  the  Jerseys,  w  ho  IkhI  always 
willingly  grante(1  them  all  the  as-i-tanee  in  his 
power.  This  controver:-y  between  the  Governor 
and  the  Asseiiihly  contiiuied  for  three  months,  and 
was  not  terminated  until  it  had  resulted  in  .■au.-ing 
an  irremediable  breach  beti^een  the  contemliivj- 
parties,  and  precipitated  the  retirement  ot'  Govei-nor 
Evans.  The  importance  of  this  dispute  is  of  chief 
interest  in  so  far  as  it  widened  the  breach  between 
the  province  aud  the  counties  comprisinii  Delaware. 
New  Castle,  .Sussex  and  Kent  were,  on  account  of 
their  situation,  more  directly  concerned  in  tlu.se 
conten  ions  than  those  situated  north  of  theia. 
The  continual  recurrence  of  these  quarrels  pro- 
duced no  other  effect  than  an  irritability  between 
the  counties  on  the  coast  and  those  in  the  interior, 
and  they  may  be  considered  an  important  factor 
in  the  events  which  brought  about  the  fiual  ;e[iara- 
tion. 

The  unsettled  condition  of  affairs  which  existed 
during  the  chise  of  Governor  Evans'  administra- 
tion was  only  made  worse  by  a  projected  war 
afiainst  Canada  by  the  English.  Taking  advantage 
of  this,  the  pirates  and  privateers  were  more  fre- 
quent than  ordinarily  in  their  visits,  and  at  this 
time  (1708-!^)  records  are  to  be  found  of  many 
attacks  on  both  Lewistown  and  New  Castle.  Penn's 
secretary,  James  Logan,  wrote  to  him  in  June, 
170S,  that  the  "  coasts  begin  to  be  intolerably  in- 
fested," and  has  "  become  a  nest  of  privateers  " 
He  reported  that  in  four  days  three  vessels  had 
been  burnt  and  sunk  in  the  river  or  off  the  capes 
Three  French  men-of-war  were  stationed  at  Port 
Royal,  one  of  fifty,  one  of  forty-five  an(i>  a  third 
of  twenty-six  guns,  with  orders  from  the  Kin-  to 
ply  along  the  coast.  They  had  bi-ouLdit  over  one 
hundred  families  with  which  to  ,-ettle  a  Freieh 
colony,  and  whatever  bo.itv  they  L'atliered  in  their 
cruises,  from  the  British  coluni?ts,  was  used  f  jr  the 
support  of  the  new  settlenienl.  Logan  hum(jrou-ly 
complained  that  "  we  luive  now  four  English  nn  n- 
of-war  ou  these  coasts,  but  they  very  exactly 
observe  the  late  practice  of  the  navy,  tliat  i-,  care- 
fully to  keep  out  of  the  enemy's  wav.  Thcv 
always  see  the  privateers,  but  always  something 
happens  that  they  cannot  tight  them."  The  con- 
dition of  atiairs  was  at  this  time  such  that  advices 
Were  .sent  to  haiu'land  to  sei:d  no  ve-^el-.  dm  ct  to 
the  Delawaie.  but  first  to  .Maryland,  until  it  is 
learned  whether  it  would  he  sale  to  enter  tlie  hav. 
Lewistown  was  a'.:ain  plundered  in  17U9,  this  time 


l"renelijirnaleer.  Additional  troubh  s  were  eaiL-e d 
liy  these  attacks,  owing  to  the  refu.-al  of  the 
(Quakers  to  bear  arms,  even  in  defense,  which 
naturally  caused  the  other  inhabitant?  much  dis- 
pleasure. 

Fortunately,  Governor  Evans'  successor.  Gov- 
ernor Charles  Gookin,  was  not  long  in  ingratiating 
himself  with  the  people,  and  soon  succeeded  in 
inducinir  the  Asseml)lv  to  grant  a  liberal  sum  for 
the  protection  of  the  coast.  Almost  immediately 
after  the  Assembly  had  taken  tliis  action,  tidings 
were  received  that  the  Queen  had  dispatched  a 
number  of  men-ofwar  to  a>jist  in  the  work  of 
saving  her  colonies  iVeim  the  grasp  of  pirates  and 


%'{':'% 


GOVERNOR    SIR    WILLIAM    KEITH. 

privateers.  The  co-ojieration  of  these  two  f)rces 
proved  fir  a  time  an  etliM'tual  iilow  to  the  plunder- 
ing ineur^ioiis  and  thieviiii:  attacks  which  the  early 
.-ettleis  of  I'elauare  eoiuinually  suffered,  and  for 
nearly  a  decade  the  coa>t  was  undh-turbed  and  free 
from  hostile  invasions. 

In  1717  we  again  find  the  jiirates  f.rcing 
their  objectionable  presen  e  upon  the  attention  of 
the  coloni.-ts  The  renewal  of  their  predatory 
atrocities  neces-itated  the  enactment  of  I'lirther 
mea-ures  (f  ilef  n-.e  On  the  lecomniendation  of 
Lieutemint-Govetno,-  K.  ith,  the  Council  willingly 
concurred  in  puhli-liiii-  a  proclamation  wiih  a  view 
of  diiiiini-hiic,'  the  nuail.cr  of  their  old  toriiient<.rs 
A  temptin-  reward  wa~  oil;. red  to  any  per,-  ,n -who 
should  furnish  the  ( ioveruor  or  anv  magi.-trate  w'tii 
iiilormation  kadiii'.'  to  the  con\iclio.i  of' any  pii-a'.e 


ini 


HISTORi'  OF  l>t:LAV.  \RE. 


or  other  persdii  \\lii)  IkkI  iiit.TterLcl  uitli  die  neojile 
iu  the  peiU'ctiil  pursuit  of  thrir  ati'airs.  lieuurds 
were  also  ottlred  for  the  caiiture  ol' accessoii-js  auU 
suspicious  characters,  and  the  Guverno-  pruDiised 
to  exert  himself  to  the  utmost  to  secure  the  pani'in 
of  pirates  who  wouhl  surrender  themselves  or  their 
accomplices.  The  proclanuuiou  had  hardlv  nceii 
issued,  when  five  pirat.  s  from  the  sloop  •'  ^Villiam's 
Endeavor,"  appeared  hefore  the  Council,  surren- 
dered themselves,  and  (leiiiaiidi.cl  the  pardon  offered 
by  the  proclamation.  Tlie  pri?  iijers  wore  John 
Collison,  Hance  Dollar,  .Tuht,  K.  ,mald~.  BeiijamiL. 
Hutehins  and  John  Hell.  .^tranuely  eno'^/h, 
instead  of  remanding  the  [ir'soners  to  jail,  until 
they  were  proved  worthy  of  imtuinnty,  they  were 
ordered  not  to  he  pro.secuted  until  it  might  he 
learned  that  the  crimes  which  they  had  acknowl- 
edged were  such  as  to  exemj)t  them  fiom  the 
benefits  of  the  proclamation.  .Such  evidence  w?.s 
never  procured,  and  the  jiirates  were  conseqnenily 
not  prosecuted. 

In  July,  171.S,  particulars  reached  the  CuUJcil 
of  far  more  serious  piratical  work.  A  number  of 
mariners  now  appeareel  before  the  Governor  and 
asked  his  protection.  They  had  been  employed  in 
the  merchant  service,  but  had  recently  escaped 
from  a  pirate  ship  in  which  they  had  been  held 
captives.  When  summoned  to  appear  before  the 
Council,  they  gave  their  names  as  Richard  Apple- 
ton,  John  Robe.=on,  William  Williams,  John  Ford, 
Benjamin  Hodges.  John  Barfield,  James  Mathews, 
Samuel  Barrow,  Gregory  Margoveram,  Renold 
Glorence,  Walter  Vincent  and  Timothy  Harding. 
Appleton  acted  as  spokesman,  and  narrated  the 
trials  and  sutt'erings  they  underwent  before  they 
esc-aped,  making  an  interesting  and  thrilling  story 
of  adventure.  They  had  sailed  from  Jamaica  early 
in  the  year  in  a  ship  fitted  out  for  working  wrecks. 
Death  soon  deprived  them  of  their  captain,  and 
they  met  with  little  luck  in  their  e.\pedition. 
Minting  with  another  sloop,  they  willingly  listened 
to  the  importunities  of  its  ca])tain,  out;  Greenway, 
to  mutiny,  and  place  themselves  under  his  com- 
mand. They  took  Captain  Greenway  on  board 
ihtir  own  sloup,  which  was  the  better  of  the  two, 
and  put  their  cw  n  master  on  the  other.  Greenway 
had  also  brought  his  crew  with  him,  and  the 
arrsugemeut  had  scari'i'ly  l)een  completed  when 
thcv  informed  their  new  a.-.-.n-iale.-  that  thev  were 
pinites,  and  had  no  other  olijret  in  vieu  in  making 
the  change  than  to  secure  a<lditional  men  to  as-ist 
them  iu  their  robberies.  The  men  thu>  betrayed, 
Wire  tbrced  to  serve  their  pirate  ma.-ters  in  >pite  of 
s.":i  protests.  This  lasted  several  months  be'ore  an 
eriVrtunity  was  presented  to  escape.  Their  sloo]> 
b.ui  attacked  an  English  ve.-.sel,  and  Greenway  and 
■s.  \:r-.il  of  his  old  crew  boarded  it  to  secure  the 
.  l>>.  :_v.  Those  of  the  old  crew  who  remained  on 
b.srd  were  drank,  and  it  was  an  easv  matter  to 


hi'id  iIkti)  and  .-et  tiiem  adrift  in  a  boat.  ()i„, 
fice'l.  .he  ca.ptivci  hastily  put  out,  and  althoii_:, 
Gretuway  m.ide  a  desperate  attempt  to  overtnk.- 
them,  they  escaped  unhurt,  and  at  length  reach,  i 
the  host.itahle  .-here-;  of  tlie  Delaware,  where  tl..  •. 
j)i.a  in  tiir  reuiL'e.  .After  hearing  the  story,  (i,,\. 
ernor  K.'iil'.  oidevid  ;!',  iuvf-ntory  to  be  taken  ..i 
wliatever  v  as  f..ii.'ii!  on  tiie-ir  vessel.  Captain 
Hardy  v.as  depuuz-d  for  thi-  work,  and  report,  d 
the  s\';op  well  e(piip.;)ed  with  powder,  shot,  gun-. 
pistols,  inuskets.  bk:i;derl)U=S"s,  cutl;ts.>es  and  (jtlu  r 
nuite!;:-!.-;  and  in-.iilei.ients  nces^ary  for  the  oeran 
eiicounter^  in  which  Greenuay  had  been  engag,  u. 
as  well  as  f.  Tisimerous  collection  of  articles  pr<i- 
miscuously  gathered  fmni  his  victims.  Whatever 
was  perishable  was  :n;mediately  sold  and  used  r..r 
the  protection  of  the  people  against  pirates,  whil.: 
the  rest  was  held  subject  to  the  order  of  tiie  Admir- 
.ahy  Courts,  and  the  men  were  suitably  rewarded. 

Ofher  cases  were  continually  reported,  and  the 
depredations  again  began  to  e.xcite  much  alarm. 
li  '.'.'as  reported  that  the  famous  pirate  Teach,  also 
known  as  Blackbeard,  was  in  the  vicinity,  and  the 
Governor  at  once  issued  a  warrant  for  his  arrest, 
but  tlie  rumor  proved  to  be  without  foundation. 
It  nevertheless  became  necessary  to  take  special 
nieasnre?  fi.'r  the  protection  of  the  lower  counties. 
Captains  Raymond  and  Xaylor  were  sent  out  with 
two  .^loops  to  clear  the  capes  of  the  pirates,  and 
did  their  work  very  effiectually,  while  nianv 
prosecutions  against  the  pirates  were  conducted  in 
the  courts. 

After  these  attacks  a  respite  was  secured  froiu 
the  piratical  invaders,  but  it  was  more  to  the 
gradual  increase  of  the  population  than  to  tiie 
Governor's  proclamations  that  the  termination  of 
the  excesses  was  due.  As  long  as  the  pirates  were 
leniently  dealt  with,  and  allowed  to  go  free  on 
little  more  than  their  own  promises  of  future 
repentance,  they  amused  themselves  by  hoodwink- 
ing the  officials,  and  without  any  scruples  of  con- 
science continued  in  their  old  trade  They  either 
re-engaged  in  it  by  taking  an  active  part  them- 
selves, or  else  kej)t  their  former  comrades  thoroughly 
informed  of  whatever  action  was  taken  agaiu^t 
them,  and  furnished  them  with  advice  as  to  the 
best  time  to  jiounce  upon  tiieir  jirey.  The  aiithori- 
tifs  linally  di-eoven  d  tliat  they  must  deal  sum- 
marily with  llie  eiilprit.-  -and  p.roiiquiy  hum:  llieni 
as  they  were  ci'iiviiti d.      Atbr  the  first  ([uarter  of 

were  lew  ami  de.-ultory,  hut  iiion.'  trouble  wa- 
sufKTed  at  the  hands  <  f  the  ]u-ivateers.  In  17:.-' 
the  ]iirates  v^ere  evidently  reappearing,  as  the 
Couiieil  was  obli-ed  to  furnish  extra  clothes  durim: 
the  winter  for  some  who  were  lodged  iu  gaol,  Inii 
that  they  had  lo.^t  the  boldness  which  characterized 
their  former  exploits  is  quite  clear. 

By  178!)  the  pi'ivateers  had  begun  to  make  their 


PIIIATK^  AND  I'lUVATEKUS. 


105 


nk  the 


:iud  every  one  \\:i 
.il)Oilience  to  the  c; 
ihiiij^  pertain  in;:  i 
pt-iuiltv  of  a  tiue 
called  Wether  all 


iiand  of  the  otKcers. 
liv  special  provision, 


raids  at  reirular  iiitn-vals  on  t 
Asseiulilv  of  the  lowor  .■ounti:- 
hand.  The  Governor  was  t-nipoNNcavd  to  a^.oint 
two  well  qiialilied  p.T-nns  or  otticers  to  ke.-p  a 
constant  watch  at  Lewi-town.  l^ach  inhahl'ant 
was  re.|tiin-d  to  kerp  hiiu.-clf  armed  with  a  i-.iu-.ct, 
cartrid-edio.K,  twelve  char-..,,  of  <:un|",w.lcr  and 
hall,  three  Hints,  and  a  worm  and  primin-wire, 
in.-trncled  to  vi;!d  al-oUuv 
umand--  of  the  oHir,-,-.  in  cvorv- 
,  the  watch  or  deieii-e,  under 
if  rive  >hillin-s.  Tiie  otiic^rs 
the  inhahitants  once  a  month 
hi'tween  the  1st  of  April  and  1st  of  Octoln  i-.  and 
unee  every  three  muuths  durini;  the  remainiuL' 
period,  fur  the  purpose  of  drillintr  them  and  exam- 
ining their  arms  and  aminnnitiou.  The  tiring  of 
three  guns  successively  and  the  heating  of  a  drum 
was  the  signal  for  calliuir  the  people  together  in 
the  market-place  with  their  muskets,  ready  to 
defend  tlie  town  at  the  com 
The  Quakers  were  e-\-empted 
as  were  also  all  persons  under  fifteen  and  over 
sixty-three.  Pilots  were  prohihited  from  hoarding 
an  inward  bound  vessel  without  a  jierinit  from  the 
Governor,  to  prevent  their  [)ossihle  assistance  to  an 
eiiemj'  or  pirate  In  the  province,  the  apptarance 
of  privateers  in  th.»  hay  hrunght  on  the  old  trouhle 
with  the  (Quakers,  who  controlled  a  majority  in  the 
Assembly.  In  1740,  Governor  Thomas  urged 
them  continually  to  decrea-e  the  dangers  of  navi- 
gating in  the  Delaware,  and  a  long  controversy 
resulted.  The  Governor  was  grea'ly  enraged,  and 
in  a  message  to  the  As^emhly  imliunantly  asked 
them:  "  If  your  priucijiles  will  not  allow  you  to 
])ass  a  hill  for  establishing  a  militia,  if  they  will 
not  allow  you  to  secure  the  iiaviLratiou  of  the  river 
by  building  a  fort,  if  they  wilfnit  allow  y.iu  to 
])rovide  arms  for  the  defense  of  the  inhaliit:iut.-,  if 
they  will  not  allow  you  to  rai>e  men  for  Ills  .Maj.^-ty's 
service,  and  on  Ilis  Majesty's  alfectionateapplieal  ion 
to  you  for  distressing  an  insolent  enemy.  4f  they 
will  not  allow  you  to  raisi.-  and  ai>pro|in;ite  money 
to  the  uses  recommended  by  His  .Majesty,  is  it  a 
calumny  to  say  that  your  principles  are  inconsistent 
with  the  ends  of  government  at  a  time  wdieu  Ilis 
-Majesty  is  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  arms,  not 
only  to  protect  the  trade  of  (xreat  Britain  and  its 
dominions,  l)Ut  likewise  to  <ibt;Ma  redress  U'Y  the 
injuries  done  to  his  -ubject-'.'"  But  with  the  ex- 
cjilionof  rai-iuj  .-^ven  ,-iiiall  eonipani.;s,  the'v  wr.r, 
nothinir  further  ihuii'  ai  tin;  tiuie.  ' 

The  Var...  in   which   the  mother  countrv  became 


Ive.l    .-Ic 


.-id. 


ul   tb 
ced    il 


l!riti-l!  ]■; 
n  reiin.-vl 


and  earnestly  re.|Ue-ted   tlc'  people   to  exert  them- 

wa-  to  be  ex|iecteil,  tho  Freueh  and  .■~|iani;:h 
retaliated,  and  the  Am.-rie;,n  r,,:,<t  .-warnied  with 
theiu,  the  peopjo  suHei-in-  the  iu-ults  and  -ibe-  of 
their  eiienii.-.-,  a^-  well  as  lo-inj-  their  prop.Ttv. 
Tl  C--C  outra..>  a-uiued  llcir  wor-t  lorm  o,,  the 
Delaware  diiriu-  the  Miiun.er  of  1747.  It  became 
iieee-ary   late    in    dun.-   to   place   ve--l<    bearing 

could  come  up  the  bay,  in  order  to  guard  against 
every  ]io.ssibility  of  surprise.  Pilots  were  not 
iiermitted  to  conduct  any  ship  up  the  Delaware 
Kiver  or  Bay  without  a  permit  from  the  Council, 
and  any  ship  coming  up  without  obcyiug  the  regu- 
lations fixed  was  subject  to  capture.  But  it  was 
impossible  to  keep  the  jirivaieers  out  of  the  way. 
On  July  l'2th  a  company  of  about  fifteen  or 
twenty  men,  either  French  or  Sjtaniards,  lauded 
near  Xew  Castle  and  plundered  the  houses  of 
James  Hart  and  Edmund  Liston,  carrying  off 
most  of  their  property  and  slaves.  About  one 
o'clock  in  tiie  afternoon  the  party  came  on  shore 
in  an  open  boat  and  landed  about  four  miles  above 
Bombay  Houk,  near  Listou's  house.  They  ran  to 
a  place  where  his  daughter  and  a  negro  girl  were 
crabbing  and  seizing  the  negress,  bound  her  and 
put  her  in  the  boat;  they  then  went  up  to  Liston 
armed  with  guns,  cutlasses  aud  pistols,  and  admit- 
ting they  were  privateers,  demanded  his  negroes, 
nir.ney  and  keys.  He  quickly  complied,  and  they 
Went  throULrh  the  place,  taking  clothes,  bedding, 
furniture  and  ^vhatever  else  they  discovered,  as 
well  a>  a  ne^ro  woman  aud  two  children.  Having 
jiut  tlc;-e  in  the  boat,  they  placed  their  pi>tols 
a-aiii-t  Listou's  bretist  and  comptdled  him  to  lead 
them  to  Hart's  plantation,  about  a  half  a  mile 
di,tant.  Hart  saw  them  coniin-  and  cIo,ed  his 
hou,e  and  bolted  the  doors,  thev  first  chased  a 
neirro  girl  until  they  caught  her,  and  then  called 
out  to  Hart  that  unless  he  admitted  them  thev 
v.ould  fire  the  house.  He  still  refused  and  theV 
commenced  to  bombard  the  house.  A  bullet 
struck  hi-  wife  in  the  hifi,  and  she  hh^d -o  proiusdy 
that  he  surrendered  and  ojieneil  the  doors.  He 
wa^  ?ecurely  bound  and  the  marauders  then  [ilun- 
d.  red  the  house,  taking  away  tlie  negro,  all  the 
weariii'j  appeal,  some  -old  buttor^s  and  other 
article-,  vahe  d  in  all  at  ab  mt  ,eVentv  pounds. 
Thev  feci  llarl  to  return  with  them  to  Li-tou's, 
atid  after  pacLiuu'  up  all  lli.'  bootv  gathered  at 
i.'-i'.  plae,  -  ihov^et.  ,.ut  a-ain  tbr  "their  boat. 
I.i-ton  aiei  ilart  at  ouce  intormed  Me-l>.  deim 
Cuni-  and  .John  Flnuev  of  the  aihiir,  aud  the 
parti.-uhu-  were  di-paehed  to  riv-ideut  All  houv 
Palmer  aud  the  Council.  ,<everal  member.-  .d' 
the  A.-.,emblv    of    the   "province    were    Mimmoue.l, 


106 


IIL<TOi;Y  of  DELAWARE. 


iiulii.lin-  Mr.MS.  .Tnl.n  Ki.i.-rv,  iLc  .<[.e:ik.r. 
TlH.nia-  l.vvrh,  .In>,  ph  Trott.r,  .i:nnr<  .Mon  i.  :au\ 
Oswald  lW\c.  A  omi;  una-  u:is  lul.l  iKtumi 
these  nicniliers  and  thr  C'  uiu  il  and  nii:i~iir..-  ni.i-,-^- 
s;irv  fnrdcf.ndin- tin' inh:d.iiai!ts  w.  IT  lakin  uiidci 
discu.-/h>n.  As  the  A,->.iuMy  ,-niitrnll,d  the  friids, 
the  Couni.-il  was  [...unU--  t.i  take  any  >tf|)  inmi- 
ring  expeUMj  without  their  a-.-fUt,  and  thi'V  hail 
been  suuirnnntd  to  ^tate  what  niearTUiis  tliry  I'.i.ii- 
willing  to  take.  But  the  -cruph  s  of  the  (./luik,  rs 
again  proved  a  >tunihlii:u'  h!ock.  The  nirnili.T.> 
of  tlieAs5cnd)ly  at  Hr>t  lefu.M.d  to  act  at  ulKa.-irt- 
iug  that  :>.s  they  wrvr  thm  without  authority  lioin 
their  Assend)ly,  it  would  be  usek>j  to  aet  in  thuir 
private  capaeity,  and  ou  being  pressed  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Council,  only  gave  the  vagiie-t  notions 
of  what  they  might  be  willing  to  do.  The  priva- 
teers continued  iu  their  work  without  meeting  with 
sufficient  opposition  to  inconvenience  them  iu  the 
least.  One  of  them  manned  a  Cape  ^lay  pilot- 
boat  and  sent  ic  up  the  bay  as  far  as  Bombay 
Hook,  plundering  several  of  the  best  plantations 
in  the  lower  counties  un  its  tiip. 

Governor  lieading,  of  >ytj\v  Jcr-fV,  was  re- 
quested to  give  the  Xew  Jer.-ey  pilots  instructions 
similiar  to  those  i.ssued  in  Pi-nnsylvania  re-peciing 
the  license  required  l)y  vessels  bearing  thi-s  of 
truce,  and  accounts  of  the  tronblts  were  al-o  s(  nt 
to  the  proprietaries,  witli   a  rcipR-t  tor  a->i~tanro. 


pn 


In  the  mean  time  the  nuioy  coi 
the  colonists.  The  party  wlio  had  robljed  Hart  and 
Listen,  iu  sailing  (jut  of  the  hay,  met  a  valuable 
ship  bound  for  Philadelphia  from  Antigua,  and 
carried  her  otf  The  Council  continued  to  ask  as- 
sistance from  the  xVssembly  of  the  pi'ovince,  as  it 
■was  feared  that  at  any  moinetit  the  enemy  might 
sail  up  to  Philadelphia  and  sack  the  town..  In 
their  messages  to  the  Asseinhly  they  pi(turL<l  the 
effect  of  such  an  event  in  tlie  most  viviil  manner, 
reminding  them  of  the  ruin  :uid  ldo(.id-h<  d  that 
would  follow;  l)Ut  the  A-seiubly  was  not  easily 
moved.  They  admitted  that  tlie  enenn-  liad  been 
bold  and  ruthless  in  its  aeiioiis,  Imt  thought  it 
would '■  be  ditticuk,  if  not  impossihle,  to  prevent 
such  accidents."  Tlie  h  ngth  of  the'  river  and  !)ay 
thcv  considered  ample  truarantee  a_'ain.-t  tin-  ile- 
struction  of  Phihuklpliia,  and  they  nuiiiid.d  the 
Council  that  their  cor.tiiiuiu-  to  spreail  alin.ad  re- 
ports of  tin;  ■M-fcn-ol.-s  coinlitlon  of  the 
province,"  by  ^.aiding  nn-si-e^  to  tiir  A.-.-cml.ly, 
would  have  a  ^rreat  tendency  to  indiii'e  the  enemy 
to  attack  tliem. 

But  no   measures  whirl,  the  A-sembly  ,.r  Coitn- 

from  rel'usiiig  to  earn  a  i'rr  Uy  olijrriiir_'  to  rniiduL-t 
vessels  into  the  l)ay,  wlii  tlicr  th'  y  w._iv  rn,  n.i, -  ,,r 
not.  These  pilots  wrrr.  in  ta<r,  nioru  w  iliin- to 
serve  the  enemy  than  the  British,  -incr  the  fjrmer 
were  alwavs  willing  to  pav  a  lar-er  ^uin  I'or  beiu'' 


.U'.h 

the    eapes 
was  kept 

In  ?ei 

1  o,; 

teiober  the 
several  wee 

w: 

^'.'i.i'et 

ttlUL'   up   t 

urn-,   how 

he  hay,  e 

leh  att.  llde, 
n    the  well- 

1  1 
n 

lilot.- 

pri 

were      ,le 

valeer,      ^ 

■.ive.l  li 
nd     hv 

•    the   faL-e 
he    British 

lioar. 
trai 

.  .-oiue'    ot 
or   tor   lie 

learned 

wliom    w 

.ejof  the 
of    the   p: 

ere  alwavs 
veral  .■ases  , 

Couneil 

rtieulars  th 

re 

t' 
n 

th,-  d.'pM-ition  of  William  Kellv,  late  iu  ITtT 
Kellvhad  heen  taken  troui  the  .-hiop  "  Elizabeth, ■■ 
otf  the  coa>l  of  Nortli  Can. Una, bv  a  French  piiva- 
teer,  "Marthel  \'odroit,"  Captain  Lehay.  The 
ves-el  was  of  about  ninety  or  a  hundred  guns,  and 
after  Kelly's  ea[iture,  took  six  English  prizes,  on..- 
a  sloop,  about  fifteen  leagues  otf  the  capes  of  Dela- 
ware, and  two  ships  in  Delaware  Bay,  commanded 
respectively  by  Captains  Lake  and  Oswald  Evo. 
The  privateer  put  into  Cape  ^lay,  and  hoisted  the 
English  colors.  There  were  Englishmen,  Irish- 
men and  .Scotchmen  in  the  ciew-,  and  when  they  were 
met  by  I'ilot  William  Flower,  the  captain  sent  one 
of  the  Englishmen  to  give  instructions.  The  pilot 
was  naturally  deceived,  ami  obeyed  his  instructions, 
taking  them  into  Cape  Henlopen.  Kelly  informed 
hi  HI  thatthe  vessel  was  a  privateer,  but  it  was  then  ton 
kite,  in  the  mind  of  the  pilot ;  but  nevertheless  he 
[ironiised  to  take  the  ship  so  near  to  the  shore  that 
Kelly  might  make  his  escajie  by  swimming  to  land. 
^\'ncn  coming  around- towards  Cape  Henlopen  they 
were  boarded  by  another  pilot,  Luke  Shields,  who 
proved  to  be  quite  a  diiiereut  character  He  and 
Flower  were  jointly  placed  in  command  of  the  pri- 
vateer, but  he  refused  to  so  near  enouirh  to  shore 
to  let  Kellv  e,-cape,  declaiio-  that  he  proposed  lo 
take  the  vessel   where  .-he  couhl  eanture  the  ne  ,t 


lat  was 


prizes, 

had  come,  and  no  pei-i^; 
could  indu.v  him  to  di 
therefore   appear  that  to 


""1" 


whicll  .-he 
11  the  part  of  K.iiv 
om  this.  It  would 
quality  of  their  own 
pilots  the  e"olonists  could  attribute  much  of  their 
aunovance  bv  the'privateers.  The  pilots  were  no 
doubt  ,loublv  rewarded  f.r  leading  the  ve.-sels  clear 
<^t'  all  opp.-siiion  to  tlio--  points  most  likelv  to  con 
tain  a  prize,  and  lea-t  a'.t  to  be  dettnded." 

Darin-  the  siinimM- 'of  1747  these  attacks  coii- 
tinueil,  kerpiii-  tlie  iuha'r.itanl.^  in  the  l,,wer  cani- 
ties in  a  coir-tant  .-tate  of  dread  and  terror.  (  »ne 
or  two   incidents  occurred    to  ,-how  the   barharoi;- 

feeliiejs  and  hl't  i.othiiiL'  behind  wlii.di  it  was  p^ - 
sible  to  earrvi'li:  John  Aris  a  Piiiladelphia  pih t, 
was  comiii-  up  the  bav  oie-  .■venin-  liavini:  taken 
a  sliip  hevond  the  eape-.  when  he  was  hail.d  hv 
so.eie  one  on  board  a  pilot-h..at,  when  about  t.  a 
miles  below  Keedv  I-land.  A  boat  -oon  ean.e 
alon^,-ide,  and    a-iuiniher  of   .Spaniard.-    came  oU 


hoanl,  and,  uiih 

little  cere.nons 

.tookhi^iiie/fn 

his    tin->  r.   l.i.v 
numev.      Tin  v  a 
fond   on    hoani, 
boat.       TIk'V    l.t 

M.eki.s   and   „^ 
-,,    .arried    olf 
uid   all   the  >ai 
t     him    Miioe    I 

er  three  poun.ls 
Ir-elnth.s.  .dl  t 
s  h.dnn-in-  to  I 
lonldv    liread    ai 

Uicyleft.      Itua 

1    then     retired 

.   tiiin-    at   hill) 

ly  every  one  wIk 
hands  of  the  pri 

report.d   hav. 

i-  Mitli'ivd    at  t 
1  Ihat  «hile  a  in 

jority  of  their    a 

v-ailan;^    uere 

ii-uallv    i;.r..iu:K 

(Spani-h    or  Fw 

\',  ho  il-i  d  "ooi 

was   alway-^  soi 
]'']i'di~ii    '    It  ■■' 

coiK'hidcd    from' 

th  >   that   th,  r 

•wnre  inanv  nfi! 

colonists,  or  perl 
ing  with  the  enen 
aci.'ounted  for  the 

ap,:-  JJriti-h  .-^ai 
y,— a  taetwhie 

or.,  win.  ^^ea   a. 
h  iniLdit  a!^M  ha\ 
ner  in  wldeh  th' 

expeditious  u.~iia 

Iv    terniinat.d 

Tln>e   coward 

and   traitorous  ji 

■o.'eedin-s    uer 

.  earrie.l  on  to  ; 

alarniinu'   extent. 
".Marv.''ofLon, 
Bernard   .Martin, 

as    the    exp,-i 
nn,  wdl  illii-m 
was  ju,-t  entei 

ienre    of    the   sh 
te.      Thecapta,. 
Iul;    the  Delawa 

PIRATJ::-;  and  PRIVAIIiililS.  107 

Ilowlan.!.  :^a-u.i.i  R.^  Ian  I.  .Fr,  \Vilila.n  T;  -ulainl, 
^i.-uou  I'.dv.aris.  J..hi,  IJnlv.  John  Maul,  Jid.n 
Adams,    al!    piiors    .r    LeuiMown.      They   also  ,e- 

pilots  from  .ar,-vl,i-..e.  th^'sein'.  a.l.,.~  -  Jloth  of 
the;r  re.pie.r^  w,  re  eom|.li.  d  uith.  Imt  the  re.-tiae- 

tive.  As  sp-lii^r  apie-oaeh.-i  ihr  privateers  reao- 
prar-d,  and  f  ;•  tinve  :no.,:h>  tn,  ii-  inee-^ant  attacks 
re.id..r.-d  ::>-[, Ts  woiv.;  ti.a::  lln'V  had  l.-enonanv 
I.:■t^n;as  o<-.a>n.ii.  A-  oa,|v  a/  tin'  l.^ih  of  ^fav, 
Cat.taM    INra-,e-  (  Jr.,  ,i  a  .-.■;,:,-   d  oif  ( 'ao-  Hen- 


carrla-e  and  :  ix-  eu  ..  ivel  ^uu>.  and  uith  a  eivw 
ofonehnndredandsevontvdivennai.  Hi- schooner, 
the'Thiemx,"  was  laden  with  l.nad  and  [inlian 
corii,  and  afier  t!ie  jirivarier  had  eaiitnred  him 
the,-  tojk  the  broad  on  hoard  theirown  hoat  and 
threw  the  Iiniian  c.  in  ov-r',oard.  Thev  then 
placed  about  ten  F;v  nrhu'.en  on  board  the  schooner 
capes,  wheu  he  was  hailed  by  a  privateer  of  tea  aiid  sailed  up  th-^  iiav,  stonpinii;  to  attack  a  brii,'an- 
gnns.  He  luanaged  to  elude  her,  however,  but  tiue.  Yv'hile  the  iiieu  were  boarding  this  the  rope.? 
was  met  by  a  pilot-boat,  which  he  knew,  as  well  as  gave  wry,  and  Captain  Greeu  was  left  in  charge  of 
the  captain,  who  had  often  taken  hiiu  up  the  bay.  b.is  boat  and  nia<le  his  escape  An  account  of  this 
Martin  allowed  her  to  come  alongside  and  threw  vas  sworn  to  before  John  Finny,  David  Eush, 
him  a  rope,  seeing  n.->  one  ou  board  exce|it  three  or  Jauie.s  Arniitage  and  Win.  Patter-on,  of  Xew  Castle 
four  iMigliihnieu.  But  suddenly  about  thirty  live  County, and  ,-ent  to  the  Counoil.  On  this  the  Council 
Frenchmen  and  Spaniards  sprang  t'loin  the  liatehes,  made  another  attempt  to  -cair  a-si-tance  from 
where  they  had  been  conceale.l,  and  boarded  the  the  Assembly,  but  for  a  reply  that  body  (juietly 
ship,  driving  the  crew  before  them  at  the  points  stated  that  they  did  "not  see  what  prudence  or 
of  their  pistols.  ^lartin  otftred  some  resistance,  policy  could  be  done  in  the  present  emergeucv. 
but  they  at  once  oi.ened  tire  on  him,  woundinL:  him  To  send  a  vessel  in  pursuit  of  a  privateer  supposed 
in  the  cheek,  in  the  arm  and  ^ide  and  then  kn(jcked  to  be  at  the  capes,  a  late  example  may  convince  us 
him  down.  They  took  comm.iid  of  the  vessel,  that  the  privateer- miuht  and  verv  probablv  wouhl 
cruised  off  the  capes  for  a  few  days  and  then  iilaeed  he  out  of  reach  before  any  vessel  could  get  thither. 
Captain  ]Martin  and  seven  men  on  the  pilot  lioat  And  to  keep  a  vessel  constantly  at  our  cajies  to 
and  abandoned   them.  guard  our  coast  must  be  introductive  of  an  expense 

As  the  winter  of  1747  approached,  the  stress  of  too  heavy,  as  we  conceive,  for  the  province  to 
weather  i>ut  a  check  upon  the  [jrivateering  opera-  bear.''  And  so  they  did  nothing.  About  the 
tions  for  a  brief  season.  3Iost  of  them  ^oughtshel-  middle  of  ^May  His  Majesty's  s'oop,  the  "  Otter," 
ter  in  the  West  Indies,  but  i-oports  eouwnually  arrived  under  Captain  Ballet,  with  instructions 
reached  the  Delaware  that  a  L'r' at  raid  was  being  from  the  Admiralty  tocruise  off  the  Delaware  capes 
[ilanned  for  the  o]iening  of  .-|)ring.  The  Piuladei-  and  protect  the  coast  from  the  ]uMvateers.  On  his 
phians  were  especially  alarmed  at  this.  A:-socia-  voyau'e,  however,  he  had  eneonntereil  one  of  the 
tions  were  formed  to  defend  the  city,  and  appliea-  enemy  in  a  four  in.ui-'  eii-a-.'indit  ami  was  so 
tiou  was  made  to  secure  cannon  t'l  be  jdai  rd  at  much  disabled  that  it  required  some  time  to  make 
proper  places  along  the  river.  But  the  .Vsseinidy  tlie  nece:-,-ary  repairs.  In  the  mean  time  the  out- 
remained  inexorable.  .^ev.ral  compauie-^  were  ru-es  continued.  Tou  ard  the  end  of  .A[ay  a  priva- 
formed  within  the  pro\inee  ami  the  lower  counties  teer  cajitured  the  sloop  '-Three  Brothers"  otf  the 
and  the  construction  of  hatterie.-  wa^  begun  at  dit'-  caijcs.  They  tO(jk  off  all  but  the  captain,  CJeorge 
ferent  points  on  the  river.  Porteous,   his   wife    and  son  and  an  old  man.  ami 

In  Apiil,  174S.  the  pilots  of  Sus.sex  County  -.  nt  put  on  board  three  Frenchmen.  Thov  st.  ered  for 
in  a  petition  to  the  Council,  a-king  them  to  npoal  tin-  cape-.  aecomp:Tniod  l.v  the  piivate-r.  Imt  were 
the  orders  i.-u.d  as  to  pilots  couductin-  inward  separated  from  In  r  in  a -torm.  Porteoiw.  hi<  ,-on, 
bound  ve>.-.|-,  in  onler  to  .aiable  them  to  earn  a  and  the  old  man  niaiia-.d  to  -oeiire  the  French- 
l'--'itlmate  living  in  competition  with  the  traitors  men.  and  put  into  L,wi.-[oun  tor  a  pilot,  brin-ing 
Hh.>  refu.-ed  to  obey  the  pronlamations.  This  was  the  three  prisoners  up  the  bav  with  them.  Soon 
signed    by  William    FieU.    Luke    .-Shield,   Samuel      afterwards    Xew   Castle   v.-as    threatened   with    de- 


108 


iii.sTORv  OF  i)i:la\vai;k 


the 


stniction  by  the  iiirival  nC  a  Sp:iiil>h 
brig  of  tiiurtecn  l'imis  ami  uiic  Imiiilii  il : 
men.  She  had  an.hnR-,!  ^tr  Ei-,  iiliui,,  ^ 
miles  below  New  e■a^tk■,  -ivin-  an  l.iij 
oner,  Georu'e  IVdctnr,  an  o|i|i(irtunitv  tn  «. 
swininn.i-'tn  slmre.  He  j.nure.leil  t(.  N. 
and  infni-iiii<l  the  aiitluirities  that  the  c:ii>ti 
brig,  Don  \'ineent  Lopez,  had  entered  tlie  riv.r  with 
the  inteuti(jn  of  eapturinir  the  lar'_'<'  >hip  tlh  n  ly- 
ing near  New  Castle,  and  atiei  ward.-  plund.  r  ,iiid 
destroythe  town.  He  had  .-divadv  1„  .n  <'niiMn- 
off  the  capes  and  ha.l  ea|i!iin  d  ■^.vnal  V(»el.^  and 
a  pilot-boat,  Imt  was  now  in  pin>';:r  ot' larirrr  prey 
The  privateer  came  up  under  ELiijli.-h  cm!,, is,  within 
gun-sh(jt  of  New  Castle,  luit  the  people  werr  pre- 
pared and  opened  tire  from  seveial  u'uns.  Lope/. 
finding  that  his  reception  would  be  rather  warm  if 
he  ventured  nearer,  slipped  his  cables  and  dropped 
down  the  river,  huzzaing  as  he  lel't,  and  hoisting 
the  Spanish  colors  in  place  of  the  English.  But 
this  was  not  the  last  that  w.is  heard  from  Lopez. 
Captain  Nathaniel  Ambler  rejiorted  shortly  after- 
wards meeting  with  tlie  Spaniard,  that  resulted 
more  favorably  for  the  latter  than  his  New  Castle 
expedition.  On  ^lay  '2'nh  Ambler  was  anchored 
off  Reedy  Island,  in  company  with  three  Boston 
sloops,  which  had  been  driven  in  by  the  privateers. 
Late  in  the  evenin'j- three  l>^ats,  from  the  S]janish 
privateer,  approached  them  and  raptured  all  four 
sloops,  strij)ping  the  crew  and  takim;  otiallthiir 
clothes,  only  leaving  each  captain  a  i>air  of 
breeches.  Captain  James  White  also  had  an  en- 
counter wi"h  Don  Lopez's  men,  about  thirtv  of 
whom  boarded  his  schooner  ofi'  the  high  land  of 
Bombay  Hook,  with  pistols  and  cutlasses,  [)lun- 
dered  her  and  took  the  captain  and  his  men  on  board 
the  privatKT.  The  long  list  of  outrages  of  this 
character  was  daily  increased  by  reports  of  others 
more  "daring  and  iuijuideut.  About  the  1st  of 
June,  Abraham  Wiltbank,  a  pilot  of  Lewistown, 
was  appointed  to  command  an  intelligence  iioat. 
He  plied  up  and  down  the  rivei-  and  bay  from  the 
capes  to  Philadelphia,  reporting  tlie  force  and 
movements  of  all  jirivateers  within  si'_'lit.  At 
New  Castle  there  was,  to  be  sure,  a  fort.  Hut  there 


l,v  til. 


were  only  four  guns  to  be  raised  in  the  \\  hi 
town.  This  number  was  increased  bv  f  uir  ^ 
pounders  from  Philadelphia,  where  they  eould 
be  spared.  The  defenseless  condition  of  the  eo: 
can  therefoie  lie  well  understood,  and  it  is  not 
be  wondered  at  that  tlie  privateers  entcrtaiind 
fear  of  m hatevcr  opp(,.-ition  might  be  o/!'eir(l. 

In  July  a  whole  lleet  appeared  oti'tlie  .«outiit 
coast  of  the  American  colonies,  under  the  lead 
ship  of  Don  Pedro,  ami  for  a  time  riavi.'atiou  v 
completely  at  a  staiid.-till.  A  part  of  tli.-  Pi  ii 
sipuulron  in  New  J^ngiaiid  was  sent  dwwn  and  .•: 
tured  sever  il  of  llir  private  ers,  and  mauiM  d  them 


it    a 


roeks  of  Christiana.      In   a   not,-  to  Proidrut  I': 

mer.     of    tiie    Conn,-il,     f i     David     Pu.-li.  .1.  :  : 

.AleKiulv    ami    Cliarl,.    Pu-li,  ihev  state    tliat  i.  , 
batt.-ry    had    bo,  n    vieuod    by   manv,  and  tlm  ne 

'•any  ,.n  tho  eontineiit  tor  .-trenjth  and  li.aiiiy/ 
I'.ut  to  tlie  two  men-of-«ar,  the  "  Hector "  ai,.: 
••Oiter,"  was  reallv  due  tin-  .axdit  of  Hnallv  elr.v. 
in-  the  bay  and '.■apes  of  J ),  laware  of  tho  pnx :.- 
tiers.  Thev  ea.pturnl  a  numlier  and  di.-aM.  ■, 
others,  .-o  that  belore  llie  close  of  the  year  174^ 
tliose  that  remained  unhurt  had  sought  more  In  - 
[litable  regions  and  the  p.eople  were  once  more  r^ 
lieved  fioin  the  strain  incident  upon  the  alnn  -■ 
eoiitmuous  [iresence  of  tlieir  enemies  for  two  yeai-. 
Tins  was  the  last  of  the  attenijits,  either  of  pirati- 
or  privateers,  to  make  any  concerted  attack  mu 
Delaware,  jiractically  blockading  the  mouth  of  tin 
bay.  At  rare  intervals  thereafter  they  would 
apjiarently  spring  out  of  the  bosom  of  the  wavr- 
and  sweep  down  on  an  unsuspecting  vessel ;  bat 
they  no  longer  acted  with  their  former  audaeiiv, 
and  scarcely  ever  came  within  reach  of  shore.  A- 
late  as  1788  we  learn  of  James  ^IcAlpine  b^in^ 
convicted  of  piracy  on  the  Delaware,  but  witn 
this  the  curtain  falls  on  this  roruantic  and  inter- 
e.-ting  pliase  of  the  history  of  I)elaware. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

BOU.VD.VIiY  lUsrUTIiS  .VND  SETTI.E.MENT. 

The  State  of  Delaware  to-day  eould  not  well 
made  the  .-uleeet  of  a  boundarv  controver,-v,  wi 
its  stiff,  straight  lines  on  the  Voiith  aml«\st, 
short,  regular  curve  on  the  north,  and  Delawa 
River  and  Pay  and  the  ocean  on  the  east,  to  ina 
its  separation  from  any  grasping  neighbors. 
lies  between  latitude  08"  28'  and  ^fP  47' 
and  longitude  74^  .50'  and  75°  4<J'  W.  This  is 
ileed  definite  enough,  but  the  disputes  and  conte 
between  the  several  claimants  of  the  territory,  a 
the  letters,  documents  and  depositions  that  an 
out  of  the  boundaries  of  the  territory  upon  De 
ware,  firms  the  store  of  a  Ioult  and  bitter  stru.'- 
which,  on  M.me  oJraMons.  did  m.t  tail  shoit 
blo.id-lied.  If  any  palliating  n  a.-ons  are  to 
S0ULdit,we  can  only  trace  theori-in  of  these  tmiili 
to  the   numofous   ohan-is  iji   the  proprietorshi!i 

f.r  marly  a  oniiurv  after  Hudson's  advent, 
IGO'.t,  and"  so  de,ply  entan.did  had  the  claims  a 
counter-claims  Ucome,  that   a  second  centurv  v 


(iwwini;  rapidly  to  a  rl.>>e  Hctorca  ]iariti 
iiieiit  was  tiiiaily  aunrd  ui  -n.  In  it- 
|ias.-ai:e  from  the  hainl.-  i>t  the  iihiniL^i 
I)uteii,  then  ti)  the  Sut  ,ii-.  and  oii<-.-  nmietn  the 
I)iitrh,  th.il  to  the  Duk.-  of  Yelk  ;;;al  Hually  to 
iVnii.  it  was  nmre  than  likuly  that  th-  title  to  this 
%-alueil  ])ro]KTty  :-houlil  not  remain  iiali-imlaMe. 
Siirveyin:,''\vas  rtiidered  douhly  iliHii-ult  i>y  tlie  un- 
explored condition  of  the  country,  and  inaccuracies 
in  thib  quarter  furnished  a  fre(|nent  source  of 
controversy.  But,  above  all,  when  grants  and 
titles  were  issued  by  authorities  three  thousand 
miles  distant,  without  facility  for  receiving  any  other 
information  except  the  testimony  of  the  apidicant, 
it  was  not  improbable  that  a  single-siti-ip  of  laud 
might  be  granted  to  two  or  even  a  greater  number 
of  petitioners. 

The  zeal  of  the  Dutch  in  settling  their  newly- 
discovered  territories,  w-hich  extended  from  Dela- 
ware Bay  almost  to  Cajie  Cod,  naturallv  excited 
the  British,  who  were  interested  iu  the  Plymouth 
and  Virginia  charters.  As  early  as  1G21  they 
complained  to  James  I.  of  the  encroachments  of 
the  Dutch.  At  this  early  period  it  was  a  simple 
protect  of  the  British  against  the  title  of  the 
Dutch  to  the'iS'ew  Netherlands,  which  included 
New  York,  New  Jer^uy  and  Delaware.  Tlie  mat- 
ter was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  States-Gen- 
eral of  Holland,  but  on  the  death  of  King  James 
the  ati'air  was  still  badly  complicated.  Under 
Charles  I.  the  dispute  continued.  Tlie  New  Neth- 
erlands had  now  come  under  the  management  of 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  but  now,  in  their 
turn,  they  were  much  annoyed  by  the  bold  en- 
croachments of  the  English.  One  of  their  largest 
vessels  was  seized  ;  they  placed  the  matter  in  the 
hands  of  the  States-General,  who  decided  to 
firmly  maintain  the  rights  of  the  company.  The 
English  were  equally  positive  in  their  determina- 
tion to  resist  the  Dutch  ag'j-ressions,  and  the  trouble 
over  the  boundaries  gave  rise  to  intense  feeling  on 
both  sides.  The  addition  of  new  pureha^?rs,  who 
might  be  po.ssible  disputants,  had  no  tendency  to 
unravel  the  entangled  claim,-.  Godyii  and  Bloem- 
niart  had  bought  a  :;trip  of  land  from  tlie  natives 
in  1G29,  extending  thirty-two  miles  inland  from 
Cape  Henlopen,  and  two  njiles  m  breadth.  De 
Vries  started  a  small  colony  nrar  the  Cape  in  loMl, 
and  in  the  same  year  new  purclia.-e^  were  made 
from  the  Indians  on  the  east  side  of  the  Bay. 
The  year  I G32,  however,  stands  out  as  a  prominent 
landmark  in  the  history  of  die  disputes,  fir  it  was 
then  that  the  tamou?  charter  was  -ranted  to  Lurd 
Baltimore,  on  whhh  he  afteruanl-  lia- d  his 
'■laiius  to  the  land  on  the  \\e>t  si.le  ,,f  the  river 
IVlaware.  It  was;:iant,d  undnn.-il.  lo:;-,  an.l 
e-utainedlhe  f  .llowiii-  f  rni>  :  •'  Wr  (  liailr.  1.  ,1,, 
i:ive,  grant  and  eoulirni  unto  Ceeiliiis,  IJaron  of 
Baltimore,  his   heirs   and   a..igns,  all    that  p.irt  of 


I'TES  ANI^  .^F.TTLi:\n:NT. 

109 

lire-     the  ]ienin>ula,  nr   chersorKs. 

:  IviuL'   i 

;n  the 

part  of 

red      America  betwoen   the  orran 

1     nn      the 

ea-t 

and   the 

the      Chesapeake  on  tiie    u,-t,  di' 

.•id.-d  fn, 

m  til.: 

■   re-id  lie 

thereof  liv  a  ri-ht  lino,  ,haun  from  the  promt. n- 
tory  nr  headland  .'all.  d  Watkin-  I'nint.  situate 
upon    the    liav   afore.-aid.    near    the   river    ^^'iL'll(■o 

between  that  boundary  on  the  south  unto  that 
jiart  of  the  Bay  of  Delaware  on  the  north  uhieli 
lietli  under  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude, 
from  the  equinoctial,  where  New  EiiL-land  is  ti  r- 
luinated,  and  all  the  tract  of  that  land  within  tlie 
metes  underwritten — i  that  is  to  siy  i  pa,-~inL'  from 
the  said  bay  called  Delaware  Bay.  in  a  right  line 
by  the  degree  ufiiresaid,  unto  the  true  meridian  of 
the  first  fountain  of  the  river  of  Potomac,  thence 
verging  towards  the  south  unto  the  farther  bank  of 
the  said  river,  and  following  the  same  on  the  west 
and  south  unto  a  certain  place  called  Cin<iuack, 
situate  near  the  mouth  of  the  said  river,  where  it 
disembogues  into  the  aforesaid  bay  of  Chesapeake, 
and  thence  by  the  shortest  line  unto  the  aforesaid 
promontory  or  place  called  AVatkins  Point. "^ 
The  petition  of  Lord  Baltimore,  in  comjliance  with 
which  the  grant  had  been  issued,  set  Ibrth  that 
the  territory  was  "not  then  cultivated  and  planted, 
though  in  some  parts  thereof  inhabited  by  a  cer- 
tain barbarous  people  having  no  knowledge  of 
Almighty  God,"  and  it  was  this  declaration  which 
was  afterwards  made  an  important  factor  in  the 
strugLde.  These  limits  included  not  only  the  pres- 
ent S'tate  of  Maryland,  but  all  of  Delaware  and  a 
part  of  Penn.sylvania  and  Virginia.  The  remon- 
strance came  first  from  the  last  quarter,  but  that 
controversy  does  not  bear  upon  the  matter  in  hand 
with  sufficient  import  to  warrant  our  entering 
upon  details. 

The  arrival  of  the  Swedes  in  the  Delaware,  in 
1638,  marks  another  epoch  in  the  narrative.  We 
have  seen  in  the  chapter  on  the  Swedish  settle- 
ments that  Ussfclinx,  disgusted  at  his  treatment  by 
the  Dutch,  had  entered  the  service  of  Sweden,  and 
with  Peter  J\[inuit  had  superintended  the  expedi- 
tion of  11)38.  Opposition  was  at  once  elicited 
from  the  Dutch  through  William  Kieft,  Director- 
General  of  the  New  Netherlands,  but  Minuit  per- 
sisted, and  the  erection  of  Fort  Chrijtina  gave 
definite  shape  to  his  plans  Two  years  later  the 
first  English  settlements  on  the  Delaware  were 
begun  by  the  purchase  of  land  on  botli  sides  of  the 
bay  by  Captain  Turner,  the  agent  for  New  Haven.-' 
The  purchases  of  the  English  continued  for  several 
years,  and  their  potscssious  soon  aggregated  a  con- 
siderable quantit_t  of  land,  although  they  were 
f  ireed   to  contend    with  the   attacks  of  the  Dutch 

iTb-   r.v.T  W..4l,o)  u..,    !,.■  -,. .1,  tl,:it   n,.w  kiww,,    ^  tbe  P.xu- 


no 


KJSTOiJY  OF  I>F!,.VVVARK 


E:-i:;h  of 


tlie  middle  of  the  seventeenth   cent'irv  th.'  '^n 
tnry  now  known  as  Dflawaru  w:l-   ^u'.it'ct"  V,  ur,n 
owntTS,  each    trviii-  to  int.-i-t'rn-  uit'i  "'-rvi  piv'.'t 
theadvai,o..,r.l„.   „thcr~.      In  l,n,;   ;:,..   Li  m 
portant  cnf.  [vmco   uvor  the    h.,un:iari,->   wa<  coi 
vened  at  IlartJmd,  t;.|-   tho  [.iir[H:s 
disputes   ljrtu,-fu    the  Diitrh   and 
A'ew    Haven,   u  h^    had     i.tin  ha-...i    hi;,. I     ,,„    the 
Delaware.      Tliu  nirttin-  wa.-  .alhd  at  ;iie  ^r'-c-b- 
tionof  the    co.„n,is-i,,n,T.s  .,f  the  United  Coi^'des 
and   StiiyveNim   u  illiii-lv  a.-,  lUrd.     The   i,.' ...ria- 
tious  were  at  Hn-t  conductrd   in  <.vrli\i)  '      ijut~'>:hN- 
method  proved  irksome,  and   ^:^>u~\^\^w■\  L  riueh 
time  that  a  new  plan  wa.~  >,M.n   •id..or.'d       F  ■ -li  ot 
the  parties   involved  api,oi,.t.d    tu.,"  .....i^i^-^^ers 
to    represent  tliem.  the  Iniir  to  t;,n,i   a    l,n-.,,i   of 
arbitration   to  settle  the  disputed  .]ue-:tio!,.  ".^cv 
vesant    appointed     Eusi-u    Geor-e    RaKt.M-  '-ml 
C'apt:iin  Thomas    Willett,  while    the  Xew  Lu-i-ind 
commisssoners    selected    Symon    Bradstreet"  and 
Thomas    Prenco.     Their    deliberation.,  however, 
resulted    in    no    definite    conclu^iou.     The    Xew 
Englanders  assertci  that  theDitteh  iuid  encroached 
OD   their  land,  and  that  they  had   in  consequence 
suffered  damages  to  the  extent  of  £1000.     Stuy- 
vesant    denied    this,    but    stated    that    as    tlie^e 
alleged  invasir,ns   of  Eng.ish  rights   had    occurred 
during  the  administration   of  (lovernor  Kie+t  he 
wa.s  unable  to  deal   with  tl,e   matter    intelliu^en'tlv. 
Both  parties  at  lengtlt  a^re.d  t.  ivft^r  the  decision 
to  England   and  Holland,  and  in   the  mean  time 
agreed  to  pursue   their  inter.,ts   on    the  Delaware 
without  Hiterferin-  with  ..ne  an-.ther.'     The  New 
Haven  people  started  out  soon  afterwards   with  a 
new  colony  to  settle  on   their   lan.ls  in  the  Dela- 
ware, but,  touchiiiL'  at  Xew  Amnerdam  on   their 
voyage,  they  were  all  placed  u.uler  arrest.      Thev 
insisted    that    they    had   no    intention    of  settling 
elsewhere  than  on  their  own  land,  which  wa<  their 
privilege,  according  to  the  agreement  of  the  arbi- 
trators.    The  Director-General  thoudit  that  thev 
had  come  with  a  view  to  extendin^r  their  territor^ 
and  refused  to  let   th,,m   proceed.'^ahd  the  tr,,uble 
over  the  bounda,  i.  s  was  once  moreonened  between 
the  English  and  the  Dutch. 

In  the  same  year,  lHol.  an  att.-mpt  w-i^  made  t  . 
reach  an  agreement  about  the  ext,  nt  of'the'lands 
held  by  the  bwedes  and  Dutch  on  the  Delawar,- 
The  Swedes  had  suddenly  exhibited  r.n  exeee.i: 
lugly  hold  spirit,  committing  manv  acts  of  violence 
upon  the  Dutch  with  the  evident  purpose  of  di.- 
po.s.sessiug  them  .)f  the  whole  river.  Beiii -  pomi.- 
cessful  at  this,  thev  endeavored  to  Purcha-c  Itnd 
from  the  Indians,  who  refused  to  s-ll.  but  iave'the 
Dutch  all  the  land  from  Bombav  Ilo.k  to  Christina 
Creek.-    An.,ther  unsuccessful  attempt  was  mrde  bv 


tbeXeu   HavM 

Colnoic'The', 
howevtr,  bei'.,'-. 
parted  with.iu: 
ernor,    ie;ivi:;j- 


-■'■  tM  be  named  bv  the  T,,;,, 
"iiatien.  had  hardiv  been  \u-^v 
"-■    Dutch    a,'e„„\j,r„,,tlv",|: 


En-l-uld    e 
einire,,t-  th 


thev 


ape 


-el  at  ^ew  Amsterdam  \\:\.\ 
>vitl!  the.  Dutch      Itwa-ti'.ev 


Ued    tiiO 

•rnor  J, 


tory  uf  l).-liiu:ire."  (.[v  -ji 


howJver'wh 

by  writing  to  G;,ve,nor  .J„hn  nisin^."'the"  ueu  h 
arrived  Sn'edi.l,  agent,  but  a^rain  with,.ut  re-ui^ 
I  he  at^air  hao  now  been  brought  to  hiirher  author 
■  ties  and  correspondence  was  conducted  b.tweei 
England  and  Holland  relative  to  the  subiect  ., 
b:mnJane.  on  the  Delaware,  and  this  was  en„all^ 
ban^u  of  results.  In  .r;o3  John  Cooper  and  Thonr 
as  Jltmsou  applied  to  the  court  of  Xew  Haven  f„i 
ihe  protection  of  two  magistrates  and  also  a  <upplv 
ot  guns  and  ammunition,  to  take  uith  them  in  an 
attempt  to  settle  on  their  land  in  'the  Delaware 
Ihe  court  agreed  to  thiv  hut  the  discoun  •■•n  - 
reports  which  were  brought  from  the  Delawa're'at 
tins  time  dampened  the  ardor  of  the  new  coloni-t<' 
although  some  were  still  willing  to  make  a  start' 
out  nothing  came  of  the  exj)ed'ition. 

The  capture  of  Fort  Casimir  bv  the  Dutch   in 
Iboopract^ically  settled  the  ,lisputes  between  the 
Dutch   and  Swedes,  leavin,.  the  former   cnmpl.  te 
raasters  of  the  situati..n.     The  history  of  the  col- 
ony under  the  Dutch   has    already  been    treated 
at  K'Ugth.      The  severity  of  Alrichs'  administration 
ai  N,ew  Am.tel  drove  =ix  soldiers  to  desert  from 
tie  Dutch  service  and  seek  refuse  in  Maryland 
At_a  meeting  of  the  Council  of^Xew  Am.~tel  in 
IC.ji)  It  was  decided  to  request  Governor  Feiidall 
of  -Maryland,  to  return  the  deserters.     The  Dutch 
ii'.w  began  to  fear  that  the  English  would  encroach 
upon  them  from  a  new  quarter,  as  they  had  hith- 
erto been  doing  from   Xew  Haven.      A  letter   wa- 
'b>l.atehed  to  Colonel  Utie.  the  leading  ma.d>trate 
ot    .Maryland  and    a    memb(,r  (,f   the   (Tcverimr'- 
Council.   requcMim:   that   it   b,.    f uward'ed  \n   ihe 
Govern. .r.      C.,l,,„,d    Ftje   e,,ns.  i.ted,  but   at    the 
same  time  iui;,riued  the   me>-eri-,,r   that   the   (J-.y- 
ern„randC,uneil  wf  .Maryland  had  already  i^-.ued 
n'-truct,..,,.  in  .lauuary  ordenn.:  him  to  ■•  repair  t., 

Delauar^li^ao^rinf ,ri,^'^■T''  '"''"'  ""    "'" 

-:''''':^  ""^if^^  ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^\^^^J^ZZ- 
''"\■  \  ^^■["'•^''■^■^'t-ltliatl.nnl  Baltimore  h.>,i 
ordered  the  land  nithin  the  liu.ii,  of  his  charter  .  i 
l<J:Jl.'  to  be  resurveyed.with  a  view  to  assuming  detiu- 

»MclI.bJn-s.-U,„o,T„f  M.nI.uJ,-p.j3. 


BOI'NDARY  D[>rrTE 

i(c  jiii-i.-dictiiin  over  the  ulnlo.  The  rcc.  ipt  ..f  this 
i„ti'!li'-'i'iK-e  ]ir(Hluiv.l  -nat  rnii<tcriuiti(.ii  at  X(jw 
Ani.-ul,aiiilStii_vv.-aiit  \\rit.>  tl.at  in  a^ll.'l•t  time 

t,,  .M'arvlaiiaaiMi  \'n-iira,'  It  a\  in- s.areelv  tliiHv 
laniili.-  in  the  tuwij,  uhih'  nther  phie.  ,  wrre  ,lav 
!,v,h.v  -n.uin-  «n,>e  ati.l  uo,-,..  Thi.  uas  the 
|i",-t  , 11111.  eiilena  hv  Lnni  llahimoiv  to-lhrtcrri 
mn-  over  uiiirh  a  heati.!  -I  ni^.- h' u  a.-   .h-tiueil   t.) 

hrnii-ht  l.elure  the  .Marvhnnl  C.Mineil  en  Aiijii>t 
:;r.l(,0.  S.),  and  Utie  «a,  further  iii.-tniete.l  'that,  in 
(a^e  he  tiiid  an  e|)i]ortiiiiity,  he  in-innate  into  tiie 
peeple  there  seated  (i>n  the  Dehiuare)  that  i:i  ca.-e 
ihey  nial<e  ihi  ir  aiiplicatioii  to  hi.-  L'nd-hi|i',- t  .mv- 

to  the  coiiditidiis  <A'  plaiitatieii:-  ^'ranted  to  all 
comers  into  tliis  proviaec.  which  ^\vd\l  be  nuide 
<:ond  to  tliem,  and  tliat  tliey  shall  have  protection 
in  their  lives,  libertv  and  estates,  \\hi<h  they  shall 
briiii;  with  them."  On  the  same  day  tiie  <  iiA-rnor 
of  Maryland  wrote  to  the  Governur  nt'  the  t'-rritnry 
of  the  Delaware  giving  him  notice  to  depart.  With 
reference  to  the  disputed  lands  he  ;aii.l :  "  I  can  liy 
DO  means  acknowled^re  any  tor  Governors  there  but 
luyselt',  whri  am  liy  his  lordship  appointed  lieuten- 
ant, of  his  whole  pnivinee,  lying  between  these 
degrees,  G8  and  40,  but  do  by  these  n^piire  an.l  e-iin- 
mand  you  jjresently  to  dejiart  forth  ot  liis  hnd^hip's 
province,  or  otherwise  desire  you  to  lnJd  me 
exctised  if  I  use  niy  iitmo-t  endetivor  to  redm/e 
that  part  of  his  lordship's  province  uuto  its  dtie 
obedience  unto  him." 

Colonel  Utie  reached  New  Amstel  in  September, 
with  Major  Jacob  De  Vrint/  and  ^^v,■ral  other- ulio 
intide  up  the  commi?sion.  Sc\  (  lal  day>  were  .-pint 
in  reeonnoitering  and  ipie.-tiiminL:  the  settlers,  ami 
on  the  8th  a  confereiui-  wa.  held  with  Airi.  !is  and 
Commissary  William  Beeknian.  Three  of  the 
tugitivos  were  handed  over,  and  Utie  then  plainly 
stated  that  the  people  must  either  leave  or  declare 
themselves  the  subjects  of  l-ord  Baltimore,  ;iud  if 
they  refused  to  submit  to  either  of  these  alternatives 
he  could  not  hold  himself  "  respnnsilile  for  the  inno- 
eiiit  blo<jd  that  might  be  shed  on  that  account." 
Alrichs  remonstrated  that  they  had  been  in  [losses- 
>ion  for  many  years,  and  hehl  their  land  by  an 
oitroi  of  the  States-General  and  the  .lirectors  uf 
the  We.t  Inditi  Company.  The  .Mary lander-  uere 
ob,>tiiiute    and     irrital)le    and     lelu-ed    to     argue, 

laent  from  the  Dutch  as  to  wliat  ihev  propo-ed  to 
do.  Alrichs  now  endeavored  to  seJure  delay  by 
a  proposition  to  submit  the   whole  .pir-tion   to  the 

ther    countries.      Failim_'-  in  tiii-,  he  n  i|Ui.-trd 

lliree  w^.eks  in  which  to  con  i;r  u  ith  the  DircT.r- 
'HUrral  of  th.'  New  Netherlaml-.  to  which  Colonel 
I 'lie  lebictantly  cou-ented.  d'he  next  .lay,  how- 
'ver,  th(.'  T)iitch  submitted  a  written  urote.-t  si-ncd 


ANJ1  SETTLK.^IE^T. 


111 


bv  Alrichs,  P.eekman.  Ah  xander  DTIln..vo>=a, 
.John  Willi,  ni.-on.  .lohn  (  'rat...  II.  mlrh-k  Kip'p  an.l 
(;.  \'an  Su.-iiL'.ii.  th.'  -L.nlaiv  ..f  tlu'  C-ouncil. 
Th.'V  .•omplaln..!  that  th.'  .iliz.n.-  ..f  the  Delaware 
has'b,.n  .nti.-.d  int..  ^!ar^laIl.l  bv  allnrini:  pr.  m- 
i-s.  .-.mie  .,f  whom  I,::. I  thus  escaped  servi.e  which 
tic'y   were   boun.l    to   lender,  and   others  ha.l   h  f t 

tion  wa;  al>o  ma.le  to  the  form  of  the  iiistrncti..ns 
h.  1.1  by  Utie,  whi.h  were  sitnply  sign.'.l  by  I'hilip 
Calvert,  ,-erretai\,  but  .■..ntainul  neither  place  nor 
.late;  but  Utie  paid  little  attention  t..  this.  The 
particulars  of  th.'  allair  were  forwanled  at  .mce  to 
.■^tuyvesaiit.  wh.i  repli'd  ..n  the  '2'6d,  censuring 
Alrich-  an.l  Beekman  for  allowing  Utie  to  proceed 
as  far  as  he  had  tilrea.ly  d..ne  ami  also  f.jr  promis- 
ing to  rejdy  within  three  weeks.  He  severely 
reprimanded  thein  for  recognizing  Utie  at  all,  with 
the  defective  credentials  wliich  he  brought,  and  by 
way  .if  re]iro.:'f  removed  the  management  of  the 
alfair  from  their  hands  and  appointed  instead  Caj)- 
tain  ^.larlin  Krygier  and  Cornelius  Van  Ruyven 
to  have  entire  control  of  the  controversy  with 
Maryland.  Krygier  was  at  the  same  time  com- 
missioned as  commander  of  all  the  militia  on  the 
Delaware,  an.l  sixty  men  were  placed  under  him 
to  repel  any  inroads  from  ^Maryland.  The  new 
a::ents  were  also  in>tru.t.il  to  treat  Utie  as  a  spy 
unless,  on  his  return,  his  papers  were  less  defective 
than  when  first  exhiliite.l. 

Humors  soon  came  from  ^Maryland  that  Utie, 
who  ha.l  returned  on  the  Htli,  was  preparing  to 
return  t.)  New  Amstel  with  a  f  >rc(;  of  five  humlred 
men.  .>tuyve>;tnt  tlier.Mipou  appointed  two  coniinis- 
.-ioners,  in  th.' persons  .it' ,\ugustine  Hecrmtins  and 
Ke-olv,-,l  WaMn.n.to  procee.l  to  .^laryland  with  a 
ktter  and  ..rdei,-  t.)  re.pie-t,  in  a  "  frieii.lly  and 
neighborly  way,  tie?  ruleliveiy  an.l  restitution  of 
Siicli  I'ree  jieople  and  servants  as  for  debt  an.l  other 
ways  have  been  fled,  and  as  to  us  is  given  to  un- 
stand  that  for  the  most  part  are  residing  in  his 
honor's  government,  especially  about  a  year  since 
have  gone  out  oi'  this  colony  of  the  high,  well 
esteemeil  I.ir.ls  govern.Jrs  of  the  city  of  Amster- 
.lai )  ;  whi.;h  if  v.ju  do,  we  arc  ready  to  assure  you, 
that  in  ni:  intaining  of  good  justice  and  neigh- 
borly iluty,  to  ,lo  the  same  beside  all  those  tliat 
mav  cine  runawavs  to  u-  out  of  anv  of  vour 
nelLdibor  gov>rnment.>."  If  Governor  Uemlall 
refuse.l  t..  cmplv  the  .•.unmi-.-ion.Ts  wi're  t.i  in- 
form him  tha't  the  Duloh  v,onl.l   ivtaliat.-  by  ..llor- 

.eek  r.'fuue  on  the  Delaware.  With  re-ard  to 
Colon,  1  Utie's  expedition,  the  letter  bitterlv  com- 
plaine.l  both  .m  the  L-i..un.l  ..f  the  abMm.vof  all 
justice  an.l  the  har-h  n,ann,r  in  which  it  was 
.-..n.lu.-t.'.l,  .and   th.'  commi.-ionm--  w .  re  in-lrnct.'.l 

.n^taiic'd    bv   his   lriv.,Kius    demamls  and    bh-otl'v 


112 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWAllK 


threatening."  On  the  :">Oth  of  Sr[iti'iiiln'r  Heer- 
niaas  and  Walilrna  set  nut  on  tlu-ir  ji.urnov  to 
Maryland.  Their  -ui.hs  wm-  sava-,-',  and  with 
a  .small  cniivoy  ,.f.-  >ldi,T>  th.-y  Mt  ..iit  n,,  uhatwas 
then  a  rather  ]>rriluu.-  trip  'I'h.-v  liad  not  jiro- 
pressid  far  \viien  the  Indians  deelinrd  to  proceiMl. 
They  finally  induced  them  to  advaiire  a  little,  hut 
as  soon  as  a  river  was  reached  they  dismi-rd  all 
but  one.  They  emharked  in  an  old,  dried-ii;i  hnat, 
which  thev  found  on  the  shore,  but  were  forced  to 
calk  it  with  rairs,  and  one  man  was  eon.^tantly  em- 
ployed in  bailiniT  it  out.  Thus  they  reached  the 
Elk  River,  and  after  a  brief  re>t  in  the  woods,  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Sassafras.  Here  they  found  one  or 
two  deserters,  who,  on  i>roii,i-,.'  ot' a  pardon.  aL'renJ 
to  return  to  New  Amstcl  within  a  montli.  luu,  met 
with  much  opposition  from  others.  At  the  moulh 
of  the  Sassafras,  which  they  reached  on  October 
2d,  they  heard  a  heavy  fusilade  at  Colonel  Utie's 
place,  and  supposed  that  this  was  a  company  pre- 
paring for  an  attack  on  the  Delaware  settlements. 
On  the  3d  they  stopped  for  a  while  with  Captain 
Wilke,  one  of  the  niaLristrates  of  Kent  Island,  and 
a  considerable  discussion  ensued  on  the  issues  be- 
tween the  two  governments,  but  in  a  friendly  way. 
Here  they  secured  a  new  boat  and  guide  at  forty 
pounds  of  tobacco  a  day,  and  on  the  7th  arrived  at 
Secretary  Calvert's  house,  at  I'atuxent.  Tliey  dined 
together  ou  the  ne.xt  day,  and  discussed  the  sub- 
ject of  their  mission,  and  the  same  programme  was 
also  carried  out  on  the  12th,  this  time  the  argu- 
ment becoming  rather  heated.  On  the  1 6th  the  Gov- 
ernor announced  his  readiness  to  meet  them,  and 
two  horses  were  sent  to  convey  them  to  the  house 
of  Mr.  Bateman  at  I'otusk,  about  eighteen  miles 
distant,  where  the  meeting  was  to  take  place. 
After  a  pleasant  dinner  the  papers  were  jiroduced 
and  the  negotiations  were  begun  with  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council.  The  preliminaries  were  quiet- 
ly conducted,  but  ColonelUtie,  who  was  also  jires- 
eut,  soon  became  e.N;cited  and  declared  that  if"  the 
Governor  and  Council  would  be  pleased  to  renew 
his  commission,  he  would  do  once  ftiore  what  he 
had  done  before."  The  Xew  Xetherlauders 
mildly  replied  that  if  that  were  done,  he  would  be 
considered  a  disturber  of  the  public  jicace  and 
would  be  treated  as  such.  This  brought  on  a 
heated  battle  of  words,  which  lasted  some  time. 
The  Dutch  had  put  in  a  claim  for  all  land  lictween 
the  degrees  of  ."5.S=  und  42"  north  latitude,  and  the 
Marylanders  finally  broke  up  the  n'leeting  bv  a.s- 
scrting  that  they  were  unable  to  take  anv  further 
action  without  consulting  Lord  Baltimore.  The 
friendlv  rel.uions  wore  onrr  moiv  ru-unud  at'tir 
the  mJelin-  adjourn.  .1,  and  tlir  n,:atrr  di.r„..-,,d 
by  all  parties  un,,tli.-ial]v.  (  >n  tiic  17th  a  ropv  ,,t 
Lord  Baltiuiore's  grant  wa>  ^uimlitted  to  llu-  Dutch 
ut  their  request,  and  tlicv  now  (or  the  lir-t  time 
discovered  that  i)a.-sagc   in  which  Lord  nahiniore 


asked  fjr  a  charter  over  a  rcLrinn  " /M7/if,-/.Mo,,„r 
tlvnt.,1,  „nd  j.arlhl  ,„;-„/, h.l  b„  s„n,qr.  ha,-:,,.,,,.. 
L-,„..,-l,:,lr,,:  „J  //,.■  I >;,■;.„■  j;.  ■,„.,:'      when  tJH'y  n■a^. 

put  forward  by  the  Dnt.'li  a>  heiuLT  'piite  sufii'-ien't 
to  invalidate  Jiaitinn.re's  pie-ent  claim,  since  the 
re'iion    had   undoidjtedlv  Keen   -ettje.l  Ijv  civili/.ed 

(rovernor  Fendall  replied  that  this  was  known  to 
the  King,  and  demanded  the  charter  by  wdiich  th»; 
Delaware  territory  was  held,  but  Heermaus  and 
Waldron  refused  to  exhibit  it.  It  had  now  be- 
come so  evident  that  no  permanent  arrangement 
could  he  concluded  at  this  time,  that  very  little 
ertort  was  nKide  aft.T  this,  and  on  the  26th  the 
conuiiir-.-ioners  it  tt,  W'ahlrou  returning  to  New 
Amstel  at  once,  while  ileermans  proceeded  to  Vir- 
ginia to  obtain  the  opinion  of  the  Governor  of  that 
colony  on  the  subject  of  dispute.  O'Callaghan,  in 
his  "  History  of  the  New  Netherlands  "  '  exprejses 
the  following  opinion  of  the  action  of  the  Dutch 
commissioners  at  their  meeting  with  the  Maryland 
Council  in  1059 :  "  They  evinced  a  tact  and 
shrewdness  of  a  high  order  ;  and  it  is  doubtful 
now  whether,  in  the  pirolonged  suit  wdiich  occurred 
subse(juently  between  the  patentees  of  Maryland 
and  Pennsylvania,  any  solid  plea  was  brought 
forward  against  the  Baltimore  claim  that  was  not 
already  anticipated  in  the  Dutch  papers.  And 
no  man  can  rise  from  a  perusal  of  the  whole  of 
the  pleadings  without  being  convinced  of  this — • 
that  if  the  State  of  Delaware  now  occupies  an  inde- 
pendent rank  in  this  great  republic,  she  is  indebted 
mainly  for  that  good  fortune  and  high  honor  to 
the  stand  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  IG-JSh" 

As  soon  as  was  possible  Stuyvesant  acquainted 
the  directors  of  the  West  India  Company  of  the 
trouble  with  the  English  and  in  1660  received  a 
letter  in  which  they  ex[>ressed  the  opinion  that"  if 
they  (the  Engli-h  )  won't  be  persuaded,  they  must 
be  dislodged."  Lord  Baltimore,  who  was  at  this 
time  in  London,  issued  orders  to  his  agent  in  Hol- 
land, Captain  Janie.,  Neal,  to  demand  of  the  com- 
pany the  surren.ler  of  all  lands  on  Delaware  Bay. 
On  Se(iteudjer  l.-t,  Neal  conferred  with  the  Council 
of  Nineteen  with  regard  to  the  matter,  but  thi;ir 
resjionse  was  merely  the  firm  espre.ssiou  to  main- 
tain their  rights  to  territory  which  they  claimed  by 
;'urcha.<o  and  [.riority  of  po....e<sion.  The  Council 
of  Nineteen  then  p.-^epared  an  address  to  the  High 
Mightinesses  of  the  States-*  ieneral,  retpiesting  them 
to  send  au  appeal  to  the  King  of  England  to  com- 
maiul  Lord  Baltimore  to  desist  in  his  encr<iach- 
nunt-.  In  .Mav,  lliiil,  at  a  nieetin-  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  .Mai-\lam'l.  the  uhole  trouble  w a>  ^ettled  f  .r 
a  5hort  ^^Wd■^  l.v  tiu'  pa-:e,e  of  the  fuliowm-  re^o. 
lotion  :  -That  as  it  i>  a  n.atter  ot  doubt  wlietlur 
New  Am-tel  lieslu-low  tlic4otl,  de-ree  of  north  lat- 


BDU-NDAUV   r)I<PrTE<  AM.'  SKT'I'LEMKNT. 


113 


tii,lf>,   and  :w  the   Wr^t    India  Comi.:iny   app-us 

there  i^  iin  [.n.-prrt  of  aid  fn.iu  tiu-  otiirr  c.i, .;,!.■■! 
in  any  attempts  uliicli  tliry  ini.dit  make  Ui  ivdiicc 
tiiem,  all  t'lirtlier  etiiirts  rnrtheii-.siilijii-ation  .-iii)i:ld 
be  delayed  until  the  will  of  the  proprietary  eaii  be  as- 
certained and  that  in  the  mean  tilnesolue^■tfort^^llo^lId 
lie  made  to  determine  whether  the  settlement  was 
located  within  the  limits  of  the  >rrant."  Lord  Bal- 
timore nevertheless  took  the  additional  preeaa- 
tiou  of  securing  a  oonfirmation  of  hi~  patent 
from  the  King,  ou  July  2,  1661,  so  as  to  he 
hetter  prepared  to  meet  Dutch  claims  iu  the 
future. 

The  boundary  c'isputes  were  now  allowed  to  re- 
main undisturbed  for  a  few  rears,  but  with  the 
transfer  of  the  New  Netherlands  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  in  1664,  a  new  flictor  was  introduced.  The 
accession  of  an  English  Governor  somewhat  ap- 
peased the  desires  of  Lord  Baltimore,  and  he  was 
during  a  brief  period  a  source  of  no  annoyance  to 
the  proprietors  of  the  Delaware  region.  That  his 
claims  were  not  completely  dropped  is  evident 
from  a  minute  of  the  Council  in  1672,  from  which 
it  can  be  inferred  that  in  that  year  the  ^Tarylaad- 
ers  had  again  sent  their  agents  to  the  Delaware, 
who,  without  any  ceremony,  had  proceeded  to  sur- 
vey the  land  witii  the  apparent  jjurpose  of  a.ssert- 
ing  their  authority  over  AVhorekill.  Later  in  the 
year  a  JIarylander  named  Jones  created  a  consid- 
erable disturbance  there  by  plundering  the  people 
and  magistrates,  and  the  affair  was  taken  up  by 
the  Governors  of  the  two  provinces.  This  it  was 
feared  was  another  attempt  to  gain  possession  of 
the  territory  for  ]VLaryland,  but  it  appears  to  have 
been  no  more  than  an  outrage  by  private  parties. 
A  similar  attack  was  made  iu  1674.  These  were 
quite  sufficient  to  make  the  Marylanders  a  constant 
object  of  dread  and  suspicion  to  the  inhabit:ii}t.-  on 
the  Delaware.  This  is  illustrated  by  an  iiieid._nt 
iu  1677.  It  was  learned  that  Colonel  Coui.-ey  was 
going  to  New  York  as  an  agent  from  Maryland, 
and  would  pass  through  New  Castle.  When  it 
was  heard,  however,  that  he  would  be  accompanied 
by  a  number  of  others,  a  special  meeting  of  the 
oonimandcr  and  jusdccs  was  called  and  the  militia 
wtis  summoned  to  ajipear  with  arms  and  ammuni- 
tion, under  Captain  Cantwell,  and  await  the  arrival 
of  Colonel  Courscy.  But  it  was  neverthekss  or- 
dered that  in  ca.-e  the  coh>nel  should  announce  his 
arrival  aud  bu-in.-s.  that  he  be  hospitably  received. 
It  was  in  167.^  that  the  boundaries  were  a-reed 
upoi>  between  Uj-laiid  and  New  Castle  Cm, ties 
The  dceiHou  was  veaelu.l  on  November  2lM  be- 
l^^e.•a  tlte  Iplaiid  Court  and  PivM.leut  .lobt,  :\b.|l, 
of  the  ^'ewCa^tIe  Court, ttud  delated  the  •' .■ou„tv 
of  Upland  to  be.jiu  from  tlie  imrtb  .-ide  ot'  U;k' 
rran.rn's  creek,' otherwise  .'aHed  Si,,nkill.  Iviu- 
en  the  /,;,//,;  above  the   I'rnlrlctijr  llvrl:,  and  iVum 


,„, 


Ml  the 

Lords 
ant  to 
IS   sub- 


th-  said  c;-pck  over  to  tlio  v//"//, 
Clot  'id-  of  this  river." 

Ill  llJlO  Peuu's  ...■riti.-neaine 
of  Trade  and  Thi'-rat,  .v..  prav 
certain  lan<ls  in  Atner.c.i  Th. 
mitted  at  once  to  Lord  Baltiiiiore's  ai'iiits  to  learn 
to  what  extent,  '!f  anv,  ids  lord.-idp's  pioportv  was 
co-e\-teiisive  with  tiie  territorv  .i>ked  t'or  bv  I'enn. 
rilessrs.  Bara-ihy  Dune!,  a.,,!  Ili.har.l  Burk,  the 
agent-)  referred  to,  replied  that  '■  it  is  dr^red,  that 
if  the  grant  pass  unto  Mr.  Pcun,  of  the  lands  pe- 
Litiojod  tbr  by  hiai,  in  America,  that  it  may  be 
cxprc.-^ed  to  be  Ltud  tliat  shall  be  north  of  Sus- 
."iuehana  fort,  aUo  iioifh  (,f  all  lam!.-  in  a  direct 
hue  between  the  -^aid  f  •rt,  tbr  said  f  irt  is  the  boun- 
dary of  :\Iarylao,i  northward.  It  i^  further  desired 
iht.t  tliere  may  i)e  contained  general  words  of  re- 
striction as  to  any  interest  granted  to  the  Lord 
Baltimore  and  saving  to  him  all  rights  granted." 
A  letter  was  also  received  from  Sir  John  Werden, 
.•-.ecretary  of  the  Duke  of  York,  in  response  to  an 
inquiry  aent  by  the  Lords  of  Plantations,  iu  which 
he  stated  that  the  boundaries  of  the  territory  peti- 
tioned foi'  b}'  Mr.  Penn  agreed  with  "that  colony 
or  plantation  which  has  been  hitherto  held  as  an 
appendix  and  part  of  the  government  of  New 
York,  by  tlie  name  of  Delaware  Colon ij.  or  more 
particularly  XeiL<  Castle  Colony,  that  being  the 
name  of  a  principal  place  in  it."  The  Duke  of 
York  had  willingly  assented  to  the  grant,  and  efforts 
were  now  made  to  so  arrange  matters  that  a  per- 
manent check  should  be  given  to  disputes  over  the 
extent  of  territory  occupied  by  the  various  pro- 
prietors in  America.  We  shall  see  subsequently 
with  what  little  success  this  was  done.  After  con- 
siderable p.'irleying  the  charter  was  issued  to  Penn, 
on  March  4,  1681,  and  granted  to  Penn,  in  consid- 
eration of  the  services  of  his  father, 


ill.csiime 


This  singular  definition  of  the  southern  boun- 
dary left  it  an  open  question  whether  this  boundarv 
circle  was  to  be  a  circle  of  twelve  miles  in  circum- 
f.-reiHC,  or  t,.  be  drawn  arouml  a  diauioter  of  twelve 
miles  pa-.MUj-  throu'h  New  Ca.-tle,or  uith  a  radius 
<.f  twelve  i„il,  .>  b.--iiiniu-  iu  New  Ci.-tle,  and  was 

tenlion  between  Jkdilmore  ami  IVnn. 

I'enn's  deputy,  Captai.i  William  .Markham,  ar- 
rived iu  America  touard.i  the  end  of  Au-u.-t  to  take 


114 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE. 


charge  of  the  newly-acquired  territory.'  He  at 
once  visited  Lord  lialtiiiiore,  bearinu'  letters  from 
both  I'enn  and  the  King  rei[iiestiiig  an  early  settle- 
ment of  the  boundaries.  Baltimore  exprrssed  his 
desire  to  accomplish  this,  and  fixed  upon  October 
16th  as  the  date  in  which  he  would  hnld  a  confer- 
ence ;  but  this  engagement  was  subsequently  can- 
celed owing  to  Markham's  indisposition.  Baltiuinre 
gave  him  firmly  to  understand,  however,  in  tlu  tir-t 
interview  that  he  jiossessed  an  undisputed  title  to 
all  land  up  to  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude, 
and  at  this  same  time  it  was  learned,  to  tlie  surprise 
of  all,  that  Upland  was  situated  several  miles  be- 
low that  limii. 

In  the  mean  time  Penn  induced  the  Duke  of 
York  to  deed  New  Castle  to  him.  and  two  deeds 
were  issued  by  His  Highness  in  lG>^2,oue  conveying 
Pennsylvania  and  the  other  "  the  town  of  New- 
Castle  and  all  that  tract  of  land  lying  within  the 
compass  or  circle  of  twelve  miles  about  the  same," 
and  all  that  tract  of  land  extending  southward  from 
it,  along  the  Delaware,  to  Cape  Henlopen.  This  lat- 
ter deed,  however,  it  was  clear,  would  be  certain  to 
provoke  great  ojiposition  from  the  Marylanders, 
since  the  Duke's  patents  did  not  include  tlie  terri- 
tory granted  away.-  Armed  with  the  two  docu- 
ments, Penn  set  sail  and  reached  New  Castle  on 
October  27,  16.S2  In  December  he  held  his  first 
interview  with  Lord  Baltimore  at  the  house  of 
Colonel  Thomas  Tailler,  in  Aune  Arundel  County. 
Baltimore  insisted  ou  40°  as  being  I'enn's  southern 
boundary,  but  the  latter  endeavored  to  satisfy  him 
•with  87°  51',  which  otter  was  politely  rejected.  It 
■was  not  the  northern  boundary,  however,  so  much 
as  Penn's  purchase  of  the  lower  counties  from  the 
Duke  of  York,  which  irritated  Baltimore,  and 
fixed  him  in  his  determination  to  secure  them  if 
possible.'  For  we  find  him  remarking,  in  the  course 
of  the  conference,  "  ]Mr.  Penn,  you  did,  I  remem- 
ber, once  propose  to  me  in  England  that  yuu  had 
offers  made  you  of  that  part  of  Delaware  from  his 
Royal  Highness  (the  Duke  of  York)  ivhich  I  lay 
claim  to  ;  but  you  would  not,  as  you  then  said  ac- 
cept thereof  because  you  knew  it  was  mine.  The 
same,  I  hear,  you  have  now  possessed  yourself  of 
I  only  desire  to  know  what  you  claim."  Penn 
evaded  the  point,  and  the  conference  closed  without 
any  approach  to  an  airangement,  and  the  next 
meeting  between  them,  helil  at  New  Castle  in  ^lay, 
16So,  ended  sinularly.  In  June  Baltimore  wrote 
to  England  in  the  followiiis  terms : 


boanl,  mid  Unit  iiuiIiii.l:  l'»i'>> 
my  inttTt-pt  on  JttlnMiire  Ui\ 
a  great  piirt  of  uly  province  by  i 


Penn  in  his  turn  I'orwaidfd  a  Inn-  letter  to  the 
Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantin.-  .r[uiv'  to.th  Ins  v.r- 
sinn  of  the  controvor.~v,  and  n.-kiiig  tor  an  \\\u  r- 
jiretation  of  the  question  at  issu(.'  favorable  to  hiui- 
s'lf.  Lord  Baltimore  had  now  begun  to  be  son)e- 
what  agL;ressive,  anil  issued  a  procianjation  invit- 
ing colonists  to  settle  in  the  lower  counties  and 
take  patents  from  him,  offering  exceedingly  low 
pi-iees  as  inducements.  In  addition  to  this,  he  a[)- 
pointed  his  cousin,  George  Talbot,  in  Septeml)er, 
1083,  as  a  commissioner  to  demand  of  Penn  all 
land  on  the  Delaware  south  of  the  fortieth  degree 
of  nortli  latitude.'  Talbot  delivered  his  demands 
in  writing  and  Penn  replied  in  a  document  of  great 
length  reviewing  the  whole  situation,  and  denying 
all  rights  to  the  intruders,  and  here  the  matter 
was  allowed  to  drop  once  more.  But  it  was  with 
this  visit  to  Talbot  that  we  may  associate  the  be- 
ginning of  Lord  Baltimore's  attempts  to  stir  up  re- 
bellion in  the  lower  counties,  which  we  have  seen  in 
a  subsequent  chapter  (on  Colonial  History,  1704- 
75)  entered  as  an  important  element  among 
the  causes  which  led  to  the  separation  in  1704. 

About  this  time  some  correspondence  was  ex- 
changed with  the  Jersey  authorities  relative  to 
lands,  l)ut  the  disputes  were  never  of  great  imjjort- 
ance,  the  bay  and  river  forming  a  very  distinct 
line  of  division.  As  early  as  1678  complaints 
were  lodged  against  Major  Feuwick  and  others 
who  had  interfered  with  the  people  ou  the  Jersey 
shore  in  the  rightful  possession  of  their  lands,  and 
the  authorities  at  New  Castle  were  ordered  to  check 
any  further  abuses  of  a  similar  character.  In 
16^:1,  however,  the  relation  between  the  two  gov- 
ernments had  assumed  a  new  phase.  In  that  year 
Penn  appointed  a  conunitsion,  consisting  of  Chris- 
topher Taylor,  James  Harrison,  Thomas  Holmes 
and  Thos.  "Winne,  to  confer  with  the  Governor  and 
Council  of  West  Jersey,  rcsjiecting  "  certain  great 
wrongs  and  injustice  done  to  me  and  this  province 
by  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  their  colony."  The 
commissioners  were  instructed  to  demand  satisfac- 
tion for  the  misdemeanors  of  certain  individual.?. 
Penn  tlnii  adds  that  "  after  all  this  is  ended,  insist 
upon  my  title  to  the  river,  soil  and  islands  thereof 
according  to  grant,  and  if  they  will  deliver  up 
peaceably  the  islands  of  ^latiuicum  and  Sepassin;:, 
return  one-half  of  the  island  of  ^latiuicum  before 
the  town,  according  to  my  former  clemency." 
The  documents  relating  to  these  controversies  be- 
tween Pennsvlvania  and  New  Jersey  are  unfijrtu- 
nately  iucompl.-ie,  and  it  oidy  appears  as  a  definite 
fact  that  tlic  Tnhabitants  of  the  hjwer  counties  and 
thrir  oppo-iio  ut'iulibors  on  the  Jersey  shore,  had 
brtu  at  various   times  encroaching  on  each  other's 


Penimjli/inid  M(i(ja:i 


BOUXDARY  DLSIMTE.S   AND  SETTLEMENT. 


115 


jiriiperty.'  Rat  no  scrions  cli<piito  ever  nsulti'd 
Irem  thc>e  eurly  iiii.-MiHl.r.-taii.litiu'^^,  as  Imili  pur- 
lies  soemeil  desii-cnis  dl' reachin--  a  just  si-ttliTiieiit. 

The  dispute  between  I'mn  and  the  antliMi-lti.s  i.t' 
>rarvland  nssumed  an  alannin'iasp'-et  at  tlir  lieL'in- 
,nn-'of  l<58-t,  from  a  l^.tile  invasion  ..t  th-  Inuer 
ceiiuties.  Colonel  Talbot  was  upun  at  the  head  of 
this  expedition  with  a  torce  armed  with  L'uns  and 
iixes.  They  terrified  the  people  thmii-hout  X,w  ( 'a- 
tl-  County  with  threats,  but  their  main  .ibjcct  was 
phiinly  to  disafleet  the  inhabitants  from  any  sym- 
pathy with  Penn's  f^^overnnient.  This  was  fully 
:!p[ireciated  by  the  Pennsylvanians,  for  when  Penn 
issued  a  commission  to  William  Welsh,  Joiiu  Sim- 
eock.  and  James  Harris.. u  to  defend  the  lower 
counties,  they  were  instructed  to  put  down  all 
"  rebellious  ]iraetiees,"  as  well  as  to  put  down  the 
riots  of  the  Mary  landers.  An  instance  of  Talbot's 
proceedinLTS  was  furnished  t')  the  Council  at  Phila 
delphia  in  a  htt.r  from  Sanuiel  Land,  of  Nfw 
Ca.stle,  dated  May  .Mth.  He  acquainted  theiu 
that  the  colonel  had  visitfd  the  houses  of  Jonas 
Erskine,  Andrew  Tille  and  a  widow  named  Ogle, 
nil  residing  near  New  Castle;  and,  accompanied 
hv  three  musketeers,  to  add  ibrce  to  his  demands, 
had  informed  them  that  unless  they  would 
ae'knowledge  Liu-d  Baltimore  as  their  jjroprie- 
t'lr  within  three  weeks,  and  pay  their  rents  to  him 
iu  the  future,  they  would  be  dispossessed  of  their 
laud  and  turned  out  of  their  homes.  The  testi- 
mony of  Joseph  Bowie  before  the  Council,  recount- 
ing his  experience  with  Talbot,  gives  a  vivid  idea 
of  the  extent  to  which  the  abuses  were  carried. 
Bowie,  who  liv,'d  at  Iron  Hill,  about  ei;.dit  miles 
distant  from  Xew  Castle,  attested  that  "Colonel 
Talbot  ridd  up  to  his  house  and  was  ready  to  ride 
over  him,  and  said,  'Dam  you,  you  Dogg,  whom  do 
you  seat  under  here,  you  dogg  I  You  seat  under 
noe  body ;  you  have  uoe  Warrt  from  Penn  no  my 
Lord  ;  therefore  gett  you  gon  or  Else  Pie  sent 
you  to  St.  Murry's  ; '  and  I  being  frighted,  says 
he,  'you  Brazen-faced,  Impudent,  Confident'Dogg^ 
11  .'^harten  Penn's  Territories  by  and  by.'  " 

This  latest  outrage  elicited  a  declaration  against 
L"rd  Baltimore  from  Penn,  reciting  the  whole 
history  of  the  trouble  between  the  two  proprietors. 
This  was  forwarded  to  the  Lords  Commissioners  of 
Trade  and  Plantations.  Penn  and  Baltimore  both 
\''iut  to  Enghuul  and  the  nuitter  was  taken  in  iiand 
by  the  King  s  otficei-s.  The  arguments  on  both  sides 
^^^re  submitted  with  great  force  L<jrd  ]5altimore 
'•MIS  content  with  the  positive  terms  of  his  charter. 
I'l-un,  in  his  turn,  arrayed  a  h>ie_'  series  of  ubjeetions, 
^Mth  greater  vigor  than  evtr  In  I'-.i.-,  a'jainst  the  val- 
idity of  his  opponent's  claim.  \U<  own  grant  of 
iVnn-ylvania  was  the  tir.-t  WL-ajiou  used  for  the 
'"lack  ;  W  tbUuued  ibis  up  with  the  grant  (.f  th.' 
I>uko    of  York,    but   neither  of    these  argumeuts 


availed.      He    was    tbrced   to   find    more    powerful 

in  the  en.l  hijiiy  sn.-,T>-fii"l'  H.-  nnw  a.-serted 
that  the  Delauaie  land-  h!\d  been  purchased  and 
srft/eJ  by  the  Dutch  b.tbre  L  .rd  Baltimore's  char- 
ter was  granted.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Lord 
Baltimore's  charter  of  l(>i2  had  in  express  terms 
declared  that  he  had  prayetl  for  lands  which  were 
uncultivated  and  uninhabited,  except  by  savages. 
If  it  were  now  proved  that  this  disputed  territory 
was  not  only  cultivated,  but  inhabited  by  a  civil- 
ized people  at  the  time  of  the  granting  of  the 
charter,  the  Marylander's  case  would  certainly  re- 
ceive a  severe  blow,  and  this  was  shown  to  be  the  case 
by  Penn  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Lords  of  Trade 
and  Plantations.  Not  even  at  this  point  did  the 
inexorable  Penn  rest  his  case,  l)ut  further  insisted 
that  Baltimore  being  entitled  to  an  extent  of 
territory  covering  l)ut  two  degrees  of  latitude,  his 
northern  boundary  shoulel  be  determined  by 
measuring  two  degrees  of  sixty  miles  each  from 
Watkins  Point,  the  acknowledged  southernmost 
limit.  It  was  the  third  point,  however,  whicli  in- 
fluenced the  arbitei-s  in  their  decision,  for  we  find 
their  oi>inion  to  be  that  "  Lord  Baltimore's  grant 
included  only  lands  uncultivated  and  inhabited  by 
savages,  and  that  the  territory  along  the  Delaware 
had  been  settled  by  Christians  antecedently  to  his 
grant,  and  was  therefore  not  included  in  it." 
Their  ultimate  verdict  was  not  however,  a  com- 
plete acknowledgment  of  the  justice  of  Penn's 
claim,  but  partook  rather  of  the  nature  of  a  com- 
promise, and  in  November,  168-3,  a  decree  of  Kiug 
James'  Council  was  issued  ordering  '•  that  for 
avoiding  further  differences,  the  tract  of  land 
lying  between  the  bay  of  Delaware  and  the  eastern 
sea  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Chesapeake  Bay  on 
the  other,  be  divided  into  equal  parts  by  a  line 
from  the  latitude  of  Cape  Henlojien  to  the  fortieth 
dcL'ree  of  uortli  latitude  the  southern  boundary  of 
Pennsylvania  by  charter,  and  that  the  one  half 
thereof,  lying  towards  the  bay  of  Delaware  and 
the  eastern  fea,  be  adjudged  to  belong  to  his  ma- 
jesty, and  the  other  half  to  Lord  Baltimore,  as 
comprised  in  his  charter."  ■ 

This  decision  placed  the  coveted  lower  counties 
in  the  hands  of  Penn,  but  nuiny  causes  conspired 
to  delay  the  execution  of  this  mandate.  Promi- 
nent among  these  was  the  revulution  then  iu  {>ro- 
gress  iu  England.  The  Duke  of  York,  to  whom 
Penn  owed  his  grant,  was  now  on  the  throne  as 
James  II.,  and  Baltimore  dared  not  raise  his  voice 
against  the  decree,  lest  by  the  arbitrary  fiat  of  the 
monarch  he  sh(jul(Ho.so  all  that  was  left.  But  the 
deposition  of  James  II.  meant  the  fall  of  Penn's 
allv,and  the  decision  of  l()^.'j  remained  inoperative  -, 
but  as  we  shall  see  j)resently,  it  was  afterwards  ta- 
ken as  an  important  element  in  future  nege>tiati(Uis. 

=  McJIjLuu'a  •■ni>t..i}*uf  JLirjIunJ."  pp  3a-3o. 


116 


Hl^TOKY  OF  DilLXW  \]{.E. 


We  may  at  least,  I'.out'vcr,  Idnk  ii|i(ai  thf  i^ecree  of 
James  11  as  Immiil' iin|"irt:iiit  in  liisi  appriixi'i.atini: 
the  bcLiiulai-itjiif  IVlawaic  tn  tin  ir  |ir;-.Miit  'imits.' 

The  evfiiti  which  lollcwtd  u[h.ii  the  i"Vi.hiti(ii) 
entirely  changed  the  ^ituatii  u.  It  \v;is  nc.v  no 
longer  a  controversy  between  the  two  profiriLt.Ts, 
each  endeuvoi'iiig  to  rub  the  other  of  his  territoiy, 
as  from  another  point  of  view,  each  seekini;  to  se- 
cure undisimted  sway  over  what  he  believed  to  be 
his  own  propeity,  but  both  IViin  and  Baltimore 
were  busily  cngaLTi'd  in  (Ufeiiding  their  lands 
against  new  rivals,  reiiii,  in  fact,  was  retired  froii^ 
his  government  by  tht-  crown,  luit  was  '.-eiasir.tt  d 
in  1694."  He  was  torced  to  act  during  this  period 
of  unsettlenient  with  the  greatest  shrewdness  and 
diplomacy  ;  for  the  mere  fact  that  he  had  been  in 
favor  with  James  II.  would  have  been  sufficient 
cause  for  his  removal,  on  the  slightest  provocatioi!,  ' 
by  the  new  monarch.  Lord  Baltimore  had  greater 
troubles  to  contend  with.  The  I'l-utestant  r.ssociatiou. 
which  was  formed  in  Maryland  immediately  after 
the  revolution  under  John  Coode,  succeeded  ic 
throwing  otl"  the  Catholic  proprietary,  and  con- 
trolled the  colony  from  16^9  to  1691.  It  was  then 
taken  up  as  a  royal  government  and  remained  so 
until  171G.  But  an  absolute  quietus  was  neverthe- 
less not  put  upon  the  controvei'sy  between  the  two 
disputants.  That  the  dispute  was  a  positive  detri- 
ment to  the  value  of  land  in  the  lower  counties 
we  have  definite  knowledge.  At  the  close  of 
1704,  Penn's  secretary,  James  Logan,  wrote  to  him 
that  one  of  the  most  valuable  tracts  of  land  in 
New  Castle  County  was  the  Welsh  settlement,  but 
he  mournfullv  de[)lores  that  the  "business  between 
Maryland  and  us"  renders  it  almost  worthless. 
Of  three  thousand  pounds  due  on  the  property  re- 
ferred to,  Logan  fears  that  not  five  hundred  pounds 
will  be  realized  until  the  boundary  is  settled.  He 
says  further  in  his  letter  to  Penn,  "  if  that  whole 
business  be  not  issued  in  thy  lifetime,  I  doubt  thy 
heirs  will  reap  no  great  benefit  from  a  large  part 
of  these  counties:  they  grow  more  bohj  now  than 
ever,  and  extend  t\\t-ir  claims  upon  old  surveys  up 
to  and  some  beyond  our  old  settlement.  I  must 
always  press  this,  and  in  every  letter,  as  of  the 
greatest  necessity."  Iteferring  to  the  same  subject 
in  September,  1705,  Penn  informs  LoL'an  tliat  when 
last  in  Maryland  he  proposed  to  Colour!  Dariut, 
Baltimore's  chief  agent,  to  fix  t!ie  liii.  ,  but  lif  re- 
fused, as  having'  no  instructions  iVoiii  his  lord.~lii[). 

In  17U7  the  Marylaiid.TS  n-opened  their  en- 
croachments upon  iJK-  property  (.if  the  [icople  in 
the  lower  couiitits,  which  was  biought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Council  ihiou-h  a  petition  from  the 
justices  of  Xew   C;i.-lle;    ^o|ue  of    the   iiiliabitaiits 


had  b, 


ved 


]\[;;ryiand,  r.lihou-'r,  living'  within  the  twelve-mil., 
circle  arour^l  :New  Ca.tk- :  a  little  later  complaiiu 
was  uiaiie  by  Wiiiiam  Clark,  of  Su-ex  Count;.. 
that  his  mother  was  lieiiiL.'  stied  on  account  of  si., 
vinccrt.-dnty  of  tl;c,  boundary  lines  betwet-ii  tli.it 
c;>'JiUy  and  ]\iar_i  laud.  With  n-gtird  to  the  fii-: 
of  these  questions,  the ',  Viunri!  forwarded  a  preti -t 
to  the  Govcn.or  of  ^Iar^  land,  while  the  second  wa- 
settled  by  an  ord-r  tc:  ihe  iu-tices  of  h'ussi  x  C<iuii- 
ty,  iiis'.rr.etiiig  thein    noi   to  entertain  any  action 

:iarylar..h  is  dh!  n,:tle.i>t,  hoWeVe,-,  lor  in  Au..u;-t 
the  she.irr  ,.{  CVcii  roiinty  forcibly  dispo.-.-e..-ed  a 
number  of  tn.-  Welsh  settlers  in  New  Castle  Coun- 
ty by  virtu-3  of  Maryland  writs.  The  sheritt'  of 
New  Castle  would  uoc  quietly  submit  to  this,  and 
with  the  assistance  of  a  lew  fritnds  seized  the  shei'ilf 
of  Cecil,  with  one  of  his  aids,  and  bound  him 
over  to  appear  in  court ;  but  such  instances  were 
rare  at  this  tinie  and  do  not  seem  to  have  been  at 
the  instigation  of  the  higher  eifiieials. 

In  1708  Lord  Baltimore  made  another  etii.rt  to 
secure  possession  of  the  whole  territory  of  the 
peninsula  between  the  two  bays,  by  petitioning 
Queen  Anne.  This  attempt  prm-ed  equally  as 
abortive  as  those  previously  made,  and  only  re- 
sulted in  a  confirmation  of  Penn's  title  according 
to  the  decree  of  1685,  with  new  instructions  to 
draw  the  line  as  ordered  in  that  decision.  But 
again  this  was  delayed,  only  to  leave  matters 
worse  than  ever  before.  The  petty  squabbles  that 
were  continually  indulged  in  by  the  authorities 
and  the  inhabitants  of  the  two  provinces  in  conse- 
quence of  the  boundary  disputes  very  soon  became 
a  source  of  so  much  annoyance  to  Penn  that  at 
length  in  1712,  he  contracted  for  the  sale  of 
his  interest  in  the  colonies.  At  the  last  moment 
an  .ittack  of  apoplexy  prevented  him  from  affix- 
ing his  signature,  and  his  mental  troubles  which 
followed  never  made  it  pos.,ible  to  transfer  the 
land  ' 

The  border  disputes  continued  at  frequent  in- 
tervals, but  not  often  with  sufficient  virulence  to 
demand  si)ecial  action  with  reference  to  their  sup- 
pression. Occasionally  this  was  necessary,  as  in 
1717,  when  Colonel  French  was  appointed 
''  ranger  and  keeper  ''  of  the  marshes  in  the  province 
and  lower  Counties,  with  ]H.wers  to  repel  invasions 
from  the  Marylandei.^.  The  direct  cause  of  thi,^ 
appointment  was  the  ariival  (jf  a  number  of 
.Marvland  .muv.  y.  .is.  w  ho  had  abruptly  taken  a 
survey  of  many  lots  in  the  h.wer  countiis,  with  tlie 
apparenl  i)urpose  of  clainiin-j  the  ownership  ot'the 
land.  A  yeaf  later  the  di~piite  was  reopeneil  by  a 
more  serious  (iue>tion.  The  eouiplainants  on  this 
oeca.-ion  were  the  Marvlandei-  ami  not  lli.-  I',  iin- 
svlvanians  The  town"  of  .XottiiiL-ham  was  li.e 
corpw:  ihlirtl.      (iovtrnor  Hart,  of  JMaryland,  pro- 


BOINDARY  DISPUTES  A.\I»  SKTTLK^IK.N': 


117 


.liicotl  several  eomiilaints,.-lio\\in,L'  that  ma-ir-tratfi 

vaiiia  for  Xutliiiixluun,  wliilo  accunliui;  to  his  iipiii- 
i,,n  the  town  was  uiiquestionahly  in  Cecil  (.'ounty. 
(niverui.ir  Keith  admitted  haviui:  ajipoiiittd  the 
ii,a;.'ijtrates,  but  was  umier  the  inipr.  sskhi  that  the 
t,)\\n  was  in  Chefter  County.  Colon..!  French, 
wlio  had  resided  tor  a  ioiii,'  time  in  thai  iiei.L^hl.ior- 
liood,  substantiated  this  view,  hut  stated  that  since 
the  boundary  disputes  had  lieL^un  it  had  occa::iou- 
allv  been  a  mooted  question  as  to  the  county  in 
which  Nottingham  was  actually  situated.  Gover- 
nor Keith  firmly  rcfu:;ed  to  revoke  the  eonimissions 
ot'  the  magistrates  of  Nottingham,  although  pressed 
lo  do  so  by  Colonel  Hart.  It  was  at  leugtli  agreed 
tliat  they  should  remain,  but  both  parties  promised 
to  make  no  further  aggression  until  the  whole 
matter  was  settled. 

In  the  spring  of  11'2'2  the  controver.sy  was  again 
revived,  tlirough  a  series  of  causes.  Philip  Syng 
was  prosecuted  for  surveying  and  taking  out  his 
patents  for  a  piece  of  land  under  the  Governor  of 
Maryland,  after  lie  had  been  informed  that  it  was 
situated  within  the  boundaries  of  Pennsylvania. 
A  greater  source  of  trouble  was  the  rumor  of  an 
attempt,  on  the  part  of  the  !Marylanders,  to  sur- 
vey a  strip  of  the  disputed  territory,  then  occupied 
by  the  Indians  on  the  iSusquelianna.  The  Indians 
them.<elves  were  much  alarmed,  and  notified  Gov- 
ernor Keith,  who  met  them  at  Conestogoe  The 
Governor  anticipated  the  IMarylauders,  however, 
by  having  the  laud  surveyed  himself,  and  culled 
<iut  the  militia  at  New  Castle  to  meet  the  invading 
hosts  if  they  crossed  the  line.  He  wrote  to  the 
Council  informing  it  of  liis  plans  and  also  his  in- 
tention to  run  a  line  westward  as  far  as  the  Poto- 
mac. They  a.>sented  to  all  his  propositions,  ex- 
ce[)t  the  last,  which  they  feared  would  make  the 
breach  with  Maryland  very  much  wider,  unless  the 
line  would  be  drawn  with  the  consent  of  all  con- 
cerned. Later  in  the  year  the  matter  become  even 
niorc  complicated  by  the  arrest  of  Isaac  Taylor 
and  Elisha  Gatchel,  two  Chester  County  niagis- 
trates,  by  tlie  authorities  of  Cecil  County,  on  a<'- 
'ount  of  the  old  Nottingham  dispute.  Governor 
Keith  wrote  to  Colonel  Calvert  of  the  atiiur,  re- 
questing him  to  release  the  prisoners,  but  they  were 
nevertheless  bound  over  to  keep  the  peace  On 
^ov(•nlbcr  5th  the  Geiveruor  ))laced  the  wliole 
'natter  before  the  Council  asking  "  w  iiat  measures 
"lay  be  most  proper  for  him  to  takefjr  preventing 
'he  tatal  conse(iuenccs  of  a  general  misunderstand- 
ing' with  such  near  iieighl)ors."  The  response  of 
the  Council  was  modei-atc  to  a  marked  degree. 
Ih.-y  admitted  that  the  lioun.lary  controver.sy  iu- 
\"lvcd  (piestious  of  ab.-ulutv  d'.ubt,  and  acknowl- 
"1-1(1  the  ])o.~sibility  of  i-nv,r  on  llie  part  of  I'eim- 
->l\ania  as  well  :is  Maryland.  The'  Governor  was 
•'dvi.-ed  to  make  every  ellort  to  secuiesomc  firm  of 


accomniddation,  both  by  a  ]iersonal  interview  with 
the  (iuvernor  of  .Maryland  and  iiy  application  to 
the  authorities  in  i;n'.:iaiid.'  No  n  cord  is  to  be 
f  lund  of  any  meeting  between  tlie  two  (.iovernors 
in  accordance  with  tliis  re.-olution.  In  fact,  it  was 
oi:ly  a  few  days  after  the  Pennsylvania  Council 
had  adoptetl  this  conciliatory  tone  that  they  turned 
sava^'ely  on  the  Cecil  County  Courts  tbr  their  ac- 
ti'>n  in  reprehending  Tayhir  and  Gatchel,  declar- 
ii;_'  that  "  they  ouglit  not  by  any  means  submit  to 
their  i^Iaryland)  courts  or  orders,  or  acknowledge 
their  jui-isdictiou  over  tliem,  and  that  this  govern- 
ment ought  to  support  them  in  the  defence  of  their 
ju?t  rights." 

It  can  easily  be  appreciated  that  it  was  only 
with  extreme  ditficulty  that  the  relations  between 
the  jjarties  to  this  jirolonged  dispute  were  main- 
tained in  a  peaceable  way,  when  sajiported  bysuch 
hollow  and  artificial  manifestations  of  mutual  re- 
gard. Every  movement  was  eagerly  watched  on 
both  sides,  and  suspicion  was  equally  shared  by 
both  parties.  These  facts  were  brought  out  con- 
tinually, and  more  forcibly  in  matters  of  little  im- 
piort  than  in  affairs  of  graver  hearing,  in  which  the 
dealings  were  usually  open  and  above  board.  The 
most  singular  feature  of  the  entire  controversy  is 
the  entire  absence  of  any  evidence  to  show  that 
either  the  Pennsylvaniaus  or  Marylauders  took  any 
pains  to  hasten  a  settlement  of  the  boundaries. 
This  is  the  more  easily  exjdained  in  the  case  of 
Lord  Baltimore,  whose  claims  had  twice  been  de- 
cided uj)on  prejudicially  to  his  interests  ;  but  what 
deterred  Penn's  heirs  from  hurrying  a  settlement 
is  not  so  easy  to  conjecture.  Both  parties  seemed 
to  imagine  the  problem  would  be  solved  through 
forces  w  ithiu  itself  and  prel'erred  not  to  be  annoved 
with  it.  The  one  arrangement  which  was  made, 
however,  in  1723,  is  worthy  of  recording,  showing 
that  a  settlement  was  expected,  and  a  desire  for 
such  expressed,  although  the  parties  to  the  dis- 
pute still  remained  inactive.  The  terms  of  the 
agreement  are  as  follows  : 


Ihtr. 


between  the 


r,  Ihel: 

islit  HunonvUe 

Miiryl.i 

ii.l,  Hnd 

..    I'eiltl, 

y:.q..\ 

.It 

-hua   i; 

I. I"ii, 

tl 

en  drap. 
le  provii 

n^Jun 

siiid   rr-.vinpi"!.  no  per 


■IVnT,s}-U.u,ia,  Vul.  iii.p.  2U." 


118 


HISTORY  OF  DHLAWAllE. 


meut  for  the  better  quietinj;  of  the  penplo 
Iwing  arf)  direcleil  hihI  enjoic'-'I  tn  rniifonn 

"In  witnPHfl  wlioreof,  the  jiarlit'^    above 
their  hausla  this  17th  diiy  of  F«--bruiiry,  IT-J. 


The  hope  that  iijion  the  terniiiiution  tjf  this 
agreement  the  boundaries  would  liave  been  settled 
may  indeed  have  boon  .-iucere ;  but  that  either 
Lord  Baltiuiure  or  the  reun.-ylvauian.s  made  any 
effort  to  bring  about  its  realization  does  not  in  the 
least  appear  evident.  The  document  at  any  rate 
put  an  end  to  the  border  disputes,  but  it  was  far 
from    havini;  any  eti'eet  towards  seeurinrr  an  ar- 


rangement on  a  i)ermanent  basis.  Another  decade 
eljjased  before  any  prospects  of  such  a  settle- 
ment made  their  ajipearance. 

In  the  summer  of  ITol  the  controversy  was 
again  renewed,  throup:h  tlie  violence  of  one  Holey, 
of  Cecil  County,  who,  with  a  nund)er  of  others,  had 
destroyed  the  fencing  around  the  property  of  a 
man  named  Wherry,  residing  within  the  limits  of 
Pennsylvania.  By  a  ratiier  curious  series  of  ju- 
dicial processes,  Holev  was  fiiialiv  liberated,  and 
Wherry  was  prosecuted  on  a  char^'e  of  cuttiui: 
Holey's  timber.  The  <lrlendunt  .•laimed  that  the 
timber  was  on  his  own  jirovertv,  wliieh  was  situ- 
ated in  Penn<vivania  but  the  'C'cil  Ciuutv  jurv. 
before  which  he  appeaivd,  decided  that  tlie'ian'.l 
was  in  Maryland,  in  spite  of  all  the  agreements 
between  the  two  pruviiices  to  render  no  decisions 
as   to  boundaries  until  the  whole  dispute  was  fin- 


ally s..tthd.  At  the  same  time  a  similar  cuu-.- 
])liiut  was  entcnil  bv  an  inhabitnnt  of  Kmt 
Countv,  who  had  met  w'ith  like  tnatm.-nt  in  :t[ai  •.  . 
land.  "  This  arbitrary  .-tyle  ..f  the  Cecil  enur- 
greatly  incensed  Governor  (iunlon,  and  In-  :,■ 
once  opened  a  correspuntionee  with  Governor  Cal- 
vert, of  Jlaryland.  protesting  against  a  continu- 
ance of  the  existing  nu'thods.  Governor  Calvert 
respcjnded  that  on  his  side  he  had  received  com- 
plaints that  the  people  of  the  three  lower  couuti<s 
on  Delaware  had  been  coniniittiuLr  similar  depii-- 
dations,  and  that  only  his  in.li.-pdsitinu  had  d.-- 
terred  him  from  writini:  "U  the  >ann-  .-object.  lb- 
then  explained  the  Maryland  pn.-i(i,,n  in  tli- 
Wherry  ease,  but  the  negotiations  were  left  in  a 
most  unsatisfaet.iry  condition.  In  October  of  tlir 
same  year  (ITol-)  another  cause  for  I'riction  aro-r 
out  of  theabusii'e  actions  of  Captain  Cresap  toward 
the  Indians  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Susquehanna. 
The  complexity  of  the  controvei'sy  whicn  grew  out 
of  the  Oesap  atiiiir,  doubtless  exercised  a  great  in- 
fluence in  forcing  the  entire  boundary  question  to  a 
settlement,  and  we  are  therefore  warranted  in  con- 
sidering the  case  in  some  detail.  Penn  had  guar- 
anteed the  Indians  who  settled  on  the  Susque- 
hanna witlilu  his  territory  against  all  incursious 
from  the  Maryianders  on  the  opposite  side  of  tlic 
river.  Cresap  being  a  native  of  Baltimore  Countv, 
his  interference  with  the  Conostogoes  was  a  mat- 
ter which  rightfully  required  Governor  Gordon's 
interference.  It  was  not  long,  however,  before 
Cresap  entered  a  counter-claim  against  Edward 
Bedd(jck  and  Rice  Morgan,  two  I'ennsylvauians, 
who,  while  he  (Cresap)  was  taking  them  across  the 
river,  threw  him  overboard  and  carried  otf  his  boat. 
Cresap  took  his  case  before  Justice  Cornish,  a 
Pennsylvania  magistrate,  and  although  the 
otienders  were  duly  convicted,  the  que:^tion  of 
boundaries  again  came  uji,  it  being  a  disputed 
point  whether  thetitiense  was  committeil  in  ^lary- 
land  or  Pennsylvania.  Governor  OLfle,  of  ilary- 
land,  also  took  undu-ageat  an  alleged  statement  of 
Cornish,  who,  as  Cresap  insisted,  said  that  Mary- 
landers  should  not  ask  for  justice  in  his  court. 
Justice  Cornish  denied  having  said  this,  and  his 
conviction  of  the  prisoners  would  seem  to  have 
proven  his  impartiality.  But  U(jtwithstanding 
this,  Governor  Ogle  continued  to  write  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  the  dis[>ute  continued  througli  the  spring 
of  1732  At  this  point  Cresap  was  entirely  sub- 
ordinated in  the  pulilic  muul  to  a  report  from 
London  that  an  a-nmiuit  had  liiially  b.,n  reached 


The 


lie  pre. 
u:   had 

.'.altiiuo 
d    Tlio, 


■t,  and 
otlR-r, 


BOUNDAEY  1»I?PUTES  ANP  SETTLEMENT. 


ll'J 


niMionere,  nnt  mni 


Tlie  last  clausu  of  the  airreeiiieut  gave  it  a  tdiie  of 
-tiiiiiue  earnestness,  and,  in  fact,  two  days  after  the 
-i;:riatiires  were  appended  the  Peuns  named  Gov- 
ernor Gordon,  Isaac  Norris,  Saniiiel  Preston, 
.Fames  Logan,  Andrew  Hamilton,  James  Steel 
:iiid  Robert  Charles  as  the  eommi.-siiiners  on  their 
[i:irt  to  treat  with  those  appointed  by  Lord  Balti- 
iiiiire.  On  the  same  day  his  lordship  executed  a 
>iiiiilar  commission,  nominating;  Samuel  Girle, 
fhurles  Culvert,  Philemon  Llovd,  Michael  How- 
ard, Richard  Bennet,  Benjamin  Tasker  and  Mat- 
thew Tilghman  Ward,  to  rejiresent  his  interests  in 
the  approaching  convention.  It  was  several 
months  before  these  commissions  reached  America, 
and  during  the  intervening  time  the  correspond- 
ence between  the  two  Governors  was  continued, 
though  it  was  not  of  importance.  Immediately 
upon  the  receipt  of  the  papers,  about  the  middle 
<if  August,  Governor  Gordon  wrote  to  Ogle,  sug- 
L'psting  New  Castle  as  a  suitable  place  for  the  joint 
meetings  of  the  commissioners  on  both  sides.  Tlie 
.Marylandcrs  preferred  Newtown,  as  being  more 
Convenient,  and  it  was  arranged  to  meet  at  that 
jilace  on  October  Oth. 

But  even  while  the-  neL^'itiations  were  being  con- 
ducted, the  border  warfare  lu-okr  out  in  a  more 
brutal  ti)rm  than  ever  before.  Both  parties  aj)- 
pear  to  have  been  at  fault,  and  it  is  difficult  to  say 
which  side  i,-,  to  lie  blamed  i'.  r  the  initial  move- 
ment. On  the  night  of  November  •26tli.  John 
Lowe,  of  Baltimore  ('ounty,  was  awakened  by  the 
marauders  and  made  prisoner.  Lie  testified  after- 
wards that  one  of  the  intruders  was  James  Patti- 
son,  and  the  second  a  constable  of  Lancaster 
County.  Pattison  threatened  him  with  a,pistol, 
but  he  nevertheless  resisted,  whereupon  six  more 
fll  on  him.  He  was  knocked  down  and  dragged 
out  of  his  house,  and  compelled  to  cross  the  Sus 
'piehanna  on  the  ice,  although  he  had  lost  his  hat 
and  one  shoe  in  the  struggle.  The  next  nKjrning 
he  was  taken  before  two  justices  of  Lancaster 
'  'ounty,  Messrs.  Samuel  Blimston  and  John  Wright. 
I'he  only  charge  brought  was  that  his  son  had 
threatened  to  kill  some  one,  but  as  nothiii'^'  was 
known  to  implicate  tlie  priMJuer,  the  justices  dis- 
charged him.  The  case  well  illustrates  the  extent 
'o  which  these  unwarranted  agtrrcssious  were  car- 
ri'  d.  Lowe  liad  protested  that  there  were  magis- 
' rates  in  ^Maryland   who  would   api>rehend   him   if 

reply  fruiu    I'attiMiu,  who  stood  over    him   with  a 


pistol,  that  the  boundary  of  the  territory  was  to 
be  determined  by  the  power  of  the  people.  Cresap 
was  also  mixed  u|/  in  this  ail'air  as  a  witness  against 
the  Pennsylvanians,  and  soon  afterwards  he  is 
again  heard  of  as  L'oinrr  into  Lancaster  County 
with  a  Marvhmd  warrant,  and  carrvin-  off  a 
lab,,rer  named  William  Humphrev.  "  This  was 
precisely  the  same  oHin-  ulii.h  he  himself  had 
complained  of  aL^ainst  rlie  Pennsylvania  aulhori- 
ities.  Cresap  hael  abo  becime  notorious  as  hav- 
ing threatened  to  -1 t  any  ofiicer  from  Pennsyl- 
vania who  wiHild  attempt  to  ap[irehend  a  pris(jner 
on  the  disputed  te'rritory.  This  trouble  again 
resolved  itself  into  a  '■  boundary  dispute,"  Cresap 
and  his  associates  holding  that  the  land  was  3[ary- 
laud  soil,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  within  the 
fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude,  while  Joshua 
L(jw,  the  ta.v.  collector  of  Pennsylvania,  testified 
that  over  four  hundred  inhabitants  living  south  of 
that  point  liail  lieen  paying  tax  to  him  without 
protest,  and  his  positi(.>u  received  the  support  of 
Governor  Giordon  and  the  other  authorities  of  the 
province. 

The  border  troubles  next  took  a  southeily 
course,  and  we  find  Kent  County  the  centre  of 
hostile  operations  The  cause  of  this  dispute  arose 
out  of  the  purchase  of  a  piece  of  laud  by  John 
Newton.  He  bought  the  projierty  of  a  person  who 
told  him  that  it  was  held  under  a  Maryland  grant, 
and  was  situated  in  Dorche-ter  County.  Newton 
accordingly  paid  taxes  for  the  first  year  to  the 
D(jrchester  authorities,  when  he  learned  that  the 
land  was  never  granted  to  any  one  by  Maryland. 
As  it  was  situated  in  the  doubtful  territory,  he 
preferred  to  become  a  resident  of  the  hjwer  coun- 
ties, and  had  it  surveyed  as  a  part  of  Kent  County. 
For  several  years  he  paid  his  taxes  into  the  Kent 
treasury,  when  the  Dorchc-ter  magistrates  levied 
on  him,  insisting  that  he  was  a  resident  of  i\Iary- 
laiid.  He  applied  to  the  justices  of  Kent  County, 
who  appointed  a  constable  to  protect  him,  but  not- 
withstanding this,  the  sheriff  of  Dorchester  raided 
his  place  and  carried  him  off.  The  protecting 
constable  gathered  a  force  and  put  out  in  hot  pur- 
suit, and  after  a  hot  skirmish  recaptured  the 
prisoner.  This  gave  rise  to  a  most  extensive  series 
of  letters  between  the  Governors  of  the  two  prov- 
inces, the  justices  of  Kent  and  of  Maryland,  and 
between  private  individuals,  connected,  directly  and 
indirectly,  with  the  affair.  Governor  Ogle  de- 
mauiled  the  .-urrender  of  all  who  had  attacked  the 
sheriff  of  Dorche.-ter  County  and  released  his  pris- 
oner, but  this  was  refused  by  the  Pcnnsvlvaniaus. 
The  relations  betWA-eu  the  ^[arylauders  and  their 
opponents  seemed  more  strained  at  this  time  than 
f.ir  manv  vears,  and  vet  in  the  whole'   correspond- 


both 


par 


ties   alwavf 


mere  hope    that  the   pending   m  LTotialious  WcHild 
.suit    in  a  speedy  settlfnient  of  the  di,-pute,  while 


120 


IIlSTOiiV  OF  DV.I  A\\A!li:. 


each  stubbornly  cmitostrd  f,jr  niiiior  !ii]vaut;i_".-s 
in  this  subordinate  i|iuutl1. 

But  not  even  the  unne  important  transactions 
of  the  bi)iin(hiry  c(iriiiiii-.~ioii,is  were  eoiiducted 
without  friction.  They  had  met,  according  to 
ngreeinent,  at  Newtown,  in  ^laryhind,  in  Octolier, 
and  after  doing  very  little,  adjourned  on  Xoveifbcr 
3d,  to  meet  at  New  Cattle  on  tiie  l.<i  of  th;^ 
ensuing  Felnuary.  (,)n  Febnuirj-  loth,  I.ord 
Baltimore  addre:--ed  a  letter  to  Governor  Gord'.>n, 
complaining  of  the  treatment  of  the  Maryland 
commissioners,  whom  he  had  taken  spe-ir.i  |iuii;?  to 
send  promjUly,  in  order  tu  facilitate  iii  e\ery 
possible  way  the  conduct  of  the  negotiations.  Tiie 
Maryhmders  had  arrived  at  New  Castle  in  ample 
time  to  meet  their  engagement,  but  although  they 
had  repeatedly  sent  to  the  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  the  Penns,  they  had  refused  to  come, 
and  it  was  impossible  to  ])r()ceed  with  the  business. 
Lord  Baltimore  also  referred  to  certain  improper 
behavior  on  the  part  of  the  Peunsylvanians  towards 
his  own  commissioners  while  at  New  (Jastle,  but 
did  not  mention  details.  He  considered  the  action 
on  this  occasion  as  sufficient  ground  on  which  to 
claim  the  forfeit  provided  for  in  ti:e  original 
agreement,  but  agreed  nevertheless,  to  bold 
another  meeting  on  the  first  Jlonday  in  ]\[ay,  at 
Joppa,  in  Baltimore  County.  Governor  Gordon 
in  his  reply  evaded  all  reference  to  the  ill  treat- 
ment of  the  commissioners,  as  thi-t  was  without 
foundation,  but  stated  that  the  commissioners  for 
his  province  declined  to  meet  at  Joppa,  since  it 
was  situated  at  too  great  a  distance  from  the 
points  of  most  importance,  which  would  have  to 
be  visited  to  determine  the  boundary  lines.  As 
New  Castle  was  one  of  these  places,  and  was  of 
great  prominence,  owing  to  the  tiict  that  the  cen- 
tre of  the  twelve-mile  circle  was  there  situated,  he 
thought  that  was  tlie  most  suitable  place,  and 
named  April  16th  as  the  day  for  convening  the 
members  of  the  commission  ' 

Thus  the  meetings  were  delayed  and  p(jstpoued 
until  the  time  expired.  These  delays  were  pkiinly 
due  to  the  machinations  of  Lord  Baltimore,  w  ho 
though  it  was  through  his  own  suggestion  that  the 
proceedings  of  the  commissioners  had  been  insti- 
tuted, found,  as  matters  progressed,  that  his  ignor- 
ance of  the  geography  of  the  country  i)laced  him  at 
considerable  disadvantage,  and  therefore  made  use 
of  all  means  to  interfe're  with  the  progrer-s  of  the 
commissiimers.  He  had  submitted  a  m;i[i  of  his 
own,  plaeiii_'  Cape  Henlopen  about  twtntv  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay.  A  line  uas 
then  to  be  run  t'njm  thi.-  peint  due  west,  aero-,  the 
renin.-ula  From  the  middle  [.nint  of  ihi.  line- 
that  is.  half-way  between  the  tw..  I,ay,^— a  lin-  was 
to  be  drawn  northerly,  so  as  to  foiiu  a  tnii.'enl  to 
the  circle,  whose  centre   was   at   New    Ca.-tle,  and 


c:  nf  let  wUii  li.e 
doo  nortli  Uur:\  i 
point  fifltoon  i::; 
part  of  Fhiia.lel; 


miles.  From  tlie  j)oiiu  .,■ 
however,  it  was  to  (■\t.  u  : 
he'd  the  same  latitude  ;„  ... 
ih  of  the  most  southerly 
A  liae  due   west  from  tl.i- 


point,  T.igr^tlier  with  tlie  arc  of  the  New  C'a.-i!,- 
ciride,  w:ls  to  form  the  S(-uthern  boundary  of  Peim- 
syl\ania.  Tho  lowor  line,  extending  west  freni 
Cap?  Hcnlopeii,  and  the  northerly  line  wer.'  t-. 
hare  served  as  soiithern  and  we^tern  boundaries  ..: 
iho  iower  counties-  Tids  was  Lord  Baltimnie'- 
own  nroj^c^sitin:;,  and  v  as  the  basis  ttxed  in  thn 
articles  of  May  10.  17:;-J,  on  which  the  conimi- 
sioncrs  <..ere  *'<  a;-t.  This  view  of  the  sitmi- 
ti<m  of  Cape  Henlv>;.er,  was  what  the  Peuns  liad 
always  desired,  and  they  were,  consequently,  oiilv 
t(}0  eager  to  assent.  No  record  remains  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  commissioners  on  the  occasions 
when  they  did  corne  together;  but  it  is  (juite  evi- 
dent that  as  soon  as  Lord  Baltimore  discovered 
his  ."^rror  he  interposeil  every  possible  obstacle  so 
as  to  prevent  the  completion  of  the  work  before 
December,  173:5,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time 
the  commissioners  were  to  be  discharged.  He  wa- 
ennuently  successful  in  this  scheme,  and  after  all 
the  laborious  negotiations,  the  dispute  still  re- 
mained unsettled.  It  would  not  be  proper  tu 
say  that  it  was  no  nearer  settlement  than  before, 
as  i.he  terms  of  the  agreement  of  1732  actually 
formed  the  basis  of  operations  when  the  final 
boundaries  were  drawn  bv  Mason  and  Dixon, 
in  1763. 

\Vhat  action  the  Penns  to(jk  to  secure  indem- 
nity from  Lord  Baltimore  we  shall  see  later, 
but  for  the  present  we  must  follow  up  the  border 
troubles,  which  were  not  in  the  least  interfered 
with  by  the  appointment  of  the  conimissionors. 
One  of  the  sufferers  was  Samuel  Moncey,  of  Mur- 
dei  Kill  Hundred,  in  Kent  County.  At  the  re- 
quest of  three  strangers,  who  afterwards  proved 
to  be  Jacob  Heynman,  Peter  Rich  and  William 
Underling,  and  who  stated  they  had  lost  their 
way,  Mojicey  offered  to  go  with  them  about  a 
mile,  on  being  promised  a  pistol  for  his  .services. 
He  had  not  gone  far,  however,  before  he  was 
seized  by  the  men,  and  taken  to  Cambridge  jail ; 
he  was  next  removed  to  Annapolis,  and  was  in 
irons  for  six  weeks  before  he  was  finally  released. 
Jared  Eothwell  was  likewise  arrested  in  New 
Castle  County  by  Cecil  County  magistrates,  and 
simihir  oeeurrenees  on  both  sides  were  continually 
reported  a~  lthw  iie_r  ,,iit  of  the  doubtful  titles  to 
land  eeeupied    by    the   parties  con.vrned.      An   at- 

The  initiative'uns  tld^  time  t:il;,-n  l.ytlie  (iovru-.r 
ami  Ceuneii  ot'  Pennsylvania,  by  the  a[)i)oiutmem 
of  two  commi-,ionei.-  to  treat  with  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor   of  Maiyland,  and    'conclude  on    such 

2"  lltmuirs  of  iLe    Uisffricil    S.ici.ty  of  rciinsyh^iiia,"  vul.  i.  p.  Is'C 


B(H'XI>Ai;V   Di-^l 


AND  .-KTTLKMKXTS. 


iiu':i.'Uros  as  ni;iy  liest  coiiducr  to  [irorrvi'  peace 
Intween  Ijnth  L'liveiiinieiil-,  and  to  i.i-evrnt  irn.'U- 
l.irltie.s  tor  tlio  futun-,  until  slir  li  .undar'u  -  >lia'.l  lie 
■utiiallv  run  uiid  mark..  .1  out  "  Tlie  eoniiui-ionerj 
„ere  Andrew  Hamilton  and. I, .l.ti<  nor--,  and  the 
papers  were  i.-sued  on  Mav  14lh.  '!'lie\-  a'  m.  ■'■  :-'t 
,,at  for  Maryland,  and  arrived  at  Annapoli,  .,n  the 
Jilth.  The  "negotiations  were  at  on.',-  l.e-un.  earh 
-ide  opening  \vith  theileelaration  that  it  ua-the 
mo.;  as-rieved.  Tiie  oral  pr  ,eeedini:s  r-ulted  in 
nothin-'and  i[.-M-.  Plamilton  and  Geor-e- then 
presented  a  fornnd  paper,  settmi:  liirtli  their  side  of 
the  i|uestion,  ami  re.pie-iiu','  some  form  of  a^^ree- 
iiieut.  Governor  0:.rle,  iu  reply,  proposed  to 
ret'er  the  whole  matter  to  the  King.  It  was 
evident  that  Ogle  was  endeavoring  to  evade 
the  matter  The  eommi.ssiauers  then  drew  up  a 
.-eeond  docuruent,  expressing  their  desire  to  come 
to  an  immediate  agreement,  and  in  response  to  this, 
Ogle  flatly  refused,  asserting  that  the  commissi  n- 
ers  had  acknowledged  themselves  to  he  without 
sufficient  authority.  He  had  oidy  reached  this 
conclusion  from  a  most  unwarranted  misconstruc- 
tion of  a  phrase  in  their  letter  to  him,  and  it  be- 
came clear  that  the  mi.^sion  would  prove  fruitless. 
The  Peunsylvanians  dauntlessly  persisted  in  send- 
ing a  third  letter,  but  waited  in  vain  for  a  rejily. 
Thus  terminated  another  etlort  at  settlement. 

Eixciteiuent  soon  became  most  intense,  however, 
when  it  was  learned  that  Lord  Baltimore  had 
made  application  to  the  King  to  confirm  hL<  charter 
or  grant  of  the  three  lower  counties.  At  the 
request  of  the  mayor  and  citizens  of  Philadelphia, 
the  Governor  convened  the  As-eml>ly  of  the  jiro- 
vince  to  consider  this  latest  step  of  Lord  lialtiuiore. 
Little  was  done,  however,  excej)t  to  giveex])ression 
to  the  alarm  felt  at  this  attempt  to  usurp  the  lower 
eounties.  In  reply  to  Governor  Gordon's  address, 
the  Asseniljly.  referring  to  the  efforts  of  Lord 
Baltimore  to  secure  the  territories  upon  Delaware, 
-aiil  they  thouirht  "  it  would  be  attended  with  con- 
sequences truly  unhappy  to  the  inhabitants  o^'this 
province,  not  only  disuniting;  those  whom  the  same 
form  of  government,  admini>tcreil  under  tlie  jiro- 
prietaries  and  G(Jvernors,  and  a  similitude  of  in- 
clinations and  interests  have  clo<,  ly  unit<'d,  liut  in 
diminishing  our  trade,  depriving  many  of  us  of  our 
properties,  and  destroying  those  religious  and  civil 
hhi'rties  which  were  one  of  the  chief  inducements 
to  the  fir.-t  plantin-  of  this  colony."  The  IVnns 
>ou-ht  with  all  their  mi-ht  a-aiu-t  -rantin-  the 
l"tition.  They  ,alcd  L^.d  l;altini..re-s  voluntary 
surrender  of  this  territory  by  the  a'.n-ecment  (if 
17.;-J,  as  his  own  acknowlciLnii.  lit  that  the  title  was 

■•■-ted   in   the   rnin-.     The -cpience  was  that, 

I"  oi-ilci-  to  ti-(  tile  validitv  ot'  this  a'.'reemcnt,  the 
I'enns  were  ordcr.d  to  file  a  bill  in  chaneerv 
»-Mii,>t  Lor.i  lialtiuiore.  demaudini:  the  fulHllmen't 
■■f  the  provi.>ions  of  the  agreement.     The  bill  wa.. 


Th.mias  I'eii 
Cli.ineerv   C 


bv  .Tohn.   Richard 
proverbial  delay  ol 


irt. 


IS   tit  tee 


bet'ore  the 


The 


1  \vas  cliar;ictcri/.cd  bv  bordertroublcs 
of  a  violen;  natutc  hi  A  pril.  1 7:1.-..  a  complaint 
was  entered  bv  Patrick  Thmmt^.  of  Kent  Countv, 
Marvland,  that  .lames  Mullen,  Ldward  P.anbury 
tiiid  Jame^  Keillv.  of  Dover,  with  -ome  others,  had 
drajired  him  frotu  his  hoiis  ■  to  the  Dover  prison. 
The  most  serious  of  these  frays  was  an  attack  on 
the  house  of  Thomas  Cresap.  Crcsap.  as  we  have 
seen  above,  was  a  desperate  iharticter,  who  was 
continually  mixed  up  in  the  dis[nites  on  the 
boundarv,  but  had.  nevirtheless,  attained  some 
prominence  in  Mai\'l:itid  alfairs.  The  attack  was 
doubtle.-  made  bv  Pentisvlvaniaus  who  hadsufiered 


at  his  hands.  It  was  not  lonir.  however,  before 
Cre^ip  is  founil  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  fifty  men, 
invading  Lancaster  County,  and  attem])ting  to 
settle  a  dispute  which  would  rather  have  been  a 
matter  for  the  coii.-ideraiioti  of  the  (_TOvernors. 
Diuini:  this  raid,  atnon^'  others,  Knowles  Daunt 
was  killed,  and  Cre-an  wtis  captured  and  charged 
with  his  murder,  Thi'  loutroversy  which  arose 
out  of  this  occurreiu-e  forms  a  monotonous  record 
of  letters  and  d,  po-itiotn.  It  was  followed  by 
outrages,  however,  which  soon  di<_Mi>ted  both  sides, 
and  madethem  equally  tuixioii.-  to  end  this  constant 
-tate  of  o]icn  warfare.  Poth  the  Mtirvland  and 
P.tiiisylvania  A.-emblie.  forwarded    addrc-es  to 

to   the  di-onha-.      'Ihev   «,-re   i„„ liate   in   their 

etiirt,  and  brou-ht  from  the  Kite,'  the  fillowin- 
order  in  Council,  dated  Au-u.-t  l^,  IT.;;!.  It  is 
commanded 

iJI^M.Ll.i.n,  "ni^t^.rv'uf  M:ir>  1,111,1, •■  n,  4n. 


inSTOJlY  '.)F  DELAWAK! 


Ki 


■l>ti. 


It  will  be  noticfd  tliat  tlu'  tliive  eouiitH.-  of  the 
present  State  of  I)ela\v:u-c  wwc  always  tho  mr^^t 
prominent  cause  of  the  dispute.  'V\w  Kinix's  ordtT, 
however,  had  some  etiect  in  allaying'-  tiic  ti-oi:i'!; 
and  at  length,  in  ^[ay.  17.' is.  the  [iroprietord  eanie 
in  person  before  the  (.'nuncil  at  Kensington,  and 
agreed  toaoeomnnxlate  tlinr  ditl(-renee~.  The  new 
arrangement  referred  partieiilarly  to  lands  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Philadelphia  and  the  Sus()ULhanna, 
the  lower  counties  having  been  freed  from  the 
border  wars  since  the  promulgation  of  the;  King's 
order  in  Council.  In  fact,  in  the  agreement  drawn 
up  between  the  proprietnrs.  it  was  distinctly  stated 
"  that  there  being  no  rims  that  apprartti  have  been 
committeil  within  the  tlnrc  \n\wv  i-m\nt\v~  '<(  Xrw 
Castle,  Kent  and  Susse.\,  it  is  thcnfi.if  ii.,i  thought 
necessary  to  continue  the  latter  part  of  the  said 
order  in  Council,  as  to  the  said  thn-e  Icwer  counties."' 
Two  commissioners  were  appciiuted  on  each  side  to 
draw  the  lines  as  [)rovided  fir — Richard  Peters  and 
Lawrence  Growdeu  for  Pennsylvania,  and  Col. 
Levin  Gale  and  Samuel  Chamberlaine  for  Mary- 
laud.  The  temporary  agreement  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  peace  while  the  work  was  in  progress 
placed  all  land  above  the  point  fifteen  miles  south 
of  Philadelphia,  and  not  occupied  by  either,  in 
possession  of  the  Penns,  and  all  south  of  it,  in  the 
hands  of  Lord  Baltimore.  Thi.-,  nf  course,  refers 
only  to  the  disputed  territciry  ..u  either  >ide  of  the 
Susquehanna.  The  survey  «as  eoiiniieiieid  in  the 
spring  of  17o!>,  and  j)rogre--ed  \\iih  some  rapidity, 
although  the  Pennsylvaiiiaus  chiiimd  tliat  their 
brother  commissioners  proved  to  tlieui  "tliat  men 
of  skill  can  find  a  thousand  objection's  against 
the  doing  of  a  thinir  that  they  have  no  mind  to." 
The  Marylanders  first  opened  a  di.-rii.>-ion  as  to  the 
method  of  measurement,  iti-i-tin--  on  measuring 
horizontally  and  not  siijierlii'iallv.  wherever  the 
hills  presented  a  elian<-e  ..f  lo.->  to  them  by  the 
latter  proce^s.  Next,  a  controvt.r,-y  arose  over  the 
Gunther's  rhain  u.-ed  bv  the  surveyor,  and  when 
thesedisputes  ha.l  been  settled,  the  death  of  ( '.ilnnel 
Gale's  son  called  him  auav,  and  .Mr.  (  ■ha.nberlaiue 
refused  to  proreed  in  his  :d)-enee.  Not  de.-iiiii-  to 
have  a  good  work  thu-  ob-tnieted.  <Tovenior 
Thomas  i^.ued  in>t.aetio„s  to  the  IVnn.-ylvania 
e(.immissioners  to 'continue  the  wurk  alone,  and 
Messrs.  Peters  and  Growdeti  continuid  the  line 
westward  to  a  point  eighty-eight  mihs  we.-t  of  the 


This  w;ts  the  t',:ni.'as  "t(iM!Hirary  line,"  and  v.,  . 
a  .source  of  grcai  yood  in  elticruallv  checkio'.'  i!,. 
riot  and  bio«/.saed  whiei:  for  a  half-century  I,:.,, 
been,  at  frei;'jent  interval.-,  carried  on  along  il  . 
borders  of  the  two  ;iiovijices.  There  was,  prarii 
cnliy,  no  further  eiicrotichment  on  either  side,  aiio 
aothiug  occurred  in  the  controversy  worthv  (,; 
P'litioiilav  note,  until  t!ie  antiouncement  of  tl,. 
decTSe  iu  the  eiiane.  rs  ra.-,  .  w  hieh  was  issued  I,.. 
Lord  (Jhiincelior  !!ai',lwi,ke,  in  3[ay,  17.".0.  I, 
developed  nothlu','  Jiove,  in  [in;  ease,  but  was  a 
simple  ratificaiion  of  tiv  a-reement  of  iVIav  lo. 
17o2,  in  favor  of  the  Penns.  Xo  more  solemn 
rebuke  could  havt  been  brought  upon  the  head  o- 
I,oni  Baltimore  tluin  the  declaration  of  the  Lor  i 
Chancellor  that  •'  in  America  the  defendant's  coin- 
mi-'sionars  behaved  v.  ith  great  chicane."  Cap 
Henlo]>9n  is  decided  to  be  situated  as  given  bv 
Lord  Baltimore  on  his  original  map,  and  nnt,  a- 
he  claimed  later,  identical  with  Cape  Corneliu>. 
The  decree  provided  for  the  appointment  of  com- 
missioners on  both  sides  within  three  months,  ami 
operrtions  were  to  be  bei:un  in  November.'  Tin 
Chancellor  reserved  the  ri^dit  to  decide  any  questioi- 
which  might  arise  in  the  execution  of  the  decree, 
a  provision  which  was  .soon  proved  to  be  a  grave 
nece.-sity.  The  commissioners  assendjled  at  New 
Castle  on  November  ]'),  ll'iO.  The  New  CastU 
circle  being  the  tirst  matter  discussed,  the  Court- 
House  was  fixed  upon  as  the  centre  of  the  circle, 
but  the  Marylanders  at  once  began  their  fn-na  r 
tactics  by  insisting  that  the  twelve-mile  rndii;- 
should  be  drawn  superficially,  in  the  face  of  tli 
fact  that  in  the  measurement  of  17o9  they  lual 
objected  to  this  method,  when  it  opposed  their  own 
interests.  The  Pennsylvanians  jirotested,  and  in- 
sisted on  the  hori/(nit"al  niea-nrenunt,  but  it  w;- 
necessary  to  apply  to  the  Chaiiei.'llor  before  Loul 
Baltimore's  commissioners  would  yield.  Consider- 
able delay  was  thus  caused,  but  the  -work  wa- 
quickly  resumed  and.  the  position  of  Cape  Henlopea 
determined  at  a  point  one  hundred  and  thirtv-niii- 
perches  from  the  cape  on  the  northern  portion  n!' 
Fenwick's  Lland.  A  line  was  then  run  westward 
across  the  peninsula,  but  another  dispute  here  are-' 
as  to  its  western  termination,  the  ^[arvlandei- 
claiming  they  had  reached  the  liav,  when  in  truli; 
they  had  oii'ly  gone  as  fir  as  Slaughter's  Creek, 
wliieh  was  more  than  three  miles  east  of  tli' 
Chesapeake."  Another  suit  in  chaneery  folh«e,L 
and  matters  wereturlher  comiilicat.  d  by  thedealli 


BOr.\I»ARY   DISITTKS  AND  SCTTLEMKNTS. 


hi^sc.ll  Fml.Tirk.thcla-tLnnl  P.al  1 1  Illi  ,n>.  Whilr 
tlu'Siiit  wa.-^  prn.liii-  the  F.vnch  ai.-l  In. liar:  War 
.Hriipiv.l  tlieattrnti,,iL,,t'rl..'  pr  ,pl..  m  t...,  -ivat  an 
extent  to  permit  them  td  renew  their  bonier  tijhts. 
.\linost  neitliin;:  is  hear.l  ot' the  hoiimlarv  <|u,-.-tion, 
iinil  the  only  intercourse  between  the  unthorities 
of  the  provinces  had  reference  to  the  war  or  tiie 
Indians. 

The  vear  17G0  stand,^  out  as  an  important  epoch 
in  our'st,,rv.  Frederi.'k,  Lord  1",  iltnaore,  had 
long  ;ri-o\vn"tir,'d  of  the  ti-lit  uliieh,  it  appeared 
more  tiian  prohahle,  would  a-ain  he  derided  a-ain-t 
him.  He  eon-e,|Uently  entered  ini^  an  a-n  .-nent 
uith  the  IVnn>  on  Julv  4.  17iiO,  aeeeptin-  a-  a 
basis  the  articles  alrea.'ly  drawn  up  in  17:;l'.  and 
alterward^  set  forth  in  the  ChaneellorV  .leeree  of 
IT.'iO.  The  twelve-mile  radiu-  from  Niw  Castle 
was  mea.siircd  heu'izontallv.  and  the  line  acro.-s  the 


fnmi  Cape   lleulo,,,.,!  to  th.-  Clu. 


was    drawn     to     the     full     lell-th    of    <ixtV-lfin.-    miles,  of  ti^e  mllesor,. ■!  r.ap,,.illlel,.rh,I.tu>i.-lilr..e,Mn,lM 

two    hundred    and    nin.  ty  ei-ht    perelie.-,    as    wa.s  ^u^Juf  n'tt'i!''! "'     ■      '       '  '     ^  i!  i''''i'pTVrlJ!!'',VMiI''!i!'.'r\" 

originally  claimed  by  the  i'ennsylvania  commis-  tu-^ivp  r:      -^         '     ,  ■■;,    r     ::    i  \  ,.  e„,;e, 

sioners  iu  1751.      The  articles  of  agreement  are  thm  u,  \  '     :   ,  '.   .  '      \'.'l^ 

most  minute  in  every  detail,  and  occupy  thirty-four  en-ii.i  -i  m,    ,,  ,,      :.      :  •  ,,  ,     in.e 

printeil  pages  in  the  Pennsylvania  Arcliives.'     The  o'ti,'!'r  •  .  i.Vr 

boundaries  of  the  lower  counties  were  thus  practi-  '[""'      ■      '  ,  ■  i       ,      inri 

,,,,.,.  „  '■  thp  -.M'l  .  ■   I  .    .   ■  ■  ■,,-■,..,,  Ml- 

cally  settled  in  their  present  form.  .i.i..,  f,.  i:,:  .>-  .m-  ■     i,.,-,  i,.i    .    i,  ,!,,■,„.„■  -i.. -ri  m .u 

To  carrv  the  agreement  into  eti'ect,  commissioners  ^'""'  "",''  '''•''"  ' ''"""  ^-eio-i  tiirrr-,,,,  -"''iw  hm'  ^Hi.sii.instuuarda 

^  .  r         tr  11  tbe  auuth  an.l  vvtrst  hiith  tliearmsof  tliesaiil  FreJcncli,  Lurd  b;iltinjore, 

were  appointed  on   both  sides,  those  for  Jlaryhind  gmn-a  tiirreon. 

being   Governor   Sharpe,   Benjamin    Tasker,   Jr.,  ,^^  ,!','' |^ '"""'' ''"' 

Edward  Lloyd,    Robert   Jenkins   Henry,   Daniel  mark.".!  l^ .  i         i 

Dulany,  Stephen  Bordley  and  the  liev.  Alexander  '^,"."', ',        ■>      ,,  ,    „',   "'  "'kp'.'i'-^' i,'''b"'b'''-'''i' ^''t''""'^  "°j 

Malcolm,  and  those  for  Pennsylvania  being  Hon.  tbu  lett.r  .\i  un  hm  «.-lt  m.im  tbe.euf." 

James  Hamilton,  William  Allen,  Richard  Peters,  The  fourth  section  goes  on  to  describe  the  run- 
Benjamin  Chew,  Lynford  Lardner,  Ryves  Holt  and  ning  of  the  east  and  west  line,  which  forms  the 
George  Stephon.-oii.  They  met  at  New  Castle  on  Itoundary  for  the  north  of  Maryland  and  south  of 
November  lit,  1760,  and  at  once  bejan  to  draw  P,-nn-vlvaiaa.  This  line  was  carried  to  a  di.~tani-e 
the  boundarv  lines.  In  Au-nst,  17ti:;.  Lonl  Balti-  of  over  tw.  hun,lre.l  and  ei,: 
more  and  MesM's.  Thomas  and  Richard  i'enn  Indians  prevented  th.ni  from 
employed  Charles  Mason  an.l  Jereudah  Dixon.  „f  was  afterwards  .-irri-d  to  its 
Kn-land,  to  "  mark,  run  out,  settle,  tix  and  deter-  tar  a- the  lower  I'ounties  were  e, 
ndne  all  such  parts  of  the  cir.-le.  mark-,  lin^s  and  nate.l  the  border  trouble-,  but 
■veral  articles  countie.-  of  .Maryland,   and   th 


Ixjundaries  as  were  mention 

or    eommis.-ieilis,    and    wcr. 

r       hot 

They  undertook  the  work  ai 

id  car 

fuUv,  finishing  their  task   i 

n    De, 

wa/thusthat'the  boundary 

,-  betu 

and  Maryland  came  to  rec. 

the  Mason  ami  Dixon's  Hi, 

e.      Tl 

submitted   by  the  c(unnd-> 

ioners 

17oS,  and  gives  an  exact 

aecou 

the  following  terms  : 

'•Wol„tvecomploteIyrnno.it,settl. 

,1,  fi.xed 

Iin<.  Inzinnin-  at  (lie  e.xait  lui.l.ll,.-  ot 

the  ilue 

11 .1I..1  111  tl.i-  Milic  1",  ur  tli-  f.juril,  , 

lav  of  .r 

,t 

vet      completed." 

^V^ 

^ania 

adjoinin 

rj:  them 

i'd   it   oul.ucces- 

Ilea 

,rd  ot 

■  at  Ion- 

interva 

)lM-( 

■mlier,  17i;7.      It 

1  to  e 

■ompiain. 

,  m  17ti 

tw 

en  Pennsylvania 

wli. 

ihad 

:ed  outr 

till 

■  famous  name  of 

eve 

n  as  1 

ate  as  17 

74  the. 

Till 

>  final  report  was 

Sim 

.othe^ 

d  over. 

Tl 

rs 

on   November  0, 

cea 

sell.  1 

louever, 

and  uh 

itv  miles, 

when  <h 

proceedi 
ire-ellt    h 

n-.  and   i 

lH'criied, 

thi>term 

n  the    no 

rtheaster. 

counties 

in   Peni: 

oiial  riot.- 

~  were  .til 

hll    Peun 

had  occi: 

earlier  times  h 
derstandiu-s  n, 

ad 

ire,  amUrewo 

lUt 

s   of   the   di-pii 

ite 

of  attempts  to  s,.ttle  the  iletail 
beyond  all  cavil.  The  final  proclamation  of"  the 
(_;ovenior  ot'  Pentis\«lvania  announcing'  the  comple- 
tion ot'  the  work  uas  not  is-ued  until  April  s.  177.-,. 
In  order  to  render  ol,,.lience  to  its  beh'-i-  a-  little 
dillieult  a.-  po-ible,  a  special  act  was  pa-ed  by  the 
tcrritoiiai  Assembly  of  the  three  louer  counties  on 
Delaware,    expvcasiv    statiu'-     the     boundaries    of 


124 


HISTORY  OF   DCLAWArj;. 


Kent,  Sussex  :in.l  Nrw  (■;l^tl,•  fmin 
ing  that  all  pir.-mi^  \\  ho  hail  rrsi,lr,l 
territory,  hut  imw   acknowKilLTiil 


in  til 


rVhnm,-y  1.  I';x4,  <>nc  CI 
tha,   it  .'.a-   his   h,  li,  f  th; 


Pirkerin-  n-| 


lower  counties 
leges  tliereiu.  : 
existed.  Td  t 
supplenii'nt  u 
supplement  \\n 
who  held  judg 


,  .-hould  enjov  all  ri-lu.s  and 
IS  though  !io"  eoutroversy  har 
his  act,  |la^s^d   on   Si-jit^nibi^r 

s  intended  forth.'  hnirhr  of  ere 
niiiit- taken  out  in  >rarvhn'.l 


COLONIAL 


,f    1) 


rsTiiRY,  1704-7- 


TnK  hisi 

covered  liy  the  present  ehajiter,  stands  out  as  a  bold 
anomaly  in  the  colonial  liistory  of  America.  After 
a  long  series  of  wrangles  and  dissensions  with  the 
other  counties  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
1704  the  "  territories,"  or  the  "  three  lower  coun- 
ties," or  the  "  counties  of  Xew  Castle,  Kent  and 
Sussex  upon  Delaware,"  as  they  were  then  variously 
called,  seceded  from  the  counties  of  the  province. 
They  were  to  be  governed  by  a  separate  Assembly 
consisting  of  representatives  from  the  three  coun- 
ties, hut  still  acknowledged  the  authority  of  the 
provincial  Governor  of  Penn.sylvania.  This  con- 
tinued to  be  the  form  of  g..vernineiu  uniil  the 
adoption  of  a  separate  ( 'on.-titution  by  the  State  of 
Delaware,  in  177(3. 

The  lower  counties  had  lianlly  lieen  aiiiiexe.l  to 
the  province,  'n  K.^L',  when  the  enniroV(  r-ie-  and 
disagreements  he-an  uhieli  tii.allv  led  to  a  .repara- 
tion. The  Council  dealt  lih.raily  uirli  the"  new 
counties,  agreeing  to  a-~uuie  a  large  ^JKire  ot'  their 
expenses  as  an  obligation  on  the  whole  province, 
and  as  early  as  lG''s4  the_\  complied  \eitli  the 
request  of  the  territorial  representatives  by  hohling 
a  part  of  their  meetings  at  Xew  Castle.  One 
effective  cause  for  these  early  diflerences  is  to  be 
traced  to  the  a-ents  sent  over  bv  the  Marvlanders. 
It  was  a  pan  of  Le,d  llaltinioie's  pi..,.",  f,„-  the 
success  of  hi-  co\.toi;,-  d'-ijns  on  I'enu'.-  territory 
to  stir  uji  ill  tl'cliie,'  in  the  lower  c(Miutie~.  At  a 
meeting  of  the  Couueil.  hehl  at   I'hiladelphia.  on 


Ki:it(,'oaiity  v;Te;-ea.ly  to  revolt  bel•au^e  Covein.,, 
I'enn  h  I'i  tio;  k-  pr  his  j)i.,ini-e  to  enter  and  eh  :,r 
all  ves.,.ls  ,,t  N\,v  Ca-tle,  and  in  the  ev.-nt  of  Miei, 
.M.it'.t,...l-.  ,]uv  w.-re  a--ured  of  the  s,,p|,ort  ..f  I.o|-,i 
Baltimore.  At  t:.- >:i:ne  .i,,,.-  Francis  Whitwell 
.loi.n    Ilii.iai-d   a;:.;   .fob..    Kiehardson,   the   renr. - 


against  pers(jns  rer-idinL:  on  the  land  in  dispuie. 
Great  confu.-ion  had  arisen  when  the>  settlement  of 
the  boundary  ijuestion  jilaccd  the  debtors  ir  the 
lower  counties.  For  tlie  relief  ami  securitv  ca'the 
creditors,  the  Assemlily  enacted  a  law  making  it  a 
valid  proceeding  to  docket  transcripts  of  the  judg- 
ments formerly  obtained  in  the  Maryland  courts 
against  persons  resident  on  lands  whicl;  had  fallen 
within  the  lower  counties  on  the  determination  of 
the  boundary  lines.  With  this  act,  the  historv  of 
the  dispute  over  the  bc.mndaries  of  Delaware  came 
to  an  end. 


CH  APT  Eli    XII. 


and  committee-  w..,v  .-cut  to  ini|uire  into  the  i-au- 
oi'  uieir  al)Seiice,  as  weii  as  that  of  the  gener:il 
dis:^ flection.  While  no  serious  outbreak  result,  d 
IV  an  libs,  the  government  of  the  lower  coiinti.  - 
j.roved  t."  be  a  s  v.irce  of  much  annoyance  to  tin- 
Council,  liefica-ts  -.lerc  continually  brought  to 
them  comjilainin.'  of  the  manner  in  which  th.- 
otficials  perfoina-.l  tli.-ir  dutie.-.  The.sheritis  e.mhl 
nr-t  be  relied  up  m,  v.v.A  the  d(-cisions  of  the  ju-tice- 
were  irequenily  appeale.i  from,  as  being  unjust  aii.l 
partial,  blatters  began  to  take  a  more  serious  turn 
'u  1090.  Jealuiisies,  based  on  local  prejudices,  had 
increa.-ed,  and  tlie  lower  counties as.serted  that  they 
were  not  fairly  treated  in  the  appointment  of 
officers.  In  the  year  mentioned  Thomas  Llovd 
had  been  duly  elected  president  of  the  Council. 
The  territorial  members,  fearing  that  they  would 
nor  receive  their  fair  proportion  of  ..lilices,  convened 
a  secret  meeting  without  notifying  the  ])re.sideiit 
or  any  member  of  the  Council.  The  six  members 
present  were  William  Clark,  Luke  Wat.-on,  Griftiih 
Jones,  John  Briiikhie,  John  (_'ann  and  Johannes 
D'Haes,  who  appointe.l  ami  comtnissii.me.l  .-i\ 
judges  without  th.'  kuowh  d'je  and  consent  of  the' 
other  members.     ^Vllen  the  regular  ( 'ouneil  learn,  d 


of  the  affair,  they  pr..mptly  .l.el.ir.  d  the  appoint- 
ments to  be  illegal,  and  severely  re[)rimande.l  th..' 
unruly  members  for  their  clandestine  action.  A 
demand  was  then  made  that  the  judges  and  other 
officers  of  the  lower  counties  should  lie  appiiinted 
by  the  ninerejiresentalives  fr.un  those  counties,  but 
this  was  not  allowed. 

In  1091  what  was  evidently  intended  by  the 
proprietor  as  an  indulgent  privilege  proved  onlv  a 
means  of  wideniiej'  the  breach  between  the  two 
seeti..ns  ..f  the  pn.vince.  Ptnn  Inel  left  to  the 
I'hoi:-.'  of  th.'  C.uuieil  three  dith'rent  f.inns  for  the 
ex.'cutive  mana'j-.nient  .if  the  'j.ivei'nnient.  It  was 
t.i  be  eilh.u-  tlir.Mi'J,  a  1  Vpntv-l  u.v.'ni.,r.  a  cojnrni- 
.M.m  ..f  iiv.-  ..r  th.-  C.un.'il  ii-elf  A  mai...'iiv  -.f 
th.'  Coiin.'il  favor.'d  th.'  !ii>t  ..f  tlu-M-  m.-tho.b. 
This   br.Might    thrill    a   f.irnial    pn.f",-t   fn.ni   -v\.\i 

m.'iiib.'i'-.  ten-  the   h.w.'r  eouiiti. William  Clark, 

John  Cann,  .lohn  Brinkh..?,  J.ihn  Hill,  Itiehanl 
Halliuell,  AlVrtus  Jacobs  and  George  Martin- 
They  deelare.l  th.it  the  appointment  of  live  coin- 
mi-.-i..ners  was  th.'  nietho.l  m..-t  a'.:'n'eab!e  to  them, 
an.l  their  .-e.'on.l  ,'li.,i.'e  w..nl.l  be  the  comnii.v-i.,n 
•  if  the  C.mn.,'il  it.-elf,  but  that  thev  could  n,.t  aecpi 
the  choice  of  a  Deputy-Governor,  siiiee  it  place<l  ali 


COLONIAL  IIL-TORV.  125 

;,|-o  ..n   accduiit   nf  the   rxpin.-.'    i.  ,|iiin.(l    lor   his  at  New  Ca.-tlf.   The  (li->,  utiii-  in.  uihrrs  iir-..'!  that 

-u]>lM)rt.      Tlicy    a-r,',.l,    hnurv.-r.    tn    a.v,pt    tlie  as  the  la«>  lia.ihe.-ii  ,hil>   ]Ki>-e,Mi_v  thr  A.--,  inhly, 

..nverniueiit  ..t'  the   C.Miii.il,  uii  i-nii.lith.ii    that    iiu  thev  emihl   .-re    ii.,    ffa.-Mii    whv  thrv  >hn,iM  1,,;    n- 

"tth-ers  shmikl    ho   a|.i.niiu,,l    t.,    jusitlons    in    the  enacte.l    at    I'hila.hlj.hia.      Tlie   act    (,f  union   ha.l 

three   lo\\er  cmintics   witlaiiit    tiic   i  .iHm  nt    i.f  the  juuvidul    that    the    hnver    emintirs    weii'    to    have 

nieiiihersot'Cuuneil  tor  ther-e  eoimtiis.      Thev  then  r..iiarprivih-i  -  \\  ith   thi-   ni.jier   in  all  thiuL's  rela- 

withilrew  fniin  the  (.'..uneil.      I'r. -ident  I.lnyil,  u  ho  tin- to  the    Lioverninent.  aiei   to -ay  that   measures 

hail    heen    chosen     I.)eiiutv-(  iovernor.     (lis|  alelied  !ia-->Ml  at  Xmv  Ca.-lle    n^juiivd    to  he  eontirnied  at 

John  Sinu-eek,  John   ^,ri.-to^v,  John    IMavall  a.id  l'hilad.l|ihia    \v.,nhl    di-roura-o   anv  further  visits 

David    Lloyd    to   >'ew   (a.-tie    altor   th.'    .-ee,<linL'  to  New  (Ai-tle   a- a    plaer    for  hohliii-   ineetinirs  of 

liunihers,  with  the  pl■onli^e  that  thev  need  have  no  the  A-seinhlv.   Moreover,  thi'V  failed  to  understand 

apprehension  on  the   p.un!-   rai-ul    hy  tla  i.i,  a-  he  that  the  hnvs  would    he  hindinL-  if  the  lower  eouu- 

unlessthey  voluntarily  a-reed  to  eontrihuietouar.l  upi.er,  iinh-,  it  eould  he  shown  that  thore  is 
his  support,  and,  moreover,  he  woidd  make  no  LTeater  authoritv  than  wlien  tin'  two  panios  act 
changes  iu  the  offices  of  the  lower  counties  until  in  eonjunction  at  Xcuea-tle,  Thi-  pioti.-t  was 
the  proprietor's  pleasure  were  known,  and  none  siL'-ned  hy  John  I'.rinkhie,  William  Lodiiirv.  John 
should  be  removed  without  their  consent.  This  Walker,  "William  Mort<in,  Luke  Wat,-on,  Jr., 
did  not  satisfy  the  representatives  frotn  the  three  Jasper  Ycates,  Richard  Halliwell,  Adam  Peterson 
lower  counties,  and  they  finally  seceded,  William  and  John  iJonaldson.  The  Governor  e.K))lained 
Markham,  the  secretary,  who  had  joined  them,  that  this  was  a  mere  matter  of  form,  to  avoiil  any 
being  chosen  Lieutenant-Governor  for  the  counties  misunderstandings  during  his  absence,  and  added 
of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Susses.  Penn  was  much  that  he  was  deeply  hurt  at  what  he  considered  a 
grieved  when  he  hoard  of  the  disunion  of  the  personal  .-liLiht.  On  behalf  of  the  others,  Jasjier 
province,  and  attributed  the  trouble  to  Lloyd's  Yeates  a>-ureil  the  Governor  that  no  insult  was 
ambition.  This  charireseenjed  unjust,  however,  as  intended,  and  tliat  thev  cherished  the  L'reaK  st 
Lloy.l  liad  <,nly  aecepte-i  his  olHce  after  much  respect  for  liini,  hut  th.at  they  only  aet.'d  in  ac- 
reluctance,  and  at  the  earne.-t  .-olii.'itation  of  most  c(u-daiin:'  with  the  hi>;  intiacsis  of  those  wlioni  they 
of  the  colonists.  -  represented.  The  (iovernor  then  sugee-ted  that 
The  province  continued  uiah-r  this  double  i:(iV  they  should  adjourn  for  one  hour,  until  he  could 
crnment  for  two  years,  when  Governor  Fletcher  send  for  the  rest  of  the  Assembly,  and  at  the 
a.ssumed  control  in  KJHo,  and  again  suceeeil.  d  in  a]>pointed  time  they  again  met.  A  full  discu.-?ion 
uniting  them.'  The  union  that  was  thus  re-tored  of  the  matter  took  place,  in  which  both  side.-  spoke 
continued  for  a  while  without  anything  to  di-turh  very  jJainly.  The  territorial  members  held  that 
the  peaceful  conduct  of  government.  In  IToO  the  union  had  been  from  the  first  burdensome  and 
there  occurred  a  slight  dispute  over  the  proportion  objectionable  to  them,  and  they  were  no  longer 
of  expenses  to  be  born  by  the  upi^er  and  lower  willing  to  remain  a  party  to  it.  Penn  argued  with 
counties,  but  this  was  soon  adjusted.  In  the  fi>l-  them,  and  expressed  his  sorrow  at  heinL:  compelled 
lowing  year  several  contests  were  beL'iin,  which  led  to  cany  such  ill  reports  to  J^ngland  on  hi-  ap- 
to  the  final  .separation,  three  years  later.  Ever  proachiii-  voya^'e.  but  thiallv  aji'.  ed  to  let  them 
since  the  act  of  union,  in  li;.s-J.  tlie  lower  ei^unties  withdraw  from  the  union,  -tipulatin-  in  po.-itive 
had  always  acted  with  e-reat  unanimitv.  IuITdI,  terms  that  the  >eparation  -hould  he  on  .-unieahle 
when  the  King  forward,  d  a  re^piest  to  Pen n.  ask-  terms,  and  that  thev  must  tir-t  -ettic  the  laws 
ing  tor  three  hundred  and  titty  pounds  sterlin-  ti.r  Some  further  difijculties  oeeurr.  d.  an.l  on  the  f  )1- 
the  maintenance  of  f..rtitieations  near  New  "I'ork.  lowing  day  the  proprii  tor  aiMn--ed  a  note  to 
tln^v  entere.l  their  prote-t  as  a  hoilv,  explainin-  them,  reiteratiii-  his  plea.-^  an.l  admonitions.  liieh- 
that  thev  were  unable  to  prnvJde  det'en-es  "tor  that  ard  Halliuell,  Ja-per  Veate-  and  Wiiiiam  P.od- 
co!onv,asthevtheni,-elve-  hadlvneed,.!  protection,  uicy  returned  to  the  A-en,l.lv,  luit  .-o,m  appeare.l 
On  tlie  Idth  of  ()ct..her,,,lthe'.anievear.the  mem-  beti.re  the  proprietor  and  a--urcd  him  that  thev 
hers  from  the  louer  c, untie-,  eon>i.ierinL'  that  the  could  no  lon-er  >it  in  that  l.,,dv,  hut  niu-t  at  once 
inea-ures  then  pending  betore  the  A.-,-eml.ly  were  Jirocecd  to  their  home.-.  Tlie  other  m.-nihers  con- 
highly  prejudicial  to  their  intere.-ts,  tibruptly  left  tinned  in  their  oh.-tiiiate  ref'us.al  to  reeo_Mii,?e  the 
that  boily.  On  the  14th  the  members  from  New  privileges  con-i-tent  with  the  hoiior  and  interest 
Ca-tle  and  Kent  Counties,  with  John  Hill  for  Sus-  of  the  lower  Counti(  -,  that  it  was  incumbent  upon 
-•■■<,  appeare.l  befu-e  the  0,,vernor  to  set  foth  tin-  meiuhcrs  to  leave.  I'-ain.  with  a  !iheralu>e 
tluar  -rievanc.v.  At  ihe  liieetin-  held  on  the  ..f  hi-  pe| -rnisive  pouer<.  at  length  hrou.ditlhem 
Kith  the  objectionable  measure  wa.-  a  bill  to  cvii-  to  term-,  after  .-everal  me--ige,  had  laen  e.\- 
>l•,o„la"ln,^,rvulP.,u,»ylva,u.^■■^ul.i.,  p   r.i,  et.  s..^  .hiiu-ed  with  the  ('ouncil  ami  A.-.-emblv,and  thev 


pr.iviiK  iui   .-lien 

nl.'j:-s. 

-,ll 

v.ai.  then;.     To 

'.'an; 

^     tl, 

♦he    <^.nft-.l    s,l 

.l.lclll 

y   a 

nuirbci  i'-i  tl'-u 

I"-'"' 

ii.-i; 

zht  uunoyun.-fc 

i!  !i\ 

the   ten-itiiria! 

ruen 

iliei 

;-ep;irate  A.^seni 

My,  f 

charto-r.     Th.-  ( 

■11. >r 

stc-n  couia   '.n!\ 

■    I'Tni 

lurp 

12t]  HTSTOKY  OF  PELA^A  A  UK.  | 

agrpfil  to  return  and    make  another  ctr'it  to  rea.  h  r^t.'jp  towa;-!-'  tlie  ^'laiiual  inrri'a-e  oi' the  [iroviu,  i,,'  '.; 

au    uiirlerstandin.'-.      On    ()ct.ili<'r     2Sih     Aie    new  invn.i.e;'-.  '>  hilr    tle'lr   own    nnniiifr   would  rrin:i;i,  \ 

charter   of  privde-.  ~    whirh    I'.ain    had    t'o.   .-oni.  bt;iti..,iary.      W:tii    th-    oiF.t    oI'    th.-    huej-d.  .-ir,  ,i  | 

time  been    pre[iarin'_'    wa.^  ^ulunitt' d   to   ;iii-('oun-  .~t|iarat;on    |,!a:-  d    li.doi-.'    t!/.ia    in    the    ehavtcr  oi  -i 

cil.     This  was  thr   oeraMoii  t;.r   anotli.r  ouflo-ak.  i-rivil.-e-,  a  ;v:.-  not,  hk-lvthat  tli.-v  -houhl  main  > 

The  eharter    provided,  in  the    u.-ual   terms,  tir  tlie  tain    t!ie    union    a.^y    ion.;er  tlian   was    ahs,,|uti  !■.  > 

enj(jyment  111' Hlierty  and  happiness  by  tiie  inhabit-  neees^ary.      But;:-   r';,,.y  w.-re   L'rautid  tlirn'  yi  ;ii-  | 

ants    of  tlu?   provinee.  and   a    siie.de    As;em!,dy  to  in  which  ro  .1.   ad.'.  th<  y  t  irrled  a  little-  to  hear  tin  j 

consist   of  four   mondiers   from   each    eounty  :  Imt,  ar:"inunts  and.   .••v!;,.:-i:i;;,jns   of  tlie  Govi-rnor  and  ; 

in.;;  that  a  S(|  aration    litid  now  come  to  be  inev-  provira  iat   memb-rs.  --,  ho  nuide  fVtry  effort  to   v  ■  i 

liable,  I'eun  added  the  fdhiwiu^'  provi.-i;  tail,  t, lien;.     T.e.'ani^   th.^   <-!o-r   ,,f  the  year   17nj  \ 

d    ni.Muinav-   -r.'W  woarv  o;  \ 

.-thceontinuala-italiouor  5 

s,   and    thev    demanded    a  ] 

rdin-   to  the   t.-rms   of  th.-  j 

remon.-trat-d  that  su.'h  a  I 

tho    mo-t    dinlul    iv-idt-,  I 

persons  t..  r.|.ri.,„r  ti..:i.  i.,  lo-ei.ibij- ;  aii.i  tiit-  iuhabit..iu<  of  e...  a  rTi.'oothly    Hiaintained    wiiIl  tho    mother    country:  j 

Inrdiu"K't'Llrmui'A'tv.r''ii'it'u'mi,X™^  '"'"t-  "''"'-'^  important  of  all,  as  tho  proprietor  \\as  { 

""fu^"''"'  thon    in  Entrlaiid   for   the  purpose   of  securing  hi-  I 

in'^.':T':'r[''r ''"  r' '''''''''  '':.'ZT::"VZ^'^  title  to  the  low,-r-ountios,  which  had  been  disputed  | 

tiiH ,;,.,,    r.o   I     :,;,  ,        ,    ;•         n. ,  »hi,ii  si'i.^ir.neii  i-i.ju;.  oiii  bv  (jthevs,    a    si'paratiou    at    th.at    moment    niiudit  1 

dmrL;; -.ny  iiov,',;!',..:  ,:,-  ;.';J,J„/:,r  ,;.H  s':,^lim"l!fhe^;ulve'U!'.e  W^----  especially  .li.a-tn.u.  bv  wcakonin-  his  claim.  j 

anJ  pr.icti,.il,  or  an.v  l.uv  iii;i.le  iuiil   lusseU  bj' tlie   KLTicral  aix,-ml.ly  to       ^loieOVer,  the  application     hadblMUl     made    Oil     the  i 

tlie  contr.iry  hereof  notvviiliatali'iinij,"  oip/-\.ii  i  i  -iti  * 

8th   of  October,  ami   as   the   charter    reipurcd   a!!  , 

The  Governor  then   issued   a  number  of  com-  elections  to   bcLdn  on   October   1st,  the   Governor  1 

missions,   appointing   Andrew    Hamilton   DeputN-  ni.-i.-ted  that  a  new   As.seinbly  could  not  be  elected  | 

__^^__  until  the    ].-t  of  October  should  again  recur.  They  5 

^'f''       ."~^--^  replied  that  this  ditfieulty  could  easily  be  avoided  I 

J,                        ■     "^x  by  the  i-ssuing  of  the   Governor's  writs,  but  tliis  | 

■x  '.                               ^  official  pointed  out  that  the  lower  counties  would  i 

J.      \                                   1  now    complain  that   they    had    been    thrown   out 

(__       /---•„     -««.v.                 4  without  notice,   and  the  olijecting   members  prom-  | 

\,   '    i''^^       ''■"                    ,]  Lsed  to    postpone    further  action  until  a  conference  | 

^^       .'                                       )  could  b..  hehl  uith  the  Council,    At  tlie  conference  | 

\        \  had   not  \et    elected    meinber.--    of  the   A.-einbly,  ': 

thereby  signifying  that  tley  would  not  accc-pt  the 
chartei,  it  would   be  better  to  give  them  an  op|")r-  '( 

/^       _  tunity  to   i.-sue  writ.^   of  election,  which    would    re-  1 

J  '  quire   verv  little   time,  b,.-t'ore    tiic\-  wvn-  alirupth- 

cast  off,  so'that  their  nicmbc-rsmijit  be  heard,     Th'c  £ 

dissenting  members  of  the  province  a-j-reed  to 
reconsider  their  determination,  provideil  the  G<'v- 
ernor  would  adjourn  them  for  one  month.  Thi- 
was  accordingly  done,  and  the(  'ouncil  rca-semldcd 
on  November  Itlth.  In  the  mean  time  memliers 
of  tlie  A.ssemblv  had  been  elected  f  .r  the  hiwer 
counties,  liut    tho^c  who  had    rea,  bed  Phiiadelphia 

inf.rmed  the   Governor   that   tliev Id  under  no 

circnm^tanci-s  -it  with  the  member-  electeil  for  the 
province.  The  provincial  niemb.  rs  had  been 
elc.acd  under  a  charier  uiiid,  the  territorial  mem- 
ber.- rel'u>ed  to  recognize,  and  lor  (heir  own  elec- 
tion   writ,    had    1 n    i-ued.      (  on-idcrable    time      . 

was.-pent  in   areuin-   but    witiiout   iv-nlt.     When 
tir.t     the  repreicntativea  liiet  in  the  aftcrnouu  at  .'^amnel 


/ 


Governor,  and  James  To-: 

m  secretarvof 

the  prov- 

ince,     and       clerk      of     tl 

le     (.'ouncil,     I 

iii.l     alsc 

nominated  niemlici-s  ot'  the 

Council,  and 

ineorpor- 

ated  the  city  of  Phila.lelpi 

li.i.      He  then 

sailcl  f  ,r 

TilLdand.  Ica\  iiiL''    the    pro' 
dis.-ati.-tied  condition.     The 

viiice    in   a    re- 
incorporation 

tlc-s   and 
of  I'll. !a- 

dclphia  which    -ave  the   P 

rovincial  Asr-ei 

ublv   two 

additional    members    was 

snfHiieiit    to 

-how    the 

territorial  Uicmbers    that  1 

dii=    was   only 

the   tir.-t 

Colonial  iiistouv 


127 


IVrc's,  :irc(,r.liiiL'  to  the  ( I.iviTiior  s  in-tniftiMiis.  it 
wii.-^  t'ciuiiil  thiit  tlir  l.riit.iriul  iiirniK.T-  were  lint 
presriit.  Ch-iHith  Jnm^  aii.l  .lihii  Suitt  u.iv^nit 
to  iiifiirm  them  that  thf  (nivinoi-  .1.  Mini  tlirir 
attfiKhince,  but  iTtiiiiii.l  «ith  thr  iiu-sa-.-  that 
thoVluul  waitr.lnii  t hr  <  1  ov,  in, .,■  f, .c  -..„„■  tihi,., 
aiui  had  n,.w  x\itlHlia«n  to  v.  tr. -h  I h.  n,.-,  Iv.-.-. 
and  u-,uihl  to.nwn-ou  wait  on  the  (  iovrnior,  if 
there  Were  oeea.~iMii."  Thiie  w a.-  no  aheiTiative 
hut  to  adjourn,  althou-h  niurh  a-ain^t  the  will  of 
some  of  tho.-e  [n-e.-eiit.      On  thr-   iioxt  day.  Xovni- 

iiices  and  terrilorie-  met  aeeonlinir  to  app^iint- 
ment.  Owing  to  the  dilierent  method.-;  whieh  had 
been  employed  in  eleeting  the  members  of  the  two 
sections  of  the  province,  it  was  agreed  that  they 
could  not  meet  as  an  Assembly.  It  was  sug'jested 
tliat  they  raiglit  meet  as  representatives  of  the 
people,  or  as  a  convention,  but  no  conclusion  could 
be  readied  on  account  of  the  firm  position  taken 
by  the  territorial  members.  They,  however,  sent 
to  the  Governor,  stating  that  they  were  by  no 
means  lacking  in  loyalty  to  the  Queen,  and  were 
nt)t  desirous  of  shirking  their  fair  share  of  duty 
and  responsibility,  and  if  there  was  anything  of 
great  importani-e  whi(/]i  he  had  to  lay  before  the 
Assemblv,  requirincj  the  joint  action  of  the  prov- 
ince and  territories,  it  might  still  be  possible  to 
bring  about  some  form  of  accommodation.  The 
Governor  answered  that  the  two  questions  which 
he  desired  particularly  to  call  to  their  attention 
were  the  orders  lately  received  from  the  (^ueen, 
and  the  defensel"ss  condition  of  the  province, 
exposed,  as  it  was,  to  the  attacks  of  enemies  on 
all  sides.  But  tliese  matters  were  not  sutHciently 
grave  to  accomplish  the  desired  end,  and  this  w;is 
reported  to  the  Governor  on  the  16th,  by  Joseph 
Growdon,  on  behalf  of  all  tlie  members.  The 
provincial  members  asserted  their  willingness  to 
meet  the  others,  Inittlie  latter  now  held  that  as  the 
writs  by  which  they  were  elected  were  based  on 
the  charter,  a  recognition  of  the  validity  ^of  this 
election  would  also  imply  their  accejitanee  of  the 
charter,  whi(;h  they  were  not  prepared  to  do.  Tlu' 
Council  then  passed  a  resolution  to  the  ellect  tiiat 
as  the  members  for  the  lower  counties  had  con- 
sented to  be  electeil  under  a  writ  L'rounded  on  the 
charter,  it  was  now  too  late  to  refuse  to  at  I  mi  t  it-t'orce, 
and  they  nii-lit  as  well  pr-pce'-d  m  busim-,-  with  the 
other  meiiibers.  On  the  I'.ith  the  Council  sent  a 
message  to  the  AsKiubly,  containing  three  (jues- 
tions,  as  follows:  1st,  are  the  representatives  of 
the  j)rovinee  williiiLr  to  iniet  the  re[ir(  seiitatives  of 
tlio  territories   for   the   iiurnn-,.  of  forinin-  an  As- 


willi 


meet  the  reprc.-elltative-  of  ll>e 
province  lor  the  purpose  of  f  .ruiiii-  an  A-s.Tniilv  ^ 
:'.d,  if  either  reluse,  what  methods  do  th.  y  pn.pnse 
for   the   formation   of  an  Assembly  to  prevent   the 


jirovinre  from  -utIi'rinLr,  when  such  L'rave  questions 
ivmain  iinroii-i.lrred  '  The  pmviiirial  m.-nibers 
in.m.diatrlv  replied,  .x  pi---ing  th.a,i.-elve.  as  both 
wiliin-  tia.l  de-ii-ou-  nt-artin-in  A--mblv  aecor.l- 
ini:  to  the  direction  ..f  tli.-  cliarter.  Th.'  followin- 
reply  was  sniunitted  by  the  members  for  the  lower 
r  .unties; 

"T1k>   s.iiil   ni-nilHTS  (in. lin^- Ih.it  tlipy  lire  Ciilli-,1   liero  on  a  ilifTertnt 


•■  1;   i  .  ;:  1  .,  :.   !i,  1..  ;,.i-.l  1!    .  .  ■,  ■  :i.  I  I  ,  .  r  \  I'.ili-s,  Evan  Jonea,  TUum- 

Ou  the  advice  of  the  Council,  the  Governor 
dismissed  the  whole  body  until  intelligcne-e  should 
come  from  England  recommending  farther  action. 
All  the  members  of  the  province  then  united  in  a 
petition  to  the  Governor,  again  requesting  a  sepa- 
ration, and  the  election  of  members  for  a  separate 
Assemblv,  with  two  adil'tional  members  for  Phila- 
delphia. Governor  il.imilton  died  soon  after- 
wards, after  haviiii:  devoted  the  whole  of  his  brief 
administration  to  a  futile  attempt  to  unite  the  dis- 
cordant elements  of  the  province,  much  to  the  ne- 
glect of  other  important  business.  The  management 
of  affiiirs  now  devolved  on  the  Council,  of  whom 
Edward  Shippen  was  jiresident.  When  the' time  for 
convening  the  Assembly,  according  to  the  charter, 
came  around,  in  October,  1703,  the  membei-s  for 
the  three  counties  of  the  province,  with  two  mem- 
bers for  Philadelphia,  presented  themselves  for 
qualification  by  the  Council  to  proceed  to  business 
in  the  new  Assembly.  Governor  Hamilton  had 
died  without  taking  any  action  on  their  petition  of 
the  previous  year,  and  the  Council  was  at  a  loss  to 
know  what  authority  it  had  in  the  matter.  After 
some  delay,  the  Council  qualified  them,  and  on 
October  loth  they  organized  themselves  into  an 
Assembly  of  the  province. 

John  Evans  arrived  with  his  commission  as 
Eieutenant-Governor  at  the  close  of  the  year 
17i.)o.  His  first  care  was  to  examine  into  the 
causes  of  the  disruption  l)ctween  the  province  and 
territories,  with  a  view  to  reuniting  them  if  possi- 
ble. The  eioveinor  inerea.<ed  tlie  number  of 
members  of  the  Coiinril,  addini:  several  members 
from  the  lower  coinuie-,  prominent  amoii_'  them 
bein.j  William  Rod.  n,-v  and  Ja-per  Yeates.  He 
also  .-e.aiivd  tllepa^.-a--'of  a  iv-oliiiion  bv  Council, 
depilating  themeasons  already  taken  "  toward  a 
dir-^ol^ltinn  of  tile  unioii,  and  advisini:  the  most 
earnest  endeavor.-  to  keep  tliein  united,  both  in 
h-islation  and  aJmini-tratinn.  (  ioveriior  Evans 
thin  went  to  New  Ca-tle  and  held  a  ciifeivnee 
witli  thr  III— t  pi-omiin'iit  eiti/ens,  and  it  was  ar- 
ranged that  the  h.wer  counties  should  eleet  mem- 
bers   tor   an    A^jembh',  to   meet   the   Governor   at 


128 


ULSTOIiY  OF   i)El.  \V\Ar;!'. 


Plnladrlphiu  in  April,  170  (.  Tlir  o]..,ti..i,<  >v.t.' 
held  in  M:ir,'h,  ;ni,l  ^^vv,■  very  rxcitir.-.  .-i  r.-,:illy 
the  oni;  at  Xrw  C'ar.tle.tli.'  can.lhlatr-  h.iri-  J-vm\ 
C.uttrt  and  Richard  Halli^^.'ll.  On  April  !l;h.  in 
accordance  witli  the  (inNcrnMr's  iii(lii>.  the  rneni- 
herscftlie  province  and  tlio-clVnni  New  (.'a-tieand 
Kent  Cnnnlie-  apnean.l  l.cinre  the  Cnnu.'il,  th.we 
from  Sus.ex  not  havini:  arrived.  The  provincial 
niembors  refused  to  confer  with  the  Governor  in  the 
presence  of  stranLa'rs,  and  the  nieinliers  fr^mi  New 
Castle  and  Kent  then  withdrew.  Tlie  S^jie.'kcr  ut 
the  Provincial  A.'-send)ly  then  lmvc  tin'  <  iovirnoi 
the  most  sincere  assurance  on  liehalt'  ot'  the  ■.'.I.ol,' 
b,Kly  of  their  .le.ire  to  ol,cy  any  con,i„ah,,s  :-. 
nii.irht  hav.'  to  lay  before  tlicni,  ritlur  tVon;  the 
crown  or  the  p,ropriet(jr.  ^\'hen  the  (lovTien- 
BULTL'-ested  that  they  act  in  eonjunetion  witli  th.' 
nieinliers  for  tie-  lower  counties,  they  in-i.-ted  that 
this  would  inl'i  in-e  on  their  rijrhts  "as  an  A.--eni- 
bly,  and  declincil  to  yirld,  but  finally  withdrew 
to  their  chamber  to  consider  the  -tate  ..f  athui's. 
On  April  1-Jih  the  tw.i  l.odie-^  were  brouLdit  toLrether 
before  the  Governor,  who  delivered  a  written  ad- 
dress, setting  forth  the  benefits  of  harmony  and 
unity,  and  strongly  beseeching  them  to  reconsidei 
the  steps  taken  in  the  past,  and  once  mere  to 
unite.  Direct  negotiations  were  then  begun  be- 
tween tlie  Assembly  of  the  province  and  the 
members  for  the  three  lower  connnu^.  Two  day., 
were  thus  occu])icd,  aud  on  the  14th  the  (  eivernor 
received  the  following  address,  signed  by  the 
members  who  had  been  elected  from  New  C:L~tle, 
Kent  aud  Sussex  : 

■'  To   Ihe  Uonorahle  John    Evliu,  G'lvernor  of  Penmyh-ania  unii  Ihe  thrta 


j.i  in  Uieir  r'lgl.t! 


Honor's   pxpeil.ition   from    ui 


"John  Hill,  W.^i^iiii  .\l,.ii.,n 


The  proposal   referred  to   in  this  address  was  a 


They  further  -L.tec  U'at  they  liad  a^.einbled  ;u 
Phihidelphia  in  p-rjeance  witii  tlie  <Jnvernoi'- 
instructions,  fully  e.Kp''ci;i;g  to  be  Joined   bv  the 

p'We-nt  s.ic'n  liU'etini-.  Uhe  piovineial  niemln  r-. 
in  tiivir  :ejilv  to  ti.-..-  declareii  that  the  as.-erti(,ii 
:har(her..Mtona!  n,.  rebers  had  come  to  join  the,,, 
in  .\s-c;nblv  ^sa.^  cere  mten-e,  as  it  was  thev  wl,e 


.-(••cogn;/.c  tt,.j  ..;euter,  amt  coiu-c'iuently  the  prov- 
ince was  firni  in  it.-;  purpose  to  retain  its  new 
A^--enibIy  distluct  from  that  of  t!,.'  lower  coinuie>. 
but  .•It  tl'.e  san,e  time  they  hoped  that  friendly  and 
neigliii'jily  reiatior.s  woidd  always  be  kept  up 
iielwten  them  fVu  die  safety  and  welfare  of  the 
geveriiment. 

It  Mill  thus  be  seen  that  tlie  po-ition.-  f,rnierly 
taken  by  the  respective  parties  to  the  controver.-y 
had  now  been  exactly  reversed.  It  was  the  jirov- 
ince  which  now  wished  to  withdraw,  and  the 
territr.ries  that  desired  to  continue  the  union.  Yet 
it  does  not  seem  that  they  cherished  any  very  fon,l 
desire  for  a  reunion;  but  seeing  that  such  a  thiiiL' 
was  now  beyond  hope,  and  that  the  province  had 
assumed  the  lead  in  the  cry  for  seiiaration,  they 
were  anxious  that  their  northern  brethren  should 
lie  in  a  position  to  bear  all  the  odium  that  might 
result  from  any  future  ill  effects  of  the  disunion. 
AVhen  the  Governor  had  received  the  ultimatum 
of  the  lower  counties,  he  still  thought  that  an 
agreem?nt  might  be  possible,  and  requested  all  the 
parties  concerned  to  meet  him  on  the  following 
day  for  a  free  conference.  Governor  Evans  once 
more  earnestly  and  eloquently  repeated  the  argu- 
ments which  he  had  so  freipiently  submitted  before. 
But  all  to  no  eHect.  The  Governor  agreed  to  the 
separation,  and  from  tiiat  time  it  was  complete. 
The  next  step  wa-  to  or-ani/e  the  A-senibly  f  >r 
the  lower  counties.  The  opinion  ,,f  ,IiidL;e  Moni- 
jjessop  being  asked,  he  d,  ejded  that  it  Wi.iild  be 
better  to  is.-ue  ne\v  writs  for  eleetioiis,  and  avoid 
anv  po^^ible  broils,  ami  al<o  ruled  that  all  laws 
which  had  previiHisly  been  ei 
Assembly  of  province  and  ten 
full  force  in  each  sejiarately. 

The  first  Assembly  of  the  three  lower  counti 
met  in  Xovembev,  171)4.  Mo,-t  of  the  niembe 
who  had  l,eeu  elected  on  the  ori-,nai  writs  we 
re-.lected,  and  Janie-  Coutt.  was  dm- ■„  Speak, 
The  nc-t  imp.a-tant  hu\.-  enact, ,1  hv  the  n> 
I.c-islatnre  iiielTid,,!  a  n,ea,-,ire  provalim:  th 
seven    year.-'    po-.e-,i,,i,  of  lan.l    should    give   u 

infant-,    married    women,    Inu 


le  j<.in: 
now  in 


jn,t  tl 


iml     persons 
o.-.-ess  estates 


COLONIAL  Hl:^TOKY 


129 


n.l  al.-o  a  hin    for  rcmi- 


iittorneys  and  >oli, 
liUivj.  Nveiglit^^  ami  iiR-asiin>  arconliiiL'  t.,  tl^e 
(Jiieon's  standard  for  tin'  txclK^juer.  As  >'>oa  ii-j 
the  Assembly  ha^l  iMUVi.'ncd  at  Ni^'U"  Castic,  a  tew 

tion  from  the  province.  James  Lnj-an,  who 
accciiupanied  the  Guvernor  I'l  New  Castle,  as 
secretary  of  the  Couueil,  wrote  to  I'eini  that 
"  Judge  Guest,  with  the  designing  men  uf  this 
place  (Xcw  Castic),  seem  to  endeavor  an  utter 
sejiaratiou,  and  that  this  alone  may  be  made  the 
mart  for  all  the  people  below." '  Guest  was  an 
ambitious  scamp  who  sought  personal  ends  from 
the  accomplisluuentof  this  scheme,  which  un.t  with 
deservedly  little  suppport  at  that  time. 

Tlie  Assembly  before  adj(jurning  contirnicd  all 
previous  laws,  and  also  iucrea.-ed  the  iiiui;!)i'r  of 
members  of  the  Assemldy  from  four  to  six  lor  each 
county. 

Governor  Evans  was  much  irritated  at  his  t'ailure 
to  unite  the  province  and  territories,  and  ^ravc  vent 
to  his  petty  spite  against  the  former,  who  had  been 
the  last  to  object,  by  continually  interposing 
obstacles  to  prevent  any  facility  of  action  by  their 
^Yssembly.  During  the  summer  of  1704  he  had 
issued  a  call  for  militia  on  account  of  the  war  then 
raging  between  England  and  France  and  ."~paiu. 
Three  companies  were  raised  in  Xew  Castle  County, 
two  in  Kent  and  the  same  nuuiber  in  Sussex,  but 
in  the  province  considerable  difficulty  arose  over 
this  order,  owing  to  the  number  of  Quakers  who 
held  conscientious  scrujiles  against  bearing  arms. 
G-overnor  Evans  became  highly  indignant  at  this, 
and  when  over  a  year  had  elapsed,  and  tlie  peojile 
still  held  out  against  taking  up  arms  (as  they  held) 
unnecessarily,  Evans  resorted  to  a  curious  jdan  for 
terrifying  them  into  obedience.  lie  selected 
'fhomas  Clark,  an  attorney  of  Philadelphia,  and 
Robert  French,  of  New  Castle,  as  his  as,-oeiates. 
The  annual  fair  was  in  pro'.'ress  at  Philadelphia, 
on  ^Liy  1(5, 170G.  The  fair'was  a  great  institution 
of  the  colonial  jioriod.  Everybody,  ^luiiiu'  and 
old,  as.'^embled  in  holiday  attire,  and  it  ua-  a  irala 
time  for  gayety  and  rejoieiuLT.  French,  who  was 
stationed  at  New  <  'a.-tle,  siiit  up  a  me-.-enuei-  to  the 
Governor,  apparently  in  a  L'leat  .-tafe  of  fear  and 
consternation,  informiiiL--  him  that  a  number  of 
hostii-vev^els  had  come  up  the  bay,  and  lie'  ].e,.ple 
^^ere  in  imminent  damrer  of  being  attacked,  and 
Iheir  projierty  pillaged.  ^fessengers  had  been 
previously  stationed  ab'iut  the  city,  and  at  once 
hastened  to  spread  the  news,  to  the  L'reat  terror  of 
thepeople.  The  (;..venior  rode  through  the  strots 
\wth    drawn    s\vor<l,    apoarentlv    much     aLntated, 


'M-i,. 


Pell 


llJ.-lice, 


beseeching  the  citizens  to  ofliu- all  possible  a.^sist- 
ance  in  the  emerL'eiicy.  Hut  rhrouu'h  some  un- 
known a-'-ncy  the  >,  ,-i-et  becanu'  known  and  tlio 
plot  failed,  the  only  ell^rt  bein- to  tVi-liteii  a  few- 
people   fai-ther   up    tlio    river,  wit  li  whate'ver  valu- 

tiou,  and  plaerd  him  in  -en.-ral  di^tavor  with  the 
people. 

In  >ovember  of  the  same  year,  at  tiie  secret 
suggestion  of  the  Governor,  the  As~i'ndilv  of  the 
lower  counties  authorized  the  erei'tion  oi'  a  f  irt  at 
New  Castle  for  Her  ilajesty's  -.  I'vici-.  A  duty  was 
imposed  on  all  vessels  pa-sing  the  f  irt  in  goi/ig  up 
the  river  from  the  sea,  consisting:  of  a  quarter  of  a 
pound  of  powder  per  ton  for  all  vessels  owned  bv 
persons  residing  on  Delaware  River  or  B.ay,  and  a 
half  a  pound  for  those  owned  by  all  others,  except- 
ing only  ships  of  war.  In  addition  to  this,  all 
vessels  pa-^siuL''  in  either  direction  were  required  to 
ilrop  anchor,  and  the  commander  must  go  on  shore, 
report  and  secure  leave  to  pass.  The  penalty  for 
the  neglect  of  this  regulation  was  fixed  at  a  tine  of 
five  pounds,  a  forfeiture  of  five  pounds  for  contempt, 
and  twenty  shillings  for  the  first  gnu,  thirty  for  the 
second,  and  forty  for  every  one  thereafter  that  it 
might  be  necessary  to  fire  at  them  on  account  of 
such  neglect.  This  motisure  naturally  met  with 
much  opposition  from  the  province,  tlie  citizens  of 
which  denounced  it  as  a  bold  infraction  of  their 
privileges,  intended  only  to  destroy  their  trade.  The 
people  of  Philadelphia  were  particularly  loud  in 
their  complaints,  declaring  that  the  tax  might  as 
well  be  imposed  on  the  goods  in  their  shops  as  upon 
the  ve.ssels  bringing  them  to  the  city,  and  they  held 
that  their  charter  granted  them  a  free  and  uninter- 
rupted use  of  the  river  and  bay  without  any  inter- 
ference whatever.  The  law  was  nevertheless  passed, 
except  that  the  provision  requiring  vessels  owned 
on  the  river  and  bay  to  [lay  duty  wa-^  omitted. 

The  Philadeljihians  openly  declared  that  they 
would  not  pay  any  duty  whatever.  The  fort  was 
erected  in  the  winter  of  1707  by  Captain  Rediuip, 
the  (Queen's  engineer, 'who  was  brought  from  New 
York  bv  the  ( iovernor  for  the  pnrpo-c.  When 
ever\tliin'_''  was  in  readiness,  and  several  tines  had 
been  collected  bvthe  authorities  at  the  f  u-t.  Richard 
Hill.of  Philadelphia,. lot, .rmined  to  test  thestrength 
of  the  ].hice  bv  boMl  V  de'\  in-  the  orders.  His  new- 
sloop,  the  "Philadeipl'.ia',"  was  just  ].reparin-  f:>r 
her  first  voyai^e  to  the  Parbadoes.  The  ma-ter  of 
the  ves-el  was  ordered  by  the  owners  not  to  >top  at 
the  flit.  Hi'  went  to  th.e  Governor.  reque.--ting 
permi-ioii  to  pa.-,  but  tlii<  wa>  ret'ii-ed.     Hill  then 

notwitli-iaiiiling  !ii-  r<iii>al.  The  (  .oNcnior  at  once 
set  out  for  New  C:i-tle  ,in  hor-ebaek  to  imtitV  tliem 
of  tho  expected  arrival  of  the  ve-el,  and  a  watch 
of  ten   men    w:u-   -tal  foiled   on  the  .-hore,  lest  she 


i:JO 


HISTOKV  OF  DKLAWMIK. 


might  piL-^s  uiinotici-(l  imilor  I'nvrr  of  darknws. 
Hill,  Ix'in-  ulVai.!  tw  tru>t  ihe  iiKi.-t.r,  Ix.ardoa  the 
sloop  and  took  with  hiiu  Samufl  i'lv^ton  arid  I^aac 
NorrLs,  who  were  als<i  part  owners.  The  vc>sei 
was  duly  cleared  at  Pliiladeliihia,  and  when  tbej- 
reached  New  Cattle,  Preston  and  ^^orris  were  sent 
to  the  fort  to  rei[Uest  permission  to  pass  without 
further  interrujition.  This  wa5  ilenied  unless  they 
Would  comply  with  the  rcirular  reuuiremeDts  of  the 
station.  Hill  then  took  command  of  tho  vessel, 
and  passed  the  lijrt  under  the  tire  of  its  i:iiii?, 
receiving  no  damage  except  a  shot  through  the 
mainsail.  When  they  had  passed,  John  Freneh, 
the  commander  of  liie  fort,  put  out  after  them  in  a 
boat,  and  when  he  came  up  Hill  willingly  threw 
him  a  rope.  French  climbed  up.  the  rope  was  cut, 
and  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  owners  of  the 
sloop.  Lfjrd  C'ornbury,  the  vice-admiral  of  the 
Queen's  fleet,  happened  to  Ix?  lying  at  Salem,  and 
French  was  delivered  over  to  him,  and  after  a 
s<'vere  reprimai^d  was  lil>erated.  On  ^lay  jyth 
about  two  hundred  and  twenty  inhabitants  of  the 
province,  mostly  residents  of  Philadelphia,  pre- 
sented a  petition  to  tlie  Governor  protesting  against 
a  continuance  of  the  fort  as  an  infringement  upon 
their  liberty  which  was  was  not  granted,  but  in 
fact  denied,  by  the  charter  of  the  Duke  of  York. 
A  long  discussion  ensued  in  the  Council,  most  of 
the  members  objecting,  not  to  the  fort,  but  to  the 
e.xactions,  and  the  Governor  was  finally  forced  to 
promise  a  susjX'nsion  of  the  objectionable  features 
of  the  act.  His  position  in  favoring  it,  however, 
had  already  produced  a  stronger  feeling  than  \xf»re 
against  him,  and  several  petitions  were  sent  to  Penn 
recjuesting  his  removal,  which  were  at  length  com- 
plied with  about  the  middle  of  170-^,  when  news 
was  brought  announcing  that  he  had  been  super- 
seded by  Charles  Gi'okin. 

Evans  had  just  purchased  a  farm  at  Swanhook, 
near  New  Castle,  and  had  made  extensive  improve- 
ments, and  was,  therefore,  not  a  little  indignant  at 
his  peremptory  removal.  Some  of  those  in  the 
lower  counties  who  had  formerly  acted  witli  Judge 
Guest,  hearing  that  Evans  had  been  removed,  and 
knowing  his  partiality  for  the  territories,  supposed 
that  he  would  gladly  a-^sume  the  head  of  their 
government  if  they  could  be  entirely  separated 
from  the  jirovince.  They  prepared  another  scheme 
for  carrying  out  this  idea,  but  found  to  their 
dismay  that  Governor  Evans  fostered  no  such 
ambition.  On  the  contrary,  in  a  communication 
to  the  Assembly  at  New  Castle,  delivered  shortly 
after  this,  the  most  patriotic  .sentiments  are  found, 
together  with  wholesome  advice  for  defense  and 
other  measures  ennally  necessary.  3Iuch  lo  his 
surprise,  he  received  in  reply  to  this  an  address 
fn>m  the  Asseiubly  (juestioning  his  autlmrity  to  act 
at  all,  on  account  of  the  douiits  which  existed  in 
the  minds  of  members  of  the  A5^cmbly  as  to  the 


legaiity  of  Penn's  title  to  the  lower  counties.  Tl:!, 
was  an  old  qucjii^'n  whi,  h  was  periodically  rai-,.i 
in  the  t>;rntoric.s,  and  then  ouit-tly  allowed  to  dn.j.. 
Governor  Evans  responded  that  he  had  not  th- 
leiist  doubt  as  vo  the  validity  of  his  commi.~si,,n. 
but  as  his  olfice  was  .<o  soon  to  devolve  on  anotii.  r. 
he  would  not  take  the  time  to  vindicate  it.  At  tlil^ 
point  a  aundxT  ot  (nembei-s  took  the  ]>art  of  tin- 
Governor  and  w  ivhd-e>v  from  the  Assembly,  break- 
ing up  the  House.  They  were  Richard  Erap.son,  of 
Nev;  Cpslip,  ,)o:^epli  Booth,  of  Kent,  and  Thomas 
Fish--,  Conioii.i^  T^'iltoank,  Philip  Kussell,  Wil- 
iinm  Fishes.  .Xich.las  Grainger  and  Ad.  Joluison. 
of  &i',ssex.  Tliey  insisted  that  the  action  of  the 
other  merabeis  in  laising  a  ijuestion  ;\s  to  tlie 
Gv)vernor's authority  w:(^ uncalled  forand  unreason- 
able, and  that  his  answer  was  exceedingly  appru- 
priate.  They  feared  that  the  nvciiibers  intended 
harm  i^ather  than  benefit  to  their  form  of  govern- 
ment, or  at  least  anticipated  some  change,  and  to 
avoid  ary  counectioa  with  such  a  movement  thcv 
thought  best  to  withdraw.  As  Governor  Gookiii 
soon  arrived,  the  membei-s  quietly  returned.  In 
aciditiou  to  the  troubles  already  mentioned,  much 
p.iinoyaDce  was  caused  by  the  depredations  of  the 
pirates,  negotiations  with  Indians  and  disputes  over 
the  boundaries  with  Maryland,  hut  these  topics 
have  been  treated  at  length  elsewhere.  Penn  had 
not  despaired  of  a  reunion,  and  in  his  instructions 
to  the  new  Governor  he  recommended  an  attemjit 
to  secure  this  end.  To  those  in  the  colony,  how- 
ever, it  was  evident  that  tliis  wa.s  no  longer  possible. 
The  breach  l>etween  them  had  become  too  wide. 
But  after  a  few  years  the  two  A.~seniblies  learned 
to  cease  their  policy  of  intermeddling,  and  the 
government  was  conducted  verj-  peaceably.  As 
early  as  1709  we  find  the  Assembly  of  the  province 
passing  a  resolution  of  sympathy  with  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Lewistown,  owing  to  the  suftl'ring  recently 
borne  by  them  from  an  attack  by  the  euemv. 

When  the  lower  counties  put  an  end  to  their 
quan-els  with  the  province,  however,  they  began 
new  ones  with  the  proprietor.  The  particulars  of 
the  new  intrigues  show  that  amone  the  early  col- 
onists of  Delaware  there  were  those  who  were  by 
no  means  destitute  of  p>litic-al  astuteness.  Some 
of  the  most  promineiit  men  in  the  territories  drew 
up  an  address  early  in  1709  to  the  Lords  of  Trade 
and  Plantations,  who  manaj.red  all  tlic  British  col- 
onies, complaining  of  Penn's  management  of  the 
three  counties  upon  the  Delaware,  lliey  avowed 
that  because  of  the  proprietor  and  the  Quakers 
they  had  not  sufKcicnt  power  for  enacting  the  law.* 
nece.^sary  tor  the  j>ublic  gr>od  ;  tliat  they  were  left 
in  a  defenseless  condition,  and  had  nut  had  ]iro- 
vincial  courts  among  them  for  seven  years.  Thii 
addn—i  was  signed  by  nine  memljcrs  of  the  A.-^scni- 
bly.  includinir  James  Coutts,  Jasper  Yeates,  Ilich- 
ard  Ilalliwell  ami   Kjjlx>rt   French.      Coutts   had 


COLONIAL  HLSTOltV. 


131 


liitherto  :il\v;iyd  ln^en  niu-ia>Tc(l  a  stan.-li  fririi.l 
,)t'  the  pn>iiriitnr,  ami  lii-  -u.l.lcn  i!kui-''  "f 
pdlicy  occiisiuiieil  much  ,-iir|in.-c.  Vi.iti.-,  h<i\v- 
<'ver,  was  the  iii>tiLMt(.r  ..f  thi;  new  viil.'riins,'. 
He  had  moved  from  ('h.-trr  tn  ^^■\v  (  .i.-.il.  ,  and 
had  there  started  a  Im-im-s  vi'iituro  (in  an  ex- 
ten  Jed  scale.  Thetiiuii  V. as  not  cunsiilered  healthy 
at  this  time  and  did  Hot  [UM-iior,  and  tliv  |iLo|ile  in 
the  country  much  preferred  to  uo  to  riula<lelpliia 
to  tran.^aet  their  busiiiet^s  than  to  .~top  at  New  Cas- 
tle. Yeates  saw  that  some  liarrier  must  lie  placed 
Vietween  the  seat  of  his  new  venture  and  Philadel- 
phia, to  materially  check  communication  between 
the  two  places.  This  was  either  to  be  done  by 
makiuir  New  Castle  the  capital  of  a  new  province 
consisting  of  the  three  lower  counties,  or  allegiance 
■with  Pennsylvania  must  be  severed,  and  an  alliance 
made  with  some  other  colony,  the  situation  of 
whose  capital  would  not  interfere  with  the  com- 
mercial progress  of  New  Castle.  Yeates  was 
shrewd  and  influential,  and  secured  the  assistance 
of  many  others.  Although  the  relation  between 
himself  and  Coutts  had  for  some  time  past  been 
somewhat  strained,  he  soon  found  an  opportunity 
to  bring  aliinit  a  reconciliation,  since  Coutts  was 
attliis  tinif  by  far  the  must  influential  man  in  the 
lower  counties.  Their  object  was  simply  to  secure 
fi  separation  from  Pennsylvania,  (.'outts  signed 
the  petition  as  Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  although 
It  had  never  been  brouLdit  before  that  body  and 
was  strictly  a  private  ntlair,  and  took  it  to  Lon- 
•don  himself  IViiu  was  kept  informed  of  every 
movement  through  Secretary  Logan  and  was  well 
prepared  for  his  arrival,  although  he  had  at  length 
lost  patience  with  the  territories.  But  this  scheme, 
like  its  predecessors,  came  to  naught.  Toward  the 
<?nd  Coutts  attempted  to  secure  the  government  for 
himself  through  bribery,  and  his  co-operators, 
afraid  of  his  power,  again  ottered  Governor  Evans 
the  leadei-shi]),  but  he  per.-isted  in  his  refusal.  In 
consequence  of  this,  a  dispute  arose,  which  com- 
pletely disorganized  the  schemers,  and  tUere  the 
matter  ended.  It  is  ilifKcult  to  see  that  any  par- 
ticular advantage  woidd  have  been  derived,  uidess 
to  the  chosen  low.  Thi'  three  counties  were  not 
yet  sufficiently  [)nis|ierous  to  succeed  as  an  inde- 
pendent colony.     It  wa- estimated  at  tlie  time  that 

dred  and  twenty  I'amiliis,  hardly  euoui^h  to  support 
a  well  regulated  government  when  surroiunled  on 
all  sides  by  others  more  powerful  in  respect  to 
numbers  an<l  experience.  After  the  excitement 
incident  to  this  last  trouble  had  sidjsided,  tlie  peo- 
ple (|uietly  sittK'd  down,  and  for  the  next  few  years 
nothing  occiind  to  mar  tlie  (■itizen-  in  their  jieace- 
ful  pursuit  of  happin.ss  and  contentment.  The 
I'triod,  however,  is  at  K  a-t  notcworlliv  as  li.ino; 
marked  by  a  rapid  .levelMpmcnt  ..f  the  church. 
A-earlv  as  170:!    a  colonv  nf  Welsh   liapli.ts   h^^,\ 


settled  ..n  what  was  tlien  called  "The  Welsh 
Traet,"  but  n..w  knoun  a<  (;la>-ow,  lying  between 
Delaware  City  and  Xewark,  and  about  ten  nules 
frnni  Wilnii[i:;ton.  They  secured  about  thirty 
thousand  acres  from  Messrs.  Evajis,  Davia  and 
Willis,  who  hau  purclia.-ed  it  from  IVnn,  and  at 
once  proieeded  t..  erect  a  meetiii--hon>e.  This  was 
ilni.-lied  in  17(m;,  tlie  tiist  |:a>tor  bein-  the  K.-v. 
David  Evans,  a  native  of  WaL  s.  Tnder  his  care 
the  church  slowlv  ine.ea.e,!,  aud  eaeh  year  the 
n;eudHi.~iiip  increased,  either  tl,n>UL;h  addithmal 
arrivals  from  Wales  or  by  tlie  baptism  of  settlers. 
At  New  C.-ir-tlethe  same  pro- re.-<  was  noted.  The 
Kev.  George  Iloss  was  ajipointed  missionary  at 
that  place  in  ITO-).  He  started  a  congregation 
there  and  met  with  great  success,  as  among  the 
regular  attendants  at  service  were  numbered  many 
from  the  surrounding  country,  some  coming  as  far 
as  ten  or  twelve  miles.  Encouraged  by  this,  he 
extended  the  field  of  his  labors  to  Apoquinimy  and 
White  Clay  Creek,  preaching  twice  during  each 
month  at  New  Castle,  and  once  at  each  of  the  other 
two  places  named.  Richard  Halliwell,  who  had 
contributed  largely  toward  building  the  Emanuel 
Church  on  the  Green  at  New  Castle,  bequeathed 
sixty  pounds  for  its  support,  and  also  gave  his 
plantation  of  sircty-seven  acres,  with  finely-im- 
proved houses  and  orchards,  as  a  parsonage  for  the 
ministers  who  should  from  time  to  time  serve  the 
church. 

The  missionaries  who  were  here  settled  were 
sent  from  England  by  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts.  Their 
work  in  Kent  and  Sus.sex  Counties  was  not  so  easy, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  country  was  far  more 
sparsely  settled  and  the  people  scattered  farther 
apart  than  in  Xew  Castle.  But  this  had  not  de- 
terred them  from  sending  out  their  agents.  In  171)4 
the  P>,ev.  Mr.Crawford  was  stationed  as  missionary 
at  Dover.  In  about  two  years  he  baptizeil  two 
hundred  and  thirty  people  in  his  immediate  dis- 
trict, besides  many  others  in  the  vicinity.  At  the 
end  of  the  third  year  they  had  erected  a  modest 
structure  in  which  to'  hold  their  meetings.  He 
hibored  assiduously,  being  obliwd  to  give  many 
sufficient  instriK'tioii  to  enable  them  to  read  the 
common  prayers.  His  plan  was  to  preach  one 
Sunday  at  the  upper  eml  of  the  county,  on  the 
next  at  Dover,  and  on  the  third  at  the  lower  end, 
thuscoming'in  contaet  with  as  many  of  the  inhabit- 
ants as  possible.  I  le  was  al-o  invited  to  preach  in 
Sussex  County,  and  in  respon-e  to  this,  preached 
at  Captain  Hill's  house,  at  Lewistown.  The  people 
were  much  idea.sid  and  wrote  to  the  Bishop  of 
Li:ndon,  asking  that  a  i[ini>ter  be  scut  to  them, 
and  promisin-'  all  the  siqijiort  they  could  afford. 
The  con-ii-ucti It' a  ni' >tiuL:-  hwuso  was  also  com- 
menced there.  Mr.  Crawi'ord  was  soon  after  coni- 
peHed  to  retnrn  to   EfiL'land   and   ,li.l    not    n  turn. 


i;;2 


IIISU'RV  OF  OI^LaWARI 


ami  fur  sonio  time  neitlifr  dfthc  two  pouutie-  had 
a  rciTular  uiinister. 

In  Auiiust,  1717,  (M.vminr  Kritli,  w!ioh:;<l  a  »'rW 
nKjiitlis  jirt-vinuslv  >ii(cr('iit  il  (iuvtrnnL-  (iimkin. 
(Irsirmis  (if  viyitin-  tl;r  Inwir  rmiiiti.-,  invit«;.l  .Mr. 
I{o.--,  who  wa~  >t\\\  In  t'liar.'c  of  tin-  -[iirituai  att'airs 
of  New  Castle,  to  areonii.aiiv  him.  In  ronipant 
with  ;;cveral  otliei-s,  they  tii->t  \v(nt  to  Lewistown, 
ami  on  Angu.st  7th  ^Ir.  llos-  proacheil  there  in  tlie 
Court-Hou^e.  He  reniainf'l  th.re  -tveral  liavs, 
baptizing  over  fifty  chililn  n,  and  tlim  went  lo^he 
various  meeting-hou.-^es  uhieh  had  already  been 
erected  in  the  eounty.  lie  tlien  went  throUL'r, 
Kent  County  with  tlio  (;..vrrnor  and  nift  with 
similar  greetini:.  lie  was  so  much  '^ratiiicd  at  rhe 
result  of  his  visit,  that  in  A|'ril,  171^.  he  again 
went  through  Sussex  County,  u;'eiiing  a  new 
church  that  had  been  built  and  lia[itizlr.g  nuL^y 
new  membere.  Conseijuently,  the  two  Iowlt  coun- 
ties were  not  absolutely  without  a  nnuister,  T-Ir. 
Ross  addressed  a  letter  to  the  society  in  Knghind. 
urging  that  a  missionary  be  sent  out,  and  this  was 
indorsed  by  Governor  Keith.  The  people  of  Lewis- 
town  had,  in  Oct.,  1720,  finished  a  frame  church  in 
the  centre  of  the  town\md  were  nuicli  rejoiced  when, 
in  the  following  year,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Beckett  arrived 
froui  London  to  take  char^'e  of  it.  The  sarue 
success  followed  which  his  expectations  anticipated, 
and  the  work  being  now  on  a  firm  basis,  the  pro- 
gress of  the  Church  of  England  (all  the  missionary 
work  being  indejiendent  of  the  lar'_'e  number  of 
Q.uakers  in  the  colony)  was  now  well  established.' 
In  the  nieanwliilc  the  civil  aflairs  of  the  lower 
counties  had  not  been  neglected.  When  Hovernor 
Keith  arrived,  in  1717,  lie  immediately  exaiuined 
into  the  affairs  of  the  territories,  and  upon  the 
clo.se  of  his  investigation  added  another  niend)erto 
the  Council  from  the  lower  counties,  in  the  pei-son 
of  John  French. 

In  1719  the  As.-cmbly  p,i--ed  an  art  for  the 
better  administration  of  jiisiice,  some  of  the  pro- 
visions of  which  are  hardly  e^pmh-.l  l,y<he  famous 
blue  laws  of  Coniiectient,  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  In  one  respect,  however,  the  act 
exhibited  a  tendencv  toward  tideration.  viz. :  ov 
allowing  Quakers  to'atRrm,  as  x\ell  as  all  other-^  who 
niiglit  be  conscicntiouslv  opp(,-iMi  to  takiii;.'-  an 
oath.  In  this  they  antic-ioatrd  -imihir  artinn  bv 
the  Assembly  of  the  province  liy -ix  y.-ai-.  f  ir  it 
was  not  until  172.'.  that  the  Pennsylvania  A-m  inhly 
relieved  th.-  (Quakers  from  takin-  oatii.  I'.y  tlie 
terms    (,f   the    new    law,  all    persons    crimmirting 


sufttrcd  death,  as  in  th.^ 
person  wh.o  nit  )n'  i  r  di-;: 
the  eye,  slit  tlie  !!.'.-■:  or  li] 
another.  ^uii^Ted  ■!!■.•  d<  ,ith 
of  clergy.      Wor.  ^n    <.,n 

escape    iho    de!,til    :ni|ii-l:ci 

brandetl  on  the  iiai.d  .ind 


rolibery,  sodomv 
fidoiis,  and  puuis 
land  (piinl-hed 
concealed  the  d. 
person  advi-in^ 
the    child,    was 


y  or  i.i|ic  V 
:-dini:  to  the  hi 
h).  Anv  w. 
■c  ba-tard   <■!, 


.ng- 


inirno,  put  ' 
d  tho  lin.l, 
•itliout  ben. 
tolony  nu.j 
instead  \\i 
1.     The  sill II 


nation  of  i^vitnes-e.-  nas  piii,i,d;ed  by  a  tine  of  fortv 
pounds,  one-half  to  i-  i  to  the  government  and  ili. 
otncr  to  the  nggvi-v  .i  party.  In  case  the  oHend.  r 
could  not  prf.ciir,-  tl;-  ;i'  ■\..s;irv  amount  in  nioiirv. 
Ir.ud  uT  ,  h.,!'i  I~,  h'-  .iillirei!  inijirisonment  for  six 
T'lonths,  -.v:.  I  svt;-  ola^d  oil  ri<e  pillory  for  on. 
hour  in  some  nu'die  place  where  the  otl'ence  w;n 
committed,  and  also  syfil.red  any  other  puni:-h- 
meuts  or  disabilities  inf.ictcd  by  the  law  of  England 
covering  the  same  crime.  Any  person  convictLU 
of  a  felony  made  a  ca;;ital  crime  by  the  act,  bi;i 
wh.j  was  entitled  by  the  law  of  England  to  tli. 
benefit  of  clergy,  if  couv  icted  of  murder,  was  taken 
in  open  court  by  the  gaoler  and  branded  with  an 
"  ?•!  "  on  the  brawn  of  th,_  left  thumb,  and  with  ;i 
"T"  for  any  othrr  felony.  T!-ese  were  the  niosi 
notev.-ori.hy  featiiirs  of  tlie  law,  which,  at  lea.-t. 
leaves  us  to  infer  that  the  people  were  earnestly 
beiit  on  the  suppression  of  vice. 

During  the  same  year  the  Assembly  dcvotci! 
their  attention  to  more  material  affairs,  especially 
endeivorlng  to  encourage  the  construction  of 
mills.  It  was  enacted  that  in  case  any  one  pro- 
jected building  a  mill,  luit  was  unable  to  con- 
veniently convey  water  to  his  property  on  account 
of  the  intervention  of  land  belonging  to  another 
party,  which  the  latter  was  unwilling  to  dispose  of, 
he  might  apply  to  two  justices  of  the  peace  lor 
relief.  The  justices  of  tlie  peace  were  to  instruct 
the  sheriff  to  summon  six  freeludders,  who  should 
fix  upon  the  value  of  the  land,  and  also  the  los^ 
likely  to  be  suliered  by  the  owner,  but  they  h;id 
no  jurisdiction  in  cases  where  the  disputed  ground 
amounted  to  more  than  six  acres  in  New  Castle 
County,  and  to  two  acres  in  Kent  or  Sussex. 

In  1719  permission  was  granted  to  Benjamiii 
Shurmer,  William  Brinkloe  and  Richard  Richanl- 
son  to  survev  the  town  of  Dover  and  lav  it  oli'  in 
h,ti. 

In  1721  Jasper  Yeat.  s  <lied.  and  the  vacancy 
in  tlie  Governors  Council  was  tilled  by  theapi)oint- 
ment  of  Henry  Brooke,  who  had  formerly  been 
collector  of  cu-touis  -t  Lcwi.-town. 

During  the  next  five  yi-ars  there  was  much 
activity  in  the  lower  ciiiiutie-,  and  many  proLMc- 
sive  nieasures  were  in-tiuited.  In  1722  an  Ur|ihaii- 
Court  was  e:-t;iiili.-hed.  to  meet  what  had  for  soir.e 
time  been  felt  an  ah>oiiite  v urement.     This  new 


onl   \sas 


a  o 


week  that  other  courts  were  held,  ami  at  such  otli 


COLOMaL  lii.STv^'RV 


133 


lime?  as  wore  nocc>?:irv.  They  I'l.iitnille.l  such 
uNitturs  as  art'  ur^ually  ■juifiilr'!  to  similar  tiil.'inals, 
|,,it  \vfro  imt  allowed  to  ailinit  any  letters  o'J 
iKliiiinistratidn  in  wliich  no  liond  was  re»iuired, 
:..iiii  ni)  administrators  or  L'uardians  were  allowed 
(  .  phu'e  the  money  ot'tlnir  wards  on  interest  with- 
out renewing'  tor  a  lonirer  time  than  one  year. 
Shortly  at'ter  thi-  the  leiral  rate  of  interest  was 
rrdiiced  from  eiudit  to  six  per  cent.,  and  the  peD-.ilty 
for  a  violation  of  the  act  was  forfeiture  of  the 
^^llole  sum  loaned.  About  the  same  time  the 
authorities  of  New  Castle  County  removed  th.e 
olp-triictions  in  the  Brandywine  that  interfered 
with  the  Hsheries,  and  a  new  outlet  was  cut  fiT 
Miirtherkill  Creek  into  the  bay,  in  Kent  County. 

Governor  Keith  was  succeeded  by  Patrick 
Gordon  on  .June  2l!,  ITliO.  He  went  down  to  Ne^v 
Castle  on  the  28th,  where  a  meeting  of  the  Council 
Wits  held,  and  summoned  the  Assembly  to  meet 
him  on  .Jtdy  2ntli.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Council 
on  July  'Joth  h.'  i-sued  commissions  to  David 
French  as  attorney-general  for  the  three  lower 
counties ;  to  John  French  and  .Samuel  Lowman 
in  New  Castle  County,  Robert  Gordon  and 
J'lenjamin  Shuriuev  in  Kent,  and  Henry  Brooke 
and  Jonathan  I'aily  in  Sussex,  as  judges  of  the 
Stipreme  Court,  and  also  conimis;ioners  of  Over 
and  Terminer  and  General  Gaol  Delivery  in  their 
resi)ective  counties.  The  justices  appointed  for 
New  Castle  County  were  John  French,  Robert 
Gordon,  Joseph  England,  Charles  Springer.  John 
Richardson,  James  James,  William  Battell.  David 
Evans,  Andrew  Peterson,  Eljenezer  Empson,  Hans 
Hansou,  James  Dvre,  Samuel  Kirk,  Richard 
Graft.^n  and  Simon  Hadley.  Those  for  Kent 
Were  Robert  Gordon,  ]>enjamin  Shurmer,  Richard 
Kiehar.lson,  Charles  Hillard,  Thomas  French, 
-Mark  :Manlove,  Timothv  Hanson,  John  Hall, 
James  Worrell,  Jo.seph  Booth,' Jr..  Jf.hu  Brinkloe, 
Thomas  Berrv,  Georcre  Nowell,  John  Houseman, 
John  Tilton,' William  .Manlove  aud  Hugh  Dur- 
liorrow.  Those  for  Sussex  were  Heiirv  Brooke, 
William  Till,  Philii)  Russell,  Samuel  "P.owland, 
Woolsey  Burton,  Simon  Kcdlock,  John  May, 
Jerenuah  Claypoole,  Jacob  Kollock,  Thomas 
l>:ivis,  John  Jacobs,  Samuel  Davis  and  Josejih 
Cord.  The  lasi-named  list  of  justices,  however, 
soon  underwent  a  change,  tiir  wlien  the  Council 
niet  at  Philadelphia,  on  September  2:ld.  the 
(iovernor  anuounerd  that  Alexander  Molliston 
had  entered  a  eo.Mi.laiiit  a-aiust  .lu.-tice  William 
fill,  who,  he  (1. eland,  had  usid  his  influence  on 
the  bench  so  as  to  utterly  prevent  the  complainant 
trorn  obtaining  employiuent  and  suj)porting  his 
familv.  It  was  then  learned  from  member-  of  tlie 
<oun,-il  that  Till  had  o„  a  previous  oo-a.io,, 
'■I'euedaudkept  al.Ttersent  fro,nPl,ilad,.lpl.ia  to 
Uobert  Frankland,  .iirveyu-  of  Mi^-rx  Coimtv, 
"nd   that  at  a  recent   meeting  of  the  As.-enddv  of 


e  lower  counties   he  ha 
srespectful  ti'  t!;o  iin)p: 


d  lanL'ua-e  hi.jhlv 
famiiy.  '^Till  was, 
tnerelore,  removei!  ami  iCKi.ud  Hinnum  added, 
in  his  place,  to  the  list  of  ju<Lii'es.  At  the  same 
time  John  Riiodes.  I'obert  Shaiikland,  George 
Walton  i\:id.  Enoch  C -liiUiiiiigs  were  a]ipointed, 
vi--A  Simon  Kollock,  ■)  ihn  May  and  Thomas 
Dcivis.  As  the  resul-'"  of  the  October  elections 
l-.eld  shortly  lifterwar.is,  for  sheriffs  and  coroners 
in  the  vartous  counties,  commi.ssions  were  issued 
to  John  Gooding,  sheriff,  and  Morgan  Morgan, 
coroner,  of  Nc^  Castle  Couoty  ;  William  Rodeney, 
iheriff,  und  Ed.w.ird  Jcunings,  coroner,  of  Kent 
County;  Rives  Holt,  sl-critf,  and  Samuel  Davis, 
coroBer,  of  Sussex  County. 

Daring  the  latter  part  of  172tj,  and  early  in 
1727,  the  Assembly  of  the  lower  counties  passed 
many  important  mea.sures.  All  vessels  having  ou 
board  rickly  pei^ons,  or  coming  from  places  where 
there  exis*^eci  a  contagious  disease,  were  not  allowed 
to  eouie  within  one  mile  of  the  shore  until  they 
secureu  a  permit  from  the  Governor  or  two  justices 
of  the  peace.  Laws  were  also  passed  obliging  all 
witnesse.?  legally  summoned  to  testify  against  the 
destruction  of  landmarks  ;  against  the  construction 
of  dams  across  rivers  and  creeks,  except  for  mills; 
.o.gaiusr  defacing  or  counterfeiting  seals  and 
charters,  inciting  riots  and  holding  unlawful 
assemblies.  A  measure  of  more  importance,  how- 
ever, was  the  special  form  of  trial  furnished  for 
negroes.  Tlie  Governor  was  to  commission  two 
ju-tices  of  the  peace  in  each  county,  who,  with  six 
of  the  most  able  freeholders  in  the  neighborhood, 
should  form  a  board  for  the  trial  of  all  negro  or 
mulatto  slaves.  In  case  the  negro  was  convicted 
of  a  capital  otiense  and  suffered  the  death  penalty, 
he  was  at  once  appraised  by  the  same  judicial 
board,  and  two-thirds  of  his  value  paid  to  the 
owner  out  of  the  county  treasury.  The  punish- 
ment of  the  negroes  for  meeting  in  bodies  nuniiier- 
ing  more  than  six,  or  for  carryiug  arms,  was 
twenty-one  lashes  on  the  bare  back.  If  convicted 
of  stealing,  the  slave  was  laslied  at  the  discretion 
of  the  board,  while  his  master  was  compelled  to 
make  reparation  f-r  the  stolen  property.  The 
punishment  for  an  attempt  at  ra|ie  upon  a  white 
woman    was     rather    revoltiuLT,    the    negro    l)eing 

f  .r  four  hour.-,  on  some  court  day,  with  his  ears 
nailed  to  the  frame,  and  before  he  was  let  down 
they  were  cut  off  close  to  his  head. 

For  the  better  seiairity  of  debts,  the  Assenddy 
authorized  the  sale  of  land  when  the  personal 
estate  was  insuHiciciit  to  meet  the  liability,  unless 
the  rent  of  the  land  would  prove  to  be  great 
t  noUL'h  to  iiioct  tho  claim  in  scvn  vears,  in  which 
ea-e  the  nvditor  \\a.<  oi)!!-,*!  to  Mait  that  time. 
Put  by  far  the  mo.-t  important  measure  of  this 
period   of   le^i-lative    activity   was  the     establish- 


1154 


HISTOiU'  OL 


JJ^AWaRK 


munt  of  11  reizulrtr  system  of  l:i\v  and  ciuiry  roiiit,-!. 
There  \v:m  tirsc  tlie  euiirt  -tylr.!  ih.'  (it^eral 
(iu.u-tor  .^ciMon.-,  of  the  iVarr  aii.l  ( .a..i  Deliv.  ry 
in  each  county,  and  was  hidd  tour  tiiiu's  in  each 
year.  It  was  hehl  at  Lewi-tnwn  on  thf  tii'dt 
Tuesday  in  February ,  ^[ay,  Aii-ust  ami  Xuvent- 
ber,  at  Do\er  ou  tlie  secnnd  'I'liesiiay  in  tlie  same 
months,  and  at  New  Castle  on  tlie  third  Tue;<iay. 
This  court  was  presided  over  l)y  the  justices,  or 
at  least  three  of  them,  regularly  emiuuissioaed  by 
the  Governor,  who  wore  also  empowered  to  hold 
special  or  private  sessions  whenever  they  deemed 
fit,  or  to  take  reeo;jnizanee  of  niisdemeauors  out  r,t 
the  regular  sessions,  and  bring  them  before  the 
court  at  its  regular  meeting.  Sueh  cases  as  were 
not  within  their  jurisdiction  they  took  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer.  The 
General  Quarter  Sessions  was  held  for  three  days 
at  each  of  its  regular  meetings,  and  to  expedite 
matters  the  writs  of  any  justice  were  ajiplicablt  in 
all  the  counties.  There  was  also  a  Cijuvt  of 
Record  held  twice  during  each  year  iu  every 
county.  The  days  for  holding  this  court  were  the 
5th  of  October  and-  the  21st  of  April  at  New 
Castle ;  the  9th  of  October  and  the  25th  of  April 
at  Dover;  the  loth  of  October  and  2!ltli  of  April 
at  Lewistown  ;  but  when  either  of  the  dates  named 
fell  on  Sunday  the  court  met  on  the  following  day. 
This  court  was  known  as  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex  upon 
Delaware.  It  was  presided  over  by  three  judges 
commissioned  by  the  Governor,  one  of  whom  was 
the  chief  justice.  Each  of  them,  however,  had 
full  power  to  i.ssue  writs  of  habeas  corpus,  cer- 
tiorari, writs  of  error,  etc.  The  jurisdiction  of 
this  court  was  rather  broad,  but  in  general  it  was 
a  court  of  appeal,  considering  cases  brou.dit  from 
the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions,  or  any  other  uii  a 
writ  of  error,  or  appeal,  or  otherwise.  Besides 
these  there  was  a  County  Court  of  Common  I'leas, 
held  quarterly  at  the  same  times  and  places  as 
the  regular  Quarter  Sessions.  The  governor 
issued  commissions  to  competent  justices,  not  less 
than  three,  who  presided.  They  held  pleas  of 
assize,  scire  fij.eia,i,  replevins,  informatic.'ns  and 
actions  upon  penal  statutes,  and  heard  all  such 
cases  as  ordinarily  come  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
similar  courts.  The  same  justices  who  sat  in 
the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  were  also  required 
to  sit  quarterly,  at  nearly  the  same  time  that 
the  Common  Vieas  were"  held,  as  a  Court  of 
Equity.  The  i^rothonotary  of  the  Common  I'leas 
Court  was  also  register  of  the  Court  ol'  ]v|uitv. 
They  considered  all  cases  in  ecjuity  and  any 
other  matters  coming  under  the  control  of  Chan- 
cery Courts.  This  remained  the  cnn-titulini]  ,,t' 
the  court  until  ITliO,  when  material  chan.-e-  were 
made. 

In    ^[areh,    1727,   the    oM    bu-bear  cmcernin- 


sp( 


Penn'^  title  to  the  loner 
started  Uo.err'.r  <;..n!. 
at  New  Casue,  and  while  li.ere  !,ad  ^eeured  dee,;. 
n;entary  evidence  ti;.it  Jol.n  i'reiieli  had  Im-i.i 
spreading  reports  deri.gau'ry  to  t!ie  jiroprietary  .- 
familv  and  their  .vurjioiilv  over  the  lower  couiitir-. 
V.'heu  the  Gover.-ior  reuirue.i  fo  Phila.lelphia  i,e 
laid  t!ic  facts,  us  well  as  rhe  i>iipers,  before  th.- 
Couucil,  and  altliee.h  it  was  not  proven  that 
Frtucli  vs'as  makini:  ar.y  attempt  to  overthrew 
tb2  go\errruiont,  or  :eivauee  any  claim  of  hi- 
■  )wn,  be  .vns,  neve.fiieie^s,  removed  from  the 
CouLcii,  "Wiiile  in  New  Ca>tle,  howi-ver,  the  Gov- 
ernor had  learued  tiu.t  William  Till,  who  had  been 
removed  froni  the  magistracy  of  Sussex  County 
in  the  preceiling  year,  had  since  been  conducting 
hirdself  very  satisfactorily,  and  had  done  goed 
service  iu  tho  late  Assembly.  He  had  admitted 
his  eiTor,  and  declared  that  he  had  been  imposed 
upoa.  He  was,  therefore,  recommended  for  rein- 
gtaterueut,  which  was  acconlingly  done,  when  tlie 
maL'istrates  were  commissioned  in  April.  In  that 
month  the  Council  commissioned  the  following 
to  be  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  lower 
counties  :  David  Evans,  Kichavd  Grafton,  Robert 
Gordon,  Benjamin  Shurmer,  Henry  Brooke  and 
Jonathan  Bailey.  The  justices  of  the  peace  for 
Nev,-  Castle  and  Sussex  Counties  w-ere  at  the  same 
time  appointed  for  1727-28.  those  for  the  former 
being  Robert  Gordon,  John  Richard,  Joseph 
England,  Charles  Springer,  Andrew  Peterson. 
Hans  Hanson,  Simon  Hadly,  "William  Read, 
Thomas  January,  James  James,  Jr.,  Richard 
Cantwell,  Joseph  Robieson  and  James  Armitage. 
Those  from  Sussex  were  Henry  Brooke,  William 
Till,  Richard  Hiaman,  John  Roades,  Woolsey 
Burton,  Simon  Kolluck,  Samuel  Itowland,  Jtihii 
]Mav,  Jeremiah  Clavpoole,  Jacob  Kolluck,  John 
Jacobs,  Samuel  Davis,  Joseph  Cord,  Robert 
Shankland,  George  Walton,  Enoch  Cuming-, 
and  David  Smith. 

George  I.  liaving  died  June  11th,  tlie  proclama- 
tion of  George  II.  was  published  at  New  Castl" 
in  September,  it  having  been  decided  by  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council  that  it  was  unnecessary  to 
proclaim  the  accession  in  each  of  the  counties 
separately.  Immediately  upon  the  receipt  of 
the  intelligence  au  addre.-s  of  allegiance  and 
submission  to  the  new  monarch  was  drawn  up 
and  signed  by  various  magistrates  and  citizens 
of  Kent,  Sussex  and  New  Castle  Counties.  The 
siirners  were  ^Nlor^'aii  MorL'an,  Enoch  .MorL:aii.  Jos- 
eph Hill.  Elish  a  Thomas,  Rees  Jones,  Thomas  Davi-, 
David  French.  J.ohn  French,  Georire  Ross,  Robert 
Sparks,  James  Sykes,  Henry  New"ton,  John  Van 
(ie/,oll,  HuL'li  Stevenson,  John  Hove,  Samtid 
(ifitiitli,  Benjamin  Burleigh,  William  (ioddard-, 
Robert  Gordon.  Richanl  Graiton,  John  Riehard- 
son,  Charles  Springer,  Thonia-   January,  William 


COLONIAL  HISTORY. 


135 


n.Mil,  Jiinifs  Annit;i<_'r,  Jaiiivs  Jaiiie-,  Jr.,  Saiiuiul 
-lu'i.nan  and  Jeremiah  Sht-nnan. 

The  OctulKT  elcetinn- tor  .-liei-iti'rs  ami  cdrontTS 
ia  1727  resulted  iu  a  choice  of  the  same  otticers 
in  (ill  the  counties  excr|it  in  Kent,  where  Thuiias 
.-kidiuore  replaced  WiUiuui  llnd.  ney  a.'^  .-heritl'.  In 
i!ie  following  year,  however.  William  iu-ad  was 
niiide  sherilf  of  New  (.'a.-tle  County,  in  ]>hice  of 
John  Gooding;  .Mo~es  Freeman  in.-tead  of 
Thomas  Skidruore,  iu  Kent  ;  and  Joim  .Jacol.s 
.-ucceeded  Coroner  Sanuiel  Davis  iu  .'~Ur-:-ex;.  A 
vacancy  in  several  offices  occurred  in  October, 
17'.'f),  by  the  death  of  Colonel  John  French,  and 
ten  of  the  ju.stices  of  the  peace  for  New  Cattle 
County  at  once  addressed  a  petition  to  the  Gen'- 
ernor,  requesting  that  whatever  appointments 
might  be  made,  the  officers  .-elected  should  be  resi- 
dents of  the  lower  counties.  A  petition  was  also 
received  from  Peter  Evans,  praying  to  be  at  once 
admitted  to  the  office  of  probate  of  wills,  having 
been  appointed  by  Penn,  but  kept  out  by  French. 
Evans,  however,  reside<l  at  Philadelphia,  and  in 
c(jnsideratiou  of  the  petition  just  received  from  the 
justices,  his  petition  was  not  granted.  Robert 
Gordon  was  appointed  to  fill  the  position,  and 
other  nominations  were  made,  as  follows :  David 
French,  to  be  clerk  of  the  peace  and  prothono- 
tary  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  New  Castle 
County ;  William  Read,  to  be  clerk  of  the 
Orphans'  Court ;  and  William  Shaw  to  succeed 
French  as  attorney-general.  There  was  nothing 
further  of  particular  note  which  occurred  to  dis- 
turb the  tranquil  tenor  of  life  iu  the  territories 
during  the  next  few  yeai-s.  Alexander  Keith  was 
appointed  collector  of  customs  at  New  Castle  upon 
the  death  of  Collector  Lowman,  in  172&.  Later  in 
the  year  a  stir  was  created  by  a  seditious  news- 
paper article,  which  caused  its  publisher,  Andrew 
r<radfurd,  to  be  committed  for  court.  The  article 
w;is  written  by  one  of  the  nus-ionarics  sent  out 
from  Englanil,  named  t'ampbell,  who  had  been 
stationed  in  New  Castle  County,  btit  had  .been 
forced  to  leave  on  account  of  unbecoming  conduct. 
P>y  way  of  revenge  he  had  wrifen  the  article  men- 
tioned, which  contained  nuim  lous  (■liarL"s  aL'ain^t 
tin.'  government  of  Pennsylvania  and  tlie  terri- 
tories, and  advice  to  the  peojue  to  revolt.  He  hnd 
shrewdly  g<.itten  out  of  the  reach  of  the  authori- 
ties, however,  and  had  gone  to  Long  Island. 

The  only  indulgence  in  politics  which  was  en- 
joyed by  the  people  was  their  annual  election  for 
.-lieritts  and  coroners  in  each  county.  But  from 
the  records  of  these  officers  it  is  evident  that  the 
holders  of  the  ]iositions  were  well  able  to  manage 
'heir  atiiiirs,  as  those  who  i:ot  control  of  the  offices 
in  17-i(!  eontinued.  with  onlv  a  few  ehau-es  for 
tour  or  five  years.  nnIi,  ii  a  .-.  e'uid  lot  ,-ai,.e  iu,  who 
I'pcated  the  same  thin-.  At  the  eleetions  in 
17211     William    Read    wx-  appointed    .-heritf,  and 


Mor-an  .Moi-lmu  continued  as  coron.T  of  Xew  CaMJe 
County;  William  Rod.iiey  regaim  il  his  po.-ition 
as  sheriti'  of  Kent  County,  ;ind  Sanun  I  I'.errv  was 
re-elected  coroner,  and  in  Siis-  .\,  Rivers  Holt  wa.s 
re-elected  -heritf,  while  J,,hn  R.,ades  succeeded 
John  Jaeoli.s  a,,  eoroiier.  In  17o0  the  old  officers 
were  all  put  out  w  ith  the  e'^eeution  of  Berry.  The 
eleetiuns  resulted  in  the  ehoiee  of  William  Iteid  and 
Aoraham  Gooding  as  sheriti'  and  coroner  for  New- 
Castle  County;  John  Hall  and  Samuel  Berry  for 
the  same  offices  in  Kent ;  and  Simon  Kolluck  and 
Cornelius  W'iltl)auk  iu  Sussex.  A  nuisance  which 
the  pjeople  found  themselves  forced  to  abate  was 
the  ra[)idly  increasing  number  of  peddlers.  Manv 
complained  that  they  were  imposed  on  by  the  va- 
grants, both  in  quality  and  price,  and  as  they  paid 
no  taxes,  there  was  no  reason  why  thev  should 
be  allowed  to  have  unlimited  privileges.  In  17;U 
the  Assembly  took  the  matter  in  hand,  by 
prohibiting  any  one  trom  engaging  in  this 
occupation  witliout  obtaining  a  recommenda- 
tion from  the  justices  of  the  County  Court,  and 
also  a  license  from  the  Governor.  In  addition  to 
this,  they  were  required  to  give  bond  with  at 
least  one  surety,  and  the  cost  of  the  license  was 
fixed  at  twenty-five  shillings  for  one  who  traveled 
in  a  wagon  or  on  horse,  and  fifteen  shillings  for 
one  traveling  on  foot.  The  elections  in  1731 
placed  in  office  John  Gooding  and  Robert  Robert- 
son as  sheritt'  and  coroner,  resjiectively,  in  New 
Castle  County.  The  old  sherifl.s  were  undisturbed 
in  the  other  two  counties,  but  the  coroners  were 
not  so  fortunate,  Nicholas  Loockernian  replacing 
Samuel  Berry  in  Kent  County,  and  John  Clowes 
succeeding  Cornelius  Wiltbank  in  Sussex.  In 
1732,  Robertsen  was  defeated  by  Henry  Gonne  as 
coroner  of  New  Castle  County.  There  was  no 
change  in  the  sheriff's  office,  nor  iu  either  of  the 
offices  in  Kent,  but  in  Sussex,  Simson  Kolluck  and 
Joshua  Fisher  were  elected  sheriff  and  coroner. 
In  the  following  year  the  only  changes  were  that 
Henry  Newton  became  sheriff  of  New  Castle 
County,  and  Daniel  Ro<leney  in  Kent.  At  this 
time  the  dispute  over  the  boundaries  assumed  a 
very  .serious  aspect,  but  the  border  frays  were 
quieted  with  less  trouble  than  was  expected. 

In  1734  an  important  and  fundamental  change 
was  made  by  an  act  regulating  elections,  as  well  as 
the  number,  of  members  of  the  Assemblv.  There- 
after the  elections  fir  members  of  the  Assembly 
were  to  take  ])lace  on  the  1st  day  in  each  succeed- 
ing October,  at  the  Court-IIouses  in  New  Castle, 
Dover  and  Lewistown,  for  the  counties  in  which 
these  towns  were  situated.  Each  countv  was  then 
entitled  to  at  least  six  representatives,  but  the 
A.^semhly  might  increase  that  niindior  if  it  saw  fit. 
VotihL'  was  made  compul-ory  tor  all  .jualilied 
eleete.rs.  under  pe'iialty  of  a  line  of  twenty  shillings. 
The   Assemblv  thus  elected    met   on    the    20th  of 


i;^(; 


•  KLAWAKK. 


Octohci-  at  N.;u-  Castle,  and  the  ..iilv  exni-e^  lor 
which  the  Ciov.  i-n..r  wa^  alL.ur.i  to  t.  i.iiM,raril v 
chauge  the  place  .-r'  meetiil-  Aa-  a  ra-ili-T  .-^ii-kie—' 
or  foreign  iuva-inu.  Tin  '|Ualitieatioii.-,  for  the 
right  of  sutfrage,  and  a!,.,  to  Imld  tithiv,  w.  iv  that 
the  person  should  he  a  .-iihjict  of  <_ir.  at  I'.ritaiii, 
and  twenty-one  ye:u-s  of  ;iir,..  If^.  wa-  a!.-o  ivjtiii'.  ■! 
to  be  a  freeholder  within  the  -ovrinnient  ot'  the 
lower  counties  and  haw  tilly  acn-nf  land  ..rnior-o, 
twelve  of  whieh  were  il.  an  d  and  iin|ii-ovo(l,  ..r  in 
lieu  of  this  he  must  have  pos-essed  firt\'  pound-  in 
money.  But  in  any  case,  he  must  ha\o  Ij.en  a 
resident  fur  tv.o  years.  Any  person  ntlirin.'  to 
vote  who  was  nut  so  qualified  wa.-  sidijeet  n.i  a  tine 
of  five  pounds,  and  was  nut  eligible  to  serve  a>  a 
member  during  that  year.  This  punishment  was 
also  imposed  for  bribery.  Inspectors  of  election 
were  chosen,  one  out  of  each  hundred,  and  they, 
with  the  sheriti"  or  coroner,  ae'ted  as  judges  of 
elections.  Every  elector  hamled  in  the  name-  of 
the  parties  for  whom  he  desired  to  vote  in  wriiin_'; 
but  if  he  were  illiterate,  one  of  the  clerks  in  attend- 
ance at  the  polls  was  empowered  to  publicly  write 
whatever  names  the  elector  should  mention,  and 
deposit  the  paper  in  the  box.  Any  vacancies 
■occurring  were  filled  by  special  elections  under 
writs  issued  by  the  Governor,  or  in  case  of  his 
failure  to  i;sue  tliem  promptly,  the  Sjieaker  of  the 
Assembly  was  empowered  to  sign  them.  The 
sheriff  then  publicly  annuunceil  thetitneand  place 
of  election,  and  posted  notices  on  trees,  Imu-es,  and 
even  the  Court-House  and  jjlacc-  of  wor-h.ip.  Tlie 
Assembly  had  authority  to  elect  a  ."^[leaker  and 
other  officers,  and  was  the  judge  of  the  qualification 
and  election  of  its  own  members,  impeached  crim- 
inals, redressed  grievances,  passed  laws  and  pos- 
sessed other  powers  necessary  for  the  conduct  of  a 
legislative  body.  The  quorum  was  two-thirds. 
Iso  member  was  allowed  to  vote  before  he  attested 
to  a  rigid  oath,  in  which  he  was  obliged  to  swear 
allegiance  to  the  King,  his  abhorrence  for  the 
doctrines  of  the  Catholic  Chnri-h.  and  Iw-  belief  in 
the  divine  inspiration  of  the  Old  and  >'cw  Testa- 
ments. Mendiers  of  tlie  A^s.  nddv  rec  ived  ^i■v 
shillings  per  day,  and  the  Speaker  ten,  as  \vcli  a^  a 
mileage  of  three  pence,  which  was  [lai'l  by  the 
counties  from  which  they  were  elected. 

At  the  October  elections  in  ]7o4  all  the  old 
officers  were  continued  exi'cpt  Simon  Ivolliicl:,  who 
was  succeeded  by  Cornelius  Wiltbank  as  sheriti' 
of  Kent.  In  1  To-')  John  Ooodiie.:  once  mor-  lueai  jc 
gheriff  of  >^ew  Castle  County,  with  Henry  Gontre' 
as  coroner.  In  Kent,  Daniel  Kudeney  and  Nieh(.>las 
Loockerman  retained  their  others,  while  in  Sus,-es 
both  officer-  were  changed  liv  the  election  ,.f  .Tnhn 
Shankland  fur  .-heritf,  an.'l  Daniel  Nunez  as 
coroner. 

The  year  1740  brought  forth  many  new  nua.-urcs 
from  the  law-makers  of  XeW  Ca.-tle,  and  -juie  e.f 


them  uere  of  no  little  importance.  A  pound  u,;. 
in  lid:,  year  built  at  .New  Cattle,  and  paid  for  hv 
tlie  people  of  the  t(jwn.  Thlr-  was  to  cheek  ti.. 
nuisances  sufiered  from  hor.-i'.- and  cattle  riiiuiin.- 
loo.-e.  Thereafter,  if  a  strav  hor.-.'  or  head  of  cattc 
were  f  mud  on  the  property  ol'  a  person  w  hose  feiie,  , 
were  erected  according'  to  iaw,  lie  mit'lit  jjiit  tii,- 
horse  or  cattle  in  the  pound  until  coiniH'Usateil  hv 
their  owners  f  )r  whatever  dauia.'e  w;is  done.  An- 
other imptvjvement  made  at  New  Ciu^tle  was  th.- 
estal>lishment  of  a  regular  market,  and  thorouga 
regulations  for  its  comluct.  rhili|.)  VauLeuveniuli 
was  appointed  clerk,  with  authority  to  enforce  con- 
f'rmity  to  its  rules.  ^\'edne-llay  aiid  Satiiid:;.- 
Were  selected  as  the  regular  market  davs.  and  n. 
one  was  allowed  to  buy  or  sell  any  pruvi-ion,-, 
except  fish,  milk  and  bread,  anywhere  liut  at  the 
market-place  on  those  day.-.  On  a  lnvach  of  tlii- 
rule  the  clerk  of  the  market  could  levy  on  liMth 
purchaser  and  vender  for  the  amount  of  the  sal.., 
and  these  tines  were  used  fur  the  itenetit  of  the  ]iuo,- 
of  the  town.  The  regulations  prohibited  the  sale 
of  unsound  i)eef,  and  the  use  of  false  weights.  The 
size  and  weight  of  the  loaves  of  bread  allowed  to 
be  sold  were  fixed  by  the  justices  of  the  peace,  and 
every  baker  was  required  to  mark  his  loaves  so  as 
to  distinguish  them  trom  others.  No  person  wa-^ 
allowed  to  ofier  any  meat  for  sale  (jn  Tuesdavs  and 
Fridavs,  except  in  the  months  of  Juno,  July  and 
Aim-ust. 

It  was  also  found  necessary  to  appoint  new 
trustees  over  the  public  laud  at  Dover.  The  three 
who  had  beeu  appointed  iu  1719 — Benjamin  Shur- 
mer,  William  Brinkloe  and  Richard  Kic'hardsou  — 
had  since  died,  and  the  absence  of  anyone  with 
authority  to  sell  the  laud  had  been  a  serious  draw- 
back to  the  town.  In  their  stead  were  a]ipoiiUi>l 
John  Halliday,  James  Gorrei  and  Thomas  Skid- 
more,  who  were  authorized  not  only  to  -ell  all  the 
land  not  yet  disposed  of,  but  also  to  ce.nrirm  the 
titles  of  any  sold  by  the  former  trustees. 

The  people  at  this  time  l.>egan  to  tire  of  the 
practice  of  re-electim:  sheritls  for  a  number  of 
succi-s-ive  terms,  hut  found  that  it  was  no  easv 
matter  to  ele-ek.  .Alanv  evil-  had  resulted  from 
the  custom.  The  -heritl-  had  rc.rted  to  briberv, 
an.l  it  wa-  also  complained  that  their  liberal  di'- 
triliution  of  intoxieatine-  li.pe.r,-  u-ually  trail- 
firmed  the  ],..ll.s  into  a  huwiine-  nioh  of  drunk  a:;d 
disorderly  rntiians.  Along  with  the  many  other 
a.lditioiis  to  the  statutes  in  1740,  the  As.-emhlv 
emictcd  a  law  prohihitin-  a  sheriti' who  had  >erved 
thr.'e  terms  to   lie  re-ehcieil  until  a  like  time  had 

at  the  ,-anie  time  h.  aw  penalties  were  threatened 
on  all  who  nlieivd  or  accepted  bribe.-  in  mon.  v  . 
drink  or  in  a.iv  f.rm  ^^  hat.oever.  Another  evil 
which  received  a  ch<'ck  w;i-  the  inipiu-tation  of 
paupers,  iu  whom  hu  extensive  trade   had  snrun.' 


COLONIAL  IIL-TOUY. 


137 


up.  It  was  nnu  inailf  luilawtul  to  iiii|nirt  a  rou- 
\irtor  paiijirr  into  tlic  tt-rrit'irics  w  itlioiit  pa\iiiL' 
a.lutvoflivL-  ].uun,l-  for  ,.a.l,  ,,nr,  aiui  jiviuL'  I'.oii.l 

in  the  sum  of  tifly   [ n.i,-   lor   liis   'j 1   h.-havior 

for  one  year.  In  t!i.'  ra-e  ot' iufant<  oi- liinati'  -  and 
the  like,  the  person  importiiiL'  tlieni  had  eit'u-r  to 
indemnify  tiie  goveiiiiuiiit  or  return  them  whence 

see  that  these  pro  vi.-ion- Were  oheVLd  in  ea.h  edunty. 
John  Finnevwasappoiute.i  f.r  New  Castle  C'ountv. 
J.ihn  Ilolliday  tor  Kent  and  Sim..n  Kolluek  for 
Sussex,  and  any  vaeanei^^  were  tilled  hy  a  eominis- 

An  atternjit  was  also  made  to  decrease  drunken- 
ness, blasphemy  and  prothnity.  Drunkenness  and 
mild  profanity  were  punished  by  small  tines,  and 
the  culprit  was  plai/eil  in  the  stocks  for  tVom  twci 
to  three  hours,  but  for  blasphemy  he  was  set  in  the 
pillory  for  two  h.iurs,  branded  on  the  forehead  with 
a  B,  and  tlim  received  thirty-niue  lashes  on  the 
liare  back  in  full  view-  of  the  public.  Inn-keepers 
were  more  strictly  watched,  and  the  prices  of  lii[Uor 
and  the  quantity  allowed  to  be  sold  were  annually 
fixed  by  the  justices  in  each  county,  and  the  lists 
were  posted  in  each  tavern.  Minor  measures  were 
passed,  fixing  the  time  for  killing  deer  and  making 
it  punishable  to  kill  a  deer  or  fawn  from  January 
1st  to  August  1st.  Tlie  height  of  po-t  and  rail 
fences  was  put  at  four  and  a  half  feet,  and  worm 
fences  at  five  feet,  and  several  other  similar  laws 
were  passed  at  the  same  time. 

About  the  middle  of  1740  the  lower  counties 
had  a  lively  exiieri.  nee  with  Ki.iljurt  Jenkin,-,  w  ho 
had  counterfeited  a  lar;:o  i|Uanlity  of  their  paper 
money.  Jenkins  was  a  re^ident  <jf  Salem,  >i'ew 
Jersey,  and,  in  IT^V,).  had  i;oin.'  to  I^ngland  with  a 

printer  at  Southwark,  tlve  -uiueas  if  lie  would 
duplicate  them,  and  promised  a  further  reward 
when  he  returned  to  America.  Hive,  it  ajipears, 
had  printed  the  bills,  but  informed  on  Jenkins. 
The  latter  shipped  a-  a  cook  on  a  ve-sel  bouijd  tor 
New  Y..rk,  and  arrive.l  in  June.  174(i.  (ioverncu- 
Clarke,  ..f  New  York,  was  awaiting  hi-  arrival, 
and  nine  hundred  and  s^veiity-one  twenty-.-hiilin- 
notes  were  fmnd  in  lii^  [.o-c-ion,  althou-h  none 
of  them  were  sl.^ned.  He  wa-  taken  pri.-ouer  and 
(iovernor  Thomas,  of  IViin-vKania,  was  notified. 
llc^  wiL-  brought  to  rhiladelpliia,  and  on  .Inly  :V1 
Was  examined  bv  the  (rox.ruor  and  Krcorder 
Andrew  Hamilton,  but  Jeukin-  tirnilv  lidd  out 
that  the  bill.,  as  well  a,  two  phials  of  nd  atid 
black  ink  taken  from  his  trunk,  were  th.uv  w!un 
it  was  purcha>.-d,  an.l  he  kn.^w  nothin-  of  them 
until  thev  were  found  -ecn  ted  m  the  top  i,v  the 
authoritie-  at  \,  w  York.  It  was  plain  that  he 
wa^  .^uiltv,  houcver,  a.id  h.^  ua-  fu'thuuli  .-cut  to 
New  Ca-t'le,  where  he  wa.-  tried  and  convicted. 
In  October  the  elections  tor  .herifl'  and  coroner 


in  the  three  countie- 
<;<..Mlin-an.|  Hwirv  ( 
..f  New  Ca-tle  Cnin 
KIchard  .bunes  for  K. 
and  John  \\'vtiko,,p 
New  C'a.-tle  olhi-ers  n^ 
CountvKdniun.l  l!ad. 


in  favor  of  ,[ohn 
lea-ilfaii.rcoron.a- 
•1  llolii.-'ui  and 
rneliu-  Wiltl.ank 
X.  In  1741  the 
ted,  but  in  Kent 
d  Kiel, ard  James 
I-  Hall  and  I'efr 
■r.  re-pectively. 


Ciow.-s  hecame.-herilfand  cop 

The  A-.-emhly,  in  174-.',  a-ain  pa-.ed  a  mimber 
of  new  laws  with  a  view  to  pn^venting  duelinir, 
horse-stealing,  burirlary  and  other  similar  crimes. 
A  measure  descrvinL.'  of  more  notice,  however,  and 
passed  in  the  same  year,  was  a  jury  act.  The 
sherifis  in  each  county  were  ordered,  on  the 
receipt  of  proper  w-rits  from  the  court,  to  summon 
twenty-eight  of  the  most  able  and  substantial  men 
in  their  bailiwicks  to  serve  as  grand  jurors,  and 
f  irty-eight  as  petty  jurors,  in  the  Court  of  Oyer 
ami  Terminer.  For  the  Quarter  Sessions  they 
were  to  summon  a  grand  jury  in  each  county 
before  the  bcLnnning  of  the  'Slixy  term,  and  this 
jury  served  during  the  year,  but  a  petty  jury  was 
summoned  quarterly,  before  each  session  of  the 
court.  But  in  case  the  sheriff  was  in  any  way 
connected  with  the  parties  interested  in  a  suit 
pending  before  the  courts,  or  was  in  anv  wav  dis- 
abled, his  authority  for  summ(jning  jurymen  was 
transferred  to  the  coroner. 

An  innovation  that  was  now  introduceil  was 
the  appointment  of  wdod-corders  in  every  town 
and  village  in  the  counties.  It  w;\s  the  dutv  of 
tlie,e  otiieer.-  to  mea.-ure  every  cord  of  wood 
oriered  fjr  sale  and  certify  that  the  dimensiiuis 
were  such  as  were  properly  required.  The  corrler 
received  a  six-pence  fr(jm  the  purchaser  for  his 
labor.. 

The  market  at  New  Castle  having  proved  a 
success,  similar  additions  were  made  to  Dover  and 
Lewistown.  The  regulations  were  almost  identical 
with  those  for  the  New  Castle  market,  and  the 
management  was  likewise  placed  in  the  iiands  (jf 
clerks.  Thomas  Nixon  was  appointed  for  Dover 
and  Jo-hua  l'ishi;r  for  Lewistown. 

An   incident  that  occurred  in  1742,  while  of  no 

loutr  counti.s  were  "lu-'-'.^'it-.-iug  smoothly  and 
harmoniously  in  tla-ir  independent  government, 
aro-e  out  of  a  ipnirrei  between  Governor  (leorLre 
Tiioiiia<  ami  the  As.-endjly  of  the  province.  The 
A--eii!ip]y  hail  used  rather  harsh  language  in 
ret.Teiice  to  the  Governor,  and  an  allusion  had 
al-o  been  nuule  to  his  allowjinces.  In  reply 
(governor  Tiionuis  ^'inploved  the  followirej  lan- 
guage :  ■'  But  before  I  prcKved  to  a  vindication  of 
my.elf  give  me  leave  to  -ay  that  you  wduld  have 
.-hown  more  exactness  if  you  had  di-tini:ui^h((l 
between  the  jierquisites  <jf  thi-  L'overiiment  timl 
tho;0   01    the   lower  couiuie,.,  lor    I   conceive  you 


133 


HISTORY  OF  HELAWAllK 


have    uu   ninre   to    ilu  «itli    ^lii'.t 
goveniniciit  tliaii  vmi  luive  Avitli  t! 


laf.s  to  that 
I  liave  Avitl.  th,.  in.-oiiRM.fiuy 
own  privati;  t;.-tatL'.  T>i  that  Av-nnlily  au^l  tl;iir 
CMiDStitlRlits  I  am  [lUa.-il  with  makiiiLr  my 
ackiiuwk'.LMiiont     tor     tli.-     provi-in,,     th^v    have 

annually  iiia.let'nr  my  .-upiH.rt.  hilt iv  iiani'-uhirly 

for  the  ju-tiei-  tluy  have  (h.iie  to  my  administra- 
tion, for  from  liem-c'  it  will  he  eoneUideel  iiy  all 
imprejudice<l  persons  that  the  names  inqiostor, 
plunderer,  invader  of  the  lilierties  of  the  jieople, 
etc.,  etc.,  are  the  rt,-ult  of  personal  prejudiee  or  a 
malignant  party  spirit." 

Samuel  Bieklev  and  15.  njainin  Cook  were  this 
year  eleeted  sheritl' and  ,-.,r  iier  of  New  Ca-tle 
County.  In  Kent  and  Su^sex  the  old  otiieers  held 
over. 

In  174-3  the  method  ^^t'  rai-in-  taxes  in  the 
lower  counties  was  subjected  to  a  I'omjilete  rear- 
rangement. At  th.e  re-ular  Octol)er  election  for 
members  of  the  As-euibly,  the  voters  chose  an 
assessor  for  each  huntlred,  service  being  compul- 
sory. On  the  Tuesday  after  the  meeting  of  the 
Quarter  Sessions  in  November,  the  justices  in  each 
county  and  eight  grandjurymen,  together  with  all 
the  assessors  for  the  county,  formed  themselves  into 
a  sort  of  finance  board,  and  estimated  the  amount 
required  to  meet  public  expenses  for  the  cominii 
year.  When  this  was  determined  tlicy  made  out 
a  list  of  items  and  the  sum  required  f -r  each,  aft  ,-r 
the  fashion  of  a  regular  appropriations  bill.  In 
August  the  county  clerk  directed  tlie  constables 
in  every  hundred  or  district  in  his  county  to  pre- 
pare lists  containing  the  full  name  of  every  taxable 
person  and  all  other  freemen  within  their  districts. 
These  lists  were  furnished  to  the  board  in  Novem- 
ber, and  were  used  by  them  in  assessing  the  prop- 
erty of  the  county.  The  assessments  were  jjosted 
by  the  county  clerk,  and  four  weeks  after  the 
board  held  its  November  meeting  it  aL'ain  con- 
vened to  hear  any  a]>[ieais  from  tlair  a,-s(  .-.-ments, 
or  to  correct  omissions  or  other  errors.  At  this 
second  meeting  they  appointed  a  collector  io  every 
hundred  for  one  year.  The  collector  was  ]iaid  at 
the  rate  often  jier  ctnt.,  but  where  he  was  i/olicreJ 
to  sell  any  property,  orari-e~ta  tax-[iayerby  rea.-on 
of  his  inability  to  collcrt.  his  tie  was  limiti'.l  to 
tiiree  sliillings  sixpence  in  the  tir-t  ra>e,  and  t'our 
shillings  in  the  second.  The  county  tn-a.-unr  re- 
ceived and  dishur-ed  these  tumls.  and  was  allowtd 
four  jier  cent.,  and  his  a<;coiuits  \wiv  examined 
annually  by  thne  members  of  tii.-  board.  The 
justices,  grand  jurymen  and  a-sc^-ors  who  tornieil 
the  board  in  New  (_'a>tle  County  were  together 
allowed  ei-hteen  ]ionuds  for  their  servii'cs,  those 
in  Kent  fourteen  piainds,  while  twelve  poumls  was 
the  allowa: 

blatters  wen.  vei 
counties  for  several 
remained  coniTiarat 


the 


:ho„t   the   lowci 

n  the   As.end.h 

The    eleetie;:: 


for  ^heriI^  and  coroner  for  1744  placed  Sau.uel 
Bicklev  and  P.Mijamin  Cook  in  those  othces  ui 
New  Ca.^tlc  Couutv  ;  Tliomas  (Jrcui  and  Thou, a- 
I'arke  tor  Kent;'and  William  >hankland  a..! 
Kobert  (..ill  f.r  Su.scx.  The  iollowii.g  year  ,> 
chaiiLie  was  n.ade  exc  pt  in  the  otiicc  of  Sheritl-  ,.; 
New  Ca-tle  County,  which  wa-  tilled  by  Gidce,, 
<;riti!th.  In  174(;,  Ciaieeii  (  Irilnth  and  .Jam. - 
M.AIullin  were  electe.l  sh.i  itf  ami  coroner  in  Mcv. 
Ca:-tle  ;  John  llunt.r  aii.l  Ceor^e  (4of...rth  in  K.nt ; 
and  William  >haiiklan.l  an.l  John  MoUiston  i„ 
Sussex. 

In  1747  and  174S  all  the  l.iwer  counties  wen- 
kept  in  a  great  ^tate  ..f  ex.-ite-ment,  owing  to  the 
attacks  of  privateer;,  but  thi- has  been  treated  of 
in  another  chapter.  In  1747  the  road  leading  from 
Philadelphia  To  New  Cattle  was  the  cause  of  much 
annoyance,  owing  t.)  it>  bad  state  of  repair  an.l 
difficulty  of  improvini!'  it.  At  a  meeting  of  tli.; 
Council,  on  August  l.^th,  two  petitions  were  pre- 
sented, one  from  Ccugc'  ft  ray,  kieper  of  the  lower 
ferry,  and  the  other  trom  a  number  of  citizens  of 
Chester  County,  asking  that  the  road  be  repaired. 
The  record  of  the  road  had  been  destroyed,  and  it 
was  some  time  before  the  Council  consented  to 
have  the  road  re.-urveyed,  but  directions  were 
finally  given  for  the  resurveyingof  the  road,  which 
was  now  made  sixty  feet  w  i.le. 

Late  in  the  year  a  numb.T  of  c..mmi.— i.jns  were 
issued  to  officers  in  New-  Ca.-tle  C  ounty,  who,  with 
others  in  the  various  I'ounties  of  tlie  provinces  and 
territories,  ha.l  begun  to  .irganize  small  c.nnpani...-: 
for  defense.  The  new  olficers  werj  Captain  Wil- 
liam McCrea.  Lieutenant  ..-^-lexander  bloody.  En- 
sign Francis  Graham  ;  Captain  Henry  I)yre,  Lieu- 
tenant Paul  Allfree,  Ensign  Jerrard  ilothwell : 
Captain  David  Stewanl,  Lieutenant  Jerome  Du- 
sheene,  Ensign  Isaac  Dusheenc ;  Captain  Cieorge 
Gano,  Lienteiiant  James  Ei'liertson,  EnsiL^n 
Thoma.s  Bennett;  Captain  Davi.l  Lu.-h,  Lieutenanl 
John  :\IcKinlcv,  lai-ieu  (  harles  Bu.-h  ;  Captain 
John  Van.  e,  Li.-ut.iiant  .]..]in  Vandvke.  En.^iL'n 
William  Ilarraway;  Captain  Al.'xamler  P..rter. 
Lieutenant  James  Kin-,  l.ii.-iL'n  .-"amuel  Allricks  : 
Captain  Edward  Fit,'ran.l..lpli.  Lieutenant  Alex- 
ander Chance,  En-i-u  J...-epii  Ib.tham.  T.,  tli.v 
were  added,  .■arlv  the  n.-xt  vear.  (  at-tain  William 
Patter.-on,  Lieutenant  J..hn"  P.^a.!.  J'ti>I-ii  Thoma- 
MoutLT.im.-ry  ;  ('aptaiu  William  I'aulorth,  Lieu- 
tenant Henry  C..le-l.ury,  EusiLrn  Peter  Jacquet : 
Captain  David  ^^'iIiler-p....n.  Lieutenant  Alexan- 
jler  Armstroiii:.  lui.-i-n  Antii..ny  Ciolden  ;  Captain 
James  ^McMei'hen.  Lieutenant  Ab.-l  Arni-.tron_'. 
Ensitrn  ThomiLS  W'.Je :  Captain  William  Arm- 
.-.tron-    Lieutenant  .lanH>  M<n->..  la.-i-.'U   Th-.n,;- 

Philip.  :       Captain     .!a.-l.     C iim:.     Lieutenanl 

•  la.-ob  Vanhei.i.er  ami  l.iiHLin  DaNi.l  II.,NNeII.  In 
May.  174-^,  still  further  :i.l.liii..ns  wen-  ma.le  from 
New  Castle  Countv  1-r  the  i.-,,uiiiLr   of  c..mmi-r-ioii- 


COLON  [A  L  lirSTiJ 

i[;\'. 

139 

plain    !•^•au     tlit>  mi. 

ti'i'  t( 

f  tUf 

ntf  a   - 

■qiinn'  [lid 
l.Mi-es.iu: 

it   nt'    - 

n.un:l  in 
which   tM 

'-n   CIku-Il's      liuii,! 

a       11 

nark.- 

t-hoil-r 

.        -niam 

i~     CI 

ark     was 

Lli-iu.'iiaut      a|i|iiiini 

tol  cl 

niaac 

:'  th.'  n 

rw  luark.-l 
r  to   tl.o-,. 

;,  uihl 

ill   Xr 

the  re-u- 
w  ('a.-tlo. 

t„    Cai-tain    Diu'i.l    Finn.v.    Liuiiteuant 
.lannarv,    Knsi-n    Fr.iirh  "Uatth';    C; 
|;i,v,  L'irutcnant  .lani.^   Wall.-r,    Kn 
Ilrvan,   Sr.;    Cai.tain    .L.hn    Aln>  .,.1 
I. uh.tr  Prt.  r^on.    luL-i-n    Luke   Mon. 

Tiinotliv(iritHth.  Lieutenant  Wiiiiaru    Faii.s.  I'n-  Nrw  tru^tee.  uerr   in   tliis   vrar  appninted  for  the 

MLTii    David    K.iwhuid;   (^'aj.tain    Archil.ahl    Arm-  -.  n.ral  hian  ulKee>  in  the  ,liii;  rent  eountirs.    These 

stroll-    Lieutenant    rhnnias    .M,(.'ulhMi-li,   J^n-iuu  "t,i,rs   ha.l    Kern    in   exi-trne,.   for   two   years,  and 

K.iliert  Fierce.     Two  rcL'ine  nt-  wre  orjani/.-d   in  oriLHiiatrd     in     eonse'|Uene,'     of    the     re-printinL', 

the  county,  aud  conind.-sion-  i-iiod  to  .l.ihn  (  iood-  exeiianLrinL"-    aii.l    re-,  niittin-  <.f  tw.nty   tiiousan.l 

inir,   Sr.,  "and    William    Arm.~tr..n;.'    as    ('..l..uels;  [...un-ls  ..f   paper   m..ii.-v.      The    ..tiieers  ..riu^inally 

Tiionias  James  and  William  ['alter,-. .n,  !i.:ut.nant-  upi.ointe.l    were    Jehu    Ciiitis,    John     \'aui'e    an.l 

o.lonels;     and     Jaeo!,    Vanl.ehl..-r    an.l    Willian.  J..lin    M. ■(;.,.. le    f.,r    N.'w     Ca-tle    < 'ountv,     J..hn 

.MrCrea,  major-.  Erinkley  an,l  Tlmma.-  I  ire.-n  f  .r  K.nt,  and  Paves 

In     Kent    Ciunty    th.>     apTi..intni.'nts    were    t.>  Holt  and  Jacob  KoUiiek  in  Su>-e.\.      Their  duties 

Captain  John  ^'iIlinL^  Lieutenant  Thomas  ]'arke.  eompri.-ed  a  sreneral  >nperint.Mi.lenee  ..f  the  new 

Knsiirn     Li.liard     Wells:     (.'aptain    J..hu    Ihinn,  issue   ..f  m.:.uev,  an.l    ,a.-h    wa-^    r..|uire.l    t..   -ive 

Li.jutenant  William  Hit-.. ns.Ensi-n  .Mark  Hin.n-;  l.on.l    in   the  sum  ..f  on.'   th.,u-an,l   p..un.ls.     The 

Captain  J;.il)ert  BlaeL-hire,  Lieutenant  J..hu  Kee.-,  terms  for  which   they  had   h.-.n  app..inte.l   haviiiij: 

Euji.Lrn    William   Rees ;   Cajitain   ('reorge    ^Lirtin.  now  expire. 1,  Jehu   «'urlis  ami   J.ihn   \'ane.'   were 

Lieutenant  Jaeoh  AIlec,EnsiL:n  John  Vanwinkle;  reappointed   in    New    L'a.-tl.'    County    and    sm-vcd 

Captain  John  Caton,  Lieutenant  R.jljertCatlin  ami  witli    a    new    trustee,    Lichard    MeWilliam.       In 

Ensign  Joseph  Hodson.     In  Au,t;ust,  New  Castle  Kent  County,  John  Viiiin;^  and  Andrew  Caldwell 

County  added  Ca]>tain  John  Edwards,  Lieutenant  were    the    new  apjjointees,   while    both    the    old 

David"  Johns  and   Ensi-n   Ilobert    .^tewart ;    and  othcers,    Pives    tlolt   and    Jacob    Kolluck,    were 

Kent,  Captain  David  ^larsliall,  Lieutenant  David  continued  in  Sussex. 

T'lark,  Ensign  William  Green;  and  Captain  James         Steps  were  also  taken  t..w.u-.l  tl..--  better  main- 

ICdwards,  Lieutenant  James  Lewis,  Ensi-a   James  tenance  of  the  brid-es  and  Ip-hwav?  in  the  .UHerent 

James.  counties.     The  jii,-tic.  <  of   the    (^uart.-r   Sessi.)ns 

The  elections  in  Oct.iber.  17-19,  resulted  in  the  were  instructed  to  appoint  annually  at  the  ^May 

ap|ioiutnient  of  John  Vandyke  and  Samuel  Silsby  se.-?ion  ..f  the  e.iurt  ..ne  or  more  overseers  in  ea.'h 

to  be  sheritF  and  cor.mer   in   Xew  Castle  Countv,  Lun.lr.  d.     All    kin-'s   n.a.Is    were  ord.-ri-.l    t.)    lie 

Thomas  Parke  and   William   Blakiston   in   Ken't,  forty    fe.t    ui.l.'.    ..t'  whi.'ii   thirty   f.^et    were    kept 

and    Peter   Clowes    and    William   Shanklan.l    in  grul'il.e.l  and  <lear.-.l,  an.l  all   hrau.-hes  an.l  limbs 

Sussex.      The  two   first-named   counties    retained  by  the  way-ide  were  cut  oU'  within  ten   teet  of  the 

the    same    officers    in    ITol),    but    Sussex     elected  ground.     Other  public  roads  were  to  be  thirty  feet 

William  Shankland  sheriti' and  Robert  31cllwaine  wide.        Bridges    over    creeks   or    gidleys    were 

cjroner.     In  ITol  George  Munro  and  John  Yeates  twelve    feet   wide    with    railings  three  feet   high, 

were  elected  to  fill  the  two  offices  in  New  Castle  These  were  built  and  kept  in  repair  at  the  expense 

County.     The  two  sherilis  were  re-elected  in  Kent  of  the  county  in  which  they  were  situated,  unless 

and  Sussex   but  new  c.u'oners  were  elected,  wdio  the  bridse  was  necessary  by  reason  of  a  mill-race 


were  Jame<  (^jrev  and 

J..hn 

i;...!..-nev 

, 

cross in 

u'  the  roa.l,  in  which  case  the  owner  of  the 

The  year.-  ITol  au.l 

17o-Jl 

i.un.lrli'e 

■  A-^.anblv  of 

mill  w 

a-  ...Mig.'il  to  attend  to  the  bridge.     If  the 

the  lower. '..untie-  once 

111. .re. 

extivm.l 

va.'tive.   On,- 

pe.,ph' 

..f  anv  parti,  ular  n.'iiihb.irhood  considered 

of  the  hr.-I  matt,  is  ..f 

imp..i 

i-tan.v  w 

hi.'h    reeeive.l 

a    r.ia. 

1    neee.-.sary,   ai.plicati..n   was    ma.le    to    the 

its  attenti..n  wa-   a   ne 

It    -eal  i; 

ir  it>   L:-..vern- 

ill>ti.'.': 

-  ..if  the  (jliiart.r  S.'-sions,  wh.i  then  chose 

meiit.     The  ohl   -..-al   h 

a.i   th 

,•  wonl 

•■  Delh.waiv- 

tiv.'  fr. 

.■.•h..l.l.us  of  ^-..o.l   .-taihlin-  t.i   examine   tile 

en-rav..l  .,n  it,  an.l  as 

it  wa 

-  lea  red 

this   mi-hr  in 

re'.don 

thn.ugh   whi.'h    tic   n.a.r  was   t..   run,  and 

time    pr.i.lui'e    tiMubh- 

,    a    11 

.•w    ,.iie 

wa-   liion-ht 

rep..rt 

a-  to  th.'  a.Ki.-aliility  .if  .-..n-t i-u.-lin_'  it,  the 

necessarv.      All   j.aper 

.-  -tan 

l[,e.l   witl 

1   the  ..M   .  ne 

lell_'tll 

,  direeti.m,  damages    and    other   necessary 

were    de'elaiv.l    t..    be 

p.a-fe 

ctlv    le-; 

il,   an.l    J.liu 

parti.a 

liars.     If  the  committee  reported  favorably, 

Curti.-,   Benjamin  Cla- 

w  an. 

1    Abrah; 

am    Wyncop 

and  th 

.■  p.'titi.iners  agreed  to  jiay  the  damages,  the 

were  authorized  to  ]ir 

ocure 

the  n.'A 

..ne.     It  was 

r.iad  w 

as  c.u-tru.'te.l.     To  ke.'(i  the  roads  in  repair 

ma.le  ..f  r-ilver,  was  t' 

iV..  in. 

■hv,    in 

.liam.-t,  r  an.l 

the  ov 

er.secis  won-  eiiip..were.l  to  re.|uire  of  every 

'  outaineil  thearmsof  ti 

le  Kil 

U-ofGn  ; 

atBiitaiii.the 

man   ] 

.aviiiL'-  ta.\es,  am..untiiiL'  t..  tliirtv  peiumls  or 

w..nls  ■•C..unt!.>..n  1 ). 

•lauai 

v"an.l  t 

he  .la!.'  ITol. 

.layV  w.irk   performe.l   .-ither   hv  him-.'lf  ..r 

A<  n.)  Iiuii.litij  ha.l 

V.  t  b. 

•■•n  (■.•n-t 

ruit-.l  t'.  r  the 

a  .-11  ii- 

■  titute.     Th.'se   jiaviiiLr  fr.iiii   thirty  to  si.\ty 

I'larkei-phuv  ill  I)..v.r 

iXi.'h 

..la-^  Ri.i 

•_'elv.  An.lrew 

peniml 

s  were  ..bligeil   to 't'urni-li   two  men,  an.l   ail 

Caldwell  and  Thoma. 

:     Alfo 

rd   \vere 

selected   as   a 

paying 

:  more  than  sixty -[...unds  three  men. 

140 


IIL^TORY  OF  DHLAWARE. 


It  wa>!  also  nf-cp<>arv  to  nppDiiit  mw  trustors 
for  a  third  titiic-.  tun. it' i!i..  mmcikI  .-ct  li.-.vinu- diol, 
to  dispose  ot'thr  niiiainiiii:-  Jni-  in  I)t.\rr.  .laiucs 
Gorrell,  Benjaiuin  t^'lKW  aii.i  IIoIh  rt  Willo.cks 
■were  this  time  srlecn  .1.  with  the  -aiiic  jM.urrs  as 
were  euiifiTrcjil  1)11  tli.  ir  prrd.  i  (-s(.rs.  'I'h.' hist  two 
mentioned  were  aI>o  appuiiited  in  asiniihir  i-apaeity 
in  coiijunetiiin  with  ^aiiiin-l  Dickiii.-i'ii.  .lohu  David 
and  John  Viniiij:,  to  dis[">-o  of  the  nld  D'.vur  jail 
and  the  L'roimd  ahmit  it.  TUv  penph-  had  rai^<<l 
a  fund  for  huildiiiLT  a  n.'W  I'lie,  which,  tdiroihcr  w  iih 
the  proceeds  cmtiinL'  tV.mi  th.-  sale  of  the  old  jail. 
was  idaee<l  in  the  h: 


the  trust 


■ha-c 


a  new  lot.  The  sheritl-  and  coimicr-  elcctid  in 
October,  17.1L»,  were  (_;,■,. r-e  .Moiirno  and  John 
Yeates  for  New  Ca-tlc  ( .ocntv.  John  Clavton  and 
French  Battle  f.r  Kmt.  and' William  SiKinkland 
and  John  Rodeney  for  .'^ii— ex  County.  In  ITo:) 
Monroe  was  re-elected,  hut  John  Yeates  was 
succeeded  as  coroner  i.f  New  <  astle  L'onnty  by 
Eobert  Morrison.  John  ('lay ion,  Jr.,  became 
sherifTof  Kent  County  ami  French  Battle  retained 
his  position  as  coroner.  Two  new  officials  were 
elected  in  Sussex  Conntv,  the  sherifl'  l)oin'.i;  Jacob 
Kolluck,  Jr.,  and  coroner  John  Spencer. 

In  1754  Jehu  Curti-,  the  second  jud-e  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  died,  and  William  Till  ua» 
appointed  to  succeeil  him  by  Cioveinor  .Janies 
Hamilton.  Several  justice;  had  also  .lied  in  Kent 
County  and  a  new  comniis.-rion  was  is.-ued,  at  the 
same  time,  appointing  Samuel  Dickinson,  John 
Brinckloe,  Thomas  Clark.  Samuel  Johns,  William 
Farson,  John  Vinin-.  George  Wilson,  George 
Martin,  John  Goadim:.  Stipheu  Parradee,  Robert 
Willcocks,  Richard  Wells.  Thomas  Irons  and 
John  Clayton,  Jr. 

The  French  and  Indian  AVar  had  by  this  time 
become  merely  a  ijui  sthm  of  time,  d'he  French 
encroachments  in  the  A\'i  >t  had  alreadv  stirred  the 
people  into  activity,  and  all  the  coloiiie-  were  tak- 
ing whatever  measures  they  were  able  to  a.-^i.-t  in 
the  common  defense.  In  17o4  the  A.—tnibly  of 
the  lower  counties  on  Delaware  had  provided  for 
raisincr  a  thousand  pounds  tor  His  Maie-tv's  use, 
and  the  followin-  year,  when  the  cri>i'-  was  still 
nearer,  an  act  was  passed  for  estahlishinu' a  militia. 
Braddock  had  by  this  time  arrived  and  was 
already  in  the  We-t.  Fvery  one  was  eai^er  to  as-ist 
in  any  way  po>~ili!e  to  decrease  the  hard-hip-  of 
the  journey.  The  lower  counties,  not  feeling 
themselves  able  to  render  any  irreat  a-isl.inee.  but 
yet  desirous  of  doing  all  within  their  power,  sent  a 
"load  of  Jirovi^inns  to  the  -eneral  and  aho  a  herd 
of  cattle  f<u-  the  armv.  (iovernor  Robert  Hunter 
]\Iorris  f.rwarded  with  them  the  f.llouin-  h-tier: 


of  their  r.  i-aril  for 


The      list     of 


d    eiirr 


■  ions  s,,„t,  included  twelv> 
wo  d,./en  flasks  of  ,,il,  t.- 
ea-k   of  raf-ins,  one    box   ,,t 

tard.  eiLfht  eu.-k-  of  bi-niit-,  I'our  ke-s  of  stur-eo.. 
one  ke::  of  herrin-,  two  elu-t-  of  lemons,  two  k._. 
of  spirit,  one  cask  of  vincL'ar.  one  liarrel  of  pota- 
to^>.  and  thn-v  tab-  of  butter. 

Tlu  eleetioiis  in  1  7o"i  fa- sheriff  and  coroner  in 
the  various  counties  proved  the  successful  candi- 
dates to  be  William  Goldensher  for  sheriff,  aii.l 
Robert     Morri.-on     fir     coroner     oi'    New     Cast!.- 

the  same  offices  in  Kent  County  ;  and  Jacob  Kol- 
luck, Jr.  and  Payntcr  Ste>ck]ey~'-in  Sussex.  In 
175(5  the  war  was  declared,  and  jireparations  began 
in  earnest.  A  map  of  Delaware  Bay  and  River, 
wdiich  had  been  prepared  by  John  Fisher,  was 
about  to  be  published,  when  Governor  ^lorris 
ordered  the  publication  to  be  postponed,  lest  a 
copv  should  reach  the  hands  of  the  enemy  and 
furni.-h  them  with  a.-.-isiaiice.  The  Assembly  of 
the  lower  counties  provided  for  striking  the  sum  of 
two  thousand  pounds  in  new  bills  of  credit,  and 
on  May  20th  an  embargo  was  declared  prohibitiiiL' 
anv  exportation  of  ]>ro visions  or  arms  from  either 
of  the  three  counties.  This  latter  act,  passed  in 
May,  exjjired  on  July  7th,  as  did  also  a  similar 
law  in  the  province.  The  Governor  at  once  re- 
quested the  province  to  renew  their  embargo,  but 
this  they  stoutly  refused  to  do,  unless  the  lower 
counties  would  continue  the  embargo  passed  by 
their  Assembly.  Governor  ]M(_irris  went  to  New- 
Castle  to  induce  the  Assembly  to  extend  the  time 
of  the  act,  but  they  were  only  w  illing  to  continue  ii 
until  July  20111.  and  from  then  for  as  long  a 
period  as  the  province  mi'_'ht  pa—  a  similar  act. 
but  in  no  case  -hould  tlie  time  extend  beyond 
•Jctober  22d  New  York  and  New  Jersey  had 
put  etiective  embar'_'oes  into  operation,  but  unh  — 
the  barriers  existed  on  every  side  the  Asseml'lv 
of  the  ])rovince  held  that  an  embari:-o  wouhl  I" 
not  only  useless,  but  harmful  to  them.  The  bill 
wa.s  finally  jiassed,  although  it  was  tlie  cause  ol 
much  displeasure  to  many  merchants,  and  later 
"broiiLdit  f'oitli   a  vigorous  protest  from  them. 

The-  elections  in  the  lower  counties  for  17oo 
resulted  in  t'avor  of  William  Gohleu  and  Robert 
Morri-on  t'or  .W.  ritf  and  eoroner  of  New  Ca,-tK 
Countv,  Ca-ar  Kodiae  and  Mattliii'.s  I'rozier  f-i' 
Kent, "and  John  Kodi'iey  and  Wnxani  Lewi.  I'l" 
Sussex.  A  month  later,  bv  the  lieninniiiLr  "' 
November,  the  three'  .-ouiitie-' had  or-anized  th.  ir 
militia   in  a.-c,.r.ian.-e   with  th.' acts  of  the  A:--,  m- 


ijiti'.in 

.T(,l 

in 

CI; 

:iy- 

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„es 

Sliilid 

li 

1, 
( 

niln 

Li 

irV! 

s  Tyl 
nkkr, 

MlUt, 

Littl 
Li, 

1 
■u 

ajit; 

( 'r. 

ten; 

int 

Stnk 

.'IV 

S; 

turi; 

is  ; 

i  Dan 

id  i; 

nl 

lillS 

1)11, 

Enshj 

:n    V. 

Ifl 

njamin 

COLONIAL  nrsTOf:\. 

Mv,  and  tlio  i^.n..wint:  o.inniisMons  weiv  i..ued  :  I^^aac  Hall  ;  T,.^vn  ■/  D'lVP 
i:,rtli.' UpiHi-  Li-ii.i.iii  ,,f  militia  in  N.'w  Castlf  t;.n.  Li.ntfn.ii.t  Frf-.di  ' 
Cuuntv,  >;cn  Ca.tlr  Ilnn.liv,!,  N,„th  I>ivi>i,,n,  Wvl!- ;  Dnvtr  1  [,ii;,!n  .1.  O 
Captain  Lirlianl  ^[rWiliiani,  Li.  utniant  Natli-  Lifit.'uant  Janus  SM<^ 
:,:,icl  SiLl.v,  KnH-n  Za.liaiiah  Luuani-!i;  r^.uth  UpiMT  Part  .a'  r.lr.le  Cmk  II 
Iiivi>i.ui,  Captain  Alrxaii.kv  Portrr,  Licuti-nant  -Inliu  I'.aili;,-,  Li.-at.  !i;.;ii 
^aMUK■l  Aldrirks.  Ln>iLni  Jnlm  lirvan  ;  Whiio  ^lartluw  Ci-o,:i.  r  ;  L.nv.. 
Clay  Creek  Hun.lre.l.  WVt  Division,  Captain  i[iiii,ir.-,l.  Cii'^aia  .i,L. 
i;,es  Jones,  Lieutenant  Samuel  Llatt,  lln-i-n  "A'llkMH  ;,.:.::r.iaffer,  '• 
Tli.inias  Williainsou  ;  East  Division.  Captaii!  >aia-  ^lur.ler  Kil::  llnn-ln  :i,  1 
uel  Fattersdn.  Lieutenant  Thomas  Dunn,  lui-i-n  T/icutei'init  (  Ivir'es  ITii: 
William  Keid;  ^NL'ln  Creek  Hundred,  N..itli  Divi-  ',V;,r-en,  .;.•.,  ;' ,.wer  Part  of  jMurder  Kiln  Hun- 
-inn.  Captain  Evan  Reese,  Lieutenant  Jum.s  oivd.  C-p!:'-:'  ^Villinr.,  Khnades,  Lieutenant  Jo- 
Walker,  Ensi-jn  William  Ball:  South  Div.-i..„,  -epk  Hurel,. -,,.,.  Kn.i-u  Tliuma.  CraiL' ;  Lpper 
Captain  Thomas  Grav,  Lieutenant  William  Mc-  Part  of  Duck  Creek  Hur.dred,  Captain  David 
Mehan,  Ensign  Alexander  Mnnt-omery  :  (  l.ris-  Clavk,  Lieutena.ut  John  Eeese,  En^i-n  John  Ca- 
tiana  Hundred,  Southwest  D'vi.-iou,  (  'aptaiii  Jame<  hoon  ;  ]>:.\\er  Part  of  Duck  Creek  Humlred,  Ca]i- 
Latinier,  Lieutenant  Empsoii  i;ird,]-:n-i-n  Thoii, as  rain  Charles  itillvani.  Lieutenant  Jacoh  Stout, 
Duff;  Southeast  Division,  Captain  Andrew  Trau-  p:Il^i■.u  Thomas  Tilton  ;  Tidliury,  Captain  J.ihn 
\-rTg,  Lieutenant  William  Hav,  Ensiim  Loliert  Cater.,  I,itutenant  Joseph  Caljh'_ell,  Kn<i-ii  Jaine^ 
Kobinson;  ]Sorth  Division,  Cap'tain  Thomas  Ode,  Calduiil;  Field  (_>if„-r..  Colonel  John  Viniu-, 
Jr.,  Lieutenant  John  Arnistrontr,  Ensiirn  John  Lieutemut-Coioiiel  John  Urinkle.  Maj.ir  Andrew 
Hendrickson;    Brandywine   Hundred,   Southwest  CaJd^'el'- 

Division,  Ca])tain  William  Empson,  Lieutenant  Tiic  Sussex  Countv  militia  was  or-anized  as  fjl- 
Thom;is  MeKim,  Ensi-n  John  Elliot;  Northeast  lows:  for  the  northern  military  ,li-rrirt  of  ( ■.  dar 
Division,  Captain  Emanuel  Grub,  Jr.,  Lieutenant  Creek  Hundred,  Ca]itain  Benjaiuiu  \\'yiiko,,p, 
JJenjanuii  Ford,  Jr..  I^n.-i>iu  Lenianun  Kellam  :  Lieutena.it  Bethuei  Watson,  Eii~i-n  Levin  Crop- 
Field  OiHeers,  Cdonel  William  Arm^tron^,  Lieu-  per-  f,r  the  Southern  militarv  di-triet  of  CV.lar 
tenant-Coh.ii.d  Joh;i  Finiiev,  3Iajor  John  Me-  Creek  Haudnd,  Captain  Thomas  Hill,  Lieutenant 
Kiulev.  "  "  Daar  Watson,  Kn-i-n  Xehemiah  L»avis;  fir  the 
The    Lower    Rejiiient    of  Xew  Ca.-tle    County  northern  militarv  ,li-ti-iet  nf  Hmad  Kiln  Hiin.lrcd, 

sioned  from   the   places  named  ;  St.  George's  Hun-  man.    Ensign     CJeorge     Claypoole;     for    soutTTern 

dred,    Capjtain    John   Jones,    Lieutenant    Jerome  military  district  of  Broad  Kiln  Hundred,  (.'aptain 

Dusliane,  Ensign   L=aae  Gooding;  Captain   John  J<iseph  (^'ord.  Lieutenant   William    Craii:-,  1-jisigii 

Vance,  Lieutenant  John  Vandyke,  EnsiL'-n   John  Absalom    Little  ;    for  the    mu-thern    milit;iry  dis- 

Aiiderson;   Cajitain    Adam    Petei-son,  Lieutenant  trict  of  Lewes  and   Reholioth    Hundred,  * 'aptain 

William    Whittle,    Ensign    Alexan<ler     Brvan  ;  David  Hall,  Lieutenant  Jacob   Kolluck,  Jr.,  En- 

Apoquinimink    Hundredr  Captain    William    Wil-  si-n  .b,hn  FLill ;  for  the  southern  militarv  .li,-trict 

liams.  En>ign  Garrett  Rothwell  ;  Captain  Alexau-  of  L,w.-   and    Rehoboth  Hundred,  Captain   John 

der   Chance,   Lieutenant  Charles  C:ir-on,  I'.ii.^iiin  Xewl.ol.l,   Lieutenant    Rice    Wolf    Eie-i-n   Peter 

Daniel  Weldon  ;  Captain   George  Ganz,  Lituten-  .March;  f.r  the   northern   military   ili-trict  of  In- 

ant  Matthew  Rhea,  EnsiLrn  Thomas  Bennet  :   ikd  diau     River     llundivd.    (Captain     Cord    Ha//,ard. 

Lion    Hundred,    Ca^.tain"    Jacob    Goodin-     Lieu-  Lieutenant      Peter      R/.l.iuson,     Eum-ii     Thomas 

tenant    Thonuis     Tol.in,    Ensi-n    David    l[o-A,dI:  Prettvman  ;    f.r    the   -outhern    militarv  di-tri.-t  of 

Peni'uderHumlr.d.  Captain   J.cu  is  TI,oma  =  .  Lieu-  Li.lian    River   Hundred,  Cantaiu   P.iirtou  Waples, 

tenant    David    Rarr.    ICn.-l-u    William    Mitchell  ;  Lieutenant  J.din  Burton,  Eiwign  William  I'lvtty- 

<'aptuin    Thomas    Cooch,    J.ieiitenant     Alexander  man  ;  Field  Otheei-s,  ( 'olouel  Jacob  Kollu.-k,  Lieu- 

I'orter,   Ensign    David    Roulau.l;    Field   O'ih  ers,  tenant-Colonel   Rives  Holt.  :\hiior  Ja.'ub  Phillips. 
Colonel     Jacob     Vanbebber,     Lieutenant-Colonel  The  returns  fir  the  militia  of  the  lower  counties 

Diu id  Wether^poon,  ]\[ajor  Thomas  James.  '  summarized    the    above    a^    follows:    The    L'pper 

The  Kent  Countv  militia  was  a-  fillows:    I'jiper  ReLdnicnt  of  New  (.'a,-tle  County  contained  eleven 

I'art   of    Mi>pillion     Hundred,    Captain     Thomas  eoiupaiiie^,  with  the  oiHcers  named  and  two  ser- 

'  lark.  Lieutenant    Eliiah    ^forris,  E.i^i-n    Jo-,„h  -cants  f.r  each  ■■oufi-auv,  with  an  avera-.;  of  sixtv 

M.,rrat:     Mid.lh-    Part     of    Mi-pillioa     [ruu.lr.'d,  privat.-.      The    D.ucr  "R.iL'i.iMiit    ..f  Ncv    Ca-tle 

'aptain     R,,hert,    Kilhn,     Licit.' naiit     Archiliahl  Couiitv    c.,u~i,-t.'d    ..f    nine    .■omi.ani.  s.    av.a-a-ing 

1  icmiu-    l-hiH-n    Saniu.d    P..-viiH   Turner;    Lower  about  liftv  privat.-.  but    v,ith   th.'  ^ame   ..tti.vn-  as 

'':>rt    ot-  Mi<piHi,,u    Humlrcl,    Captain    R._iiiamiii  in  the  Clip.'r  Rc-inient.      Kent  anil   Su-s.x  Couii- 

Ibiiikl,.,-.     IJ.i, tenant     J..liu      Molliston,     i;n.i-n  tie.-  furni-lied   twelve  ai'id  eiidit  companhs  respect- 


14:; 


HISTORY  OF  DKL.VWAI 


le  T. 


ively,  and  tluMitficers  and  jirivatos 

same  as   in   the  various  iiKinii 

Kfgimunt  of  Xrw  C:iA\r  (  .'.nniy.  i-"r..ni  i!.i>  it 
appears  lliat  the  lower  countus  or.j-ani/.rd  a  lon^e 
of  over  two  thiaisaiid  trni.|i-.'  In  17o7  thi-  sunie 
zeal  was  contiimrd.  the  A--ianliiy  |ia>-in'j-  acts  for 
Btrikinjr  iiills  of  cn-dit  to  the  anionnt  of  four 
thousand  ])ounils  for  His  r^laje.-ty's  usi\  tor  punish- 
ing desertic'HS  antl  mutiny  in  thi'  army.  A  con- 
siderable ditficnltv  arose  aiiout  tlie  iniildlc  of  the 
year  in  consei|Uiaii-f  of  thc-crupU'S  entertained  hv 
the  Quakers  a-ain-t  hraiin^j  arms,  and  tiieir  -tub- 
born  resislain;"  of  tiio  niilitia  hiws.  Tiie  lii~t  in- 
stance that  (jccurrrd  \\a-  ^'arlv  in  Januarv. 
Christopher  Wilson,  ofCliristiami  Hundred,  had 
been  summoned  liy  ('a]>tain  I'liomas  ( 'j-le,  init 
refused  to  a[ip(_-ar.  While  -  ateil  on  hi-  hor-o. 
shortly  afterwards,  I'onvcr-inL'  with  a  friiiid,  -^.mni'l 
Clenny,  two  con-tal)lc.-,  \\'illiam  J'.rad.-haw  and 
Thomas  Elliot,  phn-,  d  him  uii.lrr  arrest,  and  he  was 
afterwards  taken  l.cf.uv  J  u,>tirr  David  Par-h.  The 
justice,  with  very  little  ceremony,  ordered  him  tn 
jail  and  he  was  taken  to  Xcw  Castle.  lu  June, 
however,  a  number  of  complaints  were  lodged 
against  the  same  Justice  Bush.  Joseph  Niekols 
complained  that  he  had  been  summoned  to  appear 
before  him  and  state  why  ho  had  not  comj)!ied  with 
the  provisions  of  the  militia  acts.  ITe  assured  the 
magistrate  that  he  was  moved  altoLretiier  by  the 
dictates  of  conscience,  and  not  at  all  iiv  a  desire  to 
disobey  the  laws;  but  notwiihstandin;,',  the  consta- 
bles soon  appeared  and  sri/cd  a  cow.  Joshua 
Baker  had  sufti/rcd  in  the  same  way,  and  Kuth 
Mendenhall  te^tilied  that  fair  men  had  et.ine  with 
swords  and  clubs  ami  dealt  out  a  similar  fate  upon 
her  son.  Thomas  Xickols  was  another  of  the 
victims.  These  cases  were  l.'rought  to  the  attention 
of  the  Governor,  and  in  addition  other  in<adents  of 
a  like  nature  were  cited.  Joseph  Xewlin,  John 
Perry,  Jacob  Eobinson,  Kichard  t'arsan,  William 
Shipley,  Jr.,  and  Henry  Tn.ith  all  comjilained  that 
their  property  had  been  seized  to  pay  .the  tines 
exacted  by  Justice  Bush  for  an  act  which  they  hehl 
was  specially  permitted  by  charter.  Governor 
Denny  took  the  matter  under  con>id.r.ation.  but  it 
was  allowed  to  drop.  The  iiK'id.  nt  at  least  si  rv.  d 
the  Assembly  of  the  provinei'  \\itli  a  w.aoon  ,,f 
defense  again.st  the  Governor,  who  had  cliided  thi  ni 
for  not  being  as  diligent  in  the  ]ia--a_'o  ,,f  militia 
laws  as  the  lower  courities. 

Consulerable  jealousy  !iad,  in  fact,  spruiii:  up  in 
the  pnivincc.  Tiie  (Governor  ^^as  aciai-'il  ot'  beiuL' 
partial  to  the  lower  counties,  ami  in-inua.tion-  and 
attacks  of  ev.av  d.-cnption  were  pulilh-lv  aim.  d 
at  them.  The  "onlv  notle,.  takm  of  thi-'  l,v  the 
Assemldv  at  Xew'CaMle  ^^as  in  an  addr.-s  to 
Governor  I>.tinv  in  Oetob.r,  IToT,  wh.n  tliev 
expressed  their  disgust   at  such  assaults,  and  tluar 


deli-htat  lieiu-ind,.|M.nd 

ent  of  tie-  |irnvince.     Th 

eharu-e-  w.iein  truth  ino- 

t  up.ju-t.f  irthe  [larttak.  a 

bvthe|owereounti.>intl, 

.•I'nncli  and  Indian  W..- 

w-as  reiativelv,and  in  -on 

ao  re-i ts  al.-olnt,-lv,  i.: 

greater  than  tliat  taken  1 

.v  the  province. 

,'  lia.l  n.Mrlvfiurthousaii.j 

troops  .,r-ani/.ed.  A  h- 
aL-o  beuun  late  in  tlie  vo 

it;.i-v  and  barracks  v.. a, 
ar.  and   the   little  goviaai- 

inent  was  boldly  strainiu 

-  e\orv  nerve  to  faithfidlv 

pert'orin   its  dntv.       The 

eml.ar-o   was  renewed   at 

New  Ca.-tle  and    {..■ui-f. 

iwn   in  March,  17.5f<,  an  i 

verv  >oon  afterwanU  (o 
the  A.-e,nl,ivat  New  Ca 
that  body,  he  iid'orin.d  t 

ivoruor  D.'nuy  convene  1 
-tie.  In  his  speech  bef  a.- 
hem  that  in  letters  lately 

received  from  llngland,  t 

iie  King  promised  to  mak- 

every  etfiu't  at  the  conun 

■^  session  of  Parliament  t- 

secure  the  passage  of  an  act  for^compensating  tli. 
provinces  for  their  efforts  in  his  behalf,  but  al.-. 
requesting  all  pos-^ible  as-istanceatthat  very  critical 
moment.  The  A-emhly  promised, through  Speaker 
Jacob  Kolluck,  to  do  all  in  their  power,  an.l 
regretted  that  their  means  were  not  sufficient  to 
allow  them  to  otti^r  as  much  as  their  inclination- 
prompted.  Nevertheless,  an  act  was  soon  pa:rscd 
for  raising  a  loan  of  eight  thousand  pounds. 

In  April,  175!),  the  Assembly  passed  a  bill  for 
reprinting  and  exchanging  twenty  thousand  pound- 
of  bills  of  crc'lit,  and  for  striking  seven  thousand 
pounds  additional  for  His  ^lajesty's  use.  Jacob 
Kolluck,  William  Arra>trong  and  Ca.'sar  Rodney 
were  appointed  to  superintend  the  printing  of  the 
twenty-seven  thousand  pounds,  the  bills  varying 
from  one  to  twenty  shillinL's.  They  were  signed 
bv  William  Arm.-tnai-  of  New  Castle  Countv, 
Johns  Barns  of  Kent,  and  1  "avhl  Hall  of  Sussex. 
Ten  thousand  pounds  were  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  trustees  of  the  loan  office  in  Xew  Castle  County, 
and  for  Kent  and  Sussex,  their  trustees  receiveil 
respectivelv  six  and  fair  ilKai^and  pounds  for  rt - 
distributhm.  The  seven  tle.u-and  |H,und-  w,  r' 
placed  in  charge  of  Me.--r-.  John  l-'innev,  (.icon:'' 
Munro,  C:e,=ar 'Kodnev,  .h.sei.h  Caldwell,  David 
Hall  and  Josei-h  Kolluck,  Jr..  and  was  to  be  used 
in  the  supjiort  of  one  hundi-ed  and  eiirht  men  f 'f 
service  in  the  southern  <-olonie,-i  the  money  beinj 
rai-eil  liy  an  additional  ttix  of  six-pence  on  th' 
pound    i'or    hve    years.      The    reason    for  joiiiiii-; 

lietter   have    lieeii    jias-nl   >e|iarately,  soon   becane 


apparent.  They  ha 
a  former  occa-ion.  In 
to  the  re-emi-.-ioii. 
(.'ouiicil  came  down 
they  tlatly  retiued 
for  the  rea-ou  name 


iIk'  latter  cour; 


\VI 


■  Liovernor  ai: 
Xew  Castle,  on  May  ot 
■atifv  the  double  measur 
id   al.-o  because  in  the  \>v 

uiti.^  had  -upportodlliP 
liad  cut  the  number  do» 
tv.  Aconti-nai.vwash. 
and    the   Speaker   of   li 


COLON  T.I  ].  HfSTOili' 


I  A--"inl.ly  nvIh,  politely  intnrnird  liim  lliat  the  ,1  l,„:.e 

;  li.iil  iTsolvt'd  t(i  furii!>h  no  iiicn  at  all  if  tin  v  were 

i  ,   ,,M|.elle.l  t..  alter   tlieir   lull.      Tliev  well  saw  tlu^r 

I  t|.e(i..vern..rennl.|  not  atK.nl  t..  ivj.ct  their  a,-.-i:-t- 

.uiee,  nil  iiiatler   liow   in-i-iiitieaiit    it   was.     Tb-ir 
:  .aleiilutioMS  siinii    ])ri)Veil   tn   lie  eiirriet,  I'lir  nil  tile 

I  Till  the  Cimnril  r-'luelantlv  nrilen.i   the  (..i.vernor 

I  ,„  M-ii  tlie  bill. 

In  October  the  returns  for  the  electien  nf  ^herit^s 
.■mil  coroners  aiinuuneeil  that  in  >."ew  (  'a-tle(  '"Untv 
John  McKinlev  anil  AVilliani  .<nii!h  ha.l  l.^.a; 
rleeteil;  in  Kent  O.untv,  Th.mia,^  I'arker  a-il 
William  Wells,  ami  in  Su>se.K,  .Ii.-eph  .-hankiand 
:,n.l  Jabe7.  Fisher. 

In  April,  ITCH,  the  A-enihlv  was  met  by  O.jv. 
.lames  Huniiltnn,  who  had  .-ueeeed.d  (iov.  IVniiv 
in  November,  lie  announced  new  instructions 
t'mm  the  KiiiLr.  Lrraciously  thunkinc  his  American 
.-ubjects  for  their  services,  and  otiiM-inL' to  arm  and 
supply  with  provisions  the  krire  numbi  r  -f  jv.-.v. 
\\hieh  he  hoped  they  would  continue  to  rai-e.  'Ihe 
Assembly  asserted  their  desire  to  comply  \sith  ihis 
to  the  utmost  linnt  of  their  ability,  and  at  the  saaie 
time  handed  the  Governor  two  bills  t'or  hi-  .-iunr.- 
ture.  Governor  Hamilton  wilhhehl  his  signature, 
to  learn  what  they  proposed  to  do  in  connection 
w  ith  his  war  message  ;  but  on  their  promise  to  issue 
a  new  loan,  he  si^rned  the  bill  and  returned  to 
I'hiladelphia.  The  A^^enibly  this  year  placed  four 
thousand  pounds  at  his  disposal,  but  thev  now  also 
devoted  some  attention  to  internal  atliiir-,  which 
had  for  several  years  been  subordinated  to  t!ie 
war.  The  Ru])ren)e  Court  was  completely  reor- 
ganized under  the  name  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  Governnient  of  the  Counties  of  N'ew"  Castle, 
Kent  and  Suv-^ox  upon  Delaware.  It  was  to  meet 
at  New  Castle  on  the  twenty  seventh  iif  April,  and 
the  twenty  third  of  October,  at  Dover  ou  the 
twenty  eighth  of  (.)etober,  and  on  the  ^b3nday  pre- 
ceding the  meeting  of  the  Court  of  Coujuion  Pleas 
in  May,  and  at  Lewistown  on  the  3Iondays  pre- 
ceding the  meetings  of  the  Court  of  Coinnioi;  Pleas 
in  ^[ay  and  Xovember.  There  were  now  to  be  the 
chief  ju.-ticc  and  three  others  to  preside-,  instead 
of  two,  as  before.  A  suppl.-meut  to  the  aet  ]  :■.^-ed 
in  ITlit,  for  eiicoura'^in-j  the  eon-ti'uetioii  ,,f  -,,nd 
mills,  wa-  al-o  pa--'d  in  ITiHt,  ami  an  a.-oiit  tor  the 
L'oveniment  of  the  lou.-r  eountios  wa-  -tarioned  a: 
J.ondou  to  loolc  alrer  thoir  int.  ivMs.  The  a.--nt 
appointed  was  David  liarelav.  Jr..  of  London. 

Thomas  ]1unn  and  Janice ''.Valker  were  el,  eted 
shi-ritfand  coroner  at  the  October  ei.etiouMn  Ni  w 
''.-th-Countv;  Willia.c  Kho.l.->  and  Jab-z  Jeii- 
^^ins  in  Kent";aiid  .lo-,.p!i   and   David   Shankland 


pensatuiii  to  th-^ 


The 


:nt  was  allowi 


In  17i;i  tho  London  a-ent  anm 
'd  ivr,iv,,l  s,„,i,.tliinix'  over  tl 
■'ind-,  as,h.sharebelo„,in^to   t 

Sout  of  a  stMii  -ranted   bv  Parii 


of  the  residue   J;oi,ia:,un  * 'ht-w  ami  \\illiam  J'lum- 

sum  was  pail  to  N,'w   Ca>:ie  Countv,   tlove-tenth^ 
to  Kent,  Ml,!  -he  )■,  ma.iiiug   iwo-tenths   to  .'-^us.-ex, 

uebf.i  comracted  in  coc.sei|Uence  of  the  war. 

The  ihiys  for  holding  the  Supreme  Court  were 
aLram  ehan^ed  th.is  y  ar,  and  wore  fixed  tiir  New 
Ca-'!e  on  the  nrth  of  Apriiand  Hfth  of  Septendn-r  ; 
+or  Dover  ;,ii  i\,y  Hfteeuth  of  April  and  fifteenth  of 
.-eptember;  a-:!  for  Lpv.istowu  on  the  Fridays  ])rc- 
ceding  the  meetings  of  the  ifay  and  N"ovemher 
sessions  of  the  (Quarter  Sessions. 

Another  payment  was  received  by  Agent  P)ar- 
clay  in  London,  in  17(i2,  this  tin_^e  amounting  to 
three  tb.ou.-and  ^even  hundred  and  fortv-tive 
pound:-,  iiid  paid  jiui^uaut  to  an  act  of  Parliament 
of  ITOy.  William  PJuuistead  and  Penjamin  OIilw 
■»^ere  again  appointed  to  manage  the  fund.  The 
D:onc}-  was  divided  among  the  counties  in  the 
same  proportion  as  the  first  payment  and  applied 
to  similar  purposes.  These  payments  were  a  great 
relief  to  the  people,  to  whom  the  war  had  be'en  a 
heavy  liurden.  They  at  once  rallied,  however, 
and  again  began  to  employ  their  monov  for  pur- 
poses more  profitable  than  war.  Tlie-  jiublic  roads 
were  the  first  thin-s  that  were  looked  after.  In 
Kent  Countv  the  road  bevdnnioL'-  at  Sali.-lmrv, 
dividing  Kent  and  X.w  ('astleCnuntie.-,  and' 
thence  runniiiL'  tei  Dover,  as  we'd  as  the  two  draw- 
bridge xvad-  loading  from  Dover,  were  now  made 
public  or  kin-'.-  load-,  which  placed  them  under 
the  care  of  the  eouiity  authorities.  In  Sussex 
County  the  roads  running  from  the  Three  Pams 
through  Lewistown  were  raised  to  the  same  dignity. 
In  New  Castle  County  a  new  highway  was  built, 
beginning  at  the  border  of  Chester  County  and 
going  to  Brandywini;  Creek,  and  from  there  one 
was  laid  out  to  Salisbury  and  another  to  Blackbird 
Bridge. 

The  successful  eandi. kites  in  ITCi'  for  sherifi 
and  coroner  for  New  ("a.-tle  (^'ountv  were  Thomas 
Dunn  and  Jam-  Walker;  for  Su-.-ex,  Daniel 
Nunc/.,  Jr.,  and  .<ainiiel  Lowland.  Jr.;  and  for 
Kont,  William  Phodes  ami  John  dray.  The  next 
year  the  same  otiices  were  filled  in  N'e\v  Castle 
Countv  bv  Thomas  Du.f  and  William  Stewart,  in 
Sussex  bv  Daniel  Xune/.  Jr.,  and  John  Wattom, 
and  in  Kent  bv  Daniel  Pobert.-ou  and  John 
Gray. 

la  ]7(i4  the  roads  of  Xew  Castle  County  a-ain 
oceujiied  the  atteytion  of  the  A.sscmblv.  An 
entirely  new  sy,-tem  was  adopted  in  tin-  eountv 
for  their  manaiioment.  the  old  one  not  havui- 
given  >ati,rarti,,n.  'flio  roa.ls  w  re  now  plared 
under  the  eontnd  ol'  a  board  of  eommissioiirrs, 
consi.-ting  of  ^Mes.-rs.  Jnhn  Stapler,  Thomas  Tobin, 


144 


niSTOKV  OF  DELAWAItl 


David  Struart,  Oooriro  .Afonr..  and  .T..lm  3r>- 
Kinley.  Th.-v  had  .[itir.'  .•oiiln.l  ..v.  r  tlir  l.uil.l- 
ing    and    rrpairinj-    nt'    re:;  i<,  a:id    a!-n    iill.d   up 

made  in  tliis  vear  in  NiW  Ca.-tlr  ('lUiitv  otiicis  liv 
the  annual  ef.vti.in-,  luit  in  Krnt  '11p  lu:,.  Cnllins 
and  Matthew  .Manlnvc  vaiv  elo.  t.d  -h.  litf  and 
coroner,  and  in  Mij-rx  Daniel  Ninu-/,  Jr.,  cdn- 
tinued  as  sheritf  ami  Ilcniy  J)avi,-  was  elceted 
coroner.  In  Nuveinlier  ii.w  ciiniiui-.^iiiiis  for  tliu 
justices  of  the  I'Miirt  (jf  Oyer  and  Terminer  were 
issued  to  John  Vinin-.  Jacoli  Vanhfhher  and 
Eiehard  :\reWilliam.  To  th.  .,.■  John  Cl-.^es  was 
added  in  176"),  and  Uobert  Killen  received  an 
appointment  as  an  additional  justice  of  the  pi_>ace 
for  the  ^lispilliou  hundreds  in  Kent  County,  while 
the  elections  in  the  same  year  in  the  lower  counties, 
resulted  in  the  choice  of  Thomas  Duti'  for  sheriff 
of  New  Castle  County  and  James  Walker  for 
coroner.  In  Kent  Countv  Tlionia?-  Collins  and 
John  Gray  were  elertrd,  lind  in  Su.v-,,x  Klina.ls 
Shankland  and  Nathan  Youn-  In  ITCiJ  John 
Thompson  and  James  Walker  were  elected  to  fill 
the  two  offices,  in  New  Ca>tle  County.  The  old 
sheriffs  were  re-elected  in  both  tin.'  other  counties. 
but  new  coroners,  who  were  Solomon  \\'allai-e  anil 
Thomas  Gray,  for  Kent  and  Su.-sex,  respectivelv. 
Governor  John  Penn  went  down  to  New  Castle 
on  October  21st  and  jmssed  a  number  of  bills.  A 
slight  hitch  occurred  over  a  measure  relating  to 
testamentary  atJairs  and  providing  for  the  better 
security  of  orphans  in  the  enjoyment  of  their 
estates,  probably  owina:  to  its  great  length.  The 
Assembly  finally  subnHtt..d  to  certain  amendments 
oflered  by  the  Governor,  and  this  also  became 
a  law.  While  at  New  Cattle  Governor  Penn 
issued  commissions  to  Jacob  ?ftout.  Fen u  ick  Fisher 
and  Thomas  Till(m  to  be  justices  of  the  peace  in 
Kent  County  in  places  where  none  exi.-ted.  For 
the  County  Courts  of  the  same  county  he  al-^o 
appointed  as  justices  John  Caton,  Richard  \Vells. 
Thomas  Irons,  Andrew  Caldwell,  Cicsar  iioilnev, 
Charles  Kiduelv,  John  Barns,  James  Svkt's, 
Wi  liam  Rhoades,  William  Rodnev,  Robert  Ilolli- 
day,  John  Clark  an.l  Robert  Ki'll.  ii.  Another 
act  of  iniportaneo  which  ncnvidthc  (iovernor's 
signature  v;hile  on  tlii^  \isit  to  New  (.'a^tle  was 
providing  for  changing  the  methods  of  choo.-im,' 
inspectoi-s  of  elections  ami  asse?soi-s,  both  oi'  which 
officers  were  thereafter  ap])ointed  bv  the  ([ualitied 
electors  in  each  hundred  at  ineetinL;-~  heM  for  the 
purpose  on  the  l.Tth  ot'everv  Septendier. 

The  fir.n  .Mia.lous  of  the  Revoliitinji  had  by  this 
time  ca?t  thein.-elves  plaiuiv  in  ihe  li.-lit  of  the 
peo[)le.  The  Stamp  Aet  lu  ITii'i  .-tirred  up  the 
righteous  imli-iialiou  ni  the  ci'loni.-ls  to  the  hi'jii- 
est  pitch.  After  haviu-  p>u t  (orlii  eveiv  ,  if.rt  in 
the  French  and  Indian  War,  to  be  tlui-  un-rate- 
fuUv  treated   in   return  was  more  than  thev  could 


quietlv  bear.     To   the  C-n-r.- which   was  cal!.  ■ 
at    New    York    by   the    ,,tb.  r    eoL.uies    to    pr,,;.    '■ 
aL'ain-t    the    Stamp   Aet    tlie    hiwer   countio  ~,  •  ■ 
(.'a-ar     Rodnev,     Timuias     MeKean     and      Ja. 
Kolluek.  theSJ.etlk.T  of  tlie  A->einblv        Wl,e„.^ 
aet   was    repealed   the   ni..,eni::  was'only   e.pia; 

McKeau  TTere  a-ain  seieeted  bv  the  As.semblv  •  , 
draw  up  an  address  to  toe  Kiu^,  expresMV^  ,  : 
their  -ratitude.  Tiiey  little  imagined  \\h.  , 
the  address  was  pre[):ired,  the  changes  wdiich  lii 
next  decade  were  to  bring,  as  may  easily  1. 
gleaned  from  the  follo.ving  extract  teeming  witli 
sentiments  of  love  and  lovaltv  for  Britain: 


llie  sulijectsof  a  kin;  tli. 


^hM  Le  in:i.k-  km.wii  :  tl,.it  ■ 


But  the  enthusiasm  of  their  affection  was  des- 
tined soon  to  be  didled.  In  17(17  another  oili..i:< 
act  was  passed  by  Parliament,  imjioiing  dutv  en 
tea,  paper,  glass  and  other  commodities  impeirteU 
to  the  colonies.  Again  the  protestations  of  the 
colonists  were  foruarded  in  addressess,  pctitioii- 
and  remonstrances  to  King  George.  This  time, 
however,  they  were  not  so  promptly  complie>l 
with.  The  taxes  were  continued  and  the  Kevolu 
tion  began  to  assume  deliiute  lorm. 

To  return  to  the  internal  aliairs,  we  lind  th^ 
years  1767  and  1711^  com|iaraiivc  ly  uneventful  ii 
Delaware  At  the-  in>t;mee  of  the  merchants  u: 
Philadelphia,  the  A.-.-emblv  of  the  province  plaew! 
buovs  on  the  .-h,.al^  in  D.  lauare  Bav  in  1767,  and 
for  tlie  survey-  employ,  d  Henry  Fi.-her,  of  Leui- 
town,  who  htid  al.-o  bem  eii-aLted  by  tlum  in  l7ol 
to  leieet  a  Mte  f,r  the  fii'-t  li-htdiou.-e  at  Caj  ■ 
Ilenhipen.  Ti.e  ei.etra,  i„  1767  placed  in  o(h- 
John  Th..inp.-on*aiei  .lanu-  Walker  a<  .-herilf  aiei 
coroner  of  New  Ca>tle  Countv;  James  Well^  aiil 
Solomon  Wallaee  in  Kent  ;  "  Rh,.ade<  Shaiddan-I 
an,l  William  Parker  in  Sur-.-e:^.  In  176s  William 
-^leClav    succeeded  .Walker,   and    Boaz    .Manlo^e 


COLONIAL  inSTORv.                                                            145 

,„!.l   Gcor-c    ^V;llk^l•   wero  .iLCt.M]   a^  .-h-'rirf  aud  hy  two  rlerks,  who  rfcnrdf.l  ihc  n'lnic  ..f  th..'  vnfr 

..iroiiLT  ill  Sii.-su\   Cum  y,   Imt   thi;  nthcr  Lliictri  and   t!ie  j.lTs'i.-i   to/-  v-'l'th   l,r   v..iid.      A~   tlic   in- 

Th.'  year  IK;:)  fouiHl  the  AsseniMy  oiu-e  ni..re  in  ia  a  Laid  t.ine  tl.e  i'ai-c  of  the  eUMtnr,  which  was 

aiueod  for  extensive  !e-i.-latioii,  and  ihcy  d.-alt  wich  taken  down  !'y  the  ■•le'-f..      A  >c;i.  s  of  hoxc,-,  wire 

iitteni|it    to    prevent   piL'.-    from    runnin-    a:    kir-c  .>'  a  huMdrt  d  in  thi  in'oiv.  to  rercive  tlip  votos  of 

Ca-th'   (.'oiuity.      N.'W   trur-tiT-    were   a[i;"d:i!ed    to  el.-ctloii,  tii'^   ii<t  of   vo.tr,-  and    nunjlMr   of  votes 

the  svvrrai   loan  ottiees   in   the  ditlLivnt   coiiu'.ies.  ca.<t  h\  ea-Ji  hundml  were  eouioav,,!,  hut  as  tliere 

l!ie  tirin-  of  the  old  uilicer-  havin_'  cxpirtd.      The  was  no  re  ;u!;-.aiuiu  [.rovidinu'  f.r  tin  o\viiiL'  out  the 

oilirtrs  cdiosen  were   Evan  Kiec,  Tlionuis  McK- an  txee-\s  o^' voo'j  .'wr  ee-'tor.-,  tii.,'  oi.jcct  ot' this  [iro- 

and   Kiehard  :MeWilliani  tor  Now  (  a.rh   C„u:cy  ;  ceedin-  i^  n-.:  ooite  rh  ^r.      Fine-  were  imposed  tor 

.l..hn  Viiiing  and   C:e-ar  Kodney    f>r    Ken:  ;  and  atienipu.iu'   to    \  ute   iwire,   and   hn-  inauy  similar 

Jacu!)  Koliuck  and  John  Rodney  in  Mi->e\.  tliey  '-rimes   which   .siili    destroy    fairness    at    elections, 

having   been   all   reappointed.      The  dav.-   lor   the  While  the  law  contained  lio  very  striking  features, 

convening   of  the   Supreme'    Court    were   ciaur.ed  vet  it  is  noteworthy  as  all  early  attempt  to  secure 

again,  the  day-  -elected  <n\  this  occa-ioii   !).  inu'  the  tin-:  purity  of  the  ballot-box.      Later  iu  the  same 

14th  of  Oetolier   and   the    loth  or   April  for    Ncv,-  year,   steps    were    taken   to   chock    the    numerous 

Castle,  the  7th  id' (_)itober  ami  the  liJd  of  .^iirii  lor  loiter-es   v.hi.'di   wen-  sprin.iiui' into  existence:  a 

D.n-er,  and  the   Friday  following  tlie   nievling  of  market   was    e.taidi.hed    at'   New   Ark;    and    the 

the  Xoveiuber  Quarter  .Sessions  and   the   J^lh  of  ground  on  which  the  public  luiileliiigs  stood  at  New 

April  at  Lewi-town.     On  the  Governor'?  vi,-it  t(j  Castle  was  jilaced  in  charge  of  trustees,  the  geutle- 

New  Castle  in  October  he  issued  a  new  conjmi-^ion  men  named  being  Thom.as  ^leJveau,  George  Ecad, 

for  justices  of  the  jieacc  aii<l  the  Coiiit  of  C  iinmon  John  JIcKiiiley.  Alexander  Porter,  Ge(jrge  iluuro, 

Fleas  iu    Xew   Castle   Coimty,   ap[Miiiitin_'    Evan  Jijhu_  Evans  and  David  Thomjjsou.     A  piece  of 

Kice,  John  Stapler,  I'honias  .lames,  Ffavid  Finuev,  ground   on   v.'hich   the   people  desired    to  erect  a 

William  Fatter^.m.  Thoaia,-  C.H.ch,  William  Arm-  i'ehool,  and  situated  in  the  market  s-iuare  at  New 

strong,  Jame^  La;;imcirjol,n  Jones,  Thomas  Me-  Casile,    was    also    vested     in    trustees,    aud    those 

Kim,    William    Williams,   Jacob    Peterson,    John  appointed  for  this  trust  were  ihivid  F'iuuey,  John 

I'vans,  Thomas  Tobin,  Theodore  Maurice.  Thomas  Thonip.son,   George    Kead,  Thomas    3IcKeau   and 

.McKcan,    Benjamin   No.xen   and   John    Malcolm-  George -Munro.     the  Kev.  JEueaslloss  and  Jlessrs. 

In  January,  li  70,  tive  new  justices  were  appointed  Richard    Mc  Williams   aud    Joseph    Tatlow    were 

in  Kent  County,  owini:  tn  the  failure  of  s., me  .if  the  appiointed  in  a  similar  capacity  over  the  ground  on 

ju.sticesnomiiiatcdon  ihehist  cwmmis-iouto  .pialify.  which  stood  the  Immauuel  Church  and  burying- 

The  new  magistrate-  were  I'liomas  Jlndney,  ^\'ar-  grounds.     The   electious  iu   1772   resulted  in   the 

ner   MitHin,  James    Foyer,   Thomas    IIan.-..n    and  choice  ot  John  Thompson  and  Joseph  Scedham  for 

Jonathan  .•Anderson.  sheriti' and  corouer  of  New  Castle  ( 'muuiv  :  John 

In  1772  the  Assendily  came  to  the  rescue  of  the  Cook  and  Caleb  Furby  iu  Kent  :  and  Peter  Robiu- 

jii-ople  of  Wilmington,   who  were  continually  en-  son  aud  David  Drain  in  Sus-ex. 

tangling  theu'.selves  in  disputes  over  the  situation  The  following  year  little  occairred   in  the  lower 

and  direction  of  the  streets  whenever  a  new  build-  counties   worthy   of   note,   except   chauircs  iu   the 

inir  was  erected.      The  boundaries  were  tixed  as  magistracy,  the  erection  of  a  bridge  at  Lewistown 

Well  a.s  land  marks.     The  burge.-^ses  were  empow  over  Lewes  Creek,  ami  the  departure  of  the  Fiev. 

cred  t.i  appoint  three  ,,r  nu.re  stirvevors  to  ivjulate  John  Ewin- an<l  Dr.  IFiLdi  Wniiam.s,,n  to  Europe 

the  con-tructiou  of  parlv-wall-  and   other   matters  to  seek  aM  t..r  the  N.  w  Ark  Academv  ;  nor  uas  the 

which  also  had   -ivui  rise  to  trouble,  and   rciiia-  Year  1774  nion    Iruiilul  et' eveius  ibr'the  historian, 

lions    for   laying   off  streets   and    allevs    uere   also  In    177o,   how.-ver,    iioewithstandin-   the   h.wcrin- 

drawn  up,  but  not  c..ntlictiu-    with  the   law  ot'  the  clniuls  ..f  the  Rev-lutinn,  the  people  f..und  titiie  to 

I'orou-b   for  the  same   jiiirp-.s.-.       A   ti..ubie  of  a  devote  attention   to  -everal  matte fs  ..f  importance, 

natel_\   II. ,t   lieiii   -ati-factordy  dealt  witli    in  many      C..uspicuou-  an _■■  tho-e  was  the  care  of  the  pour. 

parts  ol   the  country,  even  after  the  lapse  of  m,, re  The  managemeut  nf  the   ]io,.r    was   placed   in   the 

than   a   centurv.   wa-   t!ie   pi,v:ilem-e   of   fraud   at  hands  of  .'.ver-ecrs  ai.pniatcd  bv  the  iitsiices  ,>f  the 

•lecti.ms.      Thcsheiiti'or,  i,.  I, i<  absence   tl  e  c  .r.,-  peace.      Service  wa.  compulsory  upon  ti.e-e  ..ihcers 

a-ist,d  by  the  in-pector   who  was  rcpdivd  to  take  special  ta.Kcs  m  cadi  hundr.d  for  the  n.aiut.mance 

a   rigid   oath   to  a-i-t   to  •'  prevent  ail  Iraud-  and  of    the    local    Indecent.       Thev    lod,::ed    or   sou-ht 

'I'-eeits"  at  the  elecliou.      These  olKcers  Were  aided  empLvmeUt   for   the   j^.or,  as  the  circuii.ctaucerof 
10 


14C 


II LUXURY  OF  DELAWAKi: 


each  CHsedirc'cteii,  !)ut  iiu  prison  ri'ci'iveil  a.--i>taui 
without  tlicoTtiticatinltwi,  j-  -litxs.  Parents  ai: 
grandparents  wt-ir  re.iuir<d,  xvIil-u  al'lc,  to  .-ii|>["' 
their  poor  chiidnii  and  Lcrandrhildnn,  and  tl 
children  were  al,-o  t-xiu-i'ttd  to  ^;l|)port  tlirii-  paim 
and  gnindiiarLiit^.  Tiir  ( 'oui  :-l:l"u>t.'  and  puhi 
building  at  Dover  was  now  plar.-d  in  thr  hands  . 
trustees,  :w  thoso  at  Nc-w  (  a.-ile  had  li.i  n,  the  ti  u 
devolving  upi.ii  Casar  K.idner.  (  harh^  Kid-L-h- 
Samuel  Cliew,  WiUiani  Kdl.'n  and  Jacol,  Stou 
In  September  a  hill  was  passed  by  the  As.-ondd 
for  emitting  bills  of  credit  to  the  amount  i  fthirt 
thousand  pounds,  under  the  direction  ot'  Tlioni: 
McKean,  Alexander  Porter  and  Jolin  Clowe 
The  avowed  object  of  this  was  the  payment  ■ 
public  debts,  but  the  approachiuir  Kevolutiou  \\v 
doubtless  what  inspired  this  last  bill. 


CHAPTER   XIII. 


CUr-TOMS    OF    THE 
IT  A  NTS. 


EARLY    IXHAE- 


Tllis  history  would  not  be  complete  if  we  did 
not  pause  here,  at  the  birth  of  the  ,'^tate  of  Dela- 
ware, to  give  something  like  a  picture  of  thesoeiiil 
and  domestic  lile  of  tlie  inhabitants  of  the  'pi'";'- 
perous  and  growing  colony  about  the  year  177'), 
and  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  early  settleis, 
the  pioneers  among  those  hardy  pale-faces  befii-e 
who.se  advajice  the  natives  of  the  soil  melted  away 
and  disapjieared. 

When  the  first  white  man  came  within  the 
present  limits  of  Delaware  he  f  mud  the  L'round 
closely  occupied  witli  a  continuou:^  growth  of  ihe 
primeval  forests,  except  where  swamp  ami  mar.-h 
and  the  daily  tlow  of  the  tide  prevented  the  trees 
from  growini:.  The  solo  population  were  the 
Delaware,  Susquehanna  and  Xantic  rke  Indians — 
hunters  and  ti:^he^s,  with  coi-n-tields  and  jiarches 
for  beans,  sqmishcs  and  melons.  In  the  dee[)  but 
not  impenetrable  ibrests,  of  oak,  hickories  .and 
pines,  a  few-,  but  not  many.  Indians  liad  their  lod_'iS 

or  huts.     The  liuntinLT  aiid    ti-liinL'  were  - 1  ;   the 

deer  came  to  the  bt.rders  of  all   the  >mall  -treani-. 


and   the  surface  c 
dense    Hock.-    ut' 


toeuiei] 

1  wit 

:h  ll-hcs  of  v^rr^ 

:  si/e,  from  the  stm 

to     the 

.-n 

laile.t    pan-h.h. 

The    uivar    oak-- 

uere    I, 

ii.;k>  and    d.—,    tni 

aeeept  tl 

le  ..idinaiw 

■    inle 

ipi 

VLaliou  of  .-ui 

•h   In.li.,;. 

name-) 

at    -Moya'i 

uen,-il 

IL'. 

^     'in    the     ,-, 

u-iui:    ai,  ; 

early  su: 

nmer  nioni 

[lis,  jl 

.ifter  the  Indi 

an- of  t;,. 

interior 

ed     tl, 

eir 

e„rn    and    h 

leans,    tl,. 

Delaware 
cnhddv  1 

.   and    >el 
ar-e  ,-hoal,' 

mylki 

ill 

he 

were    tilled    u 

ith   ine:,i- 

towar.ls 

'iVe-h'    wat 

er    in 

irder     to'dcp. 

1,  pre-lh. 
,.^it     th.  i: 

spawn.   11 

md   pnrsu. 

■d   by 

St 

■h.iols   of  the 

predaten 

sea  ti^h. 

At  these 

IS  1 

die  shores  of  I 

:he   rivei-- 

were  thrc 

jnged  with 

^Indi 

an- 

-  and  their  lod 

lges,whi;. 

their  cat 

loeS   dartei 

d    ,aN 

Iv 

over  the   sur 

thee,  mea. 

women  and  childri 

n  sp.' 

ari 

ug  or  uetting 

tish,  a,M 

cleaning 

and  diyii 

ig    tl 

len 

1.       The    stur 

L'con,    tl.. 

porpoise, 

now  and  t 

hen  tl 

le  : 

-alnion.were: 

ill  caught, 

the    w; 


depths 


with  innumerable  shad,  herring,  alewives  and 
breani,  pike  and  perch.  In  the  autumn  again  th- 
Indians  were  drawn  to  the  river-shore  by  the  at- 
tractions of  the  oyster  bars  and  banks.  This  wa- 
in the  interval  after  the  corn  harve.-ting  and  the 
beidnning  of  the  winter  huntiin:. 

The  territory  in  the  neighborhood  of  Xew  Ca- 
tle  had  grown  to  be  familiar  for  councils  and 
general  conferences  of  the  Indian  tribes.  At  the 
time  the  whites  came  to  the  Delaware,  the  Xanti- 
cokes,  the  Susquehannas.  the  Delawares,  the 
Shawances  and  the  Iroquois  were  accustomed 
to  kindle  their  conncil-tires,  smoke  the  pipe  of 
deliberation,  exchanLre  the  wampum  belts  of  ex- 
planation and  treaty,  and  drive  hard  bargain- 
with  one  another  for  peltries,  [uovisions  and  sup- 
jdies  of  various  kinds,  on  tlie  banks  of  the  river 
and  bay  which  bears  the  name  of  Delaware.  The 
trails  made  by  the  savages  in  going  to  and  from 
their  points  of  union  were  dec[)  and  broad  at  the 
coming  of  the  whites,  and  they  have  generally 
been  Ibllowed  in  laying  out  the  early  roads. 

The  tirst  white  settlers  within  the  present  bouiid- 
iif  Delaware,  as  has  alreadv  been  shown  in  the 
preeeding  chapters,  and  lla. 
previous  to  the  con.in^  of  P 
di^tinct  aial  durable  impre.-s 
were  the  Swede..  Their  lir. 
colonies,  widch  arrived  out  in 


dv 

wi 

ute    sett) 

'  ^ 

,vhei 

made   : 

ond 

aiul    th 

,;.s 

am 

1  11 1-10,  : 

likij  li.e   M,irliij|,-8  lly 


MAXNKR8   AXD  QUSTOm:'.  147 

the  fifth  .■ol.my  ;il-..  wliirh  ■•ame   hctu.vn  tho,.  r-i'  jiijierso-led  hohav  ..illin-  hy  Cai't    l>..wrl  Jan-n  i. 

I'rhit/.  and  Ki-lii-h.  .■..:itainc.l  a  -o.mI  maiiv  Dutch,  Tiir  -mv- rninc:;:    .,-.lere.!  th". -•-  n|r„.,-i>,  liuivlniv.  to 

aii.lwciv  iu.hi.l    i-aitlv  ivrniit,;.!  and  litl.il  ni:t   iu  h.v  !iai.,!^   uv.  s;irh    i.Mi-ri.-l   -..l.ilo  a~   ha.l   rithcr 

the    Nethrrhual.s    uiih    Duirh    ca|.ital    aral    au.lor  eva,lr,l  .-crvUr  ,.r  ,-..,,;.,':- .1 -o,„- ..;hcr  ..|i;n>,.,  and 

Dutrh   MUtpai-lir-    !iv.|urntlv  in  the   Z.iv.lt  KivLT  N  rw  .^uivlrh.  ^v:l  !l  ill.'  ,:  r.jiui-r  r, ,  i  iri  n- 1  hillL  home 

to   sotdcand    |ihint,a<    urll   a<   to   trad.."  with   thr  :-ain  vvi:hia  f-v,,  vra.-s,.-,o  ilo  this,  houvwr,  •  ju-^tlv 

Indian.-,  a. id  that   .-iuvvr~ani.  alur   thv    r.  .apiuiv  .atid  ,liMT,.L'tlv,'  tha:  n,  ,  iot  iui_dit .  n-u.-."     In' KUO 

of  Fort    Ca^ndr,  th.     ovrrllirow   ot'  iti-in-li-  jov-  a-ain  the- i  lo^  n^-nor  <,f  ri,.- |,r..viia  ,•  of  Onhn,   ua~ 

.■rnnu-nt  and  thr -uhjuL'alion  of  N,w  .--vrd.n.  M-nt  or.l-rt'd    to    prevail    upou   tiie   nn-rtti,.d    Finn<  to 

many  of  hi.s  people  to   the-  soiuh   .ide  of  Delav.art  l.e'a^o.  th-nil.l  v,-.  v  ith    their   ^\;ve-  :ind   ehildr.n, 

to  settle   the  country.      For    ail    that    tla-   Sued-.^  to    >.\v    r-,Nc;'an.       Fiei.i.    Miin^    Klin-,  wlio  was 

were   the     tii>t    p.-rinanent  .•ohndst<.      Tlio    J>':t.'h  la-w    Laek  in   -'.v  d-  ii,  vve-  ,-ent  t,,    r.  rriiil  f  .r  end- 

«ere  a.lventurer.s  Idnd  of  iiadini;-  and  naviuratiun.  L'rants  in  via-  niiiiir.^'  i.-_:  ai-.f  We-inianhmd  and 

As  a  rule  thev  <li  1   not  hrin-  their  landlies  to  the  Dahirne.      IF-   ua-   al-o   partieuhnlv  in-rruetod   to 

Delaware  with    iheu,.  and    tlieyeouhl   ea.-ilv  reach  odist  the   •Toaini.iu    Finn-,  '   who  wore  tramp-,   or 

their  ov.u  eonntryincn  in  Now  Vi>ik  after   Fii-li<h  squatters    li\in-    rent    free    in    the    forests.      Next 

rule    had    I.e.m    c-iaMi-h.  d    l.y   Lovehnv,  and.    tho  year,  when  Print/ had  re:viv._d  hi. '■,,ninii.->ion,  he  was 

so  low   down  on    the    Delaware.      Tiie   .<ue,i..-  aoc!  evnors  of  I);d    and    \',;r:M:and  rccoivin-  orders    to 

Finn.Son   the  other    lian.l,  had  no   .-uch  nd.ratory  eapt.in.    and    impri,-on,    pr.,vidrV    rh,.v    ,.,,uld     not 

[tropensity.      Tliey  u  .re  like  trees,  and  -rew  in  the  givii   Seearity    .a-    w.ed.l    n,,t    -o   t.>     Vni.ri.-a,    the 

soil  to  which  th.'V  ha.l  lieeii  tran.-planted,  a.-  if  they  "  forrest-de-tiMvin-  Finns."   wh..,  a-  .1. -erii)..l  in  a 

had  never  kno\^n   anv  ,.th<r.     A<  a  rule  tliey  had  roya!   m,;ndat,',   -  a-jain-t  our   e.li.-t   an,i    pr.udam- 

not   emigrated    from    their    native     country    from  ation,  destroy  llie  f.rr.-i- liv  settin-  tracts  ,,f  wnod 

choice,  but  were  transplanted   hy  force.     One  rea-  on  lire,  in  ord.r  {■>  -..w  in  th.e  a-h.  -.  and  who  mal- 

son, indeed, wdiythe  Dutch  iiartnei-s  had  hoen  invited  iciously  <l'll  tiLe,-."     A  tr...i|K-r  in  tlic   |.i.nin.-e  of 

pany  was  that  emijraiils  and  v.ilunteer.-  t..  the  new  ^r.-u-den   of   the    r.^yal    inona-tery    at    \'a]-nli(.'m,   in 

countrv  were  s.i  hai.l  to  pniciire.  Wester j:otlilani!.  and  c.mnuitted   tlie  heinous  crime 

The    Swedish    and    Finnidi    peasant-    had    very  of  cuttin-   dou  n    si.-v    apple-trees  an.l   luo   ,-ii,,rrv- 

stron-  l.jcal  attachments      Thev  di.l   n..t    wi.h  to  trees,  was  -iven  the  opti.,n  of  end-raim- or   h.ing 

aliandon    their    nativ..    .-.,il.  in  spil.-   of  the  -eantv  hun-       The  ••  Charilas,-   which  .-ailed,  in    KUl    tin 

liveliho.Hl    it    a.-uiv.l  llumi.     The  "  Kalmar   Xyc-  New    Sweden,    had    fair    crindnals    in    a    total   of 

in    gettinir  tlieir    pa— enuc'rs    for  the    first    v..ya'je  remainder  IxdnLT  indentured  servants  ..r  -  re.h uip- 

under  .Minuit.      It   i-  n.>t   certainly  know n   that  of  tioners."     In  fact,  Ideut.-Col.  Printz  was  him.-elf  a 

this   ])arty  with    Minuil.  more   than  one  person —  disLrraced   man,   having  been   court-martialed    and 

Lieut.     .Alan-      Klin-— was     a     Swe.le.        Anders  di-niis.sed  from  the  army  fi.r  the  di.-honorable  and 

Svenss..n    r...nd.\    I'.i.r   i  iunnar-,-oii    Uan.h...   iVr  c.wardly  capitalization  of  Chemnitz,  of  which   he 

Anderss.in,  An.l.T-  Far.— . .n  Daalli...  ..-^\cii  Lar--..n.  was   comniaudant,  s.)   that  his   appointment  to  the 

Sven  Gunner.ssoii,    his    -..u.    Sveii   S\-in-on.,  Fai-s  c.donv  of  New  Swedeh  was  iu  some  sort  a  pnnish- 

Svensson  Kiiekin,    M...11-    Ander-.-..ii,  Iveii  Tin.r-  nient   and  a  bani-limeiit. 

son    and    ^[arteii      (h.tt.T-MU    were    all    of    them  Put   this  very  rductan.-e  ..f  the  .<we.l,>  to   enii- 

cerlainly  in    New    Su'.hn   in    Iddd,'    but  it  .-ami.. t  -rate   ma.ie    them    tlie   bc-t  ..f  imini.jranis.      Thev 

be  sla.wn    wh.  iher   ihev   came  ..ver    with    Mmuct  i-taved    in  th.'    pla.e    t.>   v.hich   thev    h.al    been   re- 

or    with    hi-     sii.-cc-.M-.     I[..llamlacr.       A-     Prof.  m..'ve.l,  ami  b.-.-ame  permanent  tixt'uies  in   the  new 

<)dhn,-r  sh..ws    bv  the    nerd,    -the   pcph- enter-  s.al   ju.t   a,-  thev  ha.l  wi,-he,l   t.,   b.-  h  f t   in  the   old. 

taine.l  a  repu-nanc-  to  the   lo,,..'  .-ea-v,.ya-.-.-  :-.   the  They  were  ,|ui,"r,  onlerlv.  .F.-ent.  with  no  injurious 

remote  and  heathen   land.      It   is   atHrmd    in   the  vices,    and    in    that    kindlv    -..il   ami    climate   the 

l.-tters  of  the  admini-lrati  .n   i,,   tin-  (  i..v.  iii..i--  ot'  natural   frnitfulne-s   ,,f  th.-ir  tamili.s  was   -natlv 

tlie  provinces  of  Flt-b.n--  an.l    Varndan.l,  that    no  increa.-ed.      Acr.lius.  n..ticin-i  this  prolificne".,  savs 

oiics[.ontane..u-ly  otihred  10  accompany  Cap!.  \'an  quaintly,  '  Jo-,  ph  ('..b-on.  in  C'he-ter.  tweiitv  vea'rs 

\di(-t   (wli.i  was  ..ri-inally  afipointe.!  f.  cmmand  a-o.  had   the  bh— ii*-_'   t.>  have  hi-  wife   have  tuiiis. 


:,r    «lirn   rail 
rtt.-i-to  l',,Min 


gnui'nn.'i 
(Su.,li-I, 
foiiriil  :iii 
waiv  Ki' 
ci-lity-ci: 
per.-cin,--. 
othrr  -id. 


"TvdaUK 
Duke  of 
KuT.' 


HISTORY  C 

F  DKLAWARFl. 

hrV    inultil.lie.l    ^ 

Tl,e  Svvr.lcH   o 

.|ili.r-.iii    Si'i-iiiL'' 

r     l).-.n  i-cprnaclird 

.■lin  at  Sr.:i-,.liuh 

1.      ii.it     rl.ar    tin     t 

uT   til.'  Iir~t   iiiiii 

i-      tlllli.M  Ivr-  lino  1 

■n    and    d 


Tl,i-,l.v<I,nt    ill-lud.'tl 

nf  tiu'  Drhiuar,-,  iiiauv 
a-t    iKUik    hrmi    inrhi.i, 
.-     (taxal.l,.     ,..a-..n- 
York'.-  L'ourt   at    I'lilaii. 


M.itt-,   ne,- 


Listoftliose! 
Pe(er»„„6o.    ) 


Ay.i.  IVr»>ii,  L.jn-^uker.... 

" 

1 

C 

oU'f  r.iui 

',' 

Olnf  IvtT 

Lur,  I.ir»s..li 

Eric  M.Ik 

1 

AnJere  Lock 

1 

Moeu-Wk 

s 

Amuiiij  Locs 

5 

I;...l).^rt  LuiiKlMrii 

0 

n.ins  LutM.-wu 

Oc.Ip  r«,»i« 

OlullCiiik.. 
AiiiWrsIli.l 
Au.lers  Mii 


iits,"  buya  Mr.  EJu.und  Ani.^truiig 


MANXEIiS  AND  CU-TO.MS. 


1-in 


t,.r  vvliicl,  r.-lin  -ivtstlani.  ii^.i-  tlii.r  t..  ^^l.i^l 
|„.,(;>nn;u.rr-,ntltl.-il»ui.  rnin  .-avs,  "  11,, 
a,,laiM,Mr.m,^in,lu-t,i.,^,   p,.,,,,!,..  y.t    haw 

lniri-tivr>    a<iftl,rv,l,-iiv.l  t..l,av. irji, 

.-uiHi-iluitv."  H.->i.,  :;l;s  al,-o  ..f  thrir  n~i,r 
■  inilinritv,"a,l.linL'.  -  As  tli.v  a.v  a  i.r,.|.l..  ; 
:,ial  stroll-  of  ImmIv,  m.  tlicv'liav.- liiu'  rluMivi 
ali.M.-t  own-  house  full;   raiv  t,,   tin,!   nno  of 

.-ix,  sevoii  ami  eiuht  xms.     Ami   I   imi.-t 
[hat   right,  I   see   few    m.ii  uioro  ~,>l„,r   am 
tri..iii."'    In  sn«ikiii,j  of  thoir   hirk  ,.f  .li 


"(OUisc  with  the  Imllan..  Tlu'V  vvo.v  not 
n.on>ovcr.  ot  vui.it  ^^oulll  n.nva.lavs  be 
1   ivniarka'ri.    iii.luMrial  i':;!,-!!,!  i,-o.      There 

no  doMl.t  'iia;  the  Sne.h-.— prohahly 
uan.l.Th,-  Fl',';  "  i.,,'ii  the  S«..li-h  iron 
■n>-.fi~.  ov,.v,l  an, I  \v,.rkr,l  tho  ore-lmnks 

:.ml    MartoMi   Coonti.s.  M,k,    Ion-   before 

of  tli.an  e,l    or   l'ro„i,,;,,    Funia...    ti.oiejht    ot'.      The    mill 

U:-,,Ta..  attor-vanls   ,.-,:!    bv  Ta'^,.^a^.l   to    ahieh    hi-   ten- 

ilo  tl.Mii  ant,?   -.veie  ecn.i»ih  d     to     brim;   their   e,irn    to  be 

1    iii,h'.~  grouti'l  v.f.s    ..rlLi.'-'.ilv    -tarie,!    b\-    tlie  S\\edeS    to 

ni,ia.,ts   fn,m    an  exeee,lin-ly 

>.   laki-   and     tiJiJ-,  naturall'v 


•,onEugli3l.i 


hu^bamlrv,   Tenn    tbr-ot    tliat    th.ir    l.a.lin-    no,,  The   Svv.les,  as  , -ni:  i  a;. 

uas  toba.Vo,  uhi.'h,   bein-   without   >hivr-    ahuost  ^^e!l-uatere.l  rouutrv,  mt  i 

eiitirelv,   tliev    ha.l    to    eultivato    uitli    their    o\\n  bav<,     .-outkIs     riv,  ■>.   lak. 

hands."    Their  intelii-enee  mu-t  have  been  at  least  f-r.ovr,!    tho    v,at.',-e,,ur-es    in    tlie  'new    eoiintry. 

e,|nal   to  their  loyaltv,    Ibr    tley  were   more   ilian  Th.y  f.uo.i  a   Iioiuelik,'  -,,i.:ctliin-  in   tlie  network 

fullv  representeil,  (in  tin-  ba:-i-  'it'  oonijiarative  [lOu-  of  ^tr.^u.l^  I'a' k  of  l'iun,,iiui  Flaii.l  ami  theiiee  to 

ulation,  in   all   the  earlv  a.-enibii,.-,   eounei;--  ami  the   <,-!mvlUn,  and    k,    l!ie    riveis    an,l    meadows 

magistrates'  eouris,  under  Lovehi.r  and  I'enn,  and  aijont  Chr.-tiana  Cr.-k  and  tie    ilrandywine.   They 

tlii'y  were  the  only  interpreters  I'eun   could  get  in  elung 'o  those  !oea.liti's   te'iacio;,-]y,  and   the  only 

■  in    Petin's    government    wliieli    rou^eil   their 
tmdit   and   tiireateiied   t,>  shake   their   loyalty 

asiho  r,o,  ,1  «i,.ii  a,.->  i.,„i„H  i,t-o,i,,,i..-i.M,,r^s.nn,^.,i,^,-w,:>,-^,,,^,,^^,u  ,y.;,  j]^^^.  attempted   interference   with   their  titles  to 

tiuie'ait.  1  11, r  ,,>rn,j  ,  f  1'.  iiii.  ;>i,,n  , i,i,  i mil n, j,-,':,i„i  iii«  ii,  i.  04,.!  tlicsc  laiids  and  tlic  actual  rcduction  of  their  hold- 

l!J'f!r '.'V,''  .' '  "',  ■    ■'■''";"■'', I';'7'''''"^':: '■',;''';;'■'■';'';'.■■'■■''' ;''^;  ingc  by  thci/roprictary  and  his  a-ents.     It  is  atiict 

c;in,i-|-,.,   '      ■      ■       ■    ■■                 1   ■      :    .  !                  ■     -  tliaf-onw   of  t  li, 'i  I' t' 'ni  I  n  ■-  we  I'l  ■  vcr  V  II 11.  ■cvtaiii  a  lid 

sr.e'.t.'r,                  -,        .,          .■::,_,..,■..-,,,.  p,,.,,,,i,,;,.  i:,  the  rv,-,.t' plain  and  detinite  Kii-li<h 

m'c",:.\'                     -.^   .     .;                     /,'/':/:::  law.  ami   pr,,l,ablv  thc(loakers   mok   advama-eof 

IIT'^'\     '        ■■        ;-                           '-     ;     VVr!  this  to  aciiulreoch.  at  titl.>  t,.iiiauv  verv  desirable 

"u^en"!'    '.  i  .  '      ■    I  .'    '                  :   ,  ,',  :,!   „   ■'■.'.,"--  J'iecesof  land  which   tho  Su.do-.  iiinciid  to  be  in- 

Z"\u"   ■                    '■■■■■'iV^.    v""'     -"i'"  '"i   ,'"•'""  disputabiv    their    ouu.      'J'he    pureha-er-    of    Xew 

h,!"w,...    ,   ':    '     ■■  ,::M;!:,;.i,;y":^:.  "TL'sZ.u.i,'i;.,^,::u^Z  Sw-edcn    tVom    the    Indian,    had  vc-lod   the  title  to 

'n'^?.ri,^'.'                 .V!'|!'.'"'l'!V!r- ''-!''!'''' M!''?,,!!T.,l'n''.^uI'^  the  entire  tra<-t  li,HiL:ht  in   tlie  Suc,li-h   crown,  and 

.,mti.i,'',''    ■  :'  ■.'^         '    :  -'    '!'   '':'■'.      'y,.:"i''"''.~;'..'  '.,'"":„  this  riuiit  of  proprrtv  wa-  r,-co-nizod  and  exercised 

y;;'\  I;,  ,'',,:',.',■"''/'''■.:;;',''',.'.'■,:,:''    "V;;.  I'v    the    crown.     Tu,,    hmd    i^rams     Inini     t^ueen 

ivt'r-.',!,i'r    '     -.'-■,>/,:,.,...„:■,'.,;,;"  N.il'n'.rN,...,:!,,!'  Christina  are  on    rcr,,rd    in   Tpland    Ciurf.oiie   to 

"?  ui'-i    '      ^      '    ^l:M7■^X■ll"l^^^!ll'''^,:::;':'7' ';';'.  Lieut.  Swen  S,-Iinte   and  Print/  soveral  times  solic- 

tl'.e',:,,;.  !.  ,      ,     .          !., 'u, , ,W-.,;.tiu,;  ,.,,;,:,-.", .,v.iii:iT,^  itedagrant    t,.  lom-clf,  u  hi,'!,   he   liually  ..btaiiicd, 

p^I,"'!--!'^:-.^"^;'"-''-'^'  /^  pa-o^-s    wif..       Tho    ,.th,a'     land-holdrl^  H-cured 

r,'!!nH"  VnJ,?,nT'Kvh,  .'"r'ni  "    .            K    ",'' M  ■'"'.'  'i  ,  r:7'''  ''"■'''    tra<'t<    in     acrordamc    with    the   lltlh   article 

1,,.  ,k.s.:„„.i.,:,;,'„f  ].:,-,..c.  .I,,-',    .1  ,i '.  ,     1.,,:,.  -   ,,,:    1  ,.iK.r  of    t],e  (^ii-en"s    in-tructioiis     t,,  the    "  noble   and 

n"!;'vi.'h.nUv'Z,,::^!i'!^i.!-nVoi!'"r7i,r!i,'Z  Well-born    John    Print/."       [11    this    article,    after 

"'n'"I'u;.  n''".i!  'i!„m''!f'ti!'' n/;>o'^  ";Vi^^,H.""a,u''m'Knj!'i!'  i^^veden,  and  th,-  term<  of  the  .-..ntract  under  which 

is    laid    down  that 

.'  ,'.KtemK   in   len-th 

[!:''^:.r!!'n[''i^'X',o.'i^i.!^^  about   thirty   (  h-ruian    mil,  ~,    bm    in    brea.lth   and 

unNin.,!^Bn'«!'r''A,,'i!',''.\\!'h'';J-"i!a^  ditloiied    that    -her  Ib.val    Ma^-tv^s   Mibi,,ts    and 

v:'"X'''^^^'^>i'''-^^u<^-"^  hereatter  o.vupv  as  much  land  a>  tlo'V  n,av  dcHiv." 

'^„''^"^'-  Y^;-'' '■;:"'■  '■"■'■';"•■  '^'";';'  ' '•'■'^■; ■  Thelamltl,n^b,;u-hlinaMnJ,  bI..rkandattachcdlo 

■n,cu«!::„ !';,;,;';  .''M"''7,i-:,n!^;;,!,;,!;',"''''i,"rJ'!n7i:'!'!:  the  crown  wa.  ori-inalU-  manaued  bv  the  Suedish 

T  ■!;X;,,.aKr'^';' TMyXi;  ?^'u'm!ui'"n''n^^"l^'l^^  '^^'''^f    ^'"'''^  Companv.'     The   revenue  ami  imblic 


1,,^     Country,  its    rulittul    f, 
'y\     this  tract  or  district   of 


150 

and   it   w: 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE. 

mnuiu-  to    h:ivo  A  transcript    ..f   tlif    first    L'raiit  of 


tolm.'.-o    ,,lant..|    lar-rlv.        In    part     ti.i~ua~    ac-  tlio  li.nKv  ,,f  iIt  -tatr  ,.t   1  Vlav,  an-  appears   i„   , . 

conipli-hr.l  l,v  ,-:  rvant-'iu.lrntur.  .1  to  the  cuiapan  v,  "York  Roronl-"  m    tlir    nronl,  r's  ,,(li.v  at  ]h.^. 

who  «,re  s,.Mit  ov.  r  au,l  pai.l  n  .oilar  wa-cs   l.v  tlif  witli  a  tran-lali..,,  in  hin-li-li  arroinpan vin-  it. 

monti,.'  "  was  -rante.j   ni    ir.H;    l,v  \Villian>  Ki.-u.  l)u,,i,. 

In  part  the  Ian.!  wa~   n-ularlv  r-onvew  1   t.,  .■^,  t-  (ion.ral    ot'    tla-    W.-t    In.iia    Tonipanv.    at    N, 

tlfrswho  .-.ou-lit   to   Ix-ttia-  thoir   ti.rtunc.  ;   linallv.  Aiu-tonhitn.    an.l    hoars    onlv   the  ,lalo  of  tlio  v.; 

criniinals    an.l    nia;.la.-tor>    uero   .-,-nt   out  t...  .-on,..-  an.l  .-ay- :  •■  \\'.-.  ..n  ih,'  .hiv  au.l  .lal,'    r.n.lerwritt, 

extent   at    tir-t    t  •    hihor   in   .■liain-Lran..-  up^.n   the  liave    p,  rniitt.Ml    an.l     alhrw.'.i     Ahrahani    I'lanc, 

road.s  and  pnhli,'  v,..rl<.s.     'J'he  hm.l  .-e.aire.l  hv  -t-  .'-;iin..n  K..ot,  Jan  An.iri.  ^-.■n  an.l  I'.t.r  Harnien-. 

tier-  an.l  .-ervant^-  uia.  iiad  w.,ri^e.l   out   their  term  to  settle  ..n  the  .S,uth  Uiwrof  X.-w  N.-therlaial  ar 

uf  vear.,    was   eraiit..!    in  tl-    und.a-   -.irant.-    whi.-li  take  |,...-.-ion  .,f  the  lan.l-  l^in-on  ihe-ai.l  >.,i,i 

cmne  direetlv.'.r   in.linetlv   Ironi    the   er,A\n.      The  liiver   alnio.-t    opp..Hte    f,    th.'    -mall   i-lan.l  .-a]!, 

ditKeuiti...-    alnnit    titl,-.    whi,-h    v.x.d   the   .-Wed..-.  S' V,„jrh>  Laut  i<r  JUnl  I.u  u>l .  uf    vvhl.h   lan.Uth. 

Suedi.-h,  Duteh,  En-li-h.  aial    later    nn.l.r   I'eun's  hun.lred   ni..r-en   ami   t..  er.vt  th.  iv,,n   f.,urfarn 


grant.-,   all  of  tli. 


..■.■uli 


U.-  the    .-ame    will, 
li.^ir    riLiht,"    with 


ur..-    ..f  or  plantati..n-   an.l  t.. 

their   own.      It    is   iii,portant   t.i    iin.l.  r-raml   tlv-e  vear   from    the   dat.-, 

ditference.s.  whiel,  have  n.,t    li.'en  el.arlv  explained  penaltv    of    fafeilin'j 

bv   writers    ,,n    tl,e    suhie.T. -..me    ..f    \vh..:u    ijave  jirivih-i^e  .,f  .-.eurin- ..th-r  land-  hy  -.•ttleni.'nt.^ 

hastily  eonelu.le.l  that   t!ie   land    tenure   sv-tem   in  Wdien  the  Swe.le-  u  ere  e.ii,.|nere.Iby  the  Dut.'li, 

Pennsylvania  oriuinati.l  with  I'eiin's  laws.     So  far  in  Uioo,  the  arthdes  of  capitulati(jn  pive  the  Swcde- 

as  land  is  concerne.l.  I'.-nnV  ■•  jreat  law"  ami  the  who  desired  t.i   leave  one  year  and  six  weeks  in 

subsecjuent  enactment-  were  all   fonmled   u]ion  tl,e  which  to  dispo-e  of  their  immovable  property,  suh- 

"Duke    of   York's    laws."    the  titles  un.ler  which  j..Tt,  however,  to  the  oath  o#  allegiance.     It  wa> 

Penn  was  parli.adar  to    .juiet  an.l  s.'.-ure.  -'  further  provided  that  such  of  the  Swedes  or  Finn- 

iMiii,-^  Klin"  I, I.e..  ,i„.i  M:r-..v...  r ■>.-.i  '  i tv  r.k..i. ,»r  per  "'h'""  il'J  "ot  dcsirc  to  ffo   witii  Govemor  Risin;.'h., 

>n.."ti,  ;  I ,::       ,      ■,  •  :   -    ,M,:;     -;,    ■>       .i':    ..'inj  aiid  remained  vo  lu  u  t  a  ri  I  y.  sli  o  u  1  d    "  have  the  jirivi- 

^'r";,;;:'    ,             ,,     -          .!;..>                       ''..u'l  leges  of  the  Au-sbur-(.'.".nfl.-:-M.in  and  have  a  person 

wi,,,t.>. ■:>..[,  I,    ;,.:;r            .■■     M  ■  • ,  1 1 ,  .i.. ,:,  ..i;  ■ : . ;  ,t  ti,e  to  instruct  them  tlierciu."  ' 

pl'i,v"'i   .  ,:   .  V  ■            ■       ,    I  •>,.'.:,rv'ri;!-ii!irV.'r  \^Mi-,ii..i  ui'.i.'it ;  Those  who  accepted  these   terms  and   took  the 

iiHS,, ,     ■    ■      '       '       1        :.. '  i  ■i.-K. -i- r. -nt  «itii  tip.- i-\ipiii-  oath  of  alleLriauce  were  : 

r'h'u-r.'!^! ,'.'  .^  ,            .'i  .   ,',.,":  ':•'"  ',''.":":,'- "I'.'r  I'm.. n't'I,  Jan  Eckhoff,  Constautius  GroeiienburLrh,  Hamiou 


r'r:'"''-^  -l^nz,    Jan   IAT  Schofiel,    Kla.--  1/^ 

'']'''""["  Thomassen,     Limen     ."-^tidileu,     Lucas  — J' 
;,.;;,;;':        0>=»  Petersen,  Tho.mias   S/^     I3ruvu,\Vi 

:re:;„',:-.;c„.  liam  ^lorris,  Gostatlien  Anies. 


n!::;.v ;;;;: j':ri;:ev;';;';:;;e""T,,etuj: 'l^.f !,::" ^     :z    Mark  of  c^  ^  uaemt  jonsen. 

niuuly  iisr,l.     It  OKU  l.e  fouuJ  in  .l"hn  .:■;  n.ri  -i,.a  s  iiitr  ..liicti..ii  tu  ^ 


.-print  .)t  AUc.p's  -Chan.  t..T  ..I"  ili  .  fr..>  .„.  c  uf  Marvl.iii.l." 
.-..i.l:  '•  The  Form,- of  Bin.U.l  ■  .s- .  .,'  '  1  i.;~  li..|rl,tiire.  n.a.le 
!,,,  ,,f  .  in  til- v.;.uv,.f   .    ',r   S  .\-i.ii_-Jie    LorJ  King 


iiud  St-ule  the  day  ali-J 


bonr.^  shall  I 
b..urli.....i,  t. 

the  ne.it  .hi- 


■PtiUU,  m  fatt,  l.jnouej  many  utbei 


MANNi::Re 

a:;ii  cr.-TOM- 

151 

to  ol.taiti  '.111  ill.  111 

L.nd 

.iil 

.o;i.t    t 

i>  din 

ore  ordered 
-arded   and 

-.v;ir  au'aiii  nmii.  t 
hv   Col.    Ki.-'u:,;-.! 

"v 

I'llir, 

■    in 

IClrl 

in-trarti„i.s 

Governor  ami  C.n 

1  i-i  1 

t;7i. 

In  ;li 

patents  ncrv  i,-.-',; 
:mJ    Mr.    Wluir,. 

;;;;' 

W'.i 

.-  i.lhoi 

IV,  to  1 

-iirvrv    were 

i:^sue,i  l.v  Col.  Vi, 
Edward"  An-M-o... 
ttieliutor.in  l:iTo, 

'■i.'' 

.-.  !•  1 

■  ■niwi-- 

I.ovrl 
.      nf    tl 

ddln- 

aee  and  >ir 
le  ]irovince, 
to  titty  acres 

^^L'n. 

percapiui.  Ir,  H 
the  i::ct  U.^t  v,;iv 

criior  otiioially  an 

i.,,1 

IC.'d 

".irt  d 
that  1 

avc-  lui 

tilii  vt 

and;  1 

attention  to 
id  their  hind 
■ar  the  Gov- 
lavinir  been 

Mark  of  ^^;;2)    Aiidries  Jnn.-en. 
Mark  of    y^  Jon  Jn.-ten. 
Mark  of     /\.        Matliys  E.-elfi 
Markof__\^    linens  Andrie 

Mark  of     '<^^^  :Mai:en  Marten--e.  same   must   lie    recorded    and    settled   upon    in  six 

•^  mouths  01     be   torfeifd.      Ii:    ICSII  the  New  Castle 

.  ,-^  r-ou-t     i:r.ide    a    ^inllliar    aiin..uii.'.iiient.     Several 

:\Iark  of  ^ |_Z_   Lambert  Miehaelsen.  niuiaU  later  the  iiih.ii.itnnt.  ..f  Croiiie  Hook  peti 


taken  up  and  not  settled  npun  nor  imjiroved,  the 


Mark  of  X^ 


ticned  the  Go^erti.  i-  to  coiit-riii  the  original  Dutch 

grants  hold  by  tin  i:i.     In  lii>';  William  Penn  save 

iratiel  Petersen.  i"^^'-'-^  nctiee'that  all  1:::m1.  ^ra.oed  during  the^wo 

preceding  years   niii-t   be  ,-ettli'd  in  twelve  months 

or  forteited.      l\v  al-o  i:a\e  twd  vears   for   the  pay- 

Of  the  above,  the  names  of  Janz,  Jonsen,  Stid-     raent  of  quit-rents  ai;d  r-[al»li,-lird  future  quit-rents 

den,  Petersen,  Justcn,  Groeneuburgh  and  Audries-     on  a  basis  of  cue  bu-li>  I  ut  u  In  at  tbr  each  hundred 

sen  were  identified  for  many  years  with  the  history     acres  as  before.     Froii!    ihU  n,,,,..  until  Delaware 

of  the  State,  and  some  are  still  extant.  became   a  Statr,  uaii.uus  t'or  siirvevs  ami   patents 

When  the   Dutch   settled  at  I'ort  Casiinir  a  vil-     were  grant- d    by  the  piMpiiei.ns  or  bv  the  commis- 

lage  was  ordered  laid  out  in  the  rear  uf  it  ami  hits     siotier  of  the  Land  «  Mlin-. 

weregiven  by  the  Vice-Director  t.ithd^ewhdd.Mred  The  Swedes,  Imlh   under   Minuit's   and   later  in- 

them.  The  Swedes  were  ordered  to  e..li,ni/,e  in  structinns,  vere  allowed  to  lake  up  as  much  land 
villages,  but  they  olijected  and  w.av  permiti- d  to  as  they  coidd  cultivai.',  avoiding  land  already 
remain  tindi.-tarb.  d  pmiliii-  the  vear  ami  -ix  weeks  iiiq>ro\Ltl  :'i;d  that  r.  -,  rved  f  .r  the  purjio-ses  of  the 
granted  them  in  the  articles  of  Jaoi.idatiou.  Sweilish  West  India  Company.     This  laud,  so  taken 

At  the  expiration  of  that  pi;riod.  on  All-ll^t  14,  up,  was  to  reiuain  to  the  pe>M.-.-ors  and  their  de- 
iri.jG,  Gregorius  Van  Dyck,  ih  jmly  .-he  liif,  was  scemiants  "as  allodial  and  hereditaiv  profierty," 
sent  as  commissary  to  the  Swi  dis  to  inloiiize  them  including  all  appurteiiaiier,-  and  privih  l:i-.  as"fruit 
in  villages  or  require  their  removal.  .Tune  VI,  of  the  surface,  niiiieial>,  -piin.:-,  rivers,  woijds, 
li;o7,  the  Swedes  were  dinrt,  d  to  .■urn-,  utrate  at  forests,  fish,  cha.se,  e\i  ii  of  liiitl-,  iJuM-.-iabli.-hments 
rpland,  Passvonk,  Fuiland.  KinL-h-e-iuL.-  on  the  upon  water,  windmill-,  and  e\  .iv  advanfa-e  wliieh 
••  Verdrietige  Yloevk,"  or  at  some  olh.r  plaiv  alter  they  ,hall  lin.l  ,-tabli,-la  d  or  mav  e.stablj.h."  The 
notification     to      the     Director-General     and     the     onfv    condition.-^    weiv    alli -iaiice"    to    the    Swedi.-h 


i<  pi 


(  oinnal.'  crown  and  a   pavm.iit  of  ihree  ilorl 

In    lliV,   and    1(;.-|7    the     Dutel,    granted    a    few  pa- fmnUn^    Tiii,^  form  of  ,,„it-rent  p. 

wan-ant;,   and   patents  to   Sw.des,  and  many  others  something    of    a    communal   a-peet    to  the  Swedi.-h 

Sue.les  whe,  held   warrant-  imdor   the   1)1110!^  w.-,v  tract-  were  dehniteiv  liouiided  and  Mirvev.d  in  t\,e 

Con^tantins  Clrorii.nliur-.  in  li,.r, ;  Cla.  s  P,  !er-.  11,  -ariier  .lays   of    the   settlement,     (nnernor  Printz 

llarent  Janseu,  Pieter  Harmeuce,  Peter  Laurence,  received  no  special  in.-irm  lions   in   r.-ard   to  land 

^'ornelis  Stoinwyck,  Louder  Leendersen,  Jan  Lek-  grants  further  than   to  >  neoura-e  aiirieulture  and 

hoif,  Jau  St.  Gaggeuaud  Peter  Laiiren^en,  iu  IGoT.  to  u^e  his  discretion  in   all   matter-,  -uided   hv  the 

When  the  Engli-h   took  po-r.-Vmn,  in  IfiC:;,  ail  laws,  cu,-t.  ms  and   u,-age<  of   Swed.n.      We'juay 

'or,i.,.-..,,„„i„i..sV..,-.in,.„-.it u„iV,on.,i.ir..ic,.„,v„„,.  ^"1T»«'    !"■    lollow.^l     the    eolellial    sVMem     whieii 

K'.n.,n..    i,„..  n,..,,,-,  .„..  i,„„i  .,,,,1.  ivi,,..,„.  K,...,-:,i,„o.  „,„  wa>  alivailv  in  operation.      (  iovone.r    Ki-iieJ,'.  i,,- 

^'^■^!'m"!Jlu;;!n!n,'t^;';n;U..''t.'":r^  Mnmtion.    iVom    the  Swedi-h    Gim  ral    I -olio::.,  of 

''.'Klnt".''"a,rl^'ht"rT"'t;;^  po-es.ion  to  those  who  purchased   land   tVom   the 


i  ll 
111 

a.i    11 
It.  ~l 

Tli.i 

havr    .-1 

inii.L 

ell 

.tak 
it    1 

■litiivl. 

.•Itlirr 

i,v,i- 1; 

V    un.lr 

r    I'ii. 

A- 

Arr 

rliu-.-; 

IV.  in  1, 

i-  -cl, 

152                                                      III:ST01:Y  OF  DELAWARE. 

witirall  alK.luil  [ii-ivil,-.-  1.11. 1  tnin.'l,i,-r~.  -  liiit  li.)  that  tl,,.    Sur.i 

one  to  enter  int.'   |.o--, -i,,u   Im;    liy  <.iii-,iit  ..i   the  paid  .miy  a   in 

governnuMit.r-.i  that  ii-.  ..ii.'  !»■  ilcpi-i\-.i|  iiu|ir.,|M'i-|y  tVi-iit  at   tlit-.' 

ofwliatlioalrra.lv  p,, .--,■,--,'<."      Tli.' >u,  .|i-li  t.  iiiiiv,  llaar  land  or  ii 

thorctnre,  \va.-l,v-i:int  fV..n,  tli.' .a-..^  n,  tlirmi-li  the  tliiw    l..~t    p.- 

Governor,    the  '  .piit-ivnt    h,-inu   .■..luniii!..!   int..  a  ,-\  nv  l.iw  ,.(' 1 

capitali.jli   tax.  payal.le  annually  liy  h.a.i-  ..t'i'ani-  al  .-fatruimt  <i| 

ilies,  the  only  limil.-   t..  tracts  -rant.'.l   hian-  that  -o.i.,  ti,.. -«..i, 

they   do    ii.it    ti-c-[ia--   nil    olht  r    hnliiin^'-   and  are  i',j|',!|!"i',,"|',,',',., ,',!', ',',',' 

cultivated.      Atter  the  (■■.iniueM  of  New  ."•uv.lm  hy  ,n,!'.,..iV:'i-',',',  i,'!, 

the  Dut.di   the   .<we.I.',-    were   onl.avd    I..   .■o,i,e    in,  I',""'',  , -',••;""'"',"■ 

take   the  ..ath   of  all.-ianoe.   and    have   tli.ir   lan.l  ZZuW.Tlln- 

titles  reneue.l.     The   Dutoh   u.-iv   voiv    iilural    in  -■;;;■ -i  "•- --" 

their   grant.s   e.pe-aally    under    1 )' 1 1  ln..vo-,-a,    hut  ..  a"",  .i-m,,  .h..,„.  i, 

the  tenure  of  lan.l.>   wa.~  entir.lv   rhaii-.d.  ami   a  li^.l^ri.'',,','',',,',,'','!.','. 

quit-rent  wa^  now  iciinired  to  h.-  paid  ot'  1  li  .-tivers  iiii..ibit.ii,fi  r.«  .u,.i 

per  morgen,  eipial  to  :',  .;  riiit.~  per  acre.'  -This  was  „'Mcii"h"",eirT   «'^> 

a   high   rent,  ill    e.^ipari-m   villi   ihat    whielithe  i.eav.v'e,,,,,.^!,  wi„.„ 

Sweiies    had    been    pavin-.     aii.l     with     tl..'     rents  '^:::^t^!^t^!:i''"' 

charged  by  the  English.     Be-i.l.  s,  th.   lan.l  h 

be  surveyed,  and  the  (-...-t  ol'   siirxey.  ii  i-mil 

deeds  Ihr'atraet  .,f  JDO  or  :;.!<»  a,iv.   wa.  oOll  or  p^h^^i^f  Vhv-I)h-,'^-toi^^n  '  S.uth  "Rive.-    X 

600  poun.l-  ot    tohaee...      Many   >w..e.   were  un-  [,,,       In  the  proviMonal   iii.trneti..n>  to  hi.ii 

Willing,  some  perhaps  nnahl...  to  pay  th,  -e  t,  .s  an.l  ,„.,,^,,.  ^^      .^^.^,,,j  inini.jderate  desire  f..r  la.K 

rents;  sonic  abandone.l   tluir   land.  ,  ntn.  Iv,  ...me  ^^^,^   ,,i,.^^,j^,^^   to  exaet  #froni  each   nior^ren  of 

sold,  andmany  pa,.l_   la.     a..!    to   th.;    maialat...  .,,,i,.,  ,ti,-,,,  „,;„„allv.     William    Beekmau 

thus    m    fact    converting    them,-.  Ive.-    int..    .-| 

ters. 

After  the  En-lisli   to..k   p..s-e^sion   la-w  ..atl: 


fhe  history  .d'taxati.m  in  Delaware  dates  toth' 
ailmiuisti'ati..n  ..f  J.  an  I'anl    da.-oiat.  w  la 


.r   t..    Diivitni-  Stuyve-ant,   January  14,  H 

s.-nted  a  pn.pn-iti,.n  of  the   -lii-ritf  an.l  ei.m 

'..r  the   taxath.u    of  ev.av  Sw^di-h 


alliance    and    new    coiitinnations     of  title    were     ;i„:.^,,.i„^    p,„„:^    ,,,„,,,.      jh,    ,  j.,  ,,[■  ,,„ 

required       Andn.ss   and    Love  a.v    made  pat.-nts     ,„i,,,;  i„„v.ver.  were    pai.l  hv   ,,nit-rent~   an.l   e.i- 
ery  freely,  doing  all  they  e.nil.l    f.   pioiu,,te  an.l     toms  until  ICTC.   w  hen  (  h.v,  ni..r    Vn.lr.— reor-aii 


extend  the  settlem.nts  but  the    Duk.'    ..f  Y. 

laws  exacted  a  (luit-imt  ot'.Jiie  bii.-hel  oi'win 

one  hundre.l  acre-.     Wheat,  a-  we  lin.l  li\-  tie- U 

laud  rec 

rent  likewise)  at  the  rate  of  "  li\-e  Luiah  r-  pi  r  -i-ip- 

pie,"— five  o;uil.ler-    p.r   .~r-,'/e.y„7  or    l.u.-hel,  ihirt\ 
tirlin- 

sylvania  curren.-y,  .'.p.al  to  lorty-toiir  and  on, '-tilth       ",i^,  ^.   .^Z  ^i„  "m^,,,:^;,,,!  ".„„i'  Viroula'wh^ 

ce..ts.--a   rent,   theretore,    of  ,i,ni.-(i,ti,.   or   two-     ^,,^,.,;,,,„i    _      .;,    ;,     ^,.--        ^_^     ^     tember.    th. 

fifths  of  a  cent  per  acre.     L  n.kr  P,  n.i  th..  r<.,ailar     ^.,,,,,^^,|,i,„  ,,,,.,  i„.,,ai,t,  .1  t..  mak,.  li-t.s  of  all  p.  v 

quit-rents  were  a  penny  por  ai'i-..,  th,.  .onvevaneinu-     ^^^^.^  [j.^,,,^,  j,^  j.^^.^tj,,,,  .      > ainiiel  1  and  wis  ,.oii-t  i 

cjstin-    iourteen    t..    ei.hlren    -hillin-     p.^a-    j.lat.      M,,  ,,f  x;,,w  ta.lh'  1  )i.ti  i.t  ;  Walter  Row  h>  of  <  ),.p. 

:Charh-R.iiu-.'VofCri-t.vn.  In  Nov  ta 
the, ■..Hit  nut  at'  X.'uCa-tle.  an.l  lai.l. 
•lv..::il.l.i-aii.lt.ii-tiv,a-i;.revervp,.r-..i: 

per   one   hun.lre.l   aer.s.      Ihi.  wa-  in   a.l.hii-.n    f.      t„  p,,  ,,;,i,M„  ■•  Wh.  at  at -V.il.ha -.  1^  .  att  4  .•ihi,  a  ■ 

the     l.ical     tax    tor     .-..nn 

ani..untin-t..thirtv-tive.., 

able,— f..ar   .h.ll.ir.-   an.l    I 


the  .■..iirt>   an.l   the   ma-i-tratr.   a-k..-d   tbr  in- 

■ti..iisin  retw.iav  n,  piibli..  .-har-e-.     In  repK . 

,1''     the   Governor.  X..V.  -Jii.  HIT.;,  auth..ri/..  .1  a   le^v,.• 

..lie  peiinv  in  th.^  p..iindoii  th.'  ival  .^tat,'  -  in  >..  u 

Ca-tl...  lip  th.'  river  and  in  th..   l.av."       To  thi.-ll'.' 

nia-i.-lrat..s.  on    l'..l..   (i,   lil77,  .1.  ■luurre.l,   an.l    n  ■ 

peucestirling,  ..r-ixty  ,.'nt-...rti,,iiyp..„.v  l-.ain-     ,^,,^.^,„,^    |,„.,„i..j,,„    i„    „.^,|^^.    ,p,    ,^.,.^,.    ,.  p,^.    ,,,  . 


id  the  ..urv.vin..'  ami   iv-i.-teriii-  a.   niu.li 
V  thirtv  ^hil^^e-...r-rVeIl  .l..llai- aial  ti 
itial  luivn.ent,  an  1   two  , I., liar-- annual 


r,ari.-vatt4i.oi.ler-  p.  r  M-hipple.  1 1 
.il.ler.-  i.er.-ehii.i.l.-.  4'.,hha..'..  att 


r-  p. 


u-  |..  1  i.u.nM  .,1  I'.akeattSan.l  ilaenn  att  Ki.tvvorsplh;  orKl. 
per  treeman-an.l  an  ....eaM-'nal  "  war  tax  .,1  a  i„  v,,,^,„t  „,  .,,i„^  ^,„  p,,,,  C.urrant,"  an.l  in 
penny  HI  the  [HiiiiK.l  on  a  valuation  wiiieh.  m  ll)l)4. 


MANXEKS  A.\I>  CUSTO' 


153 


tnicteil  Captain  Canlwrll,  lii-li  she 
,-t  of  tuxiibU's  by  .Miu-ch  13,  li;7. 
■I  aimed  under  these  instructions  w:: 


I"  Ik.' 


Peter  Volckeru. 


David  i  :vtcr  hen 


Peter  Koe 
Lucas  iv;. 
JaTj  Enx. 


Iho  ArnoM. 
C-.rit  V  Jim 
J,. I.  V  Jinii.il 


John  Si 

i.itli. 

Sai.1 

Ni 

cjIIs'. 

Sin. 

be 

Ig.  i  ne; 

Ej.1; 

.-er 

tl'V 

'a, 

iimuius  i 

Ant! 

mn 

}•  Pil.liO. 

Will 

flii 

.jdcliild. 

iwjb  Murt'jn. 
John  Street. 
Ecjht  Tullent. 


Heliiinx  LeuiDl* 
Will  Scott, 
liendiik  Andriei 


Ji.hn  l.i:;l.-^ 
Jan  lieri-itz 
Ge.jrge  .>!.,. 
Will  Je.ic: 
AndriesTil 
Julin  Wutl- 


Erik  J.iti.f,- 
JohaS:u--ll 
John  C.Tl.el 
Mach  Barun 


Total, 


Neither  tlie  magistrates  nor  officials  were  taxed, 
although  their  servants  were  included  in  the  list. 
Out  of  a  list  of  10-S  taxabks  in  New  Castle  con- 
stalilery  in  1683,  43  were  owners  of  land  outside 
of  the  town.'  Of  these,  the  largest  were  Peter  Al- 
richsaud  Captain  Markham,  each  of  whom  had  1000 
acres.  The  estate  of  the  former  was  probably  on  the 
Christiana  and  IXdaware  north  of  Croine  Hook  ; 
that  of  Ca[itaiu  .Markhiini  was  north  and  wc.<t  of 
New  Castle.  Charhs  Kiinisey  and  John  Watkins 
had  640  acres  each  .m  the  Cliristiana  between 
Swart  Nutter  Island  i  now  N..ii^ucli)  and  Fern 
Hook,  opposite  AVihiiin-tijii ;  .I...ha  William  Peer- 
ing, 500  acres ;  John  Ogle,  4U(.>  acres  ;  ]Mary  Block, 
widow  of  Hans  Block,  3o0  acres  above  Xew  Castle  ; 
John  3[oll.  300  acres  near  Swanwyck ;  John 
Darby,  300  acres  (^~wart  Nutter  Island)  ;  Thomas 
Spry,  physician  and  attorney,  300  acres;  AVilliam 
iieniber  of  Pcnn's  Council,  400  acres ; 
let,  son  of  Jean  Paul  Jaci|iiet.  l^NO  acres; 
look;  Edmund  Cantu.ll,  hiuh>herit[; 
Arn.ildnsDc  Lii-rau-e,  300  acre.-.  Fif- 
hind-.iwiKTS  :il.-o  owned  hits  iu  New 
1  ITiin  a!~.i  h.1.1  one  lot.  Among 
■  J.ih.i  ^I..!l,  AnKildu?  DcLa- 
1  and  J..hann.<.|,.  If;us,  magi- 
■h,  ulio  -;ili>(  .jUijiiily  succeeded 
bciiili  ;   l^phraim    Herman,  ex- 


lu; 


Hai-h,  :i 

John  Ja. 

on  Long 

10(1  acre 

teen  of  the    huid- 

C;u~rle,  and  Willi;, 

the  hit-ouner-  «, 

-ran-e,  John   Cm 

str;Ue.<;   ^\■In.  \V. 

J.jhn  Moll  .m    th 


i"illiar.i  Guest,  Willian:    Gusiop,  Clui^toj.lier  Wljitp,  \V, 


].j4                                           histor'x  of  DKLAWaKE. 

clt-rkof  pourt ;  DDiiiinie  Trs.-pniukcr,  tlic  prc;Lcht.r  ;  n..rman,  .'..i...  r:.nn,  .i..i|n  nMrnr..i.i,  Fm.ims  .i.  i;mir.^.,ftrr,i,  ,i^. . 

Kiiifli. ;>.!,■  I;ii,-t,  Innn.r  n':ul.-r  in  lUr  .•Inir-li  an,!  Tl'-^'^Z^ri  'Z!L.^^''.  ".\^"<-''^.   -.  '.Z.:',,"\iuA  il'n.C.  i:  ,. 

»eh...,l,mL-trr;    ainl  Dr.  (  I.Tunlu-  Wr-.U.  ';>-•  n-^^i'--i'y^- ■-"  ■•■■;'■,■,';';'■;  ''; 'l':,,-':;;:^",'; 

North   (Iri-Iiaiia   ( 'n't-k   <-nii>tal.!ri-v  l.a.l  .-ixtv-  j,:,!"  iwi..- v„„',  '., 'r.,'  v.„i    ".• iv..r  aim.i,.,  i;'.,,. 

fiv.:  taxai.ir..  ( )f  th<-,, .h.iiM  ( )/w  aiHi  N'ai. i.tmp  l;;:X:z\;::,''';::,^y^^^^^^ 

{Ioilii,--w,,rth'  ra.-h   ..uikmI  -loui)  a(  r,>  ;    Mm-an      I'i'la.e',':.  ylh.H,,'lii  vi;;,Cr i,„.  j.l.'vu  a.:y.  .r,.  \u.u...  ^Uu 

Drultt.  .'-nil  acres  ill   tlip  "  lii.ii-lit  "  on   llio    Dila-  "■'''■"■' -^■'•■• 

^varp;    Tlionia.    Wallaevtun,  ilrputy    AwmY   tV.-M  Taxables    on    tiip  ixTlli    .ide    <.f    Bran-lyuiu 

hi?:;  to  ICTii,  :;-{)  ai-rcs,  nn  While  (lav  <  'rvk  and  <-'i-fek: 

100     ,,„     MillC,-,,.k;    Courad    ( 'onMantinr.    :.t;o  .i:....b    Vm.m  rvo.r,^(,,ni.  :iu.^  v..,hL.,.,  ^  M,,.n.  jn-i>,  ^ 

dev.T,  oOO    a.-rr-,  on    I'.randvwine   Crcok.  o|.|,o.-itp  N.-  -  i,.' :■•    •.  ....'.;.■   a,  ,..„']., ^m,, -i  :,,.  u  -,,.,,.,-,  iiu,.:.., 

Wihi.irit:ion;     John     XonmuTs,    in     Mill     Vvu'k  l^^'Z''\C'^i'.l-n.\..^y''>'"".-.''.,.'y^:'.^^ 

H.indnil.  ,„.  WhiloClav  Cr.M-k,  thr oiiartrr.   uf  ",  v.k..,c,Mo  ii„i..nU>.wn,  ii  ,  ,>   ii,  mm,..-. ,  ii,.,,,., . ,  „v, 

...               .                     ;            I    1         ,.               -,„  \Villmm=..sK.r,  A,l..i,. -'....■.■l-..>,  llp:i.';.,oha,.n.\V,n.am  Ilui.ly,  li„ 

a    Hide    ah.ivc    it>  mouth  ;    .John  (  onn,  oUo  ,icrf.<,  j^.-j  Be.id.e.-.i. 

<m    White  Ch.y    C'.eek    in    MUl   Creek    Ihn.dred  :  taxable,  oa  the  north  <ide  of  Christiana  Creek 

Arnoldii.i    De  La-ran-e.    U-iO    aere-.    ot   whie, 

[lortion  wa.-  in   Chri-riana  Hundred,  \vliere   he 

sided  ;  lirour  SinueXM'n,  770    aen-,  4oil   of  nineh  r:^::.  .^r,  v.inm,,,  .Nr..;i  .■■-..■^i  ..re.p.^i...ri...  I'.k.^. ,..  .^ ,,,., 

adjoined  tlie  e-tate,,f  I  )e    La-raii-e,  in  ( 'h  ri^t  ia  i.a  p!,';;':;:,i:':!r^!l'.';','e'',''.  ■'   i     ",',  )"/    ~:'\    ':,'■-■■': 

Hundred,  ;shere   he    lived;    Ahrahani   Mann,  o70  :.u...  SiJi.-in..  « .ii:....^|  i  --,  ^  :     .^  ■     -.^  -  ^  ■       :,>,;:/:,: 

acres  on  Bread  and  Cheese  Island  and  west  of  Kcu  .Tmi',M\i.i.''i""'iie,  .i.'i..',  i;..  .   ,^,  i  i  :,  -h   i-  ;,    ,i  ^1,.=  i;r,,i.  Uo 

Clay  Creek,  where  he  re.sided  (he  was  justice  of  ^"'';''"'\?.j'/J^™''|-j,i^,''lJ||;Vi/'.|',," ,'' '^\^'^■  1^ 

the  peace   two    years,  and    was    chosen  sheriff  iu  ry,  raid  m  i  .i^i'.ui. ';..i,.  i-.,,,,  \M,h  .n.  j:,.i,. -im".  ,).  i.n  i.i.h.'.m 

l^j■S.'!)  ;    John    Moll,  president  of  the  court    from  ''■'''\.^'''"''' '""^'l'"' ,^i'','',';'  ^l!''' ";,~, ''','-' Vi' '-' "'i'v'^,'''r\i'' 

1072  to  10«:],  210  acres,  in    Mill  Creek  Hundred,  7^l'.h!hu'Xn''v['.''''^^'-u  '^'.,  ,.'u.  ''",,i .,',',.;  j- i.ni' ..ini'V/'. 

above   Bread   and   Cheese  Island  ;    Joseph  Borne,  ;;^;'y^;Z'^/\Z^'T^^'.u.J'^'^l2^.\'^'^ua^ 

350  acre^  adjoinin-   M...!!'.-.  Jubn  IJ^a'-MMu,  W  eiLu '.'m.'.'.,"  .I.lm'e.iuci,,'  .lul„i  in'inC  I'VKT  ,- 

In  the   <-,;n-taMe,y    on   the    north  >i.le  of  Duck  '^*^2!'w,h:'I;.^;k''^u1"  svn^o'ilX^ 

Creek    there    were    ti)rtv-:-even  taxables,   of   whom  "            '                          i      •  i       /■  o.   /^            •    r-       ^ 

xr            AK-ii-                  "■  .     i                1     i,w,  Taxables  on  north  side  of  bt.  George  s  Creek : 

Ilenrv    \\  illiams,    maunstrate,    owned    4nii    acres;  '-"                                                            » 

rnhriim      Fli^riirm      1%)     acres-      I'eter      leivard  Hendrick  raml,-nb,irg,   Peter  Wutlastou,  Johu  Moll,  Hans  naii= 

ci!;;:;;:  11;::,::;  B:nlha;no;,k;  ;;..;■  ill:  ..i..^^^..----.a.ae....na.,e..a.. v.,.,„ 

ward  Cantuell,  4J.^i  aeie.<,  a  portion  ot   which  was  Taxables  on  the  north  side  of  Opponuenoinen  : 
at  Cantw.dl's  llrid-je  .  n..w  Ode^.si )  w  liere  he  lived 
Morris  Li,>ion,  7.".0  a.res  at  a  j.laee   ,>till   known   i 
Li.^ton's  Point. 

The  c.iHtablcry  from  St.  Geor^.:eV  Creek  to  tl 
north  >ide  of  <  )|,oc.|Uenonien,  had  fiftv  taxable 
Ainon-  th.ni  Ca^pani- Herman,  4110  acre^;  Hem 
William-,  maji-liate.l'.-,0  acres;   (  ierret  Oils  ma- 

strate,  452    ari,-;     I'.ter  Alri.4i,  400  acr-s  at   .-t.  .n„  i,  ,1..,  JoI,..  w.iu...,,  Eii,.- 
An-ustine'sl.aiMlin-;    (lal.riel  liappe,  1(100  ai 

Hemy  \-aMd,  luu-,  lUDO  aen  s.  Taxables  of  north   side  oi'  "  Duck    Creek   huu- 


Rorl.if 


Slapli^a,  E.hvaiJ  Giblw,  Ilenilri 
ie,  Bai 


Follow  in;:-    1.    a    li.t    of  taxables  in   the 
ilery  of  New  C 


J:l.- 


ed  " : 


UyarJ.  llr.iK,.  I.at..,  .Iuli.i  ll..r™,  Ik-.iry  Uevei-.  lu.  1,..M  W  lut-.- 

Acreliu-  i-  nopjast  to  his  fellow-countrymen  in 
callin-  them  idle.  They  weiv  timid,  and  tie  v 
la.-kcd  eniei|.ri-e  to  euaiile  them  to  ^r.-ipide  wilii 
the  po.-.-ibililie-  of  th<-  .situation.    Thev  were  .-impi. 


MANNERS  AND  CrsTO.MS.  155 

p':L-ant>  of  a  primitive  race  anil  a  sprluiltMl   rmm-  Hence  the  c.inunon  expedient  was  nsorte.l  to  ef 

trv,    thn.uii    in    ainon-    peeple    nf    the    rw..   rno,-t  rene.vin-  lui-hrs  and   nn.le.-n.wth  onlv  an.l  -inl- 

...Vr-etie  .MMmMTeial   and    nieivantilr    natiM-,.   the  lin- the  hirir-r  tree.,  whirh  were  l.'ft  tn  ~tand  h-itle.-s 

„.,rld  ha-ever>een.     They  uvre  anmn.-  -;raM.-,av.  and   dead   tdl   th.^y  n.lt-'d   and   fell,  «  hei,  the  h.-.s 

.-nedesennhlnnt  under-tand.     1 1  i-  no"  u..nd.-r  that  ndU'd     into    pilr.    .and    hiirnl.      It    ua-  dithenlt  t/. 

tiirvshnuld  have<hrankliaek,heuild.r.d,and  eon-  ph.vv    hetueen    and    anion-   -o    .nanv    trnid<-    an.l 

t,  nied    theniselve.s    uith     Mnall     firni.    in'  retired  Mnnijis,  and  this  led  the  Svvdr..  in  nnlrr  further  to 

,,.  i-hliiirhoiiils.      l!ut    th.-e  Miiall    farm-,  affr   the  eeononiizo  iahor,  to  r.-i  irt  to  a  sv-tmi  of  Im-Kandrv 

.-sve(le,s  .settled   doNNn   npon    th were    w.-ll    and  which  still,  in  a -real  .n.asiire,  Ve^ulal.-  the  piieh- 

hihoriously  tilled,  an.l,  small  tlioii-h  they  wcr.-.  we  in-an.l  rotation  ..f.r..|.- in  th.'  1  J.lawar..  Marylan.l 

h.ive   the   acknowle.l-iii.ait    of    the     >w,.i.-  th.-ni-  aiui  Vir-inia  p.  nin-ula.      'fli.'  -ronn.l  wa.-   .hand 

-,  Ives  that  thevviel.h.l  a  .■..ndorlal.le  Mipp.aT.  with  in  the  winter,  an.l  th.ai,  unle-  toleev,,  wa-  ur.iwn, 

u  L'o.idiv   surpin-   .'a  di    voar   i..-i.i,-   t..  I,--,,  lar-e  the  "new  -,-onn.l."  as  it  was  ,.all,.,p  v.as  plante.l  in 

an.l   rapidlv    in.-r.  a-in-   f.mili.-   uhi.-h    aitra.'te.l  e..rn  in  the  sprin-      The   pr.H-es-,  whi.-h  is   known 

William     I'enn-s    att.-nii.m    an.l    cunmaii.le.l    his  as   '■  listin-"    ^vas    t..    throw    tu,.    fnrn.us   ,„•  i\nu- 

admiratl.in.  furrows  t.i--.;th.'r.  \<v  phiwinir  up  an.l  .lown  th.-  ti.d.l 

d'he  hur^bandry  of  th,'  Sw.mIcs  was  homely,   hut  insi,,a.l  .,f  ar.iun.l  it,  havinu  a  series  ..f  rid-es  with 

it   was   thorough,      ddi.'    .-..il    which    they   chietly  an  unplowed  s[)ace  between.     Th.' ,-.>il  .>f  the  rid^as 

tilled    was    light    ami    kin.lly.      In    the    b.Xtoiiis,  was      pulverized     with      th.'     hairow     and     then 

-waiiips,  and  marshes  aloii,' th.' streams,  which  the  stepped    otf'  into   hills    about    timr   f.et  apart,  the 

Suedes  knew  quite  as  well  as  the  Dutch  how  to  corn-planter  dropping  his  tive  grains  in  each  hill, 

.lyKe  and  convert  into  meadows, — the  Brandywiue  scooping  the  hill  out,  dropping  and  covering  with 

III. 'a. lows  are  to  this  day  famous  as  exam[iles  of  re-  a  heavy  hoe, — a  siin|il.^  operation  wdiich    exjierts 

claimed  lands, — the  soil   was  deep,    ri.di  aiel   v.-ry     dispatched  with  tw oti.m- ..f  the  implement.    At 

pru.luctivc.     The  earlier  Swedes  di.l   n..t   s  ,\v   the  the  last  working  of  th,'  i-oru,  when   it  had  grown 

cultivated  grasses  on  thes,'  mead.iws;   they  ,-iiupiy  stout  and  waist  or  luva-^-hi-li.  the  "  mi.ldle"  of  the 

.lyked  them  and  mow  I  th.   n.irural  -ra-.  pla-.iting  li-ts  were  pL.wed  out  an.l   th<-  fresh  .arth  thn.wn 

e..rn  and  tobacco,  an.l   -owiiii:  wli.'at   wherever  it  ab.uit  th.-  r. ...its  of  tlie  vigorous  planl.     This  "li.-t- 

was  dry  enough.     Acreliu,- .-|..ak,- ..f  th.'  high  price  in-"   pr...A-ss  wa-  fnin.l  ex.-elleiitly  u.-ll  suited  to 

which  these  lands  brought  in  his  t inn- — --ix   hun-  the    low.   Hat    Ian. Is   ,,f    tlie    jienin-ula.  as,  besides 

.livd  dollars  copper  coin  [sixty  .l.iUar-]   jjera.ro"  saving  lah.:ir.  it   attijr.led  a  :•  ut  .jt' i-asv   drainage, 

— wdien  thoroughly  ditched  and  reclaimed,  th.jugh  the  bott.mi  of  every  furr..w  luan-  a  small  ditch,  and 

cnistantly  liable  to  inundations  from  the  tunneliu-  this  enabled  the  fann.u-s  i.i  plant  their  corn  much 

.if  the  muskratand  the  craytish.    The  Upland  soils  earlier  than  they  otlua-w  ise  .■.lul.l  have  done.  When 

\wa-e  excellently  adapted  to  corn,  wheat  and  tobacco  th.-  i:-.)rn   had    gone   through  the  '•  ta.sseling  "  and 

when  they  had  been  cleared.    The  forest  growth  on  ■■.-ilkiug"  processes  and  the  ear  was  fully  developed, 

these    soils    comprised     the    several     varieties     of  the  "bla.l.js"   were  pulleil  and  the  "tops'"  cut  for 

American  .jak  familiar   in   the   .Mi.l.lh-  State-,  the  f  ..l.ler.       In    S.  pt.-mlu-r    th.-    -r.-un.l    was   li-htly 

hlaek.walnut,ch.-tnut,hi.-kiu-y,  p..plar.tulii.-nv.-.,  pl.,w,l  with  .-mall  ^h.-vel-pLiw-   (as  v..-t  the  "culti- 

s.i-afras,  cedar,  maple,  the  gums,  l.,en-t.  .i.,_'Wo,»|.  vator"   was    n..t,   ami   s.iwi.l   in    wh'eat.  the  stalks 

wil.l  cherry,  persimmon,   button-wo...!,  -[,;.,  .-w 1.  b.  iii._r  br..ken  .l.iwn  after  fr.)st  with  the  hoe  or  by 

pine,  alJer,"hazel,  etc.     The  forests  -jave  tie-  >w,  ,lis  rimuin-  r.dlers  over  tii.-m.     Wli.-at  thus  s.iwed  on 

n,u,-h   tr..ul.h-,  an.l   und.mbt.-.llv  ha.l   an   intlueuce     er>,..r-   ;:;      ■;.    ,:      ti,,.  u,n,..r  u,,...-,  „,  .;        ..  : ..„,. 

HI th.-m.Mh-.,f,-uitivation  Jmpi..y,-.i.  The  cost  l^;';,,':' '' ,,'  ^.  .'^ '':"'"';'";;;"'!'"-' \''  ■          ■•  ":7 

of  lab.u-  ma.le  it  difiieult  to  cl.-ar  tia-  thi.-k  woods.'  h^,u''u.<^  ; ''    '■;,   .-,  ' -.I'^e'-v",."'!,':' le  .    '       ,.]':..'.'.:'■[[''; 


156 


IIISTOUY  OF  DK LA  WARE. 


riiliiPS  vns  so  well  [ti-otpctcd  liy 
frdstaiid  '•  wintcr-killiiiL^"  lliat  ii 
peninsuhi  r^till  tliT-..w  tin  ir  \ilica 
rowsevru   uliriv  th.'V  ll-r,lrili. 

ulieat  wasnot  ,-o\vr,i,m  tl.r  .■nr 
was  not  sowcil  in  the  i-|iiiu_',  tlio  -talk-llrld  wa.-r 
sumniei--f;illo\vfil.  Imiiil'  plnwr,!  in  May,  July  iiml 
again  l)ct'orc  st-i'liiiL'.  Tin-  wlirat  was  cut  with 
sickle?,  bound  in  .-lica.vi.s.  anil  cliinw  u  iiiin  "dn/,,ns," 
each  shock  hein-  vKi<rrivd  u.  virld  a  lin>lH_l.  Uyv, 
wheat  and  oat^  wnc  tliia>li.-d  with  llaiK.  and  llie 
former,  sowed  iu  NnvmilH  r,  was  a  tavmu,'  cni]) 
with  the  Swedes,  the  soaw  Im  in- ^^nietiiiH  ~-liiii|,eil 
to  Europe.  Buckwheat  wa.sofien  -..weil  nu  the  rye, 
wheat  or  oats  stahble,  the  irrain  heiiiLT  um  d  td  feed 
stock.  Flax  and  oats  were  s(iwed  iu  tic  spring, 
either  on  the  curn-Lrreund  or  -tulil>li-ti, Ms.  Pota- 
toes were  planted  on  the  hare  -mund  and  covered 
with  the  li.stiug-plow.  Sweet  ].(>tat.ies,  however, 
were  planted  in  hills  after  the  Liround  had  h>  en  deep- 
ly furrowed.  Turnips  were  not  uiueli  sown,  except 
on  new  ground,  and  tobacco,  in  Acreliiis'  time,  was 
only  planted  on  such  tracts  or  in  the  gardens. 

The  implements  were  few  and  rude,  as  were  also 
the  apparatus  of  the  farm  animals.  The  plows 
often  had  wooden  mould-boards,  and  were  not  capa- 
ble of  working  deeply  ;  the  harrows  were  of  the 
primitive  triangular  shape,  and  the  oxen  or  horses 
working  them  were  attached  by  means  of  double 
links  to  the  apex  of  the  V.  The  ox-yokes  had 
bows  made  of  bent  hickory-wood,  the  horses'  traces 
were  of  twisted  deer-hide  and  the  collars  of  plaited 
corn-husks.  The  rest  of  the  harness  was  home- 
made, of  the  same  serviceable  deer-skins,  and  the 
farmers  and  their  lads,  all  Ibnd  of  riding  ou  horse- 
back, were  content  with  a  bear  or  deer-skin  girt 
about  the  horse,  with  a  rawhide  surcingle  in  lieu  of 
a  saddle,  imitating  the  Indians  in  dispensing  with 
stirrups.  Beans,  punipkins.  sipuxshes  and  melons 
were  commonly  planted  in  the  hills  with  the  corn. 
Much  cabbage  was  ])roduced,  but  the  variety  of 
other  vegetables  was  limited  to  onions,  p«as,  beets, 
parsnips,  turnips,  radishes,  poppers,  lettuce,  pepper- 
grass  and  scurvy-grass,  with  a  lew  herbs,  such  as 
chamonule,sage,  thyme,  rue, sweet  marjoram,  laven- 
der, savory,  etc.,  to  supjily  the  domestic  ])harmacy, 
or  afford  seasoning  for  the  sausages,  liver-puddings, 
head-cheese,  etc.,  which  were  made  at  "  Iiol'- 
killing." 

Penn,in  his  letter  to  the  Free  Society  of  Traders, 
speaks  rather  disparagingly  of  the  orchards  of  the 
Swedes,  as  if  they  declined  to  profit  by  the  pecu- 
liar adaptedness  of  their  soils  to  fruit  culture.  Yet 
they  must  have  been  the  first  to  naturalize  the  ap]ile. 
the  cherry  ami  the  poach  on  the  Delaware,  and 
we  must  give  them  the  cr.dit  of  haviic  anticipaicd 
the  cherry  and  apple  orchard- ot'  lla.-t.i-n  l\iin.-yl- 
vania  and  Cumberland  \'alley,  and  the  grand  [.each- 
tree  rows  for  whii.h  the  streets  uf  Gerniantown  became 


raiiKi'je  from 

fa  UK  a 

IS.       It 

was  a 

Dutc 

hm 

•ainioi-itithe 

earlle 

V    Sw.- 

de-,'    w 

ho    pr, 

o,h 

iid  iniMcorn- 
a   it.      Where 

•  level 

Hieoftl 
it  is  L'i-o 

ir  hest 
wii  in 

th, 

ind,  and   oats 

was 

a    fain 

ilv    .,f    I 

)r'ia\\; 

tth 


aiin.,'-llieV,:- 
he  .Middh'  ^late-,  aiic 
Sucle.v  who  ,,,ri, 
cultivated  the  pea.h  hv  wliojcsilc,  an.l  mad,,  it; 
article  uf  coniuurce.  The  pcacii-tivc  pn.l.ai 
came  to  Delaware  from  Marviand.  liavin-  tiav,  ;. 
along  the  coast  from  the  early  Spani.-h  .-,  ir: 
ments  in  Florida  ;  hut  it  has  nowlnae  hccoui,.  . 
coniph-telv  naluiali/od,  .-o  hcahhv,  so  pio.hictP. 
of  hu-..,  .su.Tulent,  dcliciou.-  tniit' a>  in  the  cu,,: 
try  widc-h  the  Surd.,  iir-t  reclaimed  from  t: 
wilderness.  In  the  time  of  Acvdiu.-.  the  pea. 
was  supposed  to  he  indi^-.'iious.  and  was  cultivat. 
so  extensively  as  to  he  reliei.1  upon  as  a  staudai 
food  for  swine. 

Domestic  animals  increased  verv  rapidlv  amen 
the  Swedes.  They  imported  their  own  milch  kii 
and  oxen  in  the  first  instance,  hut  they  fuiin 
horses  and  swine  running  at  lari;-!-  and  wild,  man 
having  escaped  into  the  "backwoods"  from  ti 
Maryland  planters.^  These  horses  had  a  gm 
touch  of  the  true  Barb  blood  in  them,  as  desceiu 
ants  of  Virginia  thoroughbred  sires,  and  they  wn 
probably  crossed  with  pony  stock  from  Swed. 
It  seems  likely  tliat  it  is  to  this  cross  and  the  wil. 
halfstarveil  ex isteuci?  they  have  led  for  two  Inn 
dred  years,  living  on  salt  grass  and  asparagus  ai. 
fish,  bedding  in  the  sand  and  defying  storm  an 
mosquitoes,  that  we  owe  the  incomparable  bret 
of  "  beach  "  or  Chingoteague  ponies,  fast,  wiry,  tn 
as  steel,  untirim:-,  sound,  with  hoofs  as  hard  as  in 
and  spirits  that  never  lia::.  Acrelius  noticed  thci 
acutely.  He  wouhl  not  have  been  a  parson  if  1 
had  not  had  a  keen  eye  for  a  horse.  He  say 
"  The  horses  are  real  ponies,  and  are  seldom  foun 
over  sixteen  hands  high.  He  who  has  a  go. 
riding  horse  never  employs  him  for  draught,  wliii 
is  also  the  le;s  neee.-^ary,  as  journeys  are  for  ll 
most  part  made  on  horseback.  It  must  be  tl 
result  of  thi-,  more  than  of  any  particular  breed  i 
the  horse,  that  the  country  exct'l:,  in  fast  horses.  .- 
that  horse-races  arc  often  made  for  very  hi- 
stakes.  A  good  horse  will  go  more  than  a  S\\ci 
ish  mile  (>ix  and  three-quarters  English  miles)  i 
an  hour,  and  is  not  bought  for  h>s  than  ^ix  hui 
dred  dollars  copper  c^oina-e  -  i.hxiv  dollar- 
The  cattle,  says  Acrelius.  are  middling,  yieldin. 
wdien  fresh  and  when  ou  good  pasture,  a  gallon  i 
milk  a  day.  The  U[ilaud  meadows  abounded  i 
red  and  white  clover,  savs  this  close  observer,  hi 
only  the  first  Sudi-li  ,-eitlers  had  .-tabling  f -r  (Ic 
stocks,  except    Lu   ca-es  of  exceptionally   good   liii 


MANNERS  AND  CCSTOM.S. 


liaiitlrv.  IIor^es,  cattlt/,  sli(p]i  and  Iki-s  r:in  out  u[i,  \\i 
nil  the  tiinr,  iM.iiv.r  inci--4  at  i.i-l.t,  ainl  m-uu-  fiiiKra!: 
UMKS   Au:lU'Vvd    Hi    .Mvnv    v.,ailur.       I'lirv    unv, 

l','a,.kwh>'at,  ia  a.i.liri..„  i„  f,„l,I>-r  in  uint.r,  the 
i;„„i  of  milch  cous  luiii-  iiran  nr  otlur  -n.iuKl 
niill-stutr.  Aorrliu^  .-iay.-.  in  hi.,  dry,  humorous 
way,  "  the  inan-jervant  takes  care  of  tlic  loddfriu^^ 
,.f  the  cattle,  whilst  the  house-wife  and  wonieu- 
fiilks  roast  themselves  by  the  kitehen  fire,  Joubt- 
iiiL'    whether   any    one   can    do    that    better    than 


Nvith 


-  and  alUpiee; 
.Id.d;   ■•>amp- 


thein.-elvrs." 

Tlie  e\eelleiit  Sweili-h  pastor  was  a  eonnoi-seur 
in  drinks  as  well  as  horse-tlesh,  and  he  has  eata- 
lou'ued  the  beverages  used  by  tlie  Swedes  with  the 
accuracy  and  minuteness  of  detail  of  a  manager 
of  a  rustic  fair.  After  enumerating  the  imported 
wines,  of  which  Madeira  was  the  favorite  of  course, 
he  describes,  like  an  expert,  the  composition  of 
sangaree,  mulled  wine,  cherry  and  currant  wine, 
and  how  cider,  cider  royal,  cider-wing  and  mulled 
cider  are  prepared.  Our  reverend  observer  makes 
the  following  commentary  upon  the  text  of  rum  : 
"This  is  made  at  the  sugar  plantations  in  the 
West  India  Islands.  It  is  in  quality  like  French 
brandy,  but  has  no  unpleasant  odor.  It  makes  up 
a  large  part  of  the  English  and  French  commerce 
with  the  West  India  Islands.  The  strongest 
comes  from  Jamaica,  is  called  Jamaica  spirits,  and 
is  the  favorite  article  for  punch.  Next  in  quality 
to  this  is  the  rum  from  Barbadoe.s,  then  that  from 
Antiguas,  Moutserrat,  Xevis,  St.  Christopher's,  etc. 
The  heaviest  consumption  is  in  harvest-time, 
when  the  laborers  most  frei|uently  take  a  sup.  and 
tlien  immediately  a  drink  i.f  water,  from  which 
tiie  body  pierforms  its  work  more  easily  and  per- 
spires better  than  when  rye  whiskey  or  malt  liquors 
are  used."  Rum,  he  tells  us,  was  drunk  raw,  or 
a.s  egg-nog  ("  egg-dram"),  or  in  the  form  of  cherry 
bounce  or  billberry  bounce  ;  "  punch,"  our  learned 
author  says,  "  is  made  of  fresh  spring-water,  sugar, 
lemon-juice  and  Jamaica  spirits.  Instead  yf  lem- 
ons, a  West  India  fruit  called  limes,  or  its  juice, 
wiiich  is  imported  in  flasks,  is  used.  Punch  is 
always  drunk  cold  ;  but  S'lmetimes  a  slice  of  bread 
i-  toasted  and  placed  in  it  warm  to  moderate  the 
cold  in  winter-time,  or  it  is  lieated  with  a  reil-hot 
iron.  Panch  is  nup-tlv  u>i.-d  ju^t  before  dinner, 
and  is  called  'a  nicri.lian.'  ■'  '  'The  (jlher  pn-para- 
tions  in  which  rum  was  an  ingredient  iududcil 
-lAd/HHi  (mum),  made  of  water,  sugar  and  rum 
(,'■  is  the   most  common   drink    in  the    interim-  of 


llnlt-l-n>.  uarni.d   bc.-r  with   rum    : 

s.m,- warmc.l  ci.h-r  with  nini  added;  -n.- ;  --lin-" 

or   "long   ^up."  half-and-half  .M\cct.ncd   rum  and 

"SiHibuir  is  niadc  hkc  the  ,-~wedi.-h  -  Uelo.st,"  of 
milk-warm  milk,  wine  and  water, — a  cooling  bev- 
eniL^e  in  summer-time;  "still  liquor"  was  the 
country  n;une  for  peach  or  apple  brandy  ;  whiskey, 
our  author  says,  "is  used  far  up  in  the  interior 
ot  the  eountiv,  wheie  lum  is  \er\  deir  on  ac- 
e  unt  of  the  tr xu>i)Oit  itiou  "  The  peoj  le  in  the 
ti\  n  dimkbtcr  md  ^m  dl  bftr  ui  the  c  uutry, 
-pruce     persimmon  bee  1    ind    me  id      Le  i  I  s  this 


tlie  countrv,    and 
k-ei,er");"    "Man;; 
>u-ar;  "  titf "  or  " 
the   aihlition  of  a 
bread;  hot   rum  p 

•Notl.ec..ubcitaiJeJ"r. 


p  nianv  a  tavern- 
all  beer,  rum  and 
e  as  fore-oln-,  with 
a^ted  and  huttere.l 
and   water   uarm.'.l 


r        1 


'^/^ 


there  are  numerous  liquors.  Tea  was  commonly 
used,  but  often  brandy  was  put  in  it,  cotl'ee  was 
coming  into  use  as  a  brcakfa«t  beverage,  the 
lierries  importecl  from  ^Martinique,  San  Domingo 
and    Surinam,    and    chocolate    also     was    not    ne- 


i-re  issued  by  the  State  to 


15S  HISTORY   OF  I'CL.v'A  Aui: 

In   spite    of    all   tlicso    li.|i 
dill    nut    IU'-lr,f    soji.ls.       'I'l,, 


supper,  the  lattrr  <„wrUnw^ 
TIktc  wa,  no  -,-,  at  van.tv  of  .li 
M-ere  serve,!  were  Mil,>t:iiitial  ;  h 
roast  beef  fowls,  -with  eahl.a-e 
was  oue  bill  of  tare:  n'a-t  iiuit 
potiitoes  or  turnips,  another  ;  a  I 
pasty  of  (leer,  turk,-y.  ehiekeii-,  p: 
a  fourth,  beef-steak,  veal  eiith.t,~, 
turkey,  goose  or  fowls,  with  jiut 
"stewed   ureen   peas,  Tmki-li  bea 


ippi, 


the   earlv 

Swedes 

and    all    the 

ehiii'.nfys   smoke!.     In   sorue  hou- - 

■  ,als    w,.re 

four    a 

straw  .arjiets 

w:e  to   he    ibund.  iiut   the  furuitur. 

■el.H.k    pie. 

■e"    and 

was  ah\a;.-s  -ii 

luoh.'  a'l  !  p'-i:)Uti\.\  made  (if  coiuUr-,- 

dl-pen-Ml 

wit'). 

w(H.;!^.  ^vith  •■ 

r.w  a!,d  ih-u  a  m-iho,;a!iy  piece.    Tli' 

-!,.■.-.  but   - 

■ueh   as 

el-ihin'j:  was 

lil:d:.,  (■eeii,-tl,'   linou   lieinir  worn   in 

lani,   b.rt' 

ton-ue, 

^^nmuwi-  ami  < 

lo.n.-'ie  wn,,iens,  ker.-ys  an,l   lin.,  v- 

set  round 

ai.out," 

ih   winter,   vi; 

:h    ^omo   ealieoe-    an.t   i'.ittous  of  im. 

ttoii  or  vea 

1,   w.th 

I..vted    ,to,-ks 

.       Th-    domo-ii,-    (deth    wa.>    L'OO.l    iu 

third   iniLd 

u  be  a 

riainli; 

ouaH.y.bur 

badl\      d.ed.        I'or     tiller    oceasion- 

irtridi'es  m 

]ibisu  ;U)f'  sat! 

n    Wi'M      -    eilr'MI.e-     WiU'U.        OuT    '_'(  m  „  | 

niutton-eii 

"!'■-■  '"" 

pursov,  l;y  wh 

iose  oh.rrvation.  we  have  been  j.rotit- 

[aloes   set   : 

iuts,  nolri  the 

proL'r">-   iiixurv  !iad    been    makiiii: 

n-    or  SOU' 

e  oilier 

nnion;r  the  S-, 

ved"-.      !b-  -ay- 

•r    eraubii 
•he,,se  and 
n-v    meal.' 

■rv    Tih- 

butter 

•       For 

'Thu    iinie,  witli 
.  ,  .  Fornifriy  the 
ni,  fm.t    in  ciiurdi 

;n  fifl,- ..  .-arj   ;.re  ,13  rh.-ia-ed  as  ni-ht  i3  from  d^iy 
;  r.i.vv  U,e    ywintr,  ,w  «^-ll  a,  il.»  uM,  must    \w  u|,u„ 

'•form  an.,th,r  eour.e.      W 

are    added,    one     ha-    an 

breaktar-t.    tea    or     eoli;.',    with    eidpped     herf    in  i::;;;''' '  '    '  \'';,'.;'. '"il.^i't^v'mslu^^ 

summer,  m  lk-toa<t  and  liuekw  lieat-eake-  iu  winu  r,     ili  ■  ;,  ,i  :  perscns  win  b^  ijk- i ;         ■.mth.ir 

the  '■  four  o'elock  pieee  "   beiie.:-  like  the   breakfast.  !.]l>,»a  -;arir>/i'l -t  ,ft  !XiUM?o"hc-i-iimr.v     tiipu  iv.iira.ii'io'fllmi'- 

ChoCOlate  Wa.s  commonly  tak.n    with    ,-UppiU-.       The  '"'s   l-.re.l    in    1,.«-  lj,:   l:ou,.<,  ivh-ro    tlic   chlmnp.v  win  nisdo  of  Slick. 

Swedes  used  very  little  soup  ami  very  little  tish,  tb're'o*uiit'r'jVThen\he.l\L!.d\ir,xudb^^^ 

either  fresh   or  cured  tbey  livtd  ;>pon  grits  and  nm.-h,  now  upon  f^ii,  cutl'ee  and  chocolate." 

■■  The arr.ing^meiit  of  iii.aN  ;im..,i^.  r„ui.tiy  r-opie  ia  uiimii.T  this :  for  Stray  hints  of  the  Simple  maiincrs  of  these  primi- 

i!o7tl^,'^^nd'"c.'M^'!!!.''r'"''l,,'''um'.'''  !''H,a''  Z''\  nMit'^'l^u'rVrnT'e'  *^''^'^  '^'"'^®'  '^"'^  °*  ^^^^  honesty,  ingenuousuess  and 
h.'iiiiov  and  11:,  -:;  I  1.  .,..',  I  ;  .  ;,  siHiiiiRT '«i,.j..i '  qiiauit  i-eligious,  faltli  of  the  people,  croj)  out  now 
drluik'ur' .■'ii.M  .  -  ••v.^hnTeat"'dded  !i"d  t'-u  ID  the  accouuts  whicli  Acrelius  gives  of 
Wff  and  I..V  .ill  «:,,..  ,i  i,,  i.,,-,i  i:..  ;  uiKi,h  ijoaiis' large  ihe  cliurclies  aud  lus  predecessors  in  tlieir  pulpits. 
l!^M^ef  One'or1u,rn;\h:;;fa;l'Shutc7aronodth^^  Wliui  the  "  Upper  scttler^ "  and  "  lower  sottlefs  " 
hoiieii  or  baked  iiuddiii-.  dumplings,  bacon  and  eggs,  pies  of  apidea,  ipuvrreledi  about  the  phiei'  fur  their  iicw  churcli, 
chemes,  peaches,  etc."i  ^^^^  Wioaco  carried  tlie  day,  the  lower  settlers  were 
The  land  was  ^o  sittled  in  the  time  of  Acrelius  placated  with  a  flatdjoat,  maintained  at  the 
that  eaidi  hail  hi-  -eparati;  ^roiinil,  and  iiio.-tly  expen.-e  of  the  conLi'reL^ation,  to  ferry  them  over 
fenced,  in.  '•  So  far  as  po-ibh  the  people  took  up  the  Schuylkill.  The  church  wardens  kept  the 
their  abodes  on  navi.:ablie-tieaiii-. -o  that  tlie  tiirms  keys  of  the  l.ioat.  This  was  the  begiiming  of  the 
stretched  from  the  water  in  >hiall  ^tl■ip-  up  into  church  "Gloria  Dei,"  so  venerable  in  the  eyes  of 
the  land.  '  'I'he  Suedes  u>ed  boats  a  threat  deal.  I'liiladi  Iphians.  The  pastor's  pay  was  sixty  pounds, 
Thev  alwavs  went  to  ehureh  in  boats  if  the  ice  the  sexton's  ei'_dit  pounds.  If  a  man  came  drunk 
permitted,  and  they  had  a  .irreat  quarrel  with  to  chnn  h  he  was  fined  flu-ty  shillings  and  made  to 
Franklin,  to  whom  I'enu  had  given  the  iiioiiupoly  do  public  penance.  The  penalty  for  "  makiiiir 
of  the  Schuylkill  Ferry,  because  he  \voidil  not  Kt  si)ort  of  God's  word  or  sacraments"  w;is  tive 
their  boats  cross  without  ])ayinL'  toll.  The  houses  pounds  tine  and  penance.  For  untimely  .►•sing- 
were  solid  ;  in  Acrelius' time  inostlv  built  «d'  briek  iug,  tive  shilliuL'^  tine.  If  one  refused  to  sub- 
or  stone,  but  earlier  of  lo-s,  ottiu  sipian.d  oak  lo-s,  niit  to  this  kind  of  di.-ripline  he  was  excluded  from 
not  often  more  than  a  .-tory  and  a  half  liijh.  The  the  soeiity  and  hi,-  body  could  not  be  buried  in  tlie 
roofs  were  covered  with  oak  or  cedar  -liiu-lo-;  the  ehurehvard.  d'lie  pa.-tor  and  wardens  looked  can- 
walls  plastered  and  whitewti.shed  oner  a  year.  The  fully  at\er  botr.nhal-  aud  marria-es.  The  whol.- 
windows  were  large,  often  with  hin-<d  fraims,  but  congrcjation  were  catechized  and  also  exaniimd 
very  small  panes  of  glass  when  any  at  all  w;is  used,  npon  the  contents  of  the  sermon.  There  wereabo 
fui  Riming  or  oiii.r  di.=„rd.ri  ami  oiiiin!v«,di  II,.- i:ov.,' ii„.  Stale.  "si)iritual  examinations"  made  once  a  vear  in 
T1I.-I  uo  I  ,::,-,;  -.:...,.^.iu,c..,u-k..e|,.r-^  f^imilics.  Faeh  chun'h  ha.l  its  ::1,  In.,  the"  inc.me 
8i„i,;-  .,11.  ■  '  .  .|.|,iit_v,  ]..T  ,;ili,  11./'. ;  do  ,'  interior  fromwluch  was  tile  pa.-t,  ,r'.-,  \v  ho  :il-ii  received  a 
qoiiiio,     ;  .    I  ■•    ,',    I  ii.^o  :■•.   i...v„iMu,,^ij,ther  Hifenorunn-i,  i«.r  considerable    ,-uni    from     fiiie-rals,    marriages,    etc. 

" '"  ' ' "  The  churcli  lull  wa.- -u  nil-  ill  a  tree.     Aiiioul:  the 

fixtures  of  lli,'  piu-oiiae'-  \\as  a  ne_'ro  w, 
lon-iuL'  to  til-  eoii-iv.^-aiiiiii  aii.l  iii,-lii,|,.l  in  tin- 
invent, ,rv  ,.f  J,  1,,-  prop,atv.  \Vli,.u  .-h,'  u-rew  ohl. 
••coiitiarv"ai„l"u-.-le-,">l„.  «a-  soKl  tor  seven 
shilling.-.  When  the  Ohristina  Church  wa-  re.tond 
tiiere  was  a  trreat  leti^t  and  a  general  revival  of  in- 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


159 


(,  rf~t  in  the  uncieiit  Swr. li.-li  uuvs.  .M;itinj  were 
|,>1,|  at  (■liri.-tiii;i.s  I'.a-l.r  ;iiH  i'uitr.'o.t  :  -ai- 
l.ui.lcd  liglit.s  ana  ^i.l,•  liL'iiH  uf  i.ii.r  «,M„1  i\n 
Chri.-tnias  services,  aiiJ  ini.lal  paii>  came  to  the 
„  rvices  ill  the  church  N\uh  .tunm,.-  an.l  ^arhinds, 
ti„.ir  hair  cli-esM.l  alter  the  nl,l-tm,e  S^v,,!i^l.  .„- 
tM,„.      An.un-  the  new   regulations  ol    IVt..r  II.-s- 

a.Tu.s  the  churchvar.l,  another  lorhi.hlin::  them  to 
-iriLr  as  if  tiiev  were  eaUin-  tiieir  eow~/  People 
»ithhar..h  v.^ice-  were  onhre.l  to  -tand  mute  or 
"  sin,!,' softly."  The  Chri-tina  (.■hiir.'!i  ound  to\ui 
lots  ill  Wiimin-to,,,  aid  ii-e.l  lo  hire  out  it.  "  pall- 

I'or  burying-  a  gruun  jier.-on  was  twelve  jluliings, 
cliiklreii  half-pi-ice. 

The  .Swedish  pastors  were  generally  learned  and 
accomplished  men,  who  exerted  themselves  suceess- 
t'ully  in  directing  the  minds  of  tlicir  congregations 
to  the  necessity  of  education.  The  original  settlers 
were  ignorant  people,  few  of  whom  could  write 
their  names.  Even  La;?se  Cock,  airent  for  Penn 
and  Markliara  for  twenty  years,  could  not  at  rii>i  do 
hetter  than  sign  his  "mark"  to  writings.  The 
I )astor.«,  however,  always  made  a  lirave  stand  for 
eihicatiou,  and  were  the  means  of  preventing  tlie 
Swedish  tongue  in  America  from  sinking  into 
ohlivion.  They  al.<o  maintained  as  many  (jf  tlie 
"hi  observances  and  religious  ceremonies  as  jiossi- 
ble,  such  as  baptism  soon  after  birth,  an  actual 
in-^tead  of  formal  sponsorship  on  the  part  of  the 
•.'od-pareuts,  the  old  service  of  the  churching  of 
women,  a  general  attendance  upon  the  service  and 
sacrament  of  the  altar  and  a  return  to  the  ancient 
I'orms  of  betrothal  and  marriage.  "The  old  sjieak 
of  the  joy,"  says  Acrelius,"  with  which  their  bridal 
parties  formerly  came  to  church  ami  sat  duiin- 
the  whole  service  before  the  altar."  P>urials  were 
>olemu  occasions,  but  lurd  tlieir  fea>ts  as  well. 
The  corpse  was  borne  to  the  grave  on  a  bier,  the 
pail-bearers,  chosen  from  those  of  the  same  sex 
and  age  of  the  deceased,  walking  elo>e  aloui;,-,ide 
and  holding  up  the  corners  of  the  pall. 


A  few  of  the  loa  cabin.s  occui 


live  Swedes  are  said  to  be  still  staiidinir.  ^\'a;~on, 
in  his  "  Annals,"  descrilies  one  of  the  better  ela>s  in 
Swansou's  house,  near  Wieaco.  John  Hill  !\[artin, 
in  his"  History  of  Chester,"  recalls  two  or  three  of 
these  ancient  houses.  They  wne  very  rude  atlair.-, 
with  seldom  more  than  a  livin:;  room  with  a  lott 
over  it,  doer  .M,  low  that  .me  had  to  enter  -toopin-. 
wiu.luwssmalls^uaivhole,-  cut  in  the  lo--,  pn.'e.  ted 
by  i,-ingla.<s  or  oiled  paper,  or  thin  stretched  i)lad- 
ders,  often  with  nothing  but  a  sliding  board  shut- 
ter.'   The  chimney  was  in  the  corner,  of  sticks  and 


clav,  or  -and.-tone  blo.ks,  -en,  rallv  imilt  out.-ide 
tla"  house.  The  tirst  Swede  ^etth■,-  imitated  the 
Iielian.  bydre-Miii:  in^kin>al)d  weai  in- moeea.ins. 
The  wiam'u'.-  jacket.-  and  pettieoat>  and  the  bed- 
clothes were  ,.f  the  same  materials.  The  fui-  were 
by  and  l,y  .-upei>eded  by  leath.-r  breeelies  and 
jerkin.-,  wliiie  the  w.uni'ii  spun,  wn\e  ur  knit  tin  ir 
own  wool,  n  war,  a.-  w,-ll  as  tlu-  lin,n  for  .-um- 
nier.      Tile  Wonmn,  ol,l  ami  mani,  ,1,  w,,ie  h,.,,d>  in 

girls  Went  uni.-i.ivi'ieii  ex,'i-pt  in  the  h,.it  ^iiii,  dre.--- 
,n_^^^.ci.     a    un,    m  ^    xe 

The  jtroof  of  the  in,Iii-tiy  ,,f  the  earlv  Swedes  is 
to  be  sought  in  their  w,,ik,-.  They  were  a  scattered, 
ignorant  race,  with  la,  ,apital,  few  tools  and  no 
occupations  but  tlio.-e  ,,t'  hu-l)an,lrv  and  huntin'.i. 
They  were  ,inly  a  tlmu.-aml  >ii'iii-  when  IVnu 
came  over,  y,-t  they  lia,l  ext,.iiil,  ,1  their  settlements 
over  a  tract  marly  two  htm, lied  miles  long  and 
seven  or  eight  milis  d,,']),  building  three  churches 
and  tive  or -ix  bl,„k-hoii.Hs  and  forts,  clearing  up 
feu'ests  ami  diainin-  .-wamps  to  convert  them 
into  meadou  Ian, I.  fhey  had  discovered  and 
worked  the  ir,in  <lepo,-its  of  ^laryland  in  two  or 
three  places.  They  had  built  ab-mt  a  hundred 
houses,  fenceil  in  much  of  thiir  land  ami  ma,le  all 
their  own  clotlies,  inip,>rting  n,itliini:  but  the  merest 
trifles,  beside?  arms  ^-yid  ammunition,  hymn-books 
and  catechisms.  They  had  built  grist-mills  and 
saw--mill5,  having  at  least  fntr  of  the  latter  in 
operation  before  Penu's  arrival.-  .Vccordiiiir  to 
Ferri-,  however,  the  frame  h,iuse  in  which  Gov- 
ernor Lovelace  entertained  r;,-,irge  Fox  in  1672 
was  made  entirely  ,if  hewn  timbers,  none  of  the 
stuff  being  sawed,  the  mortar  and  cement  being 
made  of  oyster-shell  lime  ;  the  hoii.-e  it^lf  was 
built  of  brick.  Governor  Print/,  f,,iin,l  a  wind-mill 
at  Christiana  in  1043,  but  h,' savs  it  never  would 
work.  t')n  the  other  si.le  ,,f  the  riv,a-  there  were 
hor-e-mills.  One  at  South  Amboy  in  ICs.-j,  it  was 
estimated,  would  clear  the  owner  £100  a  year, 
the  toll  for  grin, ling  a  "  Scotch  bell  "  (six  bushels) 
of  Indian  corn  being  two  shillings  sterling,  equal 
t'l  one  bushel  in  every  iimr  and  a  half  But  prob- 
ably more  than  half  the  early  settlers  had  to  do  as 
a  primitive  denizen  in  Burlington  reports  himself 

h<  view  the  pliice,  wtiich  consialwi  "of  .inly  forty  or  fifty  houses."   Thoy 


■Ili=,l.„vof  M.,u„fa.tur,s 


160 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE. 


as  (Idinrr,  pouniliiiL^  Imlinn  I'urri  niio  day  tor  the 
iirxt.  In  Ulsi),  tv\o  vars  l.c-frnv  I'.nn'  'I'liMiLas 
Olive  lui.l  tini-h.'.l  hi.  nat.T-inill  at  Itai.co.-as 
Crerk,  ami  R-lu  i-t  Sia.w  hi-  at  Tr.  ntmi.  I'riiitz 
mill  on  Cul.b'.-  Cnvk  was  huilt  in  lU):;,  an.l  Cam- 
paniiis  reports  it  a- (loin.:'  adniiiahli'  woik.  Joo-t 
Andriauscn  A  C'n.  huilt  a  -i-i-t-niiU  at  N\-w  Ca>tle 
in  1CG2.  In  1U71  there  was  a  pro]„,-itiMn  made 
by  Newcastle  to  erect  a  distillery  for  LM-.-in,  but  tlie 
court  ne,L':itived  it.  exet'pt  tli"  'j-rain  be  "  nntit  to 
grind  and  boult,"  breaii-i'  thr  prn.ess  ..f  di-tiUln- 
consumed  sueh  "an  ininn  n-e  anmunt  at'  •.'lain." 

Ilallam  is  ri;^hr  in  savin-  tiiat  "No  eliapt.-r  in 
the  hi.storyof  national  niannrrs  wnid.l  illu-trate  sn 
well,  if  duly  exeeuied.thr  prn-n  ss  ,,f  sorial  lit'.- as 
that  dedicated  to  dome-lie  arehite.-tiire."  After 
the  saw-mill  the  brick-kiln  tMlous  naturally  and 
rapidly.   Hazard  proiluces  a  pi  lition  t.i  New  Anistel 


an<l  had  a  Frenel,  vi'.-i 
experiment  failed.  He 
ever,  at  IVnnsbury,  s 
more  successful. 

( iovernor  I'l-imz  was 


1  to  ten.l  it,  hut  If. 
d  a  brew-house,  hov, 
standin-,    which    '.^■., 


V  instructed  to 


-nu 


TIk 


ihtv 


court,  in  lOoG,  from  Jacobu-  Crabbe.  referring  to 
a  plantation  "near  tin-  eornor  uiieri'  bri<-ks  and 
stones  are  minh  and  bakrd."  The  Duu-li  intro- 
duced brick-makinLC  on  till'  1  )ila\\ari  .  the  Sweiles 
being  useil  to  wooden  lioii-es  in  th.ir  own  country. 
The  court-house  at  Upland,  in  which,  it  is  said, 
Penn's  first  Assembly  was  luld.  was  of  brick. 

The  f«wedes  not  only  made  tea  of  the  sassafras, 
but  they  made  both  beer  and  bran.ly  from  the  per- 
simmon, and  small  beer  fr.nn  Indian  corn.  Kalm 
Siiysthat  the  brewing  and  di-llHinj  were  conducted 
by  the  women.  The  Dutch  had  several  breweries 
in  the  settlement  about  liiiJ-J  Collec  was  too  high 
to  be  much  used  in  the  -cveiiieenth  centurv.  Penn's 
books  .show  that  it  co-t  ci.dit.'eii  shillin-s  and  six- 
pence l.er  i.ound  in  New  York,  and  that  would  buy 
nearlv  a  l>arrel  of  rum.  Tea  fetched  fi,.m  tuentv- 
two  to  iit'cy  shilliiejs,  currepcy,  a  pound.  \Vil- 
liam   Peun  set-out   a   vineyard    at  Springett-bury, 


uion  oi  ^nr,  p, 
these  animals  in  New  Sudeii  in  Itir.o,  and  tf. 
people  ma.le  enou-h  woolen  an.l  linen  doth  i., 
supph'ment  their  furs  and  -ive  them  bed  and  taht. 
linen.  They  also  tanned  their  own  leather,  and 
made  their  own  boot.s  and  sheics,  when  they  wor.- 
any.  Hemi>  was  almost  as  much  spun  and  woven 
as  tlax.  The  Sue.lc  who  had  the  kud  owned  larg,- 
herds  of  cattle,  ti.rly  and  sixty  head  in  a  herd. 
The  Dutch  counni-:-aries  were  enjoined  to  search 
chesely  tbr  all  sorts  of  mineral  wealth  on  tlie  ijoutli 
River,  and  those  wlei  discovered  valuable  metal  oi 
any  kind  were  allowed  the  sole  use  of  it 
for  ten  years.  The  Dutch  discovered 
^  and    worked    iron    in    the    Kittatinny 

Jl    V  Mountains,    and,   as   has   already    been 

_s  ''-_-''-,  shown,  the  Swedes  opened  iron  ore  [liis 
in  Cecil  County,  Md.  Charles  Pickering 
^'  found  the  copper  with  which  he  debasnl 
the  Spanish  reals  and  the  ^Massachusetts 
pine-tree  shillings  on  land  of  his  own  in 
Chester  Count \-. 
'^:f%-::_  When  y'illiam   Penn   arrived  in    the 

,    ■■':-,^      Delaware  in  IGSl',  on  October  27th,  there 
ii      were  probably  3500  white  people  in  the 
,,-i^      province    and    territories    and    on    the 
/  eastern    bank    of   the    Delaware   from 

'■'''^ ^     -J     Trenton  to  Salem.     A  few  wigwams  and 
-  '      :^      not  over  twenty  houses  were  to  be  found 
■      within   the   entire  limits  of  what  is  nou 
::_^      Philadeliihia  County.    There  were  small 
I,,,     '  towns  at  Ibn-ekills,  New  Castle,  Chris- 

tiana, Upland,  Burlington  and  Trenton, 
and  a  Swedi-h  hamlet  or  two  at  Tinicuni 
and  near  \Yicaco.  licfbre  the  end  of  his  first  year 
in  the  province  ei'_rhtv  houses  had  been  built  iuthe 
new  city  of  Philailelphia,  various  industrial  pursuits 
had  been  inauL'urali  d  and  a  fair  and  ])avin!j  trade 
was  opened  with  tlie  Indians.  Wh.  n  Penn  left  the 
province  in  1(;^4  his  Government  was  fullv  estab- 
li.hed,  his  cldef  town  laid  out.  hi.-  province  "divided 

had  =old  (JdU.iiilO  acn-of  laii.l  lor  t:2(l.ti00  ca.-l. 
and  annual  quit-rents  of  .foOO.  The  popidatioii 
exceeded  7000  souls,  of  whom  I'oOO  resided  in 
Philadel]diia,  whiidi  had  already  oOO  houses  built, 
and  had  e-tabli-hed  considerable  trade  with  the 
AVest  Indies,  ,<oi,ii,  Ameiiea,  Enelaud  and  the 
Mediterianeaii.  When  Penn  returned  again  in  ll-.n:'. 
■      •  iuof  the  [.lovinee  exceeds  20,000.  and 


tnepopt 
Philade 
It  was: 
L'atherec 


OOOpeopiv 
„ver.      No 


hv    the   force   ot'  matei 


MANNERS  AND  CCSTO.MS. 


161 


;.iM|i'iriiry  in(lucrni(nt>,  im!  drawn  on  liy   I'lminuin- 

,,t'  nice,  rt'li^'ion,  custmn  ami  liahii,  oiir  euiumun 
principlo  attracted  tln'in  t^  the  -pot.  and  that  was 

M  f.>cai)e  from  uu<ler  the  ban. fid,  wilhrrin.' ^ha•l^\v 
,.|'  |)()litico-reliy:iou3  persecution  t^j  which  tiic  chit  t' 
tenet  of  their  taith,  iion-resirtance  and  suljnii.--iiHi 
to  the  civil  authority,  i)roven;cil  tlieui  iVom  ..thrinu^ 
any  opposition.  They  dc-ired  to  llee  becau.-^e  their 
reliLrions  opinions  bound  them  nut  to  %bt.  They 
ucre  not  of  tiie  clnirch  militant,  like  the  Puritans 
and  Huguenots  and  Analiapti^ts,  and  so  it  became 
theni  to  join  the  church  migratory  and  seek  in  uu- 
iidialiitcil  uilds  the  freedom  of  conscience  denied 
them  among  the  coramuuities  of  men.  They  were 
radicals  and  revolutionists  in  the  highest  degree, 
for  they  upheld,  and  died  on  the  scatibld  and  at  the 
.-take  sooner  than  cease  to  maintain,  the  right  of 
tlie  people  to  tliink  for  themselves,  and  think  their 
own  thoughts  instead  of  -what  their  self-constituted 
rulers  and  teachers  commanded  tliem  to  think. 
But  they  did  not  resist  authority:  when  the  statute 
and  their  consciences  were  at  variance  they  calmlv 
obeyed  the  latter  and  took  the  consequences.  They 
knew  themselves  to  be  abused  and  shamefully  mis- 
used, but  they  believed  in  the  final  suj)reinacy  of 
moral  and  intellectual  forces  over  despotic,  forces. 
They  believed  with  Wiclif  that  "  Dominion  belongs 
to  LTrace,"  and  they  waited  hopcfidly  for  the  coming 
of  the  period  of  intellectual  freedom  whicli  sh.)uld 
justify  their  action  before  men  and  prove  the  cor- 
rectness of  their  faith  in  human  progre.ss.  But  all 
this  trust  in  themselves  and  the  future  did  not 
contribute  niateriallv  to  liLditen  the  burden  of  per- 
secution in  the  preswii,  and  thev  .-ou-l,t  with 
anxiety  fu-  a  place  wliich  wocd.l  give  them  re.-t 
I'rom  the  weariness  of  man's  injustice.  They  became 
pilgrims,  and  gathered  tlieir  little  congregation  to- 
LTcthcr  wherever  a  faint  lifting  in  the  black  cloud 
of  persecution  could  be  discerned.  Thus  it  was 
that  they  drifted  into  Plolland  and  the  lower  I-ihine 
provinces  of  Germany,  and  became  wanderers 
everywhere, seeking  an  asylum  for  conscience' sake, 
— a  lodge  in  some  wilderness,  where  "rumor  of  op- 
pr'  -sion  and  deceit  miirlit  never  reaeh,"and  where 
tliey  mi-ht  await  in  comparative  pea.'c  the  better 
time  that  was  eoniin-.  Tlie  _rreat  Kin-  (_^i|siavus 
Adolphus  perhaps  meant  to  oHi-r  tiiein  s,,,.],  an 
u-vlum  in  AnuTi-a.but  his  messa-e  «a^  -,  i,t  in  the 
hurrv  of  war  and  it  was  not  audible  in  tlic  din  of 
iMttlcs.  Wlieii,  liowever,  tlii-  ollia-  was  reneued 
and  repeat.d  in  tlie  plain  lan-ua-o  of  the  ()iiakers 
l>y  William  I-eiin.  it  was  both  iieard  and  undoi- 
-o.od,  and  the  per-ecnted  poo,,l,.s  made  lia.-te  to 
aeeept  tlie  -enerous  asvlum  an.l  avail  th.„,-..lvcs 
"f  the  liberal  olf  r.     Thev  <lid  m,  in  a  spirit  ot' per- 


in_'enuoiisness  and    to   the   character  which   Peim 

rigtuuessand  fiirand  ,-  [uare  doaling.  It  is  pathetic 
to  read,  in  the  records  ot'  the  S\vi,ss  iMeunoniles, 
how.  after  thi>y  had  deiidi-d  t(j  emiirrate,  "  they 
rcturutd  to  till'    Palatinate  to  se.'k  tlieir  wives  and 


land,   in   Al-aee.  : 

lciin,r  iint  irh,;-.'  111. 

Thus  the'  niovei 

three   lower  c-ount 


and   tlu 


d    in    the    I'.ih 
.u-rl.,  h,-f„,ii,,i:' 
ait  into   Pennsylvania  ami  the 
s  liegan,  a  strange  gathering  of 


•t    faitli    that 
11 


reditable    both 


a  straii-e  p 'oplo,  much  sutfering,  capable  of  much 
enduriiiir-  <  *f  the  Germans  themselves  one  of 
their  own  preachers'  wrote:  "They  were  naturally 
very  rugged  people,  who  could  endure  much  hard- 
ships ;  they  wore  long  and  unshaven  beards,  disor- 
dered clothing,  great  shoes,  which  were  heavilv 
hammered  with  iron  and  hirge  nails  ;  they  had 
lived  in  the  mountains  of  Switzerland,  far 
from  cities  and  towns,  with  little  intercourse  with 
other  men;  their  speech  is  rude  and  uncouth,  and 
they  have  difficulty  in  understanding  any  one  who 
does  not  speak  just  their  way  ;  they  are  very  zeal- 
ous to  serve  God  with  prayer  and  reading  and  ia 
other  ways,  and  very  innocent  in  all  their  doings 
as  lambs  and  doves."  The  Quakers,  too,  bore 
proof  in  their  looks  of  the  double  annealing  of 
fiinaticism  and  persecution.  They  wore  strange 
garbs,  had  unworldly  manners  and  customs,  and 
many  of  them  had  cropped  ears  and  slit  noses,  and 
were  gaunt  and  hollow-eyed  from  long  confine- 
ment in  jails  and  prison-houses.  The  influence  of 
George  Fox's  suit  of  leather  clothes  was  still  felt 
among  thetu.  They  were  chiefly  of  the  plebeian 
classes,  the  true  English  democracy,  yeomen, 
tinkers,  tradesmen,  mechanics,  retail  shopmen  of 
the  cities  and  towns  ;  scarcely  one  of  the  gentry 
and  very  few  of  the  university  people  and  educated 
classes.  From  Wales,  however,  the  Thomases, 
Rees,  and  Griffiths  came,  with  red,  freckled  fivces, 
shaggy  beards  and  pedigrees  dating  back  to  Adam. 
Persecution  had  destroyed  their  hitherto  uncon- 
querable devotion  to  their  own  mountains,  but 
they  took  their  pedigrees  with  them  in  emigrating, 
and  settling  on  a  tract  of  hills  and  quaking  mosses, 
where  the  soil  recommended  itself  much  less  to 
them  than  the  face  of  the  country,  they  sought  to 
feel  at  home  by  giving  to  the  "new  localities  names 
which  recalled  the  }>laces  from  which  they  had 
banished  themselves. 

Such  were  the  eniiL;rants  who  sailed — mostly 
from  Lon.lon  and  P.ristol— to  help  build  up  Penn's 
asvlum  in  the  wilderness.  The  vovaL'<'  was  tedi- 
.. lis,  and  could  .sehh.ni  be  made  in' less  than  two 
months.  The  vessels  in  which  they  sailed  were 
ill  appointed  and  crowded.  Vet  at  least  fifteen 
thousand  persons,  nun,  woiiuii  ami  children,  took 
thisvoy:ige  iietweeii  Ills;  :ind  I7iM).     The  average 

1   LauL-ns  U.-nJn.ks,  .jf  Mnj^guen. 


162 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE 


passage-nidnev  was,  allouiiiL,'  fur  cliiliiren,  aluiut 
seventy  shilling's  per  lii'aii;sii  tlie  rini.'raiits  fx- 
pendeci  £.',0,00t)  iii  this  ,,nr  way.  Their  inircha-,s 
of  land  cost  tht-ni  C^'>^>0^)  lunri.'  ;  the  avi  ra-e  [uir- 
chasos  were  ahmit  t!(i  tor  each  hcail  uf  family  : 
quit-rent3  one  shilliiiLC  sixjuuoe.  The  L'liier.il 
cost  of  emigt-ation  is  set  furlh  in  a  jiaiiii'hlet  uf 
1682,  repuhlished  hy  the  reim.-.ylvania  ll.,i(.ricai 
Society,  and  attrihuted  tu  P.  iiii.  and  he  inii^t  have 
directed  the  [lulilication,  th<>iiL:h  it  is  anoii)  nioii.-. 
In  this  patn[.hlet  it  is  suggested  that  a  man  with 
£100  in  pieces-of-eight  niay  |)ay  his  own  \\ay  and 
his  family's  by  judieious  speeulatidn.  T'lie  "  ad- 
vance in  money  " — i.  e.,  the  difKrence  between 
specie  value  in  London  and  on  the  Delaware — is 
thirty  per  cent.,  on  goods  the  advance  is  fifty  per 
cent.,  and  this  pamphlet  supposes  that  these 
advances  will  pay  the  cost  of  emigration.  The 
figures  are  too  liberaT;  however,  they  give  us 
an  idea  of  what  the  expenses  were  which  a  family 
had  to  incur.     They  are  as  follows  : 

For  five  persons— man  and  wife,  two  servants  and  a  cliild  of 

ten — passage-money 22    10    0 

For  a  ton  of  goods— freij;lit  (each  talcing  out  a  chest  without 

Ship's  surm'oii,  J~    '  ./   I    :  h.  1.1  12  6 

Four  gall"ii-    I  ii.i    :.,:!      -  -n-ar 10  0 

Clothes  lor  Si  1  111"  ■•  •'    i ',  j  i.u-tcoats,  asuiiinier  and  win- 
ter suit.  h. a,  J  ;  .r  ,:;      ,,  iKiilvr-tluthiug,  etc,)- 12  n  0 

Costofbuildin:;a  ll.jiise l".  0  0 

Stockfurfarm -4  10  (' 

Tear's  provisions  for  family I'i  It-  n 

Total £afi    ixi  (0 

This,  it  will  be  observed,  on  a  favorable,  one- 
sided showing,  is  £20  per  capita  for  man,  woman, 
child  and  servant,  outside  of  the  cost  of  land.  If 
we  allow  £10  additional  for  cost  of  land,  transpor- 
tation and  other  extras,  leaving  out  clothes  for 
thef^iraily,  we  shall  have  £30  a  head  as  the  cost  ..f 
immigration  and  one  year's  keep  until  the  land 
begins  to  produce  crops.  It  thus  appears  that  tiie 
early  immigrants  into  Pennsylvania  ami  tlie  thr.  e 
lower  counties  must  have  expended  at  least  £4".0.- 
000  in  getting  there  in  the  cheapest  way.  The  ai'tiial 
post  was  probably  more  than  double  thftt  amount. 
In  a  letter  written  by  Edward  Jones,  "Chirurgeoii." 
from  "  Skoolkill  River,"  Aug.  2(5  ir..s2,  to  John 
ap  Thomas,  f)under  of  the  first  Welsh  settlement, 
we  have  some  jiarticulars  of  a  voyage  across  the 
ooean  at  that  time.  .  Thomas  and  sixteen  others 
had    bought    a   five-thousand-aerc  tract  of   Peiiu. 

The  rest  sailed  from  Livei'i 1,    but  Th.mias    was 

ill,  and  not  able  to  cnme.  Hence  the  letter,  which 
is  published  in    a  meiiinir  of  "John    ap   Thi.i.  a^ 


My.  Jones  al-o  states  that  the  rate  for  survovii;  • 
one  hundred  acres  was  twenty  shillings— ha"f  :  . 
much  as  the  price  of  the  laml.  At  this  i;,:. 
Jones  Thomas  and  com|ia!iy  had  to  pay  CoO  )■  ,- 
surveying  their  tract  of  live  thou-aiid  aere^. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  face  of  the  coiiiiti-, 
pleased  Dr.  Jones,  and  he  is  satisfied  with  il. 
land  selected  by  him.  All  the  early  immiLrrai.-- 
and  colonists  were  plea-ed  with  the  new  land,  an  i 
enthusiastic  in  regard  to  its  beauty  and  its  promi- 
of  ])roductiveuefs.  Penn  is  not  more  so  than  ti.. 
least  prosperous  of  his  followers.  Indeed,  it  is  .i 
lovely  country  to  day,  and  in  its  wild,  virgin 
beauty  must  have  had  a  rare  charm  and  attracti'  n 
for  the  ocean-weary  first  settlers.  They  all  writ 
about  it  iu  the  same  warm  strain  Thus,  fiir  in- 
stance, let  us  quote  from  the  letter  written  in  lUso 
to  his  brother  by  jMahlon  Stacey,  who  built  ([,■■ 
first  mill  on  the  site  of  the  city  of  Trenton.  Stac  \ 
was  a  man  of  goo<l  tducation  and  family.  Helin.i 
traveled  much  in  Pennsylvania  and  Xew  Jersey, 
where  he  made  a  great  fortune  and  became  a  lead- 
ing citizen,  his  children  intermarrying  with  tin- 
best  people  in  the  fwo  colonies.  The  letter,  which 
we  quote  from  Gen.  Davis'  "  History  of  Buck> 
County,"  says  that 


and  his  frie 


J'a 


ns,j, 


J/w 


vol.  iv.  The  voyage  took  more  than  eleven  weeks. 


MAWHUS  AND  CT>TOM.- 


enjoy  L'll 

sev  ;^tttl( 


Ff.iv 


hri-l 


(loni  to  I), 
Wrst  Jei- 
this   wav 


rrt.     Ileru  any 


"I    won.l 

iT    at     our     Yorkshire     pedjile,''    says 

■^tncfv,  iii  a 

iiiithor  letter  of  the  same  chitn,    •■  that 

hey  iiaci  ra 

thei-  live    in  servitude,    work    han]   all 

he  vt-ar,  at) 

<l  Hilt  he  threepence  better  at  the  year's 

Ml. 1,' than    t 

1  stir  nut  of   the    chiuiiiey-c"i  lit  r  and 

;rat,sj,on   tl 

leiiL-eKe-   to  a   [Jaee   wiiere,   with    the 

ike  pains,  i 

n  two  nr  three  years  they  might  know 

letttT  thiim 

s      I  live  as  well  to  ray  content  and  iu 

li;  t;reat  plel 

iity  as  ever  I  did,  ami   iu    a   far   more 

h, 

likely  way  to  get  an  estate." 

Judge  John  Holme,  in  his  so  called  poem  on 
"  the  fluurishiug  State  of  Pennsylvania,"  written  iu 
16i>6,  seeius  to  have  trieil  to  set  the  views  of  Stacev 
t(.i  music.  True  there  is  not  much  tune  uor  rhythm 
in  the  verse,  hut  the  Pennsylvania  writer  of 
Georgics  has  a  :-hrewd  eye  for  a  catalogue,  and  he 
wouM  have  shone  as  an  auctioneer.  He  sines  the 
goodness  of  the  soil,  the  cheapness  of  the  land,  the 
trees  so  abundant  in  variety  that  scarcely  any  man 
can  name  them  all,  the  fruits  and  nuts,  nuilherries, 
hazelnuts,  strawberries,  and  "  plumbs,"  "  which 
pleaseth  those  well  who  to  eat  them  comes,"  the 
orchards,  cherries  so  plentiful  that  the  planters 
bring  them  to  town  in  boats  (these  are  the  Swedes, 
of  course),  peaches  so  plenty  the  people  cannot  eat 
half  of  them,  apples,  pears  and  quinces, 

'•  And  fruit-treea  do  grow  so  fii5t  in  this  ground 
Tliat  we  besiu  witii  cider  to  abound." 

The  fields  and  gardens  rejoice  in  the  variety  as 
well  as  the  aliuuilaiice  of  their  products;  iu  the 
woods  are  found  "  wa.^c  berries,  elkermi-,  turmer- 
ick  and  sarsifrax  ;"  the  maple  trunks  trickle  with 
sugar,  and  our  author  tells  how  to  boil  it ;  he  gives 
the  names  offish,  fiesh  and  fowls,  inelu<ling  \vhales 

The  ]Onulishman  of  that  day  was  -till  untamed. 
He  had  a  passion,  inherited  fnin  his  Auglu-Saxou 
forbears,  for  the  woods  and  streams,  for  outdoor 
life  and  the  adventures  which  attend  it.  He 
had  not  forgotten  that  he  was  (Uilv  a  L'<ii'Tatiiin  ..r 
two  younger  than  Ilol.in  H.iod  alid  Will  .<earlt  t, 
and  he  could  nut  be  persuaded  that  the  ])Maeh(r 
was  a  criminal.  All  the  emigration  advertise- 
ments, circulars,  and  prospectuses  sought  to  profit 
liy  this  pas>i<in  in  presenting  the  natural  charms 
"t  America  in  the  most  seductive  stvle.  While 
tl'e  Spani-h  enli-ting  ofiicers  worked  l)v  the  spell 
"f  the  magic  word  "  gold  V  ami  the  canny  Am-ter- 
'I'Ui  merchant  talked  "beaver"  and  "luuler" 
;iud  ""cent,  per  cent.,"  the  English  solieitoi-s  for 
'-uluuists  and  laborers  never  ceased  to  dwell  upon 


lid  li,-,.ft.-i  ..,1.1   Fo« 


This  is  the  tenor  of  all  the  Maryland  invitations 
to  immigration  likewise,  and  Penn  follows  the 
model  closely.  His  letter  to  the  Society  of  Free 
Traders  in  1683  has  already  been  mentioned,  and 
also  his  proposals  for  colonists.  In  December, 
1685,  he  issued  a  "  Further  Account  of  Pennsyl- 
vania," a  supplement  to'  the  letter  of  16S.).  He 
says  that  ninety  vessels  had  saile.l  with  ]'a<seni,a'rs, 
not  one  of  them  meeting  with  any  miscarriage. 
They  had  taken  out  seven  thousand  two  hundred 
persons.  "  Houses  over  their  heatls  and  Garden- 
pK.is,  coverts  for  their  cattle,  an  increase  of  stock, 
and  several  iuclosuresin  Corn,  especially  the  first 
comers,  and  I  may  say  of  some  poor  men  was 
the  beginning  of  an  P^state,  the  ditlerence  of  labor- 
ing for  themselves  and  for  others,  of  an  Inheri- 
tance and  a  Rack  L^ase  being  never  better  under- 
stood." The  soil  had  produced  beyond  expecta- 
tions, yielding  corn  from  thirty  to  sixty  fi.ild  ;  three 
peeks  of  wheat  sowed  an  acre  ;  all  English  root 
crops  thrive  ;  low  lands  were  excellent  for  rope, 
hemp  and  fiax  ;  cattle  find  abundant  fwd  in   the 


164 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWAItE, 


i.-h 


.>  ;  til- 


ite  ti>li 


woods  ;  E 

futtin-  1ki 

"nu^ihty 

tive  jrni 

tlic  riv, 

abuudaut  and  clieaji,  in  ]'i 

price  current.     Pcnn  ci>nc 

couraging  lett 

ner. 

In  1HS7,  Penn  published 


ed  takes  ^vcll  an.l 
En-li-li  fruits  have 
nv  inav  be  made  fr< 
id   bav  abound  in   v 


lies. 


autl    provi.-iuns    \vere 
i.,t-\vhicli  he  gives  a 
les  by  quoting  an  en- 
ad  received  from  Ki^ertTur- 


iphlet, 


K^ 


JS-y^ 


Tcy/    Shi!!h?r 


^*?3' '■-  ---•.'-^.3  currenc  Mi.nev  <it /'s.i/;/;,  according 
t:'  in?  A^t  of  Fjr]:.T.cnr^  ma^c  in 
the  S!xrh.Yc3rcf  thciiie  Qjfen  Anne, 
far  Afceran.-ng  the  Rates  of  I'nrciga 
Coins  in  the  Vl.iritoricrs,  cue  from  rhe 
Province  cf  r?mj)/i'.n'L-,  to  the  I'ol- 
fiilcr  there-)},  fnailbeia  Valn^t-qual 

to  Money,  antl  fhili  be  accepted  accordinglyhv  the  Provin- 
gTj^  c'i\  Treafurer,  Cour.tv  Trea- 

L  eriind  cheTriiriCfjtnr  the 


Ge'-'ral  Loin-Orfice  o£  th; 

Prowncecf  FmrrjJt'jni'j,  in 

.    *)     '__^  al  Piib'.!rkP.tymenT5,a:idi'cr 

f  tbe  liid  TrsatuciSi  and 

Litcd  v\  F'l.'ddeUmi'^i 

.  ^    "^  x-XiA  cjy  r,£  ^'rJ'J'.  ^1  the 

5^:'   "itjrofOiirL^rd.OiieThou- 

i  ^   f  -d    fc^en  fiiindrcd   ond 

T\  'nty    Three,   bv  Order 

rt  t^e  Governor  cndGeae- 

r2l  AlIciTiblv. 


T^n  Shilli}}^ 


PROVINCIAL   CUmtEXCY 


tftining  a  letter  from  Dr.  ^lore,  "  with  passaL'csout 
of  several  letters  from  Persons  of  Good  Credit,  re- 
lating to  the  State  and  Improvement  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  Penn?ilvania."  In  1G91  again  he  printed 
a  third  pamphlet,  containing  "Some  Letters  and  an 
Abstract  of  Letters  from  Pennsylvania "  Dr. 
More  takes  pains  to  show  tlie  jilenty  and  pros[ierity 
which  surround  the  people  of  the  province.  "  Our 
lands   have  been  irrateful  to  us,''  he  savs,   "  and 


have  he-un   to   reward   our   Lab.us  bv  almuii.i;.  . 

Crops  of  Curn."      There  wa.>  plenty  of  gnod   i,-,  .' 

jHirk  in  market  at  two  and  a  ball  peine  ])er  p.ui   • 

curreuev  ;  beef,  the  sanit  ;  buttir,  ,-ixp(nce  ;  \\\u:  ■ 

three    ^iiillin.js   p.r   bii.-liel  ;    rve    at    ei-lit    gr.::,;. 

corn,   two  shilling-   in   emintry    iiinuey,    and  -..i... 

for  ex].ort.     Dr.    .M-ue    had    gnt    a    hue    cr(i[,     ■ 

wheat  on  his  corn  ground  by  ?imjily   harrowiuj-  .•, 

in  ;  his  hop  garilen  was  very  promising.     Arnold.. 

de  la  Grange  had  raised  one  thousand   bushel-  .  i 

English   grain  this  year,  and  Dr.  ^Iore>a\-. 

"  Every   one    here    is    now   persuaded  of  ti.. 

fertility  of  the  ground   and  goodness  of  ri, 

mate,  here  being  nothing  wtmting,    with   ii. 

dustry,  that    grows  in   England,  and  man-. 

delicious  things  not  attainable  there;  and  \i. 

have  this  common  advantage  above  Englaini 
that  all  things  grow  better  and  with  li-~ 
labour."  Penu's  steward  and  gardener  ai. 
represented  as  writing  to  him  that  the  peach- 
trees  are  broken  down  with  fruit;  all  iL. 
plants  sent  out  from  England  are  growinLi ; 
barn,  porch  and  shed  full  of  corn;  setil- 
sprout  in  half  the  time  they  require  in  En.;- 
land;  bulbs  and  flowers  grow  apace.  Da\iii 
Lloyd  writes  that  "  Wheat  (as  good,  I  think 
as  any  in  England)  is  sold  at  three  shi!lii/_- 
aiid  sixpence  per  Bushel  Country  money  an.! 
for  three  shillings  ready  money  (which  n)aki  - 
two  shillings  five  pence  English  sterling  , 
and  if  God  continues  his  blessing  to  us,  tlu- 
province  will  eertainly  be  the  granary  oi 
America."'  James  Claypoole  writes  that  ln 
lias  never  seen  brighter  and  better  corn 
than  in  these  parts.  The  whale  fishery  v.;i- 
cunsitierable  ;  one  company  would  take  s.  v- 
eral  hundred  barrels  of  oil,  useful,  wirii 
tobacco,  skins,  and  furs  for  commerce  and  i> 
bring  in  small  money  (of  which  there  is  ;i 
scarcity)  for  chtinge.  John  Goodson  wriii - 
to  Penn  of  the  country  that  "  it  is  in  a  pros- 
perous condition  beyond  what  many  of  our 
Friends  can  imagine ;"  if  Penn  and  lii- 
family  were  there  "  surely  your  Hearts  wouM 
be  greatly  comforted  to  behold  this  Wildi  r- 
ness  Land  how  it  is  becoming  a  fruitiu! 
Field  and  pleasant  Garden."  Kobert  Jani'  - 
writes  to  ^Nathaniel  Wilmer  :  "  Giod  prosper 
his  Peoi)le  and  their  honest  Endeavors  in  ti"- 
wilderness,  and  nianv  have  cause  to  Bless  aii'i 
Praise  his  holy  Arm,  whj  in  his  Love  hath  sprt:fi 
a  Table  large  unto  us,  even  beyond  the  expecta- 
tions or  belief  of  many,  yea,  to  the  admiration  "' 
our   ^\■i■_'hborin•    Co'lunies.  .   .  .  God   is  amoii--' 


'Cuu 


.1,    fu 


MANNEILS  .^ND  Cl>I'J>I:- 


165 


liis  People  an.l  the  wililrrmv.-  is  his,  aiul  lie  waters 
:,„(!  retVeshrs  it  witii  liis  iin.i.t.nin-  l»,w,  NMi.rrhy 
the     Barren     are    hi  I'niiiiii^'    pl.n-anl    Fnhis  anci 

iiiv  Soul,  anil  Peare  ami  llapiiini-.-s  i,i  all  (i-.l's 
Peofile  everywhere." 

In  1685  a  pamphlet  ealle.l  "O,,,,,!  (  )nler  E.-tah- 
lished,"  and  giving  an  aeeouutoi'Peiiiisvivania,  whs 
published  by  Thomas  Budd,  a  Quaker,  who  had 
iield  office  iu  West  Jersey.  Budd  was  a  viiii>n- 
arv,  mixed  up  with  Keith's  heresv,  and  wanted  to 
get  a  bank  fstablished  iu  Phihuklphia.  He  built 
largely  iu  that  city,  aud  was  a  close  observer.  He 
pays  particular  atteutinn  to  tlio  natural  ai!vantaL:es 
of  the  country  in  its  soil,  climate,  prmlucts  and 
geographical  relations.  The  days  in  winter  are 
two  hours  longer,  and  in  summer  two  hours  shorter 
than  in  England,  he  says,  and  hence  grain  and 
fruits  mature  more  swiftly.  He  enumerates  the 
wild  fowls  and  fishes,  the  fruits  aud  garden  stutF, 
and  thinks  that  the  Delaware  marshes,  once 
drained,  would  be  equal  to  the  meadows  of  the 
Thames  for  wheat,  peas,  barley,  hemp,  flax,  rape 
aud  hops.  The  French  settlers  were  already  grow- 
ing grapes  ibr  wine,  and  Budd  thought  tliat  at- 
tempts should  be  made  to  produce  rice,  anise  seed, 
licorice,  madder  and  woad.  He  has  much  to  say 
about  the  development  of  manufactures,  and  he 
proposes  to  have  a  granary  built  on  the  Delaware 
iu  a  fashion  which  is  a  curious  anticipation  of  the 
modern  elevator,  and  he  projects  a  very  sen- 
sible scheme  for  co-operative  farm-work,  on 
the  community  plan,  the  laud  to  be  eventually 
divided  after  it  has  been  fully  cleared  aud  im- 
proved, and  the  families  of  the  comnuiue  have 
grown  up. 

In  1(198  was  published  Gabriel  Thomes'  "His- 
torical and  Geograjjhical  Accmnit  of  the  Province 
and  Country  of  Pennsylvania  and  West  Xew 
Jersey  in  America."  This  well-known  brochure 
descants  in  florid  and  loose  terms  upon  "The  rich- 
ness of  the  Soil,  the  sweetness  of  the  Situati'in.  the 
Wholesomeness  of  the  Air,  the  Navigable  Rivers 
and  others,  the  prodigious  increase  of  Corn,  the 
flourishing  condition  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia, 
etc.  The  strange  creatures,  as  Birds,  Beasts, 
Fishes,  and  Fowls,  with  the  Stveral  Sirts  of 
Minerals,  Purging  Waters.  an,l  .^toues  lately  dis- 
covered. The  Natives,  AbLirigines.  aud  tin  'r  Lan- 
guage, Religion,  Laws  aud  Cur-tonis  The  tir-t 
Planters,  Dutch,  Swedes  aud  Kng!i-h,  with  t' e 
nundjer  of  its  iuhabitauts  ;  as  al,-o  a  Touch  upon 
George  Keith's  Xew  Religion,  in  his  m  ,-.,iid 
change  since  he  left  the  Quakers;  with  a  Map  .>t' 
both  Counties."  The  title-page  leaves  the  bnok 
but  little  to  say.  Gabriel  is  euthusia.-tic  aiiout 
pretty  much  everything.  He  makes  some  shrewd 
remarks,  however,  as   when    he  says  that   he   has 


"for  I   have  obs..r-...d   the  iinis  of  water  have  the 

mines  m  Vwdcs."  Lie  shows  the  abundanre  of 
L'ame     by    telling     ho.v    1:,.     bad     bought    of    the 

for  two  gills  of  gui'jjowdcr.  Land  had  ad- 
vanced in  tivelve  years  from  fifteen  or  ei-hteen 
sliilliugs  to  eighty  pounds  per  one  hundred  acres, 
ovpr  a  tboi>sand  p?r  cent,  (in  Philadelphia), 
and  was  fetching  n.ur.d  f)ric.'s  in  the  adjacent 
counrry. 

T!«e'  Swede.  Imd  no  roads.  Thev  f,llowefl 
brid!e-n,,ths  ou  foot,  or-  ,.n  hor-'haek.  an.l  carried 
their  freight  by  vater.  It  svas  iu  lt;s(j  that  the 
people  of  Philadelj.liia  beg.n  to  move  for  better 
highways.  The  Schuylkill  ferry  monopoly  was 
then  e.iciting  pubii"  attention,  and  the  Council 
took  the  whole  niatteT  of  thoroughfares  into  con- 
sideration. The  first  control  of  roads  was  by  the 
courts,  which  appointed  overseers  and  fence-view- 
ers, the  grand  jury  laying  out  the  roads.  Iti  1692 
the  control  of  road.--  was  given  to  the  townships, 
and  thi.s  lasted  uutil  the  adopfiou  of  a  general  road 
law. 

Precisely  ^vhat  sort  of  houses  were  built  by  the 
first  settlers  may  be  known  with  satisfactory  exact- 
ness from  the  contemporary  records.  In  Peun's 
tract  of  "  Infornuition  and  Direction  to  such 
Persons  as  are  inclined  to  America,"  we  have  a 
descriptifin  of  such  houses,  and  we  may  assume  that 
the  "  Welcome's  "  passengers  erected  exactly  such 
structures  during  their  probationary  period  of  cave 
life  or  hut  life  in  the  wilderness.  The  dimen- 
sions given  are  almost  those  of  the  house  of  Pas- 
torius: 

"To  build  them  an  House  of  thirty  foot  long  and  eighteen  foot  broad 
with  a  partition  near  the  miiicile,  and  anotlier  to  divi.lc  one  end  of  the 


Gists 

i  for  the 

twet 

ity  foot   ■ 

pu-ces,  as   Wi 

W-as 

te  T.mb, 

Loft 

and 

a   half 

Ludt 

;ine  Koo 

»l.i. 

li  is  ver: 

repa 

The  cost  of  such  a  house  is  given  as  follows  : 
Carpenter's  work  (the  owner  and  his  servants  as- 
sistin::;),  £7  ;  a  barn  of  the  same  dimensions,  £5; 
nails  and  other  things  to  iiuisli  both,  C,  10.~-.;  total 
ibr  house  aud  bari^  Clo  U)<.  The.-e  houses  had 
.lirt  floors,  claplioard  lloors  f  u-  -arret.  (.)ldaiixon 
cn|.ics  these  dii-eetioiis  verbatim  iu  his  de-criptiou 
of  the  houses  ol'the  liist  settlers       The   directions, 


16G 


niSKMlY  OF  DELAWARE. 


hinvpvcr,  are  very  incomplote  :  no  [irovisiinis  ure 
iiKi.le  for  door.i,  "wiiulows  or  cliinincy^.  Of  the 
latter  these  houses  hail  i)ut  one,  built  outside  tiie 
gable  of  the  sitlint;-roiini,  sometimes  of  stone,  some- 
times of  clav  ami  sticks,  sometimes  ofw()od  onlv. 
The  (h.ors  o.uM  be  made  ot' riven  stutf,  .,f  course, 
with  deer-skin  hmucs  and  w..,„l.n  latch  and  bar, 
and  the  windou,,  cadd  be  eloped  with  ch.|.bnard 
shutters.  A  lari^e  tire-]ihice  was  needed,  witli  a. 
stone  hearth  ;  the  table  could  be  made  of  hewn 
stuff,  re;tin<r  on  punclieijns  driven  into  the  irround, 
and  blocks,  stools  and  l)cuches  would  answer  for 
seats  Rude  wooden  bedsteads  or  berths  could  be 
contrived  alouj,'  the  walls,  and  a  tew  bearskins, 
with  the  bedclothes  hrought  over  by  every  emi- 
grant, would  make  them  warm.  The  other  furni- 
ture would  comprise  chiefly  kitchen  utensils;  pork 
fat,  whale  or  sturgeon  oil,  and  piue  ku<jts  or  "  light 
wood  "  would  give  all  the  artitieial  light  needed. 
Iron  articles  were  most  costly  and  hardest  to  get. 
Edward  Jones,  at  ^lerion,  writes  in  August,  16^2, 
for  nails,  sixpenides  and  eightpennies ;  for  mill- 
iron,  an  iron  kettle  for  his  wite,  aud  shoes,  all  of 
which  he  says  are  dear;  "  Iron  U  about  two  and 
thirty  or  forty  shillings  a  hundred  ;  steel  about  la. 
5rf.  per  pound."  In  Penu's  '  Directions  "  he  recom- 
mends colonists  to  bring  out  with  them,  in  the  way 
of  utensils  and  goods,  "  English  Woollen  and 
German  Linen,  or  ordinary  Broad-Clothes,  Ker- 
eseys,  Searges,  Norwich-Stutl's,  some  Dutl'els,  Cot- 
tons and  Stroud-waters  for  the  Natives,  and  White 
and  Blew  Ozeuburgs  [C'^naburg.s],  Shoes  aud 
Stockings,  Buttons,  Silk,  Thread,  Iron  Ware, 
especially  Felling  Axes.  Hows,  Indian  Hows,  Saws, 
Frows  [frowers,  for  splitting  shingles].  Drawing 
Knives,  Nails,  but  of  i)t?.  and  Sd.  a  treiile  quantity, 
because  they  use  them  in  shingling  or  covering  of 
Houses."  For  the  first  year's  stock  for  a  farm  he 
advises  "  three  milch  cows,  with  young  calves  by 
their  sides,  £10;  yoke  of  oxen,  £8  ;  Brood  mare, 
£5  ;  two  y(niug  Sows  aud  a  Boar,  £1  ]0-~'.,— in  all 
£24."  For  first  year's  provisions:  Eight  bushels 
of  Indian  corn  per  cnpita,  and  live  bushels  of 
English  wheat,  for  five  persons,  £8  7.:'.  6(/. ;  two 
barrels  of  molasses  (for  beer),  £o  ;  l)ccf  ami  pork, 
120  pounds  per  head,  at  2fL  per  pound,  €'> ;  hve 
gallons  spirits  at  '2i.  per  gallon,  10^.  Three  hauils, 
with  a  little  help  from  the  woman  and  boy,  <  iin 
plant  and  tend  20,000  hills  of  cu-n  (plant-d  four 
feet  each  way,  there  are  2717  hills  to  an  acre,  or 
seven  and  one  third  acres  to  the  whole  number  of 
hills),  and  they  may  s(jw  eight  acres  of  spring 
wheat  and  oats,  besides  rai.-ing  jieas,  potatoes  and 
garden  s;utf.  Tlie  expected  yield  will  be  4U0 
bushels  of  corn,  120  bushels  of  oats  and  wheat,  etc. 
These  calculations  were  moderate  for  a  virgin  soil, 
free  from  vermin.  Dr.  Mure,  in  his  letter  to  I'enu 
in  September,  lG8li,  says,  "  I  have  had  seventy  ears 
of  Rye  upon  one  single  root,  proceeding  from  one 


sinirle  corn  ;  f  .rty-five  of  Wheat  ;  eitrhty  »f  (  );,:.  . 
ten,  twelve  and  f  .urteen  of  Barley  out  of  one  (  '.,, ., 
I  took  the  curi(.'sity  to  tell  one  of  the  twelve  K..;. 
from  one  (.Irain,  aud  there  was  in  it  forty  live  L'lai:.. 
(m  that  ear  ;  altove  three  thousand  of  oats  from  o,, 
single  corn,  and  some  I  hail  that  hail  nnich  tii,,r.  , 
but  it  would  ,-ieiii  a  Komauce  ratiier  tlian  a  Tn.il, 
if  I  shouhl  speak  what  I  have  seen  in  the-, 
things." 

A  better  class  of  houses  than  the.se  clapboai  i 
ones  with  dirt  tloors  were  soon  built.  Indeed,  th. 
old  log  houses  of  the  Swedes  were  more  condoit- 
able,  especially  when  built  like  that  of  Sven  Seuer-' 
at  Coaquanuoc,  with  a  first  story  of  stone  and  the 
superstructure  of  logs.  A  well-built  log  house,  on 
a  stone  foundation,  well  tilled  in  with  bricks  or 
stone  and  mortar,  and  ceiled  inside  with  plaukinL' 
like  a  ship,  makes  the  dryest,  warmest  and  nn  -i 
durable  country-house  that  cau  be  built.  But  tin- 
settlers  immediately  began  to  burn  bricks  and  con- 
struct houses  of  them,  often  with  a  timber  frame- 
work, in  the  old  Tudor  cottage  style.  This  sort  of 
building  went  on  rapidly  as  soon  as  limestone  began 
to  be  (juarried  and  burut.' 

This  better  class  of  houses  was,  of  course,  more 
elaborately  furnished.  It  may  be  noticed  that  in 
John  Goodson  s  directory  in  Philadelphia,  cabinet- 
makers aud  other  workmen  in  furniture  and  in- 
terior movables  are  mentioned,  but  all  the  tir.-t 
settlers  must  have  brought  or  imported  their 
furniture  from  Europe.  It  was  stiff  and  heavy, 
scarcely  anticipating  that  slim  and  spindling  style 
which  came  in  with  the  next  English  sovereign. 
and  has  recentlw  been  revived  with  an  extravagance 
of  pursuit  seldom  exhibited  except  in  bric-a-brae 
hunters  and  opera-boutfe  artistes.  As  yet  not  much 
mahogany  and  rosewood  were  used  by  the  Northern 
nations  (except  the  Dutch),  but  good  solid  oak, 
well-carved,  and  walnut  were  the  favorite  woods. 
There  were  great  chests  of  drawers,  massive  bulil'ts, 
solid  tables,  with  flaps  and  wings,  straight-back  oak 
chairs,  well-carved,  leathern-seated  chairs,  studded 
with  brass  nails,  and  tall  Dutch  clocks.  Much  of 
the  table  furuit'ire  Was  pewter  or  common  delt'- 
ware  ;  brass  and  copper  served  in  the  kitchen  where 
now  tin  is  used.  Wood  was  the  only  fuel,  aud  the 
tire-places,  enormously  ca[iaci(>us,  had  great  iron 
dogs  in  them,  to  which,  in  winter-time,  the  back- 
log was  often  dragged  by  a  yoke  of  oxen  with  the 
log-chain.  Cranes  and  hooks,  suspended  iu  these 
fire-places,  held  poti  for  the  boiling,  and  the  roa:rt- 
ing  was  done  ou  si)its  or  u[)on  ''jacks,"  which  doirs 
had  to  turn.  The  bread  was  baked  in  a  brick 
oven  usually  oiijslde  the  house,  and  the  minor 
baking  iu  "  Dutch  ovens,''  ;et  upon  aud  covered 
over  with   beds  of  red-hot    coals.     In   the  familv 


MANNEfiS  AND  CTI^TOMS 


167 


ji;irtuf  tlie  house  the  br;i>s  ; 
fi'iultT  niiide  tlie  lire  ylnv 
look  doul)ly  clieurt'u!.  Tli< 
-toves    until    Beiiiainin    Fr 


ii|)i'ii  the  ilrrp  lirartli 
(^)Lial<crs  did  not  u.~e 
nklin    iuvciuded   them 


&!=.- 


WM.  pexn's  clock. 


into  it  with  that  sinndacniin  ot'  an  o|n'n  tircplare 
called  theFi-anklinstove.  Tlie 
Swedes  scarcely  had  chiin- 
ncvs,  much  less  stoves,  but 
the  Gerniaus  early  imported 
the  great  porceUiiu  stoves 
■which  they  were  familiar  with 
at  home,  and  which  they  uscl 
until  Cliristopher  Saur,  the 
Germantowii  printer,  invented 
the  ten-plate  stove,  tor  whicii 
lovers  of  the  beautiful  will 
scarcely  know  how  to  forgive 
him.  All  well  to-tlo  faiuilies 
had  good  store  of  linen  for 
bed-clothes,  blankets,  etc.  ;  the 
washing  was  not  done  often, 
and  the  chests  of  drawers  were 
tilled  with  homespun.  Espe- 
cially was  this  the  case  an)ong  the  German  settlers, 
who  scarcely  washed  up  the  soiled  house  and  person 
wear  more  than  once  in  a  quarter.  It  was  the 
pride  and  test  of  a  good  housewife  to  have  more 
linen  made  up  than  she  knew  what  to  do  with.'  It 
is  noteworthy  that  the  Germans  built  their  houses 
with  one  chimney,  in  the  centre  of  the  building, 
the  English  with  a  chimney  at  each  end.  and  this 
distinction  was  so  commonly  marked  as  to  attract 
tl>e  attention  of  traveler^.-  In  their  bednnim 
furniture  the  Germans  substituted  the  "  feather 
deck"  for  the  blanket, — inoi-p  »i//oy.n/i,— and  this 
uncomfortable  covering  is  still  retained. 

In  the  houses  the  doors  down-stairs  were  sanded. 
There  were  no  carpets  as  yet,  not  even  liome-made 
ones,  and  the  Germans  have  not  been  using  these 
for  a  hundred  years.  William  Penu  had  no 
carpets  in  his  I'ennsbury  .Manor  house.  The  large, 
heavy  tables  in  the  dining  and  living  rooms  o/  the 
early  homes  groaned  with  [jleuty,  and  the  great 
pewter  dishes  were  piled  high.  The  people  worked 
hard,  and  they  did  not  stint  themselves.  The 
Swedes,  Germans  and  (^^uakers  were  all  of  them 
hearty  feeders,  and  they  liked  gross  food.  No 
dread  of  dyspepsia  limited  their  dishes  ;  they  liad 
abundance  an(l  enjoyed  it.  Only  a  tew  men  of 
English  habits  and  foml  of  port,  brandv  and 
madeira,  like  Capt.  Markliam,  ever  had  the'gouf^ 


Diitfh  Htici  oilier  l. 
Ii;iii.letl  damsel  wii 
re.i^ly  i,i.L.lc  up  for 


Ti>e  river.-'  teomerl  ,vi;h  fi.sh.arid  the  Quakers  early 
leari!ed  the  virtues  nid  delicious  ila\.ir  of  the  shad, 
broiled  on  a  jiliiuk  .'it  one  side  the  tirrplace,  while 
a  joliuny-cake  browi.ed  on  anotiier  plank  at  the 
other  side  of  the  hr^.  Penn  crew  so  tond  of  these 
tliat  in  !(!.':;]  pj  viof  lo  Uarn~ou  to  >end  him 
rci.ie  "si.Kia.kt  ivaiiiict;...-  ol'  vctiison  and  pork. 
Gel^  them  of  the  H^.e,;..  Some  stnoakt  shadd  and 
beef.  The  «.'•/  ]„■!.. I  ...  I'hUadelplna  {Fahrwim) 
had  rare  shadd.  .\1,- >  ■t\'--,^  peas  and  beans  of  that 
ciuni'.-y."  Rii.hard  TownsliPiid,  in  lt'i>;"2,  says  that 
tile  l:r-t  _\e:'.r  coloni.ns  almost  lived  on  tish.  of  which 
g.eat  (jiiaijtities  wf.-e  caughi:,  tiie  winter  being  an 
open  one.  and  venison.--"  ^Ve  could  buy  a  deer  for 
about  two  shillings,  and  a  large  turkey  for  about 
oi\e  shilling,  and  Indian  com  for  about  two  shillings 
and  sixpence  per  busiiel."  .Si.x^  rockfish  or  six  shad 
could  be  bougiit  for  a  shilling  ;  oysters  two  shillings 
a  bushe!,  herrings  one  shilling  and  sixpence  per 
hundre  ;.  Sturgeon  were  caught  for  tbod,  and  also 
for  the  oil  they  supjjlied.  The  Delaware  and  the 
Schuylkill  and  adjacent  pools  and  marshes  were 
the  resort  of  myriads  of  wild-fowl,  fnim  swan  and 
geese  down  to  rail  and  reed-birds.  As  soon  as  the 
settlers  became  established,  the  flesh  of  all  domesti- 
cated animals  was  cheap  in  the  markets.  Every 
family  kept  its  own  cows,  made  its  own  butter  and 


h. 


A, 


<1^  1^  (--M    ,A 


WILLIAM    PE- 


SILVER   TE.A.-fEr,VICE. 


■'Rfi.-c    11. 
to  n.'.  UiHli 

uur  FlL-t.h..t 


cheese,  salted,  cured  and  smoked  its  own  bacon, 
beef,  herring,  shad,  veui.5on  and  mutton.  The 
smoke-house,  dairy  and  poultry-house  were  append- 
ages to  all  town  houses,  and  most  of  them  had 
their  own  vegetable  gardens  likewise.  It  was  the 
custom  then,  and  remained  so  until  long  after  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century,  for  every  house 
to  be  provisioned  as  if  to  stand  a  .-iege.  The  cellars 
had  great  bins  for  ftotato,-  and  other  roots  and 

and  ca>k..  f..i-  vin.  L-ar  to  ripen  in.  and  in  a  locked 
recess  were  u.-uallv  .-.uue  ea.-ks  ui  madeira,  sherrv. 


1(5S 


IIISTOKV  OF  DELAWARE. 


s[(T  aiul 


ill  .h-ank  r.,1 


port,  rum,   brandy,   irin,  etr..   f 

and  chililreii.  There  was  an  :i 
of  drinking  goinir  on  all  the  lini 
thing,  it' it  was  only  ale  or  .-mall 
and  store-Iiouse  of  tiie  mistre.-.s  \sas  tor  u-r,  lu.t 
ornament  Her  barrels  ot'  saur-kraut  were  in  llu- 
cellar,  her  firkins  of  apiilc-lnnh  .-  (Mcupied  the 
ample  garret,  along  with  strinL's  nt  onions,  hampers 
of  dried  peaches  and  ap|ilt^,  and  great  liun<lles  of 
dried  herbs;  but  in  the  btore-room  the  deep- 
bottomed  shelf  wa3  ranged  around  with  gray  stone 
jars  of  large  cai^aeity,  tilled  with  piekles,  the  shelf 
above  it  marshaled  a  battalion  of  glass  jars  of  pre- 
sersx'S  of  every  sort,  and  the  upper  shelves  bent 
under  the  weight  of  bottles  tilled  with  sauces  and 
sruhs,  and  ''bounce"  and  ketchups,  and  soys, 
cordials,  lavender,  aromatic  vinegars,  and  a  hundred 
deft  contrivances  to  tickle  the  palate,  and  deprave 
all  stomachs  but  such  as  those  of  these  hardy  toilers 
in  the  open  air. 

The  gardens  yielded  all  the  common  vegetables, 
and  people  who  ate  so  largely  of  salted  meats 
and  iish  required  much  vegetable  food  and  many 
sweets  and  acids  to  protect  them  from  scorbutic 
afl'ections.  Onions,  turnips,  cabbage,  potatoes  were 
supplemented  with  the  more  delicate  vegetables 
known  in  Germany.  The  Indians  supi.lied  the 
colonists  with  their  first  peas,  brans  and  ^i|ua-hes, 
taught  them  how  to  boil  mush,  to  jMnind  hiuniny, 
to  roast  the  tender  ears  of  corn  and  prepare  tiie  de- 
lightful succotash.  Much  pastry  was  used,  many 
sweetmeats  and  pickles,  but  not  very  liigh  season- 
ing. At  table,  until  tea  and  coffee  became  regular 
articles  of  diet  with  all  clas.-es,  cider  and  the  ^inall 
beers  of  domestic  brewing  were  .served  wiihout 
stint  at  every  meal.  In  winter  the  beers  were 
sweetened,  spiced,  warmed  and  drunk  fir  ])0.ssets. 
Wines  did  not  appear  except  upon  the  tables  of 
the  well-to-do,  but  rum  and  s])irits  were  in  every 
house,  and  all  took  their  morning  and  noon  drams 
in  some  shape  or  other.  The  effects  of  alcohol 
were  neutralized  by  the  active  out-door  life  all  led, 
and  by  the  quantities  of  coarse  food  taken  at  every 
meal.  In  the  journal  of  William  Black,  wli<i  was  in 
Philadel[ihia  in  1744,' it  is  made  to  appear  among 
the  duties  of  hospitality  to  be  treatin'j-  to  something 
or  other  every  hour  in  the  day.  This  ymmg  fdli.w 
either  had  a  very  strong  head,  or  ah-ohol  did  not 
make  the  same  imprcssinn  upon  the  strou'.',  hr.ikhv 
frame  of  the  youth  of  that  day  which  it  do.s  upon 
modern  effeminate  men.  Tliere  wa-  Inead,  eiil.r, 
and  punch  for  lunrh,  rum  and  brandy  ln/t'ori'  din- 
ner, punch,  madeira,  port  and  slicrry  at  dinner, 
bounce  and  liipicurs  with  the  iadii^s,  and  wiiir  and 
spirits  ad  Ubituni  till  ljud;inie.     The  jiarty  are  wel- 

1  Bliick  WJH  a  v., mi-  V]r„-iii,,,i,,  ^.vi-..^irv  uf  ll.o  i'..rm,..-,i-.|i,  r« 
appointol  hy  Or.veui.T  C",..!,,  ,.|-  \ir_'ii,,:,.  t..  iinili.  «itli  tli.i,..  of  V-nu- 


coined,  too,  with  a  bowl  of  tine  h-mon   punch  hi- 

■_-. •,-,■."  After  five  orsi.\.  glas.ses  of  this  "  pour.-d 
down  their  throats,"  they  rode  to  the  Governor's 
hou-e,  were  introducc<l  and  taken  into  another  room, 
"v.heie  we  was  prr-ont.d  with  a  gla-s  of  wine," 
and  it  was  punch,  .-piiit.-  or  "a  W-w  -la.-s,  -  oi 
wine"  wherever  thev  wvnl  durin-  their  stav,  1,1- 
friends  being,  as  he  says,  as  liberal  with  their  -oe,i 
wine  "as  ap[)le-tree  of  its  t'luit  on  a  winily  day  in 
the  month  of  Jidy." 

The  dress  of  the  peo|ile  in  the  early  days  of 
which  we  write  was  simple,  plain,  i>ut  iiot  formal 
as  that  of  the  Quakers  subsequently  became.  The 
country  jjeople,  for  their  ordinary  wear,  made 
much  use  of  serviceable  leather  doublets  and 
breeches,  woolen  waist  coats,  felt  hats,  heavy  shoes 
with  leather  leggings,  or  else  boots.  They  wore 
stout  flannel  next  to  the  skin  in  winter,  rough 
coats  and  many  woolen  wraps  about  the  throat; 
in  summer,  coarse  Osnaburgs  and  home-made 
linens.  All  wore  wigs,  and  the  dross  suits  of 
cloth  or  camlet  were  brave  with  buttons,  braid 
and  buckles,  silk  stockings  and  embroidered  waist- 
coats, gold-laced  hats  and  fine  lace  ruffles  and  cra- 
vats. Gentlemen  wore  their  small  swords ;  workmen 
and  laborers  either  dressed  in  leather,  druggets, 
serge,  fustian  or  lockram,  or  else  in  Osnaburgs. 
Common  women  and  servants  wore  linen  and  do- 
mestics, linseys  and  calicoes;  on  their  heads  a 
hood  or  quilted  bonnet,  heavy  shoes,  home-knit 
stockings  of  thread  or  yarn,  petticoats  and  short 
gowns,  with  a  handkerchief  pinned  about  the  shoul- 
ilers.  The  ladies  had,  of  course,  more  brilliant 
and  varied  wardrobt*  ;  the  liat  wtts  high-crowned, 
the  hair  much  dressed  ;  stomachers  and  corsage 
long  and  stiff;  much  cambric  about  the  neck  and 
bosom,  much  gimp,  ribbon  and  galloon  ;  silk  or 
satin  petticoats,  and  dainty  shoes  and  stockings. 
A  friend  in  Kl'IT  .-ent  riiiiieas  Pendierton's  wife 
"an  alamode  hood,"  and  the  hulies  would  contrive 
always  to  have  something  "  ii  la  vwde."  In  the 
inventory  of  Christopher  Taylor's  estate  are  enum- 
erated "  a  baratine  body,  stomacher  and  petticoat, 
cambric  kerchiefs  anil  f()rehcad  cloths."  In  that 
of  John  ]Mo:in  were  a  "fine  Bru.ssels  camlet  pet- 
ticoat, a  yellow  silk  mantle,  silk  band  and  sash. 
silk  and  satin   enp-,  Iniod-,  lute-.-trinirs,  white  silk 

h l-^."       William    Stanlev's    store    had    for    sale 

"frieze,  ser-e,  bn.adc'loat  h!  Holland  linen,  vellow. 
-reenand  black  c'alieoe-.  >;,iin>,  lute.^trinl:s,"tabl.y. 
.silk  plu-h,  ribbon,  >tri|.ed  petiieoat,-,  phillimot,  I'er- 
ret.  ilow-ered  .-ilks,  thread  l.iee-,  i:imps,  whaleb..ne-. 
ealloons."  Tetitia  I'enn  did  not  di-dain  to  lu;v 
tinerv  in  Philadelplua,  enfis,  buekles,  a  wateh  and 
•  ithei"    eoid.-mith's  artiel,,-.      Then-  was  not  a  -reM 

amount  of  luxurv,  however,  nor   , -h   plate   nor 

,li-I.lavof  line  artieh'S.  Th.'  people's  habit^  w.o 
simple.     Thev  were  all. industrious,  ploddinglv  --■. 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOM^ 


ami  the  laws  and  sfiitinirnt  ami  temper  ot  the  in- 
tliii'iitial  clas-es  fVowneil  eiiuiilly  iiiioii  display  and 
extravagance.  The  wild  ymith.  the  sailors  ami 
laborers  sometimes  broke  bminds,  but  th.-  curb 
was  in  their  mouths  ar.d  tlicy  were  soon  reined  up. 

The  population  seemed  to  realize  that  they  had 
their  fortunes  to  make,  and  that  srood  ])ay  and 
jjreat  industrial  opportunities  made  idlene-s  and 
loo.se,  extravagant  Jiving  inexcusable.  Wages 
were  comparatively  high,  labor  wa.s  respectable 
and  respected.  In  1080  there  were  ten.  vessels 
sent  to  the  West  Indies  freighted  with  produce  of 
the  province,  and  the  same  year  fourteen  cargoes 
of  tobacco  were  exporteii.  In  ]''i'.)S  the  river  front 
at  Philadelphia  aboumled  with  the  conveniences 
and  facilities  requisite  fur  an  extensive  commerce, 
and  for  building  and  repairing  vessels,  as  well  as 
loading  and  unloading  them.  Ship  carpenters 
earned  five  and  six  shillings  a  day  in  wages,  and 
on  that  pay  would  soon  save  money.  The  trade 
to  the  West  Indies  and  Brazil  consisted  of  horses 
and  other  live-stock,  provisions,  staves,  etc.  The 
vessels  themselves  were  sold  with  their  cargoes, 
and  every  one  might  have  his  little  venture  in  a 
traffic  which  paid  double  the  investment  on  each 
risk.  Thus  the  ship  carpenter,  who  laid  by  one 
day's  wages  a  week,  could,  in  a  month  or  two,  be 
trading  to  the  Indies  so  as  to  give  him  £.50  or  £60 
clear  money  at  the  end  of  the  year,  and  that  would 
buy  him  a  tarm,  build  him  a  house  or  give  him  a 
share  in  some  vessel  on  the  stocks.  In  ten  years 
he  could  become  a  capitalist,  as  many  of  his  trade 
did  so  become.  The  timber  of  the  Susquehanna 
and  Delaware  was  sometimes  sent  across  the  ocean 
in  huge  raft  ships,  rigged  with  sails  and  manned 
by  regular  crews.  We  read  of  one  of  these,  the 
"  Baron  Renfrew,"  measurinu'  five  thou.-aud  tons, 
which  arrived  safely  in  the  Downs. 

Mills  were  established  rapidly  under  the  pro- 
prietary government.  Penu  had  two  on  the 
Schuylkill.  Richard  Townshcnd  had  one  at 
Chester  and  one  on  Church  Creek  in  168'?. «  The 
Society  of  Free  Traders  had  a  saw-mill  and  a 
glass-house  in  Philadelphia  the  same  year.  The 
saw-mills  still  could  not  meet  the  demand  for 
lumber,  and  in  1698  hand-sawyers  were  paid  six 
and  seven  shillings  per  hundred  for  sawing  pine 
boards;  in  170.5,  ten  shillings.  Shingles  in  1608 
sold  for  ten  shillings  per  thi;usand  ;  hendock  "  cul- 
lings,"  ten  shillings  per  hundred;  timber,  six 
shillings  per  ton.  Printz's  grist-mill  on  the 
Karakung  was  soon  duplicated  after  the  proprie- 
tary government  took  possession.  Pastorius  says 
th.'  colony  had  mills  enough;  the  Frankford 
'^'orn[iany  had  established  several  as  early  ns  ]6s(i. 
•S)me  of  the  large  mills  added  to  their  protits  liv 
iiiiving  bakeries  connected,  where  ship-bri  ;id  was 
b;ikrd  in  quantities  for  sea-going  ves.-els. 

We  have  already  spoken  of  the  earlv   manui'ic- 


.f  bricks.     The 
-tandin-,  was  b 


es'  Chu 
'  briek 


at    Wicaeo, 
1700.      The 


first  Pro[irietary  AssemMy  at  I'liland  was  held  in 
a  brick  iiouse,  but  thesi-  bricks  were  probably 
imported.  The  first  Quaker  nieetin<:-house  in 
Philadelphia  was  of  brick,  built  in  1684.  Penn's 
brew-lioiise  at  Pennsbury,  still  standing,  was 
built  before  his  mansion.  Penu,  Dr.  More  and 
several  others  of  the  first  settlers  made  strong 
ertorts  to  improve  native  grapes,  introduce  the 
exotic  grape  and  manufacture  wine.  They 
had  wine  made  of  fox-grape  juice  and  fancied  it 
was  as  good  as  claret.  Penn  set  out  a  vineyard  at 
Springettsbury  and  had  a  French  vigneron  to 
tend  it.  The  experiment  failed,  however,  and 
was  abandoned  before  Penn's  second  visit.  Pas- 
torius was  deceived  also,  and  wrote  to  Germany 
for  a  supply  of  wine-barrels,  which,  however,  he 
never  filled,  unless  wich  cider  or  peach-brandy. 
No  wonder  Penn  wanted  to  make  wine  at  home, 
—  his  province  imported  fjur  hundred  thousand 
gallons  of  rum  and  sixty  thousand  gallons  of  wine 
a  year,  costing  over  fifty  thousand  pounds  an- 
nually 

Penn's  leading  object  in  establishing  fairs  in 
Philadel[)hia  and  the  province  was  to  promote 
industrial  enterprises.  At  the  first  fair  in  1686 
only  ten  dollars'  worth  of  goods  was  sold.  There 
■was  no  money  in  Philadelphia  and  exchanges 
could  not  be  made.  The  fairs  were  held  twice  a 
year,  three  days  each  in  May  and  November. 
Another  plan  of  Penn's  was  to  offer  prizes  for 
superior  work  in  manufactures.  In  1686,  Abra- 
ham Op  den  Graaffe,  of  Germantown,  petitioned 
Council  to  grant  him  the  Governor's  premium 
for  "  the  first  and  finest  piece  of  linen  cloth." 
About  the  same  time  Wigart  Levering,  one  of  the 
Germantown  colonists, .  began  weaving  in  Rox- 
borough.  Matthew  Houlsrate,  in  1698,  bought 
property  in  the  same  township  and  began  a  fuU- 
ing-nilll  on  the  Wissahickon.  The  price  in  1688 
for  spinning  worsted  and  linen  was  two  shillings 
per  pound ;  knitting  heavy  yarn  stockings,  half  a 
crown  per  pair.  Wool-combers  received  twelve 
pence  per  pound  ;  linen-weavers  twelve  pence  per 
yard  of  stuft'  half  a  yard  wide;  journeyman  tai- 
lors were  paid  twelve  shillings  a  week  and  "  their 
diet."  The  domestic  manufactures  of  the  day  in 
linen  and  woolen  wear  supplied  a  large  part  ot 
family  wants.  Fabrics  were  coarse  but  service- 
able; and  the  women  of  the  household,  after  the 
men  had  broke  and  hackled  the  fiax  and  sheared 
the  sheep,  did  all  the  subsequent  work  of  carding, 
spinning,  weaving,  bleaching  and  dyeing.  Whde 
wa'.'es   were    good,  the  clothes   of  apprentices  and 

br..ss  buckles  and  wooden  he,-ls  hi-t-Ml  as  Ion-  al- 
niost  as  leather  brceehc-  and  ai.rons.  Jlemp  and 
flax  Osnabursrs,  dved  blue,  cost  oiilv  a  shilling  or 


170 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE 


one  and  sixponce  [jor  van],  and  a  felt  or  wikiI 
bat  and  two  or  three  pairs  of  '•Dar.-e  yarn  stock- 
ings were  good  for  two  senson.-.  Wealthy  people, 
who  wore  imported  velvets,  satins,  silks  and  uan- 
keens,  however,  had  to  pay  extravaL'nnt  prices  for 
them,  :itid  the  co5t  of  a  fushonable  outtit  often 
exceeded  the  money  value  of  an  eliffilile  farm. 
The  rapid  men  use 'of  their  '•  hestial"  not  only 
gave  the  planter^  a  valuable  line  of  esjiorts,  hut 
also  early  encouraged  the  maniii'aeture  of  leather. 
Fenn  and  the  f^fciety  of  Free  Traders  e.^tahlished 
a  tannery  in  Philadelphia  in  ]68;>  and  it  was 
well  supplied  both  with  bark  and  hide.*.  Leather 
was  in  general  use  for  articles  of  clothing,  such 
as  are  now  made  of  other  goods  Penn  himself 
wore  leather  stockings,  f<ir  which  he  paid  twenty- 
two  shillings  a  pair.  In  1695  the  exportation  of 
dressed  and  undressed  deer-skins  was  prohibited, 
in  order  to  promote  their  utilization  at  home. 
Raw  hide3  cost  one  and  a  half  pennies  per  pound, 
while  leather  sold  for  twelve  pence.  A  fat  cow- 
went  to  the  butcher  for  three  pounds,  while  heef 
sold  for  from  three  to  four  and  a  half  pence  per 
pound, — a  profit  of  over  one  hundred  per  cent,  to 
butcher  and  tanner.  But  land  was  cheap,  the 
Barbadoes  market  was  always  ready  to  pay  well 
for  cattle  on  the  hoof,  and  th.ese  things  secured 
good  wages  for  labor  in  the  mechanic  arts.  Cur- 
riers, who  paid  twenty  pence  a  gallon  for  their 
oil,  received  three  shillings  and  four  pence  a  hide 
for  dressing  leather.  Journeymen  shoemakers 
were  paid  two  shillings  a  pair  ibr  men's  and 
women's  shoes,  and  last-makers  got  ten  shillings  a 
dozen  for  lasts  ;  heel-makers  two  bhillings  a  dozen 
for  wooden  heels.  Men's  shoee  sold  for  sis  shil- 
lings and  sixjience  and  women's  for  five  shillings 
per  pair.  Great  skill  and  taste  were  displayed  in 
the  various  makes  of  "  white  leather,"  soft  leather 
and  buckskin  for  domestic  wear, —  a  branch  of 
manufactures  taken  up  by  the  Swedes  in  imitation 
of  the  Indians. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Pennsylvania,  suspected 
by  the  Swedes,  began  to  be  revealed  very  early  to 
the  primitive  settlers  under  the  proprietary  gov- 
ernment. A  Dutch  colony  is  claimed  to  have  worked 
iron  in  the  Minnesink  long  before  Penn  came 
over,  but  there  is  nothing  but  tradition  in  regard 
to  these  pioneers.  Penn  wrote  to  Lord  Keeper 
North,  in  ItiSo,  that  copper  and  iron  had  been 
found  in  divers  places  in  the  province.  Gabriel 
Thomas  speaks  of  the  existence  of  iron  stone 
richer  and  less  dros.sy  than  that  of  England  :  the 
copper,  he  says,  "  far  exceeding  ours,  being  richer, 
finer,  and  of  a  more  glorious  color.  '  These 
"  finds"  were  in  Chester  County,  the  seat  of  the 
earliest  iron-Works  in  the  province.  Thou  as  also 
mentions  lin>est(ine,lodestone,  isiuirlass,  asbestos  and 
amianthus,  lilaeksmiths  earned  high  wages  ;  one  is 
mentioned  w!io,  with  his   negroes,  by  working  up 


old  iron  at  sixpence  per  pound,  earned  fiftv  -l.ji. 
lings  a  day.  All  the  contempnpp.ry  writers  -|.,  :;,^ 
of  the  heavy  charges  for  smith  work,  though  tin  r.- 
was  no  horse-shoeing  to  be  donr.  Sjlver-iniil  , 
got  half  a  crown  or  three  shillinL'-  per  <.mnr.-  l,,r 
working  up  silver,  "and  for  g^ld,  ii|iii\  ujcn,  ■ 
There  was  a  furnace  and  forges  at  Durham,  ii, 
Bucks,  before  the  eighteenth  century  set  in. 

Where  there  was  so  much  hand-work  done,  and 
so  many  things  to  be  accomplished  by  mere  mamia! 
labor,  there  was  naturally  not  much  call  nor  rirdm 
for  brain-work  The  habits  of  the  Swt-des,  tli.- 
system  and  culture  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  weo- 
not  particularly  favorable  to  intellectual  growth 
nor  to  education.  3Iany  more  scholars,  wits  ai:d 
learned  men  came  to  Pennsylvania  in  the  first  tu.. 
generations  than  went  out  of  it.  The  learmti 
Swedish  pastors  were  exotics,  and  their  succe;sur-, 
from  Carupanius  to  Collins,  had  to  be  importi.i 
from  the  mother  country.  They  did  not  grow  up 
in  the  Delaware  country.  Nor  did  Penu's  "  woodeti 
country"  (as  Stimuel  Keimer,  Franklin's  oiid 
companion  at  the  case,  calls  it)  produce  any 
parallels  or  equals  to  the  university  scholars,  who. 
like  Penn,  the  Lloyds,  Logan,  Growden,  Shippeu, 
Nicholas  and  John  More,  Pastorius,  Wynne. 
White,  Guest,  Mompesson  and  others,  devottd 
their  talents  and  learning  to  the  service  of  the 
infant  Commonwealth.  Penn  himself,  it  was 
alleged  in  Council,  on  the  trial  of  Bradford  for 
the  unlicensed  printing  of  the  charter -and  laws 
(a  work  which  he  was  instigated  to  by  Judge 
Growden),  had  taken  the  Virginia  Governor 
Berkeley's  rule  for  his  pattern,  tind  wished  to  di-- 
courage  publications  of  all  sorts.  The  learned  and 
elegant  professions,  indeed,  were  not  well  nurtured 
in  Pennsvlvania's  early  days.  In  Goodson's 
inventory  of  occupations  the  "  chirurgion  "  was 
put  down  between  the  barbers  and  the  staymakers. 
Gabriel  Thomas  shows  that  the  pmfessions  were 
contemned.  "  Of  Lawyers  and  Physicians,"  he 
observes,  "I  shall  say  nothing,  because  thi- 
Country  is  very  Peaceable  and  Healthy  ;  long  may 
it  so  continueand  neverhaveoccasionforthe  Tongue 
of  the  one  or  the  Ptn  of  the  other,  both  equally 
destructive  to  men's  Estates  and  Lives."  Whu' 
the  sole  source  of  divinity  was  "  the  Inner  Light, 
cultivated  persons  were  not  to  be  looked  for  in  the 
ministry;  education  was  rather  esteemed  ■' 
hindrance  than  a  help  to  the  free  and  perfeet 
expresson  of  inspiration.  It  was  a  "  snare  "  and 
a  "device,"  like  the  steeple  on  the  church's  tower, 
the  stained  glass  in  its  windows,  like  the  organ  i" 
the  choir,  and  tlie  gowns  and  also  the  salaries  and 
benefices  of  the  clergymen. 

There  is  really  as  little  to  say  about  the  doetor- 
and  lawvers  of  the  province  as  Thomas  allow-. 
The  Dutch  Annals  mention  surgeons  of  the 
name    of    Tvkman  -Stidham    and     Jan    Oostiug. 


MANNERS  AND  CU>;T0MS. 


171 


aii.itlier,  William  Van  Rasenocrj,  who  wa-  calUd 
iijiiirtereiitly  Inirl't-r  aii'l  MiririMin,  aiul  Inverts  aud 
Arciit  PiettTsen.  Tl;ree  nf  these  in  three  years 
riceived  goverunicnt  pay  to  the  amount  of  two 
iliousand  seven  hundred  and  ei;Thty-ei'Tht  tiorius 
IIS  physicians  and  "  comforters  of  the  sick."'  In 
the  journal  of  Sluytcr  and  Dankers,  Otto  Ernest 
Oick  is  called  a  pliysician,  or  rather  "a  late 
laedicus."  In  additio'n  to  Drs.  Thomas  Wynne, 
Oritfith  Owen  and  Nicholas  More,  John  Goodson 
w;ls  also  a  physician  under  Penn's  LTOvernmcnt, 
and  so  was  Edward  Jones,  founder  of  Merion,  and 
^on  indaw  of  Dr.  Wynne.  Dr.  John  Le  Pierre, 
who  w;is  reputed  to  be  an  alchemist,  came  over 
about  the  same  time  as  Penn.  Dr.  More  did  not 
practice  his  profession  in  the  colony,  but  Griffith 
Owen  \va?  a  regular  physician  from  the  date  of  his 
arrival.  There  were  several  other  "  chirurgious" 
among  the  "  first  purchasers,"  but  it  is  not  ascer- 
tained that  any  of  them  immigrated  to  the  p.'-ov- 
ince.  Doctors  could  not  be  well  dispensed  with, 
since,  in  addition  to  colds,  consumptions  and  con- 
stant malarial  disorders,  the  province  was  visited 
by  three  or  four  severe  epidemics,  including  a  fatal 
influenza  which  attacked  all  tiie  settlements  and 
colonies  on  the  Atlantic,  an  outbreak  of  pleurisy 
which  was  noticeably  destructive  at  Upland  and 
New  Castle,  and  a  plague  of  yellow  fever  in 
Philadelphia  in  1699.  The  smallpox  likewise 
was  a  regular  and  terrible  visitor  of  the  coast, 
though  its  most  fearful  ravages  were  among  the 
Indians. 

The  pioneer  lawyer  of  Delaware  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  1G7G,  at  the  session  of  the  court 
held  November  7th.  The  records  of  that  day 
show  that  "  uppon  the  petition  of  Thomas  Spry 
desireing  that  he  might  be  admitted  to  plead  some 
l)eople's  cases  in  court,  etc,  The  Worppll  Court 
have  granted  him  Leave  so  Long  as  the  I'etitioner 
Behaves  himself  well  and  carrys  liimself  answer- 
able thereto." 

In  addition  to  Thomas  Spry  and  others  Charles 
Pickering  appears  to  have  been  a  member  of  the 
bar,  as  well  as  a  planter  on  a  large  scale,  a  miner 
and  copjjer  and  iron-worker,  a  manufacturer  of 
adulterated  coins,  and  a  sort  of  warden  of  the 
territory  in  dis[)Ute  between  Penn  and  Lord  Balti- 
more. Patrick  Robinson,  the  recalcitrant  clerk  of 
Judge  More's  court,  was  an  attornev,  and  Samuel 
Hersent  was  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  province 
ill  16S5,  afterwards  securing  his  election  to  the 
sherilfalty  of  Philadeli>hia.  David  Lloyd  suc- 
ceeded him  as  attorney-genera',  and  distinguislied 
himself  in  the  controversies  with  Admiralty  Judire 
<iuarry.  John  ;Moore  was  the  royal  attorney  in 
^^larry's  court. 

These  gentlem.'n  of  the  bar  found  plenty  of 
w<jrk   to  do.     There  wure  many  disputed   titles  of 

'  Wentcitt'a  "  History  of  PliilaJelflua,"  Limp.  i.i. 


hiiid.  there  wa-<  a  girat  d.^al  of  coil-cting  to  do  in 
the  triangular  tr.'le  b..-tw-en  the  pr.ivime,  the 
West  Indies  and  the  mother  conmj-y,  and  there 
were  numbers  of  r,er-or..'.i  i,-.~':rs  and  Miits  iiir 
a.-sau!ts,  libels,  etc.  T5isidis,  whilf  I'eun  himself 
did  all  he  eoul.l  to  pr>-vent  litigations,  the  ehar- 
acier  of  his  laws  nrcos.-.rily  call-il  for  the  constant 
iniirfire'KO  of  the  courls  in  atUiii-s  not  properly 
their  coiiceTi.  There  weie  many  ;-,umptuary  laws, 
many  restri.-tive  ones,  ar.d  the  svliole  system  was 
unplejisajitly  inou'sitive  and  meddlesome  It 
kept  ;ip  the  san;e  sort  of  oliuoxious  interference 
wi'h  private  ousiue:-s  and  personal  habits  which 
made  the  Puritan  system  so  int(derable,  but  its 
penalties  had  none  of  the  Puritan's  atrocious 
severity  and  bloo;ithirst.  It  must  be  confessed 
that  the  unorthodox  person  of  gay  temperament 
who  sought  to  amuse  hirasdf  in  primitive  Phila- 
deiph-a  v^as  likely  to  have  a  hard  time  of  it.  The 
sail. ir  who  landed  there  on  li'oerty  after  a  tedious 
thrLe  iiMLtiis'  cruise  soon  found  that  he  was  not  at 
Waj.pitjy.  The  ('Quakers  had  learned  to  despise  riot 
and  liebauchery,  less  [>er!ia[)S  because  it  was  vicious 
and  uenioralizing  than  for  the  reason  that  it  was 
ofien>ive  to  ilicir  ingrained  love  of  quiet  and  order 
and  to  tivm-  passion  ior  thrift  and  economy.  Wild- 
ness,  sport,  all  the  livelier  amusements  were  abhor- 
rent to  them  because  they  signified  extravagance 
and  waste.  The  skirts  of  their  Christian  charity, 
admirable,  thoughtful  and  deep  as  that  was,  seemed 
never  broad  enough  to  embrace  or  condone  prodi- 
gality. Wiien  the  prodigal  sou  came  home  to 
them  tlic  fatted  calf  was  not  killed,  but  the  ques- 
tion was  wonderingly  and  seriously  asked  (saving 
the  oath)  "  MaU,  que  dtuble  allait-i/faire  dnius  cette 
ijalrref"  That  was  the  way  precisely  in  which 
they  treated  William  Penn,  Jr ,  when  he  was 
arrested  for  rioting  and  beating  the  watch  in  a 
tavern.  Instead  of  cj-cusing  him  for  his  youth  and 
for  his  worthy  father's  sake,  they  accii.^ed  him  on. 
that  account,  and  the  lather's  great  character 
actually  became  a  pan  of  the  body  of  the  indict- 
ment against  the  protligate  son.  No  wonder  that 
the  father  should  have  cried  in  the  bitterness  of 
his  heart:  "See  how  much  more  easily  the  bad 
Friend's  treatment  of  him  stumbled  him  from  the 
blessed  truths  than  those  he  acknowledged  to  be 
good  ones  could  jirevail  to  keeji  him  in  potsessieii 
of  it.' 

In  fact,  all  that  was  not  exactly  according  to 
(Quaker  ways  was  narrowly  looked  upon  as  vice 
and  to  be  suppressed  Christmas  mumming  was 
accused  as  fiagrant  licentiousness.  Horse-racing 
was  prevented  by  th*  grand  jury  It  offended  the 
sobriety  of  the  community  for  shifts  to  fire  salutes 
on  arrivioL'  and  d. 'parting.  The  laws  against  the 
small  virt.s  were  so  prouii.-euous  and  indiscriminate 
and  the  penalties  j-o  ill  balanced  that  when  the 
Pennsylvania  code  was  tlually  presented  to  Queen 


17: 


IIISTOIIY  OF   DKLAWAKK. 


rs  .Ir 


tlu'ir  pens 
Icnieaiiors  and  pi-iial- 
■  nstraiu  her  Majesty's 
nrts  and  diversions, 
-f  T'eMii-vlvania  .hall 
is,  and 


Anne  for  approval  lu 
through  half  the  li,~t  . 
ties,  for  the  reason  that 
subjects  from  innnci 
However,  if  the  A.-;li 
pass  an  act  for  jireventiut.'  of  ri 
for  restraining  such  as  are  contrary  U>  the  laws  nt' 
this  kingdom,  there  will  be  no  ohjertiun  thereto, so 
it  contains  nothing  else."'  The  character  of  tliese 
unnatural  restraints  is  fully  illustrated  in  certain 
"  extracts  from  the  reeonU  uf  (ieriuautown  Court " 
(1691  to  1707)  and  "  prcM  ntnienis,  petitions,  etc., 
between  1702  and  1774."  -  Fur  example,  I'eter 
Keurlis,  charged  with  "not  cominji:  when  the 
justices  sent  for  him,  with  refusing  to  lodge 
travelers,  with  selling  barley-malt  at  four  pence 
per  quart,  and  with  violating  Gerniantown  law  by 
selling  more  than  a  gill  of  rum  and  a  (juart  of 
beer  every  half-day  to  each  individual.  I'eter's 
answers  cover  the  whole  case  of  the  absurdity  of 
such  apron-string  government.  He  did  not  come 
because  he  had  much  work  to  do ;  he  did  not 
entertain  travelers,  because  he 
only  sold  drink  and  did  not 
keep  an  ordinary ;  he  knew 
nothing  about  the  four-pence 
^^^=^,;,:^^^-^=»  a  quart  law  of  the  province, 
1^]:^  and  as  for   the  Germantowu 

hy  ,\'\  statute,  the  people  he  sold  tn 

|,    jl    I  being  a^ile   to    bear  viore,   he 

T;'  !|    1  could  not,  or  would  not,  obev 

^'  i     ,;    ./  the    law.       The    court,    how- 

ever, took  his  license  aivay 
from  him  and  forbade  him  to 
sell  any  drink,  under  penalty 
of  £5.  Oaths  and  charges  of 
_  ^  _  _  lyi°S'  ^^lien  brought  to  the 
^^^^"  \.  court's  notice,  if  the  ofl'ender 

PILLORx.  ,  1     1         1      1   •         ■       1  1 

acknowledged  his  lault  and 
•begged  pardon,  were  "  forgiven  and  laid  by,"  the 
law  making  them  finable  otli-nses.  Ileinert  Peters 
fined  twenty  shillings  for  calling  the  sheriti'  a  liar 
and  a  rascal  in  open  street.  A  case  of  J?mith  (•-■. 
Falkner  was  continued  because  the  day  when  it 
was  called  "  was  the  day  wherein  Herod  slew  the 
Innocents."  George  Muller,  for  his  drunkenness, 
was  condemned  to  five  days'  imprisonment;  "itrm, 
to  pay  the  <  'unstable  two  shillinL's  for  serving  the 

warrant  in  tlu-  <■„.<,■  of  hi<  Jaijiug  a  ,n,,,r,-  te,  s„toI:e 
above  one  hundred  jiipes  in  one  daij."  Herman 
Dors,  being  drunk,  called  Trinke  o[)  den  Graeff  a 
naughty  name,  accused  Peters  of  being  too  kind  to 
Trinke,  called  his  own  sister  a  witch  and  another 
vile  name,  and  said  his  children  were  thieves ; 
brought  before  the  court,  "  and  there  did  particu- 
larly clear  all  and  Cv-ery  cue  of  the  said  injured 


*;>  — 


[)ers(ins,  who.  upon  his  ackuowlrdLMneuts  of  il,. 
wrongs  done  tlieiii  bv  him,  frPcly  I'nrgave  bin,; 
the  court  limd  him  five  .-liillinL',  Peter  Sli  „ 
maker,  Jr.,' ac(U>i-s  the  biases  uf  .lohn  van  .h  r 
Willd.rne.-s  nf  huni:  "nnlaufnl,"  because  lh,v 
".•o  over  the  f.n,-..  where  it  had  il^  full  beiizht/ 
The  jury,  however,  found  .'^hoeniaker's  fences  t. 
be  "  unlawful.  '  The  rourt  orders  that  "  none  «!,. 
hath  no  lot  nor  land  in  this  corporation  shall  t\e 
his  horse  or  mare  or  any  other  cattle  upon  th, 
fences  or  lands  thereof,  either  by  day  or  niidi;. 
under  the  penalty  of  five  shillings."  Abraham  e;. 
den  Graetf  is  before  court  for  slandering  I)avi.| 
Sberker,  saying  no  honest  tiian  would  be  in  hi- 
company.  Verdict  for  defendant.  ■' IS'ov.  '2.stli. 
]70o,  Daniel  Falkner,  coming  into  this  Court, 
behaved  himself  very  ill,  like  one  that  (ca.y  In.-' 
night  drunk,  and  not  iiet  having  recovered  hk  n-itt.<." 
Falkner  seemed  so  agressive  that  the  sheriff  and 
constable  were  ordered  to  "  bring  him  out,"  wliieh 
was  done,  he  crying,  "You  are  all  fools!  "  which, 
indeed,  was  not  the  remark  of  a  drunken  but  a 
sober  man.  No  court  could  continue  to  waste 
time  in  preposterous  trivial  proceedings  of  such 
sort  without  exhausting  the  patience  of  a  com- 
munity and  making  it  impos-ible  for  people  to 
avoid  mch  outbursts  as  those  of  Falkner. 

Among  tlie  grand  jury  presentments,  etc,  quoted 
in  these  papers,  we  find  one  against  George  Rob- 
inson, butcher,  "  for  being  a  person  of  evell 
fame  as  a  common  swearer  and  a  commcin  drinker, 
and  particularly  ufion  the  23d  day  of  this  inst.,  thr 
swearing  three  oaths  in  the  market-place,  and  also 
for  uttering  two  very  bad  curses  the  26th  dav  oi' 
this  inst."  Philip  Gilheck  utters  three  curses  also  ; 
presented  and  fined  for  terrifying  "  the  Queen's 
liege  jjeople. '  John  Smith,  living  in  Strawberry 
Alley,  presenteif"  for  being  maskt  or  disguised  in 
woman  s  aparell  ;  walking  openly  through  the 
streets  of  this  cittj'  from  house  to  house  on  oi' 
about  the  'iiOth  day  of  the  10th  month  [day  after 
Christmas],  it  being  again.d  the  Law  of  God,  the 
Lau-  of  thi'i province  and  the  Law  of  nature,  to  thi 
itaining  of  holy  profe-moii  and  Licoridging  'f 
wicked ne.is  in  this  place."  All  this  against  an 
innocent  Christmas  masquerade !  Children  and 
servants  robbing  orchards  is  presented  ;is  a  "  gnat 
abuse"  and  '■  licieucious  liberty,"  a  "'0001111011 
nuisance"  and  "  agreeviance."  Such  ridicidoii- 
esaggeration  destroys  the  respect  tiir  law  whicli 
alone  secures  obedience  to  it.  John  Joyce  Jr.. 
is  presented  "  fur  having  to  ivifes  ut  once,  which 
is  boath  against  y°  Law  of  God  and  Man."  Dor- 
otbv,  wife  of,  llichard  Cantcrill,  presented  fir 
maskinL'  in  mi'u's  clothes  the  <lay  after  Christma.-. 
"walking  and  daiieinir  in  the  house  of  John  SiiiK-- 
at  9  or  lu  o'eloek  at  night,"— u.it  even  charg.  d 
with  being  in  the  street!  Sarah  Stiner,  same 
otiense,    but    on    the    streets,     "dressed    in    man'- 


MANNERS  AND  rrSTO.AIS. 


173 


(  loiitlies,  contrary  to  v*  nntiin^  of  lier  soct.s  .  .  . 
(,,  v'  grate  Di^turliaiicu  ot'  wcll-iiiiiiiloil  [nTsoiiri, 
.iiiii  incorridgin;,'  of  vice  in  this  place."  Jolin 
-line!',  who  gave  the  masquerade  party,  is  pre- 
-1  iitcd  for  keepinnf  a  disorderly  lioiise,  "  a  nursery 
t.i  Debotcli  y'  iuhabitants  and  \outh  of  this  city 
.  .  .  to  y°  Greef  of  and  disturbance  of  peaceal)le 
minds  and  2^ropi'j<i(i)ig  ijr  Tlu-onr  of  ii'irl:r,lii,-s^ 
,1111'iiiijd  us."  Peter  Evans,  lm  iitli  mari.  |iir-(iitcd 
t..r  sending  a  challenge  to  Francis  riiillips  totiL'lu 
uith  swords.'  The  grand  jury  r(>]i(irt  that  their 
predecessors  having  frecpiently  before  presented 
the  necessity  of  a  diickiiig-jtoo!  and  house  of  cor- 
rection ^  "for  the  ju-st  punishment  of  scolding, 
Drunken  Women,  as  well  as  Divers  other  profli- 
gate and  Unruly  persons  in  this  place,  who  are  be- 
c'liue  a  I'ublick  Xuisance  and  disturbance  to  this 
Town  in  Generall,  Therefore  we,  the  Present 
Grand  Jury,  do  Earnestly  again  present  the  same 
til  this  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  for  the  City,  de- 
siring thoirimmediate  Care.  Th\it  tliose  pnbUe  Con- 
veniences may  not  be  any  longer  delay'd."  Cer- 
tainly it  is  a  novel  idea  to  class  ducking-stools  and 
houses  of  correction  among"  public  conveniences." 
There  are  three  successive  presentments  to  this 
etiect.  The  grand  jury  also  present  negroes  for 
noisy  assemblages  in  the  streets  on  Sunday,  and 
think  that  they  ought  to  he  forbidden  to  walk  the 
streets  in  company  after  dark  without  their  mas- 
ter's leave.  Mary,  wife  of  John  Austin,  the  cord- 
wainer  is  presented  because  she  was  and  vet  is  a 
common  scold,  "  a  Comon  and  public  disturber, 
And  Strife  and  Dtbate  amongst  her  Neighbours,  a 
Common  Sower  and  ]Mover,  To  the  great  Disturb- 
auce  of  the  Liege  Subjects,"  etc.  lusfiite  of  all 
these  presentments  and  indictments,  however,  and 
e.specially  those  against  drunkenness  and  tipplini:- 
houses,  we  find  in  a  presentment  drawn  by  Benja- 
min Franklin  in  1744  that  these  houses,  the  "  Nur- 
series of  Vice  and  Debauchery,"  are  on  the  in- 
crease. The  bill  says  there  were  upwards  of  one 
hundred  licensed  retail  liijuor-houses  in  the  city, 
«luch,  with  the  small  groceries,  "  make  by  our 
computation  near  a  tenth  part  of  the  city,  a  Pro- 
portion that  appears  to  us  much  too  great."  One 
[ilace,  where  these  houses  are  thickest,  has  "  ob- 


t  }•  Pewter  Platte 


■PtiKR  Kv.vxs- 


I  iiUh|.i  a].p,.;ir3  to  h.-iTe  bien  arre-tcl,  f,)r  the  ffraiiJ  jury  present 

'^.  n  ,iuay  my  Bervauls,"  etc. 
'  The  whipping-post,  pillory,  and  stocks  were  the    usual   instruui 


taiucd   among    tlie  fotiinKm   People  the    shocking 
name  of  l[rll-ti„n,r 

The  tirst  few  years  of  the  eighteenth  century 
did  not  bring  much  change  in  the  mode  of  life  or 
the  costume  of  the  Delawarcans.  but  thev  brou-ht 
much  improvement  m  their  dwdlin--'.  '  In  Wil- 
n.iuL't.ui  and  other  1uil;c  town- of  Dcluu;„v  many 
new  iiouses  were  built  of  brick,  and  some  two  or 
three  stories  hiudi.  Some  of  tiiese  houses  had  a 
balcony,  usually  a  front  pori;h,  a  feature  of  vast 
importance  in  house-building,  for  it  became  cus- 
tomary in  the  large  towns  for  the  ladies  of  the 
family  in  pleasant  weather  to  sit  on  the  porch, 
after  the  labor  of  the  day  was  over,  and  spend 
the  evening  in  social  converse.  In  those  early 
days  when  the  sun  went  down  the  voung  ladies 
were  dressed  and  ready  for  the  porch  parade : 
then  neighbors  came  for  a  chat  about  those  en- 
grossing subjects,  dress  and  housekeeping  ;  friends 
called,  and  beaux  strutted  by  in  powdered  wigs, 
swords,  square-cut  coats,  tights  and  leather  or  silk 
stockings,  running  the  gauntlet  of  all  those 
bright  eyes  in  order  to  litt  the  three-cornered  hat 
to  some  particular  fair 
one,  and  to  dream 
about  the  sweet  smile 
received  in  return.  If 
we  are  to  believe  the 
old  chronicles,  lovt- 
making  was  a  very 
tame  ati'air  in  tho-e 
days.  Young  ladie- 
received  company  with 
their  mammas,  and  the 
bashful  lover,  in  the  presence  of  the  old  folks,  had  to 
resort  to  tender  glance^  and  >.oftly-\\]ii,pered  vows 
Marriages  were  ordered  promul<rated  by  atfixing  the 
intentions  of  the  paUies  on  the  court-hou'-eand  meet- 
ing-house  doors,  and  when  the  act  was  solemnized, 
they  were  required  by  law  to  have  at  least  twelve 
subscribing  witnesses.  The  wedding  entertain- 
ments must  have  been  more  of  a  nuisance  than  a 
pleasure,  either  for  the  parents  or  the  young 
couple.  They  were  inspired  by  a  conception  of 
unbounded  hospitality,  very  common  at  that  time. 
Even  the  Quakers  accepted  them  with  good  grace 
until  the  evil  consequences  of  free  drinking 
on  those  occasions  compelled  them  to  coun-el  more 
moderation.  There  -was  feasting  during  the 
whole  day,  and  for  the  two  following  days  punch 
was  dealt  out  nd  lihltnin  to  all  comers.  The 
gentlemen  invitetl  to  j^artake  of  these  libations 
were  received  by  the  groom  on  the  tirst 
floor;  then  they  ascended  to  the  second  floor, 
where  they  found  the  bride  surroiimleil  bv  her 
bridesmaids,  and  every  one  of  the  said  v'entlemen, 
be  they  one  hundred,  ki--cd  t!ie  bride.  There  was 
a  quaint  custom  in  those  davs  of  turniiiir  off 
marriage  notices  with  j<ome  remark  complimentary 


i^J 


STOC  I 


174 


IIISTOR' 


to  the  hri.le,  as  tolL.vvs  :  '■  Mr.  Lwi  IIn!li.iL:-u,,rth 
to  Mi>s  Haiinai,  Paschall,  .iau.'littr  ,,f  Mr.  Ste- 
phen i'aschuU,  a  youug  huly  \\hi-e  ainiaijle  lis- 
position  auJ  eniiufUt  mental  acL'iijii[ili^Kint-ul.s  nJd 
digiiitv  t(.i  her  agreeable  person." 

When  the  Revoluridn  l.mk,'  oiu,  Mi.-s  Sally 
McKean  was  ..ne  "  anmng  the  e.-u-^tellatiun  Jf 
beauties  of  Delaware. "  She  \\;is  the  daugliter  ol' 
Thomas  McKean  ami  was  rrruarkaljle  I'er  her 
beauty.  She  married  D^'U  (.'arli.s  .Afartinez.  Mar- 
quis D'Yrujo ;  lur  son,  the  Duke  of  Soton.:iyer, 
who  was  born  in  I'liilaili.l[ilLia.  Iiei.-auie  jiriiae  min- 
ister of  Spain. 

At  Mrs.  Washington's  iirst  levee,  in  Philadel- 
phia, she  was  greatly  admired,  and  the  immeD.^e 
wealth  at   her  command,  after  she   was  mairled, 


TiiE  .M.iucm 


\  V 

^%'^\^ 

.  "    -  ^^'^^^"^-:,. 

'    1 
i 

.LLY    .M-KEAN). 


enabled  hiT  to  maintain  a  style  of  life,  without 
which  beauty  alime  stii(jd  only  a  slight  chance  of 
recognition.  Her  beauty,  rank,  and  wealth,  eon- 
spired  to  draw  around  her  a  circle  of  men  and 
women  of  the  very  fii-st  clas<  in  elegance  and  ac- 
compli.-hment.  After  ln-r  fathrr  reumvcl  t..  IMiila- 
delphia,  she  livid  with  an  .leu-aiit  h..-.,.itality,  and 
numbered  among  her  intimates  the  beik-s  of  the 
Republican  Court,  ilrs.  \\'illiam  Bin-ham  (Anne 
WilliuL'),  MarL'aret  Shi  open  i  Mrs.  ^.ien.  Arnold). 
]Mis.-es  Allen,  Mrs.  K:ji.,-rt  M-rris,  D..llv  I'avne 
(Mr.s.  Madisnni,  ^lar-ant,  S,,.l,ia  and"  HaVi-t 
Chew,  Martha  Jeti^r-.n,  .Mr-.  Dr.  .Tatn.-s  Kiidi, 
Mrs.  Gen.  llenrv  Kimx.  l;,l,.,vu  iManl:-,  .Mr.~. 
Esther  Krcl,  .mV-.  Sallv  IJarl,,.  and  a  h.-t  of 
others.  (Jnc  of  he-  doar.  ~t  fri.-nd>  xvas  .Miss 
Harriet    Chew,    who  afterwards  married    Charles 


Carn.U.    .h 


Wa.hin-to 


eat 


portrait, 
hat  thv'  ) 


tor 


nd. 


the 


Attorney 
ust  surviv 


his 


(jtene 
ni:  la  I. 


several  tira-:-  v-li..i  i-.r  -:it  ">  (i 

lamous 

to  sav  ! 

was  d"ue  to  h'-.-  int.; 

Mrs.  B,adii)rd,  t!ie 

of  the  United  State 

of  the  Eepublicaa  Court. 

In  ■vviutf^r,  company  was  received  in  the  sittinu' 
room,  wbVh  might  as  well  be  styled  the  living 
r^.on.,  tor  tii*^  many  purposes  it  served.  Thev 
diced  lu  it,  and  sometimes  slept  in  it.  The  furni- 
ture and  general  ar'-angemeut  of  the  room  was  of 
the  .simplest  kind;  settees  with  stitf,  high  backs, 
one  or  two  large  tables  of  pine  or  of  maple,  a 
higli.deep  chest  of  drawers  containing  the  wearing 
apparel  of  the  fomily  and  a  corner  cupboard  in 
whicli  the  plate  and  china  were  displayed,  consti- 
tuted a  very  satisfactory  set  of  parlor  furniture  in 
the  early  part  of  tlie  eighteenth  century, — sofas 
and  side-boards  were  not  then  in  use,  nor  were 
carpets.  The  floor  \n  as  sanded,  the  walls  white- 
washed, end  the  wide  mantel  of  the  open  fireplace 
was  of  wood  The  windows  admitted  light 
thorLUgh  small  j)anes  of  glass  set  in  leaden  frames. 
A  few  small  pictures  painted  on  glass  and  a  look- 
ing-glass with  a  small  carved  border  adorned 
the  walls. 

W^ealthier  people  had  damask-covered  couches 
instead  of  settees,  and  their  furniture  was  of  oak 
or  mahogany,  but  in  the  same  plain,  stiff  style. 
They  used  china  cups  and  saucers,  delft-ware 
from  England,  and  massive  silver  waiters,  bowls 
and  tankards.  Plated-ware  was  unknown,  and 
those  who  could  not  atli)rd  the  "  real  article  "were 
content  to  use  pewter  plates  and  dishes.  Not  a 
few  ace  from  wooden  trenchers.  Lamps  were 
scarcely  known.  Dipped  candles  in  brass  candle- 
sticks gave  sufficieiit  light  at  night.  Carpets,  in- 
troduced in  1750,  did  not  come  speedily  into 
general  use,  as  they  were  expensive  articles,  and 
not  very  common  in  English  households.  They 
were  made  to  cover  the  centre  of  the  floor,  the 
chairs  and  tables  not  resting  on,  but  around  them. 
Curta'us  of  a  richer  material,  mantel  glasses  and 
candelabra  made  their  appearance  in  the  parlor. 
Low  bedsteads,  of  solid,  carved  mahogany,  found 
their  way  to  the  chamber,  although  they  did  not 
supersede,  to  any  extent,  the  popular  beds  long 
in  use.  Paper  ''for  the  lining  of  rooms"  was 
advertised  by  Charles  Hargraves  in  1745.  Paper- 
hangings  and  j>oj,:r,-iii'ii-hr  work  was  manufac- 
tured in  Philadelphia  in  17611,  and  it  is  likely 
that  between  17oi)  and  17110  there  were  a  nunjber 
of  houses  in  Drlaware  where  wall-paper  had  taken 
the  ]ilaceof  the  primitive  whitewash. 

Among  the  higher  classes  hospitadty  and  good 
feeling  reigned.     Tiie  large  mahogany  or  pine  table 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOAL^ 


175 


r.lten  groaned  under  the  weiL'lit  of  the  viands 
<|.rcnd  out  in  \velconie  of  tome  I'riendiv  guests. 
Tlie  puncli-bowl  was  a  fixture,  even  in  the  (Quaker's 
hduse,  and  it  was  not  deemed  a  crime  to  enjoy  a 
-oi'ial  gUis3.  We  may  even  admit  th:it  our  old 
ritizens  were  hard  drinker:*,  \vhich  is  fur  from 
iiieaning  that  they  were  drunkards.  Thev  were 
sensible  enough  to  distinguish  use  from  alnise.  and 
temperance  societies  were  unknown.  Entertain- 
luenta  were  frequently  given,  at  which  conviviah'ty 
sometimes  exceeded  the  bounds. 

The  amusements  of  the  people  were  for  manv 
years  of  the  simplest  and  most  innocent  kind. 
Hiding,  swimming  and  skatini.'  afforded  pleasant 
t.ut-door  sport.  Before  the  Revolution  such  barba- 
rous amusements  as  cock-fighting,  bull-baiting, 
Iwxing-matches  and  bear-baiting  were  frequently 
indulged  in,  especially  cock-fighting,  in  which  men 
of  the  highest  respectaijility  found  pleasure.  Bil- 
liards was  a  game  much  in  vogue,  thougii  frequently 
denounced  as  gambling.  Bowls,  ten-pins,  quoit- 
throwing,  bullets  or  "  long  bowls,"  the  shuftle- 
board,  with  its  heavy  weights  to  be  shoved  or 
"  shufHed  "  with  a  strong  hand,  guided  by  a  cunning 
eye,  were  games  which  attracted  crowds  of  visitors 
to  the  inns  and  public  gardens.  Among  the  other 
entertainments  were  concerts,  fire-works,  dancing 
and  traveling  shows.  Dancing  was  freely  indulged 
in,  although  not  countenanced  by  the  Friends. 
Dancing-masters  visited  Wilmington  and  the  larger 
towns  occasionally,  giving  the  gay  people  an  oppor- 
tunity to  learn  the  latest  fashionable  dance.  ^luch 
attention  was  also  paid  to  music,  principallv  of  a 
sacred  character.  The  polished  society  of  those 
days  had  no  visiting  or  blank  cards.  Invitations 
tn  a  ball  or  party  were  printed  or  written  on  the 
backs  of  playing  cards.  The  most  elaborate  invi- 
tation was  that  gotten  up  for  Lord  Howe's  ^leschi- 
anza  /t^e,  at  Philadelphia,  May  is,  177.-<.  Thev 
Were  engraved,  the  design  In  iuL',  "  in  a  .-liidd, 
a  view  of  the  sea,  with  the  setting  sun,  and  on  a 
wreath  the  words  '  Luceo  dUcedenn'aucto  »pleirdore 
n^urgam.'  At  the  top  was  the  general's  crest, 
with  'vive,  vale!'  All  around  the  shield  ran 
a  vi<:nette,  and  various  militarv  tr<ijihies  filled  up 
the  ground." 

lu  the  early  part  of  the  century  some  very  odd 
I«  rtbrmances  could  be  seen  on  the  streets  in  Wil- 
niington  on  Christmas-eve  and  duriui;  Christnuis 
week.  Parties  of  "  mummers"  went  round  from 
house  to  house,  reciting  rhymes  explauatorv  of  their 
fantastical  disguises,  and  demanding  "  dole."  The 
cu>tom,  which  came  from  England,  prevailed  in  the 
•  ally  part  of  the  present  century,  as  is  remembered 
hy  the  old  inhabitants.  These  "  raunnneries," 
I'ouever,  did  not  find  favor  with  all  the  people. 
'  II  fact,  Christmas  itself  was  U(H  generally  observed. 
Ihe  (Quakers  did  net  incline  to  the  comniemoraticn 
'  '   holidays,  nor  did  the  more  ri-id  of  the  Pn  te=t. 


ant  .^ects,  especially  the  Presbyterians.  To  the 
£pisfopalian.s  the  Catholics  and  the  Germans  of 
the  Jvetbrmed  or  Lutheran  Churches  it  was  a  day 
for  family  reunions  and  social  gatherings  as  well 
.as  religious  fotival.  The  Germans  introduced  the 
Chri.-tmas-tree,  with  toys,  trinkets,  figures  of  anirels 
and  numerous  little  lii:lited  tapers, — a  pretty  custom 
with  which  many  American  families  have  since 
bcconie  familiar. 

For  some  years  after  the  Revolution,  in  fact  as 
late  as  the  War  of  1812,  the  old  English  festival  of 
May-day  was  kept  by  certain  classes  of  people. 
Although  spring  flowers  are  not  suggestive  of  fish, 
May-day  was  the  special  holiday  of  the  fish  huck- 
sters and  shad  fishermen.  They  met  in  the  inns 
and  taverns,  where  they  indulged  in  much  jollifica- 
tion and  dancing,  while  flaying  parties,  composed 


5;-.,^siFrT»^i 

\  t  '• 

\  ] 

1" 

-^     i 

MES.  cnARLi:s  c.i-iaiiii.L,  jr.  (ii.vuiLii.r  i  iij.w   , 

principally  of  young  men  and  young  women,  left 
tile  borough  in  the  early  morning  to  spend  the  day 
in  the  fields  and  woods.  May-jioles  were  erected 
in  front  of  the  taverns,  around  which  there  wiis 
much  dancing. 

Two  other  anniversaries,  dear  to  every  American 
heart,  were  celebrated  with  fitting  enthusiasm  in 
tlie  early  days  of  the  Rejiublic, — Wa.-hingtCin's 
Birthday  and  the  Fourth  of  .luly:  but  these  are 
gradually  and  (|uietly  sinkiim  iiitn  oblivion. 

In  olden  tiiiu-s,  .-Tich  a  thing  as  the  nuidern 
hotel,  like  the  Clavlnii  II, .u.-,.  in  \Vilmin-t,ai.  with 
its  fa.-hiunably  dnWrd  and  all-iiniM.rlaut  clerk,  its 
large  smokin-ivoni.  .•ar|...trd  pari.. is,  gilt  mould- 
ings and  other  luxurinus  appointiiieiits.  was  un- 
known.    Tiio  nicde^t  inn'accommodated"  man  and 


HISTORY  OF  DELAUATlf; 


beast,"  and  the  jully  laiulli'nl  welconiei!  the 
wearied  tnivekr — and  llti'ird  liini,  tcio.  when  the 
occasion  otteri'd  — and  an  active,  l)right-e"ed  har- 
maid  waited  im  Ihmi,  and  jn-dvided  those  sin:- ;;ie 
comforts — -a  pipe,  a  pair  of  sii[)pers.  a  tdans  of  hot 
punch  or  a  tankard  of  foaraiui;  ale  and  a  cosy 
corner  near  the  taproom  fire.  If  the  cloth  was 
coarse,  it  was  g<  uerally  white  and  clean,  at  least  in 
respectable  estalilishinents.  and  tlie  plain  fleai 
table  groaned  under  tlie  weij^ht  of  viands  which, 
if  they  presented  no  great  variety,  were  well 
cooked  and  wholesome  Our  fathers  were  great 
eaters  and  stout  drinkers,  and  tliere  was  no  need  of 
a  French  menu  and  wines  with  highsouLiding 
names  to  whet  their  apjietites  ;  roast  beef,  a  le^  of 
mutton  ham  and  caliliage,  a  fat  fowl,  were  the 
solid  dishes  laid  before  them  :  ale,  port  or  madeira 
wine,  and  aglass  of  Jamaica  rum  and  ho:  water  to 


CREAM    POT    PKI-.tMIl>    TO    IIINR'i     HILL    BY    BEK- 

JAMIX    rRVNKLIX. 

Mutto— "Keep  Bright  the  Cljain." 

top  off,  left  them  in  a  pretty  good  condition  to  find 
sleep  on  the  clean  bed, — sometimes  a  hard  one, — 
prepared  for  them  in  the  small  room,  whose  bare 
floors,  whitewashed  walls,  and  plain  cotton  curtains 
did  not  invite  dreams  of  palatial  s|>leudors. 

The  tavern,  though  it  accommodated  guests  with 
bed  and  board,  had  more  of  the  character  of  a 
drinking-hou.=e.  The  inn  was  rural  in  its  origin; 
the  tavern  originated  in  the  city,  and  was  fre- 
quented not  merely  by  topers  and  revelers,  but  by 
quiet  citizens,  bachelors  having  no  tire-'ide  of  their 
own,  and  men  nf  family  who  went  there  to  meet 
neighbors  and  di-ni--;  business  or  the  news,  while 
enjoying  a  niil't  glu"  ami  pipe.  The  ordinaiy 
was  an  eating-li(iu>e,  suniething  between  the  restau- 
rant and  the  boarding-house  of  our  dav.  The 
coti'ee-houses,  so  called,  which  dispensed  intoxica- 
ting drinks  as  well  as  the  fruLTant  decuclinii 
of  the  Arabian  ucan,  made  their  a[>pearariee  later; 


they    were    bur    taverns    in    an    aristocratic   ilj,. 
guise. 

The  naoies  aud  .^gures  of  certain  animals  \\.  r.. 
t(i  be+Lum;  Oil  mai  v  .i-ns.  They  seemed  to  hav, 
been  specially  a'iopted  by  inn-keepers  in  Aincn^  .. 
as  well  as  iu  England.  The  "white  horse"  ai. : 
the  ■'  black  lior.se."'  "  black  "  and  "  white  bears  " 
lions,  red,  white,  and  biue  ;  bulls  and  buil'. 
heads  werr"  very  con\mou.  But  there  were  other 
subiects  cf  a  more  Icc-.il  or  national  interest,  ami  u 
still  [jrealer  number  presenting  quaint  devices,  th.- 
•.vhiiiisical  -vreatious  of  the  sign-painter,  and  gener- 
ally Rccoiup.-iuied  by  some  suggestive  doggen  | 
rhymes.  Tiie  Jjigis-pii inter  of  olden  time  was  often 
an  artist  of  no  .'niali  merit. 

Scores  iu  Wilmington  were  quite  numerous,  iiiid 
the  goods  oiiered  for  sale  in  great  variety.  The 
ck-  .European  practice  of  over-hanging  signs,  bear- 
ing some  device  syndjolic  of  tlie  owner's  trade,  or 
often  some  fanciful  name  having  not  the  slightest 
connection  with  it,  always  prevailed  iu  the  colo- 
liies. 

The  shade-trees  that  embellished  the  principal 
streets  of  A\'ilmingt(in  in  tlnise  days  were  the  but- 
teinwoodand  the  willow.  The  Lombardy  pojilar 
was  introduced  i'rom  Europe  in  1786-87,  by  \\w. 
Hamilton.  While  the  grounds  of  some  of  the 
largest  mansions  in  Delaware  could  boast  of  rare 
flowers  and  shrubbery,  the  gardens  in  WilmingtHU 
— alniost  every  hou.-e  had  its  garden — were  bright 
only  with  the  simple,  old-time  favorites  so  ne- 
glecieil  in  these  days  of  horticultural  wonders, — 
the  lilac,  the  rose,  the  snow-ball,  the  lily,  the 
pink  and  tulip;  above  which  the  solemn  sunflower 
and  rank  hollyhock  lifted  their  tall  heads.  Morn- 
ing-glories and  gourd-vines  climbed  over  the  porch 
or  shaded  the  summer  arlior.  Every  house,  gen- 
erally, had  its  well.  Public  pumps  were  not  nu- 
merous for  some  years.  There  were  no  public 
clocks  to  be  consulted  on  the  streets,  but  sun-dials 
were  affl.xed  to  the  walls  of  many  houses  for 
general  convenience,  as  few  people  carried  watches 
then.  They  were  generally  of  silver,  of  very  large 
size,  and  were  worn  outside.  A  French  fashion, 
which  prevailed  only  among  a  few,  was  the  wear- 
ing of  two  watches,  one  on  each  side,  with  a  std  1 
or  silver  chain,  fnmi  whicli  dangled  a  bunch  ef 
watch-keys,  seals  and  bright-eohired  tropical  seoi.- 
set  like  precious  atones.  Jewelry,  of  which  the 
ladies  made  a  brillitmt  display,  was  but  little  wirii 
by  men. 

Very  few  Delawarcans  kept  a  carriage  in  the 
nldeii  lime,  ami  even  hired  vehicles  were  scarce  ; 
traveling  was*  clone  jirincipally  on  horseback. 
Watson  says  in  tlm^e  days  "  merchants  and  ]>!■.'- 
fe^-innal  genllenieu  \\<-re  ipiite  enntent  to  keep  a 
,me-h.,r.-^e  chair,  The-e  had  n.-ne  of  the  present 
trapping- iif  silver-plate,  nor  were  the  chair  Imili- - 
varnished;  phiin  "paint   aleme  adorned  them,  anl 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOM.^ 


177 


|,ni>^  i-in-s  -.md  hurkles  wen-  all  tli.-  uvnixnwnts 
r,„ni.l  oi!  the  JKim.-^s;  the  chair,  were  withmit 
.|irini;s  ur  leutliei-  baii<ls,  Biicli  as  C' ill  hi  iiow  (  1X4_'  i 
1„-  made  for  Hftv  dnllar.-."  The  earria-e  U..-.1 
l,v  (leii.  Wa-hln.'t.m  while  Pre-ideiit,  w  hieli  had 
i„'cii  irnporteit  for  <  n.v.'inor  Kic  liLinl  I'l  iiii  and 
u!,i,di  j.a.-e.l  through  Wilmin-toi,  sev.-ral  times, 
»a>  the  moat  si)leiidid  ever  seen  in  Delaware.  It 
uas  very  large  and  heavy,  and  was  drawn  liy  four 
horses.  It  was  of  ereain-color,  with  nuieli  more'  of 
L'ilded  carvings  in  the  frame  than  is  since  used. 
Its  strongest  attractions  were  the  relief  ornaments 
on  the  panels,  they  beiuL'  painted  with  medallion 
pietnres  of  playing  cuiiid.-,  (jr  luiked  ehihlren. 

()wing  to  the  want  '.>f  i^o;,.!  roails,  the  travel  in 
Delaware  in  the  early  day.-  was  ixeeedingly  d\&- 
eiilt.  lu  going  to  chureh  or  to  fairs,  the  custom 
vuis,  as  it  existed  in  luirope  at  that  time,  for  man 
and  woman  to  ride  the  same  horse,  the  woman 
,-itting  on  a  pillion  behind  the  man.  It  was  a  long 
time  before  chaises  or  any  kind  of  pleasure  vehicles 
came  into  u-e.  The  wagons,  made  to  carry  heavy 
loads  of  produce  and  merchandise,  were  great,  cum- 
bersome things  with  enormous  wheels,  which  went 
.•reaking  alou-  at  such  a  pace  as  precluded  all 
thougiits  of  an  eujovable  ride.  The  dress  of  the 
early  Djlaware.ius  w.is  UeeOisarily  simple,  made  of 
strong  and  coarse  material  that  could  resist  the 
hard  usage  to  which  it  was  put.  Men  could  not 
hew  trees,  build  houses  and  drive  the  plough  in 
velvet  coats  and  satin  breeches,  nor  could  their 
wives  and  daughters  bake  and  scrub  and  sweep 
«itli  their  hair  "  frizzled,  crisped  and  tortured  into 
wreaths  and  borders,  and  underproiiped  with  forks, 
wires,  etc.,"  and  flounced  and  furbelowed  gowns. 
<.'oarse  cloth  and  deer  skins  for  the  men,  linseys 
and  worsteds  for  the  women,  were  of  every-day 
ii>e;  the  "  iSunday-go-to-nieetiug "  clothes  were 
carefully  preserved  in  the  huge  chest  of  drawers  that 
<oi;tained  the  family  apparel.  There  was  little  dif- 
I'Tence  between  the  dress  of  the  Quakers  and  that 
of  the  remainder  of  the  p.  nple  The  foimer's  ach.p- 
tion  at  a  later  date  of  a  more  formal  costume  i.f 
>"her  Color  was  anettiut  to  ir-i-t  the  extravagances 
■>f  fashion,  which  had  p-iid  rated  into  the  far- 
distant  colony,  makiii-  it.  bjlrs  and  beaux  a  dis- 
torted counterfeit  of  the  berutlled  and  gilded  cour- 
tiers of  Queen  Anne's  or  George  I.'s  times. 

But  fashion  is  a  mighty  ruler,  agaiii-i  whii-h  it 
1-^  useless  to  rebel.  The  greatest  men — thinkers, 
i'octs,  phih.sophersaud  .-.oldiers— have  bowed  to  hrr 
d'-crees,  and  ma<le  them-elvcs  appear  ridictdoiis 
■'<  I'h-aM-  "  Monsnnr  T<,nt  Ir  Mnn.h  , "  as  the  Fn-Ilch- 
"lau  s.iid.  As  for  the  ladies,  whom  thev  wish  to 
!'h-a>e  is  a  my-tery,  for  have  they  ii.,t  tVen,  the 
"'clc-t  time  to  the  pre-ellt  (lav  often  accepted  the 
""-I  unbecoming  :avle  nf  .in-.-  ajid  ,■•,;, in, ;  s,  ,k- 
•I'ite  the  protest<of  tliiir  male  admirers  ?  They 
ii'iin  have  a  more  laudable  object  than  e.\eiting 
12 


vonci 
A  w, 


fickleness  of  taste 
de-ire     to     com- 

ni  nature  has  not 
»f  f  n-m  or  feature. 
•  lar_'.-  feet,  and  to 


d    th.-i 
the    p 


ladv  .,1  the  British  cnrt  had 
shoulders  disfiuMire.l  by  .-i  war 
unpleasant  blemf-h  by  mean- 
black  sticking-plaster;  sonn 
seen  on  every  woman's  shoiddt 
to   the   face,  and  were  seen,  c 


of  h. 


i-elves;  a 
l)eautifid 
>he  concealed  the 
if  a  small  ],atch  of 
lack  patehi-s  were 
:;  thence  they  crept 
in    mo.-t   fantastic 


shapes,  on  the  chin,  the  cheeks,  the  forehead  ;  the 
tip  of  the  nose  was  the  only  place  respecteil.  An 
iiifinttn  of  t^pain  had  the  misfortune  of  being  born 
with  one  hip  higher  than  tlie  other  ;  to  conceal  this 
defect,    a   garment    symmetrically   distended     by 


^ 


'   'J 


VrvE' 


O^^E 


1       1 


^    \ 


iv 


MESCHlAiiZ.A,   TICKET. 

wires  was  invented,  and  forthwith  all  the  ladies 
wore  hoops.  LouisXIV.,  of  France,  whose  neck  was 
not  the  straightest,  introduced  the  large  wisrs  with 
curls  descemling  half-way  down  the  back  and  cov- 
ering tiie  .-boulders;  then  men,  as  a  mtitter  of 
course,  adopted  the  cumbersome  head-ge;ir.  The 
women  were  loth  to  conceal  their  shoulders,  so, 
after  a  time,  they  found  a  means  of  making  quite 
as  extravagant  a  display  of  their  hair;  they  built 
it  up  in  an  immense  pyramid,  so  high,  at  one 
time,  that  a  woman's  face  seemed  to  be  j)laced  in 
the    middle   of  her   bodv.     A   ladv  of  diminutive 


ipper  .tructnre  was  dis- 
had   wodeii    1,,-els.  .-ix 


itiiie,  tmdinj  that  t! 

die-  hi-h.  adapted  to  her  .-hee,-;  all  the  u,.men 
irned  to  walk  on  their  tne-.  and  the  tall  ..nes 
.ked  like  -iante-.-es  An  ..Id  ma-azine  pub- 
he-  tlu-  doleful  tale  of  a  gentleman  who,  having 
xrii^A  a  weil-propoi  lione.l'lady,  di.-overed,  when 


178  HISTORY  OF  DKLAWAIIE. 

she   appeared    in  dr.<lnil.illr,   that    lie   was  \\ed(KHl  wri^^ts.      H.r   hair,  no  Imijer  propped  up  In-  nir. , 

toadwarf.      That   .,!d  rake,   the  Dniie   de  Kiche-  and    cii,-hi..i,,-.,  ,lrops    in    natural    euris    up,,u  !.. ; 

lieu,— tlie   tit    cunipanion    ot'   the    di-:-olute    L^ui.^  neck.     A  li-ht  nlk   h 1    nt'  the    then  ta^hinI,,, 

XV., — having  L'rown    irray,    was    the    first    to    use  cherry  ei.lor  |irote(ts  her  Ih-ad.      The  Uselul  par:;- 

powder   over    his    hoarv  loek^.  and   for  fifty  years  was   not   yet    known,  hut   she  carries  a   jiretly  i,,, 

starch.     Even    the    soldiers   had  t(,  he  iu  the  fash-     haton. 

ion,  and  some  curious  economist  once  made  the  Tlie  irentletnan  walks  hy  her  side,  but  is  \,t. 
calculation  that,  inasmuch  as  the  military  ft)rees  eluded  from  oHeriiii;  her  the  support  of  his  ar. 
of  England  and  the  colonies  were,  includinj,'  cav-  by  the  iimplitude  of  her  skirts,  and  of  his  own  :  • 
airy,  infantry,  militia  and  fencibles,  two  hundred  well,  for  his  square-cut  coat  of  lavender  silk  .- 
and  fifty  thousand,  and  each  man  used  a  pound  stifleued  out  at  the  skirts  with  wire  and  buckraiii 
of  flour  per  week,  the  i|uantity  c(jnsumed  iu  this  it  is  opened  so  as  to  show  the  loiig-tlapped  uai-; 
way  was  six  thousand  tive  hundred  tons  per  an-     coat  with  wide  poekois,  wliere-in  to  carry  the  snu:; 

box  and   the  /,..///.-.„,-;.,--•.     The  sleeves  are  sh..n 
r        -.—^       ^  \  '        :  ~^1         with   lai-ge  rounded    euti.-;   his  gold- fringed  gl..\.. 

[  _  ,,.  -1         are  hidden  in  his  g l-sizud  mulf.     A  point  1,,. 

I-  -:--._i-.  !         cravat  protects  his  neck,  and  (jver  his  tie-wig  h- 

wears  a  dainty  li- 

\     tie     cocked     ha;. 

i     trimmed  with  ;roi. I 

\     lace.    His  feet  at' 

\^  \     encased  in  squan-- 

^  '\     toed     shoes     with 

K^      ,.»,  '     small  silver  buck- 


■1 


fy3m 


ti 


VIEW    OF   THE    FAMOUS    "OLD    LONDOX    COFFEE-HOCsE,       PIIII.ADE1>PHIA,    ^OL-TitW■FST    CORNER    OF 
FRONT    AND    ilARKET    STREETS. 

num — capable  of  snstainiu'.'  fifty  thousand  persons  les.       His  partridge-silk  stockings  reach  above  tl  t 

on  bread,  and  ]iroviilini:  three-    million,  fifty-nine  knee,  w-here  they  meet  his  light-blue  silk  breech' - 
thousand  three  lumdrid  and   tifty-three  nuartern         At  a  respectful  distance  behind  comes  the  gen;!' 

loaves  1  man's  valet  and   the   lady's   maid.      He  wears  ■■ 

A  pen  picture  of  a  fashionable  couple  walkin- in  l)laek  hat,   a  brow-n-colored  coat,  a  striped  w-ai-t 

the  streets  of  Wiliniu::ton  louLT  hef'oie  the  Pievolu-  coat    with    bra>s    buttons,    leather   breeches,   an^ 

tion  would  be  as  follows;  worsted  sto.-kin---, -tout   shoes  with  brass  buckl' - 

The  lady  trips    li_.hily  on   her  dainty  little  feet,  The  abi^ail's  ,lie-   i-  of  huckaback,  made  shorf, 

cased  in  satin  slippers       Her  flounced  -ilk  petticoat  the  -kiifs  not  -o  di.-tend.d  a-  those  of  her  mistn-- 

is  so  distended   hy  the  rerrntly  introduced   hoop-  v^t    are    puilcd'out    iu    huinhle    imitation    of   :!  • 

that  it  is  a  mystery  how  she  can   pa-s  through  an  f'a-hion.      .V  bright  apron  an.l  .-ilk  ueckercliief  ai. 

ordinarv-sized   doorwav;    her    tiLihtlv-laeed    stoui-  a  iK^at  cap -ive  a  tf)uch  of  smartness   to   the   pia'-! 

acher  is  richly  ornamented   with   uold   braid,   tho  co-tume. 

sleeves  are  short,  but  e.ljwl  xsith    uide   point  la,-c.  Here  comes  a  worth v  tradesman  and  his  bux^P 

which  tails   in   v'l-acefid   fohls    near    to    the  sl-nder  wife.      Hi-  coat,   ol'  .-tout,   -rav   cloth,  is   trimu^ 


MANNERS  ANT»  CUSTOMS. 


179 


„ith  bh.ck.  Ilis  -ray  Nvai,^t-,M,;U  half  .-oiKvals  his 
.,  rvicoahlfbrfi'chus  ;  ucn.-d-il  .-tuckiii--  aii<i  1.  ti.htT 
-li.Hs  protect  his  le-s  and  tott.  'iiic  ;_'o,,.i  .laiae 
liv  his  side  has  put  on  her  cliiiit/.  (1r>,~,  and  lhun;:ii 
ihi'  material  is  nut  a,-  C(i?;lv  as  that  «..rn  liv  the 
,;,„.  ladv  bfiore  her.  it  is  UKule  np  in  the  fa-hi-i,- 
nhle  style,  and  the  indi.pt'n.-al.le  h..,,|.s  add  to  the 
natural  rotundity  ot'tlie  wearer.  A  |'LM-iiliarily  in 
ln-r  costume  is  the  ciieek  apron  that  ^prrad-  d.>un 
iVoin   her  stomacher,  concealing  the   hrigiit   petti- 

The  sini[)licitv  nt'  ajijianl  was  the  rule,  the 
custly  style  previously  descriliod  the  exeepti')n. 
Very  ordinary  material  was  siill  used  umoULT 
Dclawiireans,  and  articles  of  clothing  were  cou- 
-idcred  so  valuable  as  to  be,  in  many  instances, 
special  objects  of  bequest.  Henry  Furnis.  who  died 
in  1701,  bequeathed  to  one  of  his  daut;liters  his 
hather  coat,  leather  waist-coat,  his  black  hat  and 
cap.  To  another  daughter  he  left  his  blue  waist- 
coat, leather  breeches  and  muslin  neck-cloth;  and 
to  another  daughter  a  new  drug'jiet  coat. 

The  wigs  held  their  own  until  after  the  return 
of  Braddock's  army.  The  hair  was  then  allowed 
to  grow,  and  was  either  [ilaited  or  clubl)ed  behind, 
or  it  was  grown  in  a  black  silk  bag,  adorned  with 
a  large  black  rose.  From  this  it  dwindled  down 
to  the  queer  little  "  pigtail,"  which,  not  many 
years  past,  could  be  seen  bobbing  up  and  down 
on  the  high  coat-collar  of  some  old  gentleman  of 
the  last  generation. 

Stiff',  high-backed  chairs  and  settees,  a  stiff' style 
of  dress,  -  for  the  hooiied  petticoat  and  wired  coat- 
skirt  carry  with  them  no  idea  of  graceful  ease, — 
nuist  have  given  the  manners  a  tendency  tostitiuess. 
The  stately  minuet  was,  very  appropriately,  the 
fashionable  dance  of  the  day,  at  least  among  what 
was  called  "the  politer  classes;"  the  ''common 
I'cople,"  that  is  the  great  social  body  not  comprised 
in  that  upper-teudom,  did  not  follow  the  fiLshion  so 
closely,  and  enjoyed  merrier  dances,  the  favorite 
among  which  was  the  "  hipsosaw."  In  17-42.tliere 
were  no  material  changes  in  the  ladies'  dresses,  the 
hoop  still  maintaining  its  hold,  as  alsr)  the  furliLdows; 
the  robe  was  made  low  in  fr<ait,  tlie  ujiper  part  of 
the  stomacher  and  tlu-  short  skevus  edged  with 
p'lint  lace.  Apnjiis  were  in  fa>hion,  ami  were  worn 
Sometimes  long  and  at  other  tirnes  short,  exjiosing 
the  richly-embroidered  petticoat.  Capuchin  hoods 
\wre  in  style.  But  the  greatest  change  was  in  the 
dressing  of  the  hair.  The  simple  and  elegant 
c  lillure  of  natural  curls  already  described  was  in 
V"gue  only  a  few  years.  The  old  style  of  building 
lip  the  hair  in  a  high  pyramid  suddenly  reai)peared 
^^ith  ^tiil  more  exaggerated  proportions.  The  hair 
was  carried  up  over  wire  frameworks,  stiifened  with 
l"'niade,  sprinkled  with  powder  and  formed  a 
li'  \wldering  edilice  adorned  with  curls  tlower<  and 
feathers.      Sometimes  a   sort   of   a   little   hat   was 


])erci'.ed  on  the  aiicx  i-i  this  won'lrous  structure. 
[Ii'-.v   our  grau'ln.o'l^jis   ever   had  the  piitieiice  U, 

the  haii-dre.-ser,  .-Old  i.ow  ,h,  v  cuiila  'move,  walk 
and  dance  with  Mich  i  hv.l  on  their  eraniuni.  is 
the  \vouder  of  their  giariudaugiitei-.      .leuels,  rich 

It  v-:iS  -iie  f^shii.n  I'^r  a  Ii-'y  U>  carry  a  costly  g(dd 
suiui-box-  witiu. '..■ikniu'  '.i.u-s  inside  the  lid;  as  she 
opened  t!ie  box  a,  take  -r  otier  a  piucii,  she  could 
cast  ?.  surreptiiious  glance  at  her  fair  visage  and 
see  ;i'  !-ei  r-iUge  was  niit  ciimiutr  off.  and  if  her 
"b.;auiy  spots,'  ;.;.,  patclica,  were  slili  in  the  right 

When  we  read  of  tiie  pulii-hed  society  of  those 
day-,  of  their  elegant  dresses,  their  jewels  and  laces 


twotl 


vo  cau- 
ihink- 


.nicn 


have,  thing-:  the 
|io;,rest  woman 
of  our  day  could 
not  do  without. 
Tooth  brushes, 
until  q;iite  re- 
cent! v,  ueie  un- 
known, and  the 
fairest  lady  rub- 
bed her  teeth  -■?- 
■with  a  rag  which,  ^ 
horreico  rcferens. 


/~"-;^-a 


V     • 

Iwirescorcferens,     ^      I      \    \\  ^        1 

she    dipped     in     '^T-       f    \    \    ~^     '^  ^ 

snufFl  Mr.  Wat-    f":       /     J    I    C'    v  > 

sou.  the  annalist,     :  ;:     i'    '"  f  »■    V 

speaking  of  Dr.    "-     !/     '  ^^  ^' 

Le    Mayeur,    a  /  ^^  _    //     ) 

dentist,  who  pro-  ^        ^       ~  ^\       ^ 

posed  in  1784  to  '""^^^^ — 

transport   teeth,     ^  belle  of  the  re\olltion 
says:  "  This  was  .f,,     ^  j^       ,  ij  m  j  r  \nari 

quite  a   novelty 

in  Philadeiiihia ;  the  ]>reseiit  care  of  the  teeth  was  ill 
understood  then.  He  had,  however,  great  success 
in  Philadelphia,  and  went  off  with  a  great  deal  of 
our  patricians'  money.  Several  very  respectable 
ladies  had  them  imj)lanted.  I  remember  some 
curious  anecdotes  of  some  cases.  One  of  the  ^les- 
chianza  belles  had  such  teeth.  They  were,  in  some 
cases,  two  months  betijre  they  could  eat  with  them." 
In  17i;:t,  '  Mr.  Hamilton,  surireon,  dentist  and 
operator  for  the  te'«th,  from  London,"  advertises 
that  he  '-.lisplae'e^all  superlluous  teeth  and  stumps 
with  tlie  great' .-t  ea.-e  aiivl  .-afety,  anil    makes  and 

"h'de  set,  in  so  nice  a  manner  tluit  they  cannot  be 
distiimuished  from  iiatnral:   therefore,  those  ladies 


180 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWAIIK. 


and  gcntleine 

having  )((((((/■' 
and  secrecy,  : 
use,  oruamcni 
giving  the  li:i 
There  \veri 
menial  labor 
man,  Enfilisli 


iiii-tiirtuiie 

ipiiortiinitv 


m 


tliout 


t',n-[<. 

captain  tl 

LT,  \vh 

(  came  to 

so  111  for  a 

174-\ 

seems    to 

people  nia 

lirrd  servants  in  those  days; 
III-  liy  black  sbives,  and  Ger- 
ii>h  rcdeniptionors,  .Slavery 
was  not  refiUL'iiaiit  to  i.nr  forefatluTs'  notions  of 
justice;  it  was  adiiiittcd  even  by  the  (Quakers. ^ 

But  the  slaves  of  Delaware  and  I'enusylvania 
were  happy:  har>h  treatnunt  was  not  counte- 
nanced by  public  opinion.  St  rvaiits  wi  re  reijarded 
as  forming  an  iuteL'ral  part  of  the  family,  and 
proper  attention  paid  to  their 
Peter  Kalni.  the  Swedish  ti 
Pennsylvania  and  I>elaware 
have     thorou-hlv    iiivt -ti-ated     the     oue.-tiou     of 


Juft  In.porlea  in   Iho    (h^•>  GflANDV,    JOSEPH  BLE»%''ER. 

Seventy   Go  Id- Coqfi  SLAVES 

ofvariousa^cs,  anJ  tK-lK  feTes, 
Toterolclonb.vjrJr„>irira.pjtMf.  flam,-L£d's  wliarf.'by 

Jf^JLLlXG  a.n<i  MORRIS, 

Andapart'of  t;it:r,  oreir.lenderlfobs  fentmarftvcUvctoDook 
Crv:ek,  '.her*  to  be  fold, by  Mr.  Thomas  "Mudcdi  forcaihon 
country  prosi-jce,  Pfnn?  Jour.Au^  i5  i765. 

ADVEr.TISKMEXT. 

servants.  lie  says  that  there  were  two  classes  of 
white  servants;  the  first  were  ipiite  I'ree  to  serve 
by  the  year.     They  could  even  leave  their  masters 

1  The  ship  •■GiJenn"  arrive.l  at  Xew  Anist.>riliini,  fr.im  .Africa,  with 


y  their  own  clothes.  '[, 
jf  SLich  persons  as  r;,]; 
V.  En-land  and  u\\.. 
of  M-ttliugin  the  01. 1m, 
o|.pri.M.,n,  other.^    f,. 


liate   1 
forge 1 1 


waj  in  will,  li 
Council  uud  t 


slave   trade    w 


beins  devised  to  Lis  w  i 


sylvania    currency.      Tln>    wa-"in    l'1-.ilad.  I,, 

the  wages   were  not   ^o  u I    in    the  country 

maidservant  received  ei_r'it  or  ten  [)uunds  a  \ 
The.-e  sirvaiils  l,:,d  to  In 
second  rh,~~  rnn-i-trd 
annually  fiMin  (  icrmai 
countries  for  the  purpi-.-- 
Some  were  llyiiiL:  fnuii 
religious  pei>rriition.  but  iih>t  uf  theiu  weri-  ;  .. 
jinor  to  p;iv  the  six  or  eiuiit  pounds  sterli!i_:  r 
.juired  for  "their  pa:-sage.  They  a-reed  witii  i! 
lat  they  would  sutler  themselves  t..  i- 
tew  years  i;in  their  arrival.  Very  .  !  1 
ide  arrangements  to  sell  their  childri :,. 
order  to  secure  their  own  passage.  Sn:m- 
could  pay  pai't  of  the  passage-money,  and  wer.- 
sold  only  for  a  short  time.  Some  of  the  German-, 
although  having  the  means  to  pay  their  way, 
pret'erred  to  sutler  themselves  to  be  sold,  with  a 
view  that  during  their  servitude  they  might  i;aiii 
some  knowledge  of  the  language  of  the  country 
and  have  time  to  decide  what  pursuits  would  be 
most  advantageous.  The  average  price  of  iIiom- 
Servants  was  fourteen  pounds  for  four  years'  servi- 
tude. The  master  was  bound  to  feed  and  clntln' 
his  servant,  and  to  present  him  with  a  new  suit 
of  clothes  at  the  end  of  his  term  of  servitude.  '1  In- 
English  and  Lish  commonly  sold  themselves  fi>r 
four  years,  but  the  Germans  frequently  agricl 
with  the  captain  to  pay  him  a  certain  sum  nt 
money  for  a  certain  number  of  persons,  and  on 
their  arrival  in  America,  they  tried  to  get  a  man 
to  pay  their  passage  ibr  them,  giving  him  in  re- 
turn one  or  several  of  their  children  to  serve  for 
a  certain  number  of  years.  If  the  demand  wa~ 
brisk,  they  were  thus  able  to  make  their  bargain 
with  the  highest  bidder. 

The  purchase  of  black  servants  involved  too 
great  an  outlay  of  capital  to  be  as  general  as  that 
of  white  servants,  and  they  were  not  held  in  large 
numbers  by  any  one  master. 

The  practice  of  importiiiLr  ''  indented  servants" 
continued  in  force  down  to  the  Revolution,  and 
altliough  we  find  in  the  newspapers  of  the  time, 
(^17tJS-G9)  communications  attacking  and  defending 
the  enslaving  of  negroes,  there  seems  to  have 
been  no  objection  to  reihicing  white  men  to  teiu])or- 
ary  slavery.  Such  advertisenicnts  as  the  folluwinL' 
were  not  uncommon:  '".lust  imported  in  the 
BriL'antine      *.  from    Ibi-tol.    a  parcel    ot 

healthv,  likelv  men  and  women,  indentured  .-  r- 
vants' anion:;'  whieb  are  r.laek.-niiths,  Ciittlei-. 
IInu>e-carpi  nter.s,  Tainti  i-  and  Glaziers,  Baker.-, 
Turners,  IIu.-b;iiidmen  and  lalmiirers."  Thi>  wa- 
no    longer  the  scuni   ot'    th.e  streets    and    jail;  of 


MAXNER.-:  AND  rU.-'TOM: 


I^udiiii  shippc'il  to  America  hy  tlic  aullicri- 
;,-.  :i!*  a  safe  meaIl^^  ol'  ridilaiice  and  fur  •' the 
Utior  poopliiig  'if  his  niaie.-t_v's  coluiiic.-." 
lliTu  we  have  lioncst  a^ti^^ans  .-elliiig  theni- 
-  ivfS  voluutai-ilv  iuto  servitude  in  urder  t'^ 
_,  I  t(j  the  new  hiuJ  of  inuiiii-e.  Theic  i'oor 
;.  lli>«s  Cduld  be  transferred  hy  one  tna.-ter  to 
:iM"tlier,  and  sold  like  cuninion  uoods  or  eliattels, 
initil  the  term  of  thjir  indentures  had  expired. 
Kilt  there  were  cases  when  the  master,  not, 
tiie  servant,  deserved  sympathy.  The  thi^^es 
:iiid  rascals  of  every  grade,  who  came  «>ver  luuh'i 
.■i.iii|)nlsion,  or  animated  hy  the  liope  that  they 
\uaM  tind  iu  the  enl,ini<s  a  new  ti.'M  fer  tlieiV 
iirtarious  practices,  gave  no  end  of  tn.ul.h-  to  the 
unfortunate  citizen  wiio  liad  inve^ted  his  mouev 
111  them  ;  they  were  continually  runniiiLf  awav, 
and  tliey  generally  carried  off  all  tliey 
e..uld  lay  their  hands  on. 

Duels,  so  frequent  in  England  at  that 
lime,  were  of  very  rare  occurrence  in 
Ivhiware,  yet  a  few  did  take  place.  It 
y  not  surprising,  therefore,  tha.t  some 
attention  should  have  been  given  to  the 
art  of  fencing.  All  gentlemen  w  ho  desired 
to  be  known  as  fashionable  and  polite 
members  of  society  learned  the  use  of  the 
suord.  Fencing-masters,  therefore,  trav- 
eled from  town  to  town  and  fonnd  occu- 
pation as  well  as  dancing-masters,  al- 
though they  were  not  at  tirst  received 
with  favor.  They  were  tolerated  at  an 
earlv  dav,and  at  a  later  dav  met  with  no 


The 
more  r.-.odc?'.' 
Englishm.in  i- 
tied  b..!!iiid,  w 


n,  .it  this  time,  however,  was 

ppcil.        A.,    recently-arrived 

■reiiltd    as  wearing    his   hair 

■s-.d   in   a  brown  broadcloth 

coat,  lapelh  d   j-icl-.t,  and  breeches    of  the  same 

nioterial,  a  castor  hut,  brown  stockings  and  shoes, 

witli  pinchbeck  buckles,  while  a  teacher,  who  had 

I'luev     got    hinrs°lf  iu   some  trouble  with  the  sheritT,  is 

iway,     describei!  as  clad  in  a  bhte  coat,  with  a  red  collar 

TH'f  XJay  TSun  away  fT-orn  Joln-^l''Comi,  Junier,  an 
Indian  V'.omtn,  ahout  1  7  Yea.-sof  Age,  Pitted  in 
the  Tare,  olaiTi-.ddle  5lalura ana  Indifferent  fait  having 
an  herfl  Dr^gat.  Waflcoat .  ana  Ktrf^v  retticoat.  of  a 
Light  Colloor.  If  anv  Perfon  cr  Ft?rfon3,fkiU  bn'n^ 
thaftidCirle  to  hei-lV'dMaflcr,  Ihall  be  Rewai-dedfor 
their    T.'"ouhis  to  their  Content 

American  weekly  mercury  May  24  1723 

A    Servant  Maids  Time  for  Four  Years  to  be  fold  by 

A    Ver3']fkdy  Nrgro   Woman  to  be  loM,  jwed  about 
^\^.c*^-  ^  v'"'.  '^■*  l"'- C^""*ry  or  Cfty  Bofinofs.^  Shz^n 
L-ard,  5pm,  hmt  analVulk.-,  andanv  ot-hsrCounh-v-.Wnrk 


Card,'tpm,  hmt  and  Milk. •,  andanv  ot-hsrCountiy-Wbrk. 
Whoever  ha.s  a  Mir.d  for  the  faid^JeSro    mav 
ibiarewBradfc-d  m  Philadelphia. 
A   Tr^"J^  ^^^^  'Ionian  Wbs  fold  by  Samuel  Kirk  tn 


'ay   repair  to 


Iha  Second ijtreetj  Philadelphia, 


Ditto  Oct, 


TO  be  Sold,  ava-y  likely  Xegi-o  Wornan  fit  for  all 
Manner  of    Houfe  Work,  as  Wafhing,    Starcl.ing, 
Ironing,    i:z^  Enquire  oi  Andrew  Bradford, 


Ditto.  Dec.2^.  1723 


apveilti-i:me> 


Aiiiait  17bO  gentlemen's  costumes  suf- 
fered a  few  alterations,  and  these  for  tlie 
1  letter.  The  coat— no  longer  of  velvet, 
filk  or  satin,  except  for  full-dress,  but 
of  strong  cloth — was  square-cut,  with 
>'Miiu  simple  trimming  and  black  lining; 
I  lie  long-tlapped  waistcoat  descending 
Very  low,  and  the  stockings  drawn  very  liigliov*r  the  and  wristbands,  sugar-loaf-shaped  metal  buttons, 
knee;  large  hanging  cutis  to  the  coatsleeves,  ami  lace  a  blue  surtout  coat,  Nivernais  hat  and  rutHed 
nitlies.  The  skirts  of  the  coat  much  less  distended  shirt;  he  also  wore  hi<  hair  tied  behind, 
"i'.li  wire  ;  stockings  of  blue  or  .scarlet  silk;  scjuare-  Broadcloths  were  to  be  had  in  :-ueli  variety  of 
I'hmI,  short-([uartereu  shoes,  with  high  red  heels  colors  as  to  please  tiie  most  fa.-tidioiis  taste. — 
I'lid  small  buckles.  All  wore  wigs,  but  of  smaller  scarlet,  crimson,  blue,  green,  drab,  black,  white, 
'i/e  tliaii  before.  The  small  three-cornered  hat  butf,  brown,  light-colored  and  rose-colored. 
«as  laced  with  gold  or  silver  galloon,  and   'oine-         Fops  clung  for  some  time  to  perukes,  powdered 


tuiii's  trimmed  with   feathers.     In  17G0  a  peruke 

ii:aker  adverti>ed   that  "' gentlemen  may  be  com-  men  of  the  old  sc 

I'letely    furnished  with    bag-wigs    of    the     neatest  up,  an 

'■i-liioii,    er  (jf    whatsoever    fashion  they    ehoi -<• :  made 

al-.,  -,  lateh   wigs  and  scratch  bob  wigs,  cut   wi^s  nave  u 

-••  ntiemeii  mav   cho  ,-e." 

In  1772  thufoHouin-   di-niption  of  a  "  dude" 
»;'M'"lilished  in  I'iiiiadelphia: 


heads  and   three-cornered    hats.     Elderly   gentle- 

ol  were  also   loth  to  give  tlieiu 

s  late  as  1800  even  wore  the  large  wigs 

.-ray  or  white   h.u-se-hair.       When  tliey 

of  the  .lueile,  or  pi_'tail,  formed  bv  tui-lin-  and 
tving  the  natural  hair  behind,  behnv'the  back  of  the 
neck.  Ihit  the  middU' ehi.-  f.lloued  th-  French 
reiuiblican  fa>iiion,  and  cut  their  hair  a  la  Tih,.<, 
—a  shock  head  irom  tire  lorehead   to  the  back  of 


182 


HiSTori  OF  DELAvrAi:!: 


he  neuk.  At  ;i  Inter  p.rio,!  Miiotlier  French  style 
■was  introihK-i-il  —  llw  Jiair  ciPinhi.J  liuwii  tlic  t'ure- 
head  to  within  ;i  .-hdrt  cli.-t:ince  t'roru  tl;e  tvo- 
brows  and  cut  striiii.'ht  acr"-.-,  ua.<  allnwiM.!  to  trrn'.v 
loug:  on  the  si<l'-;  and  hark  nf  thi>  hiail,  mw  rini,' 
the  ears,  en  on  ilh  ^■  '/-  cA/. k,  a-  may  \k-  jueii  iu  the 
portraits  of  thrnral  J;niia|iai-tf. 

The  heard  (hiriu-  all  tlii:^  time  was  hauisbed 
from  gi.od  society.  The  cheeks,  upper  and  lower 
lips,  and  throat  were  carefully  and  laboriously 
deprived  of  their  natural  growth  of  beard  oncp. 
twice  or  thrice  a  week,  and,  among  the  hrghly 
fashionable,  every  day.  No  gentleman  could  pre- 
sent himself  with  decency  at  church  or  at  the 
Assembly,  or  visit  frien<ls  or  acipiaintance^,  uulesj 
he  was  scrupulously  shaved  and  was  able  to 
present  a  clean  and  respectable  appearance. 

The  hats  had  narrow  brims,  and  the  erow.i 
tapered  off  toward  the  top,  not  unlike  the  Tyrolose 
hat,  but  less  elegant.  They  were  made  of  beaver 
or  of  the  skiu-<  of  the  muskrat,  the  otter  and  the 
raccoon,  these  furs  lieiug  used  for  body  and  ail 
in  the  finer  hats,  or  the  fur  was  felted  upon  wool ; 
coarser  hats  were  made  entirely  of  wool.  The 
various  furs  were  also  used  iu  the  makin^r  of  caps, 
or  these  were  made  of  cluth  ;  there  were  various 
shapes  of  caps. 

As  loug  as  stockings  continued  to  be  an  outside 
portion  of  the  dress  of  gentlemen  they  were  ol)jects 
of  care,  and  sometimes  of  pride.  Upon  occasions 
of  ceremony,  where  elegance  of  costume  was 
looked  for,  the  stockings  were  of  silk — whiteamoug 
young  men  who  coveted  distinction  on  account  of 
the  observance  of  the  proprieties,  and  black  among 
elderly  gentlemen  who  commanded  respect  on  ac- 
count of  age  or  social  position.  For  those  in  moder- 
ate circumstances,  and  those  who  could  make  no 
claim  beyond  that  of  being  useful  members  of  the 
community,  the  stockings  were  of  yarn,  gray,  blue  or 
brown,  accordirig  to  the  fancy  of  the  good  wife 
who  knitted  them.  Striped  yarn  stockings,  a  la 
mode  de  Paris,  were  also  worn  with  'the  short 
pantaloons  not  i-eaching  to  the  ankles. 

Low  shoes,  with  metal  buckles,  remained  in 
fashion  until  1800,  when  they  were  succeeded  by 
high  boots,  which  were  worn  with  the  short 
breeches.  A  curious  fact  is  that,  until  that  time, 
there  was  no  distinction  made  by  slioenuikers 
between  the  right  and  left  teet.  The  fbllowiug 
advertisement  shows  the  fashions  in  1800: 

"  Plover  and  snipe  toes,  cock  and  hen  toes,  goose 
and  gander  toes,  duck  and  drake  toes,  gosling  toes, 
hog  and  bear  snouts,  o.k  and  cow  mouths,  shovel 
and  stick  nii>o.-,  and  others  too  numerous  to  men- 


tion."      "Suwarriiw,- 

double-tongues,    tlrel 

Swiss,  hunting,  walki 

In  those  days  ther 


co.-sacks,    nussars.    carnos, 
ickets,   nnnaparis,   trrcaves, 
g.  full  dre.-s,  Y,>rk.'- 
;  was  no  such  thing  as  out 
or   "  shoe    polish."      I.,iijuid 


hhicking  v.as  trr.-t    nrir;iira''t'jr(d    in  Ni'W  Y.irk 
l8(Jo.     ■•  Black Irul       wa.,  manunciured  aliuui  , 
same  time.     It  v.as.-;mM!)<ed  of  lamplilack.iuuu   : 
suet,  or  bayb'-rry  IrJiow,  and  not   unfreipienth  ■,; 
the  greasy  mixta:':    which  the  tanners  call  "di.:,. 
bing."     This  mixtiKc  rulibed  nil'  u|inn  the  cluh 
ing,   and   \Yhen    the    riic-dern    sb.oe  lilackiug   can., 
inio   use,  the    beneiit  of  it  was   universally  reeij- 
ni/ed. 

In  17' 1  the  wi:s  in  tiie  gazettes  made  fun  .  :" 
these  Ptii'mi'iate  indiv^iluals  who  used  umbrella:^  i  . 
protect  tlicir  heads  against  the  tierce  rays  of  a  Julv 
sun.  The  umbrcUa,  even  as  a  shelter  from  rain, 
was  a  uew  article.  They  were  heavv,  clum-v 
things,  made  of  oiled  liueu  stretched  over  ratt;,!i 
sticks,  in  imitation  of  the  "  quittasol"  (the  pivu'  ■ 
cessor  of  the  parasol),  which  came  from  India,  aii'l 
were  made  of  oiled  silk  iu  every  variety  of  color.<. 
The  ladies  used  them  to  keep  off  the  rain.  The 
men  wire  satisfied  with  the  protection  of  a  heavv 
cloi^k  or  a  sort  of  cape  (a  French  invention)  called 
a  roquclaure.  Ministers  and  doctors,  people  who 
had  t---  be  out  iq  all  sorts  of  wearier  to  call  on  the 
sick,  had  roquelaurei  of  oiled  liueu.  The  useful- 
ness of  the  umbrella  during  a  shower  was  acknow  1- 
edged,  but  its  appearance  in  fair,  sunshiny  weather 
elicited  the  jeers  of  the  populace  and  the  mockerv 
of  men  who  should  have  been  wiser.  The  doctors, 
however,  recommended  carrying  an  umbrella  in 
summer  as  a  safe  protection  against  many  diseases 
caused  by  exposure  to  the  sun.  The  doctors  and 
ministers  finally  carried  the  objectionable  umbrella 
through  the  streets  at  mid-day,  which  finally  silencid 
the  opposition. 

The  lady's  hat  for  out-d<>or  wear  was  a  very  Hat. 
round  hat,  worn  so  as  to  stand  up  perpendicularly 
on  the  right  side  of  the  head,  or  rather  of  the 
immense  editice  of  hair  reared  high  over  the  head, 
the  back  and  crown  of  which  was  protected  by  a 
sort  of  loose  hood.  A  cloak  of  some  bright  color 
was  worn  in  winter.  Scarlet  cloaks,  when  first 
imported,  were  great  favorites  with  the  leaders  oi' 
fashion,  but  public  taste  condemned  them,  and  thu 
mode  did  not  last. '  We  took  our  fashions  from 
England,  and  the  ladies  of  Delaware,  as  elsewhere 
iu  the  colonies,  were  careful  to  follow  the  directious 
in  the  "London  Pockut-Iiook,"  a  manual  of  the 
period.  This  W(.u-k  said,  "  Every  lady  who  wishes 
to  dies.'^  her  hair  with  taste  and  elegance  should 
first  purchase  an  elastic  cushion  e.vactly  fitted  t" 
the  head.  Theu  having  combed  out  her  hair 
thoroughly,  and  proprrlij  thicL-tncd  it  with  jiowdtr 
and  pdinaiiiin,  let  her  turn  it  over  her  cushion  in 
the  reigning  nmdel.  Let  her  next  divide  the  side.- 
into  divi.-ii.iis  tor  curl.-,  and  adjust  their  numbt-r 
and  si/.e  from  thi.- s^inie  uicjdL-ls.  It' the  hair  be  u^t 
of  a  sufficient  length  and  tl^ekne^.-.  it  will  beneo.-- 
sarv  to  prnrure  an  addition  to  it,  which  is  alwa\- 
to  be  had  readv-nurde  and  matcIiL-d  to  everv  color.  ' 


! 

j,,       ,    >._..:^, 

1       ■ 

I        ;    I   '^•^"v') 

if 

-'  "  '       '■■■''   ^    / 

1 

:i^:: '■■/■"■' ''  :^"^- 

1 

■i\i      ^        .*- 

1 

r/'.^^ 

t              I 

■■jf::'4. ..-/'■' 

■'■■'■■     -:'•'         i 

-P 

'.--?   M 

...Mi,ii.,.„......;.,.„..:,.u„..i..,:Mu„;;iu.i.,„ 

.,  i  1 

••:       .jS?T.. 

;',:ji 

\lj.  . 

' 

■:    :'           ,.    •      '•         ■    <-ry        •■  ', 

■■  ■  ''-'^  '1 

>  "  ■ 

f 

M        .     , 

V  ' 

!- 

:       •,,^^,...I.^-^.^,    ^-'C    ■      : 

>                    -    ,     . 

■ '  '!' 

-'^^—^ 

,:';,:,     '''^   i?^    '"^^ 
-   ^J        --  ■ 

'^    r| 

i 

.,,,i.hll!,.  .„;^                ^ 

's^-. 

^  'ill 

""N.    i 

> 

■■'1 

: .  ''ii 

riy_^,yt, 

1 

EARLY  COSTUMES  AND  HEAD-DRESSES  17S9-1S76. 


'■^'J:^^' 


J   ^ 


4^^ 


m 


EARLY    HEAD-DRESSES   1776-1S25. 


MAN.VKUS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


Duriiicr  t!ie  noxt  ten  vears  tluTi'  was  as  in 
,lllKTeiit'stvlps..tM!ai.iiv_'  the  liair.  Curls.,  ri. 
luiii;,  feutliers,  tloweivs  ami  ril)lH,n^  ]n,v,\rv 
[iiiiiiatura,  each  had  their  turn,  ur  wi're  innilii 
into  so  many  eDnrinitics  that  they  aroiiseil 
poet's  sarcasm. — 


In  1800  the  walking  dresses  for  hidies  were  in 
the  style  called  a  la  grecqiie,  a  closely  fitting 
garment  of  very  plain  make,  with  the  waist  as 
high  up  as  it  could  be  made;  the  bosoms,  cut 
square,  were  gathered  iu  surplice  style,  and  the 
neck  and  shoulders  were  protected  by  a  muslin  or 
gauze  handkerchief,  crossed  in  front  and  tiirniinc; 
a  point  beyond.  The  bonnet  fitted  as  close  to  the 
head  as  a  cap,  and  the  hair  was  twisted  (jr  turned 
up  high  on  the  back  of  the  head,  while,  in  front, 
it  was  combed  straight  over  the  forehead,  alme.-t 
to  the  eyebrows.  The  evening  dress,  wliile 
preserving  the  style,  was  more  elaborate ;  instead 
of  the  handkerchief  a  muttle  was  worn  round  the 
neck  of  the  garment,  descending  iu  front  and  leav- 
ing the  neck  and  shoulders  bare.  The  hair  was 
frizzled  in  front,  and  an  ostrich  plume  fell  with  a 
graceful  curve  over  the  top-knot.  Whether  for 
walking  or  evening,  the  sleeves  were  short  and 
gathered  up  with  a  baud  above  the  elbow,  leaving 
the  arms  bare. 

A  very  popular  head  dress  for  street  wear  in 
summer  time  was  made  of  muslin  or  some  other 
light  material.  It  surmounted  the  head  like  a 
cap,  and  was  kept  in  place  by  a  rii)bon  of  some 
gay  color  all  round  the  crown.  The  light  muslin, 
often  bordered  with  lace,  descended  in  graceful 
folds  on  either  side  of  the  face  and  on  the  back, 
protecting  the  neck  from  exposure  to  thf  sun. 
It  was  a  becoming  coifilire,  and  was  further 
improved,  after  a  short  time,  by  being  divided  in 
the  back  and  made  to  hang  down  hotii  shoulders 
to  the  waist,  the  ends  beiug  fiui.-hid  otf  with  a 
knot  or  tassel;  The  sleeves  kept  geitiuL'' shorter, 
and  the  exposure  of  bare  arms  iu  the  .-treets  was 
disapproved  by  staid  peoi)le  and  ridiculed  by  the 
wits. 

A  pretty  fa>iii.'n.  introiliiccd  from  France  aliout 
this  time,  was  that  of  carrying  a  rich  lace  hand- 
kerchief in  the  hand.  It  canie  from  the  Empress 
Josephine;  that  amiable  woman  had  very  bad 
teeth,  and  as  she  was  very  gay  anil  easily  ])rovoked 
to  laughter,  when  she  lauLrhed  slie  rai.-ed  her 
handkerchief  to  her  mouth  to  conceal  this  defect. 
Josephine  was  passionately  fond  of  fine  laces,  and 
her  handkerclnefs  were  nuule  of  this  (■l•^tlv  tahric. 


The  ladi,~  of  the  , 
han.lkerrluefs.  and 
part  ..fa  ta,~iiionah!. 


irt    t.M.k    t.>  tlouri-hiuL'    hi 


O.Tiod, 


untr.  tlieir 
I'finnterleit 


in.',  an.l.lrink- 


tt.-n.li 


ik  died   the  body  was 
in  .-tate"  forthe  pub- 


Verv  little  has  lum  .- 
children.  I)Mviii.'  a  ion 
seen,  they  wnn'  wi'js.  ami 
costume  ma.le  them  the 
presentments  '  ..f  their  p: 

A  great  abuse  ami   e'v 
at  an  early  day,  wa~  the  t'. 
ing  amoni:  the  p. 
When   a  person 
kept  for  several  ( 

lie  and  tlieir  neighbors  to  com"  and  lo.jk  at  it,  ami 
also  to  give  lime  for  the  relatives  who  lived  at  a 
great  distance  t.i  make  the  journey  and  be  present 
at  the  funeral.  These  visitors  had  to  be  entertaineil, 
and  in  course  of  time  what  had  been  a  matter  of 
necessity  became  a  general  custom,  and  there  was 
an  entertainment  at  every  funeral,  be  the  deceased 
ever  so  .ibscurc.  The  order  of  march  at  funerals 
was  as  follows  :  The  parson  walked  before  the  bear- 
ers, and  if  the  deceased  was  a  woman,  the  la.lies 
walked  iu  procession  next  to  the  mourners,  antl  the 
geutlemcu  f.dlowed  after  them.  But  this  order 
was  reversed  if  the  decea.sed  was  a  man  ;  the  gentle- 
men preceded  the  ladies.  The  practice  of  Friends  was 
to  take  the  body  from  the  residence  to  the  grave, 
where  it  was  interred  amid  profound  silence.  After 
the  burial  the  company  adjourned  to  the  meeting- 
house, where  there  was  speaking  and  praying.  A 
custom  prevailed  in  1T7-J  at  the  funeral  of  young 
girls,  that  the  coffin  should  be  carried  to  the  grave 
by  some  of  the  next  intimate  companions  of  the 
dead  girl.  The  cu-toin  of  issuing  special  invitations 
to  per.sons  to  attend  funerals  prevailed,  and  such 
importance  was  attached  to  this  mark  of  respect  to 
be  paid  the  dead,  that  funerals  were  delayed,  if  the 
jiarties  invited  did  uot  arrive  at  the  time  appointed. 
The  cards  of  invitation  to  funerals  had  deep  mourn- 
ing borders  and  other  emblems  of  death.  They 
were  imported  fiom  England.  In  1748  "burial 
biscuit"  is  advertised  for  sale  by  a  baker  in  Phila- 
delphia, a  ])roof  that  the  feasting  at  funerals  even 
inspired  the  genius  of  speculation.  To  have  '■burial 
biscuits"  to  dip  iu  their  wine  probably  intensified 
the  grief  of  th.;  dear  departed's  friends  In  1721* 
the  Quakers  resolved  against  "  the  vanity  ami  su- 
]X'rstition  of  creating  monuments  and  ent.imbing 
the  dead  with  singular  notes  or  nuirks  ofdistiuction, 
whi.'h  is  hut  worl.lly  p.mip  and  grandeur,  f.r  no 
cnomium  uor  pompous  interment  can  add  worth 
to  the  deceased."  It  onlered  the  erection  of  tomb- 
stones over  the  gra\;es  of  Friends  to  be  stojii'e.l,  an.l 
the  tombstones  already  so  placed  to  he  r.-niovcl. 
T'his  order,  however,  was  not  L''en.rallv  oheved 


IIISTUltY  OF  riHLAUAIU': 


CHAPTKri  XIV. 

Di:  LAW  AUK  DUKINi;  THE   KI■:^ 

Fi:..M  thr  rlo-0  of  t!i..  xviir  1m  tu, 
uiii  ;inil  FiHiUT   to  tin-   Ant.'- U.  vol 


m  the   Delana 

,U  of  tlu.    propl 


ed  New 

::\-t\'\  hou- 

from    J 

Vuiii   to 

fth.'iii.i 

tnlo  ,„,'.-,- 

-tl.r, pi. 

(1  to  t'lf  ■Mid 

m-itcin 

toAiiiorioa. 

approximated  llu 
of  whom    ,t    mav 
that  thev   had   no   hi-torv.     The   poa.vful 
of  thoir'lives  th.u-od  on  mil.r..k,ai  hv  ovriii 
their   contemporaries    tiioie_dit    worthy    ot' 
and  not  even  the  ioiirnals  of  tho   hu!>hiti 
vious  to  the  year  17<;2  were  pn-orved.     Tl 
ahnotft  entirely  an  aLnicultural  eommuiut; 
what   little  tradim:  tliev   reipiired   at    Now   ( 
and   Philadelphia/ and  "their  politie 
u[)   in   the  strife  between  the  "  Court  "  jiarty  am 
the  "Covintry"  party.     The  h'adins:  niemli(  rs  o: 
the  former  were  the  Governor,  the  oHicer-  of  l^ov 
ernment  and  the   seeker?    afior  otHee  ;  the  lattei 
wa?:  composed  of  those  wdiodoircd  an  indepeii.leni 
judiciary  and  impartial  laws.      It  was  lo  a  eertaii: 
extent  a  case  of  the  people  versus  the  (.tlieial  aris 
tocracy,  lint  the  excitement  that  the  contest  atf^rd 
ed  was  of  a  teiiid  nature,     ^[eantirnc    the   papula 
tion  of  the  three  counties   was    steadily    '.'rowiiiij 
toward   37,")00   inhabitants,   which    it   attained   ir 
177t),    and   a  moderate    prosperity     was    tipialU 
diilhsed  throughout  the  endiryo  state. 

From  this  condition  of  security  ami  peai;e  tin 
Delawareans  were  ludi  Iv  ai-oii-.d  in  ITU-")  by  tin: 
first  of  the  great  agL:i'e.~-ioii>  ut  the  Di  iti-h  govern 
ment— the  imposition  of  the  >taiiip  tax.  To  nn 
der^tand  their  attitti.le  it  i-  ii.Tr-ary  to  -lanet 
at  their  domestic  relation.-.  \Vith  the  exeeptioi 
of  the  Swedish  and  Dutch  element  planted  by  tin 
early  settlers,  they  were  purely  En'.di^h  orof  JavT 
lish  descent.  In  Kent  and  Sussex  tliey  prided  them 
Selves  upon  the  absence  of  foreign  bhiod,  and  ibt 
admixture  of  it  in  New  Castle  wa<  but  .<liLdit.  Tue.-d 
Here  were  strong  reasons  for  a  tenacious  alii  etiMn  T 

toward  the  mother  country,  whose  hostile  action     ware  was  string  a 
had,  moreover,  less  ett'ect  in  the  Delaware  counties     to  the  call  o!  Ma- 
than  in  any  of  the  contii^iious  comnuiiutii's.     They     of  the  (. 
were  a  peeuliarlv  i-^olat.'d   pe.iijlc,   the  great  mas, 
of  them  livin-.li.-taiit   troru   th.'   route-^  of  trav.d 
and  havin-  .-o   little  to  do  with   the  eomm.ave  o 

ture,  the  several  taxation  mea-mcs  (,f  Croat  Jirit 
ain  touched  them  only  remotely.  Javin-  am 
clothing  themselves  from  otf  their  farms,  even  tin 
stamp  tax  reached  them  .mly  in  their  infn(|n.ii 
legal  transaction,-,  and  as  th.'ir  tea  wa>  iiiado  main 
Iv  fr.mi  the  root  of  the  -a-satias,  it  was   ,.f  i,,,  |.Pr 


throats  of  othereolonists. 

Allt 

heir  cin-um-tan^.. 

ten.ledto  th.'  >ide  of  ,sm,-. 

rvati 

m.and   th,-,-  la,  •- 

nuist  be  kept  in  mind   in 

IIIV    t 

,ir  study   „f  I),l,. 

V. 

ware  in  the  Revolution. 

The    stamp    net    was 

la-.-ed 

Mareh  -J-J.  17.;.-, 

t    i'.rit- 

and  thrlir-tantbontimot 

ii-e  r. 

■oivrd   of  it.   pa-. 

MM-li    in 
'-    that 

a-e.'ame  from  r,o,-i,,n  ab. 

ut  Mi 

vlUb.      It  b,.rau,.. 

happy 

ed   evervthin-  el.e.      Tlie 
in  tho  other  onloni.-,  In-; 

Hi':' 

rest  that  it  du  ai-f 
e  of  Drlawaiv,  a- 
mv   to   diow   tl„ir 

airr.-nt 

wa-  eonr,' mod.      O.'i  .Mav 

nulli 
litlb. 

y  -o  t-ir  asrevemi,' 
it   was  annouiicd 

whirl, 

that  d.hn  llnube-,  amon 

b,a-ot 

the  IVnnsvlvania 

recni-d. 

A^-emblv,  and  .a  parti-aii 

of  ]; 

■niamin  Franklin. 

'■'■    I"-'- 

was  appointi/d  dislriimtor 

of  ,-I; 

mp.s.     The  people 

burnt    John   Hughe-'  etli_ 

V,   an 

.1    in   Philadelphia 

,'d.an- 

tlie  citizens  surroundod    li 

-    hol. 

se  and  threatened 

(  ^V-tle 

violene...       He    wrote     to 

(  iovi 

rn..r    John    Penn. 

bound 

under  date  of  Septombrr 

7.  an 

1  to  John  Diekin- 

rn  to  tl 
to  thru 


the  foreign  article  d..wn   the     his  Majesty  and 


DELAWAi;!':   lUIUNr;   THK   KKVOU'TIoN  1»5 

,,f  C.iiiiMioiis   :i'.';iin.-t    the   act.s  of  I'ar-lianu  at  iiii.l     (.flii^  L'ovrnuiiint,    aii.l   tlic  ,-:ii;  ty,  ra-e   uu.l  prus- 
.l.,.n'in    (lutifiillv,    vet   ino.-t   tirnilv,    tc    a-.-,  rt    tliu      iMiily  ..f  his  i.coplu    hi.   i  hirt; -t    car.';   nl'  a  Kinc; 


itiim,  and 


urivilfU'C  of  trial  hv  their  priT-  an. I  ni-.-t  limahlv  aiv  .li-M|.al,'.l.  Our  rn„,|.laiiil~  have  l.irn  licard 
;,,  in.|.ioro  relief.  ^[eKean  an.!  li.Hln.  v  .li-ti.ii-  aial  oar  -rievaii.v,-  r.  .ir,--,  ,1  ;  tra,ie  anJ  e-n,nien-e 
ul.!ie.l  themselves  in  this  Con;_^r,  -s  l.v  lla-  l...l,l,u-  a-ain  tlouri^h.  ,  .  .  Wr  ,n..-t  luiinhly  l.r^r,  ,h  your 
„itli  whieh  they  a.lvnrate.l  the  Anurleaa  ean,-e  .„aj.  sty  L'rari,m-ly  lu  ac.'ept  the  strongest  assiirailees 
:,a.l  tdok  a  prdiiVitietit  part  in  frainin-  the  i.ariiMr-  that  haviii.u'  the  jii>te-t  -ni-e  ,,f  the  many  tavours 
sals  anil  the  declaration  of  ri-lit-.  «  »n  ih.  ir  rrtiini  wehave  reeeived  iVoinyoui- royal  li.iievolenee. hiring 
[„  Delaware  they  received  th.-  tinaiiiiiious  thanks  the  eourse  of  your  Maj.  -ty',-  ivigii,  and  how  luiieh 
of  the  Assemblv  for  their  laithinl  and  indi.ious  our  pie>ent  happiiu.-^  isouin-  to  your  paternal 
disehargeof  the"  trust  repo-ed  in  ih.  lu.  Thus  the  love  and  eare  fnv  your  people,  «e  will  at  all  times 
people  of  Delaware  had  pla.o.l  thrui.-ojv,  s  on  re-  most  cheerfully  eontrihutr  to  your  .Maj.-ty's  service 
,ord  regarding  the  fniidaiueutal  ]uiiiriph.-  tliat  the  to  the  utmost  of  our  ahilitir-  wlun  your  royal  re- 
eoloides  were  not  to  he  ta\.d  without  their  eon-  <iui.-itions,  as  heretofore, -hall  he  uia.le  known  :  that 
sent,  and  that  the  colonists  eoidd  not  Ijc  taken  to  your  Majesty  will  alua\-  lind  -uoh  i.  turns  of  duty 
Knglaiid  for  trial  for  any  otti'U-es.  and  gratitude  from  us  as  the  hi-t  of  Kings  may  ex- 
in  October,  ITlio,  the  nierehants  and  traders  of  pect  from  the  most  loyal  subjects,  and  that  we  will 
Delaware  subscrilied  to  a  non-importation  agree-  demonstrate  to  all  the  world  that  the  support  of 
inent,  sucli  as  were  then  l)eing  signed  all  over  the  your  ^lajesty's  govennnent  and  the  honour  and 
country.  In  this  agreement  the  suliMailier-  lioiind  interests  of  tiie  r.iiti-h  nation  are  our  chief  care 
tlieinselves,  that  in  conseiinence  of  the  late  acts  of  and  coiu'cru,  (h-iiinu  nothing  more  than  the  cou- 
Carliament  and  the  injurious  regulation,-  a.-ooni-  tiiunmee  of  our  wi-e  and  excellent  constitution  in 
panying  them,  and  of  the  Stamp  Aet.itc.in  ju>liee  the  same  liap|>y.  firm  and  envied  situation  in  which 
to  themselves  and  iu  ho]HS  of  boiietit  from  their  it  was  dellveied  dow  n  to  us  from  our  ancestors  and 
example,  (1)  To  countermaud  all  order-  for  vour  :\[aic-tv's  preder,  .-.-o,s." 
Kn-lish  goods  until  the  Stamp  Art  ^!,ould  he  re-  "  Thi.- address  was  delivered  l.y  Mr.  DeBerdt  to 
pealed;  (2j  a  few  neces-ary  articles,  „v  shipped  L,,rd  Shelburn,  Uriti-li  .-eeivtary  of  State.  "  I  told 
under  peculiar  circumstances,  are  exce[ited  ;  (}])  his  luil^liii),  "  .-aid  Mr.  De  llerdt,  "  that  to  me  it 
no  iroods  received  for  sale  on  commi.ssion  to  be  dis-  appeared  w  I'oti'  with  the  nio-t  natural  honest  siin- 
po-ed  of  until  the  Stamp  Act  should  be  repealed—  plhity  of  anv  I  had  read  ;  he  said  it  did,  and  the 
and  this  agreement  to  be  binding  on  each  and  till  King  wa.-  so  well  plea-ed  with  it  that  he  read  it 
as  a  pledge  of  word  of  honor.  overtwi(.e."  Surely  no  government  could  have 
As  the  winter  advaneeil  into  ITCti,  the  public  desired  more  ra.li.al  ex  [uvs.-ions  of  loyalty  :  but  the 
dissatisfaction  augmented  and  the  d(  termination  itehiieg  of  the  Jiriti-h  royal  and  iniiiisteri.il  palms 
'leepened  to  prevent,  if  po.->ilde,  till' enforcement  of  t'or  American  gohl  threw  alfaiis  aj-ain  into  dis- 
the  hated  act.  Stamps  were  burned  wherever  mder.  In  May,  17G7,  Charles  Tow  n-Iiend.  Chan- 
found,  and  captains  of  vessels  ariaving  h'arned  that  eellor  of  the  Exelieipier.  siiliiiiitted  a  ])lan  to 
it  was  not  safe  either  to  keep  or  carrv  them.  In  Parliament  by  which  he  pn.po-ed  "  to  draw  a 
l'"ebruary  the  people  very  generally  signed  an  revenue  fiom  America  without  giving  ottcnce ; " 
agreement  not  to  eator  suH'er  to  be  killed  anv  land)  and  soon  after  he  introdueeil  the  acts,  to  take 
or  sheep  iintilJan.  1,1767,  and  not  to  deal  with  etli'ct  Nov. -I'th,  impo-in'.^  duties  on  glass,  paper, 
liiitehers  violating  the  compact.  lleoiioniy  and  pasteboard,  white  and  re.l  lead,  ptiinters' colore  and 
frugality  were  enforced  by  exani(iles  in  high  and  tea  imported  into  the  colonies,  establishing  a  Board 
low,  and  stea.lfast  etibrts  made  to  promote  the  of  Customs  at  l;o-t,.n  to  collect  the  revenue 
market  f  .r  home  nianufactured  'joods.  throughout  Ani.uiea  and  le-ali/ing  writs  of  assist- 
Later  in  the  same  vcar  t  March  b"^,  17fiiii  came  anee.  Thc-e  measure-  were  telt  iu  the  colonies  to 
ti.e  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act  bv  rarlianunt,  and  be  even  more -ubver-ive  of  tluir  rights  than  the 
without  foreea.-tin-the  tnture  the  A.-einMv  ioin.-.l  .-^tamp  Act,  and  the  D,  lawaiv  A.-.-eiiibK  a[.pointed 
m  the  jov  that  pervaded  America  and  api.ointed  .MeKean,  IJodn.'V  aii.l  K.ad  to  tbiniulai.'  a  secoml 
MeKeaii,  Rodney  and  tieorge  Kead  to  frame  an  addle-.- to  the  King,  'f  lie  A-seinbly  .lid  not  fail  to 
addre-s  to  the  King,  in  whieh  these  [laraL't-aphs  renew  their  protestation- of  lo\  alt  v,  but  at  the  same 
oe.inred;  ^  '^  time  thev  freelv  e.Kpie--ed  tleir  re-ivt  at  the  new 
"  We  cannot  help  -lorviu-  in  bein-,Mhesubjeets  cour-e  .'.f  opp'iessiou  which  lia.l  been  adopted, 
"fit  Kin-   that  has    iiunh'    the    pre-eniation  ol'  the  Tlev  -aid  : 

'ivil  ami  religious  riLdit-^,.fliispeo|,leaihl  the  estah-  '■  The  -eii-e  of  our  deploialde  e..ndition  will,  we 

l'~l.ed  constitution  the  foundation  and  constant  rule  hope,  plead   with    vour..Majestv    in   our    behalf  tor 
121 


186 


HISTORY  () 


.\VA':K. 


the  frrcMloin  uv  takr  in  .hltifullv  nn 
a-aiiist  tliv  iin.,.c,!iii'-  ,,f  a  15riti.li  [ 
confc^r-cdly  til.'  wi-.  .'  ami  Lnvat.s!  a-.-. 
earth.  But  if'.ur  t;  lln\v-iil>irct,-  ot'Cr, 
who  derive  iki  authniity  t'loiii  u~,  wlu' 
our  humble  ojiinion  ri'|inMnt  u>,  ami  t 
will  not  yield  in  lnyalty  and  all^.tu.u  t 
jesty,  ciiu,  at  tluir  will  and  pi.  asnic  ..t' 


and  t,n-ant  awav  on 
an  iniplicic  nb.  din 


'!"■ 


.'hunt-  uitii  niost|h,i,.nt  ■■■,>nlls.  A  nnn-iiupMiial  !..•, 
i-^cciarlcr,  >\  >;s  ;'..iiii.d  at  li.,-tnn  in  An-n^t.  IT^.- 
md  in  the  n.  .-.;  v>ar  l),-iawa,v  joined  in  t:,, 
.Lfiven.ent.      Tiic   r.  i^-c;    „i    this    delay    and  >..„,. 


.th.T  l:;ei 


■li.... 


eviTV  order  and  aet  of 
theirs  fur  that  puri«i.-(',  ami  ilc]irive  ail  and  any 
of  the  assemblies  in  tlii.~  iontin<iit  of  the  power  of 
legislation  for  ditlerinu'  with  lluin  in  ojiiiuou  ui 
matters  whieh  intiniatelv  atU'ct  their  riL'bts  and 
interests  and  everything:  that  i.-  dear  and  valuable 
to  Englishmen,  wc  eannut  imagine  a  ease  niorf^ 
miserable;  we  eannot  think  that  we  shall  have  e\en 
the  shadow  of  liberty  loft.  Wu  cnneeive  it  to  be 
an  inherent  right  in  your  Majesty's -ubjicts,  derived 
to  them  from  God  and  nature,  handed  dnwu  froin 
their  anecstors  and  confirmed  by  your  royal  pre- 
decessors and  the  eon.-titutiou,  in  jierson,  or  by 
their  representatives,  to  iiiw  aiid  grant  to  their 
sovereign  those  things  which  their  own  labours  and 
their  own  cares  have  aeipiired  and  saved,  and  in 
such  proportions  and  at  .sueh  times  as  the  national 
honour  and  interest  may  require.  Your  ^lajesty's 
faithful  sid)ieets  cjf  this  government  have  enjoyed 
this  inestimable  privilege  uninterrupted  from  its 
first  existence  until  of  late.  They  have  at  all  times 
cheerfully  contributed  to  the  utmost  of  their  abili- 
ties for  your  ^lajesty's  service  as  often  as  your  royal 
requisitions  were  made  known,  and  they  cannot 
now,  but  with  the  greatest  uneasiness  and  distress 
of  mind,  part  with  the  [lower  of  demonstrating  their 
loyalty  and  atlection  to  their  beloved  Kin_'." 

This  address  was  immediately  tVillowi-d  by  a 
correspondence  with  the  Governor  ot'  Viri;inia, 
setting  forth  the  views  of  the  Assembly  relative 
to  the  new  aggressions  of  Great  Britain,  and  de- 
claring an  intention  of  co-operating  with  the  other 
colonies  in  such  prudent  measures  as  iijiLdit  have 
a  tendency  to  conciliate  the  atleetions  of  the  mother 
country,  and  restore  their  just  rights  and  liberties. 
Notwithstanding  all  the  intluence  brou-ht  to  bear 
upon  the  British  government  forthe  rtp-al  of  the 
act  imposing  new-  duties,  it  remained  i.ib?tiiiate.  as 
it  was  eon-iilered  an  improper  time  to  yield  to  the 
demand- of  the  colonies.  It  would  be  time  enough 
to  do  this,  it  was  said,  when  they  had  .-hown  a 
dispo-ition  to  yield  to  the  authority  of  Parliament. 
Lord  North  declared  that  however  prudence  or 
policy  might  heieatti-r  induce  the  government  to 
repeal  the  act,  ho  hnj.cd  th.y  should  never  think 
of  it  until  America  wa<  prostrate  at  their  ti'Ot. 
Failing  in  these  mea.-uies,  ttie  colonies  revived  tlie 
non-importation  system  wliieli  had  been  partially 
enforced  in  the  epoch  ot' the  Stamp  Ai't.  I'.y  re- 
fusing to  import  auy  product  of  English    mauufac- 


citizens  of  X.;r>  Castle 

Cor; 

ity  : 

■'  Fro:;i   our   ioci    c 

iMMin 

istances    it  seemed    nn- 

necessary  i'oi  the  ee,ii;l, 

■  <.f  t 

hi-  L'overnnient  to  enl-r 

into  re.sulr.uionsoinoi,  i 

l„po, 

rta.ion  from  the  mother 

country,  a?  w;-  ha:',  ic 

1.  rs   among  us  who  ini- 

pcitcd  goods   trofii    (  ; 

eat  1 

iiilain    except    in  verv 

small  iiuanti'.:e>  a-.l   ii 

1   \e-- 

-els  lieloneiic.^  tol'hila. 

delphia,     which    was    - 

citici 

entlv    ^uardcl    bv    tia 

cgreen'.ent  of  her  out; 

citl/e 

n>.  "Lately  it  has"  bee,, 

discovered  that  a  few 

of   tl 

le   traders   of  that  city 

have  become  tired  of 

wiiat 

they  call    virtuous   ai- 

tcn'pts  to  restore  freedi 

:ini   t( 

>  America  and  endeav- 

oi:t-ed  to  disrsolve  ihe  rhila.delplna  uon-injportatiou 
ag'vetnent.  (Jne  of  the  [irincipal  arguments  made 
I'St  of  is  the  proba!)il!ty  ol  losing  the  trade  of  thi? 
government.  They  say  that  the  ^Maryland  non- 
importation agreement  having  exce[ited  many  nn)re 
articles  of  merchandise  than  that  of  Philadelphia, 
ihc  people  here  will  form  a  connection  with  the 
Marylanders  in  the  way  of  trade,  introduced  by 
going  there  to  purchase  such  excepted  articles, 
which  trade  may  continue  after  all  contests  with 
the  mother  country  are  over.  This  is  a  plausible 
and  forcible  argument,  and  to  remove  all  the  weight 
it  may  have,  the  inhabitants  of  the  upper  part  of 
this  country,  particularly  in  and  about  the  towns  of 
Xew  Castle,  Wilmington,  r'hristiana,  Newark, 
Newport  and  Hamburg  Ivaiiding,  have  resolved  to 
support  the  Philadeli)hia  agreement.  It  is  now  iu 
the  power  of  the  people  of  this  government  to  lend 
a  helping  hand  and  be  of  real  use  to  the  general 
cause.  Some  of  the  [lOople  of  Xew  Vork  have  de- 
serted it,  but,  it  is  ihouglit,  will  be  brought  back 
to  their  duty.  To  inevent  the  like  accident  takiiiL' 
place  at  Philadelphia  ue  ought  to  destroy  the  ar- 
gument alleged  liet'ore.  Let  us  be  content  to  con- 
fine our  trade  to  ii:-  former  channels;  there  is  our 
natural  connection  :  let  irs  forego  some  trifling  con- 
veiiiem.'e  in  hope...  otpreater  advantage  ;  resolve  not 
to  purchase  any  goods  out  of  the  government  but 
such  as  are  excepted  in  the  I'hiladelphia  aL'ree- 
meut,  and  fall  upon  some  et^'ectual  measures  tosuji- 
port  this  conduct." 

The  agreement  recommended  bv  .Mr.  Reail  was 
soon  very  generally  adopted.  It"  was  dated  Au- 
gust 17,  ITtill,  and  after  slutiuL'  in  energetic  lan- 
guage the  grii'vances  wlii-h  eompudled  the  Dela- 
wareans  to  co-o|ier.ite  with  lln  ir  fellow-colonists  in 
the  measure-,    best    calculati'.i    to  invite  or  enfc'rcc 

agree,  upon  our  word  of  honor  and  the  faith  of 
Cliristians, — 


i3^i'-  - 


UaC.  •'NC  ;^^M  i"CV^2  RE*C 


T)ELa\vai;k  DniiNc;  thh  rkvolutiox. 


186a 


Kit  tVniii  MUil  alKr  this  date  we  will  nn 
iiy  jiart  I'f  America  anv  '."""Is,  wares., 
whatxicv.'ifniiiiaiiy  part  ..t'(  ireat  ISril 
t..tlie.-iiiritan.|  iiiteiitinii  ct' the  aL'n-c 
nrirhalils  ntthe  Citv  ,,l'  I'lula.l.'llihi:; 
That  we  never  will  have  anv  ileaiiiii. 


uit. 


rill  any  part  oft  lie  I'.ritisli  ilniiiininns.  w  ii<i>hall 
:re  urany  ntlier  [nirpose  iinpurt  into  any  part  of 
.rv  to  tliejaiiiauri-eeiiient. 
.if  us  wh.,^hall  wilfuUv 
ill  have  his  name  pnb- 
u.u>a>  a  hetraveruf  the 


Aineriea  anv  artiele  ei- 

-Third.  "That  any 

break   this  au'reenicnt 

eivil    ri-hts    ..f  Anier; 

deenie.l  infani..iis  and 

The  e..iniia.-t  was  <i 

ene.l  a  diss..hiti....i  .,f 


-t  tl 


rh    th 

.    per: 


.venant, 
i.mnd  patriots,  were  app.iinte.l  in  each  t..\\n  as  a 
eoinniittee  of  illsjX'etion  t..  wateh  the  tra.le. 
George  Read  was  eleetcd  chairman  ..f  the  -cueral 
eoniniittee,  and  tlie  subordinate  coinniittees  ]ier- 
f.irmed  their  duties  with  such  diligence  and  ac- 
tivity that  they  .eijualed  the  agents  of  tlie  best 
organized  police  in  the  dise'overy  of  delinquents. 
The  adherents  of  Great  Eritain  were  too  few  in 
luiiubcr  to  shield  the  apostates.  When  informa- 
tion was  given  against  tliem  they  usually  a])peared 
before  the  general  cominitree,  which  intlieted  no 
other  punishment  than  requiring  from  the  otiender 
a  public  declaration  of  sorrow  for  the  orti;nse,  a 
promise  not  to  repeat  it,  an.l  payment  t.i  the  com- 
mittee of  the  proceeds  of  illegitimate  sales  for  the 
use  of  the  poor. 

Events  were  rapi.lly  marching  to  the  crisis. 
On  April  12,  1770,  Parliament  repealed  all  the 
obnoxious  duties  except  that  upon  tea,  but  re-af- 
firmed the  right  of  taxing  the  crUonies, 

In  1773  the  East  India  Company,  finding  that 
the  Colonies  would  take  no  tea  on  which  the  duty 
was  charged,  tried  a  new  plan,  and  kindled  a  new 
fiame  from  the  smouldering  embers  of  old  e.xeite- 
meuts.  An  act  of  Parliament  was  passed  author- 
i/.iugthat  company  to  export  theirlea<  to  America 
free  of  the  duty  enacted  by  the  home  governmeut, 
and  only  charged  with  the  three-penny  colonial 
duty.  It  was  intended  to  tempt  the  eol..nies  liv 
ollering  them  tea  far  cheaper  than  it  loul.l  lie 
landed  in  London.  The  news  of  the  [.avsii:,.  of 
this  act  called  for  new  measures  of  re^istan(■e. 
News  of  tlie  initial  shiptnents  of  tea  reaihi'.l  Phila- 
a.lelphia  on  the  '27th  of  September.  The  ship 
"Pollv,"  with  "th.'  .htcst.d  plant,"  ha.l  =aile.l 
fruiu  ■L..n.l.,n  ..n  th.-  rj:h  .>r  I.-.th  ,if  .September, 
an.l  her  arrival  wu-  l.n.ke.i  f..r  in  the  Delaware 
ab.jut  the  third  week  in  X.  >v,  inb.r,  Th,'  patriotic 
inhabitants  formed  an  a>.-'.iaii..ii  an.l  entere.l  into 
c'liiibinations  to  previ'iu  tlie  landing  and  the  sale 
of  the  tea.    Aiii.iii:;  the  first  measures  ad..!. ted  was 


he    D.lau.in-    pil.its.      It 
..lit  to    von  th.'  ^t.'ps  V..I1 

-,-liip   falls   in    v..r.r   wav. 

i.iv,  t..  pivv.iit,  ..r,  if  that 


h..w 


irrival.      ISiit 
.•r  pil..tbrii.._- 


mav  .Irp.n.l  on,  that  wh:, 

th.'rivr,  Mi.l.  pil.,t  Will  be  n,ark,.l  l,.r  hi.- ^v,^.„„ 
an.l  will  n.ver  afl.ruanls  m.  et  with  the  least 
en.-..iiraL'eiii.iit  in   hi-  bii>in.-s.     Like   <\,i,i.  he  will 

fi.rever  rec.rded  as  the  ,l.i„u„d  t,:nt„,;,„s  ],i/„l  ,rh„ 
h,;.u,,/,t  „/,  tl,r  lr„  .<in,,.  This,  1„.».A.T,  .■aunot  be 
the  .a.<c  with  von.  Y.,u  have  pn.v..l  .-..,»/•./,  ^  /„ 
rrihinrr.^,  /„  Lit'nnou<  infnnn,;-^  niJ  tnh  ,r„ifn-<. 
au.l  w.'  may  venture  t..  pr.-.liet  that   y,,u  will    -ive 

shipif  y.Mi  .h.,ul.l  iiMvt  with  her.  an.l  that  y.,ur 
z.al  on  this  occasion  w  ill  entitle  you  to  every  favor 
it  may  he  in  the  p.iwer  of  tiie  nierehants  of  Phila- 
del[)hia  to  confer  upon  you."  This  address  was 
signed  by  ''The  Committee  for  tarring  anfl  feath- 
eriurj."  On  Christmas  day,  intelligence  was  re- 
ceived of  the  arrival  of  the  "  Pi.iUy  "  at  Chester, 
and  a  meeting  of  over  eight  thousand  citizens  of 
Philadel[iliia  compelled  her  to  return  home  with- 
out breaking  liulk.  This  was  the  first  and  the  last 
of  the  detested  tea-ships  in  th.   D.  lawaie. 

It  will  be  most  fitting  in  this  pla.e  to  say  a  few- 
words  in  regard  to  the  m..ist  prominent  lea.lers  of 
the  peo]de  of  Delaware  in  this  time  of  approach 
to  the  Revolutionary  ^\'ar — of  their  characters 
and  circumstances  we  mean,  their  acts  will  not 
need  comment.  There  were  George,  Thoma-  and 
James  Read,  Thomas  3IcKean,  Casar  Rodnev, 
George  Ross.  Allen  :McLane,  Caleb  P.  Bennett, 
Lewis  Bush.  Philemon  Dickinson,  John  Haslett, 
Ri.-hard  Howell,  David  Jones,  Robert  Kirkwood, 
Sh.-pherd  Kollock,  John  Patten,  Bedford  Gun- 
iiiii-,  Nathaniel  Mitchell,  Richard  Ba>sett,  David 
Hall  and  many  others  who  were  in  the  front  of 
afiairs  at  home  or  on  the  threshold  of  battle. 
These  men,  directly  or  hy  marriage,  were  con- 
nected with  the  leading  families  of  Delaware  of 
all  the  .sects.  They  were  all  men  of  ability  and 
influence,  ditfering  greatly  in  character,  tempera- 
ments an.l  jiolitical  opinions,  but  all  h.inest  and 
eaiiiot  men. 

'I'he  Read  family,  inheritinir  an  ancient  name 
of  honorable  repute  in  the  Old  ^Vorld,  has  ren- 
dered its  patronymic  historical  in  America  l)v  its 
patriotic  services  durin-j  the   colonial  and  Revolu- 


ili.lati.. 


.m-1 


the    tbimiiatiiui    ami  ■f^ubs.-.pi.  i 
the  goveniiiK-nt  of  the  I'liilcl 

The  first    ane.st..r  in    this  (.. 
John  Refl.law.althvan.l  pnbli 
planter,  wh..    was    born     in    Dublin.    ..f    J-lngli.-h 
parentage,  in  the  last  yea"r  of  the   reign  of  JaniL-s 


..l.S.utl 


l.Htib 


HISTOHY  OF  DiaAWAPvK. 


the  Se,..n(l,  1<;SH.  His  nmther  was  the  srion  of 
ail  old  (»\:;.ni.-hiro  house,  aii.l  his  lather,  an  £11.^- 
lisl)  -uuleiiiaii  uf  lai--e  thitiiue,  tlieii  resi.liii-  in 
Dilhliii.  was  lifih  in  .l.'M-.nt  iVoiu  Thomas  Read, 
K.rd  of  the  manors  of  liarton  Court  ar.d  IVedon, 
iu  Bcrksliire.  and  hi,>:h  siieritf  .,f  Br.ks  in  lo.-l, 
and  tentii  in  descent  from  K.lward  K.ail,  h.rd  ..f 
the  manor  of  KvuU,n.  ami  hi.-h  sherili'  of  Berks 
in  U:!',)  and  a-ain  iu  Uol.  One  of  the  latter's 
brothers,  Williaui  Toad,  mx  times  mayor  of  Kead- 
in-,  was  mcmher  of  I'arliament  tor  Beadim:  in 
1  I.'kV,  1  (lit),  in;-.'  and  1  t:--'.  An  older  hn.ilu'r, 
Sir  Thomas  Bead,  wa>  ,me  of  the  knights  who 
aeeompaided  Kin-  Henrv  the  Sixth  when  he 
held  his  Parliament  at  Bra.lin-  in  14:-;i,  and  thev 
were  all  soi,s  of  Thomas  Read,  lord  of  various 
manors  in  Nortluunberlaud. 

Iu  the  civil  wars  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
says  Mr.  Charles  Beade,the  family  declared  for  the 
crown,  and  its  then  chief,  Sir  Compton  Read,  was 
for  his  services  one  of  the  fii-st  baronets  created  by 
Charles  the  Second  after  the  Restoration.  A 
younger  son  of  the  family  went  over  to  Ireland  iu 
the  same  trotd)les,  and  it  was  his  son  who  was  the 
progenitor  of  the  American  house.  Besides  the 
baronetcy  of  the  4th  March,  I61JO,  an  earlier  one 
had  been  conferreil  upon  Sir  John  Read  ou  the 
Itith  March,  1641.  Through  a  clerical  error  in 
one  of  the  patents  an  r  was  added  li<  the  name, 
and  was  subse(iuentlv  a<lopted  liv  the  En^ilish 
branches.  The  hi.-to'rica!  American  brancir  re- 
tained the  ancient  firm  which  the  name  had  when 
it  letl  England,  and  it  figures  thus  on  the  petition 
to  theKingoftheCougressof  1774,  thcDechiratiou 
of  IndejK'udeuce,  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  man  v  other  earlier  and  later  State  papers.' 
John  Read  had  a  romantic  history.  He  fell  in 
love  at  an  early  age  iu  the  old  country  with  his 
cousin,  a  beautiful  and  accomplished  Kugli~h  Lfirl, 
who  died  suddenly  before  their  engagement  ended 
iu  marriage.  This  shuck  so  overcame  the  lover 
that,  afler  struggling  in  vaiu  against  his  nu'lancholy 
anddst  familiar  scenes,  he  determined,  in  >pite  of 
the  earnest  o[)|iosition  of  hi-  |)arents,  to  s-e]^  relii.f 

province,  to  whi.di  lie  added  others  in  Delaware. 
On  his  plantation  iu  Cecil  County,  .Maryland,  he 
po.sscssed  a  spacious  brick  mansion,  subseipiently 
destroyed  by  lire,  with  out-buildings  and  olKces 
and  couifjrtable  (juarters  for  his  shtves,  whom  he 
treated  with  an  unvaryinu'  humanity  which  liecame 
hereditary  in  his  family.  Gn.ves  of  oak  -rew 
near  tlie  house,  ami  tulips  of  great  rarity  i:iew  in 
the  gardcu.s.     Jim  was   the   head  of  hi,   ii,,u.-eser. 


vants,  as  Juba  was  the  head  of  tho-e  in  the  nexi 
generation.  The  pro.luee  of  the  wh.  at  ami  lobaen, 
plantations  were  di.-patchcd  to  I'hiladelphia  and  r, 
Endan.l,  and  limnd  their  wav  back  iu  variou- 
attractive  and  practical  -hape,  f.r  the  u.se  of  tl„ 
hou-ehold.      He  was   fond  uf  held   >porls,  and   tl„ 

w Is    ran-  with   the   sound   of  his    do-s  and    1,,- 

guu.s.  He  wa.s  both  hospitable  and  generous.  He 
gave  the  land  to  endow  the  church  iu  his  vicinity, 
and  his  life  was  honorable  in  all  its  relation>. 
l!eing  largely  interested  in  various  enlerjirises,  he 
joined  a  few  other  gentlemeu  iu  foundiii-  the  city 
of  Charlestown,  at  the  he.ad-waters  of  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  twelve  years  after  Baltimore  was  bcguu, 
hoping  to  make  it  a  great  commercial  mart  to 
absorb  Northern  trade,  to  develop  Northern  Mary- 
land, anil  to  give  a  suitable  impetus  and  outlet  to 
the  adj(,ining  forges  and  furnaces  of  the  I'rincipiu 
Comjiauy,  iu  which  his  friends,  the  eider  genera- 
tions of  the  Wtishington  family,  and  eventually 
General  AVashiugton  himself,  were  dee[ily  inter- 
ested. Tradition  preserves  iu  this  connectiou  an 
account  of  the  youthfid  ^lajor  Washington's  visit 
to  Colonel  Read  at  the  close  of  the  latter's  active 
and  well-sj)eut  life. 

As  one  of  the  original  proprietors  of  Charlcstow  n, 
John  Read  was  appointed  l)y  the  Colonial  Legi-!a- 
ture  one  of  the  commissioners  to  lay  out  and  gov- 
ern the  new  town,  and  he  was  assiduous  in  his 
attentions  to  these  duties. 

Afler  a  long  period  of  single  life  his  earlv  sorrow 
was  cou.soled  by  his  niarria^'c  with  ilarv  iiowell.a 
charming  young  Welsh  gentlewoman,  mauy  years 
his  junior,  who  was  as  energetic  and  spirited  as  she 
was  attractive  ami  handsome.  Sprung  from  the 
HowellsofCaerleou.  County  Monmouth,  her  imme- 
diate ancestors  were  seated  iu  the  uei-hborhood  of 
Caerphilly,  ( ;lamo,-,„shire,  Wales','  where  she 
was  born  iu  1711,  and  from  whence,  at  a  tender 
a-e,  si,e  reuioveduith  her  parents  to  Delaware, 
wheivhcrthtlicr  wasa  huee  planter. 

-Mary,  the  only  .lau-hter  of  .lohu  an.l  Marv 
(  Howell )  Read,  married  (  uiuuiii-  liedl^nl,  S,-.,  who 

n^.l.aud  took  an  actixe  [larl  iu  the  Revolutionary 
struirgle.  He  was  coimuis-ioncd  major  on  the  liUtii 
of  .March,  177'>,  and  becomin-  lic'utciiant-colom  I 
of  the  Delawa.e  Keuimcnt  on  the  l;)tii  of  Janu- 
ary, 177l!,  was  afterwards  uouiide.l  at  the  battle  ol 
White  Plains  while  leadin-  hi,  men  to  the  attack. 
He  wa.s  likewise  mu.-ter-ma>ter  -eiieral,  memluT  of 
the  Continental  Couerc-s  and  (  ioyrnior  of  Dela- 
ware, (ioveruor  and  .Mrs.  Pedlord  i  wr  Read, 
lelt  no  i>suc.       . 

Three  .listiu-ui.,!,ed  sons  ol  Colonel  .John  P.cad 
were  Geoi-ire,  C,,l.  Jame>  and  Commodore  Thoma- 
Read.  (ieo,-e  Ihad  w  a>  in  a  peculiar  sense  the 
father  of  the  State  of  iKlaware.  for  lie  was  the 
author  of  her  iii>t"Constitution   in    177ti,  and   "i 


5"^ 

5S^ 

■' 

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i 

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i 

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i.  -■  --v 

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\ 

/f/r//,;uf 


DKLAWAliK   DllUNi;  THE  REVOLUTION'. 


187 


tlu'  fir^t  iMlilidii   ..f  hri-    lau>.      He   liLMind   in    li.r  eni-e  witli  lii.- iVieii.l  Sir  Kitlianl  Xcavr.  aturw  unls 

A-r^rmlilv    11"    l.-s    than     Iw.Uv   ycais,  uas    Vi<v-  u'overnor  of  the    Jiaiik  (d'  Miijlaii.l.  1r'   -aw   uttrr- 

I'rr-i.lciiMifthe  State,  aii.l    at  nil.'  liiiir  h,  I- artiri,'  aiU'e,    eleven     veais     l.elore    tlir     J  l.elanitinn    ,,f 

ehieC    luaLM-Uale.      II. ■     i»iin..l    iIm     a.Mr.  -    I,-,.iu  IihI,  pen.lmec,  t..  the  reiiiaikaMe   |.i  uphr.'V  1 1,:,|    m 

Delaware   to   tlu     Kill-,     w  hi.  h    Lm-,!   Sh,  li.mii  n,-  eoiUiiniaiiee     in     thi-    iniMak.  n  |...ii.v  w.Mihll.'.ul 

said    >.i    iiiiliiv->,Ml    (J.M.i-e    111.     thai    h.-    .vul     il  t..    ili.lo|i.  li.leiiee    aii.l    .'V.  lUuallv    t..    tli.'    .-..Kinies 

„vertwi,v.      ![.■    is  th..  n,..>t  r..„~|.ie,i.„is  fejure   ill  .surpa.-.^iii-    Knjaii.l   in     her  sta,.!.'   iiianura.'tniv... 

the    Dehiuaiv    ivenni,    li.r    lle.iiia-.    M.  Keair  aii.l  Fimliug  llo  nianiU-tati<.ii  ul  ,1m„j,-  in  th.- p.  ,-iti..u 

,),.hii  Di,  kill-on  w.i-e  1,1. .IV  eh. -elv  alii. d  t..  IVmi-  t.nvanl.s   the    e.)l..iiie>,    he    n-iM,,..!    the   atti.iii.'V- 

svlvaiiia    than    t..     I>.la\v.ir.;    aii.i    uhile    Ca.ar  i^eneniWiii),  an.l  aeeept.d  a  ,«  at  in   I  Ih'  Kii>t   C-.n- 

KiMlney  ua.-    |,r.,iiiiii.  lit    in  ih.'  tiiu.- ..I' I  h.-  D.elar-  Jrress,  whieli  met  at  l'hila,hl|.iiia  in  1774.     il.-^till. 

ation, -111.1    alt.nuar.N   a-   I'lv-i.l.nl    ..f   iKhniare,  iidwever,    lin|„.,l    tnr   ree.iiieiliali..ii,   an.l   h.'   v..te,l 

his  pi-enialni-,'   .l-ath    in   1 7>  :  .Mil  .I1..1I    lii,^  .  aivr.  a-ainst    the    iii..ti.,ii    tl.i-    iii.l.  prieleii.-.'.      I'.ut     he 

Fn  |.ers,.ii,  U.a.l  ua-    tall,  -lijil.   -ra..liil,    v.itli   a  linallv   siirne.l   the    I)..lai-ati..ii    ..f    Iii.l.-p.ai.l.n.'e 

fin.'lv-.-liap..l    h.a.l.  ,-tn.ii-,    l.iit    relin,.!    tealuns,  u  hen' he  found  there  \\a>  11..  Ii.,p,..  an.l  hen. -.lui-v,  aid 

and.'laik-hr.aMi,  lu.-tn.n>  eves.      His  inanner^  ueiv  was  the  eonstunt  (irii;inat..r  an.l    ar.l.  nt    .-npp..rter 

.liL'iiiH.'.l,  an.l    hi'  .•..nl.l    11. 4    t. -I.  rate    lli,'  sli-hlest  of  measures  in  liehalf  of  the    iiali..iial    .-anse.      He 
taniiliaritv,  hut  h.'  wa-  m...^t    n.iirt- 


hedres-e.luith  ih.-  in...~t -eni  pu  l..n.- 
careau.l  .l.-aii.-.-.  11. ■  was  ..ii."  ..f 
tlie  tw.,  -tal.Mii.n,  ami  th.'  ..nlv 
S.,ntli.-rn  M.itrsman,  wl,.,  si-n,.l  ail 
three  of  tie'  -ivat  Stat.'  pap.'i-on 
uhi.'h  .mr,  hist.ny  is  ha-.d-lhe 
..rii^inal  petition  t..  th,>  Kin-  ..f 
thr  Ciiiiire^s  ,.!■  1774,  ih.'  n.Mlara- 
th.ii  of  ln.l,p,a,.l.inv  an.l  ih.-C.n- 
-tituthm  of  th,'  I'liit..!  Stat.-.  lie 
was  th.'  ehl.M  -.11  ..f  (  ol..ml  .I..hii 
K.a.l,  ..f   .Marvlan.l  an.l    D.lauaiv, 


f 


teinher,  17:1  k  ..n  ■  ..f  the-    fanii 

estates    in  ('.•.11   (dnnlv,  Mar\iai 

Atiterree.ivinua.'la-ieal.-.lmali 

umler     Dr.      I'laiiri-     .\lli-,,ii,     !„■  ^.Xj. 

stn.lie.l   lau,  an.l    wa~  .■all.d    t..  th,.        :^' 


'I  isI.i-% 


C.^iJ*'' 


^'  \ 


'INll    T.\i;LF..    sn.VKU 


of  I'hila.lelphia,  an.l  in  1 7.V1  re- 
move.l  t.i  X.'w  Caslle,  D.lawaiv.  in 
uhi.'h  prosin.v  ih,-  familv  al-.i  ha.l 

iinp..rtant  kin.l.-.l  inl.av-t'-.      <  )n  th.' '  ''"'"'  '"'"'  "'  ""■"'""'  ""'  ""'' '"'  "'^^  ' ' 

lltri..f.laniiarv,  17t.:;,h,.niarri.-.l(i,rtrn.le,.lanL.|i-  wa.~  pre.-i.lent  of  the  Coii>lilnti..iial  ( '..n  v.nli.m    in 

ter  ..f  th.'  K.v.  de-.i-.'    i;.,-s,  f,,r  ii.arlv  fil'lv  vear<  17Ti;,  ami    the   antle.r   of  th,'  lii-t  ( '..n~titiilioii    ..f 

ivit.ir.if  !■: laini.lChiii.h.N.  u  (  a-l  h,  a  vi-..r..ns  D,  lawaiv  ami  ..ft  he   lir,-l  .'.lili-.n  ..flea-  laws.      In 

pillar  ..fth.'  i:-talilidM'.|(liu,vh  in  .\m.ri.a.  .Mi-.  17^-_'  he  wa~  appoint,'.!  l.v  ('..m.q-.->  a  jml-e  in 
U.'a.l^  lii..lh.r,  .h.lm  I;..--,  ha.l  I...  11  alt,.rm'V.  th.- nati.mal  ( '..ii  rt  of  A  pp.al-  in  .\.lmiialt  v.  Time 
-I'li-'ral  nml.r  th.'  ,r,.wii.  Am.th.'r  hr.,th,r.  th,'  v,'ar-  lat.'r  C  •..iilmv.v-  niaih-  him  on.'  ,.f  ih.'.'.nnmis- 
Uev.  .laaas  K. -^.  1..  .  am.'  .■.'h'l.rat.'.l  a~  th.anllM.r  .sioners  ,,fa  f'.l.ial  ,'.  .iirl  t.,  ,!.'!,  rmin,' an  imp,. rtant 
of  ,l,i.|m'nl  an.l  palri,.ti,'  ,-,rm,.n-  ,lnrin-  tlel;,'-  eonlr,.versV  in  r.lali.mt,.  t.rrit.,rv  l„'iw,','i,  X.w 
v.ilmion  ;  whih'Mill  am.ther  l,r..lh,'r,  (  ;,or-,'  I;..-,  V,'rk  aii,rMa-.--a.'hii^,tt-.  In  17.-m';  Im  wa-  a  .l.-l,'- 
was  an  I'mimnt  iii.L.'  an.l  an-mr  of  t  h.'  D,  ,'lar-  -ate  to  the  ,',,nv.  iiti..ii  wlii.li  mel  at  Ainiap..li~. 
ath.n  ..f  In.Kp.'ml.'m.'.  llavin-  hieii  ap|...inte.l  .Marvlan.l,  ami  he  to,,kaii  a.tiv.'  part  in  those 
att.,riiev-L;-.'m'ral  nml.'r  ih.'  ,'r,,w  n  at  I  h,'  ,ail  v  a-,'  pr.  „'','edi  11 -s  which  cirtminat,  ,1  in  ih,'  ealliii-  t,,- 
..f  tweiitv-nin,',  Mr.  K.-a.i  tial  il  to  li,'  his  ,liilv,  -.ih.'r,  in  1  7.S7.  of  1  lie  .'onv.'i.li.in  in  rhila.hlphia 
a.s  a  fri,ii,l  t.,  th,'  iih.lh.'r  .".iiiilrv.  towarnlh,'  whi.'h  fram.'.l  th.'  ( 'oiiM  il  ,iii..n  ..f  tl,.'  rnii.-.l 
r.rilish  -..v.-rnmint  ,.f  t  h,'  ,lam.:-.'r  'of  altempl  imj-  States.  In  this  aii-n-l  li...l\  h.'  w  as  al-,,  a  pi^.m- 
to  ta.\  th.'  ,'.,l,,iii,'s  u  itin.nt  -iv  in-  tlh'iii  ,lir,'et  rep-  inenr  ti._'ure,  e'spe.'iallv  in  his  al.le  a.lv,,ea.'V  ,,f 
reseiitalion    in  Parliament,  ami  in  hi-    e,,rresp,,m.l-  the  rh^dit-  ..fill.'   siaalier  Stat,'-  t..   a  prop,'r  ivpre- 


l.^s 


HISTORY  OF  DHLAWAllK. 


sentation   in   the  i^ciiLit(\     Iniiiifcliatfly   aftpr  the  Im-ijiitaMe  whIIs  \\i_;e  s.'lU-'vnl  tV'.ni  tiiui-   tu    tiin, 

adopti.in   (,f   the   O.n-titiition,     w  liirli  "  Delaware,  groiliw  of  ;a<l,in;;a!)|.     inr^-ls    fn.ni    the    ,lili;.,vnt 

lar-riv  iind.T  his  .liir.-tlnii,  wa-  the   tir-t  to   ratitv,  parts  of  the  S,,uMr    :l-  w-.i!  :i-    iVuiu     I'hihi.h  l|,hi:i. 

he  ua-  eleet.'.l  to  thr  .-,iiate  nf  the  United  States.  Annapoli.s,  an,i  Ncv  ^  ,.,•'•:.    \VM-iii;ij;..i;  and  in:,i,v 

At  the  expiration   at'  \\\<   term    lie    was    re-elc-T:  d.  of  the  aative  am!    I'ort  i-n  !;r\  ..li:iionnrv    li' nm.i- 

He  resigned  in    IT'i:!,   and   aeerptcd    tiie  otti(  e  ot'  and  ill    the     forenio-t    -tat  sni.-n    nf  the    r.pulii,, 

chief  jnstiee    of   D.hiware,    wiiirh    lie    fillod   ir.itH  .d-.-pt  under  it.--.  r":f 'tee  ami   ":il..y.d    the    eomil\ 

hi.s  doatii,  on  tlir  L'lst  of  S(_>ptenil)er,  17;i><.     Cli'et  iiospitalities  of  its  onnei-s.     A  n<.i'.i  .11  of  ihi-  man 

Jii.stiee    Head   eoiimuuKled    [luldie  coniidenee.  not  sioii  was  destj-ovtd    Iv    are    in     I.>'Jl,    hut    it    wa- 

only   from   his  pn.lound    ie-al   knouU.d-,..    >oLnid.  restored    and  is    stil', '  :.tandin._    ,m    thr    O.lauar. 

judgment,  ami    impartial    delations,  luit    from   hit-  front   in   New   Castle.     It    was    om-    (d'  the  tiiic-i 

severe  integrity  and   rstimahle    private   ch.aracle'-.  faiijliy  resicienc'-s  mi  the  .--otiih.       In    thi- ext.ai.-i\,. 

that  he  wa.s  aeting  from   a   scaix^  of  duty,   and  d;-  fantastic  shapes,  and  tulips  of  the  griatot    variitv 

clared  that    there  wa<  not  a  .li>hom-t  tilov   in   Ins  and  beauty,  this  li.in.r  tlie    favorite    iluwer   ,d'   thr 

heart  n..r  an    clnn. ail  nf  m.  ami.  ss  in  hi-  >..ul.    lie  family --a,- the  oak  was  its   tavorito    tn-e.      Inth, 

left  three  distin-iii-hrd  s.a,-.  (lonr-e  Read.  s.'e.ind  rear  of  , he  exl.ai>iv  •  ..ttiees  and  out-l>iiildin-s  ^^,■^r 

the    .luarter,  of  th-  .-hiVL— that   i>,  nf  thr   hou-. 

V  servants,   the    h'eld■lland^   I.eing  on    the    oiitlyiiiL' 

7*f'''L__.^ plantations  and  at  Mr.  I.'ead's  country -siat,  faith. a 


so'ltli  on  the    Delaware  - 
a  man  leit  onlv  of  the  hii 


inlo^vitv,  l.utof  th.- 
vrs,.::,n.a-.aislvh.,tl, 
..   thr   s.  rvi<'..   .,f    hi- 

lonov  t;.r  that  .hn 
uIh,  -athrivd  ah.HM 
n.ai.l-  uh.i  l.,.,k,.|  in. 


^r^  greatest  liberality,  an. i  I 

his   tinr?     and    his     m..i 

countrv  that   tho  a_-.v: 

to    a    very    hu-e    -urn 

George     Read    was    a    , 

himalai-e  einl,    ,,f  w:, 

,^^_^  to   him    liir    guidamv    and    a-lvir,.      One   of   tli'.' 

i-»£V'       1  »"^3t     notalde.     pr.i.ifs    id'    his     own     .l.-voti.m     t.. 

friendship    was   tlio    pr..of    which    he   .jave  of   hi- 

endiiring     aHection    f.r    John     1  )i,-kin-.,n.      Th. 

„.       .  ..,      .  latter,   havitiL:   imt    onlv    ..pp..>c.l     l.nt    rcl'us.-d   t.. 

I     /        't    -^  -        signthe  Deelarati.iiM.f' In.h.p.nd.'mv.th.avhy  1,-1 

\  ■-'-!%      his  popularity  entiivlv.       Hut    thi-.ai^h  th.'  fri.iaf 

shipiMid  politiiail  and  p.  r-.mal   inllu.ai.'e  of  (  ;,-,,r_'.- 

?\.  '       Read  he  wa.s  at'ti  r   a   tim.'  rot.av  d   to    ]iuidic   lit'., 

_  hecanie    President    >ui.'.--ivcly   ..l'   tln>    State>   ol 

Delaware  an.l   Piainsvlvania.  an.l    afl.rwanis  on. 

EARi.v  i:ni,i.i.-ii  sii,vi;u   rANK.M;!..  !•  ii         I       ,              r                             I  •  I      .          , 

„.|-i      I        1  ,    (■  1      1  I  1     II    1   1       r-  ^'  the  (leleirates   u>  th.'  .-..iiv.  iiti..n  wluch   tram.-.l 

'"""""" ■""  '"'""  the  Con.stitiith.n  ..ftlie  I'liit.-l  Slat. >. 

for  thirtv  vear-  ruit.,1   Stat.-  .li-trici  attl.rnev  of  There    an-  at     Last    thive   ,,ri-inal     p..itiait-  .-1 

D.daware;'  William    Rca.l,   .■..nsul-ucn,  ral    of"  the  ( ieorge  Rea.l,    of   D.-hn^aiv.     (1.1, ■    i<  l.v   (iiliuat 

kin-.him  ..f  Napl.-;    aii,l.I..hn     R.  a.l,  S,  uat..r  ..f  Stuart,  am, ther  hv  l;..l.trt  K.i-.-  I'in.'.  and   a    thii.l 

I'enn.-vlvania  ;  an.l  ..n.-.iaieJit.T,  .Marv  R.a.l.wh.,  l.v    Trumhull,    in    tla-    hi>t..ri.al    paintin-    -  Tli. 

marri.-.l  ('..l..ncl  .Mattii.u  I'ear.-,  ..f  l'..i.lar  N.'ck,  rv.lararali..n  ..f  Iml.peu.l.aic.-,"    whi.l,     is  in    ih. 

CecilC.untv,  .Marvhin.l.    (  i,.  .i-c  R.^a.l,  the  >i-ner,  Capit..!   at     \Va-hin:.[.  .11.      i  Ic  m^uiv- pr.uninent  I  v 

was  an    ardent  memh.r..flhe   ( 'huivh  ..f  laiidand  aK..  in  vari..n- olli.  r    lii-I.ua.-al     pi.-luiv.-,— ana.nL' 

and  afteruar.ls   ..f  the  .\m.ri.-aii    I'.pi-.-.  ,,,ai  (  .,m-  ..th.as,  in  -  ■flic  .-i-niu-   .  .f  1  Ih' ('..h>t  it  Mti..n  ,.f  Ih- 

muifion,  andf.ir  mauv    vcai>  .am   oftli,.    uar,lcn>  rnitd  Stat--,"  l.v  i;.,"il.a-.  an.l  in  a    -Dinner   a( 

of  Kinmanucl  Chun-li,  N.w  CaMl.';  and  he  lies   in  (  oaieral    \Va.-hiu'-i..n-~  1.,  (  „..n,:..    R.ad,  ..f    I  Ma 

that  heautifnl  an.l  .|ui.  t  ,hun  ii  var.l,  where  .even  ware,"  l.v  .M.  Annan.l  Dumaies.,.     'fh..  lalt.  r  ua- 

generati..ns  ..f  the  i;. a.l  family  rep.,-e.  painte.rfor    (hai.ial    Meiv.lith     R.a.l,    th.-i:r...l 

The   eid..nial  ll.a.l  ma!i-i..n.  ..nth,'  w,>t  Sank  of  uraml.-on  of  (L.Tr-e  R,  a.l.   aiei    a  e..pv  taken    Ln 

Delaware     Rav,    in    Neu     ( 'a-ll.-,  in  u  hi.  h  (  ;e,,r..^c  p,  1  lai-i.ai  ..f  the    ..wn-r    i-.    in     lli.'     p'..-.-i.,i.    e. 

itcad,  th.'si-ivr,  live. 1  ami  .li.'.l,  uas   lla-    -c,  lu' of  William  .\.~t,.r.  K-.|..  ..f  Xew  V..ik.      The  pi  in.ipa : 

eh'gant   hor-pitalitx     f.r    nianv    l.ai-    v.  at-.      Here  pei,-.a.a::es     ivpi.-.nt..l     aiv     (eii.aal    ami      .M 1 - 

the  lea.lin-  niaeiialc-  of  Ihec.h.nh'.-.'   ue.e   enter-  Wa>hinL'ton,  (  hi.  I  d  ii-th'e    R.-a-l,    tin-    .Mai.|ui-d. 

tuined     before     the     Rev..lutioU.    and    within    its  Lafavette    ami    Riefianl     lleiirv    L-e.      .M.m-lciii 


?;jWt^M;^roiW''!j(WMHj*»i»^^'-*<^s8agijS^ 


i^.  e» 


U 


DELAWAllH  DUiaNd  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Dunmresq  had  previously    sketc-ln-d   ilic    portraits      Beiijiuniii  Rush,  sull^.•lllll•^tlv  one  of  the  si 
in    the     Trunii)ull      iM.riectinii     ;it    New     liaveu.     tiie  Dorlunitiou  ofIii(le|,eii,l."iir,..      Intlie' 


Geor-e  Read  is  also  an  nnport 
Dinner  CUib  of  the  (.'ouun-^  ot' 
for  General  .Mereditli  Read 
Duniaresi).     The  corn  s|inndeie. 


hiis  preserv.Ml  the  nun 
seleet  s,>eial  -atherin- 
followin-    ei-lit    le^ ml 

Washinuton  and  Hirr 
Marvlan.l,  Rodnev  an, 
AlsopofNeu  Voik. 

ConHn,.doreTliunia< 
whoohtainedthe  rank 
of  an    Anieriean  fleet,  \ 


■V  of  I  his 
It  u;is    e. 


It  tiL'ure  m-  fhe 
To.-  al.o  paint. •<! 
.V    M.     Arnuind 

of  (nor-e    lirad 

lined      lo-ether 
iandolpl,,   Lee, 


Read     of    Dehr 

,;e,id.  the  tir>t  na 
as  a  Inave  sol, lie 


1  »ela\v: 
and  (;i. 


:les  i;i,ldle    -all 
It  that  in,.ni.nt  as 
,e7t!i  of  dune,  177i 
■>t  -ra,l.-  in  the   (',, 


d  ,iei;.n-,.  ,,f  the 
■r.  Ja,k-on,  I>,,ti. 
i-.dunti'cre,!  un,l,-r 
lief.tv  tl„^  mast, 
isappoinle,!  t,,  the 
d    navy.    an,l    wa> 

1,"  tli,-nlieiny;lniilt 


iruufri-ate-Mu-or-,- Wa-hini 
in  th,'  l),lauare.  In  (»et,,l. 
(  ongress  iv-ulate,l  th,-  rank  ,.f  di,.   ,,iH,-,ts   ,,f  tli,' 

navv,  aialiie   -1 1    Mxtli    ,,n    the    list,      llis.ddp 

l,eii[-.~ti!l,,n  the>t,M.k.>.  he  v,.lunte.-re,l  tor  hmd 
serviee,  an.l  ,,n  the  iM  ,,f  De,vnih-r,  177<;,  the 
Committee  of  .<afetv  ,lire,-te,l  him,  w  ith  his  ,iliieere, 


-^-%  f^^^^.  .-:• 


^^^^h'. 


^V    CASTI.i:,    DF.L., 
of  the  United  Stiit.js. 


IL    DAYS. 


navijrator  and  discoverer.  He  was  the  s 
Coh)iiel  John  Head,  ,-jf  ^laryland  ami  Dolawa: 
the  brother  of  George  Read,  of  Deiawan 
signer,  and  Colonel  James  Read,  who  was  ;; 
head  of  the  Navy  Department  ,lurin-  the  R 
tion.  He  was  born  at  the  fanuh-seat,  N'eu- 
County,  Delaware,  iu  1740,  and  was  niarri 
the  7th  ofSepteinber,  177il,  to  3Irs.  Mary 
me  Peale,  at  his  seat.  White  Hill,  near  I!,ir,lei 
New  Jersey,  by  his  frieml,  the  R,'V.  W 
White,  chaplain  of  the  Contisiental  (oi 
afterwanls  the  tir.st  I'rot,  -tant  J':pi,-e,ipal  1 
of  I'eiinsvlvania. 

On  the  -i;],!  of  October,  177o,  at  the  earl 
of  thirty-five,  he  was  ina,le  (■,jnim,i,l,,re  ,,ftli,' 
sylvauia.  navy,  and  had   tis    his  tleet  s 


on  of 
re, and 
\  the 
It  the 
ev,,lu- 
(  a-tle 
ed,  on 
Field, 
tt,iwn. 
illiani 
I'j-ress, 
Jishon 


n    Dr 


to  join  General  Washington.  He  gave  valuabh' 
assistance  in  the  celebrated  crossing  of  the  Dela- 
ware by  Washington's  army,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Trenton  commanded  a  battery  composed  of  guns 
taken  from  his  own  frigate,  which  raked  the  stone 
bridge  acrcss  the  As~anpink.  For  this  important 
.service  he  received  the  thanks  of  all  the  general 
officers,  as  stated  in  tiie  letter  of  the  14th  of 
January,  1777,  written  t,i  his  wife  by  his  brother. 
Colonel  James  Read,  who  was  near  him  ilnrinu'the 
battle.     At\er  much  active  servi,'e  bv  land  ami  bv 


It.   Wh 


sea  he  resigned,  and  retired  to 
Hill,  where  he  di-nen-,  d  a  ...n-iant  l„.spitaiitv, 
especially  to  Ids  ,,1,1  :i-o,lai,  ,-  in  i\„-  (  )r,|,r  of  th,' 
Cincinmiti,  of  whii'h  h,'  ua-  ,,]!,■  ,.f  the  ,,riginal 
mendiers.      Ills  frii'iid  R,.li,rl  Morris,  tiie  linam-ier 


190 


H1.ST<.)HY  OF   I>ELAWARE. 


(,ftheKfV.)liiti<m,haviiiL'  |mp,'lKi>eahisuM  fri-atr,  R.-ad  rtarhe,!  ['hilu.lelphia  (.n  lils  ivturn  vovaL" 
"the  AlliaiKv,"  in,luc,-.l  Cmuiun.l.Mv  lleaJ  tu  take  (.u  the  17th  of  Sc|.t<-inh,T,  IT.^s,  and  (,ii  thu  iiCth 
commanii  ot'hei-,  and  to  make  a  joint  advftituretd  of  (Jctober  followinir  liied  at  his  >iat  in  N.u 
the  Chinese  seas  and  an  out-of-so;L-on  jias.-^aL'e  to  Jersey,  in  the  forty-nintli  year  of  hi-  aLu-.  IIoL.t! 
China,  never  beiiiTe  atteniiitod.  Takins  with  Morris  eoncliided  his  obituary  of  him  in  thi-. 
him  as  liisfiist  otiieer  one  of  his  old  subordinates,  words:  "While  integrity,  beuovoleiiee,  jiatii..!- 
Ricliard  Dale,  afterwards  the  commodore  in  ism  and  eourage,  united  with  the  most  L^eiiti. 
command,  in  18U1.  iif  the  American  fleet  sent  to  manners,  are  respected  and  admired  anioui:  njin, 
theMeilitcrranean.  and  Mr.  Geor-.'  Harrison  (who  the  name  of  this  valuable  lati/.cn  and  soldier  v.ill 
became  an    emin.  nt    citi/en   of   riiiladeljliia )    ;'^s     be  revered  and  belove<l.     He  was    in   the    nol,|,.t 

import  of  tlir  wonl,  a  man." 

Commodore     Kiad     left     no 
descendants. 

Colonel  James  Read,  imc 
of  the  fathers  of  the  Ameri- 
can navy,  was  a  son  of  Col- 
onel John  Read,  of  Maryland 
and  Delaware,  and  a  brothei 
of  George  Read,  of  Delaw.n  re, 
the  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  and 
the  framer  of  the  Constitu- 
ti.jn  of  the  United  State.-, 
and  of  the  daring  navigator 
and  discoverer,  Commodore 
Thomas  Read,  of  the  Conti- 
nental navy.  He  was  born 
at  the  family  seat,  Kew  Castle 
Countv,  Delaware,  in  174-"., 
and  died  at  Philadelphia,  the 
31st  of  DecendDer,  ISl'l',  in 
his  eightieth  year.  He  wa.s 
regularly  jiromoted  from  fir.-t 
lieutenant  to  colonel  for  gal- 
lant and  distinguished  ser- 
vices at  the  battles  of  Tren- 
ton, I'rinceton,  Brandywine 
and  Germantown.  He  was 
appointed  by  Congress,  the 
4th  of  November,  177'^,  one 
of  the  three  conmii.ssicmers  of 
the  navy  for  the  Middle 
States  ;  and  on  Jainiary  1 1 . 
1781,  Congress  invested  him 
with  sole  jiower  to  conduit 
the  Xavy  Board.  AVheii  hi- 
LiNE  ISLANDS.  friend,    Robert    [Morri-.    I..- 

canio  agent,  he  was  elected 
secretary,  and  was  the  virtual  head  of  the 
marine  department,  while  Robert  ilorris  managed 
the  finance  department  of  the  American  con- 
federacy. 

Colonel  James  Read  married,  on  the  9th  of 
Julv,  1770,  Susanne  Correy,  of  the  Correys  of 
Chester  Countv,  *l''eiinsvlvania,  and  left  one  son. 
James  Read,  born  at  Ph'iladelphia    in  17^:J.     The 


ir.  Tire 


EE.Ui    lU-rOVERINc;   c 

1  the   Delaware  on  th. 
arrived  at    Canton   th^ 

by  any  other  ship,   am 
■a.son  pass;ij_ro    to  China 


supercareo,  he  sailid  fro 
7th  of  June,  17N7.  and 
following  2-Jd  ofDeceml 
a  track  as  yet  uiipiaetice. 
also  made  the  tir^t  out-of-; 

and  iliscovered  two  islands,  one  of  which  he  named 
Morris  and  the  other  Alliance  Island.  These 
islands  form  a  portion  of  tho  now  celebrated 
Caroline  Islan.U,  and  ( 'MiMnind..re  Itead's  dis- 
covery gave  riglits  to  the  United  States  which 
iiave  never  be':n   projierly    ass>  rted.     Commodore 


after    was   a    srreat    traveler    in     l-.ni- 
In    l.Mo    lu-  vi-i 
Robert   Ker   I'orK 


Unenti 


our 


l-lUJjl.»^i.M-iybj  r-tJ'--141-J#fe»gSg«^^;^gfefeg^^gP  ^ksyU^'mJ 


^ 


fe^^; 


J 


r-rTT-,;?  ^j^- 


ONE    OF    THE    ^AT^ 


OF    THE   AWERIC/ 


'm^^r^-^^-s^ 

:. 

, 

t 

i 

i 

1   *• 

, 

.-fet*^,       .,     ,r^,.j 

JN:TlD    states   D-3TR1GT    ATTC.RNiEY 


DELAWARE  l)ri;iN(i  THE   REVOLrTTOX 


191 

Aftf-r 
iVnn 


there    created    a    KniL'ht    ..f    the    OnK-r    ..t'    the  1m).").  aii.l  die.l  cm  tin- Il'th  of  .Maivh. 

Aniaranlli  hv  the    (^u.ni    MfSu.M.Ti         He  \va- a  L'ia.iiiatln-  u  ith  hon-r  at  th.    I   nivrr- 

inan   ..f  (liMi'n-ui-hr.l    attaninuiil.-    as  an  amateur  svlvania.    lie   studied    hnv    uith    hi-    . 

h,,taiiUt.       He    di.d    uiiii.arn..l.   al     Thihtdelphia.  Ju.-tiee   John    .Meredith    lOad,    and    ua-   ealh  d  t. 

the  -Jilth  of  Oeiohrr.  l>."i:;.       (  o|,,m,  I   Ja  iiu-  I'tea.l  the    har.        T.nt     ^horllv     athiuard<     ho     -tiidir, 

'iso  h'tt  ono  niarrl.d  dau-hter,  S,i>anne  Read.  «  ho  th,oh,._.v.  and  -ra  hiatrd  :ii  the  Rrin.,  ton  Divinif 

married,    the    L'Tlh     of     Mareh,     iNi:;,     .Inaehini  Srhooh'     Hi.  hm-  lith  ua,- o,„.  ,,f  nmiarkahh^  n-, 

Frederic    Kekar.l.  Daiii>h   ,-..n-nl  at  l'hdadel|.hia.  fuhies>,    and    hi<    work    in     India    and    China   iv 

and  brother  of  Hi- Exeellenev  rhri-tian    Keka.d,  donnd,-,!    to    the    e.vdit   of  Ai„eri.-a.       In   IM:,  h 

Kniflht    of    the   Daniirhrou    and    honorarv    eonn-  pnhli.-hed    an     ani  horitatlv.^     vohiine    on    Ceyhni 

selur   to   the    Kin-  .if  J>eninark.   « ho-,.    ,hui.d,tor  Dr.     load      Kekard     niairird     Maruaivt     E-ther 

nmrried    tin-    ('ourt     (irand      Ilnnt-inan     'I'ntein,  dan-htor    of    Dr.    .Ni.hohi,-     I'.avaid,    the    -on     ,, 

Kni-ht  Grand  I'r,,.-  .,f  tie'    Dann.  l-n.-.  while  his  Colonel  dohn   Havaid,    .if  I'hilad.  Ifhia.        Ho  lot 

sons'and    -rand,-on.-    were    kiULdit-    of  ihe    >anie  one  .-on,  th,.  Rov.'    Eo,J,toi,    Wil-on   E.  kaid.  hm-i 

order  and  iiiperior   jnd-e.<    .d'  S,-hles\\iL'-Hol,-tfin.  2:'.d  of  .Splemher.  l^l->,    who  -radnal.  d  at  Eafav 


READ    .M.VN>IO.V,    NKW    (A.^-Tl.E,    liEI-., 

Consul-Cieneral    Eekard     died     at   Vene/nela    the  ette     College     and    at     the     Princeton     Diviiiity 

14th   of  September,   l^oT.      Mrs.   Sn.-^anne   Read  .'^ehool,  and  is  aRo  a  di-^-tinirnishcd  clergyman. 

f:ckard  wa.s   a   woman  of  n-markable  accompiisli-  H,m.  George    I'.ead,  (lid),    of  Delaware,    eldest 

meiits  and  (Treat  wit,  and   ti-iirc-.  under  tie    luune  surviving   son    of  Geoi-ge    Read,   the    -igner,   was 

of  Mi-s  Rn-hbrook,  in  a  novrl  .ntithd  -  Ju-tina,"  b,,rn  at    New  Castle   the  I7th  of  An-n-t,  KHo.  at 

bv    Mrs.    Simeon     De    Witt.    ].iibli-lied    in     IS-':;,  the    Read    mansion.       lb    niarrhd,  on  tho  :;uih  of 

It  i.s  there    said:     "She   keep-    the    ne.-t    lit.  .arv  Otober,    IT.srt,"  Marv     Th.-mp-.n,     .lan-ht.  r     of 

an.l  the  nw.-t  fa,-hi.mabl,.  ,-...i,tv   in    I'hila.l.lphia.  General  William  Thomp-..n.  a  .li,-tingui,-he.l  Revo- 

Her  manner.-  are  eharmini:,  her  en voi-ati.m    fuK  hiti..narv  otlh.  r,  at    the   hitter's  cumtry  s._at,  mar 

of  mind,  an.l  her  h.  art    i^    n..l.h.  an.l  b.nev..hnt."  Carli,-le,'    I'enn-vlvania.        Mrs.     Th.mips..n      wa< 

Mrs.  Eckanl  was  the  aiuln.r  of  ih..   hi-frhal   a..-  Catharine    R..-,-,    tlu'   -i-fr  .-f  G.a-Irmle  R.i-s,  uiti' 

.-.amt   of    ■■  \Va>hin-t..n    .h'liv.rin-   hi<    Faivw.dl  of  Ge..r_-e  Rea.l.  Th..  .-i-ner.        (  o..!-.'  Rea.l.  i -.'.G. 

A.ldr.  -..-      M,-.  E.kanl  .li.  ,1  at  Rhiladelphi.a  the  was  an  eminent  jnri-t.  an.l   f.r    nearlv  thirtv  y.  ais 

;',d    .lav   ..f    D.o.nihor,    isdl,    Lavin-   two   distin-  was  I'nit.Nl    States   .li-tri.'t   attorn.v  ,.f  I  )ehiwaiv. 

i:nisheil-..n.-,--i-  f.,Dr.  En  .hri.k  E.-kard,  and  the  He  was  the    ..uiier   ..f  lai-..    plantalhrn-  in  ."\Iis-i- 

Rev.  Dr.  James    Rea.i    E.kanl.      The   latter   was  sippi.     He  di.'d   at    ;in'    R.^a.l    niansi..n  ..n  tin- ;;.l 

born   in   I'liila.lelphia  on   the  I'.M  of   >ovember,  September,    183ti,  and   was   burie.l  at  Emmanuel 


132 


H [STORY  OF  TUlLAWAliK 


Cliuivl,.        Iff    ua.  a  IkhhI-.h,.,  ,l,,rk-l.ai.v,l    inan.  (  iraii.M  iiilf,  >f  i"i~M|.|,i,   in    Frlnnarv,    l>-t7,   ai,.l 

of    Hell   r..,n|,lrM.„ 1    r.Mirllv    n,arin.T>.        IIi>  -i.xl.  ^Ir.l    liv  will  tu  tli-  -Pat   planlal  in,,  .  .f    |;,,.,. 

l.n.-ti-aituas  |.aii,t..l  liv  W.al„,,,'ll.  ,■.      He  rr>i,„v,l  ,ia,v,    wliii'li    ua>    n„ir|,    ,ia,„aL-.'.l    l,v    .!„■    r„in„ 

thr     l;.a.l     „,aiiMoi,.    ai,.l     ,,,U,lai„ul      l.ai;,vrttc  am,  v  .In,  i„-  t  hr   Wai   ..f  ti„    KMHlli,,,,.       1I,,„;,,_ 

tliriv  i„..-t  Mn„|,ti.n,i-K  ,,„tl,.  lalUT'-  -rrnn,l'vi.-it  n.,.rs„>an  Sali.a  „,,  ,,f   |.vi„-l,lai,-.    Vi,-ii,ia.      II, 

tn  A  „„;,!. -a.                        '  is    :il^.,    a    Mira>M„l    .■nUuii-|.la„l,,,-,     aial     a     ^.  u- 

Hn„.  (lo.i-v    i;.ail    ,:;,li.    ,.f  Drlauaiv,  .,, '  i!,„>aii   Ml-.Tal     nti,,.,,,,  „t    a„,l     vari,-,l    ,a,li„,, 

(ivo,-,.      i;,.a,l     .-.M    .    nf     l.,lauaiv,    ua-    !,.„„     i„  il,-   ,  l.lr-t    ...„,(  u,  „_.,■   i;.a.l    Mltln.   nf   l;,..^,,,,  ,,  . 

tlu'  l;,;a,l  .,iai,-i..,,.  at  XruCa-tK,  1  ),lauaiv,  .1  ,i.,r  ^  li,  ,|  i,i  i„fa„cv.     Tuo  ,-l,iM,T„ -,i,-vi  v.  — Clcv.laii.l 

4,    17^^,   an. I    nia,ii..l.    ll,.;    ll'll,    ..f  A|.iil,    IMn,  K.a.l,  l.-in    tt'l,  .lulv,   l^>l,ai,.l   Ali.v   ll.a.l,    l,.„ai 

L..ui-a     i;,.li:.lrv     I),.,MV,    ul„,~.^    lainilv     ,vh.1..|  |:,iIi   uC    F,l„,ia,v.lsMl.      (;,,„-,■  l;,a.|.  <  .".t  1,  «   .,r 

nca,-    Haiti ,■.■'   Maivlan.l.  la  ,•    lath.,-    I.cin.^  i  >r.  i;..-M„.a-L-,  ha.l --wn  l.,-..tli,.-,  s  an. I  H-t.a- :   ail  .l,.-.| 

Nalhan    |)..,>.'V,   a    mi,-. in    tla-  l;tv..l,,li..na,-v  uitla.ilt  i.-ni'   .liirin-    t\w    lif.'ti,,,.'   ..f  tliri,-   tath.a-. 

navv,  ul,..    aft,',-ua,.l.-,    1.,  .  ana-    an    iinin.  .,t   [.hv-i-  ..xr.-i-t   ...„■   .i-trr     aial    William    Tli..,n|.-..n    Kra.l, 

cian'in  I'hila.l.lnlna.      A  tt.  r  L'la.hiatin.  at  I'rin.-,-  I,..ni  at  l;..>Mn.a'.  ,  Ttl,  ().I..1h-i-,  1  s:,7,  ,„;uTi('.l.  Tlh 

t.>n  with  h.,n.n-,'iii    ]>()';.  la     .tn.la.l  law  will,  hi.  .laniiaiw,  l.>7:t.  .h.n..  Sann.ka-,  ..f  Chict   ('..nni\. 

fath.T,  an. I    wa^   .-all.-.l    L.    th.-    ha,-    in     IMawa.v.  an. I  l,a~  Willian,  Th.a,,|.M,n    Kra.l,   l,..,n   at    K..-"- 

l-)i.-tin'_Mn.-l,r.l  a>   a    law  v.  i-,  hr   wa.-  .-till  na.ic.  mi-  na'iv   lM   .,f   A|nil,    h^>,),    an.l     Kai-1     K.a.l,   h,.,,, 

u.ait    a,   an    a.lv...at.-   an.l  ivn.aikahl.-  tn,   hi-  ,■..„-  i:.th  .lulv,  ls^:l.      .M ,-.  \V.  T.  IJ.a.l  i,-  a  lai-t-  an.l 


VL'i>atu,nai  |...w.a--,  nii. 
varied  lit.raiv  attain,, 
l,..-iifvulrnt.'^rnth'  an.l 
was   sai.l   of  hin,    that    t 


■hu    .,i: 


Fiank,     uvn.n.n-,  (n:.,,-.'  K.a.l    ~  r,iU  .  an.l  Willian,  Tla  an|.,-..n  lW:u\ 

11,111-   in  n,ann.,.  it  i,-.Ma,i..n   K.  a.l,  who  was  l,..i-iiat    K-.^Miioiv  on  th,- 

./■•</  f.  -ai-,1  that  hi-  -M   .,f  Fri„a,arv,  1>.V;  :    inaiii.d.    Inth  Novt-mlit-r, 

a.I.,1  wa-  ..nK   -„,•-  ISM),  F.    .M.  Cailt..!,,     i:.-.,.,   ..f  Kin-    an.l   Quf.  n 

l,a..-r.l  l,v  th.'  wa.ni,    att,a;l„n.  i,t.  nni.l,  m-;x-  than  C'..unlv,   Vi,--inia,   an.l    has   <;,.n-.'  IJ.a.l  (■arlt,.n. 

anv    n,an    wr   hav,-    kn..v.  n,  w  hii-h  he  rli.atol  lion,  hm-nHth   Jiilv,    l.^So.   an.l    .Marian    U.a.l   Carlt.,ii, 

his    imiiudaik    tVhn.l-.       !!i-    tat  h,..-   ha.l  ...-.•np,.  .1  l,.,ni  A  n-n-t '  1 ,  1  >>  ). 

for  many  Vfar-  thr   |,.,>t   ..f  rnit,.l   >tat.-  .li,-tiirt  William  Th..i„|,-on   K.a.l,  ,,,ii   of  Gcr^.-  F.ua.l 

attoniev,  an.l  I,.-  al.-..  hll..l   thai  ..111.;.-  u  iih  ahilitv  .J.I),   ..f  I  >.lawa,  ,■,   was   horn   in   th-j    K..a..l    nian- 

diiringUu"    a.li,iini-lrati..n>   ..f  thiv.-  .,f  o,ir  Fiv.-j-  si.,n,at    N.w  Ca-tl..',  ,.n    the  'I'M    ,,f  An-ii-t,  17'.)!'. 

.h-ntsr        (.;.-.,, -,.    l;,a.l    lo.F.   .11.. 1    at    th.'    lamilv  an.l  wa- hapti/.-.l  th..-  1  lit  h  ..f  S.^i.t.anh.T   thlh.win- 

inaiisi.ui,   in  .\\  w    Ca-tl.-,  ..n  th,    1,-t  of  N.,vvn,h,-r,  at   lanniamul  Chnr.'h.      11. ■  -ra.lnat.,1   at    Primv- 

l.s;37,  an.l   ..n   the  i  vt-   ..f    l,i>    n..min.,ti..n   t.,    tl,.'  t.a,  in    ls| '.,  -Imli.  •!    law  with  hi-   father   ami  wa,- 

Fnitf.l  Stal.-Sena!.-.      IF-  ha.l  e.a,-tantlv  reh,s,.l  .alh-.l!..  th.- I.ar  in  I  Mawaiv.    1 1.- re-i.h-.l  at  Wa.-h- 

(ioir-e  Kea.l,   i4tl,   ,-..n   ..(  <M_..rue    Kea.l    .  :;,1  i,  the    u.,veni!n.  n"t    .lepartnieiit-.   and    heeanie  later 

of  Dehiware,   was   l,..,n   at    New  Ca-tle.  ir.th  t  >.t.,  -e.-ivtarv  .if  the    K-ali..n  <<t'  the    I'nited   .*^t:Ues   !•. 

FXFJ;   niarrie.l,  in    F-41.  >n-an  Chapman,  ..f  Vir-  Hiien..,- " A vres,   ami  a  Senat..r  .,f  Delaware.     He 

rrinia,  and  ,li..l  in  An-ii-t.  1>V.'.  f.rlv--.  v.-n    v,.,r.-  was  ais..   (  iraii.i    Ma-t.r  ..f    >[a-.>n,-   ..f  Delawaiv, 

of    a-e    at    Ih—inei.-,  n.ar    ('..liin,hki.    Ai-kan-a,-.  an.l  ..i,e  .,f  the  foiimha-s  ..f  th,'    Hi.-t..,-ieal   S,,.aetv 

He  sln.we.l   earlv   a|.tit,,.le   f.r   hii.-in.--,   an.l    \n  as  ..f  Delawaiv.      IF-    wa-    a    man   ..f  L'l.-at   .-nltni.'. 

ti-aim-.l  in  the  .•ouiitin-.'  hoi,,-.-   .,f  an   ei,,i,i.-,V    tirm  an  ai.l.  nt  .-hnr.-lii,,aii,  an.l  l,i-hlv  iv-peete.l   in   all 

in  llaltiiii..re.      In   .-..n,|.anv    u  it  I,  hi-  ■,:,-a,ii.lratl,er,  relati..ii.-  tlu..n-li    lif.-.      He   wa-'  the    aiitlmr   of  a 

Ce.ir-e    K._-a.l.  (  iM. '  la-   |,iir.-ha-.- 1   ,-i    .-oitoi,    |.lan-  Hie  .,f  hi.-   -raii.lfath.r,   (h-..r-e    K.-a.l,   the  si-n.-r. 

Arkai,,-a-,  ,.,n  'he  l,.,r,l.-i  - .  .f  Fom-iana,  wl,i.-l,  -,-.-w  ..f  .lainiarv,   F-7:;,   havin-.'   i,,,irri..l  .-allv  Fatimer 

un.h-r   hi-   ma^l.-rlv    t..nel,    int.,   .,ne   ..f   th,-    -ivat  11 las,  ul,..  pre-.l.-e.-a-e.l  him.      il,-l,-l't  n.,i.-„e. 

re|,n-M-ntative  plaiitati.  m-  ..1    th.-  Sonlh.      IIe^o,.k  Hi.-  hn.thers.  (Innnin-  lle.lli.r.l  Kea.l  an.l  Charl..- 

an  ac-tiv,-  part;  in  the  .,r-ani/.ali..n  ..f  a  pari-h  in    hi-  ll.-nrv  Kea.l,  h.^h    lawver-  ..f  -leat  pi-on,i,-,.,   .Ii,.l 

iiei-hh..rhood,  where  hi-    kin. 111. -s   an.l    -en.  r..,-itv  n aVrie.l.       Hi-    -i-t.-V.   Catherii,.-    Anne    K.a.l, 

made  him  the  ol.jeel  ..f  warm   ..tr.-.-tion.      H,    .li.d  wl,.,    was   l,..rii    in    17'.'1,   in    the    Ih  a.l  i,,ai,.-i..n  at 

in   the  cmimiinion   ..f   the    Fpi-e..pal    (ha,.-!,,   ..f  New    (  a^tle,  ami   .|i.-.l  ther.'   in   l.^-JC,;    marrie.l,  .-n 

whi.-h  he  was  a  pi-..n)ine„t  ,n,-mher,  like  all  ,.f  l,i^  the    l>th    .,f  .In,  .-,    l-Ml',    D,-.   All.-n    .MeFaiie,  .a 

familv.     Hewas  .-haraet.  li/..  .1  l,v -,.nn.l  in.hj,,,.  ni,  Wilmin-t..,,,  s..n  ..f  (  .  .l..nel  AH,  n  M.-Fai„-,of  th.- 

fore-i-ht,  ami   ,  iK-r.-v.      IF-   wa-' -I    ih-ti.li.ai.-l v  K.  v..h,ti..i,arv    arniv.  ami    hr.ah.r    .,f    the     II. .n. 

retim.i,   a    man    .,f  m...li,in,    height,   ,.f    han.l-..i,,e  F.-w  ,>  .M.-Fane.   >.er.-tarv  of  State  of  the    Fnil.'l 

face  ami  earria-.-e.  .<Iat.-.-,  an.l  nmle  ..f  th.-  H..n.  K..i..-rt  .M.  .M.-Fai,.-, 

(.ie.ir.-e    Kea.l   ,oih,.,  ..f  Arkan-a.-,  ehF-l  .-..n  ..f  Fnite.l  .<tate-  .Mini.-t,-r  t.,  Fran.-.-. 
Geor-e     Kead     ,  kin,   ..,f   Delau.ir,-,    was   i...rn   at  William    K.'ad,    lir.-t    lieutenant   of   the   Uliil-'l 


DHLAWARK   Dl  RING  TIIK  KKVOLi  TIOV  193 

Stutr^  army,  bHTii    lli.^  li  1th  of  Aiiril,  Is-J:";.  at  ilie  ImrifMl  nt  G;jvfin  :r':;   Island.    N'ew    York,   leaving 

lanillv   iiian-i..n,   X,-,v   (':.-:!.■,  I )  luu  aiv,  \va~   Lap-  -.LM.-iuc. 

ti/.-.r,.ii   the    4th   of  A]iriL    l--!k    at    ]  ;inii.ai,;..l  Annie  D',r>.y  IIm.I,  tni  i  >1  (hui-hter  of  die  Hon. 

Church,  Nuu  Ca-ll".      I'l- \va~  thr  -on  ..f  thr  llm.  (;.■.. r.-r   Uciel  ;:M  ).    an,l    i,;i!i;^a   Uiiiirely  Dorsey, 

(;,■,, ive     Read     (  ".J  ^    <.f    1  )Ma\van'.    ami     I.....i-a  hi.^  wif^,,  h'jrn  at  the  fa  uilv  nuuijion,  Xew  Ca^le, 

UiJgely  Doi-ev.hi.with.     II.'  \vasa|.|>.,int.'.lf.-(Ku  IVlauar.',  ^va^     hni^'i/.A    ....    i!„.    -.1    ,.f   Au-ast, 

Delaware  a  c-a,h_.t    at  We-t  I'.iinl    th.'    l.t   ..f  July,  l-h-.then  ;.,-ev'  diiee  vu  i  L^,  at  r.uinia.iU.l  Thureh, 

IS-K);  proniiite.l    t..    hr  s.t.ui.I    l.r.'vet    li.-ut.  nan'  ^.'cv,' ('astlc.     .-^h.e   ,..::r:' .!   MaJ  .;■  I,-aac  A.  Keiter 

iu  the  Sixth    lufantrv:   .-erved  v.itli  (!i<tineti..n   m  Ih-v  s,  of thi    >   nit.^;  Sta'rs  ariay,   wh.i  wai  born 

the  war  with  .Mexie.i';    wa-^  nia.le  see,, nd  lieutenant  in  Is'ov    V.uk.      lie    « as   :;,>!..j!ut.'d   a  eadet  from 

uf  the   Fifth    Infauti-v  iu    IM''..   aud    lirst    Ihaiteii-  New  'I'erk  t.,'   V  .rl   Point;    in    l>:;i,   uraduated  in 

ant  of  the  same   n-inieut    in    1  M7  ;    reM-ue.l   Lil.t  :8:]-"i.  ^ervc  :    w  ith  .'i,;ineaou  hi  ilie   Florida  War, 

of  Julv,  l.Soll      II.'.  wa>  Prof. -or  .,f  Natural   an.!  ntal  ;,:tahie.i   tiu     ra.uK    ofi,rii..r.      He    died  prior 

Experim.ntal  Pliii..s.,i.hy  iu    the   K.iuuekv   ^lili-  to  ihe  Kel.aii..n.      Mr.      Maj.u'   P.eves   resides  in 

tarv  In-titute  from  l^olt.,  l^'.-;  as-i>tant  oxaui-  one   of  tho   ol.l    K.a'.l    iiia..si<  ns    at    New    Castle, 

iner  of  patents  at  Wa>hin-t.iu  fr.im  l^ru,  t..  iM'.l,  Delaware   and  has  the    lolh.v.in;!  children.  Keiter 

an.l  a  planter  in  Montgomery  dunty,   ^Maryland.  Heevvs.  civ  son.  an  engineer  iu  the  United  States 

fr.un  l.SiU  until  his  death  in  18S4.  "  He  mari;ied  navy,   wle.  inurrie.l  Henrietta  Young  and  has  two 

.M.  E.  Beale,  the  irranddaughter  of   Comni.j.ioie  cliildrer  — iCeiter    ICeeves  and    :Murian    Keeves; 

Truxton,  <jf  the  United  States  navv.  Marian   Lei:.'re    Peeves,  a   well-known  authoress, 

J.    Dorsey    P..;a.l,    a    graduate  "of    the    Naval  who    has    written    Uiider   the    iwm    de  p!n""3   of 

Academy  at   Annapolis,   was  a    lieut.iiant   in   the  Fadette,      the     foUowiie/     novels,    "  Ingemisco," 

United  States  navy.     II.' ili.'.l  iu  1  >o.s.     Married  "  Piandolph  Honour  "  an.l '■  Wearie  Thorne,"  and 

Maria  Chapman,  of  Vir-iuia,  hut  hft  lei   d.-seeini-  in  conaeetiou  with  her    aunt  Mi.-s  Emily  Head,  of 

ants.     He  was-  the  third  ton  .,f  th..  .Hon.  Ge.n-e  New  Ca.tle,  has  publi-hed  "  (Jld  Martin  Boseaweu's 

Read    (--Id),  of   Delaware,   and     Louisa     Pidgely  Jest." 
Dorsev,  his  wife.  Annie   Dorsey   Reeves  married  the  Hon.  John 

iNIarian  ^Murray  Read,  born  at  the  Read  Man-  H.  Rodney,  of  New  Castle,  a  great  grand-nephew 

sion.  New  Castle,  Delaware,  was   baptized  on  the  of  the  Hon.  Cresar  Rodney,  a  signer  of  the  Declar- 

(ith  of  i\Iay,  1811,  aged  three  month.<,  at  Emmanuel  atiou  of  Independence,  aud  has  six  sous  aud  one 

Church,  New   Castle;   w;is  the  eldest  daughter  of  daughter. 

the    Hon.   George  Read   (;]d),  of  Delaware    and         Caroline   E.    Reeves    married   Win.  S.    Potter, 

Loui.-a   Padgely   Dorsey,    his  wife.     She  married  Es.p,  a  planter  in    Cecil  County,   iMarylaud,   and 

James  G.    iMartin.    E.m|,,    of  N..rth   Carolina,    a  has  two  sous  and  five  daughters, 
graduate  of  ^Ve--t  Point,   wh..  attained  the   rank         Caroline  Read,  fourth  daughter  of  Hon.  George 

of  major  iu  the    United  State.- army,   an.l  lieeame  Fu-ad    (•''!).    of  Delaware,    and    Louisa   Ridgely 

u  major  general  in  the  Confeih  rate  army.  Dorsey.  his  wife,  b.uii  at  the  tiimily  mansion.  New 

James  G.Martin,  eldest  son  .jfJame.-G.-AIartin,  Castle,  Delaware,  wa-  baptized  on  the  22d  of 
of  North  Carolina,  was  coun.-elor-at-law,  A^he-  Jnlv,  L'^l'i-.  at  Emnuiuuel  Cluireh,  New  Castle. 
ville.  N.>rth  Car..liua.  IP'  n.arrie.l  Annie  Davis.  She  marrie.l,  on  the  illst  of  .March,  1840,  Major- 
Elizabeth  Stark  .Murray  Martin  wa-  tiie  ehlest  General  William  IL  French,  of  the  United  States 
daughter  of  James  G.  -Martin,  of  Nortli  (.'arollna.  army,  a  graduate  of  We.t  P.jiut  in  ISoT,  a  di.s- 
She  married  William  Pruce,  Esq.,  c.>uii.-ilor-at-  tin_'uished  officer  of  th.'  I'niii.l  States  army 
law,  Norfolk,  Viruinia.  durinir  the  Rebellion.     He  was  b..rn  on  the  :;d  Jf 

Annie    Holling.worth    ^lartin    was    the   seciid  J.muary.  P^lo.  at  Pallim.ne,  .Maryland.       He  re- 

dau-hter  of  James  G.  .Martin,   of  N..rth   Carolina,  tired  in"  Julv,  l^^.l,  as  Colonel  of  the  4th  .\nillery. 

She, lied   unmarried.  with  rank  o'f  maj..r-.jnieral.     Ile-liedou   the  20t"h 

.Marian  Martiu.  the  v,.un_vst  daughter  of  James  of  Mav,  l^sl,  at  Wa.-hin.'t..n.      His  wile,  Caroline 
(;.  .Martin,  i:-.i....f  N...rth  Car.ilina,  wa.  marrh-.l  to     P.  ad,"  di..l    on    tiie   L'Hth    of  September,    1^.^4,   at 

Samuel  Tenneut,  E-.p,  planter,  .V.heville,  Nortii  Piue  Ri.l-e  Sunuuit.  Franklin  Cunty,  Peunsyl- 
(■ar.)i;na.  vania.      Ti„-v  hit  the  f.  .P.  .-a  iu^-  i,-ue  : 

Louise  G.rtru.le  Po'ad,  b,.rn  at  the  familv  man-  Lieatenan"t-C..l..nel  Frank  .-an.P  French,  born 

si.,n.  New    C.i-tle.    Delaware,   sectni   dau-hter    of     in    1.^41    at   IP.ult.m,  M  aiue.  cnter.'d    the    Fnitul 

Ib.n.  Geor-e  Read  .:;.l).  an.l  L..ui.-a  Phlidv  Ih.r-  States  urmv,  1>(,1.  as  .en.nd  lieutenant  ofaitiUery, 
bev,  his  wife,  wa>  marri.j.l  t.,  C.h.uel  P.  K.  'Pieiv.-,  an.l  was  "ma.le  captain  an.l  brevet  liuitenant- 
of  the  Unitol  Stale-  armv,  brother  ..f  (,eu.u-al  clonelfor  gallant  an.l  merit. .ri..u-  e.,n.luet  .lur- 
Franklin  Pierce,  Piv^hlmt  "ot'  the  l'i!it..l  Siat.  s.  in,'  the  war;  died  4lh  <.f  .-epteiuber,  P^i;";,  at 
Hr  commaihled  at  (J.^veriMuV  1-land  at  th.'  timeof  New  Castle,  Delaware,  of  woun.ls  received  at  the 
Ids  wife's  death,  which  occurred  in  l.^ll.^      She  was      battle  of  Antietam  ;  unmarried. 

lo 


William    Urn 

rv    French,  c,f  the    I" 

arniv.lH.r:,  ITil. 

.itMiilv,  184  1,  at  Xev, 

Iskm.l,    \Nl,ilc    1, 

i-    latl'irr    \\:,^    ^iatini 

Adams,     ile  rna 

rried  Kniily  (Jtt  in  l" 

three  daut;lit<.  rs. 

Lieutenant    I" 

re.I.ri.k     IlaUerren 

graduate  (if  W. - 

t  roinl  in  1*77,  ^eeon 

r   I.oel- 

;w,«„l,   nf  T' 

■..f.M, 
1,  i<  til 

litary  Tii.;. 
V   >,,n   of   1- 

;..rn    at 

iiHa  i; 

ea,l   M,].., 

at  Will 

ninutn,,.  1, 

to'iM  r,  : 

lM(.,,li.,l,: 

a-hin^ 

tun,  I>.  C. 

nny.l. 

i-rniaiiy.     1 

IIISTOUY  OF  nKLAWAUK. 

nitid  States  Lieutenant   J^'hii   Alexani 

p.,-t,i;h,Hle  Unit,.!    >!ate~ainn-.  I'mt; -. 

ir.l    at    Fort  at  the  Uniwr-iiv   .,f  .Michi^^; 

u'.K  and  ha.  Jchn  Alrxan.ha-    L.m  ku.in.l, 
aware,  in  l-^l'J,  1)\-    hi-  \\iti\  . 

Fivneh,     a  hnru  l'l>t  of  F.  hniarv.  IM^ 

d  lieutenant  aware,  niani.d  the  lin'th  of  (J 

United    States  arinv   sanu;    year;    fii>t    lieutenant  L'lst  of  Noveinlur,  F-^mi,  at  War 
1800;  retired  January,  F^-o  :  unmarried.  Lieutenant    r,n,i<NN,,n.i   uas 

Lieutenant  ( le'M-L'o  F"-   Frciich,    Fniti  d  Statr-  Oetuher,  F'-oli.  at  I)n-.len,Sax 

Navv,  bnrn   Sth   .liilv,    ls.-,7,   at    Fort  .^F-lIenrv,  i<  the  i;ran.l,-..n  of  1  ir.  Allen  McLaiie  and  hi- w  i'.  , 

Balt"imore,    Maryland,    wliile    hi.,    tiither    was  >la-  Catharine  Aniir  F.  ail,  and  tilth   in    descent    lr,i, 

tioned     there;    "a     yraduat.-    of     the     Acad.niy,  G<  or^e  Fead,  ot'  Delaware,  the  si.tjner.     Hissi-i,,. 

Annapolis,   in   F^-^^O;   iied.-iii|ieian   (.f  the    Fnited  Florence    F< i.  kw o,mI,  horn  at  Florence,  Italy,  li.. 

States  Navy  in  FSN-' ;  eii.-i-n,  June,  1SS4  ;  niarriod,  I'lltli  of  April,  F^:.:".,  inairicd,  the   17th   of  Fchn,. 

in    Baltiniore.  2C.th    of   .March,    l»."i,     Fli/,a!.etli  ary,  l>7^^,  Faptain    I'liarks   Alfred    Euoth,  of  tl;.. 

Holliun;sworth,  daii-htcr  of  Fharle.  Findiav,  F.-,.  I'idled  State,-  army. 

Mrs.   French    was   born    the    17th    of   Noyemlvr,  William   Kead,  of  Fhiladelphia,    consuI-L'enend 

185(5.     They  have  one  son,  Findlay  Fr.-nch.  of  the  Kin-d,.,m  of  Naples,  was  the  ,-ecoud  son  ..{ 

Annie    Read    French,   lioni    tie"    24th   of  May,  Geor-e  Fead,  the  si-iier,    of  Delaware.       He  v.a- 

1853,  at  Tampa,  FIilFbo..ui..-n  Cnunty,  Fla..  while  boiu  in  the  Fead  mansion,  New  Castle,  Deluuar.  . 

her  father  >vas  stationed  tliere:  married,  the 'Jlth  of  October  10,    1707,   and  died  iu  his  own  nian>ion. 

May,  1875,  to  Captain  John  M.Clem,  of  the  United  at    Fhiladelphia,    September   25,    1840.     He  wa- 

States  army.      lie  was  born  at  Newark,  Licking  married,  at   Christ  Church,  riiiladelphia,   on  t!.. 

county,' Ohio,  in  1850,  entered   the    United   States  22d    of    Sen^ember,    1700,    by    Bishop  White,  to 

army  in  1^02  asadrunimer-bov.and  di^tiiiL'tii-iied  Anne   McCall;    daughter    of    Archibald    ilcCall 

himself  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga,  and  Shiloh,  and    Judith    Kcmblc,    his    wife.         Mrs.    Fe-1 

and    became   famous   as    the    "Drummer-boy     of  was      born      on      the     2d     of     Mav,     1772,     and 

Chickaraauga,"  and  tbr  his  distinguished  services  died  the  17th  of  July,  1^45.     Mr.  William  Fead. 

and  gallantry  was  ai>pointed,  when  only  ten  years  who  ren:oyed  to  l'hiladel[ihia  at  an  early  age,  wa-. 

of  age,  a  sergeant  in  the  I'nited  States  army;  be-  for  many  years,   consul-general   of    the   Kingiloai 

came  second  lieutenant  in  F'^70,  hrst  lieutenant  in  of  Naples,  and   represented  several  other  ion  igu 

1874,    and   captain   and     a-si-tant     ipiai termaster  powers.        He    ;vas    a    I'mther    of    Cleor^e    lUvi 

in  1S82.     They  have  one  son,  Jolin  Clem.  (2d),   of    New    Castle,   an.l     of     the   Flon.    John 

Rosalie    FrJnch.  born   4th  June.  1^01 ,    at   New  Read,  of  I'hiladclphia.     He  re.rided  in  an  nnei.  i.t 

Castle,  Delaware,  man  ill  I  laeiitenant  .1.  (  onklin.  and  spacious  mansion  on  Second  Street,  then  tie 

of  the  United  Stat,  s  army.  most    fashionable    part    of    Phihulelphia.       IFs 

Julia  Rush   Read,   tilth  daughter  of  the  Hon.  eldest   son,    George    Read,    of  Penn.-ylvania.  wa.- 

George    Read    (-Mi,    of    Delaware     and     Foui.-a  born  in  Fhihnlelpina,  on    the    lUth  of  June,  171'7, 

Kidgely   Dorsey,   hi-     wile,    born     at    tiie   family  in  the  large  mau.-ion  in  Si  ennd  Street,  three  do. .i- 

mansion,     Ne\v    Castle,     I>elaware,  and     married  above  Spruce,  on    the    wer-t    side.     In  accordanee 

General  Samuel  Jones  of  Vireinia,  wlm  eradualed  with    the    ancient    family    usage,  he  was  taken  to 

at  We>t  Fuint.   and  attained   the  rank  ot'  cajitain  New  Castle,  Delaware,  and  christened  on  the  2'.eh 

in  the  United  States  army.      He  became  a  major-  of  <_)ctober.  17It7,in  ICmmanuel  Church,  of  which 

general  in  the  Confi  di  r:iie  army,  and  commanded  hi-  u'reat-L^randt'ather,  the    Fev.   George  Ross,  uas 

during  the  Rebellion   the   Di.'partments   of  South  the  lir-t  lector  in  I7h:'..     Mr.  Read  resided  neari*' 

Carolina,  Geor-ia,  Alahama  and    Florida.     They  f  .itv  ve;ir<  in  .-[lain.  tirst  eni'iL'  thitheron  the  F'rh 

have    one    child,  Fnuly    Read    Jones,   who   is   mi-  of  ( '.ctober,  1 M  7.      lb-  w  a- f  .r  a  Ion-  tinu>   Unit,  d 

marri'd.  "  States   cn-nl  in  that  Kuejdoni.      He  is  >till  livin.', 

Emily  Fiad.  >ixth  dauehter  of  the  Ibm.  (  ieorje  and  in    hi^  ninetv-.-econd  year   is   e.Ktremely  aeir>. 

Read    I'o.F,    of    Delaware     and    Feui-a     ];idi:e|y  in  hi-  hal.it^.  and    his  anecdotes  are   as   intercsti:,.- 

Dorsev,  his  wite.   wa>  born  at  the  finnly  nain>ion,  and  hi.  uita<  vivaeious  as  in  hisearlier  years,    lb 

New    Castle,    Delaware,    where    -he    -till    r.-idi-.  is      nnmani...!.       Hi<      three      brothers,- WiUiaia 

She    has    contributed    to    the    F.ncvclnpadia    Ibi-  Areliil.ald  F.^id,  a  planter  le.ar  New  Orleans;  Joh.n 

tannica,  and  has  produced  anonvni.,u-lv  -  Lite  in  Fead,   a  prominent    lawyer  of    Fhiladelphia  :  an 

New   Sweden  Tw,,  llundnd  Wars   Aeo."      >h.    is  Samuel  3IeCali  bead,  al-oa  (danter  inar  Ne»   "r 

also  the   author.-,  in    e,.njnn.ti.n    uilli    luriii,.-e  I.  an-,    F  .iii-iana-dhd    uiLie.at    i..ae.      IF-   .a'y 

Mi.-^S  :\Iarian  Reeve..,  of  -"old   .Martin  Bo-eauen's  si-ter,   .Marv     F.ad,     born     the      ICth     of      June. 

Je-t,"  and  ■•  Filot  Fortune,"  17'J'J,    died"     the- 7th    of     duly,     1.S75;   marri-l. 


s^sgBtswsjer^fes 


^.^.^ 


'-^J 


\  \  ■ 


CONSUL  oe';eiral  of  th^   kingdom  of  naple; 


X' 


aTggrjr;^:^:  j!^r  rr  ja,.  jj^^^arg^^gw;:'- 


^   0^^. 


^ 


n: 


'6/u-     ,'/(u:,„.r„/./,   .  /.'/,„     //UV/,/ 


/-,.,/    /,"/ 


PELAWAliK  rU'llINTr  THE  m:\'OLr 


105 


ill  1S27.  C-lornim  Fi.lin-.  of  PI,il:„I,.ipl,i;,.  sun  „f 
S;inui,'lai;,l-nnHl<:.not\Villi;:nil'ishor.  .A[r.  I'i-hrr 
was  l«,ni  in  I'liihi.].  I;.lua  in  17:i:;,  and  .lied  tl:er; 
the  4ti.  (,f  Mai-ch,  ls.-,7.  TImmi-  rliildren  are  tlie 
present  Willia.n  Uea.fFi.h.T.  i:-,|..<'n'iiil:i.Irl|.liia; 
]:ii/al)eti,  l;h..,l,>  Fi^iier.  uiin  nuurie  i  Kiijeii.  A. 
Livin-ston,  K-i.,  nt-  LivinL-lon  .A[an.,r.  Xew 
Ynrk.and.lied  in  l.sT7:Sallv  WrA  Fide  r  and 
MarvK.ad  Fi.lier.  Tlie  eld.-.l  -  m.  Cleinan  P. 
Fislier,  a  distin-uislied  en-in-er.  di.'d  o.n.e  years 
aL")  unniarried.  Mrs.  Liviu-steii  left  <ine -.ai  and 
twu  dau-lite.>. 

The  Hon.  J(.hn  Read,  of  I'ennsvlvania.  an 
eniincut  lawyer,  tinaneier  and  pliilantlimpi.-t,  aiid 
one  of  the  leaders  'jf  the  Federal  party,  v.a<  the 
fourth  Soil  of  George  Read,  of  Delaware,  a  signer 
of  the  Deelaration  of  Indeiiendeiice,  and  a  frainer 
and  siicner  of  tlie  (.'.institution  of  the  United  States. 
The  elde.-t  s.iu,  John,  named  in  honor  of  Ids  irran.i- 
father,  had  died  in  infancy,  an.l  the  fmirtli  —a 
received  the  same  name,  and  consequi-ntlv  ieiM;i.'il 
to  take  the  place  of  his  elder  brother.  His  mother, 
Gertrude  Ross,  was  the  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
George  Ross,  Rector  of  Iimuanuel  Church,  Xow 
Castle,  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Ediubur^di 
iu  1700,  and  of  the  Divinity  Sch.jol  iu  1702.  who 
having  been  ordained  by  the  Eishoji  of  London, 
became  one  of  the  foun.lers  of  the  Church  of 
England  in  America.  !Mr.  R.iss  was  born  in  1(579 
and  died  in  1754.  His  daughter,  ]Mrs.  Read,  was 
beautiful  iu  person,  her  manners  were  refined  an.l 
gracious,  and  her  piety  was  shown  in  a  constant 
succession  of  charitable  deeds.  As  her  pious  father 
expressed  it  in  his  autobiography,  the  family  es- 
cutcheon was  without  spot  or  stain.  Her  grand- 
father, David  Ross,  Es.|uire,  of  Balblair,  \vas  a 
descendant,  through  the  house  of  Balamuehy.  of 
the  ancient  family  of  the  Earls  of  Ross.  Her 
eldest  brother,  John  Ross,  had  preceded  her  hus- 
band as  attorney-general;  a  younger  br. .tlier, 
George  Ross,  was  a  distiuLiuished  judge  and  a  signer 
of  the  Declarati.)n  of  Inilependence,  whilt  the 
jiatriotic  sermons  of  another  brotbei-,  the  Rev. 
-F.ueas  R.iss  (an  eh,.|uent  illvine  ..f  the  Ciiurch  .)f 
England,  who  ha.l  receive.l  hi^  .l.-rces  at  0.xf..nF, 
had  tire.l  the  h.  art  of  the  e-'louies  at  the  openin- 
of  the  Revoliiti.in. 

John  Rea.l  was  b,,rn  iu  tiie  U.ad  nunwien,  X..\v 
Ca.~tle,  D.lawan,  ,.n  th-  17th  ..t'  Julv,  ]7i;;i.  He 
graduated  at  Frineeton  in  17S7,  studied  law  with 
his  i-ithcr,  was  called  to  the  bar  and  remove  I  to 
Philadelphia  in  17.^1J.  where  he  married  in  U\u\, 
Martha  .Mere.lith,  cMe.t  .laughter  of  General 
Sainu.l  ^FTedilh,  nieniUer  .^f  th.'  Continental  Con- 
gress, lii>t  Trea-uvr  ..f  the  Fnite.l  States,  and  an 

Ultimate   friend  of  G.n.-ral    \Va.-hin-t..n.      (i -e 

Clvmer.  a  ^ign.T  ..f  the  Derhiraih.n  ..f  In.h  pen.l- 
en.-e  and  a  fraiuer  of  the  ('..n.-titutiou  .if  the  Fnit.-.l 
States,  was  Mrs.   Rea.l's  unele.     Her  m.uher  was 


the  .lan.dit.'r  ..f  Dr.  Th.mias  Ca.lwala.ler,  of  the 
Supreme  Ex..cutiv..  Cnn.-il  .,f  P.  nn.ylvania,  and 
t!ie  -ister  ..f  (J-n.-i-al  John  <  ■a.lwalader,  whose 
daughter  Fannvmarri.'.l  L  .i.l  Eiskiue,  and  Colonel 
Lambert  Ca.lwala.ler.  H. a' iu..i  her-indaw.  General 
Phi!en:on  Dl.-kin-on,  .•oniman,!,.!  the  New  Jer.^ev 
for.Y.s  at  the  ?dill>l.ine  au.l  at  the  battle  ..f  M..n'- 
n.outh.  an.l  J..lin  Di.;kin-on,  amh.,r  ..f  the  "  Far- 
nea's  Lett.as,"  was  her  cousin.  Mrs.  R.-ad's 
L:raii,l,';!th.  r,  K.'.se  .M.M-.;dith,  t!ie  s,>n  of  R-jese 
.Men.'.lith.  E-.piire.  ot'  the  couutv  of  Radnor,  was 
b.irn  in  Wih,.  in  170o,  removed  to  Philadelphia 
in  17l'7,an  1  iiiari-ii>.l  tht  granddaughter  .if  Samuel 
Carp,  nter,  owner  of  the  "Slate  Roof  House,"  the 
partner  .if  William  Penn  and  one  of  the  executora 
of  his  will.  Pieese  Mere.lith  s[)rang  from  the  very 
ancient  (.'amlirian  family  of  ^[eredith  to  whidi 
belon-  I,or.l  Atlilumnev,  Baron  Meredith  and  the 
Mtrediths,  P.aronets  .if  GreenhiUs  and  Carlauds- 
t.n\n.  County  Meath.  He  was  one  of  the  wealthiest 
men  ot'  Ids  .lay;  his  t.i\i-n  house  was  in  "Walnut 
Street  b.d.iw  Sec.md;  ids  country  seat  was  ou  the 
west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  opposite  Fairmouut. 
His  son,  General  Meredith,  resided  in  a  large 
mansion  on  the  north  side  of  Chestnut  Street,  two 
doors  above  Fil'th,  opposite  Indepemleuce  ILill. 
His  country  scats  were  GreenhiUs,  Philadel[ihia 
County;  Otter  fLdl,  near  Trenton.  New  .Jersey, 
and  Belm.int,  near  the  jirescnt  town  of  Scranton, 
Pennsylvania. 

John  Read  was  appointed  by  Prcbident  John 
Adams,  in  17li7,  Agent  General  of  the  United 
States  under  Jay's  Treaty.  He  tilled  this  imixirt- 
ant  office  with  marked  ability  also  under  the  ad- 
ministrati.m  of  President  Thomas  Jetl'erson,  and 
until  its  termination  in  1800,  and  published  a 
valuab!.-  v.ilume  entitled  "British  Debts"  He 
WLis  City  S.jlicitor,  a  member  of  the  Common  and 
Supreme  Councils  of  Philadelphia,  and  took  an 
aitive  part  iu  the  defen^c  of  the  Delaware  during 
the  AVar  of  1S12.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Legislature,  and  chairman  of  the 
(.'.imniiit.e  of  Seventeen  in  ISIG.  He  was  Senator 
fp-m  IMd  to  1817;  was' appointed  by  the  legisla- 
tive lio.ly  State  Director  of  the  Philadeliihia  Bank, 
an.l  on  th.'  I'etiremeut  of  his  wife's  uncle,  George 
Clvmer,  the  si-ner,  in  FSl'.i,  became  President  of 
that  D-Auk.  which  oi!l..-e  he  hel.l  until  LS41.  He 
was  al.-o  tiie  pre.-i.lent  .j.'"'  many  other  iinp.irtant 
cirp.irations.  An  active,  wise  and  liberal  cluirch- 
man.  he  constantly  figured  in  the  national  councils 
ol'  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  he  was  lor  many 
years  Rect.ir's  warden  of  Christ  Church,  St. 
Peter's  and  St.  Jain^s'.  He  died  at  Trenton,  New 
Jersey,  ou  the  loth  Julv,  l^ol.  in  the  ei-htv-sixth 
vear  .'.f  his  age,  an.l  wa^  burici  in  th.>  Read"  vault, 
Chri.t  Church,  Pliiha.l.i|iiiia.  He  was  the  I'athcr 
of  the  Hon.  J.ihn  M.ae.lilh  Kea.l,  Chief  Ji;.-tiee  of 
Ponn.-ylvania.      His   liHuianity  and   jihilanthropy 


s   iiiaii- 

■loll    in 

trict  of  IViiiiivlvaiiiu 

,  in  l.s:;7,  and  held  i 

that  otfieo 

;!l>t  o. 

rtol.lT, 

ei'_'ht  vfars.      Fie  \va.- 

^  al-n  in.h_'e  advoca 

te  on   the 

_'l).   :;1m1 

at  tl,c 

C'ourt'ofKn.iuirvon 

(/oiun/odorv    Klliot. 

solieitor- 

IVnn-v 

Ivaiiia 

-eiieralofthoTivaMi 

rv  I>e|.aitinent,  and 

attornev- 

pniihi 

-,-.  l.ut 

u'eiUTal    of  P.nn^vlv 

ania.     Althon-h    hi 

:.    laniiiv 

1   the   1 

r,th  vf 

were    eniiiiciit   and   [' 

owei-ful    Fe(h.i-ali-ls. 

he  earlV 

ar  of  h 

is  a-c. 

l.rcainu  a  Drnioerat 

and  wa-  one   of  the 

■  lounch'rs 

[Vt     Mv 

rt-ai[h, 

of  the  FreeSMl  win- 

nf  tiiat  party.    Thi< 

militated 

o-_',  aiK 

1   Mar- 

UL'-ain.-t  him  when  he 

was  nominated   to  t 

he  Senate 

m>                                                      IHSTOIIY  or  DKLAWAlMv 

were  Jar'j.  Iv   manifeMed   dining  the  terrible   ■.ut-  Novemlu  r.  1^74.  in   the  sev.'nlv-ri^_r|it|,  year  of  his 

break   of    v'ellou    Wx.v   in    l>hiladel|.hia,    in    IT'.i;,  a-e.      He.^radaat  dal   tlir    I'nh ,  r-i;  v  .V  1'.  nn-v  I- 

when  he  eontril.uled    llli.  rally  from  hi,-  l-nr-e,  and  vania    at    th->   a-e  ..f  llfte.n    in    1  >  r_'  :   wa>rali,d 

expo.-e,i    his   life   thron-ieait'the  uitire    eour-'  of  to  the  liar  in  1  M.s  ;    ele.-ted    to    llu'    1'.  nn-vlvaina 

that   epidenne    in    I.elialf  of   hi.-   sutkain-    f  llow-  Le-i-latnre  in  Is.'li    and  a-ain  in  iM'o  ;  and  after- 

citi/ens.  wards  beeame  citv  .-ulieitor  and  member  of  the  .-e- 

:Mr.    Read    hail    three  sons,  ehief  jnstiiv  .lohu  leet  (  ouncil,  and  "drew  np  the  fir-t  clear  exposition 

Meredith  Itead,  of  I'a  .   Kduard    Read,   who  died  ,.f  the  tinanee.s  of  Philadelphia.   He  was  appointed 

in  infancy,  and  Jlenry  .NFeredith  Kead,  -M. A  .MI).  United  States  district  attorney  of  the  eastern  di.s- 
The  latter  was  born  at  his  fai 
t'he.-tnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  oi 
]M)2,  iira<b:al..l  at  l^i^,vlon  ii 
^[edical  School  of  the  Univer-il- 
in  ls-l:i.  Ho  was  a  man  of  bril 
died  prematurely  and  nn.aarrie 
March,  b---'>,  in'the  twenty  sixtl 
Mr.  Reads  daughters  were  M. 
born  bth  May,  IM")  and  died  ii 
traret  Jleredith  Read,  Imrn   7th 

died,  unmarried,  the  loth  March,  1S-j1.     Tie- latter  United  States  ;  tbr  the   Southern  senators  opposed 

was  a  lady  of  remarkable  aceoniplishments.  and  a  his   confirmation,  and  he    consequently  requested 

general  favorite  in  society.     ^Ir.  Read's  cliildren  the  president  to  withdraw  his  name.     He  was  one 

were   all  taken   in   infancy   to  New  Castle  to  be  of  the  earliest,  most  ardent  and  efiective  upholders 

christened    at  Emmanuel    Church,  in   accordance  of  the  annexation  of  Texas,  and    the  buildinc;  of 

with  ancient  family  usa^^e.  railways  to  the    Pacific.     He    ])owei fully    assisted 

]\Ir.  Read's  spacious  mansion  stood  on  the  south  Andrew  Jackson   in   his  war    ai:ain.-t    the  United 

side    of    Chestnut    Street,    between    Sev.nth    and  States  Rank,  and  vet  after  itsdounfall,  Mr.  Xicho- 

Eighth    Street.s,     Philadelphia,    surroundrd     with  las  Riddle  came  to  him  and   beg.-ed   him  to  be   his 

gardens,    wherein    tulips    liloomed     in     ].rol'u-ion,  counsel       In     tlie     celebrated     trial      of    Castner 

runninij  back  to  his  stables  which  flouted  on  .-^an-  Hanwav,  for    treason,  .Judge  Read    was  en^aired 

som  Street.     To  this  hospitable  hou-e  resort,  d  all  with    fhaddeus    Stevens,  and  Judge     Joseph  J. 

the  wealth  and  fashion  of  the  early  ]iart  of  the  I.,ewis.  for  the  defendant,  and  made  such  a  masterly 

ctntury.       Mr.  Read,  like  his  r'ather  and  -rand-  aruniment,  that    'Sh:    Stevens    said  he    could  add 

father,  was  a  collector  and   reader  of  tare   books,  nothing,  for  his  colleague's  speech  had  settled  the 

His  reading  was  extended  and  pioibiiml,  ami  his  law  of  tr.ason  in  this  country.    This  groat  triumph 

memory  wa.s    reniarkai)ly    retentiye.    anil    always  gave  Jiid-e  Read  an  international  re]Hitatiou.  and 

obedient  to  his  call.      He   relatid   with   dramatic  Engli.-h  jurists  paid  the  highest  compliments  to  his 

iorce   the  incidents  of  his   childhood,   which    was  genius  and    learning.      He  showed  his  repugnance 

pas.-ed  among  the  most  stirring  .-eene-;  ot  the  R.'vo-  for  slavery  in  th.c  Democratic  Convention  held   in 

lution.            "  Pittsbur-h,  in  1^4!!,   where  he  olfered  a  resolution 

:\Ir.  Read's  miniature   by  an   unknown   but  ad-  a-ain<t  the    ext.n-ion  of  slavery,  which  conchulcl 

five.      The  oil   painting  by  Siillv  -iv  -  an    idoa  id'  violation  of -taio,-   rijht-    to  , -airy  it  I  .laverV;   be- 

him  in  his  more  mature  y.-ars.      T'ldiki  hi-patermd  yoiid  State  limits,  we  deuv  the    power  of  any  citi- 

!ind  maternal  family,  he  was  not  above  the  medium  zen  to  extend  the  area  of  liondti-e   bevond  the  pre- 

height,  but  lie  had  the  refim  d  but  -trou-lv  .lefimd  sent  dimen.-ion  ;  nor  do  wecon-iderit  apart  of  the 

featuresof  the  Read-,  and  he  inherited  their  courtly  constitution  that  -lavery  .-ho„ld  lorever  travel  with 

The   Hon.    dohn     Meredith   Rea.l,    EL.l),    '■  a  Holding  tluw -trouz  views  he  naturally  be.amo 

great  juri-t  and  a  wi-e  statt-niiui."   was  the  .on  of  one  id' the  toundors  of  the  Repiibli.an  ^irtv,  and 

the  Hon.  .lohu  Read,  of  lVnn-Nlvania,-rand-ouof  he  delivered  at  the  Chinese    .Mn-eiim,   in  Phih.d.  I- 

the    Hon.    <hori:e   Riaii,     of    Delaware,   and    tlie  phia,  at  the  be-innin-    of  the    el.  etoral    eampai-n 

great-u'raml-  I.  "t  r..\.    J,,i,n    Read,   of   .Marviaml  in  ls,-,ii.  his  celebrated  speech  upon  the  "power  of 

and  Delaware.      II,-   wa.^   b.irn   in    th.-  man-ion  of  C.-n-re-s  oyer   -kiverv    in   the     territories."     Thi-^ 

whom    hi-    pareni-    w.ie    then   j.aviu-   a    vi-it,  in  c.iuntrv.  ami  hi-  ili-e.iur-e  form.  .1    the  t.-xt   of  the 

Ch.-tmit  Street,  two  ,1 -.  above    Kiflh  Street,  op-  oratorical  ellort-  of  the  R-pubii,  an  Party.     It  w;i- 

p,,-lte   Imh-pen.leuee     Hail,  on    the    21-t    of.lulv,  umler  his  lead  that    the   ReoiiMi, -an  Party  gain.  ■! 

17y7  ;aud  he  ditd  iu  Philadelphia,  on  the  -i'Jth  of  its  tir^t  victory    in  *  Penu.-yivaiiia,    for  he  carrJLd 


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irsiii  ]ii®i^  ^aisn  ^ciiiKsairiris:  simui 

CHIEF    JUSTICE    OF    PEMNSYLVAMA 


Hor.JMa.-ahaJl 


DKLAWAUE  MTJN*;  TIIH  KKVOLrTrON.  157 

tliat  i-^tatc    in   tlii^  aiituniii  of  ISoS,  as  a  <':iii.li.l:iti>  ?crve  them.     He  was  a  iv.aii  of  tlie  ?tricte>t  iiite-- 

niaj'oritv.      Tlii^  l.ioULiln  him  pi'nn'i.imtlv  forunnl  vile      Willi  liim  the  eoiiitv    n.i.l  ju>li.vof  the  enM, 

as  a  candi.late  loi-  tl..'  1',,-i.hiiev    of    tlie    {mud  was  ihe  hiw  of  ihr  .■a,e.     H,-ua<amnn    of  ehival- 

States,    an.l    Mr.     Lmeolii's    fii.n.l-    |.r..;.o-,-,l     to  lous    eoura-e,    |.ei>i-t.nt     iUJr].o.-e,   an. I   inthx.hle 

noniinate  .le.l-.'     R.'a.i    f.r     I'hm.j.  nt.     uirh    .Mr.  uill.      He  ,li.l  not  kimw  u  hat  f  ai'  i.-."       A  partial 

Lineohi    for     N'irel'r,  .-i.f  ut.      'fliK     arranj.nirnt  liM  of  Chief  .1  M~ri,-u  Kva.i's  In^hii^lu■,l    writin-s  are 

was  (lestrov,,!  I,v  the  .leleat  of   .lu.hje    R.a.r.-  .Mip-  to  l)P  f.uml  in  Alllihoiie'.- "  I  )h;ionarv  of  Authors." 

porters  l.v'thr  truiuls  of  tlie  Hon.  .<imon  I  amorou  an.l  his  in. ails   as  a  lawyer  ami    a  pi.l-e,  were  ahlv 

n    the    r-.nn-vlvania    JiepuMiean   (Amv- oti..n,   in  an.l    el...pientlv    portray,..!    l.y     the   llvn.    Eli    K. 

February,    1^00.       ^'eVL■rtllele55    .)  uiige  Ji.a.l   n-  Trice,  in   hi.^    ,liM-,,urse   upon   Chi.f  Justi<:-e  Kea.l, 

ceived  a  luiniber  of  votes  in  the  Chiea-.,  (-'..uveii-  l.ftore      th,'      Ameviean      I'liihi.-ophieal     ^^.)ciety. 

tiou.  altliimLrh  he  lui.l  thrown  his  iniluenee  in  lav.. r  •■.fml_'.'    K.a.l    was    ..ii.-  ..f  the    la>t   of  the  iireat 

of    his     fri.  n.l,     .Mr.  Lin.olu.      Tiie    .le.-i-imi^  „f  riiihnhlphia   lawy.,'s,   f  ,r  he  was  a   leader  ani.in- 

Ju. lite  K.a.l   run  tiir.iu-h  lortv-one  volnnie- .if  re-  >uch  men   as    tlio     .S;ii;taiit>,    Jiiimey,   Chauncey, 

ports.      In  whatever  braueli  of  the  law   a  ipieslion  the  Kaules  ami  the  luL'eisoll.-."    In  speaking  of  h'is 

artjse,  he  met  an.l   .lis|...^e.l   ..l'   it    with  a  like  able  inlierite.l  .[Ualitie-     dh^inel   Forney  said:  "  Chiel 

grasp  ami   l.arniiiL^      He    \\a.-   liimiliar  with   eivil  Justice  K.a.l   behiiiLred    to  a  race    of  strong   men. 

ami  criminal  law,  an.l  tli.ir  piaetice,  with  iiiterua-  He  was  a  man  .if  the    most   marked  indivi.luality. 

tional  an.l    nuinieii>al  law>.   ^^ith   law   aud  e.|nity,  and  was  c.instantly  en'jage.l    in  originating  useful 

with    the   titles,   limitathm-.   and   ilescents  of   real  measures  for  the  welfare    of  the  General  and  State 

and  personal  estates,  with  wills,   legacies,  and    in-  Governments,    and  his     amendments    formed    an 

testacies,    with     the     constitution,    charters,  and  essential  part  of  the  constitutions  of  Pennsylvania 

statutes  of  the  United  States,  the  States  ami  all  our  ami  Xew  Jersey,  and  his  ideas  were  formulated  in 

cities.     His  opinion    was  adopted    as  the  basis  of  many  of  the  statutes  of  the  United    States    which 

the  Act  of  .March  3,   l6Go,  authorizing  the  Pre.-i-  owed  their  existence  to  him       He  was    contented 

dent  during   the  rebelliuu  to  suspend  the  writ  .'f  to  create    useful  legislation    which    smaller     men 

habeas  corpus  ;  and  through. )ut   the    country    lii^  often  fathered.     He  never  sought  office,  and   fre- 

talents  aud  his  influence  were   constantly  enli.-te.l  quently  refused  the  highest  national  posts, 

in  behalf  of  the  general   givernment,   an.l  all   his  Chief  Justice  Rea.l   was  Grand  Master  of  Masons 

decisions  were  governed   by  the  ardent  and    lofty  of     P.-nn-ylvama       his     great-L.-randfather,     Dr. 

patrioti-m  whicli  characterizes  his  on. luct  tliroui:h  Th.imas     Ca.lwala.ler.    bavin.:    beiMi     one  of    the 

life.     He    relieve.l    the     American     I'hih.sophhai  loun.lers  of  .Masonry   in  that   I'mvince,  an.l  mem- 

Suciety  from  arbitrary   taxation   by   deci.lin-  that  bt-rs   of  bis  family,    the   Kea.ls,   having  tilled   the 

the  land  in    Indepemlence    Souare",   on    which    its  highest  offices  in  Masonry,  in  D.-lanare. 

hall  stands  was  granted  by    tlie    >tate    f  .re\er  lor  There  are  many  portrait^  of  Chief  Justice  Read, 

public  uses  ;  and,   as  it  could  not  be  sol.. 1  by  any  ()ne  hangs  in  Ma.~onic  Hall   in  the  gallery  of  Grand 

f.irm  of  execution,  no  taxes  could  consc.|Uiiitly  bo  blasters,  auotiicr  adorns  the  Supreme  Court-room 

a  lien  upon  it.   His  jud'jiuent  also  placed  the  Public  in  Phila.lelphia.  but  |i..-rhaps  the  best  likeness  is  a 

Buildings    of  Philadelphia  on   their    pr.v-,  nt  .-it.-,  miniature   by  J.  Henry  Un.wn,   which  was  admir- 

Another  famous  deci.-ion    w;is   that  retusiuL'  an  lu-  ably  engrave. 1  by  Samuel  Sartain.  This  engraving 

junction  to  prevent  the   running  of  the  i):i,~-.'nL'''-r  was  copied  in  the  London    Gniphic.'m  connection 

tramways  on  Sunday.    He  could  not  consent  t.i -top  with    a   spirited    notice   of    Chief    Justice  Read, 

the  "  p.ior  man's  carriaiie,     the     passenirer    ear."  written  by  his  kinsman,  Charles  Reade,  the  famous 

Manv  tleiu-.in.i  eo|.ies  .'t'lhi-  oplni.in  were  printe.l  novelist. 

in  the  Ka-t  an.l  \\V,-t,  an.l  it  .•arri.-.l  public. .pini..n  Chief    Jufiice    Rea.l     married     first,     Priscilla. 

with  it    wb.avver  it  was   rea.l.      His    ass..eia[e    .m  danditer  ,jf  H..n.  J.    Mar-ball,    .if  B.istou,   .m  the 

the    Supr.ane    bench,    Ju.l-e      William.^,    in     hi.-  20th  of  Ma-ch,  ISi's  ;  ^[| ,.  i;,,ad  wh.i  was  born  the 

a.l.hv.-s  t.i  the  bar  of  Pliiia.lelphia    said  :    "  Chief  l',)tb   ..f  Dc-eniber,  l-v»s.  .lie.l  in  I'hiladelphia,  on 

Justice  K.a.l  po-sesseJ   talents    and   learning. ,f  a  the  l^tli  of  April.  1>-41.  Slie  was  the  gran.ldaughter 

very  high  ..r.ler,  aud  his  per.-^.jnal  and  official  intlu-  of  Lieut     Ma'r.-liall,  .if  the  Revolutionary  army^  and 

enee    were    very  great.     He  was  a  gentleman  in  eiirhth  in   .bscent  tV.'iu    a  captain    in    Croniwells 

every  sense  of  the  word  ;  a  gentleman   of  the  ol.l  arniv,  who  was  prom.ite.l  f.r   eon-|iieu'Mis  services 

school,   of    the    verv  highest  sense    ..u'   hin.ir,    of  at   the  sie-e  ..l' Lyiec-ier,      and   at   the   battles     oi 

great  di-nitv  of  character,  an.l  in. -...ial  int.r.'our>..  .Mar-ton  .Moor  an.l  XaM-bv.      .Mrs     K.-a.l   ami   her 

kind,  aftable  an.l  eourteou.^.    He  wa=  a  true  Irien.l,  -^ttr  I'.mily  .^lar-ball,   albrwar.ls,     .Mr-.    William 

strong  ami  un,-ucr\iiig   in  bis    attaciimeiil-,    r.'a.ly  F.i.-ter  ( )li.-,  .if  Po.-l..u.  were   the   mo>r    celelirate.l 

to  ma'ke  any  .-acrilice  tor  hi-  iVicnd-,  and  wh.ai  tb.y  Ih1|.>  .if  their  .lay.     I'.y  hi-  lir-t  wile,  Chief -i  u>tiee 

were   in  trouble    he   was    uutirin.'   in  his  eliort=  to  iiead  had    ci.-v  dau-lners,    of  whom   onlv  one  .-ur 


198 

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at 

U-nftll.Mil 

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■  milli..,,.  . 

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''!''l''il't-'iva 

■.l.part- 

HISTORY  OF  HELAWAHE. 

Iv    :\rai-Iiall  Rra.l.   \vl,..  .-Iru-'le  li.r  national  .•xi-trnr,M 

1     H.'Ul-v      llv.l-,    I-:..,.,  tw.,  riMntl,.-  latn-,  uli.Mi  ll,..  iic 

iiunlv.iau-lih-r,  Kniiua  Fort    Suinl-r     narh,  ,1    il,o    ,„ 

-1  (JLo,.:,"  \V.    \Vui:<.  ]:..|.,  wa.iai,].oinir,lcl,ainiKiuoi'  ao 

1    r/,.,,./,^  ,/  .l/;:.;,v.<  draft  a  Ijiil  apju-oinialiii-  tlir.  . 

aiul   (I1..I  al  Uoiiie  fir  the  purL-lia.-.'  of  ain:>  ami  t 

without  iv^-ue,  afterwards  reei.'ivcd  thr  thanks 

Bv  his   tir.-t   wife,    /(.-■    Marshall,    Chief  Justice  iiieiit  of  the  United  S;atrs  for  his   "  eiier-v,  aliililv 

Read  had  alsoaii  only    -..,1— (  Itiieral    Johu   .AKre-  and  zeal,"   in   the   orjani/atio,,   and   e.inipnient  of 

dith   Koa.l,  latr  Fulled  -:at,s  minister  to  ( ireere.  troops  durin- ti,r  «ar.  ineludin-ihe  in-peetion  and 

Chief  dusiire   1;.  ad    i.iarr..  d  >.rondlv  in     iN'.o,  .-are  ,.f  tlie    woniided.      Like    iiio-t    of  those    who 

Amelia,  dau.'ht-r  of  Kduaid    TI,ou,-nn,  F-^i  ,  and  xsere   eanu>llv   nvsA'jrd   .,11   either  side  durin-  the 

sister  of    Hon.  John   1;      Thoni-on.     L  nil.  d    Mai.  s  war   of  the     Keh.  !ii..n,     ti.neial    K.-a.l    .-..nshlered 

ij.-nator  from  Xew  .Jersey,  aiel  ..f  A.hniral  Kd'.\ard  that    when    the  war   ua-  lini-li.d  anin,o-lty  shouhi 

Thonis.)ii  of  the  United  Stati-  iiavv.  eiitirelv   eea,-e,   and   li.-    lia,~   alwavs   IhlIi   a  str.jii;; 

Chief  Ju.tiee    K.:a.l  died  at  I'iiikaleiphia.  ..n  the  friend' of  the  .S.uth,    while   his  huuily  originatad', 

2llth    of    X.,veinl.er.    l-^74,   in    lii-    ,-ev.ntv-ei-hth  and  where   niaiiv    of  hi-   e..niieetions  have  alwavs 

year.     His   wi.hiw,  Mrs.    Ain.lia  Thon..-.,n    liea.l,  re.-ide.l.      In    l.s'c.^    he  t...di    a   leading  part  in  the 

survived  him  twelve  yearv  dying  the  14tli  ..1  Sep-  election  of  General  Grant   t.j   the  presidency,  who 

teniber,  l.^SO,  without  i-.-ue.  appointed  him  consul-general  of  the  United  States 

Creueral   John  .Meredith   Read,   Kni:;lit   Grand  li.ir   France   and    Al-eria,   to    reside   at  Paris— a 

Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Redeemer  of  Greece,  F.  newly  createil  ]>ost — whieli  he  was  called  upon  to 

S.  A.,  J[.  R.  F  A.,  F.  R.  G.  S.,  son  of  Chief  Justice  orgaui/.e  in  ail  its  various  details.     General  Read 

Jolin   ^Meredith  Read,  of  Pennsylvania,   grand.-.m  likeui.>e    acteil    as     consnl-geueral    of    Germany 

of  Hon.  John  Read,  of  Pennsylvania,   an.l   ur.at-  during    the    Franeo-(  ierman    war,    and    directed, 

grandson  of  George  Read,  of  Delaware,  the  .-iuiLr  .luring  a  j.eiio.l  ..f  m.ire  than  nineteen  mouths,  all 

of  the  Declaration    of  Indei'.eiidence,  an.l  tifth   in  tiie   cnsular    aliiiiis    oJ'    that    empire   in    France, 

descent  fr.im  Col.. iiel  J. jlui  Read,  of  ]Marylaii..l  an.l  including   liic  jirutection  of  German  subjects  and 

Delaware,    was    l>..rn    ..u    the  21st  of  Felnuary.  interests  iluring  the  first  and  second  sieges  of  Paris, 

IfioT,    at    his  father's    residence,    .^-l  South    Si.xth  ls7()-71. 

Street,  Washington  Square,  Philadelphia,  an.l   re-  Up.>n   the   il.-claration   of  war   Mr.   Washburne 

ceived  his  education  at  a  military  school.     Gra.lu-  was  reijuisted  t.i  act  as  Mini-ter  tor  ( .erniany,  and 

ated  at  Brown  University,  Master  of  Arts,  IS'i'J  ;  Bar.m  Rothschild  at  the  same  time  having  resigned 

at  the  Albany  Law  School,  LL.  B.  ;  studied  civil  the  office  of  German  consul-general,  General  Read 

and  internati.mal  law  in  Eurojie;  was  called  to  the  was  requested  to  act   as   consul-iieneral   for  Ger- 

har    in    Piiiladelphia  ;  and    removed    to   Albi.nv,  manv    in    France    ami    Al-eria.  ^  On   the  17th  of 

New    York.       At    the    age   of  eighteen,  he  cm-  June,     1>71,     Mr.     Wa.hburne    surrendered    his 

nianded  a  company  of  iiati.jiial  cad.ts.  which  after-  charge  of  German  aliitiis  to  Lieut.  Colonel  Count 

wards  furnish.  .1  many  .■.lmmis^i..n.  d  otti.vrs  t.jthe  ^Valdersce,  the  new  (Ji-nr/c  d' Afxire-i  of  the  Ger- 

Uniteil  States  army  .luring  th.'  Rclxlli..!!.      At  the  man    Empire   wv.w  \\:r    French   government,  iSlr. 

age   of  twenty   he    was   a]ip.iinte.l  ai.le-.le-cainp  to  Washburne    having  acted    for   ten   months   and  a 

the   Governor   of  i;ii...le  Llaii.l    with  the  rai?k  ..f  half.     At  the  request  of  Count  Bismarck  and  the 

colonel.     He  eiej-iigcl  a.tively   in  the  presidential  French   government  General    Read  consented    to 

eanipaign  ..if  lN'(i,  an.l  in  l-M'.n  .,i-aui/e.l  the  xsi.le-  c.intinue  t.i  act  as  consul-general  ;  and    both   sides 

awake  movement  in  N.'w  \'..ik  which   caiiit.l   the  aekiiowkiJg(_it   that   his  c.  nsentiug  to   do  so,  with 

State   in   favor  of  iMr.  Linc..ln  t'.'r  the  jut  ^i.K  ncv.  the   thirtv-Hve  consuls   and  consular  agents  under 

Having  b.'.ii  ..ilire.l  sii..nlv  alteruanl^  a  t.irei-n  him.  p!-LVeiU..l  the  p.,>-il.ility  of  a  renewal  of  the 

app..intment    or   the   ..ili.e   of  a.ijutant -L^eii.  ral   ..f  c..nllict    between   the   tw.)   e.iuntries,   by  rendering 

the  State    ..f  New   Yoik,    he    accepli.l   tin-   Litter,  uiin.o-ary    the    pr.M-n.'e    in    France  of  German 

\sith    th.'    rank   ..f  bri-a.iier-L'oneral,  at  the  a-e  of  consular  official,- at  a  time  wlien   the   minds  of  the 

twenty-thiv.-      In  Februaiy,  iMil.he  wascluMrman  French    people    were    hiiddy    excited    against    all 

of  the    government    cmnii-^i.in    wliicli    wcl.-.mied  Gerniaiu-,      At    this   peri."l   the  German  Anibassa- 

Prcsident  Lincoln  at  Buiral...,  anvl  escrl..!  him  by  .Ir,  in  an  ..ffiL-ial  letter  t..  General  Read,  .=  aid  :  "  I 

a  sjiecial  train  t.)  the  capital.      In  .lannary  ..f  that  .•ann.it  ..mil  t.i  e.\pi«-<  t'l  y.>u  ..nee  m.ire  the  senti- 

year,  in   conjunction   with    G,.vvrn..r    M.u-aii,    he  nients  of  -ratilmh- with  which    I   am    inspired    by 

nr-.d  th.' aiipidpriati.iii  ..f  halt'a  niilli..n.if  d.. liars  the   jiei-.-cvering   s..licitu.le   which   you  have  never 

by  the  Legislature  t.i  place  tin  Stale-  of  N.w  Y.wk  ceased  to  nianife.-t  in  pr..i;erini:  f.ir  my  caupatri.its 

upon  a  war  fo.iting.      This  wise  precaution  wa.-  not  the  protccti.ui  ..f  the  laws."     As  Vaporeau,  in  his 

takm  by  that  body,   which  did  not  perceive  that  a  Biographi.;al  Dietioiiar/,  says  :   •'  Upon  the  deela- 


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DF.LAWAMH   DI 

■i;iNG 

THK  K!:\(»I,IT!()X.                                        199 

ration  ot'  the  Fraiirn  Pi-u.--i;in    \v;ir,   (  icticrnl 

Read 

his   Slice;  sefiii    Ldi.  rs    in    tli's    direi  tion   he  aL'ain 

\va-  rhar-r,!  with  tin-  int._;(  -!>  ol'  (  ;.  n;i;\ii  Mil 

l.:<;rts 

rii-<_ived.    t'„     ti:aid:>   ■;t'  the    I"r.  i.rli    t'l'Vcriinii  nt. 

ill    Fran.-c,   .-iikI  .  iii|.!..vr,l  hlniM  If  u^.  iiill\   .1 

LI  rill,' 

In    reeo-iH'iou    ol'  h.'L-    \  ..rioiiv  -n  vi..>.  he  u  as  ap- 

lU'arlv  t\v..v.  ai~  in  prevniiiiiL:   tlir  |i.i.-^il.i'lil v 

•  ol  a 

],oint,d   on  the    Tin    .f  Nov:„,;„.r.    l-sT:;.    LUitrd 

ri'iirua!  of  ill"  ,.ii,i!irt  :    '  ami   CaiulK-lta  il.rl 

hired. 

States    Miiiiste"    lo    '.r.,:..     J)iirin.c   liis   mission 

that    wliUi'    <  1(11.  rai     lua.i    was  shut   U].  in 

Pans 

tliere.  «-hi<-}i  eow.vd  a  [.eriod  ol'  six   years,   he   re- 

(liirili- th.'tu.iHrurs  horin|.lnv.Ml  1 1  i  in>,-i  t' arl 

lively 

ceived  ti't.>  thanki.if  Iih  .■oveiiiineiit  for  Ids  aiiility 

in  rclicvili-  th.'  .li-ti.-   of  tlir  1mtih-|i   |in;,ul; 

ailon. 

ai'.d  ener;:v  in  secunnj  ih.e  rrlease  <<t'  tlie  American 

His    kiii(liie<s    tn    th-    Fivii.'l,    uas    ai.-o     u: 

irmly 

sbis.  "  Arainda,-'   and  *-.r  his  m;co  -s  in   ohtainin- 

:u-kn,iwU;,l-r,l  l.V  thr  Paii-i;;!!   |,1V-    ot'  all   p: 

lit!'-. 

from   the    Gr.'cK    izn^einLK'nt   u  re\  o.Miioii  of  the 

His    uniTUiittiii.u   clliats    in     luhalf    of    hi> 

own 

order   prohili^tinL'  ^ii"    sale   and  ein  illation  of  the 

coiintryinou    wcao    uni\i.T-all\-    rtTo-niMil    ii 

1    [iie 

»;i,le  in  Greece      He  a!-o  r.o.aN  ui  th.  thanks  of  the 

Aniencaii    pnss,    an<l    his   aitciit  on    to  yri>' 

aisof 

Board  ef  lorei-n  Mi:sio:is  of  tho  >outhern    I'res- 

othuf    uatiunalitits   were    wannly    piai-od    ii; 

V    the 

i'yteriaii  Ciiuicii  -ii.d  <'\'  llie  JSiiti-h  and  American 

principal  orgaus  of  the  Eii_'li.-li  pin  ><.      ]'or 

the>e 

Foreifiii  Uihie  S.caiies.     1  >nrin-  tlie  L'reat  tinancial 

various  services   he  receiveil   the  eoininenilati 

oU    of 

crisis   ill    America   in    i^7d-,"7,  while  studying  at 

the  rreMiiiiit  of  tiie  United  States,  General  G 

Irant, 

Athens  the  coniiuereial  situation,  lie  became  pos- 

in    his   annual    message   to   Conu'ress  ou  the 4th  of  sessed   of  secret   and    valiiabie    iuft;rniation    Irom 

Decemljer,  Is^Tl,  whii/h  was  couched  in  the  fol'ow-  Kiissia  a'rd   En^laa;!,   which   conviuced  him  that 

ing  lanirua-e;  America  c  uld  rc.'ain  her  national  prosperity  at  a 

"  Tiie    resumption    of    diplomatic    relations    he-  bound.      He  accord. ngly  addre.-sed  a  despatch  to 

tweeii    France   and   Gernuuiy    lias   enabled   nie  to  the  Sec"et;;ry  of  Slate,  jiointing  out  that  the  Kusso- 

give  directions  ibr  the  withdrawal  of  the  jiroleetiou  Turkish  \^'ar  liad  clostil  e  /cry  gi-aiu  port  in  Kussia 

extended  to  Germans  in  France  by  the  ilijilomatic  except   on.',   and    that   America  could  actually  de- 

nnd  consularrepresentatives  of  the   United  States  liver  v.lK-at    at    tiiat    p.iint   at  a  less  price  than  the 

in  that  country.     It  is  just  to  add  tliat  the  delicate  lUissiaiv?.   owing  t.)    the    hitter's   heavy  duties  and 

dutv  of  this  ijrotection  has  been  performed   bv  tiie  their   v.aut    ..f  t-icilities    f.r   iiandliiii.' '.rrain.     He 

.Minister  an.l'  the   consiil-geiieral  at  Faris  and    the  urged  that  a  grain  ih  et  sh.ail.l  be  immediately  des- 

various    cuiisiils    in  Franco,   umler  tli.'  supervision  patched  iiv.ni  \e\v  York  to  j-eai  eablv  capture  the 

of    the    latter,  uitli  great   kindness  as  uell  as  with  European  uiark.ts,   and   in  c..nclii,-ion  said  :  "We 

])rudeuce  and  tact.      Their  course  has  reeeivi.l  the  should  strain  every  nerve.  n<.t  only  to  furnish  the 

commendation  of  theCIerman  government,  an.!  has  uorld  with  breadstuti.s.  iiut  also  the  ships  to  carrv 

wounded  no  tusceptildlity  of  the  French."  tlieiii  "     General  Keail's  sn^rue^tion  was  taken  up. 

He  also  received  the  repeated  thanks  lioth  of  the  and  the  exports  of  biva.l.-tnlis  and  provisions  from 

Frencii  and  German   governments  and  the  official  America  rose   within  a  tw.lvemonth    seveuty-three 

and    personal    tlianks  of  Prince   Bismarck.       The  millions  oi  dollar.-,  thus  ;;iviui.' a  grain  supremacy 

.,r,h-r  of  kni;;htli.i.ul.  ami  to  present  t..  liiiu  a  rare  was  substantially  basui.      General  Kead   re-visite.l 

and  ce-tly  .-crvice  of  I  )n'sdou    ehina.     The  joint  his  native  country  in   i  ^74,  ami  was  reeeiv.d   with 

re.-oluli..n"   ~.-iit    t..    Gon-r..-,-    tor    th.^    purp..^-   of  the    warm,  st  ,kai"i..nstrati.ins    of    welcome    bv    all 

allouin-   th.'   diplomatic  an.l   <;..nsular  ripix-enta-  p..lili,-al  parlies,  l,an.|uets  bein-  -iven  in  his  h.,n.,r 

lives  in    J''rancc  to  receive  these  marks  of  esteem  at  Wa.-hiiiLt..n,  Fhila.l.lpl.ia  and  New 'i'ork,  while 

from    the   Em|)eror    of    Giermany    having     failc.l  at  Alliany  an  imp..siiiL'.limu  r  \sas -iv.  n  to  him  bv 

through  the  olijection  and  the   personal   H'cIiiiL'-  of  the   citi/.tis  in.  s[HM;i\  .■  of  party,   ..ver  which  the 

Mr.    Hnmner    towards  'Slv.    Washbiiriie,   the   Fm-  Mayor  pre-i.h.l.      On   ih.-    iatt.r' ..ccasion   (.iencral 

peror's  intentions  c.i.ihl  n..t  be  larikil   out.     Four  Fea.l    sp.ike    in   the  warm,  st  term.-  . if  the  services 

vears    after    tieiieral    Iha.l    ha.l    .;eas,-,l   to  a.t   as  ren.lor..!  .luring  the  Fran. ■.-(  barman    War   bv  the 

l,.nsul  ■_"!ieral  tbr  (icrmanv.  I'riii.'c  Ib-marck  .-.nt  cusuL-  wh.,  seive.l  uml.r  him.  bv  his  .1,  putv,'  Mr. 

him  hi.-lik.  u.-s,  with   a   ..■..mpliin.aitarv  aut..L'rapli  Franklin    O.l.  n    (M.-..lt,    an.l    hrs  .secretarie.s.    Mr. 

un  Tnirion  ami  Mr.  David  Fuller,  and  by  the/-,  ,>.,/,«t/ 

re-  of  the  consulate-general. 

Its  In  England  he  has  be.-n  the  recii)ieiit  of  marked 

.•,.,  i,i'_'  ni.a'nbers  of  th.'  rov;,l  l.iu.ilV.      F..r  his  literary 

....1  aii.l   sci.ntilic  .-..rvir,  s   !,..  has  r,..-..ive.i   the  thanks 

I,.,  the  X.'itlonal    A,  a.l.^niy  .,f  I)..-i,.n"  .,f  -l...   Fn.jlish 

int.)   the   expe.lieiiey     of     .xt.n.liiej-    th.'    stii.ly  of  Ea.-t    Iiulia   t'ompany,  .it   ;  he    Fus.-ia  Gompaiiv,  of 

the  English  lan.juage  in  the  Fr.ncli  army  ;  ai.'.l  for  tlie    Societv    of    Anti.iuaries    of    L..ndon.    of' tiie 


d.'.l 

icati.i 

On 

a    later    . 

'cea^ion,     1 

the     <.L 

gov 

.■rnnii 

lit 

agaii 

1   t.M.k   .Kv; 

ision    to  sh 

i.AV  its  : 

repi 

i.ai  oi 
■csent 

(1. 

e  at 

1  Fea.l's  s 

Athei.s 

ervi.-.M   bv 
t..   -ive    tl 

he   Am. 

rep, 

resent 

ati\ 

;e  th 

ere   the    p 

iv.'e.l.'U.v. 

In  F 

liis| 
by  ( 

(Hipul 

1  ieliei 
u    an. 

arii 
al  . 
1    V 

h.  Ci 

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-ov,  Fi.  11 

1  in  l.s7-_'l 
.•h  .Mmisf 

r  .if  W 

200                                                      HlSTOItY  OF  DKLA WAKK. 

ArL'luLMao;,ric;ilSMri.ty(.f(;iYec(\:in.]<.t-ttieFrHi.-li  ri-|HTt   aii.l    o.mrnduliirion    of  y..m-   r<,untrynirn. 

tioii  (if  the   l-'rcuch   A.-sociation    fnr  tl,-   A.Kiiiicc-  f-X|.r. -^  .1  -iti-t'.ictiMi)  \;itli  uhirl,  tlil-    -nx.numm 

niL'iit  of  8cionee.     lie  was  Presiilent  .'f  the  Ani'ii-  has  i\- n.h  .1  your  lomluci  nt  thi;  iiitnx.-l- 1  iitru.-tcil 

tan   SoL-ial    Scieiico  Cohl'-i-o-^  at   Alhanv  in   Isiis,  tn  y<<\\  .liiiin-  a  [k  lio.l  .,f  ch-vfn   yi'ars  in  the  f.ir- 

and   vico-iuf-i.lfiit   if    the    Uiiii-h  S.Hial    ^fi.iii'c  ei^'n    sirvi,.-,- ,,f  the   <-nLintry,  an.l    my  nun  .-ineere 

He  ha.l  nr,lv.,l  the  Thiitv—eutel  J)._Mee  in  Pari- .hirin- the  Frane,,-(;,.,. nan  War  u'.s.uch  ;ls 
Mar-eni-v  in  Anieriea,  and  (uviee  c-nfene,!  upon  to  rr.U  f .rth  the  aiipn-hatiim  not  enlv  ..f  v.ni-  o«n 
hini  the  hi-he,-t,  nan.elv,  the  Thirtv-tliinh  He  i;-v,.rnn.e.it,  hnt  al- .  of  th-  Fnn.h' and' German 
hasmade  asei-iesof  rieh  c•ollection>ofu^l>uMi^hell  a.itliorities  ;  and  your  ~uh-.  .|i!ent  ..rvi.e  a-  a 
hi.^torical  doeiiniont.s  iu  each  Cduiury  whieh  he  ha<  (hiiihimatie  re|u\>entatiAc  ot'  tiie  I'jdted  States  in 
visited.  Amuui:  the  more  remarkaMe  arc  tho-e  (.nxeee  has  received  I  he  liv(iueiit  eomnien.httiou  of 
upon  the  Franco-Genn;in  War.  inehaliuL:  the  thi>  L'overnment.  "While  the  ,i:ovenimenl  is  thns 
sie,ij:e  and  the  commime;  iii>on  modern  and  n  edia-  nnfoitiniately  deprived  of  yonr  services  in  an 
val  Greece  ;  iipou  the  Cohjuial  and  Kevohitiuuarv  important  capai-itv,  I  cannot  hnt  hope  that  von 
War  of  America,  and  upon  En^'lish  hi.-tory  and  will  still  have  many  years  of  happine.v-  and  uscfid- 
nnti(Hiities.  Diirini:  a  visit  to  Switzerhmd  in  FST'.),  ncss  before  yuu,  and  that  your  country  mav  con- 
be  discovered  a  series  of  important  unpuhli-hed  tinue  to  enjoy  your  active  interest  in  all  that  con- 
letters  from  many  cjf  tlie  ii-ost  ilistiiiL'ui-,ie  1  men  cerns  its  prosperity  "  The  official  or-an  of  the 
iu  Euroiie  of  the  eighteenth  century,  iuehaliiiLr  prune  minister  of  Greece  expressed  its  opinion  in 
Voltaire,  Rousseau,  Gilil)on,  Frederich  the  Great  the  highest  terms,  sayiuy: :  "The  departure  of 
ami  Malesherbes.  He  is  the  aiitlior  of  many  General  Read  from  Greece  has  called  forth  nuiver- 
puhlic  addresses,  official  reports,  learried  papers,  sal  rcL'rets.  He  has  become  one  of  the  most 
and  an  importaut  historical  im]uiry  eoncerniiiir  remarkable  authorities  in  all  matters  relating  to 
Henry  Hudson,  originally  delivered  in  thi'  form  ot'  the  Eastern  Question,  and  there  is  certainly  no 
tite  first  ainuversary  discourse  before  the  Hiitoiical  foreigner  who  understands  as  well  as  he  the  char- 
Society  of  Delaware,  and  published  at  Albany  in  acter  and  capabilities  of  the  Greek  race.  We  are 
16GH,  which  received  the  highest  comniendatioa  certain  that  his  eminent  abilities  will  not  iail  Greece 
li-om  the  most  eminent  scholars  in  Europe  and  in  the  present  juncture,  when  the  territorial  ques- 
America.  An  abridged  edition  of  this  work  was  tioii  is  not  yet  solved.  He  is  so  well  known 
jiubli^hed  at  Edii.buigh  in  Is.-i'I  by  the  Clarendon  throughout  Europe,  and  counts  among  his  I'rieuds 
Historical  Society.  In  l.-<7i:  hi-"  ktter  up;.u  the  so  mrmv  iidlueutial  per.-oiis  in  Eughiud,  France 
death  ef  his  friend,  the  eminent  historian.  L.i,l  and  Germany,  that  his  views  cannot  fail  to  have 
Stanhope,  was  published  in  Athene  in  (ireek  and  the  mo^t  happy  inlluence."  The  moment  he  was 
English.  General  Read,  as  United  States  Mini-ter,  freed  from  otiicial  ties.,  (leiieral  Read  set  to  work 
received  the  thanks  of  his  gnvemment  lor  his  v.ith  generous  ardor  to  promote  the  interests  of  the 
promptandelheient  protection  of  Amei  lean  p-r.Mius  sirug.-li^ig  people  who  were  then  pleading  their 
and  intere.-ts  in  the  diin-einus  eii-i-  in  <  ^r.  cee  in  eau-ebefue  Europe,  bringing  all  the  resources  of 
February,  1S7.S,  Shoitiy  afteruards,  the  L'nil.il  his  unrivaled  acquaintance  with  Eastern  atiairs  to 
States  Congress  having,  from  motives  of  economy,  bear  in  tlie  highe.-t  (pmrteis.  He  journeyed,  at 
suppressed  the  appropriation  f.r  the  Legation  at  his  own  expeii.-e.  from  one  imiiortaut  point  to 
Athens,  General  liead,  at  the  sui'irestiou  of  the  another,  arL'uiug  and  ur-in-  the  returu  to  Greece 
State  Department,  and  at  the  earnest  request  of  the  of  at  least  a  portion  ol  the-  ancient  tei  ritories  Iving 
king  and  the  minister  of  forei.'n  aliairs  of  Greece,  beyond  her  presmt  b.uders.  During  his  "long 
con.^ellted  to  continue  to  act.  and  carried  on  tiie'  soj.iurn  in  Gnviv  he  had  won  the  confidence 
di[)lomatie  reprcientation  at  that  court  at  hi,  own  alike  of  the  sovereign  and  of  the  jieople,  and 
cxpeiK-e  until  the  1' 1  1  of  Suptemoer,  Is-T'.i,  when  he  was  in  a  po,-iti(jn  to  see  tliat  additional 
he  ivsi-ned.  On  this  occa-ion  the  Se.avtarv  of  lerritorv  was  cs-eiilial  to  the  existence  of  the 
State  addres.-ed  to  him  an  ollhad  di-pateh  .-xpress.  (_;reeks"  as  a  nation.  When  the  clf.rt.-,  of  Kin_' 
in.'  the  extreme  rcL'i-et  of  the  Looted  .-tat-- -ovorn-  (Jeor-e  and  his  minister  were  cioumd  with 
mentat  his  retireiiieut,  and  con.dudin,'  llius;  -  Tiie  succ-.  the  un,-cili-h  lai.ois  of  General  Read  were 
manner  in  which  you  have  conducted  tlie  duties  ;is  not  overlooked.  The  newdv-appoiutcd  (ircek 
mini-ter  of  this  u'overniu.uit  iu  Give.-  lia=  be,  u  mini-ter  to  Loud..!*  was  directed,  while  pa-.-in- 
sucli  a-,  t.i  merit  hearty  approval  ;  and  the  patrioiic  tiirough  Paris,  to  couvev  to  him  the  thanks  ol  hi., 
saerilices  uhich  you  have  made-  iu  oid.  r  to  -■cure,  government  ;  and  the  Kiuj-.  who  .-hoiilv  afleruanl- 
uuhout  interrupliou,  the  reor.-,  illation  of  the  visited  that  nietrop  .ii-,  calf  d  upon  1dm  to  oxpi  e.-s 
United   States   in   that   ce.untry,  entitle   you  to  tiie  His    .Majesty's    personal  tliank,.      In    Is^l,   uiieu 


" "'  i- 


MAJOR    HAPvMnN  P,  RE  An, 


I)KLa\vai;h  DUiirxG  the  rkvoij  iion  201 

tlie  tLTi-itori.s  a.lJ.i.lL:.'.!  t.^tinere  ha.l  Imvii  tinally  as    populrir    at    Atlicii.   :i.^   slit-   \va.-   at  Paris,  and 

transtlTi-cd,  Kiii- (  ;,-i:;,-.  in  ivcu-ultioi,  ,,t' (  nn.-ral  her  ><,/„„  in  Imtli  ,a|iital..  ua-a  centre  of  American 

Read'^  services  .-ill, c   iii^  re.H-nath.n  ..f  the  p..- ^t  ..f  and    Enn.pean   tii-liion   an. I    culture.      :Mr3.   Read 

Uuited    State.<    .Minister,   en  ated    him    a     lvni;_'ht  al-o  uave  iirimf  .  it  the  hi-le -t  attiihute.s  nf  woniail- 

Grand  Cn.v-  of  the   Order  of  tlie   Redeemer,  the  hood.    r/:.  courai'e    and     humanity,    in    the    most 

higlie^t  diuiiity  in  the  ijift  of  the  Greek  L'overn-  iryini:     ni'jinent.s    of     the    Franco-Gcrnmn    war. 

nient,  al  the  .suae  time  that  His  ;\[ajestv  eont'erreil  Diirin-     the     horrors    of   tlie    sir;;e   of  the    Com- 

a    ^imibr    honor    upon    M.    Wadd'iu-ton,    Prime  niune    =he  remained   in    Paris    with   her    hushaud 

.Minister  of  Franet.  who  had  pre.-eni.d  the  Greek  and     calmly    faced    the    tcrrihle    .hmgers    of  that 

elaim.s  to  the    Berlin  CouLn-e.--.   and    upon   Count  time. 

Hat/.fehlt,  .Minister  of  Fureiyn  Atlairs  of  Ciermany,  They  have  four  children,  .Major  Harmon  P.  Read, 

who  had   successfully    urL'ed   the  same  elaim-  at  dohn    .Meredith   Read,   Jr.,  Mi>s    Emily    .^[eredith 

Constantinople.     For   his  manv  ennnent   -nvices  H.  ad.  now  .Mrs.  Francis  .\.  Stout,    of'Xew  York, 

to   his  own  eonntrv  duriiij   the"  \Var  of  Sccc.-Mou.  and   .Miss    Delphiiie   Marie    ^[e^  ditli  Head. 

General  Read  wa.- named  I  [Miioiarv  Conipanion  of  Harmon  P.  I;,,„|,  .Idc.r   -n,,   ..f  (iri„ral    Mere- 

the  Militarv  Order  of  the  Loval  Lei:i<.n.  dith    Read,   an.l    hi-    uife.    Helpliine    Marie    Pnni- 

When  the  Historical  .S,ci,'tv  of  Delaware  wa.-  J.ellv.  wa.-  horn  ar  AU.anv,  Xcw  Yoik.ou  the  l:;th 
ursanized  in  1^14,  Chief  .lu.-tiee  Rea.l.  ,.f  Peiin-  day  of  .Inly,  iMll).  Kdieatcd  at  Pari- and  Athens, 
sylvania,  was  the  chairman  of  the  deh-ation  at  a  military  -,li.i,,l,  an.l  at  T'rinity  CoUe.ue,  he  be- 
appointed  by  the  Historical  Society  of  Peiinsyl-  came  a  m.'mber  ..f  tli.' 1  li.-t.ni.al  Societies  of  Penii- 
vania  to  be  present ;  an.l  ou  the  same  occa-ion,  his  .-ylvania  an.l  Nfw  York,  a  f.llow-  of  tlie  R.jyal 
cousin,  ^L■.  William  Thompson  Read,  of  New  (ieograiihi.-al  S.M-i.ty  ..l'  L.m.l..n,  an.l  a  fellow  of 
Castle,  was  cli(jsen  first  vice-president,  and  General  the  Ge.ii;-raphi.;al  S.i.-i.ty  <>t'  Pari-.  He  has  de- 
Meredith  Read  was  invited  to  deliver  the  first  voted  mu.;h  tim.'  t...  hi-ioii.al  research:  is  an  ac- 
anniversary  address  before  the  Society,  to  which  tive  an.l  intlu.iitial  in.nili.r  ..f  the  Republican 
allusion  has  already  been  made.  For  this  ami  Party:  \\:is  a  ean.li.lat.;  tor  the  LcLiislatnre  in  a 
many  other  services  General  Read  wa.^  elected  an  >ir.iii'_'  H.ruo.'ralie  .listii.t.  where  he  trreatlv  re- 
honorary  member  .>f    the     ."-^...ietv.  duced  the  I)em..cratii'  maj.irit  v  :   an.l   was  r.'.iiitlv 

General  :Meredith  Read  marri.-.i  :it  .Vlhauv,  New  ,d.  i-te.l  Piesi.h  iit  ..f  tli.'  Yiiuu'i:   Men'-  A.-..ciaii.,ii 

York,  on  the  7th  .if  A|.ril,  Is-'ilt,  Deliihiue".\rarie,  ..f  .Vll.any— a  p.i-t  t..  whi.h  s..m.'  .,f  the  ni...-t  enii- 

dauj^hter  ..t'  Harm..n  J'umpelly.  f^s.j.,  an  eminent  iieiit  m.n  in  th.;  Stat.'  ot' N.w    \'.>rk   liaV'_'  asjiired. 

citizen  ..f  .\lbany,  wh.'.<e   hither,  John  Pumpelly,  He  is  n..w  Insp..  i.,r  ..frill.'  pr:i.ti.e  with  the  rank 

born  in  1727  (nn  the  same  day  as  the  celebrated  ..f  Maj.>r  in  the  X.-w    ^'..rk  Stat.'   X:iti..nal  Cinar.l. 

General  Wolfe, 1  served  with  distinction  in  the  early  .Maj.ir  Rea.l  is  an  eminent  M;i-on.  :in.l   one   ..f  the 

Indian  and  French  Wars,  was  present  at  the  siege  m...-t  Lain.  .1  memliers  .>f  th.'  .'latt  in  nia-oni.'  his- 

..f  Loui.-hur-,  was  at   the  side  of  Wolfe  when    he  I.irv,  :in.l    lia<    iva.'h.'.l    ih.'   thirtv-.-econ.l    de-rce. 

fell,  mortally  w.iun. led,  on  the  hei-hts  of  Aliraham,  Hi- :in.  .'-t..r  in   th.-  -ixtli    .l.-n  ,■' wa-   on.'    ot^  the 

in  17.V.t,  ami   a--i.-ted   in   cl...^in<;   diat  her.iic  com-  i;.nii.lcr,-  ..t  the  fii>t   I....!'.;.'  of  Mas.ms  in  .Vm.riea. 

man.ler's  eves.      Jolm  Pumpellv  w  as  als.i  an  ..ttieer  Hi-  'jiamifath.  r,  Chi.f  .1  ii-li.-,'    R.a.l   .,f   P.iin-vl- 

,.f  merit   .Inrin-   th.-   war  ..f  the   i;ev.ihiti..u,  an.l  vania,    wa-    <  ;  ran.l-mast.r    <<(   .Ma-.'iis   a-   was   ids 

attain.-.la,L'r.'ata-e,.lyiu,-  inhi.-ninetv-tliinl  Year,  .-.lU-in,  H.ni.    William    Th..mp-,.n    l;e:..l,   of   D.'la- 

in  1.^20.      The  Pumpelly   taniily,   like   the  AVa.l-  waiv.  whil.'   hi-    ihlli.'r.    Oen.r;!!    M.-r.'.lith    R.a.l, 

w.irth  family,  renmved  in  the  latter  j.art  ..f  the  la-t  has  ivc.iv.'.l  th.'   hi-h.-t   .l.-i.e    in   ma.-onrv  from 

centurv  fr.im  C.mnecticnt   to  Western   New  Y..rk,  th.' (  uan.l  C..unci!  ,.f  ( in  c.e. 

where  they  a.'',niie.l  lar-e  landed  properties.  .Mr.  J.,hn  M.  r-'.lith  Rea.l.  dr..  -.■.'.. n.I  .-..n  of  O.'ii.'ial 
Harmon  Pnmp.Uv,  win.  was  born  in  Sali-l.nrv,  .M.  r.-.lith  P.a.l,  an.l  hi-  n\  if,'  1  ).li,liin.-  .Mari,'  Puni- 
C.mnc'.'ticut.  .m  the  .".th  of  Au'.-n-t,  179o,  .li...l  at  p.  llv,  i...rn  at  Alhaiiv,  .N.w  Y..i'k,  ..n  the  27th  of 
Alliany  ..n  the  2'.ltli  ..f  S.-pt. mh.'r,  1-V^2.  in  the  June.  l.M'.'.l.  i-  a  memh.'r  ..f  th.'  Hi-l.ni.-al  S.,ci.'ties 
eightv-ei-hth  v./ar  ..f  hi.-  aje.  His  tluve  el.hr  ..f  P.nii-vlvania  an.l  .\..w  Y..rk. 
bn.thers,  James,  Charles  an.l  William,  like  him  F.milv'.Abiv.lith  P.  a.l,  e!.l.-t  .lau-hKr  ..f  (Jen- 
reached  an  advanced  age,  and  were  distim_'ui-he.l  eral  .M.'re.lith  llea.l.  an.l  hi-  wite  D.lphin.'  .Marie 
al.-o  f,.r  their  wealth.  \ihilantlir..pv  ancfpuhlie  Pump.llv,  niarrie.l  at  li.r  tath.'r's  r.-i.hn.'e.  .X.-w- 
spirit.  Mr.  Harm..ii  Piimp.lly  was'hi.-.ly  int.  r-  p..rt,  Pho.l"  Wan.l,  ,.n  th.'  21,-t  ..f  .\u-ust,  1.^.^4, 
ested  in  all  the  nu.-t  imp..rtant  in-tituti.  .i)<  an.l  Praini-  A.piila  Si.'.iit,  i:-.|.,  ..f  .X.-w  Y..rk.  .-on 
enterpri.-e-  ..feeiitnil  an.l  wi.-tern  X.'W  Y..rk,  ami  .,f  the  late  .A.  (!.  St..nt.  ]:-.|.,  I.v  his  wit'.', 
his  home  was  the  seat  .if  a  rerin.-.l  and  unr.'mittin-  L.uii-,'  .M..rris.  .,f  .M..rri-iania.  a  -ran.ldan-jhter  of 
ii..spitality.                                                                        '  th,'  H..n.  l..,ui-  ^b.n■ris,  a  -i-ner  ..f  the  1 ).  .laration 

Mi>.     R.a.l.    ,/.,.    Pumpellv,    one    of   th,'    m..-t  ..f  In.h'pen.len.'.',  ami    '.nan.l-ni.,'.'e  of  H..n.  ( o.uv- 

beautiful   an.l   attractive  w..n,en    .if  her   .hiv,   wa<  ,  rneur  .Morri-,  .me  of  the  framers  of  the  Cn-titn- 


202 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE 
t.:>,   and    aftor\vanl,<   Vu 


turn  nf  tlK'  T'uitr,! 
States  Miiii.MtT  to  Franrr. 

Marie  Delpliiiic  M.iv.liil,  K 
ofGeuerul  Mcmlith  l;,'n.l.  ami  hi-  ^^<\\■  ]>r\y]uur 
Mario  runi[.eliy,  nas  l...ni  in  I'aii.,  ^^^il.■  li.v 
fatliiT  wasFnitrclSiati'^CunMil  (im.ral  t.i  Fraiirr. 
aiul  was  clu-i^rrti.  .1  at  thr  Ainniraii  i:|.iM'.,],al 
('hm-rh  iu  the  l;ur  F.avanl,  li.T  -o.lt-atir.T  inin- 
Sir  I'.eniar.l  Biiik.'. 

Thomas  .-MeKean,  tho  thinl  nf  the  Drlavsare 
signers  of  the  Dechiration  of  Indepeinlence,  was 
born  March  19,  1734,  in  New  London  town- 
ship, Chester  County,  Pa.,  and  studied  hiw  at  New- 
Castle,  in  the  office  of  his  rehitive.  David  Finiiev. 


to  tlie  (ifiieral  ('.>ml:iv>s  uhirli  met  in  New  York 
ill  Oetoher,  ITfl-.,  uhne.  in  ronjuririion  with 
Fvncii  anil  l  )li.s  h,'  pieparLd  the  addrr-s  l,,  th.^ 
Hou>e    of  Coiunion^.      Wliui     Fr.Mdciu     KuL-hs 

ot  this  Con-re.-.-,  Mr  .MrKcan  anai-n.  d  them  so 
>rveivlv  tor  untailhtuhi..-s  and  louaidiec  that 
l:u;-les  exten.led  liini  a  rhalhnL'e  f.  a  duel,  which 
McKeau  promptly  ai'ceptrd.  hut  ihr  pr..sidrnt  de- 
parted from  New  Yni  k  hrtor.  .law  n  of  the  ne.xt 
day  without  fullilliug  his  eni:ai:emriit.  Ueturninj,' 
home  throuiih  New  Jersey,  ^[r.  McKeun  an- 
nounced to  the  people  ofthat  province  that  their 
representative,   Robert   O-deu.    had    also   shrunk 

from  signing  the  pr.M iin-s  ;   Ogden  threatened 

him  with  a  challen-e,  hut  fallowed  the  example  of 
Ituggles  in  de.'linin,  to  t:o  upon  the  field.  .Mr. 
McF:ean  was  now  app..iuttd  a  ju-;iee  of  the  New 
Castle  courts,  and  sat  upon  the  bench  which 
in  the  November  term,  ITtio.  and  February  term, 
1766,  resisted  the  Stam[)  Act  liy  ordering  the  offi- 
cers of  the  court  to  use  unstamped  paper  in  the 
routine  of  their  business.  In  1771  he  was  ap- 
pointed collector  of  customs  at  New  Castle,  and 
in  October,  1772,  was  cho.seu  Speaker  of  the  Dela- 
ware House  of  Reiireseutatives.  Although  lie  had 
iu  the  jirevious  vear  made  his  permanent  roideui'e 
in  Philadelphia."  Dehiuare  elected  him  to  the  Con- 
gress of  1774,  an.l  lie  uas  annually  re-eleete.l  until 
February  1,  l".^.".,  his  perio,l  of  continuous  ser- 
vice exceeding  tliat  of  any  other  member.  It  is 
also  remarkable  tliat  wiiiie  he  represented  Dela- 
ware iu    Congre.-s,    he  was,    subseijueiit    to  July, 

Ch-iIi-,  Kfiil  ui,.l  Su.-.-x    ..|-n   lP.l.,i>aie  to  the  st:ui.prt..t  I  ..Mcr.^,-  «n. 


r 


E   1 

n 

e 

Before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age  he  became  clerk 
to  the  prothonotary  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
then  deputy  prothonotary  and  register  for  the 
[irobate  of  wills,  and  when  he  had  attained  iiis 
majority  was  admitted  to  the  Delaware  and  I'mn- 
sylvania  bar.  In  175ii  he  was  appointed  ih  putv 
prosecuting  att<irnev  for  Sussex  Coimtv.  and  iu 
the  next  year  clerk  of  the  n..u.-,_  ,,f  Ar-emhlv. 
ami  in  171)2  was  chosen,  in  companv  with  Ca -ar 
Rodney,  to  revise  and  print  the  laws  In  (  ),■!,, her. 
1762,  he  was  elected  to  the  A,-semblv  frian  Xrw 
Castle  County,  and  returned  anniiallv  until  ITT'.l. 
although  after  177:;  he  resided  in  i'hila.lelphia. 
I'rom  1764  to  1776  he  was  a  trustee  of  the  loan 
otiice  for  New  Castle  County,  and  was  a  delegate' 


DELAWARE   DriUN'(;  TITH  REVOLUTION. 


203 


chid 

'  jnstii- 

e  nf  IVni 

e:u-li 
lis  «■( 

Stutf  ( 

■lai.nri,.' 
>i.n|H,rIii 

men 

lUernt 

[he  c.u.i 

e.iln 

nies.lli 

lesrn.'t  ( 

l\u 


.rl;i 


When  Oe.,i-e  liciid  ivt-u>r, 
ration  of  IikIi'iu'ikIcih'',  > 
seuger  to  Drhiware  to  >iii 
order  that  the  aHinnutive 
be  cast,  and  the  (jlistructioi 


ai.iniuiiiti..,,.  an.!  th- 

tinn  of  lllr  clnllic. 
:..  vote  fur  the  Dcchi- 
.MrKeaiiMnt  a  iiu-- 
lon  Ca-.-ar  R.-dney  in 
ite  of  tile  Slate  niiudit 
.riered    l)v  Mr.   Read 


ovt 


Mr.    .^IcK.an    wa. 


at 


Kit  time 


colouel  of  a 
phia,  with  \vl 
the  remaiiidt 
herheua..! 


•'  Bi. 
hide 


-irn.iit  of  A>.-ociators  in  I'liiiadel- 
:h  hr.rrved  ii:  the  Flying  Canip  fur 
of  the  Miuuiier  of  ITTll.  In  Ucto- 
h.lrd  a  iiicnih.r..f  the  Dehiuarc  Con- 
d  l;nhert  Wahi,  Jr.,  autlior  of  the 
_'s  (if  the  Siifners  of  the  Deekiratioii  of 
cv,"  rehites  tliut  on  his  arrival  at  Dover 
"a  eoniinittee  of  j:entletnen  waited  on  him  and  re- 
quested that  he  would  prepare  a  Constitution  for 
the  future  government  of  the  State.  To  this  he 
consented.  He  retired  to  his  room  in  the  tavern, 
sat  up  all  the  night,  and  having  prepared  it  with- 
out a  book  or  any  assistance  whatever,  presented 
it  at  10  o'clock  ue-\.t  morning  to  the  HiHise,  when 
it  was  unaiiinioii,-!y  adnpttd."  In  1777  he  acted 
in  the  douM.  capacity  of  I'lc-idcut  of  Delaware 
and  chief  Jii-ticc  ot'  IViin.-ylvania.  On  July  10, 
17f<l,  he  «as  chosen  |ire>ideut  of  Congress,  which 
office  he  resigned  ..u  (  )ct.djer  :^3d,  but  at  the  re- 
quest of  Congre?^  served  until  Nov.  Dtli.  A  storm 
of  opposition  was  aroused  to  his  holding  two  or 
more  offices  at  the  same  time,  but  he  continued  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duties.  He  was  chief  justice 
of  Pennsylvania  until  1799,  when  he  was  elected 
Governor  of  the  State,  a  succe-ss  which  opened  the 
way  for  the  accession  of  ilr.  Jefferson  to  the  Pres- 
idency, of  whom  he  was  a  warm  supporter.  In 
January,  1808^  an  unsuccessful  attemjit  was  made 
to  impeach  him.  It  W(juld  have  been  possible  for 
him  in  1803  to  become  the  candidate  of  the  Repub- 
lican [)arty  for  Vice-President,  but  he  refn.sed  to 
permit  the  use  of  his  name.  After  retiring  frcjin 
the  Governorship  of  Pennsylvania,  at  the  close  of 
ISOX,  he  held  no  further  public  pusiti.m,  and  died 
June  1>4,  1>17. 

Ge-ar  Rodney,  bcu'ii  at  Dover  in  17.;(>.  was 
descended  from  the  ancient  English  family  of  De 
Rodeney,  who  trace  their  lineage  back  to  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  earliest  record  of  the 
family  is  found  in  an  ancient  l)ook  belonging  to 
the  Cathedral  of  Wells,  in  which  the  name  of  De 


Rodeni 
fmndii 

for,-    tl: 

then  th 
called 


itio 


■li,    '.h 


mnection 
>   hundiv.l 


Ri 


ther  .-ir 
rd.Cntir 
anil  uas  killed  at  tin 
De  Rodeii.-v  was  kni-i 
Abbev    of  liain-hain, 


Richard  De  R.-d.-m-v,  who,  with  his  son  Richard, 
was  ..lain  there  in"l-j::t  bv  Leolin,  Prince  of 
•hard  de  Rodrnev  accom- 
Lion,  to  the  Hoiv  La.id, 
Mjeof  Acre.  Sir  Waller 
1  in  the  great  hall  of  the 
I  nty  of  Somerset,  in  the 
second  year  of  Edward  II.  "Margaret  Rodeney 
married  Thomas  Eurdett,  of  Arrow,  who  \\as  be- 
headed in  the  17th  year  of  E.lward  IV.  for  words 
spoken  concerning  a  white  buck."  It  is  elsewhere 
told  that  the  King,  x\hile  hunting  in  Burdett's 
forest,  shot  this  bu(  k,  which  \\as  much  \alued  by 
it.s  ouner,  who  said  in  gieat  ani:er  "lit  would  that 


-r 

■^ 


\  \ 


the  horns  of  the  buck  were  down  the  throat  of  him 
who  killed  it."  For  many  generations  the  family 
was  possessed  of  vast  estates  in  Somersetshire,  most 
of  which  were  lost  in  the  wans  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  soon  after  Penn's  settlement  in  Amer- 
ica, William  Rodeney  came  over  and  selected  a 
new  home  in  Kent  County.  Dying  in  1708,  he 
left  a  son  (.'lesar,  who  married  the  daughter  of  Rev. 
Thomas  Crawford  and  became  the  father  of  the 
Revolutionary  statesman  and  soldier.  The  latter 
inherited  the  large  property  of  his  ancestors,  an<l 
in  1758  was  chosen  high  sherilf  of  Kent,  which 
county  he  represented  in  the  Assembly  of  17G2-fi3, 
that  began  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Dela- 
ware. He  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  Gen- 
eral L'ongress  of  the  prov*inces,  and  in  17<lij.  in  con- 


204 


HISTORY  OV  DKI.AWA] 


1  Tliomas  MrKcan, 
liankin-iinnlortli.' 
-llh-n..xltuoVv:n- 


\\li 


i;..,i- 


Ur  ua> 

,-,.n.a,l 


junction  with  Gcor-i_'i'  IJra 
franK(ltlu-a.l,ltv-,tnllMl' 
rqx'aloftlR.Siain|.Ari.  ] 
Roaen.'V,  (now  -p.. It  l;.„i,„.v)  uasa  nin 
Lo-ishiiniv,  anai,nMi_^ht  in  the  pi-o|„,Hl 
Wiu^  ilefaited.  to  foi-lii.l  t!io  furtli.r  imi,. 
slaves  into  tlie  iircviiirr.  WIh'M  tli.'  ii 
sions  nf  Great  P.ritaiu  overtiuvvs  the  o 
of  safrtv  in  Nvliiehtl.r  eoluniv.s  lia.l  in. In 
ney,  a.i'ain  in  ecn-ort  with  MrKcan 
wrote  that  address  to  th<'  crown  in  \\i 
resistance  to  tyranny  was  toi>-haih.\\i.l 
suHerin^'  at  this  time  li-oni  ihi'  <  anc.r  wl 
over  one  side  of  his  fare  and  ultiniat.lv  rau.~ed  his 
death.  Philadelphia  phv-irian-.  to  wh.m,  hr  had 
resorted  for  aid,  coneurr.-d  with  the  niendMT-  of  his 
family  in  advising;  him  to  ^o  to  luimjie  for  njedi- 
cal  treatment,  and  the  only  tliiui;  that  prev.'nted 
him  from  doini;  so  was  his  c.iiisciousne-s  tiiat  a 
threat  crisis  was  upon  America,  and  that  he  was 
needed  at  home.  It  was  hardly  as  well  known 
then  as  it  is  uow  that  cancer  of  the  face  is  incura- 
ble, and  ^fr.  Pioduey's  refusal  to  absent  himself 
from  his  imperiled  country  for  any  personal  ci>n- 
siderations  attiirds  an  index  to  his  heroic  character. 
When  the  Assend)ly  met  in  (  >ctol)er,  17()9,  he  wa> 
chosen  Speaker,  an  nftice  Avhieli  he  retained  for 
several  years,  and  he  was  also  chairman  ot'  the 
Conunittee  of  C'orrespondciK  .•  and  C'oiiimuiiication 
with  the  other  colonic-.  The  convention  tliat  as- 
sembled at  New  Castle  on  Au'.'ust  1,1774,  made 
him  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Cou-ress,  in 
which  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  eom- 
nnttee  instructed  to  state  tlie  riidits  of  the  colonies 
and  the  means  for  obtaiuinu'a  restoration  of  them. 
The  Delaware  Assembly,  in  ^Nlarch,  1775,  re- 
elected him  to  the  next  Congress  and  conferred 
u])on  liim  the  office  of  brigadier-general.  In  the 
succeeding  spring  and  summer  his  attention  was 
divided  between  the  atlairs  of  Congress  and  the 
organization  of  tlie  Delaware  militia.  lie  was 
absent  in  the  lower  counties  of  Delaware  "on  the 
latter  business  wliile  the  ([uestion  of  se]iaratiou 
from  rireat  Britain  was  bein'jr  a'jitatcd  in  Conirress, 
and,  being  summoned  by  a  special  messenger  fnuu 


Mr.  McKe: 


I'hiladelphiajus 


to  give  his  vote  in  favor  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
de[)endence.  He  was  s,,  j.i|.l<  ;i  ,,,aii  at  the  time, 
that  John  Adams  thus  de-cril.ed  hiui  :  -Casar 
Rodney  is  the  o.ldestdookine   man   in   the  world  ; 

not  bigger  than  a  large  apple,  yet  tliere  is  sense 
and  fire,  spirit,  wit  and  humor  in  his  counte- 
nance." In  spite  of  his  being  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  Declaration,  the  Delaware  Convention,  in 
the  autunui  of  177li,  wlii<-h  was  controlled  bv  the 
Tory  anil  conservative  eleni.nt,  retiiscd  to  re-elect 
him' to  Congress,  but  he  couimued  to  be  a  member 
of  the    Coinicil    of  Sa.letv    ami   Committee  of  In- 


,  made  a  visit  to  the 
.tMorri-tewn,  New 
n'_'  tin  in  ern'ouraire- 
hanlship-.       While 


stanc 
he  dr 


'■^'ii.v  upon  m-  pnv.itc Mo  lurnish 

the  starvin..'  ami  rai-Lred  soldier-  with  ch.thin-  and 
provi-ions.  He  ic.aiued  will,  the  armv  nearlv 
two  iLonths,  perl'oMiiinu'  the  duties  of  brhjadier- 
■.^•neral,  and  even  alter  th,'  enlisinuut  of  the 
Delaware  troop-  had  expired,  he  ,,li;  ivd  his  ser- 
vices inauv  capaciiv  to  (niical  \Va-hiuL't.m.  who 
spoke  in  high  appreciaiiou  ,,f  him,  but  declined  to 
L.nger  detain  him  from  his  home  alfairs.  He  re- 
fiiseil  an  appointment  as  oik;  ot'  the  judges  uf  the 
Supreme  Court,  which  had  just  lieen  organized, 
and  by  retaining  his  miiilary  otilce  was  enabled  to 
siippie.-s  a  Torv  in-urrectioii  in  Sussex.  When, 
in  the  autumn  of  1777,  .he  Jiritish  lan.le.l  np.m 
the  shores  of  the  Delaware,  and  W^ashingt.iu's 
lieadipiarters  were  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  Rodney  hastened  to  his  ai.l  with  all  the 
troo]>s  he  could  collect  in  Kent,  and  en.leavoretl. 
tli..ULdi  witli  but  partial  success,  to  take  with  him 
the  militia  of  Xew  Castle  County.  By  directions 
.,f  Wa.-hington,  he  placed  himself  south  of  the 
main  armv,  s.i  as  to  wawh  tho  movements  of  the 
British,  and,  if  p..-ilde,  e»t  them  ot{' from  their 
rieet.  (Jn  Decenibt;r  17th  he  was  called  to  take 
his  seat  in  Congress,  but  determined  to  remain  in 
Delaware  in  order  to  counteract  the  insidious 
work  of  the  Tory  party.  He  was  not  destined  to 
re-appear  in  Congress,  for  in  a  few  days  he  was 
elected  President  of  Delaware,  which  he  retained 
about  four  years.  The  correspondence  of  Wash- 
ington during  this  period  shows  how  often  he 
turned  to  President  Rodney  for  military  snpjilies, 
and  with  what  [energy  the  latter  collected  cattle 
and  stores  for  the  army.  In  1762  he  declined  a 
re-election  to  the  Presidential  office,  and  although 
in  that  year  and  then.'Xt  he  was  cho-eii  delegate 
to  Congress,  his  illness  kept  hiiu  at  home.  The 
cancerous  eruption  ha.l  s.i  spiiad  over  his  face 
that  he  was  ..bli:;,..l  to  ever  it  with  a  screen.  He 
.li.'.l  June  2:1,  17M  «as.,,me  auth.,rilies  give  it, 
althoUL'h  it  is  believe. 1  tlie  date  is  not  precisely 
kn.iwn),  and  was  buri.il  in  an  open  field  ou  Par- 
. Ice's  farm,  in  J.iiics'  Neck, about  four  miles  from 
Dover.  A  rough  stone,  with  his  name  inscribe.l 
thereon,  is  the  only  mark  of  his  grave,  but  at  the 
present  time  (Dec',  1.S,S7)  a  plan  is  being  formed 
by  the  young  men  of  Dover  to  remove  the  re- 
mains to  one  of  ihe  puldie  sipiai-.s  ..f  the  State 
capital  and  erect  over  them  an  a|.pr.>pi-iale  m.jnii- 
111. nt. 

Wnr  R.nlcn.v.the  pion.  er  ..f  ih..  R.mIucv  faiuilv 
in  Delaware,  cam.'  t..  Ani.ai 
He   live.l   in    Phila.htphia  f 


William  P.  nu. 
>2  to  H;:M)  ami 


i'S'-<r''   ^-> 


DKLAWARb;   DUIUNii  THE  llEVOLUTION.  205 

then  ^vHl-d  in   Di.v.t.      He   \va.-  S|H'uk."r  ,.f   the  iiifrin-mH-iit    of  the   liheitie^   ..f    the   r<.loiiies   by 

first  DrhixMiiv   I,.  .ji<lature,  and  .lie.l  in  17IIS,      In  (irerit  liritain.      In  his  "  Aihln><  tn  the  Cniniitteee 

1(WS    M,-.  Uo.hn.v  n.ani..!    .Mury    Holl_\nKin,   nf  nf    Corresp.uideuee    in     iJarbadoes,"    which    had 

I'liiladcli.iiia.  w  hn  liird   ill    IHHO,  ieavini:  mir  <nn,  rensured  the  imrtheni  cohmies  for  tiu'ir  o]>por-itiun 

Wilhain.      In     \t\'X'.    M  r.  Hodi  n.  v    niani.d    Sarali  of  tile  ?^t:uii|i  Aet,  he   made  a  nia.'-terlv  defen.^e  i.f 

.l..nr<,  ,ian-ht,r..f  DanieM. .,,,-.,  ^  a- Su-.-c'.  Count  V,  the  chmies,      Tlii^  addn- «  a~  l,ul)lishVd  in  IMiila- 

and    tlieir   onlv    eliild    was    Ca-ar    Ih-h^nev.    who  delplda   inlTdf,.      II..    was   adrputv    to    the  1- irsl 

married  .Marv,"daii-liter  ot' Kev.  ThomasCrawtoriL  Cdonial  ('oti-iess  in  17i;."i,and  <lrew  up  it>  .vsolii- 

Casar    Kodrlu^    wa<   thr   father  ..f  t!ie   Anieriean  tions.      In    ITCT   liis   -  Farna.rV   Letters  to   the   iu- 

patriot   C.-ar  'l-;..dn.y  an.l   O.l     Thomas  Ko.liuy,  Lahitauls  of  the  Biiti.~li   rol,,ni.:s"  attraeleil  mueh 

also  a   partn-ipant    in   tlie   njeniorahle  slruirude   tor  attention.     They  were  re[iidilislied  in  London  with 

independence,  a    preface    by   Dr.    Franixlin,  and    al'terwards    in 

Col.  Thomas  l;„dnev,  son  of  (asar  liodnev,  was  French  in  Paris.  In  1774  he  pid.lished  his 
born    in   Su^-e\  (ount'v,  dun..  4,  1744.      lle'wa.sa 

.leh'.jatr    fi.iin    DehiuaVe   t..   the   Coniinenlal    Con-        :_  '  I 

-ress  fn.m    17^1    ^:;   and    17.-3^>7.      He    was    also        :-_  -  -\ 

a    mendier    ..t    th..    -Cunril   of   Satety  ;  "  of  tlie        -/  _J 

Courtsof  Admiiahv   and  Conm I'leas^   eol.mel  :/  -•/'■  '      ,.  -^^ 

in  the   Delawarr   militia,  and    n  i.dered    important  "^  -..       f   "■     '■     %:,   :  -^^^1 

lutionarv    War.      He  u  a-  app.unted  United  States        ^:  _   /    '- ^  '       _  "^^^ 

Ju<l-e  ..f  Mi^-i-lppi   Territory  in    IM)2,   untilids       :.:     _  \    /,    ^         '  '  ^ 

death,  Jam.aiv  J,   Isll.  '  t;  .     - 

Th.imas  MrKran  i;..,ln.v  was  horn  in  Wilniin--       =  \\_   "  \,.  '-v.,  -fsi 

ton  Sept.  11,  IMI!).  and  di.il  April  1^4.  Is74,  at  his       ^  -^^.  "Cr:"  ^i^ 

residence   in    hi-    native    eitv.       He   was   a   son    of       /  _l     '    ,  v|sS 

Casar  A.  Ilo.lney  and  was  a  cadet   at  West   Point       =  -^'^       ^--    ,  f^ 

early  in  life,  but  resigned   his  comn.ission  to  adopt       ;  /■,■-...        ■'•  f   '"3 

the  profession  of  lawC      In  182::  he  was  se.'retary       :.:  '(    ,/    ,      '"X"  '  ^-^S 

of  the    .\nieriean    legation  at  Buenos  Ayres   (his       "        .  Y"      .'       (      ';,  -^i^ 

father    luin-   mini-terj,  and   lie   was  siib^ciiiientlv       =    :  '•},  ■      -i    \\  -*^ifc^ 

consul-.nr,  al  at  Havana,  and  at  Matanzas,  Cuba.       ?  \  '      \     ^  f'Wg 

He  was  a  Republican  Presidential  elector  in  18-j(J,       |  \  \i  ;   ■  "^9 

and  the  followiiiLT  year  wasameniber  of  the  Legi.s-       ;_  ■  -;  '  •:         "-  - -'%1 

lattire.      He  wa.s   collector  of  customs  from   ISGl       :  ■  *•  .  -'  3 

to  ISIiO.  5:-  -        ■  4 

Governor   Daniel    R.idney  was   born   in   Lewes,       =— - 
Sept.  II),  1TG4,  ami  while  still  iu  his  minority  had  ^    y^  /J      '  y 

chai-.e  , ,f  a  sail itig  vessel  on  the  Delaware,  beconi-  /^/^^^^^^^^^^^ 

uil;  on  two  ditterent  occasions   a  prisoner  ot  war.  '^^  ''  /    ^^  ^/^-^ 

He  afterward  served  as  judge  of   the  Cojjrt   ot  '— _^__^^ 

Common  Pleas  for  a  number  of  years,  and  in  1800  "^ 

was  a  Presidential  elector.     From  1814  to  l.'*17  he 

served  a>  (  ojvernor,  and  as  a  member  of  Congre.s.s  "  Essay   on    the   Constitutional  Power   of  Great 

in  l.^'-"J--_':;.       He  was  also  elected  to  the  United  Britain  over  the  Colonies  in  America."     The  same 

States    Senate    in    l.S26-'27.       C4overnor    Koduey  year  he  was   a   member  of  the  First  Continental 

marrieil  the  daughter  of  .Major  Henry  Fisher,  oi  Congre.ss,  from  Delaware,  and  wrote  "  the  Address 

Lewes,  and  died  . .n  Sept.  2.  l.-<4tj.  to  the  Inhabitants  of  (Quebec,"  "the  Declaration 

Hon  John  Dickin.-on,  eminent  as  a  writer  on  to  the  armies,"  the  two  petitions  to  the  King,  and 
political  t..pic>  anil  as  a  Delaware  statesman,  was  "the  Address  to  the  States,"  all  of  which  are  un- 
born ill  Maryland,  ^'ov.  13,  17:>2,  and  died  in  portant  State  papers.  He  opposed  the  Declaration 
\\  ilmin_-toii,  I-cby.  14,  l.'^OS.  His  father  wits  of  Independence,  deeming  it  premature,  and  did 
Judge  S.iir.nel  Dickinson,  of  Dover.  John  Dick-  not  sign  it.  In  consenueuce  of  this  action  he  was 
iiisou  >ludied  law  ill  Philadelphia,  ami  at  the  for  a  time  absent  from  jniblic  life.  In  October, 
Temple,  London,  and  practiced  sucee.-fullv  in  1 777.  he  was  made  brii:adier-i:,.neral  of  the  Penn- 
Philadelphia.  He  was  .,l.cted  to  the  General  svivaiiia  militia,  havin-  previously  .-crved  in  the 
A.~sembly  of  PennsWvatiia  in  17(;4,  and  became  Gmtinental  army  as  a  private.  In  177!»  he 
well  kn.jwii   by  hia  i.ublieations  on  the  attempted  returned  to  Congre.-s  tVoiu  Delaware.     From  1781 


206 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARE. 


to  178.1  he  was  President  ,.f  Delaware  ;uul  Penn- 
sylvania Mi,(v>.ivly.  ;in.l  a  luemlu-r  nf  tiie  eon- 
ventiun  which  framed  the  Fi'deral  ( 'nii-tiluli..u. 
In  17.S.S  he  i.ul.lished  his  •'  Fuhius  ■'  Ktters  advo- 
eatini;  llie  adojitiuu  nf  the  new  C^'n^Iirlltinn,  and 
another  scries  of  "  Fabius  "  letters  in  171*7  .m  the 
relations  of  the  United  States  with  Kranre,  rum- 
prised  his  last  wc.rk  (if  this  eharaeter.  He  was  a 
nieinl.ercf  the  I  i.dauare  C.n^titmional  O.nvention 
of  179:2.  Th.'  |H,litieal  e>sav.--  nf  .Mr.  Diekin.«,n 
were  pnldished  in  two  volumes  in  ISoi.  He 
founded  the  Diekin.son  ( 'ollejre  at  Carlisle.  Pa  ,  and 
endowed  it  lil.erallv.  .Mr.  Diekin.son  was  married 
July  I'J,  1770,  to  Marv,  dau-hh-r  ..f  Isaae  \orri.-, 
of  Fair  Hill,  Pa.,  and  twn  daujit.rs  .^urviv^d 
him.  Governor  Diekinson'.s  last  residence  in 
WilniiuL'ton  was  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Ittli 
and  .Market  Street.  The  site  is  now  occupied  l.v 
the  Wilmington  Institute  huihlin-  The  Dickin- 
son  niansinn   was   owned  hv  Kichard    H.    liavard 


hat     event 

ful                    : 

hanl  1, 

1    the   fn 

aid    . 

f 

iet                       ! 

It. 

he 

iladelpl 


\V1 


tiitmnal 

d  the  r 


m 


-1  'yia\i 


JOHN    DICKIXSOX  S    5(-\.N'SI()X. 

for  many  years.  He  lived  in  it  when  a  member 
of  the  United  States  Senate. 

General  Philemon  Dickin.sou,  a  daring  otHcer  of 
the  Revolutionary  army,  was  born  near.  Dover, 
April  5,  173iJ.  He  was  educated  under  Dr.  Alli- 
son, in  Philadelphia,  and  became  a  small  farmer 
near  Trenton,  X.  J.  In  1775  he  entered  the  armv 
and  was  placed  in  command  of  the  New  Jersey 
militia.  "With  a  force  of  only  four  hundred  men,  he 
attacked  and  defeated  a  Jariie  foraging  partv  of 
the  enemy  on  January  '21,  1777.  He  commanded 
the  militia  at  the  battle  of  .Monmouth.  General 
Dickin-on  represented  Delaware  in  17SL'-S3  in  the 
Continental  Congress,  and  in  llH-i  was  a  member 
of  the  counnission  to  select  a  site  for  the  national 
capital.  From  1790  to  179:3  he  was  a  Uniicd  .<tate.- 
Seuator.     He  die<l  near  Trenton,  Fell.  4,  iMi'J. 

Recently-published  minutes  of  the  E.\ecuti\e 
Council  of  Delaware,  throughout  the  War  for  In- 
dependence, 177t3-«;),  exhibit  remarkably  the  un- 
faltering  devotion   and    intelligent  courage  of  her 


I.  l,an::in-  h-nsely  together  with 
II.-  •■  rnpe^  (jf  sanil,"  ll.hnsaic,  under  the  active 
lead  of  -Mr.  P.assrtt,  hastened  in  17n7  to  lead  the 
uay  to  the  adoption  of  the  new  governnieut  by  her 
unanimous  aillH>ion  in  the  new  Con.-titntinn  on 
December  7th  of  that  year. 

The  importance  of  this  act  of  decision  at  this 
juncture  can  hardly  lie  over-.-tated,  and  to  appre- 
ciate its  character  ami  value  it  is  only  necessary 
to  contrast  it  with  the  hesitation  and  dilatorv 
action  of  most  of  the  other  larger  States,  such  as 
Virginia  and  New  York,  not  to  mention  North 
Carolina  and  Rhode  Island,  who  joined  the 
Union  so  reluctantly  and  slov.ly. 

]\[r.  Bassett  went  at  once  into  the  United 
States  Senate,  and  when  the  new  government 
had  gotten  fairly  under  way,  resigned  and  re- 
turned home  to  Delaware,  having  served  from 
17^9  to  179:5.  While  in  the  Senate  he  was 
the  first  man  who  cast  his  vote  tor  locating 
the  seat  of  government  on  the  Potomac.  He 
was  a  Presidential  elector  in  1797,  and  Gov- 
ernor of  Delaware  from  1798  to  1801.  He 
served  as  chief  justice  of  the  United  States 
District  Court  in  ISOl  and  l.s02.  He  was 
an  eminent  statesman  and  lawyer  and  a  prominent 
member  of  the  IMethodist  Church.  His  alHuent 
circumstances  enabled  him  to  entertain  extensively 
at  his  residences  in  Wilmington,  Dover  and 
Bohenjia.  He  died  in  September,  181-").  His 
daughter  was  the  wife  of  the  distinguished  states- 
man, Hon.  James  A.  Bayard. 

Shepherd  Kollock,  a  distiuLruished  Delawarean, 
Revolutionary  otticer  and  jouinali-t,  was  born  in 
Lewiston  in  17o0  and  died  in  Philadelphia  July  28, 
l8o9.  He  was  commissioned  a  lieutenant  earlv  in 
the  struggle  for  .Vmerican  iuvlependence,  and  was 
engaged  at  the  battles  of  Trenton,  Fort  Lee,  Short 
H ills  and  others.  He  resigned  in  1779  and  started 
the  Xeir  Jersey  Journal  at  (.'hatham.  He  removed 
to  New  York  in  N.s:J  and  established  the  Xtw  York 
(liizttlf,  from  thence  he  went  to  Eli/abetlitown  in 
17.^7,  anilrevive.l  tli,'  Te»' ,/tm'_yJ(</(,-//'(/ and  con- 
ducted it  tor  thirty-one  years.  He  was  judge  of 
Common  Plea>  thiriy-f  .ur  year=  and  po.-t  master  of 
Eli.'.abeth  until  1S29.- 


DELAWARK  DriUNG  THK  KEVOLT'TION 


207 


Georixe  Ro.-:^,  :in  c-;irnivt  Aiiifricaii  ]i:itricit  and 
si-iicr  uf  tho  Dr.laiatinn  cf  InJ.'iMii.l.  n..^  tn,ni 
IVniiM-lvaiiia,  ua.  1..,,,.  iii  N,-,v  Ca-llr  ni  17:;n. 
Hf  was  .ducatr.!  l.v  his  tatlu-r,  win.  ua>  |.a.I..r  of 
tlu-  E[.is,'o|,al  ClMMvh  ..r  \.w  (■a>tlc,  ai^l  M.aii.-,! 
law  ill  I'hila.l.  ipliia.  In  17.)1  li.-  liMatr.l  in  Ean- 
castcr  an.l  wa.  a  m.  iiil«f  .>t  llir  l'.'nn>vlvania  <  un 
eralA^.-fn,l,lvin  i:r,.>-70.  In  1774  l.r  ua>  .I.Tte.l 
totlie  First  ("ieiieral  Cun-iv-  at  l'l,ila.l.l|.hia  aiul 
was  c1ku-(m1  with  ila-  autv  of  rrportin-  to  il„>  As- 
sembly iii.-truction-  lorl,iniM'lfan.la."..ciatrs.  The 
t'uUouinir  year,   in  ivply   tw  (jdvnnnr  IVnn'.-   nies 

tion  on  the  part  ot'the  roh.ny.  He  also  wrote  a 
report  on  ni.a-ur-  niri,— ar_\  to  put  the  eity  of 
Philailelphia  an.l  tiie  .oh.nv  'in  a  state  of  defense. 
After  si-nin-  tiie  Ur.'laration  of  IndepeiuKiice  he 
was  rcjniprllrd.  in  1777,  to  resiirn  his  scat  in  dm- 
L'ress.  Hr  di-clund  a  plate  testimonial  from  the 
peoj.le  of  Lanraster.  Mr.  IIoss  was  dele-ate  to 
prepare  a  ileelaratii.u  of  riirhts  by  the  eonvention 
whieh  assembltd  alter  the  proprietary  government 
was  dissolved.  He  was  a  succe-ssfid  mediator  with 
the  Indians  and  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Ad- 
niiniltv  Court  in  1779,  lie  died  in  Laneaster  ni 
July,  i7ii!>. 

Ck-neral  Thomas  Collins  a  prominent  figure  in 
the  history  of  Delaware,  partieularly  at  the  time 
of  the  Kevolutionary  War,  was  born  in  17o2.  lu 
his  early  career  he  was  high  sheritl'of  Kent  County 
and  member  of  the  General  Assembly.  He  was  a 
niemlier  of  the  Council  of  Safety  in  177(i  antl  was 
madebrigailier-geueral  of  militia  from  1776  to  17'So. 
During  ins  active  labor-  in  this  position  he  expe- 
rienced a  rigorous  <-aiiipaign  in  1777  in  New  Jersey, 
and  later  harassed  Sir  Wni.  HoweV  ai-my  in  its 
passage  through  New  Castle  County.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  new  Constitutional  ( 'onvtiition,  chief 
ju>tice  of  theCourt  of  Common  Pleas,  and  I^x^i.lent 
of  theState  Ironi  1  7."^!)  to  17.^;i.  (  ieneral  (  011111-  dad 
near   Duck  Creek,  Kent  Couiitv,  .March  211,  17^'.t. 

Hon.  xXathaniel  iMitehell  was  ,,ne  of  the  early 
representatives  of  Delaware  in  thele_'i.-iative  branch 
of  the  national  i:overiinient.  He  served  as  dele-ate 
to  the  Continental  Congrc--;  iVoni  this  State  from 
17M;tol7ss 

(ioveriiur  Hedlonl  Gunnin-,  who  died  in  17!)7, 
was  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Kevoiutionarv  army. 
and  after  the  declaration  ..f  peaee  was  atloiiiev- 
geiieral  of  the  State,  member  ot  the  Leul-lature, 
and  repre.-ented  Delaware  in  tic  Continental  Con- 
gress from  17«:;  to  17>7      He  was  eheted  eNeentive 

of  the  State  in  17'.IG.  He  was  al.-o  a  member  ..f 
the  National  Constitutional  Cmveiition  in  17.^7. 
After  leaving  the  gubernatiuial  chair  hewasap- 
[lointed  bv  W'a.-hingt on  the  fir>t  jmlge  of  the 
United  Stat-  I)i-trict  <  ourl  lor  D.'lawaie. 

Major  John  I'atten,  ol  Ibvoluiionarv  lame,  was 
bmu  'in   Kent  County  April  :J(i,   174tj.'    He  was  a 


farmer  and  at  the  be-jinnin-  of  the  Revoluti.m  was 
comnii-ione.l  lirst  lieutenant  -if  Captain  Caldwelbs 
conipany,  in  theFir.-t  Delaware  Regiment.  L'])onthe 
reorgani/.atiun  of  the  re-imcnt,  alter  the  battle  of 
Princeton,  Cajitain  Patten'.-  company  was  the  first 
to  re-enli.-t  for  the  war.  (  )ivini;  to  the  severe  wound 
received  by  i 'oloiiel  Hall  at  the  battle  of  German- 
town,  causing  him  permaneiiily  to  retire  from  the 
(■ommand  of  the  reLrinient,  there  were  several 
chan-es  in  the  field  (.theer.-.  Captain  Patten  be- 
came major  by  seniority.  .Major  Patten  partici- 
pated in  all  the  battles  of  the  uar  trom  Long  Island 
to  Cumden.  in  all  of  whieli  \\i>  eominand  received 
the  highest  praise.  At  the  latter  battle  Major 
Patten  was  taken  prisom  r  and  sent  to  (.'harleston. 
lie  was  released  on  parole,  and  it  is  said  walked 
almost  the  whole  ili.-tance  from  Charleston  to  his 
hi.me  in  Delaware.  He  di<l  not  secure  his  exchange 
in  time  to  enter  into  aetive  service  before  the  sur- 
render of  Cornwall  i-  at  ^'orkto^vn,  in  October,  17H1 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  resumed  his  occu- 
iiation  of  farming,  but  hi?  tellow-citizens  did  not 
permit  him  to  remain  long  in  retirement  from  pub- 
lic affairs.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
from  Kent  under  the  first  State  Constitution,  a  del- 
egate to  the  Continental  Congress  from  Delaware 
in  1785—':")  and  was  elected  to  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  in  1792  and  a-ain  in  17'i4.  His  seat 
in  the  Third  Congress  was  -iieee^-fully  contested 
by  his  opponent,  Henry  Latimer,  on  the  ground 
of  a  technical  irregularity,  and  although  the  major 
had  received  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast,  he  was 
obliged  to  retire.  He  was  returneil  to  the  Fourth 
Congress  and  took  his  seat  without  further  oppo- 
sition. He  died  at  Tynhead  Court,  near  Dover. 
December  2(!,  iMiO.  Major  Patten,  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  lift',  resided  for  some  portion,  of  the  year  in 
Wilmine'ton,  in  a  substantial  three-storied  brick 
i,ou.-e,  which  lu'  had  built  on  the  north  side  of  Front 
Street,  between  Oian-e  and  ■Lilnall  Streets,  and 
which  is  still  standing.  Hi.  portrait,  which  was 
painted  by  Peale,  represents  him  in  his  uniform  of 
major.  The  features  are  regular,  the  complexion 
fl(U-id,  with  dark  eyes  and  hair,  and  the  whole  ex- 
jiression  is  indicative  of  intelligence  and  firmne.ss. 
He  was  twice  married, — first  to  Miss  Ann,  the 
v.mncrer  dnuirhter  of  Colonel  Haslett.  The  onlv 
chihrbv  this  niarria-^'  die.l  in  infancy,  an.l  the 
mother  "did  not  long  ,-urvive.  His  .secou.l  wile  was 
Mrs.  Mary  Lockerman,  the  widow  of  Vincent 
Lockernian,  the  younger,  and  daughter  of  Rev. 
John  Miller,  both  of  Kent  County  She  survived 
the  major  only  three  months,  and  was  buried  by 
his  side  in  the  Priisbyterian  chtirch-yard  ;it  Dover, 
where  a  modest  tomb  still  marks  their  resting- 
place.  The  mily  two  children  of  this  Last  marria^'e 
were  Ann,  who  marrii'd  .lolm  Wales,  and  died  No- 
vember 1(1,  1>;4.;,  and  .lo.-eph  [Miller,  who  died, 
unmarried,  December  11,  16^7. 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWARK. 


Miio,    Ki.liu.l    Hou.ll,    l.,Nol„t,..nu\    ^nl,li,,      (  hir    It    ri...,il,n.. 


.1  in    ill    ll>< 


hull,     in     17".) 

in.l  ,, ,11, 111,1.1,.!    I  W   iMi,     iiiin.uU   CM  ,|,ii,.     It 

,   th.    u  ir   !,.r  111  lU    -,  .Nol    iii    lli,    W   ,i    ,,t    1' 

,|.l,   int,,l   (  II  1  im  P,r..uii    ui.i  W  iILiiim,,,      u    tli. 


(..u.  ril 
(.MKrih 


and  -t  It.  Mil  \ii     w  I-    l,..M 

cnmi)  ui\     .it   _i>  II  i.li.  1  - 
dqiui.l.u,,        In  177  )   li. 

ot    tliL    SM.m.l    N.u     lu>,  \     i...'ni.  nt        Ik     .li~  \t  ii^       H..  diul  I  .  liru  u  v    .    I  ^J' 
tMUUi4,..l    hini-.U    It    (^1.1...     ui-    pi. mi. It. .1    t.i  (.,1      \lKn    M.  I  ,i„     tli,    .linn 

nu|.ir  in  177li     iii.i  .   intiiiii,  .1  m   .  ..inin  m.l   .,t    liw  ti.  n  ir\   .,lh( ,  i    in,      -lit,    in  in    1.,. 

re^iiii.  nt  nntil    177'»       In  ^.  [it.  in' .  r    17-.'    M  i|,  r  k.  iit   (  .,iint\   iii    177  t       11.    >v  i- 

Hu«.ll     u  1-     i|ip.iiiit.,l    iii.L,      i.lN.H  It.     .1    th.  .l.l|ihii     Vu.ii-t    s    17111       In   17- 

VnariciLi     uin\      hutdtdiutd    t,i     i...|,t        II.  lunt.nint     in      (.-a     k.  .In.  v  -     D.liuu.     i.  . 

«ii,,l<ik  .it  tin  ^iipicnit  (  .mrtti.ini  177^  t.i  17'!-'  nu  nt       Inl77(ili.     m.iii.  ,1   lli.     iiins     .  t  (  ..  nu 

ukI   (..ULin.ii    ti.,iii    17'»4    to    ISO!       II.   (li.il     it  \V  i-iiin_t..li     .li^tin_ni-h,  .1   Inin-.  It     it    tli      l.itt 


liul    k.  \,,Iu 


I'luli 
t..l    1 


Trent. m     \|, 


'*x       ^    V 


\ 


(.1   Long  Mm.l     in.l    u  1-     lU.i     I     W  Int.     IM  uii, 

ind    Ticnt.m        Vt   I'iin,.t..n    In-    _illinti\     \\..n 

Y^^'^^Vsl       hinitht    ip]„iintn,.  lit  ,it   .  ,|,tiin     m.lli.    pu.ivl.I 

]        lii>   ..miiiii-i.iii    Iniin    W   i  liin.t  m    in    1777        He 

..ininiiii.l.,!   th,    ,inlp,i  t-  ,.t   l'liih,h  l|ihi  i     m.l   m 

Ink     177'i    u  I.  nii.k    1   11111,11    in     1  ,,  .  I  ,  ^i.m 

tikin_   I  piiiiiiini  nt  put   in   th,    lutil.-  nt   ruun- 

.       Hn.ik   1.1,1  '-t,in\  I'niii     111,1  th.   -i,_t  ,it  ^.irkt.iwn 

\.,  a  UMlitn    h.    wis    iniLiiil).  1    ami   S[,£  tk<  r  <it 

'       tht   D.liuirt  Le^i-1  unit,  toi    si\    \tus    i  piiw 

i.iiiiiiiliii     t.ii    nnn\  \(.us    ]iiil^e  nt   tht   (.".nut   nf 

^        t.mun.iii    I'ki-     inu-l, il.it  iht  Dtliuii.    Di-tii.t 

,        tl..in    17'M(    t.i    17'!^     in. I    ciiK.tiil    nt   tlu    p.ut    .,t 

j       ^\llllllll.t,.n    1     1M)S    until    In,  (k  uli     \\h..h 

.,..nii..l  M  u  _'J   !V'  I    <     I    M,  !    iiK  u  I    th.  ful.i 
;        .It    k.mi-    M.  I    1    .     tl.   -tit. -in  111     m.l  .i  in.lt  ith.  i 

..t  k.jbLit  M   MlI  ur    lit.   (,.,v.in t  Minlm.l 

mil  U()\\  (^It3fe7)  I  nit.  .1  ^t  It.  -  niiiii-t.  i  t.i  1  r  ur. 

Vs  1  soldier  Col    M,  1   m.     \   i-  liin.ni-    t.n   hi, 

^'       .liiiiu    ind   intiei>i.lil\     in  I   (   .irIii.  t.  .1  hi-  opu  i 

;       ti.iii-  \sitli    xdi-h  biniilu  t  1  tint  .it   th.   t.i,  In  iti.l 

,       Lulit     ll,.r-e  Hi.iN     Ltt      with     nil.  Ill     1r    w  is 

ti..iauitl\    I  sOLlittd       Ik-.iit    III-   -pit-  into   the 

Bnti-h   hlKs  itPhili.l,lphii.li-_ui     .1    1-  inm.  .- 

and    nt   tiiiit*    piovi-ioiR.l    th.    ,ii.  iii\      it    iiiukLt 

.  -.  ^.«j        ^^^^^    ^^^^1^        l^lj       «hi,  nui-    n.iihin 

1,-s   thin    th.    ,  11,  I-  .-  ..t    l>ii  i-h    .  ,\  ,1m    ii..i-.s 

kilkd    lis    tlR    Imll.t-    ..t    Cut ml    -ol.liu. 

Colonel  MeLmts  k  It-  .t  .imn.  w.i.  nniiRiou- 
On  one  oll  i-iou  h,  t.  11  into  in  iinlni-,  uk  lie  ii 
i'hila.klphia,  !ic.-,,nip;ini,,l  liv  oiilv  i.inr  trooper^ 
his  ,-.,inpany  Ihmii.'  tiir  in  th,'  ivar.  One  of  liij 
atteii, hints  .-aw  th,'  on.'iiiv  aii.l  .-i-viii-  .uit,  "  Cap- 
tain, theki-iti-h  :•'   Il.'.l  with  hi- .•.imp:, lli, .11-.      M,> 


Rev.  Davi.l  Jones,  a  T-apii-t  elei-yinan  ai: 
celehrated  as  a  Ik-voliithmarv  patriot,  was  h.,i 
in    White   (.'lay    Civek,    New  Ca-th-  C.„.iitv,  M; 

12,  17:iil.      His   ancestors   .-.tth.l  at   lli.'      ■  \\'.-l-h  Lane  saw  the  eneiiiv  .liawn    np.ni  Imth  .-iili>  .it' the 

Tract  "eailv  in  the  sevent.vnth.vntnrv.     kev.  >Ir.  i,.a,i  ami  a  tik  ..f  tii.ni  liiv.l  on  him.      II,-.  h.iwover, 

Jones   was   tor   nianv   veais    pastor    .it''    the  Upp-r  .la-hcl  awav,  t'olh-w.,!  iiv  :,  -li,.u.T,.t    hiillct--.  ami 

Fr.rliohl  Chiiivh    in  Now   J.ax'V,  wlii.'li   he  alian-  ran    into    a    h.rj,  r     IlhIv    ..f     l!nti.-li.       Tnrnin- 

d,.ned      t.  nip.irarilv     in     177-J-7:;     to    'io      ..n      a  aliruptlv    awav  troin    tli.ni,  he    piii>ii..l    hi-   tli-lit 

pisp.d    ini.s-i.in  ani.'in.:  the  Shawn.,-  an.!    D.  laware  toll.iwi.l    !iv   a    .hi/.-n    tn..,lieis.      Of  1 1,.-.-  lie   dis- 

Iniliaiw       Hi-    patri.,ti-ni    ma,!,-   hini   <,.    nineli   an  taiie..lall   init  tw.n  .me  of  wli.ni;  he   -li.itaiid    the 

olije.'t   ,if  hatr,-,l  t,.   th.-  'I',,ii.-,  that.   l..-li.-vin-   hi<  <.lli.r    h.-     .-ii-ja-.  .1     in    a    lian.l-t.i-haii.l     .-,.i:l!i.-|, 

life    t.i     I,,-    en.laii-i,-n-,l.     1.,-     s.-lt!.-,!     in     Ch.-M.-r  .luriii-    wliieli    lie   r,-.-.-i v,-.l    a   .-.-v.-n-    -alir.-.woiiii.l 

Couiitv.  I'.-nn-vlvania.  in    177-">  an.!  ha.l  el,ai-_'.-  .-f  in  the  haii.l.      l-'inallv  h.-   -u.-.-.-.-.l.-.l  in  killin-j  llii- 

the     (uvat     Valhy     liapti.-t     Cliiireli.       He     wa^  anta-mi-t    a!.-o.  an.l"  ih.-ii   t....k    r.-lii-je  in   a    luill- 

cliuplaiu  of  a    kennsyKauia    reL'imcnt    tin.ler  tft.  poud,   where   he   remained     nake,l  unlil    the    c.ild 


DELAWARK  I'UllIXG  Till-;  RKVOLUTION. 


209 


water  stopped   tl 

,.  tlow  of  hlo.d   fr 

im   hi?  w 

AllntllLT  titnr,    1„ 

n-siirp-i- a  l.y  a 

lozeu  tni 

>1..T 

herharirr,!  tl.n.;, 

.'h  tliL-ni  and  .'-rap 

d. 

lL,u.  J.  .ui-  M 

Lane,  s,.n  <.l    Col. 

nel  Alha 

. -M 

Lane,  auil   celt-l) 

al.-d    tor  hi-  o.ildi 

■    S.Tvir.,- 

.  u 

burn   ill  Smyrna, 

Mav  -Jn  !7>'o. 

n  IT'.l-^  1 

tiTt'd   the   navy 

IS   nml.ddpman,  ai 

.1    L-nii.-. 

1  I- 

a  year   under  Co 

ninod.)ru  D.^jatur, 

iu   the   1' 

■i-a 

"  Fhihidelpliia."  He  studied  law  with  lion  Jam..- 
A.  Bayard,  aud  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  l'"-(>7. 
In  IfSlT  he  was  a  member  of  Cuni,'ress  fr.jui  Dehi- 
ware,  and  remained  in  that  otfice  untd  1.S27. 
Daring  this  perio.l,  in  opposition  ti)  his  coustitu- 
eney,  but  on  cmsei.  iilioiis  -rounds,  he  voted 
a^^ainst  iierndttinj  slavery  in  Missouri.  From 
1»27  to  l.'^l.'K  he  wa-  L'nil.  d  States  Senator,  and 
minister  to  Kiiuhiml  tiom  l^-l'.t  to  l.s;31.  In  tiie 
hitter  year,  on  lii-  return,  lie  entered  the  Cabinet 
as  Seeretary  ot'  the  Trea.-ury  until  18'!'),  when  he 
was  appoiute'l  Secr.tarv  ..f  State,  and  retired  from 
polilieal  life  the  f., II., win-  year.  Mr.  MeLane 
was  pre-sideiit  of  the  Ijaltimore  and  Ohio  Kailroa.l 
Company  from  l.So7  to  1847,  and  in  18-to  w:ls  en- 
trusted by  President  Polk  with  the  mission  to 
England  during  the  Oregon  negotiations.  He  was 
a  delegate  to  the  Reform  Convention  at  Annapo- 
lis in  the  winter  of  1850-51.  In  1812  Mr.  Me- 
Lane married  the  dau-ht.r  of  i;.)bert  Milli-an. 
He  died  in  Baltimore,  ( )ct.,ber  7,  1>=57. 

Robert  :*Iilligan  I^IeLaii-,  s.,u  of  Hon.  L.mis 
MeLane,  was  b..rn  iu  D.iawarc  June  23,1815; 
graduated  fr..m  W. -t  Point  iu  1  ~^o7,  aud  served  iu 
i'loridaasjeeond  lieutenant  Fii>t  Artillery:  in  1841 
went  to  Europe  to  examine  the  dyke  and  drainage 
system  of  Holland ;  in  1843  loeated  iu  Baltimore 
in  thei)raetieeof  law;  elected  to  the  Maryland  Gen- 
eral Assemlily  in  1^45;  to  Congress  1847-5,"  ;  min- 
ister to  China  in  1^53  ;  minister  to  .Mexico  in  l.'^oy  ; 
State  Senator  from  Baltimore  City  in  la78  ;  re- 
turned to  Congress  iu  1879  and  in  l.'>81  ;  Governor 
of  Maryland  in  1883,  and  appointed  minister  to 
Eranee  bv  President  Clevelaud  during  his  term. 

Colonel  John  Haslet  was  Iri.h  by  Jjirth,  but  f  u- 
several  years  preceding  the  war  lived  at  Dover. 
He  had  been  educated  for  tlu^  Presbyterian  min- 
istry, anil  preached  frequently  after  coming  to 
America,  but  subsequeutly  abau.hjued  the  ]uilpit 
and  became  a  practitioner  of  medicine.  He  was  a 
large,  athletic  aud  handsome  nnin.  and  in  courage 
anil  impidse  a  typical  Irishman.  From  the  earli- 
est days  of  the  American  conlllct  he  was  a  stalwart 
Whig,  ami  Ciesar  Rodney  early  fastened  upon  him 
as  a  tit  man  for  military  command.  Ro.liuv  wrote 
him  daily  fr.un  the  Continental  C.mgr.-s  in  the 
earlv  summer  of  177(1,  incitin-  bin;  to  th.-  w..rk  ot 
raisin-  tn.op.s.  When  the  JV.laration  of  Ind.- 
pemlence  was  a.h.pt^.l  ll.-ln.-y  despatched  a 
m.vunteil   me,— enger,  i-',nsi-n  WiUon,  on 


f.,und  Ha-let  at  Dover,  oxtn'melv  bu.-v  .nli-ting 
men.  "  I  mn-ratulat-  v..n,  -ir,"  \vr..t."  Haslet  in 
replv,  "  .m  the  important  d;iv\\h!.'h  re.-t.ires  to 
everv  Ameri.'an  hi-  birtliri-iit,  —  a  .lav  which 
ever'v  In'cnian  will  iv.ord  with  -ratitu.le,  and 
the  'milli.uis  .,f  p,,st.rity  ivad  with  rapture.  A 
(in.-  turtl.'  t;  a-t  at  Dover  ann.junced  and  autici- 
pat.'d  th.'  .hvlarati..n  ..f  Con-iv>.s."  After  the 
d.  ath  ..f  Ha.-l.t,  at  I'rin.',.  t..u.  his  body  was  de- 
p..-ite.l  in  the  burial--r.Min.l  ..f  the  Fir.-t  Presl)V- 
terian  Church  in  Phila.lelphux.  In  1783  the  Dela- 
waio  Legislature  caused  a  marble  slab  to  be  placed 
over  his  L'rave,  an.l  on  Februarv  22.    1841,   they 


^   -                       'i 

'Z^^'-'                       'i 

'''                                  '1 

1  *,-    t^-~                      '1 

'.      V-'                _^                                 ' 

-'ff^                    1 

''^-%;            j 

- 

IIOX.    LOUIS    .McI..V-\i;. 

apjiointe.l  a  committee  to  superinteml  the  removal 
of  the  corpse  to  a  vault  to  be  built  in  the  Presby- 
terian Church  at  Dover,  and  authorized  thera  to 
have  a  suitable  monument,  with  appropriate  inscrip- 
tions and  devices,  jilaced  over  his  final  resting-place. 
On  July  1, 1841.  his  remains  were  di.-interred  and 
r.mveye.l'to  D.iv.^r,  e.-corted  by  the  military  of  the 
I'ity  of  Philail.lpliia;  and  oil  .July  .Sd,  after  impres- 
sive n-li-iou-  -.'ivi.  es  and  an  i'lo.|uent  address  from 
the  n..n.  J.ilm  M.  Clavt..ii,  tli.'v  were  deposit.xl  in 
the  vault  pr.  paro.l  f.'.r  them."  The  ^lab  pla.vJ 
o\-er  his  -rave  in  Phila.lelphia,  in  1873,  is  [)re- 
served,  by  having  been  made  one  of  the  sides  of 
this  toiiib.  ami  b..\irs  this  inscription  : 

■•  Id  ni-n...|v  ..f  .r.iiiN   II  ist.ET,  ]->finirr.  O.lnnel  cf  tl..-    Pol.in-riro 
I!-.-gm,uMt,  «l.u  f.'U  |rl..rio..siy  :.t  tl,.^  haul,.  .,f  I'rinct-ton, 

jH..mry  :M.  1777. 


Julv    4tl 
14 


on   the  ni-ht 
Ila.-h;.      lit 


IIISTUllV  OF  DKLAWAllK. 


The  otlier  inscrij)! 


Coluncl  H:i.-let  Kfr  a  sou  -.uu]  two  <l:iii-liter-. 
The  son,  Joseph  llM,-let,  was  twice,  in  IMl  mii.I 
1«'J3,  eleetcd  Governor  of  this  State, -an  lioiior 
Dehnvare  never  eout'oi  iiil  uiiou  aii\'  otlur  liti/..  ii. 

One  of  his  ,h.ni.'ht..r-,  Jmiinia,  inarn..l  Dr. 
Geor-e  Moun.,  who  was  a  >killfiil  an.l  IraruMl 
ph\>ioiaii,  resi.lent  in  Wilniin-ton  tVom  17;i7  until 
his  death,  in  ISliO.  Ol'  Dr.  Monro's  ehihlren,  tlie 
only  survivor  was  Mi's.  .Mary  A  Boyd,  of  Wilming- 
ton. The  other  dauu'hter  of  Colonel  Haslet  mar- 
ried :Major  Patten,  Init  died  ehihllrss. 

Major  Robert  Kirkwood,  a  iralhint  K.  volu- 
tionary  officer,  was  born  near  Newark.  After 
being  educated  at  the  Newark  Academy  he  eni^aged 
iu  farming,  but  abandoned  that  occupation  to 
enter  the  army.  He  enlisted  as  lieutenant  iu 
Haslet's  regiment  in  January,  ]77<i,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  victories  of  Trenton  and  Prii;ceton, 
as  well  as  tlie  disaster  at  Long  I.~land.  He  was 
promoted  to  a  captaincy  and  was  engaged  in  all 
the  imi)ortaut  battles  during  the  three  succeeding 
canifiaigns.  In  1780  his  regiment  went  .South 
with  General  Gates,  and  suffered  severely  at 
Camden.  The  survivors  under  Kirkwood  and 
Jacquet  were  attached  to  Lee's  Legion  as  light 
infantry, and  at  Cowpens, Guilford,  Eutaw  and  other 
engagements  Major  Kirkwood  distingui.-hed  him- 
self. At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  brevetted 
major  and  soon  settled  in  Ohio,  op])osite  Wheel- 
ing. He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Jliami, 
November  4,   1791. 

Captain  Caleb  IJennett,  Governor  of  Delaware 
from  18:52  to  1836,  and  the  last  surviving  otiicer 
of  the  Delaware  Line,  was  born  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  near  the  State  line,  Novcntljer  11, 
1758,  and  died  at  his  residence  on  :Market  -Strc-et, 
next  door  south  of  the  Lohr  Building,  ^vlay  9, 1836, 
at  the  age  of  seventv-ciLrhi  vears,  after  a  liuLrerin',' 
illne.-s.  He  removod  with  his  paivnt..  to  Wil- 
ininL'ton  in  17G1.  In  177"),  wlmi  lint  sex  enr«'in. 
his  patriotic  father  placed  him  iu  the  ranks  as 
a  soldii  r  to  tight  for  the  cause  of  Ameriian 
independence.  In  the  followin-  vear,  with  tiie 
Delaware  regiment,  he  joined  \Va"-hin-ton'>  arniv 
at  New  York.  He  was  pron)oted  to  the  po,-itioii 
of  sergeant  in    177i:   and  ensi-n  in  1777,  and  with 

General  Sullivan  in  the  attack  on  Stateii  iBland. 
On  September  11th  of  the  .-ame  vear  he  parlici- 
iiated    in  the    battle   of  Braiidvwine,  and    on    the 


4th  of  Octolur  followin-  in  the  battleot  (iermari- 
town,  where  the  Ddaw  are  re-inient  lo.-t  in  killed 
and  wounded  .-eveu  out  of  thirte-n  otticers,  and 
about  one-third  of  the  privates,  (.aptain  Holland, 
in  command  of  the  companv,  was  killed  and 
Lusign  Beiin.tl  was  wounded."  In  177-s  he  joine.l 
General  Washington  at  Valhy  For-e  and  all.  r- 
wards  was  present  at  tlie  battle  of  .Monmouth.  Jn 
178U  he  was  promoted  lieutenant,  and  Ul>  companv, 
as  part  of  the  detacliiuent  under  F.an.n  De  Kali., 
was  ordered  to  South  ( 'aroiin,-t,  and  on  the  Kith 
of  Au-ust  fon-ht  at  the  meino.al.le  battle  of 
Caniden.  De  Kalb  being  m..rtaliy  wounded,  he 
dictated  before  his  death  a  letter  expre.v-ive  of 
tiie  gallantry  of  the  Delaware  regiment,  which  in 
this  engagement  lost  nine  officers  out  of  nine 
companies.  Lieutenant  Bennett  was  then  sent 
to  Delaware  to  raise  recruits,  anil  in  1781,  with 
one  hundred  and  twenty  men  he  joined  the  French 
troojis  at  Annapolis  tind  proceeded  to  the  siege  of 
Yorktown.  In  this  last  crowning  success  of  tlie 
American  army  Lieutenant  Bennett  bore  a 
conspicuous  part  and  commanded  the  left  liattery 
of  the  American  force  on  the  day  that  Lord 
Cornwallis  surrendered. 

He  was  present  at  the  evacuation  of  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  and  remained  in  active 
service  until  the  army  was  disbanded  in  1883. 
He  was  then  twenty-tive  years  of  age,  eight  of  which 
were  spent  in  the  service  of  his  country,  and  he  en- 
dured the  severest  hardships ;  he  was  thrice 
wounded.  When  war  was  declared  in  1812  he  was 
appointed  a  major  and  had  command  of  the  forces 
at  New  Castle,  remaining  until  the  treaty  of 
peace  was  signed.  He  was  appointed  tretisurer 
of  New  Castle  County  and  served  until  1832, 
when  he  was  nominated  for  Governor  of  the 
State  and  triumphantly  elected  November  loth 
of  the  same  year,  and  died  iu  office.  Captain 
Bennett  wore  a  queue  until  the  time  of  his  death. 
Late  in  life  he  drew  a  peusi<jn  of  three  hundred 
ami  twenty  dollars  a  year. 

Major  Lewis  Bush  was  the  son  of  David  Bush, 
a  prominent  citi/.en  of  AVilmington  in  the  latter 
j-.art  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Lewis  had  just 
jirepared  himself  tiir  the  legal  profe^jion  when  the 
Revolutionary  War  began.  He  entered  tlie  col- 
onial armv,  in  whi<-h  he  beca.ne  a  major,  and  fell 
at  the  battle  of  Brandvwine,  .-ept.t.il.er   11,  1777. 

John  Bush,  brother  of  .Major  Lewis  P.usli,  was 
a  volunteer  in  the  colonial  armv.  at  the  ase  of 
tv.eiiLv  vears,  an.l  Bcrvcl  thr.ui-h  the  Revolu- 
tionarv  War  with   the  rank  ..f  captain. 

C.lonel  Davi.l  Hall.comman.ier  ..f  the  famous 
Delaware  Line  in  th.'  Cniineiital  armv,  was  born 
Janiiaiv  4,  1  7o2,  at  Lewes.  He  -t.i.iied  law  an.l 
wasadmitt.,.!  t..  the  bar  in  New  Castle  County, 
AuL'Ust  F->,  1773.  While  praeticiiiL'  his  profe.-sion 
the    Revolntionarv   .War  bn.ke    ..ut    ami    Cohmel 


DELAWAKE  DUIUXC  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Ill 


Hall  fnlL-ted  inniK-dintrly  as  a  private.  Suh.-o- 
quontly  lie  reeruitei!  a  (■■■iii|iany,  dt'  \\liii-!i  he  wa.- 
eleeteU  ca|itaiii.  This  cMinpanv  u  i^  attarln.l  to 
Colonel  Ilar-let's  rniniiiaiul  an<l  'SMurd  .■.■n-iil-r- 
abledi-stinction  at  White  rhii.i.-  au.l  Lmi-  L-lan.l. 
He  Bubse.iiieiuly  r.vniitea  the  •■eleiiral.  d  Dela- 
ware Line  rei:iment,  ami,  Aiiril  .'i,  1777.  wa< 
made  its  colonel.  They  [)artiei|iate(i  at  JSrandv- 
winc,  Germantown  and  ^lonnioutli.  were  with 
"\Vashin;,'tou  at  Valley  ForLre  and  durini:  the 
remaiuder  of  the  war  fou-lit;  in  the  important 
battles,  doing  di.-tinirni-hed  service  in  various  lines 
of  duty  and  earm-d  a  reputation  second  to  uo 
other  troops  in  the  Continental  army.  Colonel 
Hall  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Erandyuine. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  lie  resumed  the  practice 
of  law  in  his  native  town  and  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State,  continuing  in  olBce  until  IJ^Uo. 
He  was  also  an  a.ssociate  justice.  His  wife  was 
Catherine  Tingley,  of  New  York.  Colonel  Hall 
died  at  Lewes,  September  1^,  1><17.  His  son, 
Joseph  ILill,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  October  10, 
1809,  but  died  soon  after  in  early  manhood. 

Joseph  Shallcross,  who  was  a  leading  member 
of  the  Friends,  was  a  true  patriot  and  Washington 
knew  it.  Just  before  the  battle  of  Braudywine 
the  general  sent  a  woman  to  Shallcross  with  a 
letter  quilted  in  her  j)etticoat.  An  answer  was 
returned  in  the  same  way  to  Washington,  giving 
him  an  accoinit  of  the  ]iositiou  of  some  squads  of 
the  British  and  of  the  fleet  on  the  Delaware. 

Captain  James  MontL'omery,  of  Wilmington, 
commanded  a  small  armed  ve.ssei  in  the  Continental 
service  He  was  a  Scotchman  by  birth.  One  day, 
while  sitting  at  breakfast  in  the  sicn  of  the  "  Ship," 
southeast  corner  Third  and  ^Market  Streets,  news 
w;t.s  brought  to  him  that  several  store-ships  of  the 
enemy  were  comiuir  up  the  Delaware,  llising 
from  the  table,  with  an  air  of  confidence,  he  said, 
"  Now  is  my  harvest-time  "  Quickly  manning 
his  vessel,  she  started  for  the  mouth  of  the  Cliris- 
tiana  and  down  the  Delaware  as  tlut  as  her  sails 
would  bear  her.  Before  sunset  she  turned  up  the 
creek  amidst  the  shouts  of  the  patriots  who  gath- 
ered along  the  banks.  Three  valuable  prizes,  the 
cargoes  of  three  British  vessels,  were  captured  and 
brought  into  port.  The  gallant  captain  was  hailed 
as  a  victor  and  carried  through  tlie  streets  in  tri- 
umph on  a  large  chair,  supported  by  eight  men. 
In  the  mean  time  a  few  daring  patriots  boarded 
and  captured  another  store-ship  of  the  enemy  on 
the  Delaware,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Christiana. 
She  was  on  her  way  to  Philadelphia. 

Captain  Joseph  Stidliam  resided  in  a  lieaiitifiil 
home,  which  he  called  White  Hall  near  the 
I')randy\vine.  He  commaiided  a  company  of  mi- 
litia during  the  war.  When  the  raen-ot-war  "Roe- 
buck "  ami  "  Liverpool,'  with  their  tenders,  sailed 
up   Delaware   Bay,  and    honibarde<l  ^Vilmingt(Jn, 


the  inhabitants  could  make  but  f-.'blr  re-^istanec. 
As  it  wa>  known  to  th.>  eoniniand.  r  of  th  ;  "  lioe- 
bnek"  that  a  small  b  .dv  of  soldi,  r.  \\as  in  the 
town,  on  its  way  to  join  Wa-hln-ton,  a  eomoanv 
of  Hessians  were  sent  ashore  in  boat;  to  attack  and 
disperse  the  party.  The  men,  who  were  few  in 
number,  could  make  no  stand  against  the  Hessians, 
backed  by  the  cannon  of  the  men  of-war.  They 
were  hidden  hastily  by  their  frieinh.  One  of  them, 
who  was  Captain  Joseph  Stidham,  after  discharg- 
ing his  rifle  in  the  fare  of  the  approaching  line  of 
soldiers,  tied  for  his  life,  and  took  refuge  in  the 
house  of  his  cousin,  Jonas  Stidham,  on  the  out- 
skirts of  the  village.  The  gunners  on  the  '  Roe- 
buck "  saw  him  enter  it,  and  they  turned  their 
fire  upon  the  house.  The  Hessians  attacked  it 
furiously.  "  The  balls  rained  down  upon  the 
roof."  The  mercenaries  broke  down  the  doors 
and  windows,  and  rushed  into  the  house  searching 
for  the  Yankee  captain.  It  was  a  large,  rambling 
building,  with  many  closets  and  lean  tos.  But 
Stidham  took  refuge  in  none  of  these.  Passing 
through  the  house,  he  reached  the  barn-yard,  and 
crept  into  the  hollow  trunk  of  an  oak-tree,  in 
which  he  had  often  played  hide-and-seek  when  a 
boy.  It  was  so  long  since  he  was  hid  in  it, 
that  the  moss  and  lichen  hung  over  the  ojieuing. 
The  He.ssians  searched  for  him  in  vain.  Two  of 
them,  it  is  said-  sat  down  upon  the  log  while  he 
was  in  it.  They  returned  to  the  ship  at  nightfall, 
and  he  escaped  to  join  Washington. 

The  adventures  of  Captain  Kean,  of  the  D.'laware 
Line,  and  Captain  Hugh  Montgomery,  of  the  Vol- 
unteer service,  ab  lut  the  same  time,  were  just  as 
thrilling,  and  yet  more  amusing.  The  former  was 
suffering  with  ague,  and  the  latter  was  with  him, 
in  a  house  at  the  corner  of  Second  and  French 
Streets  later  owned  by  ^[r.  Keisler.  When  the  Brit- 
ish entered  Wilmington  on  the  moriiing  after  the 
battle  of  Brandywine,  they  heard  of  their  where- 
abouts, entered  the  house  and  searched  it  from 

cellar    to    garret,  but  fitiled   to   find   the  " 

rebels,"  as  they  called  them.  The  patriot  officers 
were  concealed  in  the  l^himnev  on  the  attic,  and 
thus  eluded  discovery. 

"  It  s  too  hot  here,"  said  Captain  ^lontL'omery  to 
his  companion;  "we  may  be  discovered  yet  l.iy 
those  red-coats." 

"  But  how  shall  we  escape?"  impured  Captain 
Kean,  shivering  both  with  fear  and  ague. 

"  Let  US  call  John  Stajder,  a  Quaker,  next-door, 
and  consult  with  him,"  said  the  former. 

Stapler  came,  dressed  Captain  ^lontgomery  in 
the  plain  black  siiit  then  worn  by  a  naiuister 
amoui:  the  Friends,  and  placed  his  own  be-t  L'ar- 
ments,  ineludin-  a  low-crowned,  broad-brimme.l 
hat.  on  Captain  Kean.  He  borrowed  a  larL'e  vest 
of  John  Bi'iison,  a  nei'jhbor,  for  him.  and  placed 
a  pillow  under  it,  to  imitate  corpulency. 


HISTORV  or  Di:[.AU'  iKl'; 


In  the  an.rnonn  both  ..tli.MTs  walked  dowu 
street  in  their  (^uak'-r  ^iiit-;,  wiiiii  one  nt'  t!ie  m'1- 
iliers  lu-ke.l  Captain  Kean  linw  l,m-  he  hi.i  i.ew 
drojisical.  They  returned  t..  the  Imu-v,  and  Liter 
in  the  aiternMuu  walked  to  the  Hiandywine,  u  lu  re 
the  pillow  wa^  dropptd.  and  tiny  (|uickly  ?nade 
their  way  for  tlie  uiar.-hes  a'lon.'  tile  Delaware, 
entered  a  small  lioiit  and  Kejan  to  ro\v  trr  tlie 
Jer.-'ey  shore'.  Thev  had  -one  luit  a  >hort  .li.tanee, 
when  they  found  that  the  lioat  haked.  Captain 
Kean  bailed  the  water  out  with  hi.~  halwhilo  ids 
conipauion  pulled  the  oars  with  L,Meat  vii;"i'.  ('nc 
of  the  enemy's  vessels  bore  iu  si^dit,  and  .-i-verai  .-'lois 
were  fired,  but  the  two  otiicers  arrived  on  the  Jer- 
sey shore  in  safety.  Ca[itain  Ivean  died  of  yellovv 
fever  in  1802,  when  it  ra;,'ed  in  "Wilmington.  Cap- 
tain ^loutironiery  eomniamled  the  brii,' "  Nancy," 
mentioned  in  this  chapter. 

On  the  southeast  corner  of  Market  and  Second 
Streets,  Wilmington,  stood  the  re-ideuce  of  Thomas 
Wallace,  a  block-maker,  who  was  a  man  of  means 
and  a  patriot.  Heexchan:redall  his  coins  for  Conti- 
nental money,  which  would  not  pass  when  the  British 
held  the  city,  and  he  was  compelled  to  ask  assist- 
ance of  Mr.Shallcross,  his  neighbor  One  day  a 
British  soldier  asked  his  wife  to  bake  some  bread 
for  him,  which  she  did,  when  the  soldier  gave  her 
flour  in  pay  for  her  work.  She  did  the  same  re- 
peatedly, but  always  told  the  English  that  her 
prayers  Avere  for  the  patriot  cause.  Her  daughter 
married  CajJtain  Thomas  Baker,  of  Boston.  He 
left  Wilmington  in  the  brig  '•  Welcome,"  in  1815, 
for  St.  Tliomas,  West  Indies,  and  was  nevi-r  heard 
of  afterwards.  It  was  thoifjlit  the  ve,-.-i  1  was 
wrecked.  His  widow  died  in  Elkton,  .Maiylaud, 
in  18o2. 

Sally  Erwiii,  of  Wilmington,  married  Krael 
Israel,  wdio  entered  the  service  of  his  country 
during  the  war.  The  British  knew  it,  and  sent  a 
squad  of  men  to  his  home,  on  the  shore  of  the 
Delaware,  to  capture  his  cattle,  but  the  brave 
Sally,  like  Barbara  Frietchie  on  afuture  oc^casion, 
dared  the  red  coats  to  shoot  tliem  or  her,  as  she 
defiantly  drove  her  live  stock  into  a  stable,  where 
they  reinainid. 

Captain  Ik-nry  '^leddes,  one  of  the  conspicuous 
soldiers  of  the  Kevolution  fi-oin  'Wilmiie.'toii,  was 
born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  June  1:;,  174LI,  and  e.iu- 
cated  at  Trinity  College,  in  thai  city.  At  the  age 
of  nineteen  he  entered  the  Britijli  navy  as  midship- 
man, and  continued  in  that  service  several  vears. 
In  1775  he  came  to  America,  landing  at  Wilming- 
ton. At  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  he  en- 
tered the  American  army  as  quarterma.-ter  of 
Colonel  Duff's  Delaware  rciiiment,  and  wtis  with 
that  c.anmand  during  177d-77.  In  December, 
1777,  he  returned  from  the  arn'v  and  took  charge 
of  a  merchant  vessel  at  Bidtimore.  Soon  after 
thi,  he  became  a  captain  in  the  United  States  navy. 


Ih-  coaunan.led  th 
and  with  U  eepd'::-. 
councrv.  He  p,:->.d 
ventiires.  In  177S  h 
tw-lve  others  e.van.d 
teen  days  tl.  y  wer. 
e;ccept  tweiitN  pound.- 
Five    of  th.-ir  n-.a-U 


mauv  perilous  ad- 
is  up.^et.  He  an, I 
l.oat.  For.-^eveli- 
oVi-ioiis  or  water, 
.■d  tlourand  a  do^r. 
.  from   hi.n-or  and 


thirst,    -.vnec    a  brig,    b.)und    t'.ir   Alexandria,    \'ir- 

his  vo:-i  1  w.i-  aL'ain  wrt  .■!:.  d.  .Vt  the  clo~e  of  the 
Ke\o;;,tio..    ii;     r-ti.rni  d    to   thu   ni-rehant  service. 

Dublin,  he  w;is  drivui  !>•,■  a  violent  storm  into  the 
Irish  Channel  atid  wre.  i-ied  near  White  Haven, 
out  he  and  his  crew  were  saved.  After  the  close 
of  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain  he  made  two 
extensive  voyages,  and  in  F'ilG  was  appointed  in- 
spector of  revetuie  for  the  district  of  Delaware, 
which  oflice  iic  held  to  the  time  of  his  death,  De- 
cember 1,  ld3o,  at  the  age  of  eighty-four  years. 
In  1775  he  married  Miss  M.  Latimer,  of  Wil- 
mington, with  whom  he  enjoyed  lifty-seven  vears 
of  wedded  life.  She  was  a  noble  and  worthv 
womtin.  She  survived  her  liusband  to  the  age  of 
eighty  five  years.  The  remains  ,if  both  lie  near 
the  centre  of  the  Presbyterian  Church-yard,  on 
the  west  side  of  Market  Street.  Their  home  in 
Wilmington  was  on  the  east  side  of  ^Market  Street, 
a  few  doors  below  Second. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  Christiana,  where  it 
forms  s  point,  is  a  tract  (if  land  for  a  century  or 
more  known  as  Long  Hook  farm.  It  was  the 
patrimonial  estate  of  Major  Peter  Jaquett,  who 
served  with  distinction  as  an  otiicer  in  the  First 
Delaware  Regiment  during  the  Revolution.  His 
remains  were  borne  to  his  grave  l>y  sixty  young 
men,  who  thus  wished  to  do  honor  to  his  memory. 
His  great-grandfather  was  a  French  Protestant,  who 
was  vice-director  at  New  Amstel,  in  1C58.  Major 
Jaquett  was  one  of  the  first  converts  of  this  regi<in 
to  Methodism  during  the  visit  here  of  George 
Whitefield.  His  house  was  known  far  and  near, 
and  was  visited  by  many  persons  who  shared  his 
hospitality.  Wa.-hington,  Lafayette  and  Bishop 
White  were  anioiej  his  guests.  He  was  one  of  the 
ideal  patriots  oi'  tlie  great  struggle  for  indepen- 
dence, and  he  never  we.iried  relating  the  stories  of 
that  evmifu!  jieriod,  describing  many  thrilling 
scenes  in  which  he  was  a  participant.  He  was  a 
great  favorite  of  children,  ami  loved  to  relate  to 
them  the  stories  of  the  past.  By  his  house  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Causeway  were  tall  sycamore 
trees,  lofty  po)ilar.-iand  beautiful  evergreens.  The 
birds  of  spring-time  early  visited  him,  built  their 
ue::ts  in  the  .-^hady  places  around  his  mansicm, 
tuned  their  voices  witli  sweet  melody  to  entertain 
the  ohl  veteran  and  his  gue.~ts,  and  remained  until 
late  in  the  fall.     A  betuitilul  ivv  vine  covered  one 


DELAWARE  DI' 


THE 


i:VOLrTI(.>.\. 


2in 


end  of  the  (lucllin-.  It  was  patliered  fnini  tl 
castle  wlu'iv  Marv,  (^»u.-rn  nf  S.  ots.  wa-  iiiii'ri 
one.!,  and  ].n~,.„lVd  to  ^[is.  Ja.|uett.  /^l"'.  ;';- 
cultivated  the  lir.-t  (  'lianipiiey  ri  >e  in  tlii.-  vieinit 
and  was  a  -reat  lover  of  the  h(  autitnl  in  natur 
On  his  tomb  in  th,'  ohl  Swede.-'  Chureli-yard 
the  fuUowiiii'  inscription  : 


"Adistin-iMshert  officer.. 

resiikii^s-Li.iiu'    ll.,.,k    F;.r 

m— I 

1S34,  in   the  «ilrli  v.-nr  t.f   1 

Apri'l,   KM.      on  'tl.o  .111.  . 

,f   .1 

Keginjcn',  and  niitil  Al'ul, 

IT-", 

under  \Vasliin:;t,.n  wlu.li  t.. 

■1-    1 

Jersey,  New  \uTk  ai..l  th-  l: 

.-1.  r 

theS.,utl.ern;.riLn  ini-I.-ri.. 

larriod  Eliza  P.  Pri 
■13  a  farmer,  lie  11' 
rave  and  b..nored  i 


Captain  David  Kirkpatrick,  one  of  the  last 
heroes  of  the  Revolution,  who  lived  in  Wilming- 
ton, entered  the  army  in  the  Fourth  New  Jersey 
Line  as  a  serireant,  but  his  courage  and  abilities 
soon  attracted  notice,  and  he  was  jironioted  to  a 
lieutenant  and  then  to  a  captain  of  sappers  and 
miners,  under  the  command  of  General  Duportail. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Mouruouth,  Ger- 
inautown,  Brandywiue,  Trenton,  Cowpens  and 
others.  At  Brandywine  he  distinguished  himself, 
and  received  a  sword  at  the  hands  of  General  La- 
fayette as  a  testimonial  of  the  estimation  in  which 
he  was  lield  by  that  illustrious  commander.  Cap- 
tain Kirkjiatrick  was  much  beloved  by  the  soldiers 
under  his  command,  and  often,  during  his  life,  they 
visited  him  to  testify  their  admiration  and  love  i'or 
his  couiage  and  kindness  lie  was  twice  wounded, 
and  the  many  hardships  and  trials  which  he  en- 
dured in  defen.sc  of  his  country  aided  materially 
in  impairing  his  constitution.  Late  in  life  a  se- 
vere fall  disabled  him  irom  walking,  and  subjected 
him  to  nnich  suffering.  Never  was  old  age  more 
beautifully  jjortrayed  than  in  Captain  Kirkpatrick. 
The  gentleness  of  his  manners,  the  quiet  tones  of 
his  voice,  the  benign  expression  of  his  eve,  rendered 
him  an  object  of  deep  interest;  and  never  was 
filial  |)iety  more  lovely  than  was  exhibiteil  in  the 
comforts  w  hich  surroundf  d  the  aged  veteran.  The 
tender  hands  of  atJ'ectionate  cliildren  had  lon.„' 
"  rocked  the  cradle  of  declining  .age,"  and  their 
ministry  ended  only  with  his  life. 

Captain  Kirkpatrick  was  a  member  of  tlie 
Presbyterian  Ci\urch  of  Wilnungton  and  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati.  His  descendants 
are  prominent  morocco  manufacturers  in  Phila- 
delphia. 


John  Hamilt..u  was  born  in  Smtlan.l,  where  he 
re-ided  until  tlie  inva>i.>n  ..f  In-land  by  William 
I'f  Orange,  when  he  jnined  hi-  army  and  fur  his 
meritorious  ei.ndiiet  was  given  a  large  estate, 
which  afterwards  fell  into  the  hands  of  Lord 
Kncx.  B.-what  means  he  iiecame  dispossessed  of 
that  pmpertv  is  not  kiiown.  In  1771  he  removed 
with  hi-i  wite  and  nine  children  to  this  country, 
and  settled  in  White  Clay  Creek  Hundred,  New- 
Castle  County,  where  he  resid.jd  until  his  death. 
Of  his  children,  John  became  master  of  a  Phila- 
delphia merchautmau  and  died  in  Liverpool, 
Jauuarv,  1.S2.S  ;  Archibald,  who  practiced  law 
in  Wilmington,  successfully,  and  died  (Jctober, 
1^41  ;  James  became  captain  of  a  merchant 
ve:rsel  and  died  at  sea,  July,  l.?2t3  ;  Charles 
also  a  sea  ca[)tiin  ;  Robert,  one  of  the  youn^'cst 
sous,  settled  in  or  near  Wilmington.  R..il)eit 
Hamilton  married  Ann  Little,  the  daughter 
of  Archibald  Little,  and  redded  in  Wilming- 
ton fifty  years.  lie  served  in  the  Revolutionary 
War  at  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton. 
He  filled  various  official  positions  under  the 
creneral  and  state  governments.  Late  in  life 
he  purchased  a  farm  on  the  shores  of  the  Dela- 
ware,just  north  of  Wilmington,  wdiither  he  removed 
his  family,  and  there  he  dispensed  the  kind 
and  generous  hospitality  for  which  he  was  dis- 
tinguished. He  is  said  to  have  had  no  enemies 
and  was  the  peacemaker,  the  counselor  and 
adviser  of  his  neighbors.  He  died  July  22, 
1H2C,. 

(_'aptain  Samuel  Lovering,  who  was  a  native  of 
Boston,  sailed  from  ^Yilmington  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen. He  entered  the  army  at  Boston,  and  being 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Euirlish  was  confined  six 
months  in  the  old  "  Jersey"  prison  ship,  where  so 
many  of  the  youths  of  our  country  fell  victims  to 
disease  and  cruel  treatment.  He  was  spared  to 
reach  his  birthplace,  Boston,  where,  from  his 
skeleton  form  and  tattered  outer  garments,  he  was 
not  recognized  by  his  fond  mother.  When  he 
recovereil  strength  he  preferred  a  life  on  the 
ocean,  and  Wilmington  became  his  home.  Here 
he  married  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Shallcross,  in 
whose  empioy  he  sailed.  During  the  European 
war  in  San  Domingo  he  and  his  crew  were  pressed 
by  the  French  commander  to  aid  in  quelling 
the  insurrection.  He  was  detained  six  months 
in  actual  service,  enduring  perils  and  hardships. 
He  returned  to  Wilmington,  but  died  young, 
leavinira  widow  and  three  small  children. 

Hance  Naff,  who  died  October  9,  1.S41,  aged 
ei;_ditv-six  years,  \vi«s  one  of  the  last  soldiers  of  the 
Revolution  in  WilmiiiL'ton.  He  was  of  .■^u-issdescent, 
and  at  the  opeiiiir,' of  liie  war  was  a  member  of 
Colonel  Duff's  reLfiment,  Captain  O'Flinu's  com- 
pany, and  took  pan  in  all  the  engagements  of  his 
regiment.      He    lived   Tor  mauv    vears    iu  a    log 


'214 


HISTORY  OF  PK[..VV,-\f.ft. 


cabin  noar  Cool  S|.rinL'.  His  \vidi),v  hiirvived 
him  to  tho  u-e  cif  niiiety-livL- yearv  Haiire  Naif, 
tlieir  son,  and  a  lanuliar  pursoua--  in  WiiniinL'l'Hi 
ill  l.is  last  vears  lived  .)i.  the  K-nn.t  K  .ad,  mh.u- 
Delaware  Aveuuei.  He  ilied  at  ei-lity  ami  iiis  uii'e 
iit  eir:hty-tive.  H  J.  Nut!',  tlie  editor  (jC  the  Jijnr- 
mil,  was  his  sou. 

Lydia  Hall,  au  industrious  colored  wouiaa,  wlni 
lived  to  the  age  ol'oue  hundred  and  two  years  in 
a  small  house  of  her  own  on  the  west  side  oi'  }.[ar- 
ket,  ju-t  aliove  Ninth  Wilmington,  had  two  sons 
in  the  War  of  the  Revolution.  One  of  then:  was 
captured  liy  the  British  and  never  was  returned  ; 
tlie  other  came  home  when  peace  was  declared. 

Jonathan  Kumford,  a  worthy  prentleman  and 
shipping  merchant,  who  owned  the  wharf  above 
the  drawbridge  on  the  Oiui.-tiaua,  leaned  to 
royalty,  but  was  not  an  avowed  Tory.  He  th'ni 
lived  an  Fourth  Street,  below  Marker,  .'^ome  ever, 
enthusiastic  persons,  without  any  definite  cm^e, 
entered  his  dwelling  and  abused  him  in  the  nn.^t 
brutal  manner.  They  fractured  liis  skull  with  r- 
blacksmith's  hammer,  and  spread  fire-bran.ls 
through  his  house.  Hugh  ^lontiromery,  the  sea- 
captain,  and  militia  captains  Kean  and  Stidharn 
came  to  his  rc=cue  at  this  instant  and  saved  the 
house  from  destruction.  Rumtbrd  partially  re- 
covered from  his  wounds,  but  his  faculties  were 
impaired ;  his  business  did  not  prosper  afterwards. 
In  1792,  soon  after  his  decease,  his  mansion,  then 
at  the  corner  of  Front  and  Tiiorn,  and  his  wharf 
were  sold  to  pay  his  debts.  Dr  2sieliohL«  E. 
McComb  bought  the  jiroperty  and  generously 
presented  part  of  the  amount  to  Mrs.  Rumford. 

Joshua  North,  a  well-to-do  man  who  resided  at 
Prospect  Hill,  was  a  Tory  during  the  Revolution 
and  was  compelled  to  leave  this  country.  His 
property  was  confiscated  by  authority  of  Congress. 
^Many  other  valuable  estates  along  the  Delaware 
were  taken  by  the  government  in  tlie  same  way, 
notably  that  of  Jacob  Derrickson,  a  decendant  of 
the  early  Swedish  settlers. 

Tory  Jack  was  a  notorious  outlaw  during  the 
Revolution  He  owned  a  small  gun-boat  and 
frequently  appeared  in  the  Delaware  in  search  of 
spoils.  On  one  occasion  he  captured  John  Harris, 
a  trading  merchant  of  Wilmington,  when  in  com- 
mand of  one  of  his  vessels,  and  placed  him  on  a 
JJritish  frigate.  Harris  escaped  and  .-.ion  afier- 
ward  Tory  Jack  was  captured  down  the  river  by 
some  people  of  Wilmington,  of  whom  Harris  Avas 
one.  They  brought  him  up  the  Delaware  and  hanged 
him  on  an  ajiple-tree  at  "the  Rocks,"  on  the  proji- 
erty  of  the  MeCuUough  Iron  Works.  Some  of  the 
He.ssian  soUliers  deserted  tlie  army  and  remained 
in  Delaware.  Peter  Davis,  one  of  them,  was  hjng 
a  sexton  to  Old  Swedes'  Church.  He  had  charge 
of  the  old  Academy  on  Market  Street,  Wilming- 
ton, and  lived  in  it^  basement. 


^[a^v  w.ne  tl 
-o...!  ol,;  (^,,d:i 
an.l  tl...  Ci.i,-: 
de^..iil,.d  with 


ixl 


Rrand\ 


"a_vr  interest  than  the  one 
which  ir:o,  ;iii-.,ii  a;  tie'  hir.^e  resilience  of  ]Mr.s. 
Hanson,  CI.,  the  no.-inwest  eorner  of  Si.xth  and  Ship- 
ley Strecis.  It  was.>!i;.r:lyarter  the  battle  of  Rrandy- 
wice  ti:at  hert'.-o  .-:,i:i>-ni  law.  Colonel  Tilton,  of 
the  Coniinental  Liir^,  and  Captain  Bellach,  of  the 
niiiitiaj  temporarily  nway  from  their  commands, 
we.-e  her  ^jupsts.  At  midnight,  when  all  were 
asleep,  3lis-  Naiic>  Hanson,  her  daughter,  was 
.•^iwaken.-^d  hy  a  noise  ou  the  streets  below,  and 
opening  a  winde-w,  .-'aw  that  in  front  of  their 
house  was  a  squad  of  British  soldiers.  She  took 
in  the  situati.m  at  a  glance,  aroused  the  rest  of 
the  rami!\  from  their  slumbers,  but  all  remained 
quiet  and  till  met  in  the  parlor  to  devise  plans  for 
thf  p.5c;ipe  of  the  officers.  Captain  Bellach  had 
no  clothing  ',>ith  him  but  a  military  suit,  and  for 
him  to  escape  seemed  difficult.  The  soldiers  won VI 
S32ich  the  house,  find  tlie  clothing  and  thus  detect 
the  presence  of  the  officers. 

"C.;nceal  the  suit,"  said  Mi.ss  Hanson,  "  under- 
neatii  the  bricks  of  the  hearth,  and  in  tlie  morning  I 
will  go  across  the  street  and  borrow  another." 
She  was  one  of  the  belles  of  the  town  and  very 
iutelliaent.  Early  in  the  morning  she  attired 
herself  :n  her  best  and  appeared  at  the  front 
door.  Observing  her  winning  charms,  the  British 
officer  in  command  saluted  her  and  began  a 
iriend'y  conversation. 

"  Beg  pardon,  sir,  but  may  I  go  across  the  street 
to  procure  an  article  of  clothing  for  a  sick  rchitive 
now  in  our  house?  " 

"^losi  certainly  !  Queer  it  would  be  if  such 
a  request  would  not  be  granted,"  replied  the 
officer  as  he  escorted  the  young  lady  to  the  house 
opposite.  He  waited  by  the  door-way,  and  a  few 
minutes  later  gallantly  returned  with  her  to  the 
Hanson  mansion,  politely  carrying  the  package 
for  her. 

"  Thank  you  for  your  kind  attention  ;  will  you 
come  in  and  take  breakfast  with  my  mother,  my 
sister  and  I"'" 

"  It  would  indeed  lie  an  honor  to  he  so  highlv 
favored.  CoLinel  Tilton,  of  the  Continental  Line, 
is  your  brother-indaw,  I  am  tol.l  ;  ami  how  did  he 
ftireinthe  late  battle  ?"  a^ked  he,  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  finding  out  where  Colonel  Tilton  was. 

"  He  escaped  unharmed,  so  far  as  we  have 
learned,"  replied  the  lady  with  the  greatest  com- 
posure, as  she  showed  the  man  a  scat  in  the  parlor. 
When  the  breatfa^t  was  ready  he  ate  with  tlie 
little  family,  and  talked  freely  of  the  events  of  the 
day  in  an  entertainin..' manner,  while  his  soldiers 
partook  of  their  inorniug  meal  on  the  streets. 

"A  carriaire  has  been  sent  for  to  convey  our 
sick    relative    to  his-  countrv    house.       Will    vou 


DELAWAin;   DI'IUXG  THE  IlKVOLITION. 


215 


please  see  thut  it  is  not  detained  liv  voiiv  .-oh 
We  bluiii  i.e  -lad  t,.  reciprocate  sueh  kindi 
^aid  Mi-  Ilan-oii  in  her  ^ue.■te^l  tunes,  l.rokiii 
British  captain  full  in  th,  face. 

"It  will  alli.rd  nie  much  jih'asure  to  co 
with  vuur  wishes,"  saitl  he,  as  he  arnse  Ir^i 
table.  "  t-^ucli  eiiiirtesy  as  you  have  shown  i 
rarely  accorded  the  best  of  men.  Wouldtha 
cruel  war  was  over,  and  that  1  too  miLrht  en  jo 
]ik'asures  of  home."     lii-s  stern  heart  was  toi 


hed 


tone  ot  sadues; 


en. 


nd  his  la.-.l  won 
,  as  he  step[ied 


spoke 
the  le 


The  carriage  arrived.  ( 'i 
in  a  plain  suit,  fei^rnini'-  -ick 
tain  Bellach  and  .Mi.s  Ha 
drove  to  the  old  ferrv  and  ci 


Tilt( 


,  was  led  l.vCap- 
i  to  it,  and  thev 
■d  the  Christiana." 

"  'Twas  Colonel  Tilton  who  escaped  in  that  car- 
riage," shouted  a  red  coat  up  Market  Street,  and 
in  an  instant  a  dozen  dragoons  were  in  hot  pursuit 
of  the  fleeing  patriot  officers  ;  but  they  had  es- 
caped, and  ere  the  evening  sun  had  set,  w  ere  safe 
in  the  town  of  Dover.  All  the  town  and  country 
round-about  gave  3[iss  Hanson  the  highest  prai^e 
for  her  sairacity  and  great  presence  of  mind,  by 
means  of  w  hieh  the.-e  two  men  were  saved  from 
capture. 

A  year  or  two  after  the  Eevolution  she  married 
Major  D.  G.  Adams,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 
He  served  sev<Tal  years  as  brigadier-general  of 
niililia.and  was  .-henlinf  N.w  ( 'u,tle  C.untv. 

General  Smallw.H.d,  ,,r  Wa-hin-lon-s  army  for 
a  short  time,  had  his  head.iuarters  at  the  public 
inn,  corner  Third  and  Market  Streets,  afterwards 
known  as  the  Laliiyette.  (_)ue  day  he  ordered 
some  liorses  to  be  pastured  in  a  fertile  field  north 
of  town.  The  owners  of  the  land  were  nut  avowed 
patriots,  and  his  lusty  wife  became  indignant 
at  what  she  thought  an  unjustifiable  act.  She 
hastened  to  town,  called  at  the  hotel,  and  asked  if 
"  William  Sniallwood  "  was  there.  She  was  told 
that  General  Smalhvood  was  in  the  parlor,  Aji- 
proaching  the  officer  she  thus  accosted  him:  "  Is 
thy  name  William  Sniallwood  ?  "  to  ^vhi(■h  siuLUi- 
lar  imjuiry  he  answered  "  y.s,"  with  a  -i^niticant 
smile,  wondering  who  .-hould  addre.-s  him  j<j.  The 
audacious  woman  answered,  by  sayinir,  "  Well,  thee 
deserves  .^innll  wood  well  laid  across  thy  broad 
shoulders,  thee  naughty  man,  for  destroying  my 
tine  pasture."  The  brave  otiicer  ]u-omised  to  pay 
for  it  some  time  in  the  future,  and  often  lauglied 
alioiit  his  singular  interviewer. 

The   residence    of    William  Canbv,    near     the 


Joel  Zane,  a  Friend,  lived  at  the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  Fourth  and  Shipley  Streets.  His  wife  was 
well-known  for  her  noble  acts  of  charity.  When 
the  French  soldiers  of  Washington's  army  were 
quartered  in  Wilmingt(jn,  she  every  dtiy  gathered 
Vegetables  from  her  garden  and  made  them  soup, 
and  y-avefhein  the  choicest  of  the  flowers  from  her 
yard! 

As  soon  as  it  was  announced  in  America  that 
the  "  Tea  Act  "  w:is  to  be  carried  into  ctfect,  it  was 
generally  denounced  as  a  scheme  to  establish  the 
right  of  Parliament  to  tax  the  colonies  and  to  give 
the  East  India  Company  the  uKinopoly  of  their 
trade.  As  it  bore  on  all  the  colonies,  it  diverted 
attention  from  the  local  i.-sucs,  which  had  been  agi- 
tating them  during  the  preceding  three  years,  to 
the  original  question  of  taxation,  and  the  determi- 
nation of  the  Americans  was  not  to  pay  a  tax 
levied  by  a  body  in  wdiich  thev  were  not  repre- 
sented. 

The  scheme  routed  more  indignation  than  had 
been  created  by  the  Stamp  Act.  The  House  of 
Representatives  of  Delaware  immediately  upon 
assembling  took  into  consideration  the  several 
letters  and  other  communications  which  had  been 
addressed  to  the  Speaker  by  the  Assemblies  of 
Virginia,  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.  Ou 
the  -lod  of  October,  177o.  Mr.  :McKean,  chair- 
man of  the  committee  to  whom  the  resolutions  and 
letters  liad  been  referred,  made  the  following 
report  : 


;:ti,,i„  rr.tcrHd 

^    nppointt'd  by  tlie  said  assemblies,  urj.i 

s  of  ojiiniun  ttiat  the  measures  adopted  l>y 
lirofioseii  to  tills,  are  very  saliitarv  aljd 
«  hen  Ibo  Rights  and  Liberlies  of  all  ajiprar 


lirandyv 
eitv,  was 
a  ,ia.-h   a 

.ine  Bridire,  when  the  Briti.-h 
entered  bv  a  Hessian  sohiier 
t  Mrs.    Ca'nby    with   a  .-wnnl, 

wind..w-,- 
She    esc; 
mill. 

■  hiitter  a>  ^he  jumped  out  of 
i[ml    unhurt,    and    ran   to   hi 

wh, 


ni; 


ler  husband': 


21 G  HISTORY  OF  DK  LAW  ARK. 

The  Hou,-o  adnpttd  th.^  r.>i..irt  ;in.l  apixiiMtt'd  tlie  '^:Z'':'^!'n'w"!in'^^"iTllZ^^^^^ 

foUowiii;,'  ritimdiiiL;  "  Cuiiiiiiittce  ul'  Ciirru>|"_iiiili.-nL'i.'  |',\'''  '|J\'||,?\~|'||I|V,VVa!!!H,'t''ii'",r''  !',r 

and   C'oiiuiumicatiun    witli   the    utlier   ('ninnies  ;  "  lm^t•  .i,.r.,i,.naii, i,.,,,,  ..n  i  ni.ur,. 

L'asar  Kuducv    (Sjieakerj,  Ge  .r-e    Read,   Thmiuis  f^p  ,  ih,,t  ii„y  l,^^,M^..|■  .11  ■.>.„„■ 

McKeau,  John  Mclviiily  and  Tliom.i.  li^.biuM.ii  Zn'J\l^^uZJin\'cZ''n:"t,!Z 

On   Decendier   IG,  177J,  aparty  nf  15  J^toIliaI].-.  ,.'^y,!',,';',|Vti!''''T!'I"i,^ 

disguised  as    Indians,   threw    overboard     tVom     a  u.  i- „,>i  „u.i,:i-i,„  „i  n,,,,,.,,,  ;,.  n, 

ves:^eI   in  their   harbor   sevei-al   hundred   elu-^ts  of  |.'!,'',||',,',', '" ','j',,,\'!„'r^[^,|,i'",i''|^,Vh'!''' th.u 

tea,    and    in   the    sueceeding     March.  Farliaiuent  in,- .nn,,*  n,  i,;,,,-  .1  ,■  .  ■  ai,..v.- ti,.- ,_„ 

|);wsed  the  bills  closin-  the  pnrt  of  IJustnn,  ijnpriv-  ]^nl!!'?Jl^!alJ'l^!^  iml^ ur!^'!^nM.\ 

ing   the  people  of  Ma.—aehii-.-ti-  ot'  cvrry  iir.pi.rt-  an,i  i.,idy  n  .un-i,.,.- t..wi.  uf  b,,.m„  .,1 

ant  vestige  of  self  g-jvernuiriit,  and  ordaining  that  u'ir',''!i  !i?^,','„''','"i,'',T..  ,'.',1 "",','. n'-Vth! 

any  person  indicted  for  capital  ottt;nses  eonmiittid  -if ''■.■■ ' ".  (>,  ,,i, ,  s,u„  ■\\^■  hm mi 

in  aiding  the   magistrates  in  the  execution  of  the  ,,H.r'i'.'r-\ 'V -^  r  IVi.i. -I'  1  i"i:',"v'i,. 

laws,  might  be  sent  by  the  Ctoveruor  to  anv  other  a..^  n     ;    ;>.    i-.,'!-'    ■     v 

colony  or  to  Eugland"tor  trial.      Ou  the  arrival  of  '^ '.','';  V  ,     ,      "  :!  ,   ,     \  ' 

the  news  of  the  passage   of  these    measures,    the  c.n-ri  .  ...<■..    1  ,,-,   ,  ,  :  ,  .ui.mit  to  tiiese  enuni 

(,'oloni-sts  in  general   made  common  cause  with  the  mo^tof  tiiuo.iuiii.s.'in- .iVui,  i.uii.;  ma  r.vjivmi;  upon  suci'i'me.iM 

people  of  Massachusetts,  and  in  various   ways  ex-  ^^^"=  fwisi^t  tu  be  uu.at  iifaiy  to  recover  our  lost  rights  imd  p. 

pressed    their  sympathy    with    the  inhabitants  of       °si.aii  ti,e  people  of  th. 3  itir-«  anj  wealthy  county,  heretofore 

Boston.'        On  June     17,'   1774,    the     followin..^     card,  f 'remo.t  ou   man,  or,„.„.„„    ,„,rt.  „l.„ly    m   the  time  01  the   dotest: 

,,  1  1-    I       1  X-  Stamp  Act,  to  npiins,.  all  ait.niiiH  ti.  .l.-i,nv.>  th.-ni  of  their  pcrs.jiiiil 

Signed     'A    r  reeinan,      was     iiubhshcd    at     J>ew  curitv;inii  priv^it.' pr..|,ci-tv.  1,..  n,.v»  ii.innoan.iaiiBiit?   I'orbiJ  it 

Castle:  ''''l':'TTl'': ':"'^'^'\,. , :  ,, , ,...., ', 

"To  the  Gentlemen,   Frefliolders  and  others  in  tlio  C  unly  of  Xew  Co;i:il'  ,  \\     ,  ^    ■,  ■.:,-! 

Castle,  upon  Delaware,  who  ha\e  a  vote  in  the  election  of  Kepreseiitu-  2   o  .  .i        .  i       :   i  i-      ,  ;    i 

lives  in  General  Assenihlv  :  prnM;r  :  .  '    [    ;  ,  ,        i     .  i    :;,- 


ith  the  lea.st  = 


'I  The  meeting  was  held  on  the  date  named,  and  a 

,3  committee  appointed  to  collect  subscriptions  for  the 
relief  of  the  people  of  Boston.     Ou  July  2'^th,  the 

,u  largest  popular  meelin'j-  cvit  assembled  up  to  that 

'^[  time  in  Delaware  wa>  hrld  at  Lew  i.^tuu  n.     Mr.  .Mc- 

,n  Keau  made  the  priiirip;il  addn~s  ^i'  thu  dav.    lie  in- 
troduced  the   busiiKv-nt'  the  niretiiiL:-  b\' an   eiico- 

.,  mimii  on  the  happiiir-  nt'  tin-  I-;ii-li>li  ( 'oiistitution, 

|>  and  went  on   to  .-how    that   the  Am'.rirmi   colonies 

.  .  brought  all  British  libcities  with  tlieiii,  as  apjiears 

■I'  by  their  charters,  the   nature  <if  their  emigration, 

.V  and  manv  pui)li(;  declaration-   at   that  time   made 

-  and   since.      That   the   colonics    were    pleased    and 

rv  liappy  in    their   union,  rnininerce   and    mutual    ;l-- 

l^)'  ^i,-tancc   Ldvm   to   and    lo, ■rived    from    tlie   mother 

ii«  country,    even     whih:    alnio-t     the    \\  hole    fillits    (if 

'^  their  labor  and  iiidii,-ii\  e\er   leiiinied  to  Britain, 

.11  to  her  streiiLrrh   an.l    a-'-randi/ement.     That    thev 

;;^  have    been,    and    still    aiv.    il.e    ino^t    loval    and 

to  dutiful    of     all     Hi-    Man-iv'-     -ubjects    and    the 

„f  most   ch.-elv  attached  to  i,i~p,v-e, It    roval   familv. 

'.  That     thev    have    alwav.-    -lanhd     their    aids    \,f 

;;;  monev    an"d   men  ^  iimi  '  tlieir    .-ov.avi-n    con-titu- 

■i-  tionallv  demanded   theiii   of  tiielr  A.-eiuidie...  and 
even  sea-onaldy  and   bev.nd   th.ir   proportion;  .-o 

funde.l    to   thi,.    little  .colonv  on  Delaware,  as  well 


DKLAWAllK  Di.  IIING   TUH  ill'.VOi  CTKlV. 


:is  otluTS.      Tiiat  l\w  |.!v-:ut   undcxTVc-l  fivnui^  oi'  ^';";  '•^"- 

tlu'  iKUvnt  S;:it..  ,„n-i  pn.UaMv  un-,'  from  tlir  Im.e  !:;';,:'iL:;.', 

.•iilunii.i.-,    Ui.'k.J     iii-iniiatio„-    :u.:l    nm-t     I.il-..  ;"";,"'.7;,7 

niisLVl.reM'nt..tl..„s   .,1    tlio    Ilrrnai  ,U,  1  Iutrhin-.Mi<,  '  ■■''i:',!;,.  W. 

01iv,_T.    and   -urii    ciiirr    inaHrinu-  rnnuh  ^  ..fthe-  l^''^': ';-;; 

mil   iM:r,v-t~  nf  r.i-itaiii  and  Anu-rira,  who    havr,  „,..  ;.=    . 

ahsunllv  a^  uMl  a-  uirkcdlv.  i-.:|.i-.-.,ut.-,l  tlir  ,-olo-  "'\^;:;:  ".;; 

iiies  as"rol,rllio,i~,  i,uir[Hai.iriit.  rtr.     11, at.   ht-Dco.  -';'■-;- 

for   alioiit   t.'ii  war.-  [la.-t,  tlie  cuucluot  of  tlie  L'.rit-  (,,','J",^','^,'.,^, 

i.-li   nuiii.-irv  aii.l  a   iiiajoritv  .if  I'arliaiiiciit  s^enis  t..pi..i,.i.rn, 

to  be  one  (.■oiitliuial    plan    to' n.li  ii>  of  our   clcarost  "^^Z^.^^-.L 

libertio-:.     That,  if  Aui.ri.a   l.u   .n-lav,  .1.  thr  frer-  "■•;)';;;- 

dom  of  Britain  uill  not  louj  -urvivi.-  tliat  wrote!, ed  '■''"",.,,'',"'11;, 

crisis.     That    tlu'    iniiio-inoa.s   and    oppn  ;-ion.-i  of  ji.'^ttsiaJ.-i,.. 

the  most  loval  Am-  ricaii^  are  ulrcadv  heoonio  Verv  no*Tei\.>  the 


lunieroiis  ana  vorv  -: 
He  then    went  "on 


these  prineiples,  viz. ; 

"TIkU  ;ill  l.i\\fi:l  civil  governnieiits  must  be  wlidlly  employed  10  pi?- 


Ho  went  011  t(j  show  that  from  the,-e  prineiples, 
well  known  to  every  freeman,  the  following  will 
aji[)eur,  to  s;iy  the  least,  lawle.-s  usurpations,  viz. : 

'■1st.  P.BStraininsthe  I'uloi 


"M.   Til. 
"4tli.  Til 


rs  ui  all  tliL-  n.ira  of 
British   Ministry  re- 


urn  m;umr,i,?liiriag  Ibeiron  u  iruii  by 

"  2iJ.  Tlio.isli  in  all  nations  the  persons  of  .\nibiLs*., 

inviolable,  the  Mrulent  torrent  of  abuse  pi-eine.luat.'.l 

ition,  M\d  thus  tlie  nunufacturing, 

poure.l  out  in  a  n.ost  scurrilous  nianiK-r,  even  in  tl,     1 

the  approbation  of  a  ui.ijority  of  Iheni,  a-aiust  lb     1 

f  preventing  farmers  to  c;irry  their 

the  known  agen' of  our  eolonies:  tboii-b   bis  a_ 

iiL'li  tlie   rivere,   «iitei-5,   h;ivcl.s,  etc. 

character  (a.,  a  philosopher  and  ,,.,Uticiau    well   ki.  . 

might  have  exeuiptej  him  lionl  abuse,  even  auiou-,-  tl 

I..S  .,r  r.ilunies  an.l  ol.li„-iii-_-  men  to 

les,  bis  offtnce,  strange  to  relate,   was  discoveriug  to 

i.v  ,.,.v,,r    C..l„tM,tL.J,  a.s    |,LL|-tof  MiU- 

false  accusers. 

.-h.i._. 

"2Jd.  Thec.i-irerrin-h.jiMrs,  pi.,f,ri.ieiits  and  lucr 

lue  p.juer^  of  -New  Yurk  bv  ;m  Act 

ally  on  tb    -.    .  i.lii  .;  ,    ^...  :     ...  u:    ,.,;  ,.    .r  ;'■■  ■..■.•   . 

liter   rrouj.s  »eut  to  r.,i«-   ..u   lUegi.l 

SeUslui.=    i...     i'.,    '        ;    .    ,   1                           ..;...;.._   .•■.-■ 

Beruai.l,  1...          ,    .        ,,,,.,,:.              .;      ,.■, 

ible  St.imp  .\ct. 

to  her  an    ;..iii       i ■     n      i-      i.'A    ;    ;  .      :    •  .    i  r  .i..> 

..  u.i.lce  1.1  vv,  ■ liu--  us  in  all  c..,.«-3 

ul.ite  our  iutc-riMl   police,  gi>e,  take 

not  b«  done  by  fraud,  t.ie  lio'ston  tort  Uill  is'o.veculei 

ta.Mes  upon 


though  ignorant 

eluded  in  th.'sam 

"'Jib.  Their  de 


bl...o.;  and  tiva 


everv  \m.ri.. 

ariii\     ,1,  .    ,      ■                        ,1    issist.iuts,   in  d-~t:  .> 

lugh    tliev  an 

J  n.it  in- 

all  the  1,,;'..;    ■      .,  l  .;    ,,    -   ,.l,.l    nuiiders   they   mai 

ur  Itepreseut. 

ItHeS. 

bra^e,  b.aalai.:  [...tieii:  | [.l.- uf  IJo-toU. 

ev  to  our 

'■i;i,tli.  .\nd  IbLilly,  to  show  us  that  the  stipulated 

Ill  itona.  frou 

1  earliest 

during  the  rcig-i  of  his  present  .M.ijesty  is  good  lor 

the  l-iist  lli.li.i  Coiu|.,iny,   whitii  .Americans  brav..-: 

'•Uth.  Finding  stratjigem  would  n.'t  pievail, 
the  liLiskaudare  n.nv  ,lr.i,-  ...niiii:  u,  iin,,  a  -uiu 
the  best  UiUs,  and  wn-ikiic,-  tlo'ir   uiim^t   \.-i,-.:, 


218  IIISTOUV  OF  DKLAWAUE. 

••  Hnv  is  :i  ,liva.lful  .atalwLMU",  iii.I.  .■.!  !      Aii.l  I  ■'"-'^-'■■u,,.  ,u.- u,..,u. 

-loul.t-iiot,"  sii.l  li,s -tlirre  arr  i.Ki.iv  iimiv  « l,i,-h  -;;;-;|;';  ""^  '"-"'""  " 

liavr  CMMfHa  niv  lurn.orv.      ol,,  ll  al'.Mir   -nuiuus  -    n...  .'■■..— ~ 

soVfR-i-i.  ^^..ul.i  ron.l,...-i.ml    lo   iva.l  thr  ratal.. ^u,.  ,'n;''.''-',!;J'''|.  Il,';;',' ! 

.•lu.l   >i»iMl,.iir    h.nu-   a;  an  tn.iu  L..nl  .\..nli   and  -'-.--...-.. ..i  m 

llir    ..tli'T   ai;!l...i>    ..f  ...ii-   .•alainilu-,  t..    n;r.liiate  '"■,•' 'I'h,:;'.!'',''-,''''";' 

U|M,M  tlii'iii:      Sui-f.  hi-  l.uii.ane  h.ai-l  u.,ul.l    l.l.r.l  ;; -■'  N-"  _•  ..-i-,  ■ 

for    tiu;  (li-liv--.  -   ..f  l.i:,  rci-n.  ami    la-  uoulil  v..w  ir'.,:,''.n,!, ','„!i  I'i'^  !''  ,' 

redri.s  t.,  i,i.  l.,\inir  au.l  ..j.[.r-m-.1  miKI.ti..      Any  ""."V' y;,','',,';": ::;';;,' 

w„u!,l    have   (liivfU    a   i.v,<i,k-   ,_-anl.j~,>  of  I..yalty.  ;,;|;;;;,;,',';",4"C. '.'i- 

n-hclli.m.  t./take  anii<   in  .h-ii'ns,.-  ..f  >u.-h    invalu-  Ij ',■;;',.': ''",,"';.' "mV" 

ahle  privilc-cs.     But,  in   .hliaiu-e  ._.f  all   th.'uhis-  .ii^,.l,?.'.'u' ,"''„!!>/,','' 

[lers  of  our  enc'inio^.   tiuuiLrh  \\t'    l.iv.'    lihcrtv.  we  'i\7'.'f'''\."  •n'-t''i,rv'i'"i,','''i 

love  P.rittiin,  too,  ami  earn. -^lly  ih-ire   to   c.ntinue  -■>>  ai,......!.;  ..t.i.in...,. 

nionv  uitli  the  lanil  of  our  fathers.     Thoin^h   we        •■:.   ii ...  n,. cr.,.,..!. 

are    n..w  al...ve   tiv.-   niiUi..ns  vaii.l  at   .Mir   |.re-eut  I"",",   i''''"','"'.'? '"l' 

rate  of  [...oulati...!  will  ^-...u  d.ml.le   that  nuniher),  tL„;„  k,','.;!,.  !.,:.''a,', 

it  we  W(uv  ii.iw  unit..l,  wi-   nee.l   ii..t  ,li,-a.l,  nn.h.a-  '''"'^'"ualu!:"'^^  ' 

the  con.luet  of  that  •_ra.a..a<  an.l  Alnii-hty  JLini:  f..r  .i,;  i.'iLf  .."s^im- 

teu  tbousaiul  times  s.i  many  m..re,  we  wonl.l  ^till  ' ''-'7  °Th„t  tiio  in)iai..tii 

revere,    love    and    ^ui.p.ui    .mr    mother,    liritain,  cui,...,  ,,11  an.i  Mi.-i.i^.r 

while  she  will  treat  u^  a<  .-hihlreii  an.l  tViend-^."  ^f^!:^^Zl'^'TZ^' 

He  e..nelu,l.-.l  lii-  a.l.lr.  -  hv  -h.uvin-  the  neees-  «i,:.N,„.ve,-,  «„h  :„>  .', 

sity  an.l  exi.e.li.'n.y  ..f  a  <  ..n.  nil  O.njre-- t..  .'ulti-  'I'l'J.Xu'r".';.'' •' 'i ,  . 
vat.-  an.l   re-t.ire  .uir  iVi.-ml,-hi|i   with    liritain. 
well   as  to  a_L;ree   on   a  necessary  iion-im]Hirtat 
covenant;   which  C.>ni:ress,  he  showed,  oui:ht   t-i         The  meetings  in  Keut  ami  Su,-_-.-.\:  Iiavini:  heen 

be  cntiuued  in  all  future  times.    lie  Imp.-.l,  andd.-t  lield  subsequent  to   that  in  New   Castle,  they   f..l- 

their   imp'-rtant   atihir-.  they   would    fall   on  some  1..U..1    the   pattern  of  th.-    r.  ^..hlti..ns    ad..ipte.l    in 

honorahle  and  >afe  .-xp.  .lieut  to  put  an  en.l  t.j  ..ur  the    lar-er  countv,  with  s.mie  notable   exceptions. 

African  ^laverv,  s.>  .li-li..nnrable   to  tis  an.l  so  pro-  Thu-,  f .r    in.-tam'e,  the    K.iit    Countv  ].eople,  wh.i 

vokiu-  t..  th.-  mo-t  In.nev.ilent  I'ar.-nt   of  ih.-  I'ld-  a-,-end,le.l    at    l)..V',r,  -lulv    -Joth.  1.  ,l"  otf  their  dc- 

verse;  that   thi-.   with   ..ur  lu.xury  and    irreli-.d..n,  clarali..n^  with  the  re>..lu[i..n  that— 

alarmiu-Miuati..n.  i.-,,y.KuJl:."Z-\u['^ytfLuliLu^!^liul'(GZtZ^^^^^ 

A  conveuti..n  ._.f  the  meml.ers  ofthe  I.e-i^Iature  ^a'l'll.uy'of  n.'e  ,t'^Hr,Vn,^r,',,uMn'!-,^i.ini!;';ia^ 

met  at  New  Cattle,  Au-just  1st,  iu  imrsuance  of  a  u.-n.iui.-u.s  aiw,iys  tu  W:,r  (..hIiihi  ,ii,.i  i.m-  ^Li;.-.;i;,„cu  1.,  hi-  Mmj.mx, 

,,     ,  ^,  T^      1  -.  1  ,'     I       Vr  i»  **"'^  ^''"  to  lieft-nd,  lo  Tlio  iitiiiiiBt  of  tliL-ir  power.  iiirLiii':5t  all  alttiiiTjts 

call  from  t  a'sar  Lo.hu-y.  bjieaker  ot  the  iloii.se  ot  upon  ids  pei^uu,  crown  ur  disuiiy." 

Asseinblv.     The  followiiiL'- delegates  were  i^resent :         „,  .  ,      .  .    .  /•  ,       i  ,      t-- 

^.        ;,      ,     ^,  ...,  At    1-  II  1  his  Pinphalic  assertion  ot  lovaltv  to  the   Kin-- 

Newcastle   Countv:     lh..ma-    M.-Keaii.   .bihu  ,.  ,  '  ■       i-      '       "     ,•  , 

„  Ti        AT   i--"i        I  T    .■  ,•  .li.l  n. It,  however,  ^lav  th.-    Iveiit  m.ii    fr..m   ailopt- 

Evans,  John    JMckmlv,  .lames    Latimer,  f.eor-e  .       .         ,  ..      v       /■      1  1     ■  ti 

,>  '.,  11,,"  in- 111  suli.-tan.-e  tiie  -\.-w  Ca.-tle  iv.-.iluti..ius.     Ihev 

IJead,  Alexander  r..rti-r. 


le  coloiMe.-i  bv  tlu-ir 
no  tr.i.l.-.  coinnicr. , 
;own  in  llio  Uriti-1 
ir  ■Willi   any  iiulivi. 

■  Dt-p. 

,il   the  l-eforf-.nenl 
ProvinLeuf  31iissi 

i.jn,-a 
ilm,e 

:.fp.^-, 


^^^^^    ^^^^_       .pp.,inte,la.th,.n..-tM,  l;,li. 
Su-ex  C..uiitv;  Th.-ma-  U..l.iii-..n,  L 


Kent  Cuntv:   Cl.arl.-^    I;i.lu,lv,  Willi.im    Kil-  , .,      ,       ,,.,     ,       ,,..,..          ,..,,        ,., 

,        ,,  ,,     I  .,.,  ,.   ,,■•  c.iuntv,    tharl.-    Ki.l-vlv.    William    killeii,  CiL>ar 

Ion,  Ca-ar  Ko.liiev,   Ih-.ma.,  (  „l,iii..  ^,  ^_l^^- ^.^   _,^^l^_^    ,,^^^,^,^^  ■  ,^  ,^^_  ^,,^^^,|^_^  .j,,^^^^_^^^^  ^.,  ^l_ 


per,    lloaz  Maiilove,      J..hn     Wilthaul:,     Stephen 


lins,    da.-ob     --t.iiit.    .lanu-    .-x  ke,-,    .laiiie^    W. 


per,    ,.oaz.ua,iioxe,      o.mn     xwuoani.,     ^tepi.en  -p,,,,,,,,  j.  ,1,,,.,,  KL-Panl  IW,:-.  tr,  Ui.-hard   Lo,-k- 
lowusend.  1  I     V    i     1     ,  ■  i  1 

(■esari:,..l,i,v  was  elected  chairman,  ami!  )avid  '""!'^    '"'      /a.h.ek   f  rapp.-r     wii..     were    a  .0     to 

Thon,p-.,n   cl.-rk.      Th.-u  the  n.-olnti,.,,.-    a.h.pte.l  1-t'-'  the  M.eaker  ot  the  Ib.u-e  ot  A>.-emblv  to 


ii.-.lv    a.,     -et    f.rth     in     the     New 
Ca>tle  i>eople  comin.'  tir.-t  in  order.      Tliev  Were 


.fth..-_NeW  ,  , 

Ca-Ii.-     re.-olv.-.        1  he     KcUt     ineetin-,;-    w..und 


...         _  its  liu-ine.-s  with  an  iii-truction  t<.  t 


DKLAWARI-:  MRI.VCt  Til',]  k:-,\  OMTIOX.  219 

On    Jiilv    '_':!.I    the  Su-rx  Cuntv  nn  otiiij-  v'a.s  inJiT-eil   liv  that    Ipniiv.     I;i  tl.r^c'  tlie    (•onvpiiti..ii 

licia  at    L'ui-tMun,  aihl  uliilr  ir  ,.|h",h.,1  Ii-  iv...];,-  ,k  -larvLl  — ' 

lion.  «itli  thr  aiiinnatiM,,  that    -  thr  iiilial.i.^.ius  .,t         ..,    ,,  „,„  n,  ,  ,,i,.o  ,-,u  -. .r  s,  t,  ,„.,.v...,.i  ,i•^.,-,.lv  „r,„nH. 

this  •■otintv  ,h.,,uv  ail. 1    will   pav  allru^iaii.v  t„   hU     a„.i  .i,-,  i  ,p   ,i,.>t  ■..■,-, ■„•„,;  ;,„,,.„.,  .,„.| -.,...;;,._.,.,..  i„  m. 

niai.-tv  Kin-  (;,.„-,■  111.."   il  w.  lU  i-alh.-r  hrvon.l      ^  v  "i  T''.'' ''";'   m'"  ' 'H' p  i!';,!'' l.^^'inl^r.^^.rnr" 'I":! 

rithrr'thr    Nru-    Ca-tir    n|-    K.tit    <  l.vla  fat  i.  ,1  il,    ,,u      '•-'■■' • :..;,. ...r,    ,,,   ,',,„M 1.!..  f,.,.  ,■„,..,„  ,:,; 

two  poims.   One  i^  t(,  he  tuiiiij  ill  the  .-eoMai  iiin'tiOiJ.i/Jni^/^; '!, m'/^./m,  ^:,'!,!i';";„''!'!/';:;;'i^ 

IVSOlve—  U.l    :,..,■,....:■..,,    .,,:    :    ■>    ,..     .     „,.     ..M,    „.,■; ,1,,   „.,>   t.u.o.O 


local  a.lnrnii-tniti..n  "..f  lli.^  laws  in  tlie  r.-.nio>. 
an.l  thnv  i-  a  riii- of  Jeliaiirr  in  it  whi.h  rlra.'ly 
illn.-trates  an  iiii|i"rtaiit  <ta'j-o  ot'  thr  .-ciMraiist 
niovianciit  :  nionMiver,  it  cnmiKn-t.-  with  the  -r.;on.l 
point  in  which  the  Sussex  nu>u  were  in  advance 
of  their  liiithren  of  the  colony,  and  which  was 
enih.idicd  in  the  subjoined  resolution,  tlie  fourth  of 
the  Siis-cx  series.— 


New  Ca-tle  and    Kent   had   eiilv  proLrressed  to  •■-i.tL  ,i,'..  .„:,■.--,>«  a.  si.  iv.'iV,,,,. 

the   decision    nf    cea^iii-    eoiiiinereial     intercourse  lip^;;"^'!.^,': ';|^!"X't',"''u!!'aen'ne!!m 

with  siieh  of  the  eolmiii.-  a~  withheld  theirsupport  uLiMron"-.t1'v  iiM-eo'ln/!  nuln 'a'r'!l''l''^ 

from  the  prepn-ed  Con-re--,  and  il-  in,-a-ures.  hut  i;;'"'';'''^'''■ : '':^/';^,77;;,;";'';'|"';;,' 

the    kin-d.an,      lu'the    lijit  of  Mih-eeiieut  event-  "':,V^  ^yy'/:    ,     '  ^y'.lWlZ;''!- 

hihition  of  them  so  early  a-  July.   1774.  i.    a   testi-  ;,';■  ^  ,     ,  ,        ,  :.:.Z',[:]i7  ,]'.'. 

Uevolntionarv  leader's.      The  committee    ai. pointed  ■'".■.','■  j'      ,"    '''V"!  .           i      i 

hv    thi.     Lewi<town     meetin-    enihra,-ed    Thonia-     leu.i  «..-„.  i  .„:,,:  „ '^e.',-, 

Kohin^on,    Levin    Craiiper.    Hoaz    Manlove.   lien-  ZZ^::\,y'2i  ■:r.iu;!X.Z!r\li''n-:. 

jamiu  Burton,  John  Wilthanlv.  .'-^leplnai  'rowii-etid,  a.i.,[it;ii].i  nuanniiyuury  muo  ..■x.-c.itiui],  ^ 

'David  Hall,  llev.  :\[atthew    Wil-on,  daenf,   .Moore,  ^.',t;';j  ™°="""'"'"'  """'^"^"^  ^'^  '"'^■" 

.I.ohn   Clowes,   Daniel   N'une/..    .lohii    Kodiiev  and  -Te  xi'.t  ,vo  are  u„f,.u.n.vil.v  ti,:u,i<r,i  t 

^Vin.   Perry.                                                             "  "l!*:  ,"' ' ''  ?' .'V'  "" ;,  "'.V"  ^i' i  e ''-'' 

On  Au-nst  2-2d  the  invention  rea-emhled   an.l  -''a-                           :•„,  r,,i\  ,...,. 

appointed    (Ae.ar    Ilodnev.    'rtienuw    M.dveau   aiid  'li!,, !    ::  ,  r  ■ -ie  ,1,  "  o,'e,'er',!^-^\l!' 

(.ieoree  liead,  or  anv  two   of  them,  i"  i^ro...  i;,..,,' ii .i„„.i  uu,  ,„...-,„■. 


,.f.,.ca  i.c. 

i:,i.ly„i.i  ii.,iiollyio...|..|. 

,.|.le,  una  tlKiroai-MSul.iUr 

^^n,Ta"^nv. 

'..L'l 

These . 

lder,-ta 

delcLTates  were^ent 

lldill-  ..f   tile    .,ntil 

to  Con -re 

hei 

i.^h  ihev  were    dire 
of    C'ou-re--     an 

eted    ,o     p, 

d     endea\ 

ilu-  It  i-alto„ther   pn.perthat    1  lelau  aivans  of  the 

ihl-  l,re-ent  dav-hoidd  reler    uith  a  eon.eio,,.-    -low   of 

the  j.ride  to  the,-e  re-olutio,,-  ;  f  ,r  while  the  pio-ramme 

ave  of   the    convention    iiiea-iired     up    to     the    fullest 


IIISTOllY  OF  PKLAWAK 

r4,  its    incn.ln  rs  fwiv 


iHir.lrns     iin.Irr    N;l,irl, 

the       Alllrri.-allS     Mltr.Te. 

Mr.    .MrKriii,    v.:i.    II, a. 

,■    a    in,  n.in  r    of  thr    .-,,,11 

lIliltiT  tn    ic\-i-r    the    111 

iiiilrs  ,,f  CMii-ir...  ana   f. 

>ev,nil  ^w...k>«ii.    rln., 

iy  riM.'a-r,l  in  I'hihuh  li.lii 

Tlir      N\.U       (■ll^ll.■      (' 

,nn'tv''ru„H„itt.-.-    wa^     a> 

^^||,l,^,i     at      NrW     (■a>tl 

•     en     Xovrlnfrl-    L'S,     177-1 

With        .lolm       MrKilllv 

a.    ,iiairiuaii    ami     Davi 

'r!i(.ln]'.-..ii    a~     <i(rk," 

when     the     -As-orlatiMn 

ri.tuul    int..   l,y  (_■..., i:r 

■."   «a^   appruvul,   ami   th 

taitl. fully    .■niiiply    ^^■it 

1     the     eii;hth,    iiintli.   an 

thirteenth  articles,  whit 

h  were  as  luliinvs  : 

(leniaiHl  ik.-tn.liL'ir  |M,lirv  than  that  of  proi, -1  a. el 
iKin-intrrronr-r,  Thrivf.iv  thr  (h-h-jalrs  \uie 
-iven    their    livch.ni    to     join    with     mi.-Ii    turth-r 

.leeni'  w  isj,  and  th.  y  uwetlius  .-oKiimly  a-iuv,l 
that    thf    patriots   at  lionie   wnnhl  >ii.--tain   tin m  in 

ealioii   of  An, mean    ri-hts.    "r.y   U.i-   n,.,vr   J  1,  la- 

an,l  thrr.T.,ul,l  1,,'  n,.  ,|oi,l,t  ,,f  lar  willi.r.'ii.-  to 
f,,ll,,w  Nvheivv.r  it    miuht  Ira.l. 

^fe^-rs.    l;..,ln,V,     M,-Kran    ami     Rea,|     ],n-ent<Ml  ,.,    Th.,Mve,un.  ,n  „„r  .,  >..r.,U.,,la.,„...„c„>n,,ge  fn,..,li,y,. ,„„.y 

( 'arpeiiteiv^'  Hall.  Pliihulelphia.  Sejiteinher  .\  1774,  '!'XrlT!'^:.^%':'!!:  !',"!  m'.o!!"', Ki^' n  l^!'''|''"^^'-i-,;'!ilV!!u 
unci  the  two  tiirnier  were  on  the  next  day  a|>-  i,-,-,  .r,,M,i_-.  .,,  ,  .a  ,.,,  1.  ■  1  _,>i  .u.  .,.  .i, ;,,,_■,.  xh,,  :,., is  uf 
p,iiiite<l  on  "the  first  committee,"  aiul  Mr.  Kiad  on  ','„'\i'„."  ii.^ih'u/i.nK' ^■l',1,V..''o!''ll;!',!o^',. ',,"■  "f  , -/n,-' ',,U' n 
"the  second  committee."  In  the  urtieial  re  p,,it  of  ii"-'.  "lU  -,,  im,,  ;,n>  riiniinr  m,,,,!,,,,- ui^s  ii,„ii  a  i.i;,.  k  <r,|.e  or 
th,:  proceedings  they  are  desiirnated  a-  the  "  dele-  i.-.cc- for  lu.iies,  ,111,1  viii'diMonuiHii;  ii,e  Vi'mgu'r  stoves  ai.dsciiifB  at 
j^ates  from  the  Three  Counties,"  or  fmni  ihe  '";"™'|',  ,  ,  .^  ,  :  ,^  .  .  ,,  ,  ,  ,,,,,.,  „,,, 
"Three  Lower  Counties  00  the  Delaware,"  ,ir  from  :„),,.,,  ■■'  ,  .  '  ■  i,,.  u  -  i. 'i  i.>  iiM^^'sM.- 
tlie '•  Delaware  Counties."  Delaware  was  as.-iL'iiid  '-'■''^  ,!  .  '  ,■  i- ,nii>  ;ic- 
her  ])Iace  in   tlie  abortive   ]>laii   siil>niitted   hy  Mr.  m.n  ii,,,,,,,-,- m,..iu.mi  :i„y  ..,ii,  ^,-,'.1,  ,.„  mu,,. ,  i.-,„„„r  !!,„il  m  Iny 

government,  "to  he  admilli^tLr^•d  hy  a  rre.-ident-  or  lii'sorlierfacturor  .ig^-ut,  at  au/time  tlleri'uflerfur  imy  coumiudity 
grand   eoimeil   to   he     ehostn   hv   the    re|>re.-enIativeS       pri.-es.  so  that  no  undo,-  a.lvantage  W   u.k^n  of   a  H.Ihib  tiaiuly  ...f 

of    the    [leople    of    the    several    eoloni.s    in    their     eooA,.- 

respective  asscmhlies  once  in   every  three  years."         The  committee  met  again  on  December  21st  and 

Her  three  delegates  signed  the  "  As.sociation  "  on     resolved, 

Octolier    20th tlie  n(in-im])Ortation,  non-consump-  -That  i.iir'ii,ii,t  to  .-in  iiilin,ali.,r  c,vpn  hy  tlio  -;.i,l  Cnnlinpntnl  C,in- 

tioii  and  noii-e\portation  aiireemeiit  by  A\hicli  the     '^""■-  ""  ""'■"^'  '^"»  »  t.ui  i-hisi,„hoi,  timt  ;.  w,  11  r.  i.-„i;,t,d  Tnii,t,.i. 

,        .  ,.,,,.  .    ,         "       .  .,         coniposeilof  lh-g,-ntl,'men.firehold..s  nod  oll..rfi.r,„,„.  „  „at- 

colonies  cli-solve,l  tlair  eonimereial  relations  with  „rni  snni'^tu  and  m„i.1i-  «-ruriiy  of  a  Ua-  pcv,-,,,,,,..,,! :  iJMr,i;„>.,  ,t 
the  inothei-  e,inntrv,  re.-,>lvinLr  neither  to  huv  her  '*  ''''™''''''',','^''''|,.'''^,i'']'''',^^''-'',','"' '"  J'J-  ^'"'l'  ,7  ',''.",  "^'''■''"'■"'^'J'  "*^  ''^^^ 
pn.diiets  ami  wares  alter  I  X.-enilu-r  1,  1774.  mn-  t.i     ru"'':.Mi!'7.,'7!^u.  .l;'',;.'!"  1  e^,  ;,^  ;  ;!V!~r;,:  ^,. 

ISritain,  Iivland  or  the  Wt>t  Imlies,  except  rie,-  to     ]^::7:7l!Z'::::l^^^^:l!yuirL:.:^^^^^ 

obnoxious  statutes. 

This  was  the  addl■e^s  whiidi  endiraeed  tin?  provi.so 
that  "we  will  ueitli,  r  iiiip,'rt  nor  pnrehasc  any 
slave  import,  d  aft,  r  llie  1 -t  da\  of  l)e,-emlier 
next;  alter  wliii-li  time  w,'  will  whollv  iliseontinue 
the  Slave  Tra.le,  an,l  will  neitli,-r  he 'eoiu'erned  in 
it   ourselves,   nor   will  we   hire  our  v.>~els   le.r  .ell 

in  it."  Tlu-  D,4awaiv  n„-n,li.a-.-  al.,,  e,.n,airr,.l 
in  the  a.l.lve,-.-  t,.  ih,'  i>e,,iil.' i,f  ( Ireat  Uritain.  the 
memorial  t,,  the  iuhaKitaiit..  of  th,-  Uriti-li 
colonics,  thea.Miv-  t„  the  inhal.itaiit.  ,,f  (lueli,,-, 
the  ad.lress  to  the  people  of  Caiuuia  aii,l  linallv 
the  address  to  the  Kin-  Alltl„~e  w,-r,-  n-.-apit- 
ulati,,ns„f  the  -jri,  vaue.-~  ,if  whi.-h  the  p,-,.ple  ,,f 
thethirtcn    eol,,ni,s  cmplaim  ,1.      The   .sympathy     ti,,ni-t-.  an,l    they    w,,ul,l   let    he-itate  t,.  make  an 

supplh-uteil  ami  tin-  Kin.'  wa-  petiti..iied  for  the  repressive  f.ree  upou'the  r.riti>li  .-ympathizers.  In 
<'mi>l,.yn,eiit  ,if  hi-    royal   auth,,rity  to   rem,)ve  the     the  Paui-jlonon  L'Mj.r  of  the  lir,-t  week  of  Fell- 


t    ,-i\cii    man    h, 

pi..v„le,l    witli  a  Wfll-tixid 

,alf  a  ,,o„n,l  of 

I,o«,U-r.  two  pnun.la  of  lead, 

r   iH.«d.-r   h"in, 

an,i   has  fur  I  all,  and  be  in 

,.ni-rK,n,-y. 

«   ,.f,lli.-    re-pt- 

live  Hundreds  do  divide  the 

,;t.,  as  they  ,..ve 

rally  w,ll  admit  of. 

r,.lil   this  county 

«-,^.i9  of  our  In, 

thr.-n  in  Ii,»ton  ought  to  be 

While    t 

he   jiatri.it 

s    were 

thus  a 

Ivancinir 

thc 

f.rtune-^   ot 

the   inel 

oate    na 

i,.n    th 

■V    were 

har- 

a-.se,l    hy   1 

tire   in    t 

he  n-ar 

Von,  th 

lorv 

Wlii-a.al 
deniareati, 
and  pronip 

.",'Luly 

d,-fin,-,l 
h,-  !,-a,h 

i/,-,1    a 

The 

1,1    the  li 

f    the    Ke 

le  ,.t 
tern 

DELAWAilK  mi'JXC  TIIK  P.KVOLITTOX. 


niary,  177"),  tlu^rc  wfi<  print. ■■!  thi'tMln 
,,f  -a  Lcttir  Iroiii  Kitit  Cuiiiitv  :  " 


ii.-cr|.t.  (1  n.-.  lull  ivpuiMtion  im  lii^  part  I'nr  tl 
r,,„„..,     flii.-f  h-  ha.l  (luiic.      It  read  tlius: 


Upou  the  publication  of  this  letter  the  I'liila- 
delphia  Couiinittee  of  Correspoiulenre  made  in- 
quiry of  the  Kent  County  eonmiittee  (/n  nee  ruin  lt 
the  truth  (if  the  allL'-atimiB  which  it  eHiitaiiied, 
and  the  iattrr  replied  as  fcill..u>,  und.-r  date  of 
February  15tli ; 


tliia  k-tter  may  be  puUlishrJ  in  M  tLw  I'liiLul.-lpliia  pH[,er3." 

The  Kent  County  Committee  of  Inspection  met 
at  Dover,  May  2,  177-J,  and  received  froi^i  lu.bert 
HoUiday  a  communication  in  \\hich  he  aeknowl- 
edj^ed  to  have  written  tlie  obnoxious  letter,  but 
pleaded  that  he  did  not  sign  it ;  tliat  the  printed 
extract  was  sumeuliat  altered  from  tiie  oriirinal ; 
that  it  was  lint  dated  at  any  place,  and  that  he 
had  infurincd  .b.-luia  Fi.-hcr  iV  Sens,  to  wlcMnit 
was  directed,  tiiat  he  ,lld  n-t  tlmik  it  bc-t  it  should 
be  published.  ■•!  an,.-  .-aid  .Mr.  Ilulliday,  -  mu- 
cerelv  surrv  J  ever  wmti^  it.  as  also  t'ur  it-  beiiiL' 
l)ul>li"-^hed,"and  Impe  1  niav  he  excu-ed  for  ti,i-  n,v 
lirst  breach  in  this  wav,  and  I  intend  it  .-hall  be 
the  hist." 

It  was  res.dved  liv  the  cnimitlee  that  tliis  ex- 
planatinn  wa-<  nm  .-ali.factory,  and  .Mr.  Holliday 
was  re(|Ui>ted    til    appc  ar   iiefi.re  the  Comniittee  at 


In  the  Ib.u>e  ef  Cnnnncn.-,  .March  30,  1775,  Sir 
Charles  Whitw.ath  reported  troni  tlie  Committee 
nf  the  Whole  tiie  liiU  to  re-train  the  trade  and 
conunerce  of  the  colimies  of  Xew  Jersev,  Penn- 
.-ylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia  and  Soutli  Carolinia 
to  Great  Britain,  Ireland  and  the  Britisli  Islands 
in  the  West  Indies.  Lord  North  defended  the 
bill  on  the  ground  of  necessity,  and  ctfered  an  ad- 
ditional clause,  "  To  prevent  frauds  arising  in  the 
exportation  of  goods  of  the  produce  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Kent.  Sussex  and  ^Jew  Castle."  A  few 
observations  were  made  on  this  extraordinary  mo- 
tion, which  it  was  said  was  unprecedented  in  the 
annahs  of  Parliament — that  of  condemning  iK'o[ile 
unheard,  nay,  even  without  imiuiiy. 

It  was  answered  generally  that  the  House  was 
in  po.ssession  of  information  sutticient  to  warrant 
tlie  insertion  of  the  clause;  that  the  pajiers  lying 
on  the  table  contained  that  information  :  and  that 
any  gentleman  who  doubted  that  the  inliahitaiit^ 
of  those  counties  deserved  no  exclusive  favor  or 
particular  indulgence,  had  nee<l  only  to  peruse  the 
papers  laid  before  the  House  to  be  convinced. 

The  Hou^e  then  airrecd  to  the  clause,  and,  on 
April  5th,  passed  the  bill,  the  Ibmse  of  Lords 
concurring,  on  .Vpril  li'th.  Clause  \'IL  of  tlie 
engro-^sed  bill  is  that  relating  esjiecially  to  the 
J)elaware  counties,  and  is  as  tbllows  : 


lioln 


gv  wa>  I 


iji.^kei-s,  -hull 


mder 


HTSTOiiv  OF  dki.awat;!:. 


Puisuant  to  U'ljournnifiit.  on  ( 
Dfla\v;ire  As-ciiibly  met  at  -W'W  ( 
177."),  ami  adjournol  to  the  iie>vt  d-i 
McKfUii,   t\n-    l.ims.lf   aii.l    .M.- 


riKule 


Ken 

Congress-      Oa 
resolutions  ajipr 


A- 


'-  til'-  p 
f  tlu.    ]> 


and  the  comhu 
thanking  the  hitU  r  ■■for  ihiir  faillilul  an.!  ju 
clous  clischurirc  of  the  trii-t  in  thmi  re|">sii 
The  Assembly  al.-o  indoi>til  the  action  of  i 
convention  which  elected  the  delei:ate,-i  to  {'■ 
gress,  and  agi-eed  to  allow  them  £i>0  each  fi.u-  th 
expenses,  payment  to  be  made  by  "orders  dra 
by  the  I'^peaker  on  the  Trustees  of  the  several  h 
offices  of  this  government,  accoi-dinc-  to  the  ilir 
tions  of  the  Proportion  Act."  On  the  lilth 
resolution  was  passed  appointing  the  same  th 
gentlemen  representatives  in  the  American  <  ' 
gress  to  meet  in  Philadelphia,  on  May  10th, 

"With  full  power  to  theni,  or  any  two  of  tliem,  to'^etlior  ivith 
delegates  from  the  other  Ameficnn  colnuies.  to  concert  and  as^re^  i; 
snch  further  measures  HS  sh.iU  iippeiir  to  them  best  calculated  for 
accommodatioD  of  the  uiiliapio'  ditlerences  between  Great  Britam  ami 
colonies  on  a  coiistitntional  I-mniliitiou.  \vlii'-li  tile  ilouse  nust  ar.i-- 
wish  for,  and  that  they  report  tiieir  prociejiutjs  to  tliis  House  at  t 
Dext  meeting." 

Messrs.  Evans,  Ridgely,   :McKinly,   Hall   a 
Rench  were  a[)pointed  a  committee  to  pi'epari 
structions  for  the  delegates,  ami  di-ew  up  the  foil. 
ing,   which    the   Assemblv   coiilirmed    on    Mai 
2;»th  :' 


.  Th»t 


ng  di^ 


oir.-i 


'•2.  T 


behalfof  the 
"■I.  If  the 


One  of  the  express  lao-Mii-.T^  .lispatclied  tVon, 
Ma-a. 4,11-011-  to  P„i-o  th.'  eoloni.-  uith  the  „cus 
of  ihe  battle  of  i,..xini:ton,  h  ft  Philadelphia  at 
noon  of  April  I'l;,  177".,  and  ri.lin-  throu-h  (.'h  — 
t.-r,  reaehe.l  N.-vv  Castl.'  at  nin.-  ..■.•l...-k  the  .-an, e 
nijit,  wli.a-..  his  nu-aiie  u'a-  in.l.f.-.'d  bv  Z.  V. 
I.rnv.'iii-ii  and  .-fpii.ai  S>..aieer,  wla,  ibrwar.l.Ml 
il  to  Li,-i,tenam-C..l..n.l  'SainUel  Pattern-oil.  at 
Chi-i.-tiana  Pri.L'c  <  ol.  Patt.T.-..n  re.'eive.l  it  at 
inidni-ht  an.l  pa-..-d  it  to  CI.  Th..ma-  Coo.-h, 
•■  who  receiveil  it  this  in. ..'ueiit.  and  he  to  f .rwanl 
it  to  T..bia<  Pu.lolph,  i:-.,.,  h.a.l  of  Klk,  in  Marv- 
lan.l,  night  and  .lay  to  be  forwar.le.l."  With  th'is 
in.lor-enieiit   the   lue.-seligcr    pressed   on    to    Palti- 


A 

h..|.l 


,n  .M, 


.■:.l,  it  ha.l 
>ix  pence  i 


.f  tlie  New  Castle  committee  was 
■:<,  177o.  at  which  were  present  the 
peae..'  ami  gran.l  jurymen  of  tlie 
into  .■  .n-id.ration  the  raising  .if  a 
At  til.'  previous  meeting,  on  May 
1  resolvi'd  to  collect  a  shilling  and 
ice  in  the  pound  from  each  taxable  inhab- 
itant, and  also  from  the  estates  of  non-residents; 
lint  this  measure  in  part  failed,  and  now  the  justices 
ami  the  jurymen  entered  into  a  pledge  that  at  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Levy  Court  they  would  vote 
for  a  tax  of  this  amount  ''in  a.lditiou  to  the  tax 
which  may  be  necessary  for  the  current  expen=es 
of  the  countv  ;  out  of  which  additional  tax  all  sums 
of 
in 


moiiev  alrey 

kIv,  or  ' 

rt-hich  n 

iiav : 

hereafter  be,  paid 

c.,mplian.-e 

^^ith   tl 

he  sai.l 

res. 

lives  of  the  corn- 

ttei',  are   to 

b,'   d.'i 

llL't-.l 

an.l 

credit  given  tor 

th.-m  t.i  the  p.'i-..,n^  wh.,  have 
til.'  .-aine."  This  .tipulali.m  v.a 
M.uiro,  .M.irt.in  .M.  ir.m.  Win. 
Xean,  Georiie  Kvai,^,  Win.  Ami 
Robert  Kirkwo.,.1,  Davi.l  11.. 
John  Tavlor,  Wm.  lU 
John  Evans,  Th.is.  C< 
Latimer.  R.  Cantwell.  .b.hn  .Malc.ilm,  Geo.  Crag- 
head,  John  Stapler,  William  Patterson,  Samuel 
Patterson,  Thomas  ^McKim  ami  J.ihn  M.'Kinl.'V. 
In  explanation  of  their  cour.-.',  they  ajipeii.le.l  t<> 
the  document  the  statement  that : 

"  It  being  foiui.l   quite  inipnietic.iMo  t.i  raise   the  sums  of  money 


aid,  or  niav  pav, 
imi.'.l  by  (ieorge 
inphill,  Thomas 
•on,  John  James, 
11.  John  Hyatt, 
^Vlll.  Clark,  John  Jones, 
,  I'aviil   Finnev,  James 


On  March  ■20th  the  captains  ami  subaltern  of- 
fi.vrs  of  New  Ca^tle  Cmiilv  met  at  Chri.-tiana 
Rrid'.^e,  and  cho-,.  a<  eoininan.lers  for  the  Upo,  r 
Division,  Jam-.s  .MeKinly.  ...h.nel;  Jame.  J^at- 
iiner,  lieutcnaiit-eol.iii.l  ;  an.l  Tii..inas  Dutf,  iiia- 
inr.  For  the  L.w.r  l)ivi-i..n  ih.v  .]>.,-■  Thomas 
C.Mich,  colon.d;  Saniu.'i  l'att,r-..n,  lieutenant- 
colonel;  an.l  (iiinning  I'n'.ltor.l,  niaj'.r.  • 


.Mav2.'i,  177.",,  the  olK.'crs  ,.f  s. 
ini.'<  .if  th,'  K.nt  ('.iiintv  milit 
ith  Captain  .l..l,n  Ua-ht'a-  ,1,. 
mint    Mark    .M.-Call  as   clerk,    : 


m.l  Lieu- 
I.ie.l  liie 
.,iie  rei:- 


i>KLA\VAin-:  I'linxi;  tiih  nKvoLmox.  223 

imeut.      F..r    th.>   UpiH-r    Kr-imriit    tlirv    ,I,Tt.  .1  Aiimn-   tli.'   Tniv   c|.i.-.Ml.<  of  177:..  thr  S,,-mx 

CiL'Sir   i;o<|}ir\    as   ,M|uiiel  :   Tliuni:;s    (■,,iliii>,  lini-  C'.uiiil  v  ,-,,nin:iltri.  iia.l  an  inl-r.  >tiii- .-tru'j-J<- u  ith 

t.MKmt-roloiirl;   aii.l    Fn„,h    ISattrll.  i,iaj..r.      The  Tlmma.  Knl.in-oi,/     1  ii  a  rlivular  .lat-.l  J  ulv  1>1  li 

otHirrs  .■l.o.on  tor  tli-  Loucr  Kc-imcnt  unv  .lol,i,  th,-  r.mnniitr.- .~av  tlirv  have  taken  m,,  lltth-  noiiee 

Haslet.  <-n|.,neI:    Win.  Uhn.h^.  lientenant-enhuiel  ;  ot'the  .nniphiint.^'  ..f  liohin.ou'.  Ten  i^ni,  and  that 

and     Kelieit    IIodL'-.n.    major.       All    the    otheers  therefore: 

of  us  will,  to  the  uriiiosr   of  our  ahilltie^.  uell  and  I^;,!J^ijr"lir!!n!i'''!i,m':^ir'Jin;,'!rK7i!in,.'ii"i!I  '"il'!!'u"''vwk':„!4 

faithfully   exeeuto   the   important  otii.e-  eont'erred     "U"..r.v,  ..,vr  i ,.,„>•  ..fui,,,,,,. ,.,  .i,..  Iup-.,  ..f  .~u-„x  a,ni  .Mani.,.,d, 

upon  us  by  uur  l'ellow-nhiee[.<,  and  iiiour  militarv      '^  ""■'"'"    '- >",  ^  un.  i..  la,  „.r  „,,„  , ,no. 

and  every  other  eapaoitv,  at   the  ri-k   of  ,.iir  live<  At  this   nieetinL:    :  July    l-^tln   th<'     <'o[niuittee' 

and  fortunes,  delend  th'e    lil.ertie.    and   privilege-  took   te^tinionv    eoinernin-    l;,.l,in.nn'.-    Toryi>in. 

of  Anieriea,    as    \\A\     natural    a.s    eon-'itntional,  I'eter  Watson  mv.uv  that    ..n  .Inly  luth  h.'   ua~  at 

against  all  invaders  ,,r  -ueh   a.-   mav   atteni[it  the  rv'jlunsou's    .tore,    on    the    h.jad   of  helian    lliver, 

lea.st  violati.m  or  infrinjeiuont  of  them."  and  saw  John  (h,/lin.  e-krk  to  Kohin.on,    -ell   tuo 

The  '-A-oeiation,"  a.,  they  .-tyle.l  it,  ak.,  prom-  parcels  of  tea.  '•  one  of  which  he  delivered  to  a  girl, 

ised  that  "  we  will  suli;^.;t  our.-elves  to  sueh  pains,  the  other  to  Leatherherry   Barker's  wife,"   the  tea 

penalties,   militarv    i>uiii-hnients   and   di-jrace   as  being  taken  out  of  a   canister  holdinL:  twelve  to  lif- 

courts-niartial,  to  l)e  constituted  from  time  to  time,  teen  pounds.      Then   Robert   liutcher  t">titied  that 

of  the  offi<er.-  of  our  own  body, -hall  ..r  may  inlliet  when  he  told  Holun-on  that  the  committee   was  ad- 

on  any  of  us  ottendiuir  against  the  ruh  -  ,,f  military  vi-ingthe  people  to  muster  in  order  to  defend  their 

discipline,  or    contravening  in   word  or  dcd    t'.ie  liberties,  lloliin-on  replii  d  that  "they  were  a  pack 

true  interest  of  America,  or  the  spirit  and  princijile  of  fool,-,  tor  it    was   talviuL'"    up    arms    against     the 

of  this  As.sociation."  King  ;  and  that  our  charters  were  not  annihilated. 

The  Assembly  met  again  on  June  otli,  but  did  changed  or  altered  by  the  late  Acts  ol  Tarliament, 

nothing  until  two  days  later,  when  it  received  the  and  therefore  we    ought  to    obey    the     Kin-    and 

announcement  from  the  delegate  to  Con^'ress  that  those  that  were  put  in  authority  under    him;    and 

the  latter  body  was  '•unanimously  of  the  opinion  that  the  great  people  were  only  leading  the  poor  in- 

that  it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  preservation  to  a  preniuuire,  and  after  they  lia<l  done  it  would  not 

of  the  lives,  lil)erties  and  proi»erties  of  the  good  help  them  out  of  it."     Nathaniel  Mitchell  testified 

people  of  the  twelve  united  colonies  and  of  the  that  Kol.tinson    had   declared    that    "  the  ]>resent 

parish  of  f^^t.  John,  in  Oeorgia,  to  have  an  armed  Congress  were  an   unconstitutional  body  of  men 

force  at  their  general  expense  snlfieient    tbr  repel-  and  that  the  great  men  were  pushinL''  the  common 

ling  and  deteating    all   lejstile  attempt-  b\-  arms  to  people  between  them  and  all  <laiiger." 

deprive   them    of  the  -auie."     The  As^em'oly    re-  This  was  (juite  enough  i'ur    the    committee,  and 

solved,  without  dissent,  to  bear  whatever  -hare  of  they  summoned  Robinson    to   appear     before   the 

the  expense  of  the  military  establisluiient  which  General  Committee  at  the  house  of  John  Newliohl 

should  be  fixed    bv  Congress,  and   authorized   the  on  July     "il'd    to   answer    to  the    charges    ajain^t 

Speaker  to  draw  upon  the  loan   ottire-   tor    an   im-  him.     The  citation    was  sent    by    FJislia    Cottin-- 

mediate    loan  of     i-Oim.  tlie   money   to    be    sul).-,>  ham,  who  reported  to  the  General  Committee  that 

quently  rej)laced  in  the  ottices.     Then  the  Plouse  he  had  served  it    ui)on   the    contumacious    Tiuy. 

adjourned  to  August  2ist.'                       '  "  who  desired  him  to  give  his  compliments  to  the 

1  Foiinwing  the  chr.in„io~icai  order  of  ev,•Mt^  mention  si.uuid  bo  niaae  gentlemen  of  tile    .Committee   aud   accjuaint  them 

Cre°ek,''Ht."donn,'i".m'lui''r,'.F.uIu'iVi'Tr^.uri.H  before  them  unless  he    could    bring   fort\-    or  tiltv 

Clarin-    ll,.,t.ulll,„n::h    lli-y  w,,r„    n.'t  rr|.,,j-..,H.-.|    ,n   [!,.•  Ii.  I.oe.n    An- 


224,  irrST(!R\'  OF  T't:f,-\\>.'.\P.E 

armed  in.Mi  -.vith  liim."  This  l-nl,l  .ioiiaac  cf  Tr.-  i:- :iil,c:-  ■  I.  -  :-i  ■■ -ro  f; r.ar  Ito.Inrv,  Win, 
their  iUithMriiv  wii-  more  than  tlic  roimiMtt.v  ha.i  .M^'ivJirh,  Jwh:-  I  .  .la,,:,  <  .M.,nr,  Jan,.-  Tilton 
a.Ui,a,.atv,l  „;  won.  pivpa.v,!  to  ti.r.t.  Tin  v  -iohn  iJanii....  AV;  ..  iCill.a,.  \-inr,.nt  I rk,  .■ 
ha.l  no  fnive  at  ti,.ir  in,n,r,liate  .•oniinai,,!  xvith.  !iKin,  llene'liot  1;-:.-.  B.-iManiin  ('oonil,,-,  Xa- 
\vhich  to.lra-  UMl,i„-.,n  tion,  hi-:  foiv-t  hoi;,,.,  a'l.l  tiianicl  Luf.  ^.}::  '  ,ark,  J..hn  Davis.  I;vn..ai 
themo.-^t  thcvcoiihl  .1.,  was  t..  pla.-o  hin.  u;,a.T  Wiliian,-,  I-:io.>  M  .-r,^.  IVlitha  Lau-,  r,..niainii 
what  a  liunaiv.l  vrars  lat.i-ranic.  toh.-  kn..uu  a.  :l  t/hiik,  \V:u.  (ul'.- j.  Ivlwanl  Ilr.'S.  l.aar  Cartv 
boycott.  Th,.y  'iv,-.,lvc.l  i.,  1,.,M  him  "iortlit.j  Thonia- .-k.Mi.i.':.. ,.  ,-iia- >!iow,  K/,ki.l  Xr.  .Ihan, 
the  publioii,  iw  an  cinniy 


W,u.    Jo,-,!ri,,      .!,.:..-    ^uirlin-,     .fan,,-     W, 


tuiiia(;iuiiS(>ii[)o;5er  ot'liherty  aii.l  the  iiatinal  ri_'lic>  Ja- .ih  :-to.it,    J..'  .,  i',.  li.    IJhiaiml   >l.>nt,   lii-h  n 

of  raankiml,"  and  they    eujoim-.l    all    |.it-iui^  '■  to  iJisbo|-..  .Jo-hua   •'•   -■'  .n.   .T.ilin    (lonhm,    \  inc.  nt 

break  oti'all  dealings  and  eomniercial  coune-cioni"  Loockennnn,  .Jr..  .1   ..athaa  ( 'aldwell  an.l  Th..in:i- 

with  him.  Ifodney.     Tlioy  .■  .:.v-.n.-d  ;.t  D..ver  on   Au-    17t!i 

The  resolutions  of  the  conimittir  were  i^uhli.-hj.I  andchose    Ca-ar     Clnny     as     ehairniau  ;    .Afark 

in  Bradford's  newspaper,  an.l  on  (..).t.  I'ith  !;..!.in-  .^[eCall,   c'kik;aia.i    appointed  as  the  C'ouinnttee 

son  wrote  to  the  puhlishei-  .-..niiilainin-    ih at  ih-  of  Currcspondence,  Thomas  Eodney,  James  Tilton, 

publication    was   ina.le   with.mt    all., win-    liiiu   an  Wm.  Kiilen,   -John   Eaniau'  and  Vincent  Loocker- 

opportiinity   to    (■ontr..vert    the   char-i.-.  and  that  man, 

althon-h  it  ha.l  faile.l   in  -.^ii.-sex  of  an-\v,rinL'  the  .Vt  a  nieetina:  of  ti;.?  e.irnraittee  of  .<t.    George's 

private  election  pui-p.,~,s  f.r  which  it  wa,-  mad,.,  it  HMmlred,  ^'ew  Ca.-.ile  County,   Aug.    I'lst.     Peter 

might  have  an  nnfavi.ralilc  etii'ct    f.ir  h'n.    mm-.u  llyct^    presided    and     Peter     Cahoon,     another 

people   at   a   di.-tancc.     1I._.  inelose.l    a    c.rtiticate  su-^p.jcted  Tory,  was  brought  up  to   the  ordeal  of 

signed   by    five  mendiers    of    the    Coniniittee   of  evaraiuation.     Th-  c.jnuaittee  accepted  from  him 

Inspection  to  the  etlect  that  they  had  not    yet    had  thisspology: 

it  in  their  power  to  fully  discu.-s  the    character  of       „  ,|^  ,.^^^  ^  |^^^.^,  „„„,,■.  ..,,,•.  r, „.nM.  „,.„i,.  „„-..f  ra-h  ,in.i 

Thomas  Robinson,  but  they  submitted  a  resolution  in.pru.i .jt  .  x...,  -n,!,-  «  •■,          :  t  c,,       :  i  , ,  r  „,v  «  .nuy  c. un- 
adopted by  a  majority  of  the   committee  on    Au^.  for"  I'lk,'.'-"   T  ■     ■                     ,          ■    •  ,  .■  ,  ■!.  x.,.  '  ,',n,''iKv'^4'^J 

16th.     By  this  resolution  it    was    declared    that     pn.r'oc.i.'.i  f:   ,,  :.\ ,  :  >  :  .  .,:,  ,vm.  _•    ,,  c.   i-.,  i.-i,  .  ,.,Hiitnti.,n 

the  proceedings  of  the  Committee  of  CoiTi-i.i.n<lcnce  '"'']  '.''^'>"^',.'|^"'f!  "^  ||i,'i"b''i  ,uii'  "xn-emeiTsui  n\i,ia  ^ 

on  July  27th  was  illegal  because  it  had  h.-cU  .Irawn  ,.-,v..i,.i,   ,f  il,--  |.,il.l,ck,  U]..m  .i«,ir;mceorinysol,-iiin  proniise  too.n.ln.t 

up  and  sent  to  the  [iress  hy  only  four  nicnil»T~  of  ,'"■',',',  .'^'„^''!'„ 'i"!'.''.',"  '•'  ':'.'"t''',''^'''~'h!M'''V,T"ttrh,M'r^^ 
tiiat  committee  iu-tcad  of  the  seven  rc.piircd  to  :  ;.,,-;  i  :.v  .mr  lr..,...:l,.lI.i.■ 
sanctio^  such  action.  The  live  nicnilHM>  ot'  the  '„  i  |„,.  ,.,,,,„;,  ,,•.;:  ■  ■!•,■:•'.''  '^nri'y'i." ."..',  ■ 
Inspection  Committee  added  that — ''And  from  r,,,!-,,,-,,, ,-,,;,.  ii,..,,  i.  ;.  .  ,  ,  .  t  i  ...n  .n.,,. 
any  circumstance  that  has  yet  appeared  to  us  on  nl',.  just  r,.'li,rti',,!.',,is  mi.'u  ,■.>  :  ,'  ,"''',',,!-( 
the  inquiry  that  we  have  been  able  to  make,  the  m..  ,in.i  jmin.e  tin.  i„,iiii  k  :  :,i:,K,rii,e 
charge  against  Thomas  Robinson  is  altogether  "'^'<'' '^"■'"  ."•  i  ur  ...^  .,...:.  j.- ..., ,.,  i.,,  .,,.:. 
witliout  foundation.  The  public  is  therefore  de-  Charles  McKin/.ie,  master  of  the  ship  "Peace 
sired  to  suspend  their  opinion  in  regard  to  said  and  Plenty,"  on  .Sept.  L^th  petiti.jncl  the  New 
Robinson  until  he  is  heard  bv  the  General  Castle  committee  for  permi.-^ion  t.i  take  in  a  cargo 
Committee."  This  was  ^igued  by  Isaac  Minshall,  for  a  foreign  port.  He  had  br..nglut.,  the  Dela- 
(chairman),  Josejih  Turpin,  I.-aac  Bradley,  John  ware  pa.~sengers  from  Belfa:^t,  Ireland,  and  was 
Laws  and  Alexamkr  Law >.  ^  naturally  anxious  to  avoid  the  loss  of  returninL'-  in 
At  a  meeting  of  the  White  Clay  Creek  ,  X.w  ballast  by  carrying  out  a  loading  of  freiLdit. 
Castle  County)  conimittie  at  Ibnrv  Darhy's  There  seems  to  havebcen  no  reason  fir  suspecting 
house,  in  Xew'ark,  An-  7th,  Willian,'  l'atr..r.-.,n  hiiuofauv  ulterior  purp,,^.*  Imt  the  cmmittce 
presiding.  Rev.  Morgan  E.lwards  pr.-cntcd  him-  perenipt,.rily  rcfus,.!  t,,  all.,w  hiiLi  t.i  ,-iiip  a  cargo 
self  and  signed  the  following  reeantati'.n,  which  and  only  permitt.d  him  to  take  on  li,.anlcnc 
was  voted  satisfactory  : 

"m,e,;.;T  Iia>.i  >..ni5  li.„.- mh,  .^  fi- 

onJuIv.-^tl 
Km./  (»i 
hrati,,ntli 


Anew  committee  for  Kent  C.uinty    wa.-    cho-ci; 
at    an    election   in    the    hundreds    on  Xws.   14th 


and  only  permittxl  h 

provisions  an<l  st.nvs 

riijors  of  the  non-intc: 

'The  Delaware  d.l, 

i:,r  tile  ere 
j-ates  in  Ce 

JulvL'I'rhCou-rc.-.l, 
all'.tnicnt    ..f   the     C 

each  .-l„,uhi  l,.-,r.-t.  n 

,Ive,l  that 
nin.al    a..,-. 

p.,pnlati.morea,-h,in, 
but  as  11.)  accurate  eel 
quotas  werea-jigned, 

,-hi.i,.,un,: 
subject    U 

tin-    t,-;al 
Nuiutto-  ; 


])K1. 

■rt,.l     1 

,A\V 

nt  tl 

1  Aiv 

Ai:i 

wa  • 

l.rl.l  ai 
Ih.   uh 

1    nil 

port 

t'nr     .-i: 

.•     .h 

|..Tt;-.Ti 

""  . 

til.' 
hirli 

'    ■    -■    ■■■'■1'   .1'  cnli'l.a 

,u,v  l.m^.:v; 

for  v«^.  ur, 

.  too».-.ik  tuoi,l..-.=e 

[)r,    Tilt.m    repli. 

.!  v.ry    1- 

1,,'.  a.l,lr;i 

.roiii|,t 
iitijrni:! 

ly.     Attrr  rx- 
itioii   imparted 

'i:iNi;  'I'liE  KE\'(»Lt;']'i<jN. 

c.lnnv  iun.i-h.Ml  a  r, 
rn.lerihis  |,rnvi.i,„K 
JKliua.v  vva>-:;7,:il' 
l,^   -|K,ialtax.s. 
"The  (■oun,'il..fSat; 

It  D.ivrr  ,>„  Srpt.  llth.  uhri,    Jnhn    31. 
wa^  vl;-ud 
Tl..'    -e..inn 

,1..v.m1     in     iHTtl-.Tiii-     til.'      liiili 

ult.j-ethrr   iiiihhaltalio 

New    Castle  C'.Mintv  < nnan.le.l    re-peeti velv     hv  ,.^'i\!'Z ~!ur\l^'-V!u1u^^^ 

J,.lui  MeKinly,'l'h".rn:i^  C h  and  llieharl  Cant-     tu.,,  i .  i:i,.v,„.;  „:,  „.:  ,  ,v,n,.u  ,„ .„.,.„•  ....,„-,  ,.„■::..■,;  ..f  w'- 

well,  were  formed  into  one   hriH-ade.   w  itii    MeKinl\  i'^'lt,,  ii'-ilb^i'.- ' 'v?,Vr  i^rui.!  .I'mv  m!I^r  c!.-ri'iiniv"ir'iU  \S-u  hu'au- 

i\s  bri^adier-fjeneral.     Kent  t'oiinty    repoited    two  ki,  i  uuin.rv  n„.iu..  i„..,,..iire,„r  ti,ey  mv,.,- cuui.iiuve  cuunton:im-i-.i 

hattulions  under  the  comma  ml  <.f(  'a-^.r  Ko'lnev  and  ''''!\''!^,^"i  !^Z'-<'i.\^  ui''\v!^'''^m"-,<.),  mIv....  ,.•  ivm„i,i  i„.  ,,r.,hi,i.i..  to 

John  Haslet,  \vhich,  with  the  W.  -tern  llattalimi  of  y.ur.i.-i-i-'J  .^.unto.,,.^                              .)-..  i  .,,,«■,,,,,,  t,,. 

Sussex  County,  were  forme.  1  into  a  .-e.-ond   hriirade  su-i-x  .jsYinvc  iu  k-ut.i  .mimu-  i'  .i,!...  r.  ■  i\  .^v  .--m  f..ra 

under  Brigiidier-Geiieral   Jvodnev  ;  and   the    thrive  i^ver  ..f  .,ur  i.i.^rty  i-tt,-  n.ei  hv  ,;..ihiu.iii.. ,.;  i,_-  in;  t,c.uimu-tus  or 

battalions  of  John   Da;^worthy,  "David    Hail    and  '''■■7l"y',"'i'u,"',nt!V„!",ii'a  ti'^1 '  i,'m''f\^^^ 

Jacob   ]\[oore  were  ori^anized  into  a  third    iiri_ade     '  ''^ '""  '"  ■•"  '■'"  -  «'"'■  '^  ' ' '-  '  '■  !■>  >  ■ '  •     "  ^-le.-.  not  tube 

miller    Dai^worthy      as   brigadier   general.     (/.Hn-  tr.'nV.'iv  «h  !,,.^..r,ut- .  i,     i  ■-'."  I'l.tn.  .N.'utr  ■,     u  i-M-..u.,.i  e^'u^i'iiy 

missions  for  these  officers  were   made   out,    and  it  ^^'',,''■'1 '.',!',Vf'',Vr.'Vf.'l7.-''l' -ui'' i' ''m.'r'^ 

was  entered    on   the    minutes    that     •"there     are  u-r.'.^n^twi.-r  uv^u.t  ■.,„.,  n\,niMK  t,\.,r„.u    wiki;  r.-=..iine,  tii.'ii.ii.i.i 

about    501)0    etle.-tive    men     iu     this    -overnmeut  f,'"'''],'^'^^]^',  u^'n'i^K-'^y!.J^'in^^^^^ 

associated    un<l    deterndn..!    t<i    defend    their  ju-t  !M.!\^'^u..v'Hr'^\,.■\T,,er'-  !hs  1m>Vi"/m>'J                            "r'l'hi;"- 

rinlits  and  liberties  with  tlieir  live-  and  fortunes."  i.""!  ■.'-^'ii"'.'-'^-'"."' i^^' sn  _;.-... i,  r..,  ,.„,.,..,:._-,  ,i:.,!.  i  i,,  :iu.ty 

The     Kent    ('..imtv     enmmittee     had     at     their  "'"'    I)'7''";'"'..: '/:"■''.:  ':.■''■.■!  V'/  .         ,  ' '  V  VT'^und 

meetin-    on    (hi.    liitli     at     Dover,    to    deal    with  l;;Z\~::i^.^^  ':''^^^'  ^Z  ■'•^..ui.'^^^y. -rl  ^:..\  ..,^^^ 

Daniel  N'.irnum.  \vho    had  ..bi-yed    a    citation    for  :,::.., r<,    lu  ..m  ;■          -■■  _    -  .-  v.  ...i  .,, ...!..>  „,..,.,. j.  :~.  ijiiard 

Ids  api.i-aranee.      A  speeial  acen^ation,  to  which  he  "~','"'"j "';;'"'■  '      ;'          ^  '"'^l  '.Tj. .,'''','  '?,"',"!.  Vw^Vl'au'"'' 

pleaded  guiltv,  was  that  he  had  .h'clared   "he  had  iiy'this  laV!  ,i     .       -  -  ^   •  ..f ';^„;,;!i^  i,'  Co,J!it.«  p.h'iiu'^; 

as  lief  be  under  a  tyrannh-al  Kiiit:  :is  a  tyrannical  ^r,Ii!\ar!iMM.  .n,.  iT.ii  ^-  ,ei  i  a  w^n., '"r^^ 

Commonwealth,    especially   if    the   d — d    ]'re-by-  i.,w  >  m-.b.-.  ..im  iu-r^.i,:- t"  n,  in  >ir.  e/,  ,.,-.,  ti,- .r.iiy  ,,11. -n,.n 

terians  had  the  contrcd   of  it,"   tor  which   he   thus  if'i|!.''j/,ra|l,"v!.',-jl''in'^!!!\'f',lf,'','t'!|,ii'"^^ 

made    retraction  over  hi-  signature    anrl    in    the  .vm^oiM,  ir- ii^iit  iv.n.e  ...nu  iwj  owin- t...  uotiim- but  prc-nt  |.,iitiaiity 

presence  of  the  committee  :  ^i"!,"!!!  ,'!!!!i\'";!'  !,''i'v','i''ta  ",'  ^"t  t'ii''''ri'viV'i!i''v  aali'trtiiusf ivr.."ve"f."ti!e 

tlie  worsr  of  .■„.■, ni.-  t..  A., I.,  ic  ,,  iuj.l  tl..,!  it  l,.Llh  .i  a.rr.  t  .,,,,^1,  n'v  t^.  j:r..'.f"l  tli'  >  l..iv..  u  |,K-,itif,il  -;..cl,  ..f  i_-i:.Ti.i.M.  oi-  i.n  um-.Miitnon  sli.ire 
injure  tlu-  ........  -n  .  .  ;- ■  m  «l,..  i.  .,il   -i,  i..l.|   u;._-'.l.  I    l,.k-   'hi.!       oflu,]  |,,i-^- .u  « i.k.~l.i— s ;  :iu.l  I  wil;  y..„vn-   t..  ;„M   tliuf  were  they  in 

an.l  th^it  in  h.i.'.,..  I  ui;i  I   ,v  ;,  -ii:,  r  ..■_-,,  I'lu  lii-  r.-nlv.-'.  T  Ih-  e-im-        ca.-e  Mi-.t  with  in.ji.i..r  luslru  tu..i,  .ilij  ih  Ili-j  ollifl' suitable- l-urrectiou." 

cjuuty,  curifuiiy  iiv.ji.iiiig  everytiiiiig  tiiat  h;u  tiif  ii-iist  tjiijeury  to  Early  in  1775  a    jic-rmani'iit  lookout  scout   \va.s 

violate  urcuntr,iv,.n.>tiies;iriie."  Stationed  at  Lcwes,  and  pilots  Were  warned  not  to 

Samuel  [NTcMtisters  wrote  to  Dr.  James  Tilton  brinir     anv    Briti-li    armed    vessels    up    the    bav. 

from  Lewes  Nov.  14,  177') :  The  river  "below  Philadelphia  wa-  ..b-irueted  after 

l^r*^i"!l^^'llw;l?in^lo.!taiuJ^■'  'i^.' i"uni'!!i'e!:e'!'I''' rln!!w"  ^'-Tty  vessels  bein-  all. .wed  t.i  pa.s  ..ut  b.ii.re  the 
j.c.,b,.nie  tiu.^  inth.'niohtii..f  s,,.t.-,uh.r.  .:„.„.  I,  i.e«.-.  ,iM  lu  :iu  hist  dav  of  i^racc.  A  nanow,  intrieat.idiannelonlv 
Xu;.rS""wuurnor'url.u':I''.iuu!;t!w  ^^'is  left,  tlic Secret    of  wliieh  lav  with    two    tru-ty 

pilot-,  who  were  in  the  pay  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
wh..-e  duty  it  wa*  to  briiv.'- uji  ve-s.'Is  \\ith  stores 
ami  ammunition,  privateers  and  other  authorized 
crat'fs.  The  buoys  had  all  been  reni'ivi'd  from 
the  Delaware,  aiH^  pilots  were  ordered  to  lay  up 
their  boats  except  when  on  special  scrviee.  To 
prevent  the  iiiemy  fr. mi  c. iiiiimr  uj),  fue-rai'ts  were 
built  and  a  fhjatim::  batterv  was  constructed  at 
Phihidelphia. 

When  Washin'jtoir   was   made    commander-in- 


tli.lt  tlie  a^j 


226 

IILSTOllV 

OF    I 

cliifroftlic-  (■..nlinr, 

.tal  arnr 

V    on    Juu.'    1.".,  1 

77.-,,    ; 

he  \v;h  alM,r„nmK,ii 

.Irrufth. 

r.  navv  t.i...      lii.-i 

ru.--      , 

tions  WLi-e  iuiiiHilial- 

My  L'ivni 

1  t;.r   thr   (.r-aiii/a 

ticu      ■ 

of  a  iKivyiu  tlio  iKl 

auaiv,  ai 

I!. I   a    nmiil).'!-  ,,( 

Vrs-       '; 

sels  wfiv  titled  ..ur. 

.loliii 

I'aiil    .Tun.-,  llif 

tir-t     ' 

lieutenant  alxianl  tin 

•■■  Alir.M 

I,"  iiu.kTConun... 

lii.rc     ■ 

EsekHoi,l<in,s«a.  1 

;!!(■  lir-t  t 

o  h,.i.t   ll;c  Anicr 

icaii     ' 

flag'  on  the  Drhinar 

■...    Cap.: 

lin.Icil.n  l;arrv,..l 

I  he      1 

"Lexington,"  ua~  ll 

u-  tir.^t  ti 

.  put   to  M/a   tVnui 

the  ; 

Delaware, in  I ).(■.,  1 

77">,  in  a 

iv.Milarrni„„ii-i. 

.ue.i    : 

national  vi.-~i.'l  Un-  a 

iv^^iilaiT 

rui~e.      IhrlMaN 

\are      . 

people  were  now  aliiiut  to  liave  an  expnieui'e  uf 
actual  warfare.  Thi'  llriti.-h  nian-i'l-war  '"  Uoe- 
buck"  came  uj)  the  hav  in  tlie  hi.-t  week  of  .Maicli, 
1776,  accompanied  l<y  a  tender,  a.ml  at  once 
there  •was  coniniotinu  fmni  (_'ape  Ilenhipeii  to 
Philadelphia.  The  IVniL-^ylvania  (./(jniinittee  of 
Safety  had  charge  of  the  fortiticatioIl^  that  had 
been  erected  above  the  mouth  of  the  Urandywine, 
and  there  had  l)een  ]ir..vided  a  tli.tilhi  of  •' mw- 
gallies"— large,  heavy  open  hi.al.-,  thi  l)iL'i:e,-t  of 
which  required  twenty  oar.--]uen  ami  carried  a  ten- 
pounder  carronade  in  the  bows.  Wlicn  the  l'enn.~yl- 
vania  comnnttee  were  notified,  on  March  '_'7tli,  by 
Henry  Fisher,  of  Lewe.^,  that  the  enemy  were 
in  Lewes  Road,  they  ordered  four  of  the  armed 
boats  to  report  to  Capt.  Barry,  of  the  brigantine 
"  Lexington"  (in  the  Continental  .-service),  and  '"  to 
exert  tlieir  utmost  endeavors  to  take  or  destroy  all 
such  vessels  of  the  enemy  as  they  might  find  in  the 
Delaware."  Colonel  John  Haslet,  tlien  in  com- 
mand of  the  Delaware  militia,  was  on  the  lookout 
and  ke|)t  3Ir.  Read,  then  j>rc.-idenr  of  Congress, 
fully  informed  of  the  }irngi-issof  atiaii's,  which  is 
detailed  in  his  letter  of  Api'il  '.'th  : 


Cn], 

>  Vn 

iuel 
>i(K 

eon 

Ila.-let 
•lit  lliiii 
iiiiiaiidiii 

wri.te 

.■eek,   il: 
I    the  d 

from  l).,ver,  Ap 
etaehmeiit   of    th 

ril  lutl 
t  of    ll 
e     Del; 

ire  1 

itht 

latl: 
lie  ■ 

ilioii  at 
■Roel.u, 

l.eue- 

■k's"  ten 

■  upon  the  eiiL': 
ider.      Therepor 

.iinif  frnni  ,l,e  LiRlu  [1 

csaid: 

.•  tl.fM  Wtt  olT  li 

to    tl,U    fillip    fu. 


"I  beg  leave  to  infurm 

VOll  ti 

liat.  bejnj 

:  well 

1  ac 

ilU.lilll 

ed   w 

fonceIes3  cunditiun  of  the 

Qjiint 

V  of  »u=- 

iex,   C 

,„   1 

lie   tir- 

,t    h, 

the  Roebuck  beiiis  in  tl 

IC     Ro.! 

l.l  of  Lew 

BS,'  t' 

.oiiipai 

tallioD  still  uruler  my  coi 

iilnaml 

1  were  clii 

1  to 

.lo  ciu 

ty  'tl 

they  still  eonlinne.     The 

Count 

ll  of  Safe 

ty  foi 

nhi 

ist-oVK 

niMi. 

the  militia  arms  of  this  couiiti' 

into  the  1 

lands 

of 

iltiaof  thebi-iK"Nivn( 

-y,"  C 

ipt.  ilnsl 

1  .Moi 

itgo 

of  V 

that  the  storv  is  toU  tlwit 

L,  the    hr: 

St    Vl>! 

to  hoV 

>t  tht 

colore  in  a  f.r.i-ii  port. 

in  thi 

■  winter  c 

.f  17- 

To  =: 

he  was 

1  clia 

her  owners,  .K*'pli  Shall 

in.l  .tosel 

ih  T, 

atiK 

,11,  fly 

Itol, 

militia  offlte 

rsatLcw, 

Country." 

This  S] 

:iirited 

in  reniov 

in'_'  fVe 

exa'_'-eia 

ted    i.l,| 

Briti^h  .<] 

:up-aii 

shores  of 

thelia 

counter. 

The  s 

little  skirmi.-h  was  most  cffirarinus 
n  the  iiiiiel>  of  the  patriots  the 
a-e->iiin  nf  the  invineihilitv  of  the 
1  >ail.,i>,  and  thev  tloeke.l  to  the 
.-  in  readiiie.s  ior  another  en- 
riie  schooner  spoken  of  in  the  above  re- 

,;iite:"w,:„, .:::„■.,:  i,„:  ,i,.:„:„,;    :...,i:.,i\;r,:„;ni     portwasowned     by     Xehemlah     Fiehl,of  Lewes. 

h°aftwhiie^a'-iiiuie'of  ti'i'inee^  -^'"-    J^^'"''"  Tilton,    wrltliig    from    Lewes.  April 

colors  were  iv.n  up  to  the  aeci .aiiiineiit  of  ci,,..rsf,r  ti.e"'>,.iioi.;,i     17th,  to  a  Philadelphia  friend,  said: 

Concivs.',  and  shouts  of 'Towu  with  Ilia   Lion;  tip   witli  the  Stars  and 

Stri|«'S  !"                                                                                                                              "Lewistownisal  this  time  nm.Ie  up  of  i^fncersalul  «oMiers,  and  tliepm,. 
In  1777  nhri- owned  by  Joseph   Sh.illeross  .t   Co,    ni.Trhaiit  tra.lers       pi..  alML-etlor  s -.  i f.iuu 1  r..  .I.lend  ..ur  liltl,- pL.re.     .\i  f,.r  Ton, -. 

British,  was  unh.a.le.l  an. 1  l,.;r  e'ae.-..  -..nr.  al.'-.l  at    i:L--"ll.n'l...r.      .I.'.s.pli        r...i.l  .ill  al aii.ll.a-,  ]  L.-Ii.  ve,  1.  .-t  h.r  l.n.l.T;  a  f.w    .l.i'vfl  ;,.-.,s..m,- 

Drili-l,  luiide  an  an.,,  i,  ..„  ti..„.'.t  :,;_-l,;  «  el,  thV  .|.  -  _m'.  .f' .-..l.t.in.  ,-  <  r.'-'-  M..etli  n..l  ;„vl.r.  i  iuin.,.l  t..  «..!.  li  rl.  .„  .  li..  ly.  11..  ,■  ,„...|- 
.Sh.ill.;r..ssan.l  .M..u;_-..m.,v.  1  .11  1... ,._—,«.,:,.  i;.. I  o;  lio,.,ll,.'V  e-..,;...l  a- ;  1.  .,ii.  .u  f .  l.,li  ..1,  ..ur  I. a.  I,.  W  .■  «...,1.1  ii..t  1.  t  rl,..M,.  but  .l.-i.-,.l 
inun..p.-n  b.-at.  with    l;rm>li    ril!,.-l..,li^    llMliguU    al.mu.l    llielu.     'l  he        tl|.  ui  t..  ;;..  l.i  N.-»  f  .uii.ll,,n.l  t..r  tl,:,t   t."!,.-'.      11   ib.'y  si .1    alt  u.;.! 


DKLAWAIIE   IMctrNu  TilK   iCKVOhl  TION' 


„   w.    ,li,l   on   E.>,.,.r  S,„.l.y.   « li.'.,  «.■■  ..t..  m,I  .:>a,M«   r;,,..   F,.l..  H."  h'ui   L-erl    llr>t    IluUc  ..f  tl,c      1 'll  illLlrlphia      <l,ii. 

ii'mtf  m'';",;^^:' 'i  " "  '""  ""  '  ""  '"■'"■'  "'"  ""  -Gm-e,     Cupt;,..,  ;::uii.,  ^M,„  1,  m,     March    l:;tli 

111  die  first  ucok  ..f  Mav  flir  "  Il.H.l.uok"  w;..^  )i^!t  Oqn-  i  [■■umi;'.  ;■.  !M.:,;i,i  for  ^'-rk  Klvrr.  Vir- 
joined  inthel.avi.v  tlh-i:H,,,-,„'uar''Liv,Tp..oI."  P"-^-  <'"^';-'-''  i'ti.  ili.y  H..-„m,t,:r.Ml  a  >lon|, 
tuentv-eiglitiruns,r,„ni,Km,K.l  l.v  Captain  JnHvw,  ciirryiii- ::  ■n.-t;  ;■_'•, al  in  !i.  r  .l,rnu,ls.  Mi|.- 
and  the  two  ve.sel^  iUMV.,1  to  an. I  tVo  1m  twrm  P"~;::u' '-n'  .--ran.-r  to  ne  an  AnM-rican,  Capuun 
Chester  and  the  month  of  ( ■h,-i--i;.n;i  Cr.M.k  Or-  l'>win  -nad.'  no  ■  ii;„  L  to  k-e;,  awav.  liut^<.on 
(ha-^  uere  "ivm  tor  an  attai  k  ni.r.n  thian  !iv  the  i>-''"H'.  that  ho  was  under  tlie  guns  ot  au  enemy 
arniid  hoat~-  whicli  then  nnnil.i  rod  thirf.  .  ii  and  ^vho  ha(hi  mse  to  '•'■ing  linu  within  caunon-sliot 
wi-vv  under  the  eiaitniand  ot'  a  voiiii"-  rhihid^.-ohia  <'>sr,-anoe.  From  this  point  Barry's  narrative  pro- 
sailor  named  Hou-ton.'    altliou-h    !.<■  was    Mibordi-  ceed.3  to  say: 

iiate  to  Captain  I'arrv.     (  )n  Mav   >.th    tliese    o;-.et<  ■  The  si-np  ti- n  ?r..,i  ,,  v.taI  si.^ts  at  th.-m.  a.  thpy  apprei.fn.i-i 

boats  advanced  to  the  pcrilou-  a--ault.       A    Phila-  ^^Im'.^^'X' !"'!,  !'T';,.'u  ,",  wi  u"[,,?'!^Tti^  ,!!^p...,'em 

delphia  paper   of   Mav    loth  contained  a   readable  ti.e.,  u|.  »..i,  ti,- ,.»■  .v>..,  t.,  try  i..  e.t  ort';  but  they  fl.c.i;  .n  he 

t            I      1                             .  ^„  w.,,K„l.,l  in  th    :  .^  „vl   >..,  f.rci.l  to  cme  to;  hM  as  th^y  had 

story  ot  tlie  enga:,^einenf  :  no  boat  b-lo,,-,,.;  •..  ■!,.   .,  ,  ,,  t>..  re  am-  a  ni.ml.,r  of  n..n  hark  in 


,l;vs  Imuo  in 

them  all  pr.^.u- n     ..li    1       rl   ih.-    nlonp.  which    was  calle.l'  the  ■  L  .r.| 

ht  ol  the  Men-of-war,  and  ahont  .1  uVlock   he-.an   th..   a 

ttai  k,  which 

niht  on  u  very  lie  ivy  c.iMnon.i.lm.-  on  hoil,  ,i,l,..s  thai  la 

^t...l  tliii<~  nr 

hoi'liL'  to  11;.-  ■  K.  .■:  11.  k.    e  h..-.-  Icn.ler  th»    Jio.ip  was.       Th.-v  t..nk 

r   h.,nrs.    when    tlie    -R.-ehnck'    r.in  aan.un.l  .-iinl  ll.e 

'Li^e,^.o.■.l■ 

tft^  ;mV;tl''lh,n^   "•!■"'!: '!Z-7Z  w'rv"rv  ZT.u!^r 

lie  to  anchor  to  covuf  her.     It  heinj  tli..n  .h.rU.  firni-  le. 

as-il  .ai  !,■  ..h 

ea,  aii.lin    the   couise  of  the   ni-lit  the   '  ro.ehii.k  '  .-..t 

..:»       rio'lnj; 

v.-h-.h    tl!.-v    were    ..i'l    pii-  ..e    1   ..n.l'    lli"  -K  •■i.ii.k.'  .■..miii  i.i.l.'.l    hv 

.  ei  .-a.-eMR.nt  the  '  W.csp/    ,rhooner,   of     .-ix    Run*.   ...i 

Mn-aP..oi    hv 
lid.    ,h..  hn,l 
:!,.■  pirate?, 

cep.-rient  aouM  not  . In,  nor  the  capu-.in  in.|  M.nie  ..f  the' men.  tliongh 

oh-    'King- 

some   of    onr    men  di.l.    rather    than    he  kept    in    irons  and  ill-nsed. 

!     r   ■    i    .    ■,■.          ■  1    ,     1     ,.-,..'■.    1  ■!        I:      ,■       .   .                       •!    ■■     ...1 

'  ''  '-"^  ''<^- 

H.iw.ver,  after  some  time  tliey  were  Inken  ont  of  irons  and  made  to 

th,t    they 

do  slrp-s  duty  (whieli  all   prison. -rs  mn^t  do)  with  nmny  insnlts  and 

■>!M-nthe 

very  lad  usase.     Alinnt  three  days  after  he  went  on  hoard  the  -Eoe- 

■    l"l"w 

buck'  .she  came  to  lleiih.pen  and  cruisinK  ont  and  in  there  took  seT- 

!■     .ii...ircd 

eral  vps,els  said  to  beionc  to  the  Rebels  in  .America,  which  they  said 

We 

I  \.  1    when    lli...\     w.iuld    get  their  shares  they  were  abused  by  the 
.     •   i  1   i  1  th.-y  niu-t  BO  t.i  Enu-lancI  first.       Ab-int  three  weeks 

,„    1  -!..i,   l,..t    l.iu     I.eWH.town    shore    on    honrd    sa.d    vessel    ,md 
M,,>.;.1  ..„    1,.,,  ■-   ,:■:-!    ■>    ■■;•   To    -.■■!o";    -c    ■■■■_-r        T'.-     n' vt     night 

II  by  the  many  thousand  spectators  who  lined  the  sh.ire  on  both  sidea 

s,  which  ran  ash. ue  near  Christiana,  ami  plnn.lerediier of  s.mie  poo.is  ; 
ve  her  off     They  took  anil  burned  a  shulloji,   or  small  sloop,   near 


Americans,'  who  h.o c  nothing  but  lu=ty  guns,  brooiu^licl,.-,  ,Vc  .'"  ^,,  „,|„.r  i,.,„|,er  breeches  ;  which  man  lie  «  .  i    i   1, 

John  Adams  wrote  to  ^Irs   Aikxms    from  Pliila-  .,,r/','","|//"\J,^'' cViiie  np^ijeiawa^  : 

delphia,  ;Mav  12tli :"  There  lias    been    a    crnllant  b.ots  ..n  the'.iersey  shore  to  try  to  get  tr  ■ 

battle  in  Delaware  lliver  between    the  -aJh-vs  and  |i'T' iToHrlr'boarr^vet.rcmr'u'' 

two  men-of-war,  the   '  Eoebuck'  and     '  Liverpool.'  were  Jn.e.hiV  XnTaiter^wiia-h  'th.-yp,o, 

in  which   the  men-ofwar  came    otf  .ocond     liest,  l,lXtV'^^^r^^\lcmU\Z^r   't^ii.'.-.^ 

which  has  diminished  in  the  ]ieojile   on  both   sides  to  rhiia.ieiphia  an.i  tak-  it  ir  nn-y  c.uhi  pass  the  i 

of  the  river  the  terror  of  a  man-of-war."  ':il."'X"hey  °:!JZ  tbrn^'rlhey't^'i^Uev;;"! 

On  June   lltll,    William    BarrV.  a     seaman     cap-  that  vere  bi  fore  them,  and    opp..sile    .New    Castle    tl 

tnred  by  the  British  in  the  Dilawaiv.  ma-lca  very  l!;'";'l!i''ai!pos!uJ,l''l.ml"im"ts'^f  Oi^^^^^ 

tei>on  at  ^ew  C  ar-tle  re-ardni-  the  crni.-c     ot     the  ,|,i,„„'.v,,  and  seeing  many  carts  carrying  oir  goods, 

British  -hip- and  the  li'_dit  with  the  American  boats,  th.y  had  ii,.d. 


228 


pectc.l  iv.TV  niiniil.-  l.i  ,-,>n  h  .'.,« 
l.'arn.  if  lli.vc..u,..Hf..|  In.ll.  I  il„. 

were  rtH.ly,  un,l  the:,  tl...  ■  l.iv,-,,. 
0'clcK.k  in  tho    ni.iriiii,.;  lli.v  ^..l  i 

wliich  th,.y  w.Te".c:.r..  ,  tl,  .'ml,  t" 


wuter;  otiierwise  - 


IIISTOKV 

OF  !)]■: 

LAWAlUv 

g  arf„,„l   l.er  „i,. 

[     din.', 

1  l-ilK 
'      artarl 

1  'lAr.  aiMl  li..f 
-1.  11.  r.,l!ir, 
;.  an,i  ul,..„  i, 

laiL.l  t.,  , 

III.!    i„,t 

11     (Xl.f 

rtatii,ll 

ul,l,,ii 

::':E:rl:: 

;  clu.lr 
;     Kiun, 

tiiatthr  An.,.i 
r->a_v<  tliat  ,iii 

rin-  tl... 

V   ■■lit    1, 

tir-t  ,1a 
1,,,.    l.y 

tllr   A  I 

lilH    :i«   tlv  V   .,t. 

-not  a 

lid  .-mill-  >iii:iii 

:  ilainaiii' 

■1,11,,'  til 

til,.  V, 

c.ji,n...-  ,,,i,l   ,:  .,.- 

1''--'" 

•-'.  Imti.,.  l,a<  : 

I  'lilK-iviit 

-t,,r_v  l< 

i.tL-llr 

htart  b.T  sp 


folli.wiug  so  cl. 
of  tho  guns  to 

hailtil  tho  'l.i 
the  nijiiu  and 
tohore).     Accii 


June  llththe  Lt-wistown  Committee  sent 
Con-res-  a  ii._,titicati,.n  of  the  a.-sembling  ofTori, 
.-ii]il).,.-(.,l  to  numberone  thousand,  at  a   spot  ei"h- 

-     t.-en  miles  ,li: 

the  '-Koebuek-  for    Norfolk.        Jiany   ma.le   his     that  thev  pn 


A  few  week-  after  this  disa.-tr.ni^  bir-im-s  j 
Delaware  the  '•  Liv.q l"  >aile,i  li,,-  ilalilav     an,|     t...n  miles  ,li.tant  iVnm  the  town.     It  was 


—>.      ^.,.....,wv     i,j,     ......iioiK.        J.anv   ma.le   Ills  tliat  tliev  pn.p..sr(l  .-,,me  movement  in  e,.  ,,i,er-itl  ,ti 

escare_fro.„  the  latter  .-hip  .vhil..-h..  was  ..tf    the  ^vith  theBriti.-h  luen-f-war  lvin..„if  I  -u,..  a„d  the 

\irgnHacoa-t  and  returned  to  Delaware.       J„hn  Committee  ask,.!  (■„„.. n-.     ■•  liu-ueli     in,'n,e,li.  r  ■ 

Ennne.^  a  Delaware  pilot,     bunv    a    threat    deal  as.sbtanee  a.s  .vill -nahh.  u- to  take  m,  th- „rin,.i„',l 

about  the  expedition  of  the"  R..ebuek.-     On  Sep-  of  this  faction    an.l    .,nell    tin-     n.-t ',-,„..,.  ■,'- 

tember  !M77.1,  he  had  left     Philadelphia     in    the  insurrection."     Captah,  lI..nrvFi-he|-- h-lter  f    m 

'::r:\:r:^T  ""'T''  ''"^""' /'"  •^^''"■"'- 1---'^ ^'■'- -'■"•■ '•-•.t.,th...v::::,;;;;- :'/•;:;;;: 

<>n_thc  l,th     he  vi....d  uas  eaptu.vl    .,li'   tlu-    Vir-  mittce  „f>atl.tv,  ^av,.  a,l,liti,,ual  inf.in.atinn  .,fthe 

gm,aCape.s    by     the    Jhiti.h   sloop-.fwar    •' M,.r-  -situation  at  the  Delaware  eutran..e  f.  the  U-iv  • 

^ff hisl;;!!";,';"!:;;,;'"',:'";'' .""!'""  ^'';"'^''  „:;r  -'t \ ^^^"■"""" '-'  -.,.,.,.-,,!;  i;,..,„ 

Delaware  ■\vas  discovered,  and  on  .May  :;.  177(1, 1,,^     u.!',"''!',! ',«'., "',!!'  'i.','",' ,'  ;"";\'"-  '■'""■' '"  ■•■'■' '  >  ■■■  t'i,at',',''r',''ii',ls 

was  put  on  board  the  "  Koebuek"  off  (ape  lln'il.,-  ''-'•'■" '•i  ■■'''■''"■'■■.'.  k-  !■■-                                        i.'"',;',f. 'i":,":? 

J>en.     His  narrative,  made  in  an  atlidavit  at  I'hihi-  't'.'.M.u'o,'''  ^r!-'!!',Jl..r.",V„u'  l"  T'' '""'  ""'  '"'"""•'■"'  '^""i'"'--".  <" 

delphia  on  June  21st,  relates  the     pas-a-e    of    the  ''" '^■■'  ''-'■'■'•• ''-" ''"'■■■ '"'rn^^'i^''^^^^^^^ 

ships  up  the  river  and  the  euLraL'-emeiit     wiili    the  .'f'^'.u,''.''  .i'.' ",1' ,!  ]'.'.''  ,",!'ii,"!r'  "'"'""  '"  v  '  ""■''- """-  '"■ """  '^"'^'y 

armed  boats.     Captain  Hamimiiul,  he  sav>.  el,aiv,l  "'''  "  ■  '' "-  "■-'•'''  '"  "'-'■-i"  r'l.u;  v''',Vm','',!-"'r!'!;;  w,'"uv"'l!o 

hisshipforfiL;htinL'-assn,..n  a-  th,'  ..-alh.v-'.ipi,...!',-..,!  li^'hT '","■"„''""  ' r'  "'",,'";"'■ '^ '•""'•'■"'■•""-'■■>■"'"■-' 'i'-  'K-..^- 

About  one  o'clock  in  the  after:i,„,n  11.,^  ..'dirvl  be'  '■'■'' '"'^'"^  '''■"'•'''•-'^'i'."-^"^,',;';!::.';;"';::^'':;';!,: 

gan  to  fire  upon  the  fVi^at,-,  at  tir>t  with„„t  'rvuli  P^^-r  X;"!, '::'■",'':' ,;;;',;'''  ';;:-'' -\>'-\  -•'  ■■.^-  -"•  -.... 

ot  their  -li.,t,  wher..up,.n  the  -hip.  n„rk,.,.l    f  irtlier     ^:^';:.;;:,^ V',,','"  :;','."  '";",''  ^'f'^'^f' -''-»'■'- -'-5  Hm 

upon  the  A.iieriran..      Th.-     I.attl,.    'c,,utimi,'d  "f!i  i'^  ■■'-^"''"''-  -■''r^u'.'.v.  Iv'.i^H|.w';,.n"'!;,- ■  .r,' 'M"t.'n,'v"'! 

several  hours  li.tl.r,.  the"  ll,,el,uek-  ^w.nt  a-rouiel.  ■^>■-^Il'n."^."!,^^"^>'7^',':,^"':^ 

ship  was  pra,.ti,.allH,.U:J,;;„i[';;;;"p;^^  j,,,,,:;,;,,., „,M,.K..anur,.te     tV„m     New 

pulh.,1  h,.r    ,,11  ,.,.  th-  ri-  „f  th,.  ri,l-  tw.  Ive  l..ur-  Ca-tl...  P.   I'l-.M^I.-nt  l[u„.,„k- 

"''^■'•-      ■^l'<'"^i^li-t''l-ni„eh  that  tl„.  lower   ,l,;ek       ^  ■■Th...  a-.  ,„,,u  ,„  ..  1,.,,..  „„„ ,„,  ,' „.„<,,,,..,„_„,„ 


r.-o 

I   sl.o 

iil.i   1,..  al.i. 

MU 

ilr.M 

n  liv  1 

:iiij  itiin-.'cl 

lad 

affii 

irnmybr  c.i  n« 

lied 

1  ni 

[li  „rr 

113.  bul   we 

;l9b" 

uule 

d  peoj 

.1.!." 

anil  tlu-  1, 

-iil.rH-I-  ni 
tlirniVilll 

f  Hannx 

iiftllL-r     t 

aiiout  No 

liitr_>    li 

anil   nui.^t 

l.nl.KTtn, 

.T.^   I>rn 

PKLAWAKK  l)ri;L\(;   TllK   i;,;V(>LITlo.\.  L'2'J 

M.„.,„,l,,.rr,.,>hr.n...fn.n,.,u       f.,,..^.,  ,  ,f  1 1,0  u.n  pi  IV  to  -.1  p,  Tl--  the  rrMHi.n.   H.lAl. 

;;!;,', nLVu!:  "..a." m.i'u,:"'»  \vas  ^ont  t..  supiM--ril,.  (  ;■,-.•  in  l;o.io„  ;  Dartinnutli 
,.,i-„  ,i„,l,,v.-i,...n-i„.pi,.,l  l,i„,.<,.|fua-Mippl:,iitril  l,v  1  .w n  1  <  i.  or.r,.  (  n ■  rma i lie, 
.a<  rniivnuiiiiat.il  llirMTulin-  the 
■r,  Dai-hiMaiit.  ami  Itr--.'  a.m- 
un.piri-ilir  Aii..a-iran>.  Thrniu, 
■-an  tn  l„.  ivr.-iMil  in  Anarira 
1,  177.1.  At  th.'  -aine  tini.'  tin- 
.1  111  l,c  rlivrk.-il  in  tlirirpr.i.jn- 
....  •oli.nirs  wiav  a  unit;  tlirir  livi'-.- 
On  the  same  night  :Mr.  :\r<' Kt-aii  wrote  that  the  anirnin.-ter:<  pm-pi  inl  ainl  (\.iil'1i  -  .a-nnie,!  a 
insurgents  had  .lisper.-i  al  altera  conliainre  lu-tueeu  I, oMer  tone,  while  the  moderate.- he.  a  nu' pmi  loitiori- 
sonie  of  their  leu'lcr- aufl  niunhi.i<  ot' the  I 'onneil  m^.Jv  i.ii.-coni-.mi  il.  The  pn-.-r-  ami  ihe  people  .-i- 
of  Safety.  They -lenie.Miavin- ha.l  any  conin)uui-  nuil'iani  ou-lv  took  up  tl,e  erv  ofiiah  pemkne.- :  the 
cation  ^vith  the  Briti-h  .-hip-  or  that  they  were  only  (pieitiou  wa-a.-  to  the  expe.lienev  ofpartieular 
d^saftecte.1  to  the  Amerieau  eau.-e,  hut  ^Ir.  :\rc-  time.^  and  niethoil.^.  The  correspondence  ofthe  day 
Kean  profe.-sed  his  inalnlity  to  umh  !--taiiil  what  between  the  patriots  teems  with  the  one  idea  ot 
other  motives  could  have  jironipted  so  lai-e  and  permanent  separation  and  inilependent  government, 
apparently  so  ho.-tile  a  gatliering.  It  was  deemed  The  patriot.^  ot  Delaware  headed  1.y  McKeau  and 
so  alarming  by  the  patriots  that  a  thousand  of  the  Rodney  uruod  iudepeniienee  and"  confederation 
Susses  Whigs,  an  eipial  number  of  the  Kent  mil-  from  day  to  day,  and  the  camps  took  up  the  idea 
itia,  a  couple  of  companies  of  the  Xew  Castle  mil-  so  absoliitelv  that  iiravers  tor  tiie  kini"  became  dis- 
itia,  and  Colonel  Haslet's  Continentals  had  been     tasteful. 

brought  together  at  Xew  Castle  to  fall  in  superior  The  feelini:  spread  rapidlv  in  Conirress.  Ou  Fri- 
force  upon  the  Tories,  and  were  only  auaitin-  day,  June  7,  177t;,  liiehard  Henry  Lee,  of  the  Vir- 
orders  from  the  House  of  Assembly,  whieh  had  ginia  delegation,  otiered  the  following  resolution : 
appointed  a  committee  to  ijuiet  them  i^y  argument,  -  Ee^oived,  That  tiie.<e  united  colonie.-T  are,  and  of 
and  if  that  was  not  pos.-ihle,  to  permit  the  troops  right  ou-ht  to  ho.  In  e  ami  independent  States;  that 
to  deal  with  them.  However,  tiieir  di-per-al  ob-  thov  are  ah-olved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
viated  any  necessity  of  a  re-.rt  to  ana.-,  and  this  Crown,  and  that  all  political  couneetion  between 
"strange  atlair,"  a-  Mr.  .M.-Kean  terms  it.  wa<  them  and  the  State  of  (  uvat-IJritain  is,  and  ouirht 
submitted  to  the  Civil  .furi.-diction.     The  country     to  he,  totallv  <li->olved." 

far  and  near  had  been  stirred  up  by  their  proceed-  This  resolution  wa-  debated  from  day  today.   As 

ings.  George  Evans,  at  Brandywine,  had  been  Jetferson  said,  "tlio  e..|onies  of  Xew  York,"  New- 
ordered  by  Colonel  Ha-let  to  provide  wagons  to  Jer.-^ev,  Pennsvlvania,  Delaware,  :\rarvland.  and 
follow  the  Continental  battalion  to  Susse.N:  with  South  Carolina  were  not  matured  tiu-  falliiiL'  trom 
provisions  and  found  himself  without  a  dollar  with  the  jnirent  stem,  hut  that  they  were  t'a-t  advancinj- 
which  to  execute  his  instructions.  He  wrote  to  to  that  state,  it  was  thoUL:ht  mo.<t  prudent  to  wait 
Michael    Hillega.^.    of    Philadelphia,    a.-kin-     for     awhile  for  them." 

SIOOO   or  l.jOi.)    to  meet  the  emerjeney,  a-   l.ein-  Tiie  vote  on  the  resolution  for  ind.pemlence  was 

"the  only  gentleman  I  have  any  ae,|uaiutanee  jio^tponed  to  .Monday,  July  1,  and  a  resolve  was 
with,  or  can  make  free  with  to  reipiest  to  great  a  adopted  for  the  appointment  of  a  committee,  "to 
favour  of."  prejiare  and  di-e.-t  'the  form  of  a  confederation  to 

On  the  occasion  of  the  parade  of  Colonel  Has-  be  entered  into  I.etueen  thi-e  colonies."  This  corn- 
let's  Continental  battalion  at  Dover,  on  May  l.")th,  mittee,  appointed  June  12,  eontaiiied  among  other- 
Rev.  :Mr.  Magaw  delivered   a  lofty,  patriotic  and     Thomas  .McKean  of  Delaware. 

inspiring  addre.-s.  The  committee  app..iuted   to  prepare  the  decla- 

When  Congre>-^  met  ou  .May  M,  177.".,  the  three     ration  brou-ht  in  a  dratt  of  a  firm  on  June  2.s.    It 

counties  on  the  Delaware  were  repre.-ent.d  as  were     was  read  and  laid   upon   the  table.     In  accordance 

ten  other  col.nies.    All  had  1 n  cho-,  n  In  fore  the     with   the   n-olution  of  po-tpoueuient,    on  Julv    1. 

cla.-h  of  arjuv  occurred  at  Lexin-ton,  and  wre  m-t  Cou.m'.-s  went  info  eommitt.e  of  the  whole  llou,.e 
readv  for  independence.  With  the  lM..on..ini:  of  to  e  m-id.-r  the  r.  solution  of  indep..ndenee  oiKa-.-d 
177(;  a  great  ehanue  had  heLMin  to  work  and  it  wa-  hv  K.  II.  I..-.-.  Alter  due  deliberation,  at  tin;  re- 
with  great  ditfietdty.  alter  the  battle,  nfl.exin-ton  ipi. -t  of  ,-ouiIp  Carolina,  the  reMilution  wa.<  not 
and  Bunker  Hill,  that  .lohn  Diekin-on  and  John  art.  1  upon  until  the  ne.^t  .lav.  The  trial  v.ile  on 
Jay   had  pr...ure.l   the  e,,u-ent  of  (  onur,.-.-  t.i  the     Julv  l,t   ua-  in.l.-.i-iv,.  :     N.'W  Y..rk  ha.l  b.-eu  ...x- 

cu-ed  fr.,niv..tin._':  ih.' v,,t.s  of  South  Carolina  ami 
^eun^vlvania  were  l^Iv.  ii  in  the  n.-ative,  an.l  the 
tu..  .lelcL-ates  from-  Delaware  tie.l.      .Xine   colonics 


secom 

I  peti, 

:i.ui   to   the 

km-      Ou 

the     ihl 

IV     il 

pre>e. 

Ite.l  t. 

1  him,   he  i-.- 

-ued  a  proel 

amati.i 

nd.. 

iut:  tl 

le  c.d. 

jnies  in  relit 

invokin 

-  al 

nisronv  OF  I 

•  KI.AWAKK. 

voir  xv;,s  |.n-t- 

Kurivin.Tun.-<'MnLrn- 

tho  IV>. 

,hv. 

tor 

,|..-  ufMTuriri-     I 

hr  militia  inloih.-u.'iMa 

■al  MTvi. 

■r.    l'iv~ 

i.l.ail 

:  H: 

K.  .,11    MMt    rx-       . 

-rk'-   Irtl.T.     intonninj 

^    ll,.'    I) 

i.lauaiv 

A-- 

o;iil 

,.  in  Drhnva.v.     , 

,{■   li.i-    ,|.'ciM,,n,    ua-    .1 

a:..i     .li 

inr  -tth. 

In 

it 

On  .lulv  :.M     .- 
t  1  >  ,1.,.,'  .,,■.. 

p.,k...,f  th..   in,ava-,..l  | 

na-il   to 

rlir     Kr^ 

-oinl 

'  <it  1  '.'luu  ;ue,      ( 

nr!Xnan!'st!!'!!pl,''M't'l! 

■  pin-rlia 

liartasii 

11  An 

u  ri 

irojuniLn   attir-     : 

vniilil  join  llir  Kin-'s  >r 

lir  Cana 
ainlanl. 

(liaiis  a 

n.l  [ 

.i.li; 

230 

voted  yi^a.    JJy  aLrmniciit  tin'  tinal 
poned  until  next  dav,  in  tiio  vain  li 
unanimity.      Dni-inj   tlio   ni-lit    M.K 
press  to  (  'a<ai-  Iiodlir\  .  In-  n 
to  lii-lp  hini  outvote   (  nori't 
McKeun  and  Jiodricy  ca-t   i 
andRutlodge  brou-^it  tin- Sontli  Caroli 
to  vote  yea.  while  Penn-vlvatiia',-  /), 
niativo  \\:is secured  h\-  the  ali--nei.  o.l 

The    resolution      liavin-    l.een    adopt,  d,     the    Deela-  -in   ,1,h  .„„„„„,•■,„.  wr,.t,,  -.i,,,  .,,,,.  .r-  w.  t,.  r 

rtitioti   was  taken   up   in  (/onnniitee  of  tlie   whole.     e,,„r,ii..ni,,i  t,...;.-  ni..,,-  .m..  .i„r,i,.^t.  „,.,„  th-  mre 
It  was  a-aui  diseus.e.l  ,.ii  Julv  :;nl.  t  )n  Tlnu-dav,     C^u'MVZ^IZIu  ir\v:,u',i' ^T''"',!!"'- -ce'cv  «i 

July  4tii;  Mr.  Harrison  of  vii-iida,  from  the  eom-   j;':;:';;;:;;^:;;':;;:.,;;;:::^;;;;:'';:;'';:;'';,;::  ■;';;^l;,,';  I;;;;;.; 

mittee  reported  the  Doeiaration   of  Independenei'.     ui.,ur  iLir.iin.  the  c-.tmr.'^H  inv^  o.mi- t-.  tim-noi..-,-.!  r.-sj 
It  was  adopted,  and  copies  were  (.rdered  to  iio  s,i.f,     ^7ii!tii7Ah"s'iurLin'''cnM3 ''''^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

out    to    the  several   As-emh|ies,    Colivntiolis.    (Jom-       »  l„„ly  of  tr..o|>s  tlmr  m  .y  l-'  dnp-n-l.^J  up..n.     To  ttifi; 

mittecs  or  Councils  of  S.if.-ty.  etc.,  throuLdioiit  the     iJ';!;:;'^",,!",'^'''',';.';;,';.,"""  ",|:'^V,'l^,^^^^^^^ 

country,  and  to  the  coinina,ndei-s  of  the  Continental     ,irr  r<-.pi'-.-t.,i  .,.,ir,,  i.,rii,  in  .i.'f..r.co..rti,.-i- wk,-,. their. 

troops,  so  as  to  have  it  evei'vuhere  |iroelaiined.  l!' |'|'',^^bl''hllu^'lh'^w?  Vv'rt '^M-'r-^ 

July   2,  the  day  of  the  adoption   of  Kiehard    ILn-       y.mrHeiv.  s."    Quicken  y,.nr  pT,.',.iratZ'nra,">'l%t,m,,'I.a/.l, 

ry  Lee's  resolution,  is  the  real   indepemlenee  day.     Ji[i,.h'["^,if,^'J^^„',"°j'',^j',i"",^i,i'i^^     ilre'thrf.al»' 'i.  bi'uvu^ 

John  Adams    wrote    to    his    wife    next    day:      "  Th(.'       to  I^hU  Ihetu  to  victiry,  t.  liljerty  nnd  to  hi.i.iun.si  " 

2d  of  July,  177(3,  will  he  the  most  meniorahle 
epoch  in  the  history  of  America."  But  the  4th 
was  the  day  of  the  formal  adoption  of  the  formal 
public  declaration  of  rea-son  for  the  act,  and  Con- 
gress resolved  to  celebrate  the  day  as  the  oflicial 
Birthday  of  American  independi-nce.  This  was 
secured  by  a  resolution  adopted  .Iniv  10,  to  the 
effect  that"  "the  Declaration  pa^.ed  o"n  ihr  4th  he 
fairly  cngro.ssed  on  [larcluaent,  with  the  title  and 
style  of  'The  unanimous  Ueelaration  of  the  thi'-- 
teen  United  States  of  America,'  and  that  the  same, 
when  engrossed,  be  signed  by  e\ery  uienilier  of 
Congress."  The  journal  furtlur  sa\-.-,  Annn.-t  2, 
that  "  the  Declaration  beinir  enj;ro-,-,  d  and  <-om- 
pared  at  the  table,  wa>  signed  by  tla-  memliers." 
The  signers,  however,  are  not  in  inaiiy  instances 
identical  with  the  meinheis  who  voted  ..n  JulyL'd 
and  4th.     George  Rea.l  of  Delaware  did  not  'vote     ^^-'J  ■'|y;";;";'\'' ■;;  ]'''\[^''\''T^::]''''^L,'';rihJ\'lt^,Th 

for  independence  on  the   1st,  I'd,  or  4th  ot'.hily,     ,,,11 hv  .  1  e.i,-i^ --  ,,  .^  n  .rl.ri  your  o*u  fre.-uoni,  im.i  ii 

yet  his  name  appears  on  Au_Mi-t  -d  as  a  siLrner.     !';|",'jl°|'|'j;'j.,'i,|'\j!^'/,''|,^,',.V\j'7,I,i^ 

His  objection  to  the  Declaration    at    tlie    iime  of  its       st-pofnachiunnite  n\oDU-lit  lhiit,iniill  buinan'probiiljility.your.- 

passage  was  that  it  was  premature.    Ilis  oppo-itioii     ; ■ 

to  independence,  iiowever.   did    not   c.-i    him    the     rj!^'i°t"  a dJy''Xch'lv!.-r^^^ 

confidence    of  his  Constite.cnt-.    who    re-elect,  d     him       millions  of  posteiity  rt^J  with    nipliiie.     Knsi!;n    Wl 

to  Congress  and  honore.l  him  with  many  liiLdi  a[>- 
pointnients.^ 

1  The  Ilel.nrnre  n^jMer.  Vol.  I.,  pp.  J-.-:-,,  siivs  :    "  Not  h.l.i;  Infore  the 


Two    c 

ompauie. 

^     of 

Co! 

[one 

1    Hamlet's 

l^attali.iu 

re  on   . 

.    plan 

■nt  t:.|- 

■    ..f  th.' 
i.-h  ha.l 
th...exp,., 

I,.-,.I1 

liti.n 

l.-r, 
pan 

1  t.> 

■.1    t 
ies 
l.re 
Cai 

0    (apeMa> 
previ.,usly   , 
.1   t.i  join   th 

•  t..  take 
jtati.nied 
leir  regi- 

<  >n  Jul 

v  .oth    th 

.■  A- 

-em 

hlv 

recei'ved   fn 

im  Presi- 

ntllan 

co.-k  the 

li.illu 

iwin 

gd: 

ated  on  the  { 

)  receding 

O.VTLEM, 

ty  :-The  0 

,„er... 

hiiv 

e    th 

in    (liiy    r.-CPiTed 

intelli^enre 

ich  ren.ler 

sitabsrtliilel 

y  necf 

S4.irv 

Ih.it 

the  crent.'st  exei 

tions  Hhuiilil 

nl:ide    to 

aive   <iiir   c 

onntry 

floll 

1  bsii 

us;  ile,ol..trd    l.y 

the  han.l  of 

ner;.l  ll.we 

,  M.ind.  and 

iiiunh"!,': 

u.'.'i' 

;;,;• 

f.rtl.,.,i.-r.  nr,.  ,,| 
,  «,11   |,r.„.,..  .1  11;, 

^1  I'lol.i.l-lplo.i. 

■  NVw  V.Hk, 
,.i.-.l,:itely  to 

.lc-ta,;hinent? 
Tho  prrseut 

Jlni.-ij.  I 

h.iv'n..  J, 11 

ht.  ifv 

.■11 01 

iliUffS  pr..p.;rly 

,  will  seculo 

eiij'.ym.M 

.\11  :ir-i-o.ll 

nts  nzT'-n  tli. 

It  Gr  ■,. 

It   llri 

t.-iiii 

will  ni.ike  ht-r  ci 

-eatest  effort 

Sh',,1,1    ,> 

r.     tloM 

■,-f.r- 

,  ii" 

.,hl..  t..  kpep  ou, 

-roiiud,  wo 

HoVlT 


DELAWAltK   |)rHL\(;  TlIK 


Under  the  rtsnlve  ,,t' C..n-iv~^  tn  t'crni  n  tlyiu- 
c:uiip  of  ten  thousunl  iiini  t..  :-,rve  until  DrcrmlHr 
1st,  six  hunilrud  were  ai.pnrti'inr.l  to  Drlauaiv. 
••UnO  to  ^rnryland  and  r,()i)i)  to  r,nn-vlvaiiia.   The 

Tories  tVeednin  to  attempt  fartla-r  mi.ehiei:  "in.Tuly 
they  i)ei'anie  exeee  liii_'!v  aeti'.e.  |ianieuhirlv  iu 
Sussex  County.  Celnael'l  )avid  Hall  kept  as  el,,,-e 
an  inspection  as  p,-~il.le  oi'tiair  iniiveiiient-.  and 
wrote  President  Ilanenek  tVeni  Le\\es,  on  July  5th, 
the  int'ornuition  that  he  had  -ained: 


disaffected  aud  I 


aud  Becure    tli^ 


To  this  petition  was  affixed  the  affidavit  of  Enoeli 

Scudder.    who  testiiied  that  on  July  3d,   travelling 

down   from  Philadelphia,   lie   met   four   men  near 

The  eoniinunieation  emln.-ed  hv  :\Ir.  Hall,  chair-     Cedar  Creek,   who  questioned    him   regarding  the 

man  of  tiie   Sn-sex  Ceiineil  ut' Saf<.-tv,  was   >ej-ned     landing  of  L(U'd  Duuiuore,  and  informed  him  that 

an,l  suorn  to  hv  J,.nathan  Bell,  Joliii  Polk,  J.,hn      l-''«>  "'en  could  he  collected  in  that  vicinity  to  join 

Creiiihton,  Je.-q,!,  Forn.an,  John  Mitchell,    I.-aae     tl^*'  linti-h  couMoander. 

Horsey,    J.evin  Connaway   aud   Robert   Houston:  Ciesar  Kodney  did  not  think  it  advisable  at  this 

l)atriotio   re.-ideuts    of  the   Broad   Creek   district,     lime  to  send  troops  into  Sus.-^ex  County  to  suppress 

Thev  said:  the  Tories.     Regarding  suth   measures  he  wrote 

•■Th.-  situation  of  ti.»  r^rt  -f  th-  r  .untry  in  which  we  lire  hiri,,-  „f     ^^'""^  Philadelphia,  July  10,  to  lus  brothcr  Thomas : 


elJ    up    i 


The  memorialists  reeiteil 


!  Of  yo 


British  war-ship  I-ourii  and  several  tern  has   in  uie  r\     ^         111*1  1    *•  i  i      n 

,,       .     ,     ...    ',,,,,  ,  1    •  On  June  14th  the  resolutiim  passed  bv  Con 

>anticoke  liivor.  ^[arvlaiid.  where  thev  were  luiri"  ,,       1-,          ,     ■        ,.   .,       ,.  •    "     !■ 


furnished  with  cattle  and 
and  added  —  : 


n  ilay  l.jih,  relative  to  the  formation  of  a  l'ov- 
ernment  in  each  of  the  Colouies,  was  unauiniously 
approved  by  the  Assembly,  which  on  the  next  day 

pon.  that  Trulnunihe's  of  tl,,.  inhibit-       passed  thc  followiun;  : 
.nia,.si„M;.,}l.,i„i;,n.lS.i-ev  County       '■  ° 

ttii""  iii'-ri-ijf-w.ir  iiikI   ti'inl  f.  t-illit-r  "  Whereas,  it  hns  ligcome  alisohit'-lr  npc-nary   for  the  paf-ty.  protfc- 


nrsTOKV  OF  I)i-;l\\vai;i;. 


In  purftiaiicf  oftlii-  n^nlutiMii  un  JulvJTih,  the     ,.-r. :  ,.,r..ry, rr,-|..,tv,  , ,„,>„,  „i  ,.i  r-u.-,.,. ,» r,,,.. 

Hnu-^e  ..fAr.i-.ulilv    iv~-,!vL.|   to  ,v,Mmn.irii(l  t-.the  T!]:l'"[:'''^Xl:l'l!,Zu^^^^^^                                     '  I'^^J"',!'; 

govminirnt   iW   thi>   ^tatc.•■      luinukiu-   tlii-  call  'PX\a\'Z''tu''lZ^"r'l^ 

the  A.-.-^cuihlv  aniinuiuv.l  that,  it-  iiiniiK,,,-,-  ,li.i  imt  «-"'■-■""-.-. -i"-'"-;!' ^'"■"^. '-.>  -"- -^r 

e<.ii.-i.Urth^'niM-lvf,-aml,..n/r.li.ythii.-,-n,-tu.unts  -^^  ^le  opcnin-   ..f  the  poll,  at  Dovor,    on   Au- 

statu,  but  thry  .Icchuv,!  their  opinion  that  the  eon-  .Z^',;; '',;i'^;";,^""^ZZ^^^ 

county,  to  be  eleete.l  hy  the  tVceiueii  on  Au-n-t  U'th,  'i[Z;J[;:;::Z^:ZJ:'^'J'^u^^^^^ 

under  the  laws  re-ulatinL'  eleetion.-   liir   n-'nil>el>  of'  ,„|.h   ,.  ;,,..  t, ,,..1.1^.1  .n,   pui.-.  hl.,.r.il  ..;.  l  uir-^l.t  rnmi;.!-.,  tl.ry  wl,.. 

the  A*=oniljly,  oxeeia  tliat  the  ln>i,eetoi>  .liouhl  lie  ';;'^'Z''^'ZST^",^'i:!u:.'tirZ^^^^^^^^ 

the  Hundreas.      If dne   or  nK.re   ..f  the  ju<l-e:s   of  ^""^"n ''r;  T"!' -^ ''?™  !'"!"J''Tn '"^ 

election  required   it,    any  elector  oHOrin-   his   vote  o  r,  :  v  .,m,     :,  ,     ;   ,:  ,' ,     ;,  :,      :  :    .  ■■/    .    1  ,   n   i„  ,,-iiy 

was  to  be  placed  upon  oath  to  sujiport  and  maintain  [   _               .  V  '  a                   ,           ,     ,                    , '  i -"'tiy, 

the  independence  (;!' this  government  a.>  declared     am  1  , '■   \  :m,.iv>; 

by    the    honorable    Continental    Congress."     The  Bii.i'iiV.id.in  :^;     -      .■                    >     .    ,      '    ,,          '.'i-.'-'to 

StateConvention  was  ordered  to  meet  at  New  Castle,  timnk  a  fr...^                                               ,   ,       ,         •..iMy 

August  :.7th.     The  policy   of  the  "Whigs  was  out-  g(",(es'\i"iii  i!,-'      .»  1      ,'  ,-     /i  ■  .'vi.ii     -',.  i  ..ii'thJ 

limnl  in  CWar  Rodney's  letter  f.om  Phihuk  Ipliia,  An.r,  •.,,.,>■,',.•  ,.:,-i    -n-.u-n,,.:  .,:.,,..' 

August  8d,   to  his   brother  Thomas,   of  which    the  The  writer  touched  upon  the  causes  of  the  Rev- 

tbllowing  is  ail  extract :  olutiou  and  jiroceeded  : — 

"  Will,  respect  to  tl.e  dioicc  of  a  ronvenlion  I  wo.,1,1  1o>vc  it  to  yun  "K  '"">■  be  hn.l  down,  inrts..!,  as  a  flr-t  principle  (ami  I  presume  we 

and  your  friends  wbether,  «l,eu  you  liave  tixed  ol,  smb  tiekvt  a.  .ue.ts  '"'^^  ""=   best   writers  on   gov.r.inio.it   to  support  usi  th.Lt   all  po»or 

your  approl.ation,  U  un.d.i  ii..t  I,.-  li,-[l,-r  to  pu.sue,  and  .i^d.  :o >..  i'--:de-i  ons-uially  in  the  p"..]!.'.     s..:ne  liave  tallied,  and  \»ntteutoo    ol 

..„.,,.    ^,, -,;,,     ,-..:■           ,                  ,,..,■         .         .        ,  a  I'i>;i.-  !./i,t  rr-T  n  v.-vliif.  i-..nt  i.nu^iple,  I'ut  n-v,/r  vet  could  they 


igli  tlie  mediun 
long  with  pleaj 
they  not  nuid, 


lifneudly,  if  properly  pointed  t 


General  Rodney  was  appr-ehen-ivi' tl 
or  Conservative  eleineiit  luiulit  elect  a 
the  delegates  to  the  Coiivrulion.  \V' 
to  his  brother,  on  Aiigu-t  14,  he  .said: 


DELAWAUK  DUllIXC.  Till-:  lIHVOLrTKiX. 


233 


Tlioina.  Il.Hln.'V  u  as  ,l,.f..:.t.Ml  n 
for  tlirC'nuvrnlion,  lunl  (':is:ir  Uw.li 
AuL;iHt  'II,  [mints  to  llie  cause: 


1    »    IS 


loukfil  n.nv  I. 
"Be.j|.  >.. 
Beware  of  lli^ 
you  agiinsl  « 
be  t'ley  of  nvIi 
ap;Uriotk>.ii 
of  Itom.iii  li. 
think  f..r  > 
but  not  vv,  ; 


oiii».sfd  to  you  to  m.iku  lUia  U--U  of  it.' 

The  Delaware  Convention  assembled  at  New 
Castle,  Au<Tust  27,  1776,  and  was  continued  by  ad- 
journment to  September  21.  Each  member  took 
this  oath  : 


..r  .llffMMVe    virtue. 


:  present  jur 
is  d^iy  there  i 


ble  per*.i 


"  I do  profess  fiiith  ill  Goil  the  Father,  and  in  .lesus  Christ 

I  do  .icicn-wled-e  tlie  Holy  Svriptures  of  tlie  Old  and   New  Testiim  jiit  to 
be  given  by  Divine  iuspiration." 

The  Constitution  adopted  containerl  thirtv  ar- 
ticles. The  first  declared  that  hereafter  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and 
Sussex,  shall  in  all  public  and  other  writings  be 
called  "The  Delaware  State."  The  Constitution 
further  provi<led  for  the  formation  of  the  General 
Assembly,  the  popular  branch  of  which  was  styled 
the  House  of  Assembly  and  made  up  of  .^cven 
members  from  each  county,  elected  annually  by 
the  freeholders.  The  upper  branch,  or  Council, 
consisted  of  nine  members,  three  to  be  cho~en  for 
each  county  at  the  time  of  the  first  election  for  the 
Assembly.  They  were  required  to  be  freeholders 
and  over  25  years  of  age.  In  regard  to  them  a 
curious  system  of  rotation  in  office  was  established. 
The  Counsellor  liaving  the  smallest  number  of 
votes  in  his  county  served  but  one  year  ;  he  liavin'r 
the  next  largest  number,  two  years;  andhe  havini; 
the  greatest  number,  three  years,  the  vacancie^ 
being  annually  tilled  by  election  as  thev  occurred. 
The  right  of  suffrage  remained  as  under  the  colon- 
ial government,  and  each  house  was  invested  with 
full  power  over  the  election  of  its  officers,  and  to 
judge  of  the  election  and  iputlifications  of  its  nieni- 
hrrs.  A  member  mi-ht  be  expelled  for  mis-!)chav- 
ior,  but  it'  his  constituents  should  return  him  he 
was  r  .ntirmcd  in  his  seat.  AH  monev  bills  mu.-t 
originate  in  the  House  of  A-sembly,  but  in  all 
other  legislation  the  powers  of  tiio  liranches  were 
co-ordinate.  The  executive  ofiieo  was  lod-ed  in  a 
"  President  or  CInef  .Ma-i.-trate,"  cho.en  bv  joint 
ballot  of  the  two  brauelies,  the  Speaker  "of  the 
Council  to  have  an  additional  ami  deciding  v-te 
in  case  of  a  tie.  His  term  of  otfiee  was^'tlnve 
years  and  he  was  not  eligible. to  re-election  until 
three    years    aft- r  it»  expiration;    an    "adequate 


but  moderate  "  salary  \v; 
His  powers  were  very  sti 


HLST(,1LY  OF   I- 

fik'e.     " 


UmI    tn     tl 


m„Dtion«l,un.|aco.,.lin,L,-ruil,„  !:,„.,, 

f.l,cN.,t.  ■•" 

""       "'"  '' 

were  ex-i.fiif-i.. 

In  case  of  the  Pn.M.l.  i 

U'^    (lenth,   <i;.'; 

ihilitvor 

of  th,-  ..;r,.,v  e 

absence  tVoni  the  State  h\<  t\ 

IIietii.n.-.levK 

<:;e;:.Tal  A~s..„ 

the  Sjieakei-  of  the  ('..unc 

il,  ail.lif  theh 

't"er  was 

a!!  i-ivd  .,i;i,,., 

incapacitated  ,.r  .-h.Mil.l  ,li 

•  ■    the   Speakel 

(-oii.-titn:;.,n. 

House  of  AjmiiiM\-  a.-.-iiim: 

<1  the  othce  till 

•il'a'.-w 

tuttd  of  ,;„  T 

election. 

eh;-.:ea    by  e;-- 

An   iiii[.(,rtaiit   a.Mitinti 

to   the  exeeiitl' 

.■e  estab- 

eised     all"    ih.. 

lishnient  \va.-  the  riiv\-  LUn 

Hieil,  without 

the  old  -oven, 

currence  of  which  tlie  Tre,! 

dent's  preroual 

live  was 

little  more  than  nominal. 

This   body    w: 

.1.-   made 

oHleers  were  li 

up  of  two  members  chosen  1 

)y  each  branr^ 

h.  of  the 

of    Assembly 

tin  K 


A--.| 


Assembly,  but  no  regular  officer  of  any  armv  or 
Davy  was  eligible,  and  a  nieudier  of  either  branch 
elected  to  it  must  give  up  h\<  legislative  scat. 
Three  members  of  the  Privy  Council  made  a  quor- 
um and  their  proceedings  were  to  be  open  to  the 
Assembly  whenever  it  called  for  the  record.  Thev 
were  required  to  attend  the  President  upon  his 
summons.  Two  members  were  removed  bv  ballot, 
one  by  each  branch  of  the  Assembly,  at  "the  end 
of  two  years,  and  the  remaining  two  the  vear,  their 
places  to  be  filled  by  election  as  in  the  original 
manner.  No  Privy  Counselor  could  again  fill 
the  office  within  three  years  at  the  exjiiration  of 
his  term.  With  the  advice  and  consent  of  this 
Council,  the  President  could  call  out  the  militia,  of 
which,  and  of  all  other  military  forces  of  the  State 
he  was  Commander-in-Chief  Either  house  of  the 
General  Assembly  cjuld  act  independentlv  in  the 
matter  of  adjournment,  but  they  wore  rciiuired  to 
sit  at  the  same  time  and  place.  The  President  was 
not  permitted  to  adjourn  or  dissolve  them,  but 
with  the  concurrence  of  the  Privy  Council,  or  on 
the  application  of  a  majority  of  "the  members  of 
either  house  he  could  call  a  special  session.  The 
delegates  to  the  Federal  Congress  were  chosen 
annually,  but  the  General  Assembly  could  super- 
sede them  at  any  time  by  a  joint  ballot. 

The  judiciary  system  was  provided  for  bv  the 
12th  article : 


Couii.ij  under 

Me  t,>  inuHaeh.iient  bv  the  Ib.u.-e 
ef.re  tiie  L.-ji-lative 'Council  for 
oaer.scs  agamsr  the  State,  •  either  by  mahadminis- 
trafion,  corruption  or  otlKi-  m.  ans,  "bv  which  the 
safety  of  the  coiUMoiiw.  ajth  mav  be  emlanaered,'" 
witinii  eighteen  months  after  the  otlL-n.-e  wa"s  con'i- 
mittcd,  and  punishment  ufjon  convietii.n  wa.-  tliat 
they  should  be  "forever  disabled  to  hold  any 
office  under  government  or  be  removed  from  office. 
pro  tempore,  or  subjected  to  such  pains  and  jienal- 
tics  as  the  laws  shall  direct."  The  -Jiith  article 
was  : 

"No  person  hereafter  imported  into  this  State 
from  Africa  ought  to  be  held  in  slavery  on  any 
pretense  whatever ;  and  no  negro,  Indian  or  mulatt"o 
slave  ought  to  be  brought  into  this  State  for  =ale 
from  any  part  of  the  WTjrld." 

The  first  election  for  the  (..'eiicral  As-enddv  was 
appointed  to  take  place  Oetoher  I'o,  177i;^  anVl 
the  body  was  directed  to  meet  October  2.-<th,  the 
members  to  be  elected  yearly.  To  prevent 'any 
violence  or  force  being  us(,'d"  at  the  elections,  no 
armed  person  was  allowed  to  come  to  any  of  them, 
no  muster  of  the  militia  could  take  place  o"n  election 
day,  and  no  battalion  or  company  could  give  in 
their  votes  immediately  succeediiig  each  other  if 
objection  was  made, by  a  voter  offering  his  ballot. 
No  comjiany  or  battalion  w 
within  a  mile  of  a  voting-ji 
four  hnuis  preceding  or  f 
Having  thus  guarded  again 
the  framers  of  the  Con>tituti 
gious  freedom,  while  providi 
influence  in  public  affairs: 

''There  shall  be  no  establi.-hment  of  any  o 
religious  sect  in  this  State  in  iiieterriice  to  anotln 
and   no  clergytnan    or   j.r.  aehrr  ,.f  the  -',=,, el 
itinn.  -hall 


as  permitted  to  remain 
lace  within  the  twenty- 
ullowing  election  day. 
St  military  interference, 
took"  care  of  reli- 
against    sectarian 


any  dcnomin; 
civil  office  in 
either  of  the 
they  continue 
tion." 


til  ■  >t; 


of  being  a  member  of 
the  Legislature,  while 
=e   of  the  pastoral  func- 


Tlic  tin 
thattl,,.,, 


viatiirjtntl 


>r>hnnr,l 

;i.l.'   ami 

!it  ni'V.T 

A<  to 


THH   RKVOLI'TIOX. 


to    be   vi.'hitr.l   oil  any  |ii\;i  n-.'  uliatt 

cluui-es   ill   olIuT  pan-  of  lliv   Con^tirulinu,  tli.  v 

niigiit  111-  made  witii   "  tli.'  cnn-rnt  of  tivf   narr,-  iu 

seven  of  ti.e  A-.^mlilv  an,l  ^rvrn   ni  ■u\\<rv<  of  tiie 

LeLTislativeConnril.-" 

In  tiiis  enaveiition  (Jor-e  K  a.l  pn-idr.].  ami 
James  Booth  was  clerk.  The  nionihers  from  the 
three  counties  were  tiie  toUouiiiLr: 

New  Castle,— Xichoh,-  Van"  Dvke,  riirhanl 
Cantwell,  Alexan.ler  I'ort.r,  John  Thompson, 
Abraham  Iiol,ert-nn.  ThonKH  .MeK.an  (Jeor.'e 
Keaa,  John  Kvans.  Joh„  L,,,,  John  Jon.- 

Kent,— Thoma.rollins,  (;iKU-l,s];i,ln-lv  .Tame- 
Sykes,  Kirhanl  JJa-sett,  Jaenl,  Stout,  J^hnCook. 
Samnel  ^Vest,  J(,ha  Clarke,  Thomas  Whif.',  Kirh- 
ard  Locknood. 

Sussex,— Jaeob  :\Ioore,  James  Keiieh,  Isaae 
Bradley,  John  Wilthank,  L<aae  Horser  V/m 
Bulk,  Joshua  Hill,  Peter  Hubbert,  Phillil.s  Kol- 
lock,  Alexander  Laws. 

The  "  Declaration  of  Eights  and  Fundamental 
Rules,"  a  strong  and  compact  document,  read  : 

"  I.  That  nil  sovernnmnt  of  ri-lit  oriciiniitn,  from  the  people,  is 
fmnil^C'l  in  corai«c£  uiily  iiua  u  iu^tituled  solely  for    the  good   of  tlie 

■'■1    That  all  men  have  a  n.iti.r.il  antl  unalioiiahle  ri-ht  to  worship 


235 

1  of  the 


all  elections  ought  to  ho  fie 


pirticipit..  HI  the   l,-.'i,lature 
free   -nvrnim-nt.  ;i„,l  |\.r  thij  en 


i^hliiess  of  .lai-'K 


ges  are  essential 


iitity 


the 


;  thai 


Slltt 


violably  preserved." 

The  convention  was  not  controlled  by  the  more 
advanced  section  of  the  patriot  party,  and  although 
it  a(;te.l  mainly  under  the  influence  of  George  Bead, 
who  is,  indeed,  civijited  with  being  the  author  of 
the  Constitution,  its  proceedings  and  results  were 
tar  from  being  satisfactory  to  his  colleagues  in 
Congress,  Messrs.  ^fcKean  and  Bodney."  Mucli 
apprehension  existed  on  the  part  of  the  fatter  that 
the  convention  would  arrogate  to  itself  the  function 
of  electing  delegates  to  Congress,  iu  which  case 
hiey  and  ^McKean  would  surely  have  been  di.s- 


Bo, 


was 


I.hnvd.  Mr.  McKea 
convention  should  not  turn 
out  of  Congre-s,  and  if  siiol 
ed,  he  would  nnke  tho  i- 
Mr.  Bodnev's  h  tter  of  An 
delphia  to  his  brother  Tho, 


determined  that  the 
himself  or  anyone  else 
I  a  move  were  attempt- 
-iic  before  the  people. 
::iist  I'sth.  from  Phila- 
ua,-,  exhibits  tho  same 
firm  pur jiose.  Thomas  Bodmy  was  in  full  sym- 
pathy with  this  antagonism  toward  the  majority 
of  the  convention,  and  wrote  in  reply  : 

'  Th..u-h  thepe,.,,!.,  in  a  p.,p„|,,r  ^uvernment  often   n,„  „,.,.  „.  ,^ 


ing  tho 


execution  of  laivs  ought 
-n.lin^  an.l  strengthen- 


"U. 

That 

eiro 

existenco  of 

llrh 

male. 
"  12 

That 

ever 

lan.l  or 

Iier»o 

hv 

nf  the 

!asv.,l 

justi.-e 

(loue 

o    ll 

»lK-e.lil 

■  with 

lit  .1 

Lav. 


lee  thf 


tlieiu  up  will  pull  them  down  again." 

]\Iuch  hai-sh  comment  was  also  directed  against 
the  Con.-titulion  and  the  form  of  ufoyernnient  which 
it<rt  up.  ■•  Philo-Alethias"  pul)lishedon  October 
inth  a  .-harp  rritioism.  in  which  he  applied  .Mon- 
to.-iiuiou-s  remark-  that  "Thnv  are  "some  -ood 
thin-  in  the  IMa«are  Cn-iitution,  which  are  ev- 
idently bon-ou-.d  from  the  ]'.  nn-vlvanian,  but 
mangled  like  a  srhool-boy's  abi-i.l-rni.iit  of  ;i 
.S/»r'.,/„r  paprr.  Some  of'  their  PHI  vt  Bi^dit.s 
explained  by  Tories  might  prevent  all  .Vmeriean 
def'en.-e.     Ju-rires   oT  the   Peace   mav    also  be  As- 


^■^^  HT.'^TOItY  OF  DI-LAWAIUv 

son,l,Iyn„>n     f    ...  '  Mak.    ar„l  rx,,.,„e  1...  .vhi.h  x • .,.„..  ,„,„,,„„, ,„^ 

.if.-tn.v  all   lilKTtv:  'Ihe   „„,-t  iKirtir,,  l:,r  fault  '■'.;  'Pt  -i.-.  H.  Mi.imun i,m.  ii,  i:;,, 

^vhic■ll  "I'iiiln-AKtlii:,.-  Cnnd  uill,  tl,,-  D.lauaru  ^'^-m'  k"!ui'',i'i ''i''"'' ]an.  n.,;:,, 

political  c.taMi>l„nci,t  uas.rliat  wlnl,.  it  r,,ntain,.,l  ':'::  IZ  IT!'  ';;'''■'  ■■■•'■'■■■■-^ 

only  tin-cc.  I'numirs  it  1,;mI   ti«iir  .li-iinct  Ic'^-^l-uive  '■^'''■'■'l<  Nnhan  vir,, J^MMTr,;. 

bodi,.^— an  A-.n,i.!v,  I i-iuivc  c.uncri  I'r        ""'•'  'i'  >"'-^-t ^:...„, ^..:::::...z:zz:::: ■.i;,',','', .',-;"■ 

i.ientan.i Ins l■^l^ y (■, ,u,„-,i,  "  Aiitia.. ni,,,„-i[.     i'. i.; i',:!;:!!::;]!:.;;:,;:: !;:;;■!'■  r^!:- 

nn,l    ,n,.„h.,vnt    ,„,.,. ,s.-  h.   savs,  -  ,„   that   Mnall  '^'^'t  'r!,  V'^'n ■■•■==='^.":  '<  k:,- 

and  gmilly-divid.  d   l.andtul  n,u.t  prn.iurP  ,.nd!,>s           ^"Vi-.  >■'■'•<' ii'i:^'w']:":Z:A;iZ:7--r'!i:":  r  r^!- 
jars  and   cmtUMmis.  till   nnt-  ,,t'  these  powoiv  he-  .'/h  V't'i"",   i"" "  \V"' J^.".  i^' i::..: 

comes  an  an.t„r,,„.y.  and,  like  Aaron's  scrj-ent      :ti.:  i- 1:'":,.  :i:'hn ;;,;;-;,;■,::::•;:;:: ''";■'■,';  1-r 

swa]l.,«s  u|.  all   the   iv^t  or  betrays  the  whnle  to  ?!'' !;','C  k!"'7'V',"" '-..iun;,;; 

some  fbrei-n  [.uwer,  uhicii  we  know  the  present      -':, ^'i  i,„ „, , r..oM;.^;"":z::::;:;;:;:;;;;7j;;;-j'' J:!;;- 

repre.-entativcs  of  t\v.,  ,,f  these  counties,  who  have  'i!h'''n,"ut''\u    r  'V '"' ''""■  "■'•'^^'■'• 

been  counte.l  all   ah.,,::   enemi,-  to  the  ,au-e  of  •  "-i  ^'' i'-">^\i''x.  s,'',:':!rjrZ:: k"'!"'!--,' 

Ameriea,     ^^,,uld,    if    th.-y    ,lur.t,    ,,n.-entlv     do.  to!' 'i!  S'^a  'I";::::  m'''';'";";  T'T '■"'- V'.  i^:^. 

However,  tluy  have   the  noniinatioii  nf  inendiers  '"'■  ^' '■'•■•''■  ■>'■>'•• '''-''-'''""^^^^^^ 

of  Congress,  and  may  thereby  expect  it  if  such  dis-  It  Ku'^  .i!m"^''^"iA^ls^ '""■ ':''  ''"''• 

colored  parts  of  other  States  prevail.     They  have  ^''' '■"" ''"''i 'i"^*^'''— ■■■■•■■•■■■^ 

also  made  their  ti.rm  of  government  without  an  tlll'^n^  .ZmKuZ'"''''' J^..,:  17',  in.;': 

appeal  to  the  people,  or  hearing  any  olijeetions.  or  '"'•  """■  ^'""""^  ^''^^^JrZZZZ^^ZZj^  w  I:;!!' 

giving  any  appeal  to  Congress,  thou^rh  one  whole  i^t  ^.  ^m^au"i^u '/"■  t;''!!:':- 

county  was  not  represented  in   convention,  except  °     staff ofticer's '"'    "''' 

only  the  Tories  in  it."  '  chapiiio 

However,  Delaware   settled    down    under    this  '''^''^'■■■•'■■'■■■'"■■■■■"■■^^^^^^ 

new  f)rm_  of  government  and  proceeded  with  the  Adju;:™"!"r";::Z:;;:Z TC^^l^'aL.i 

raising  ot  troops,  the  record  ofwhieh  wp  -Ivdl  ii..ti-  \     1  ■  ,.     , 

follo«°throu,hout  thenar.     ^-    lave  lead  -        n     D         ''"'S'^,  IJ'^^-^'-   ^^ /''^   -."--nt    were   at 

thnt   ..vpvln,,^  to  ti  .  r.    1       '*e  na%e  ail eauv  seen     Dover  on  Jidy  .jth,  when  the  neu's  of  the  Decl-ir- 

the  lughlvd..c>pl.n  d  troops   of  the  enemy.     The     circle  was  formed  about  a  fire  which  Ind    ,t    ,  ,' 

thU:  w'T  •    71-  ""  *'''  °S?'  '^°''"  ''"^'^^'  P--^  -J  th^  l--t--e  -s  cast   not  rl         ' 

Mtiich  was,  in  tact,  in  process  of  format  on    befo.-o  r>      -j     ^  ■         ,         ^  i"i  j  me  uann  ~.  tne 

independence  ha,l  been'declarec      T   e      v    eS  f'->f-t  P-nouncing  t^         words:    "Compelled 

troops-that  is,a  command  organized  umW  d  ^J^^^Z^S^^'rZ  ^T"- '^"^   *'" 

colonial  laws    and    furnished    bv  the   coL.nv  or  f!lt    "      1    ^      n      T  1      oom     1        reign  over  a 

State  of  Delaware  upon  the  call  .".f  Con' cV"  who  ^''f    ^TF    T>^n^^    '    '?"'   ''^'  ''^'"'''''  ''"' 
appointed  their  field  officers.     Tl  e  .^"imc^t  o'm  oPhd-cphia,  where  it  attracted   much 

prised  eight  companies  of  about  o^e  Si^^  m^  el^ SS  D^ Z sS^^  '  ^^"'"^  ^'^  ^"^"^' 
each,  an.l  on  January  19,  1776,  Con^res.  elected  ^  ^       '    ^^°  ' 

as  its  field  officers.  John   Haslet,  colonel ;  Gunning  .u^X^^'e'Z'Z'^^t^f::^:::!  u^a  ^'l'^  ""T^"""^':" 

Bedford,  lieutenant  colonel;  and  John  :\racrher^-  ^=" ',">•>»■  York,  ,:,;s«fi„  Jiaryinmi.an.i  an...i,.rp,ruic.d'ti,"r,",\'7n 

son,  major.'  ",',"  ^'f"  I'""--'^^;i"'.  f"""  H'^'  Helawar^  p.vc.,niMint,  .v,.n  woul.I  1,'ave 

AUi  ,      ,,         ,,  "'"''■'^''   }■""■■  uVliil"'i;  Ihcy  KPre  all   Bhivtmci,,  „,„s,|y„f„„  ,T.,.  ,j. 

Although    the    tact    was    not  known   to  Con^rress        '''"'•     ^lie  t«o  batlalions  abovi.-menU.ji.cd  wwe  tlio  linest  I  ever  sW 

Major  ^laePherson  was  dead  at  this  time.    He  was         On  August  7th  Coner-  ~.  directed  that  the  rc^- 

an  aid  to   General  :\[ontgomery   and  was  killed  i"'"'!  be  eipiipp.,!  u  ith  arm-  lately  imported   •uid 

beside  his  chief  at  the  .storming  of  Quebec,  Decern-  t'len  report  t.)  (..-n.ral   Wa>hin-ton    at   Arnbov 

ber   31,    177.5.      Consecpiently,   Thomas   :\racdon-  ^'.  J.,  where  they  were  bri-ad.'d  with  f,.ur  I'mn- 

ough  was  elected   to  the  position   on  .March  22,  s.vlvania    regiments   and    Small\v..o(r,s    .Alarvlan.l 

1776,  and  the  only  roster  of  the  regiment  in  exis-  reiriment.  under  command   of   r.riu'adier-GJn.Til 

tence  shows  the  field   officers  already  mentioned  Lord  .Stirlin<;. 

and  the  following  officers  of  companit^.  a  list  more  In  the  n,eafl  ti.ue  the  seat  of  war  had  been  tran  ■ 

complete  than  Mr.  Whitely  was  able  to  obtain  :  fi.rrcl  to  Nrw  Yo,  k,  u  hi,-h  ritv  th..    liriiid,     ,  ne' 

Uw":r';^l!:^erL4ar'y^^^^^^  ral,Sir^^•illia,ulIowo.   d..t,.n;uu.d    to    lakcrami 


DELAWARE   PnUNT,  THE  REVOLT 


ariiiv,  \v;iP  fortiili  .1  iin  Now  Yr.rk  L-laiid,  [ilaii.l 
(u'lHi-al  Piitnani  in  cMinniaiMl  .,f  aliout  rl-ht 
tlM.u.-an.l  lu.u  !,.,,-(., 1  in  hr.H.khn.  Sli:.'- 
ral.s  Sullivan  an.l  Morlin-  \u-ve  unJ.r  Put- 
nam, the  IVl;u\aif  aivl  Marvland  tr.;(-i> 
bcin-  in  StirlinL'V  l>ii-a.I.'.  Earlv  ,.n  tlu-  I'Ttii  ..f 
August,  (itiKial  I'litnani  ii..iill..l  (Iriiria!  .~tiri;n.j 
that  the  enemy  were  npju-nachini:-  the  (inwaniij 
road  along  ^larten^e  Lane.'  ami  onhii'.i  him  to 
take  three  regiments,  "  advann- h,  yoml  thrjii;-  ami 
repulse  the  enemy."  Hastily  'jailuji-inL:  Haslet's 
Delaware  battalion.  ^lajor  .Ala'cinnmi'jh  cdnunand- 
ing,-  Smallwood's  :^Lu■yland  and  Ath, 's  IVnnsy!- 
vania  regiments,  .-^tiilin-  advanml  tqinn  tht,-  it-ff 
wing  of  Lord  ILi\m's  aini\ ,  inn-i-tinL:  "f  two 
brigades,  one  llii^hland  ngiment  with  .-evtial 
pieces  of  artillery,  and  two  companies  of  New 
York  Tories,  the  wlmle  under  the  command  of 
General  Grant. 

About  eleven  o'clock  II<iwe  n'inf irc^il  Cnnnt 
with  two  thousand  men,  wherenjiou  Stirling  or- 
dered forward  his  Delaware  reserves,  when  ashaip 
contest  ensued.  At  the  same  time  another  de- 
tachment of  the  Briti>h  puslied  forward  through 
a  wood  from  the  hills  near  the  Forte  road,  and 
encountered  the  left  of  the  Delaware  battalion 
near  what  is  now  Tenth  Street  and  Fourth  Ave- 
nue, Brooklyn.  Sullivan's  command  soon  melted 
away  before  the  fierceness  of  the  British  assault, 
and  the  contest  upon  the  left  of  the  American  line 
was  no  longer  a  liattle,  liut  a  rout  and  massacre.' 
On  all  sides  the  enemy  were  closing  around  the 
feeble  band  conimande<l  by  Stirling,  with  the  in- 
tention to  crush  it,  as  they  had  done  ."^ullivan's 
flying  army.  The  situation  was  terrible,  but  Stir- 
ling did  not  lose  his  self-possession.  Cornwallis 
had  taken  possession  of  the  Cortelyou  house,  in  the 
rear  of  Stirling,  and  the  latter  saw  if  he  could  not 
drive  him  back,  or  at  least  hold  him  where  he  was, 
his  whole  command  wouhl  suti'er  death  or  capture. 
He  resolved  upon  a  costly  sacrifice  to  save  his  re- 
treating columns,  wdiich  were  now  toiling   through 


the 


Brouklvn 

=  Culunr 

-1  Husli-t  an. 

Kithiliun, 

and  Col,.ne: 

MaryLiiiil 

regiment,  ,ti 

ti.ey  were 

ordered  hy 

ill  Xew  Y 

..rk,  fur  the  1 

pigsmt-nt 

tlio   DelaiVi 

ary 


in   Fn^iors  r.riti-l 


Gree 


derai   (_,;.l      toll, 

rest  nui.ie  go";! 


rhe     1 

renmai 

deep    tide-w; 

:it    of   Sulliv; 

Iter 

"o      t' 

i'e    thp.u-h 

tin; 

r'erk. 

■'^  Mil 

1.        Many    ^^ 

ere 
.ere 

1 

il  the  , 

iiiud  ;nid    w:i 

ter, 

et.Vi 
•ninia 
iiuail 
■.■a[M.. 

live  c> 

I.d.ll 

.      At 

iinjianies  of  the 
hv   .Major    Mor- 
•heck    while  the 
the  head  of   this 

d    tin 

■ir    -ei 

iieral,    to    wl 

lom 

even  vlctoiy  had  ;h,u-  h.-.-onic  less  important 
tliau  an  honjr.ibl  ih  ;i[h,  w  hi.  h  might  purchase 
the  safe  ret)-ea[  ot  'li^  army.  These  brave  men 
'■ '.lew  at  the  enemy  with  unp:'.r;dleled  bravery. 
WajliniTton,  \s\\o  watehe.ithe  seeue  from  the  line's, 
wrung  his  hands,  as  he  exclaimeil,  •  .A[y  God  T 
v.iiut  itrave  miMi  nui.-t  I  this  day  lose  I '  "  When 
bvvke!,,  they  ridlieil  amleliarged  the  enemy  again 
trid  a';ain,  until  the  F>ela>vare  and  the  rest  of  the 
r\r-.i-y;anil  regiment  had  luade  their  escape  by  wad- 
i:i2-  -i  marshy  creek,  in  which  several  were 
drowned. 

Stirling,  with  the  remains  of  the  five  companies 
who  had  sacrificed  themselves  for  the  safety  of  the 
rest,  were  taken  jnisouer.-.  But  their  courage  had 
checked  the  pursuit,  and  the  army  ^vas  saved. 

This  defeat  made  it  neces.-ary  for  the  Americans 
to  withdraw  fn.ni  Loni:  Island.  To  General 
MiHlin,  eomniandiu-  the  I'eunsvlvaniu  battalions 
of  Sh.je  and  Ma-aw  and  the  shattered  remnants 
of  Ha-let'sand  Sniallwood's  l.attaliu„s.  was  con- 
fided tiie  task  of  eovriii-  therotreat.  -  Torn  with 
the  sl'.oek  of  battle,  ami  enteehled  hy  the  terrible 
and  exhausting  exertions  of  its  strugi^Ie,  these  brave 
men  still  kept  the  post  of  peril,  and  on  their  cour- 
age and  devotion  the  commander-in-chief  depended 
for  covering  the  retreat."  Under  pretense  of  at- 
tacking the  enemy,  they  remained  under  arms  all 
night,  marching  and  counter-marching,  while  their 
comrades  were  being  safely  conveyed  across  the 
river.  On  their  courage  and  devotion  depended 
the  fate  of  the  army,  and  perhap-  of  tlie  cause  of 
American  liberty.  As  daylight  dawned  the  great 
task  was  acconi[ilished,  a.-  the  hist  of  Washington's 
anr.y  crossed  from  the  beach  l.ietween  Fulton  and 
^lain  Streets.  The  enemy  did  not  discover  the 
retreat  until  the  last  detachment  was  half-wav 
across  East  Iliver  and  out  of  reach. 

Colonel  Ha.slet,  in  a  lettir  to  Thomas  Rodney, 
dated  "Camp  at  Mount  Wa^hin-tou,  October  4. 
177G,"  gives  a  very  good  report  of  the  jiart  taken 
by  the  Delaware  regiment  in  the  battle  of  Long 
Island.     He  savs : 


ly,  ttie  2.'tli  or  .\ii2riist  last,  my  rPiiti 


nrSTiiRY  OF  DKLAWARE. 


After  this  battle  the  rcainient  went  into  camp 
at  King's  Bridge,  We,-tche~ter  County,  New  York. 
The  weekly  return  of  Washington's  forces  at  Har- 
lem Heights,  October  5,  177IJ,  shows  present  f/r 
Colonel  Haslet's  eomniaud  a  lieutenant-colonel. 
a  major,  seven  captains,  six  first  lieutenants,  five 
second  lieutenants,  seven  ensigns,  the  adjutant,  the 
surgeon  and  his  mate,  twenty-two  sergeants,  twelve 
drummers  and  fifers,  throe  hundred  and  eighty-five 
rank  and  file  fit  f  ^r  duty,  six  sick  present,  one- 
hundred  and  forty-nine  sick  absent,  twenty-nine 
in  detached  service  and  none  in  furlough,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  five  hundred  and  sixty-nine. 

Haslet  shortly  returned  to  camp,  and  on  Octo- 
ber 21st,  with  his  regiment  and  some  other  details, 
made  a  descent  upon  Rogers'  corps  of  Tories  at 
Mamaroneck,  capturing  thirty-six  prisoners  and 
sixty  muskets.  He  wrote  as  follows  to  General 
Rodney  of  his  victory  : 


licly  un  the-  jmri.!.-." 

On  October  the  ^Sth  the  battle  of  Chattert< 
Hill  took  place,  and  again  tlie  Delaware  n 
were  called  into  the  thick  of  tlie  fight  by  thoor.l 
of  General  Wa.<hiugton.  Hamlet's  report  of 
reverse  of  tiie  Americans  f>n  ihi^  dccasion,  ni; 
to  Kodney,  bears  hard  \\]»>n  tiie  Pennsylvania  : 
New  York  militia.     He  wmte: 


vi6e<l  returns  ahowtd  tlmt  Stewart  and  Harney 


hill,  ^ 


■  il.  The  l.'tt  . 
Iiill  with  nn.if 
Horso  uf  t)iB  L 


}  Ciiliip  in  the  r 


The  general  army  return  of  Xov.  od,  1770, 
showed  Colonel  Haslet's  to  have  fit  for  duty  28 
commissiimed  and  non-commissioned  officei's  and 
27o  rank  and  file;  254  men  were  sick  and  21 
were  detailed  on  special  duty.  "Washington  was 
compelled  to  retreat  through  New  Jersey  to  the 
banks  of  the  Delaware,  and  when  Ha-let's  regi- 
ment was  in  camp  there  on  Deconilier  22(1  the 
whole  number  jire.-ent  and  fit  fiir  duty  was  1") 
officers  and  02  men.  Much  of  this  depletion  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  a  laige  nundier  of  its  otficers, 
as  well  as  of  the  uank  and  file,  had  returned  home 
to  enlist  in  a  new  regiment  which  was  being  or- 
ganized, under  a  law  of  Continental  Congress,  for 
service  during  the  war,  and  under  conditions  otfer- 
ing  better  jiay  and  regularity  of  promotion.  With 
less  than  one-hundred  men  Haslet  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Trenton  on  Christmas  day,  177i;. 
but  there  are  no  rceords  of  the  performance 
of  the  command   in     that   affair.     It-  la-t   service 


^s•as  at  tl 


.f  r 


hieh 

:  his 

The' 


killed 


dful 


leaili 

ti'in. 

armv  in  the  prope-ed  nuAeuie 
wick.  They  had  re;,elled  Stn 
and  were  nian'hhe.'-  alonu'   the 

they  came  uj .-Mawho,:.!-  1 

the  tluht  tliut  iniiiie.iiat.'lv 
shot  through  the  he:,d.  I.vs 
ford  war-  at    the    time    on  Wa: 


■jalhinth     into 
'.Mei-eer's      Ki-i-: 
:    of     Wa-ldir_'t( 
It  U|.on  New  ISn 

idc 

>n' 
ms 

IV  IJi-oek  at   .-un 

y\<. 

nnaker    road  wl 

■ll^Ued      Ill-let 
1,  , ..(  (  ■    1     ,.    1     I' 

Il 

liiugton's  stati;  ; 

an( 

DKi.AWARK  L)rra\< 


^nijnr  Arar,l„i,„ui:h'  run-i.a  th.Tc-ini.Mt  dn-..ujh 

Viis  dyKimk,].  Thr  n.AMiiilita'rv  ,,r'-i;M!'.t;';,; 
with  wliich  we  have  t.i  d.  al  i>  thal",,f  ihr  n.il^tla 
for  sc-rvicf  in  tli.'  -riyinLf  Caini.."  uhi:  h  wa? 
made  u[i  in  the  aiitunm  ..t'  177i;  tn  [in.u.  t  iIm- 
s-h..n  -  nt'  th..  Dvlawaiv  and  (  i„  -a^.^ake  ]i.i_v-  u  hi;.; 

Jer.<L'y.  It  \va>  prnpoM-.i  that  tm  tin, u-aini  iiifii 
shouhl  lie  iiin.IlMi  u,,-  tlds  piir]!' m:,  f.  -fP.i'  (.i;lv 
until  tlif  wid  of  tlir  year,  ami  the  eall  iV,,,,,  (  ,,u- 
gress  was  received  l)y  tlie  Dehiuare  (\>u\\-uu>,r.  \r, 
^epteniljer.  On  the  L'litli  nt' tliat  iin.iith  F.e>idei,t 
Read  infurnied  Pre.M.ieiit  llaiir,„  k  that  a  f.,ire  of 
fourhiindredandeii:hlymeii.iiu'liidiii-nthre«.  had 
been  raised.  "  Tlie  want  ct  arm.-,"  e..nfiiiiied  Mr 
Read,  "  and  the  -nat  extent  efnur  tVuntier.-  on  tlie 
river  and  hay  of  Delaware  nui.-t  aii..l,:^i.7e  f,.,  the 
smallne.-^s  of  thi.-<  aid— it  ii  the  widow'^  mite.  ' 

This  little  hattalinn  was  plae-.l  ini.ler  the  e-,m- 
ruand  of  Colonel  Samuel  Patterson.-  The  ...tiier 
officers  were  Genrtre  Latimer,  lieutenanr-eohaiei, 
and  Captains  'WiiriaTu  Moody,  Jo.^eph  Caidwell, 
Thomas  Kean,  James  Dunn,  Thomas  Skillinuton, 
Jlatt.  Manlove,  John  Woodirate  and  Xathaniel 
Mitchell.  It  was  very  diffictilt  to  obtain  men  to 
enter  this  command.  John  Clark,  sheriti"  of  >.'ew 
Castle  County,  met  with  the  utmost  discourreie- 
nient  in  his  etllirt  to  enroll  a  comfjanv.  A  paper 
hiL-  been  pre,«erve<l  in  which  he  set  "down  the  ai}- 
swers  of  sixt.  ,  r.  men  whom  he  approached  on  the 
tuhject,  ami  i,  very  pertinent  in  this  connection:' 


Paviii  .MortuD, 
Geor;,-e  I!i;i.l, 
Tllomiu  C.ocli,  Jr 


Robert  Wit 


EdwurJ  Swi-euv,  Fuiiiil- 

Jan,«W,l,on,'  H.n-l' 

Jul.n  Boutli,  Jr.,  Sub^tH 

Joscpli  Tatluw,  Willi, 

Daniel  Smith,  Son  in 


M.ajor  Thuniiis   ItiicJ.) 


lu^  uist.-inre  was  that  out 
t,'.eiHv-two  prollLr.-d  the 
l..:vareh.       (  oj.-n-d  Pat 


hi,- 


■{■■i  -h 


s.       When  \u- 
that  the  Pent 


vaaaii-  had  h.  .a,  i.aid  a  .miill  hountv  to^nh-c, 
and  :,eaLi.-  tlave  hundr-d  ,,f  th.-  four  lumdfd 
and  ei-hte  ;,u:tii,i."l  and  r.iu-.  d  to  do  dutv  uiiK - 
tiav  ^^vree.,uailvta^  ,red'  Patt.T-o„  NNa^ama.i 
of  nerve  and  de'erieination,  ami  he  broiiLdit  them 
'o  te:ii;,  hy  -■jmmuiiiiiy   th-    Continental   int'antrv 

socoi'.d  week  of  September,  177G,  and  the  Dela- 
wareans  were  to  he  sent  over  into  ^'ew  Jersey.  "  I 
at  last,"  -ays  Patter.-on,  writinL'  on  Septemlier 
U'tl-i,  ■■  -":  them  d.own  to  the  wliaif.  hx.'d  havouet^ 
ac    the    h.  a,l    oi'  it    ami    .m  nl    them  off.     (.'.aptain 

r.:un   to  go  with  m.-,  hut  tint's  morning  I  learned,  to 

t!-v.a;  men.  had  deserted  diiring  the  night."  '  ^He 
adde.!  :  "I  shall  give  you  a  small  opinion  on 
oitilalion  atlairs.  If  ever  you  order  one  other, 
never  sacrihce  liberty  to  licentiousness,  by  leaving 
the  otiicers  to  be  chosen  as  nune  were.  Had  1 
knov.n  the  men  in  general,  I  would  not  have  went 
with  them.  Some  few  excessive  good  ;  others,  per- 
haps, another  day  may  be  brave,  not  at  present. 
In  my  opinion,  they  had  better  have  staid  at 
heme." 

Tiie  command  went  to  Xew  Brun.-wiek  and 
then  on  to  Amboy,  and  by  Detober,  Patter.-on  iiad 
instilled  a  little  discipline  into  theui.  In  his  letter 
of  October  4th  he  ajipears  in  better  humor,  ex- 
cept with  the  Kent  and  Su.-^ex  men.  lie  had 
then  four  hundred  and  sixty-one  men,  and  wrote 
about  them :  "  If  ever  1  come  campaigning 
again,  I  should  never  be  for  bringing  up  the  men 
from  ijelow.  They  are  not  ht  for  j'utujue,  have  no 
constitutions  and  are  alicuij.-i  dissulisficd.  Almost 
tifty  or  sixty  of  them  every  day  sick  and  unlit 
for  dutv,  and  f  ■nd  of  iJesertion,  as  vou  have  seen 
at  Philadelphia.""^  ' 

This  severe  judgment  he  mollitied  a  good  ileal 
bv  adding  in  a  po-i-erifit  that  "  Since  thev  left 
Philadelphia  the  IJattalion  is  sorry  lor  their  mi.- 
behavior.  It  w;ls  owing  to  a  rascal  telling  them 
they  were  fools  to  go  without  their  hountv." 

A  portion  of  the  Delaware  ilivision  of"  the  Fly- 
ing Camp  was  ordered  back  to  Philadelidua  pr"e- 
eeiling  Washington's  movement  on  Trenton,  and 
f  .rmeii  a  part  of  Cleneral  Putnam's  commami, 
which  was  dii«_'eted  to  co-operate  on  Deeendjer 
2.3th  with  Wa.-hington   in    the    bhns    that   ua.- ex- 


Jrt.     Yiiiiruu=wer=l,,dl   be- 

'Mr.   Wbit.Ie}'B;idJr,;=,s,   p. 


and  tLej  pruved  t 


240 


iiisTOiiv  OF  i>i:la\vai;i 


peoU-d  to  sw.;r|,  tlic  r.ritl-h  lV..m  fl..'  .1.  rs.v-.  The 
ertlirt  \va- a  partial  failuiT,  I,.t:ui.m-.  whilr  Wa-h- 
ini,'ton  siicL'ijidr  1  in  (•ni--iii-  tli-  livor  ar  Tr.  iiton 
and  defeato.l  \l.M.  Vuukuh  an.l  ( -.Llwalhulr, 
were  so  obstruct. il  \>v  the  \i\  in  the  -tnain  he 
tweeu  Bristol  an, I  l'hihi>lel|.hia  that  their  int^ai 
tion  was  uuUitied.  Tl'.nnias  MiMliiey  had  come  n] 
froiu  Delaware  and,  after  joininu  the  tr,»ip>  as  ; 
volunteer  at  Pliilaihlpliia,  ua~  |ir.iiiiot,,l  to  a  sm-i 
of  informal  cvrninand,  ami  was  with  them  in  thi- 
movement.  Afterwards  when  thev  were  at  Alhn 
town,  twelve  miles  from  I'rineeton,  on  Dee,  nihei 
30th,  he  wrote  hi-  l.rollier  (  '.e-ar  the  narratlv..-  o: 
this  incident  of  the  eampai-ii  : ' 


"Onl 

tlie  2.'t 

li  in-^l 

:.,  in  tl 

mony  (Stslmii 

inv)  y. 

L'rrv  an 

to  urdtT 

a  in  f 

ivu  lio. 

ira  an 

BrUtuI ; 

we  w 

pre  on 

lere.l  f 

au,l  the 

wliule 

of  ;il« 

gut  up. 

Tbe 

three 

eoin|« 

in  cornr 

liiiud) 

vliici) 

1  Mere 

Of  tho  ( 

jtlitT    t 

roo|i,. 

We 

"  tlie   NVu  Ku 


IB  miles  fi-oin  us 
applied  to  the  in 
them.     Wehi.dt 


Thej  sent  off  ii 
got  up  witli  tlie 
ing.     They  sum 

deu.l.     They   ga 


enemy  have  tied  i 
they  weiB  hard  p 


M, 


-i-latu 
t   at  X, 


■po 


Monday.  (  )etol„r  !'>;,  ITTi;.     The  inembers 

Coimeil  for  the  .several  c'nunties  were  as  fol- 

,ith    the    v,.te>    tlhv    had    reeeived:      New 

-(onr-o   luad,  -Ml   vnt..-:    Mehola.-  Van- 

l;ieliard    C'antwell,    li44   votes. 

ollins,  (.11.5   votes;  James  J^vke-, 

d  Ijtissett,  (lily  votes.     Sussex — 

->i-2  votes;    William   Polk,  541 

..ne.  o41  votes. 

as  eho-en  ."Speaker,  Slater  Clay 
t  r.ooth  doorkeeper.  Messrs. 
:ko  were  appointed  to  act  with 
Cook  and  Robinson,  of  the 
ly,  as  a  committee  to  devise  a 
State,  and,  on  November  :2il, 
tor  a  design  of  silver  three 
lud  that  there  be  engraven 
the  right  side  thereof  and  on  the 
left,  opposite  to  her,  Liberty  (in  the  usual  shapes) 
with  a  label  proceeding  from  Britannia  to  Liberty 
in  these  words:  'Goto  America,' and  that  there 
be  engraven  on  the  top  the  shape  of  a  book  having 
these  words  therein,  '  The  Bill  of  Rights,'  and  at 
the  bottom  another  book  having  these  words 
therein,  'The  system  of  Government,'  and  that 
there  shall  be  an  inscription  round  the  same  near 
the  edge  thereof,  '  The  Great  Seal  of  the  Delaware 
State.'  with  the  ti-iires  ITTC)."  Messrs.  Svkes  and 
.AleKean  were  M-leeted  to  have  tlie  seal  niade,  but 
on  .lannary,  HI,  1777,  they  reported  that  they 
Could  procure  no  engraver  to  perform  the  work, 
and  two  days  later  the  matter  was  settled  by  the 
adoption  of  a  devit^'o  embracing  a  sheaf  of  wheat, 
an  ear  of  Indian  corn  and  an  ox  in  a  shiehl  with 
a  river  ilividinL''  the  wlu'at  and   corn  from  the  ox  ; 


tceoplin: 

■     dvke,   --Mi;    vote- 

..--le..„e. 

Kent — ThcHiias 

■"■■■■'■■" 

i;4-2  votes;  Rieh; 

a- -,.,,„„ 

1     John   Wiltbank, 

■,'l'" '''''" 

:     votes;  Daniel  D 

[      clerk,    and     Rob 

^     Svkes    and    Van 

:      ^b-sis.    :\l(dvea. 

,',^7  !.;',!!„ 

1      Ilou-e    of  A-seu 

at    I'.t,.  ! 

;      br.Mn.dit    in   a    n 

i  nJlt. 

i     inches  in  diainet 

to  hem     Britannia  on    tl 

the  stippnrters    t. 

.     lie     ai 

11   American  soldier  uinli 

arms  on    the   ri- 

ht  and 

a  husbandman  with  a  In 

in    his   hand    on 

the   le, 

f t  :   tiiat  a  ship  be  the  cre 

and  that  the  Sta' 

te  in.-cr 

iption  he  placed  round  tl 

ed-,;.      Pen,lin-i 

the  eon 

ipletioii   of  this  dc-iLTU.  tl 

.-eal  of  New  Ca-I 

:le   Con 

nty  was    to   be  used  as  tl 

great;  seal  of  the 

Stall'. 

I'p  to  this  tjui 

e    the     ] 

i.lan    ..f  rai.-iie.'-  troo[H  h: 

been  experiment 

al  and 

i-norant.       Con-re-    lu 

learned  tlnit   a  ;j< 

eiinine; 

irmy  couhloidy  he  form. 

by  long-term  en 

lir-tnieli 

ts,    and,  therefore,  on   S,- 

tember  2Gth,   it 

ha.l    r. 

.■solved  uu  the   creation  . 

eighty-eight    b:it 

till  ions. 

or    regiments,    by    whit 

DELAWAKK  DIRING  THE  KHVOLUTIOX. 


241 


Delaware's  quota  was  niie  Imttaliim  of  ciu'^lit  liiin- 
d.v.l  lu.n,  to  >,rvo  Aarln^  tl..  w:u-.  Th.-  in.lace- 
nuMits  lirld  oat  were  the  #iii;ill  Ii  .uiity  of  tw.-iity 
dolhirs,  ill  (_'j  itiii -ital  iiMaey.  to  private-^  and  iinii- 
coniiiii-sioiieJ  oliicer<,  and  .me  hundred  aeri<  of 
laud  to  tho.se  who  sei-v.d  thrui-hout  th-  war,  ..r 
totlieir  heirs  if  thry  were  killed.  It  wa-  al-a 
provided  that,  thouirli  the  olHecrs  should  lie  eoni- 
missioned  by  Couyress,  their  apjiointnieuts  were  to 
be  left  to  the  several  State-,  and  caeli  State  must 
furnish  arms,  accoutrenioiits  aud  elothiuir.  The 
resolutions  of  ConLTe-s  were  r<'ad  in  the  L)_la\vare 
Lesislature  October  :liith,  and  a  eoniaiittce, 
embracing  Mef-r-.  Svkt-.  \"and\kc\  and  <'.d- 
lins  for  the  (.'ouneil,'  and  U.ibinsoa,  Uidjely 
and  :McKean  for  the  llou.-e,  was  an[iointed  to  roii- 
fer  upon  the  (|Ue;tii.u.  It  was  dfliated  from  N.i- 
veml'er  2d  until  the  oili,  when  it  was  agreed  that 
the  battalion  be  raised;  that  a  commissioner  he 
appointed  by  each  branch  of  the  Legislature  to 
visit  the  camps  of  Haslet's  and  Patterson's  regi- 
ments and  ascertain  what  number  of  oiiicers  and 
men  would  take  service  in  the  new  command, 
preference  in  selecting  the  commissioned  officers  to 
be  given  to  Haslet's  otticers,  and  the  vacant  places 
remaining  to  be  tendered  to  the  officei-s  under 
Patterson.  The  commissioners  were  instructed  to 
consult  with  General  ^\'ashi^gton  regarding  ap- 
pointments and  ]iromoti.)ns,  and  couhl  issue  no 
commission  without  his  approbation.  The  Coun- 
cil ajipuinteil  as  commissioner  Thomas  Collins, 
and  the  Iloii-e  chose  Saumel  West,  who  at  once 
set  off  on  their  mission. 

On  Xovember  tl,  ITTii,  the  Council  concurred 
with  the  House  ou  the  [ir  ipo.-ition  to  elect  dele- 
gates to  Congress,  but  <leclined  to  participate  in 
the  election  of  a  Council  of  Safety  unless  the  Legis- 
lature should  adjourn  before  electing  the  President 
and  Privy  Council.  On  the  next  day  the  House 
replied  that  it  did  propose  to  so  adjourn,  where- 
upon the  Council  agreed  to  the  scheme  as  a  whole, 
and,  on  the  10th,  the  election  resulte>l  in  the 
choice  of  George  Peail,  John  Dickinson  and  Jolin 
Evans  as  members  of  Congress  and  tlie  following 
Council  of  Safety,  wduch  had  fidl  power  of  action 
during  the  recess  of  the  LcLnslature. 

New  Cii-stlc  County — James  Latimer,  John  Mc- 
Kinh',  Abraham  liobiusou,  Jolm  Lea,  Nicholas 
Vandyke. 

Kent  Countv — Cresar  Rodnev,  James  Svkes, 
Thomas  Collins,  John  Caning,  Richard   Baksett. 

Sussex  County— David  Hall,  Jacob  :Moore, 
John  Wiltbank,  .John  Rodney,  James  Reneh. 

On  Xovember  Otl)  the  Legislature  adjourned  to 
January  (i,  1777,  after  appropriating  for  the  ex- 
penses of  the  session  a  little  more  than  ci'_dity-two 
pounds.  When  it  re-a.-sembleJ  no  busiue-s  was 
done  until  January  loth,  when  the  resolution 
setting  apart  FL-biuary  '27t\i  as  a  day  of  fasting 
"  16 


str.eily  enlor.'e  t 
tation  of  bacon, 
and     eandlr.-.' 
wrli  aud  Wiltl.a 


uid    it 


.-alt    b-f.   salt 
M.-sr-,    Vaudv 


resolved    to 


.k,-,  C; 
imniittei 
hment  tl 


then  exi.-ted,  and  it  u,i.- -irderod  that  two  eliain<  of 
fire-rafts  bo  Iruilt  fir  the  d,  frn- ■  ,,\  the  Delaware, 
and   that  a    lari'-i'    ipiantitv    id'   ]irovi-i m-,    arms, 

itiaand  th- (J  auiinaital  tro;i;)s  in  <L'rviee  within  th- 
Stati'.  It  was.  however,  very  ditiinilt  to  tind  rh. th- 
ing for  the  troojis,  fir  one  of  tin'  resolutions  of  this 
series  directed  the  Speaker  to  inform  the  President 
of  Congress  "that  the  persons  employed  in  Penn- 
sylvania un^ler  the  Con_'re-s  to  buy  clothing  for 
tile  army  have  pareiia-ed  alnio-t  all  of  the  articles 
of  that  kinil  whi.'li  were  to  lie  had  in  this  State, 
and  therefore  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  be  pleased 
to  give  some  direction  for  the  speedy  clothing  of 
the  Delaware  Battalion,  as  a  single  company  of 
them  will  not  be  able  to  march  without  now 
clothes.'' 

The  election  of  a  Presiilent  and  other  officers 
of  the  government  was  approaching,  and  as  the 
Constitution  presented  no  mode  of  taking  the  bal- 
lot, committees  of  the  House  and  Council  spent 
two  weeeks  in  elaborating  a  system.  It  provided 
that  wdicn  the  House  and  Council  met  in  joint 
convention  each  member  might  propose  a  candidate 
for  the  Presidency,  and  all  the  names  should  be 
written  out  aud  left  on  the  table  for  tlie  consider- 
ation of  members.  After  they  had  slept  a  night 
the  joint  convention  would  re-asscmble  the  next 
day  and  proceed  with  the  ballot.  To  elect  a  Presi- 
dent required  a  majority  of  the  votes  of  the  mem- 
bers present,  and  in  ca-e  of  a  tie,  the  deeldinj  vote 
was  to  be  cast  by  the  Speaker  of  the  Council.  On 
the  day  of  the  election  of  President  the  nomina- 
tions of  the  judges  and  the  delegates  in  Congress 
would  be  made,  and  their  election  would  take  place 
on  some  future  day.  On  February  12th,  John 
McKinly  was  chosen  President  by  19  votes  out 
of  the  23  cast,  and  the  nominations  for  judges 
and  Congressmen  were  made.  Further  elections 
were  deferred  to  the  21st,  when  t\\i  joint  conven- 
tion again  met  and  all  the  ortiees  were  filled  bv  the 
choice  of  these  gentlemen. 

Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court, — Richard  ^Ic- 
WiUiams,  Cicsar  P.odney,  James  Sykes. 

Judge  of  Admiralty, — Nicholas  Vaudvke." 


Pin 


insT()i:Y  0 

•   hVA..\\\\u 

r  (• 

,nun.,n   I'!cii>   and 

wli..  ha.l    I.H 

1'-" 

!Al^vu!l-.''!'K''hiu' 

^s-ho  !ia,i  al-o 

la.-l 

ili.m,  .Iwiui  (_iai-k, 

pas.0,1    :naKi 

•hit, 

.     Su.-x'x  (A.untv, 

I", tare    rcgul 

Ik. 

J..lni    Laws,  l.-aiic 

TueiiBiiifS  >.vei 
«t'  troops  for 

niiK 

1    ratt,r<on,   X^w 

On  Jut.,- 

Jul, 


Uv. 


Ju~tii-es  ot"  the   C>,v.r(<   >>: 
Orplian.-'C'nurt:  X.u- (  a-ll.' 

Jauiw  Latu„ri-,.J.iinTh 

son.     Ki'iit.  Ciiuiiiv, — Tliniu 
Kirhanl  .'-inith,  'V\u,uva<    W 

John     Wiltlmuk,      Will.      I'nl 

Smith. 

Military  Trt'a.-^nriTs, — Sa 
Castle  :     Jolm     liauiii-,     K 

SllSJCX. 

Comini.-sioner  of  tlu>   (.'(Uitiiu'iital 
Samuel  Patter.SDii. 

Kicholas  Vandyke  and  Jain.^   Sy: 
gates  to  C'ontxres-^  in  [ilam.f  liickiii- 

Fiscal  Icgi^latiiiii  was  diir  ut'  lli>'  ii 
inent  at  tins  ses^inIl,  ami  mi  F.  l.niar 
act  was  passed  ti.i  i.-siK-  litti  in  tlinLis:' 
billsof  credit  of  iIp;  .<tat.'  -  to  l,c  let  out 
forstriking  the  fiinlier  .-uni  nf  ten  thiiiijand  i.Mui 
to  be  used  in  the  det'en.-r  ofthc  State,  and  iirovid 
a  sinking  fund.  The  act  conteired  uiion  t!ie  b 
the  compulMiiv  leual-tnidrr  i|ualitv  ami  provi, 
the  death  iicnaltv'foi 


•.  Svk.< 
ch."  A I 
tiiig-i,Ia< 

Lr-i-l:lt 


th 


its. 


tf^-- 


Uta 


■de: 


d  IL 


11. 


IL 


nd  ,,- 
unlo 


Ih 


■itinir  the  names  of 


^< 


^f 


j:3S^:'lNoy^c;j.-       rhiriy  Dol/ars..  .  ;, 

-<5    Nl\  'V''V-  t/<-^  THE  Ecarcr  i.  .,-  ,    .-.5 

t>^--/'    /'f^'^     \\  5/)^.-„y^  nuUcd  D  O  L  I       :| 
/^  t>\,^'l  K'  #  ITt      V>  la  R  S,  or  tm  eju.,  --I 

^-"N\n;'-%         M        ^■"■Si/.T^inGoldorSikcr.,    1  J 
■  -"-.V     I-...     '^'^^...^       .    rf;accordiiie:  to  a  Rdo-i        J 
/    iiiiticncfCO.VCi^^Si'      ,:-) 
//of  the    I4'.h   "Jajmary^r   '\ 
VX^      :^,>/y   '779-  ji;AJ 

^  -^       "O  Dollars.  ,  -^ 


'/'W/fy, 


&. 


^/^^ 


had 
iiand. 
the  autunin  of  ITTii  to 
he  strongest  attractions 
to  fight  the  war  out  to 
is.  (:a])taiu  David  Hall 
liecaine  colonel  :it  this  new  regiment;  Captain 
C'lKiiies  Pop.',  its  lieuteiiaiit-colouel ;  Captain 
.Tosepii  Viiugiian,  its  major;  Lieutenant  John 
Fatten,  a  cnptaiii ;  Lieutenant  Eobert  KirkAvood, 
a  captain ;  Lieutenant  Anderson,  a  lieutenant ; 
Eu-ign  Peter  Jacquett,  a  captain ,  Lieutenant  Lear- 
^::=j-p^^  "^  month,  a  captain  ;  and  Lieutenant  James 
■  '.'  j  Moore,  a  captain.  Thtis  nine  officers 
from  Haslet's  regiment  obtained  ap- 
[lointments  in  Colonel  David  HtiU's  new 
regiment.  These  ofHccrs  doubtless  car- 
ried off  a  great  many  of  their  men.  Xo 
w.inder,  therefore,  that  on  the  3d  of 
November,  and  on  the  22d  of  Decem- 
ber Haslet  made  such  a  poor  show  in 
hi-^  return  of  b..th  officers  and  men.'  He 
himself  hail  .viih  iitly  become  disgusted 
and  cliagi  ineil  ;  there  was  found  in  his 
poiket  \\li.n  he  wa.-  killed  an  order  per- 
mitting him  to  retui'n  liome  to  recruit 

It  was  Hall's  regiment  that  made  the 
perpetual  fune  of  the  Delaware  soldiers 


theK 


the  official  "-i^ner-  <  Mi 
was  pa»-ed  m  ikin_  tin  ( 
by  authout^  ot  L  ii_u  i  1,  _  d  t  iidt  i  in  I  ]  uii 
ishing  with  dt  ith  im  c  tmtn  t(.itin_  it  the  i.ur 
reno,  or  of  the  Contmenttl  loinOluie  ttititi 
cates,  or  of  the  tickets  of  the  public  h.tt  ry.  The 
Council  elected  as  Privy  Counsellors,  Thomas 
Macdonongh  and  George  Latimer,  and  the  Leiris- 
lature  adjourned  to  June  Cith.  but  on  May  1st  was 
convoked  ill  special  ses.~ ion  liy  Fn-ident  McKinly. 
John  Jones  and  Samuel  S.  .<lo--s  were  seated  as 
members  for  Sussex  in  jJace  of  Folk  and  Wiltbtink, 

omuIIv,  on  .Tunc  .^ith,  Wm.  Kill.T.  .John  Kvnns  and  .T,.l,n  rodk  w.rc  derf. 


—      J. .in 
was 

's  followei 
1  delav  in 
lot  reailv 


;ilution.  The  first  company  to 
t  was  Captain  John  Patten's,  which 
Tiii.^t.a-i-d  in  Nov.  30th,  but  Kirk- 
iii  the  next  day.  Then  followed 
illiiiL'  tin.-  rank>.  and  the  command 
.  march  until  the  following  spring. 
^lu.^ter-I■olls  of  Ftitt-n's  and  Kirkwood's  companies 
;it  the  time  of  enlistment  are  extant,  but  there  is  no 
roster  of  the  regiment  except  that  which  is  dated 
in  February,  17M).  Patten's  included  these  names  :' 


rkwood's  roll  showed : 

in,    R..bcTt    Kirk«„i.fl  ;    Lion 


DKLvwAiii':  Dn;L\(i  tiiI':  ukvoli'tiox. 

thuhea.loftliL'Cl 


The  ilcl.l  i\w\  .u 


In  June 

Lord  How,.  ; 

am- 

rd  from. 

,  r.run- 

but  his  reti 

■eat  to  Anil.n 

V  a 

Ild  . 

■luliarki 

ition  al 

his  triin<pi>i 

i-ts  was  s,.,,n  1 

iWll 

.    What 

ua<  hi 

tinatiiMi,  — 

X.u   l-nja, 

id. 

tlir 

ll;;ds,, 

11.   iIm' 

ware  or  the 

South?    W:i- 

•hii 

I'^'t. 

m  ^vas^^ 

.vlyp,, 

to  tell,  an. 

1  until    it  u;,> 

ki 

inui 

11.    IV,  d. 

ments   coul 

d    he    made. 

J 

:CV 

ry   prep 

aratiim 

made  alony 

;  the  DeUiNva. 

Vl-  t 

()  n 

leet  the 

enemv 

to  get  prompt  and  eert; 

iin 

intellig-ence  of  th 

on  which  1: 

le  \vo\dd  adv 

ance. 

The  CO 

■niniitti 

and  thrdrhl 
., 1.,  i>,,,. 

irkatiou  hiL-an  at 

upe.lke  J,a\. 
On  .<unda 
Cc.niiurntal 
Wa^ldn^toi, 
Phihidelphi. 
Wihnin-tnn 

ly,  Au_'u-t  I'lih, 
ariiiv,     l,'U    thn 

•^    l"«'l    • '• 

1,    and    took    the 
.       W'aduu-tou    i 

Cen.-ral  \l,., 
militia:   "  F 
k...p--nt- 

~    lait  a<  -ooii  a<  \ 

ofthel-a^t.a 
.on's  Marvl: 

l,ivStat,.'r,an,.v 
■u<!,on.  ofMar;i 
and  l.ittalio,,,    I  • 

In    thr  Hi 
Snutllunnd 
the  nulitia  . 
and   Odour 

oai,  tiiia.  Wadmr 
to  pro.vod   to  M: 
,ntl.r  Wot,  ruSl 
1    M.  (d.t    thr    m 

Shore.      Ko, 

diievV  D.'lawarr 

sou's  .Marvl 

an. 1  militia   were 

n.a.l    to  Ch.-ter  au.l 

mm..iiat,'lv   v.n.t.'   t,. 

lan.hd   th."   iK.lawan. 

1  r-Audn  n.Mia.rethau 

.l,-t!o'en.-uivt..wat.-h 

.,11  ar..  i.,in.dhviu,.rc 

.dvauia).  hvth.' militia 

aii.l  i.vrdrhar.l- 

.1  havJ  v.,u  move 

d      as  n.^ar  th.'  .  ...■mv   a-  vo.,  .'an  v.itli  safety." 

)])  oril.^reil  General 
.land  and  organi/.e 
drivin.n  off  cattle  were  increased,  with  ..r.leis  t..  act  the  nulitia  ..n  tii.'  W.  ,~t.  ru  Sh.u-e  of  the  Chesapeake 
upon  the  first  appearance  of  the  enemy.  The  ,~li.u-.-s  aii.l  C..1..U.1  ,A[.  (li-t  th.'  militia  on  the  Eastern 
of  the  Delaware  and  the  chief  r..a.l.-  fr..m  it  \v.-t-  Sh..re.  loi.liiev',-  D.'.awar.^  an.l  (:'..hinel  Kichar.l- 
ward  were  ordered  to  be  survey..!  as  far  .-..nth  as  s.ju's  ^[ar\  Ian. 1  militia  were  afterwards  .jr.h-rcd  to 
Christiana  Creek,  and  on  the  east  hank  to  Sal.iii,  .■o-operatc  with  Smalhvood,  who  was  j)laeed  in  com- 
andall  the  topographical  peculiarities. ,f  the  irioiin.l  maiid  of  the  entire  force  to  operate  in  the  rear  of 
to  be  carefully  noted,  swamp.-,  luitural  <,l,-ta.-l,-,  the  eiietuy.  The  Delaware  nulitia,  under  Cai'sar 
cover  for  marksmen,  etc.  Ciretdars  were  ir-sue.l  to  K,,dney,  were  hastily  posted  at  the  head  of  the  Elk, 
wagon-masters  to  hold  themselves  ready  to  remove  where,'  upon  the  approa<;h  of  the  British,  they 
stores  and  provisions  under  the  direction  of  tlie  pres.-ed  into  service  all  the  teams  within  leach  and 
Committees  of  Saf.  tv.  Th.'  outl.>.,k  at  the  Dela-  M.cure.l  the  gt;eater  part  of  the  public  stores,  only 
ware  Capes  wa-  th./  .■.ntr.'  ..f  a  painful  inteiv.-t  at  ],  avimr  several  thousand  bushels  of  corn  and  oat.s, 
this  time,  and  tin:  f.  lut  .,f  .iiteriu-  ma.le  hy  Howu's  „i,i,.h  fell  int.)  the  hands  .)f  the  enemy, 
fleet,  witli  the  suhs.  .[ucut  steady  course  .southward,  Waddn-t.'U    roa.'heil  Wilmini:ton  on   the   same 

made  thiu-s  .-tiU  more  uncertain.  WashinL;t..u  ,1,,,-  tlie  T.ritish  lauded  at  the'hcad  of  the  Elk. 
moved  his  army  to  th.'  Delaware;  it  lay  at  ('..r-  Jli'.  arm  v  pa-.'.l  thr.aiLdi  Wilmington  and  advanced 
yell'sFerry,  Howell's  Ferry  and  Trenton,  ami  there  to  the  hi-h  lau.l  \v..-t  of  it,  wli.re  it  .-ucamped, 
waited.  Tiie  march  t.i  (Tcvmantown  one  .lay  was  gome -..iui:  as  f.ir  a-  >  eu  port.  Wa-hiiiL-tou  took 
followed  the  next  by  a  march  back  to  Coryell's,  y,,  Jij,;  hea.l.piait.  i.-  ...n  (,>iud^er  Hid.  in  a  liouse 
It  was  merely  marching  to  occupy  time.  The  ene-  ^yliie-h  for  manv  years  afterwards  stood  .ai  th.'  w.  ,-t 
my's  movements  must  be  more  developed  before  gjdg  of  Wt'>t  Street,  midwav  between  Thir.l  ami 
any  movements  of  Washington  could  be  made  in  Fourth.  Here  be  issued  the  following  order: 
one  direction  or  the  otli«  r. 

On  the  ollth  of  July  th.'  .'unny's  ll.'.t  was  seen  at 
Cape  Heulopen,  an.l  on  the  olst  Congress  received 
a  letter,  dated  the  MOth,  from  Brig:uliJr-General 
Caesar  Rodney,  at  Dover.  Delaware;  and  one  of 
the  same  date  from  H.  Fisher  at  Lewes,  inf  irmiug 
that  bod V  tliat  the  enemv's  fleet  h;i.l  app.aiv.l  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Delaware,  aluuit  four  mil.-^  fi'.mi 
the  liglitdi.iu.-e.  C..n'jre:-s  iu.m.'.liai.lv  t.n.k  the 
subject  un.h're..n,dd._'r:iti..u,  :ni.l  I.,  ll.ving  th,-  .1.- 
tination  of  the  inemv  to  he  rhila.lel[dd;i.  .ildrii.l 
all  the  i,r..vi-i..n,-  au.l  .t..r.s  t.>  be  r.-nrnv.-.j  fn.m 
thecitv,  :.u.l  -lU.nhnl,  That  the  u.ilitia  ..f  tlie 
Statos"(.f  Neu- Jersev,  IVnnsvlvania.  D.laware  an.l 
Maryland  be  imme.iiately  .'all.'.l  f.rtli  t..  r.-n.  1  anv 
invasion  of  the  enemv  in  -;u.l  Stat,  s."  ('oH'.m.-,- 
also  or.lere.l  all  the  live-st..ek  to  he  driven  olUn.m 
the  Delaware  l).>rders  t.>  the  interior.  Howe's  plans 
were  fully  deveh.pe.l  l.y  the  mi.hllc  of  Au-ust,  when 
his  war-biiips  and  traur^ports  ap[>roaehed  Elk  lliver. 


'  Tu   lirl.juilier-Goieml  Rl. 


244  III8T0KY   Ol-    Dili, AW  A  RF. 

for  the  must  part,  quit  Ihoir  homes  wlicrsthc'j  appear,  unci  to  nl.nin  tiny  [,,„_    MarvllUl'l,    \\lliMlC(^  he  l)P_r:in   to   m'l\o  oil  Scp" 

""'rilt!i;^!^.Till'iv''r,Mnnvi,,.-a.,l  ,n<,rc.si„.,h.  ,■„.,„>■  v.,„  tfii,  1 HT  ^  i.i ,  ^^lnl.;  W:,~l,in^l.m  u;,v  .uU  in  Wihnin- 

Killn„.„;,l..-..u,v..,,..n.,,,M,,...;,,,:r..    v-.-n...,ml^-.cMI.M  ,„,,^       IJ..^,,   j,.,,!    j;,,!,:)    |,i,.:.,;l    ,n,il   ;Ln,l    Wll.^hill- 

gai!,'cirL  r,'-,7/!'.''''I,^ii  i:!r;,M,^^^^^^^^^  wlieil  Hcnvc,    ..n   tli.;  .latr  incntinn.Ml,   nuircliMl    l,v 

^^!:Z"aZ!^''Z'i'nVV,:^"'^^'' '"■'"■'""  ^"""'>""'='^'f  the   !ctt   think    :in(l  :^ni-ht   V<   turn   tho   AnnTi.-an 

''""ir7iu'''.'r?,Vri"!!i''i'uM^                  rh,i.,.i.i,,i.i.,,  .-,5  u  ,.M.o,i.',i.  ri'jht  and  (jcciipy  tlir  iipprr  I'onl-  «i  tin'  r.niii.ly- 

Ton«.lll,.,„v-...ii-t..Kllv.il-...l..,,  ,iJ.t.'...k.,.lr,.u.:m,l^,>.-.l„„,  ^^j,|^.   Uiv.T.        It    Wasolllv    llV   cxlivnil'  artivitV   lliut 

^\ol!e'!j"'ivs"I,;^o"'nInnin!'V.    :"^  Wll-I,  i  11  - 1.  .11    «  US   ai.l..     to    hlVuU    throU-h    tlu-;    tluilk- 

^^■'"■"^'■""•> '",'■  '''■,' I--—.  ---'  -■■! in^r  ,;fatcL'V,  ami  altrr -rvcral  .-l<lnni^lu-s  aloiiu'  its 

wiiunll'!.  i'   ■•    :  '  ■    '     '^J!|a,u';I;?;.a:,',"!;!iw,'„,7;V,Mvlccur-  ha^k^,  the'  tvo   ai-nu.'S  t;.un.l  tlh-.n^rlvr^.    .m  S..],- 

™[iv';',-'  ' .  \  v::;;-:;';";!;;rl::';;:;ofpn,,i-,,,ns.,,,if.r-  teini.cr  nth,  o,,  oi-poMtc  sui-  of  the  iw-amiywine. 

''^is'oe"."j!'ilx;w';i'uili«'>n^^                                          -ho  sft'"".    tl"'  AuieriraiK   <vo!.in-  to  hohniir  tor.ls 

''"?!  Yeclrmr.'wru'Iil'iln^'lu^^",;''"^                  „„„„„  ,„.  „n.i  ^''^fce  is  u  (louhle  .-tfeani,  unitiii-  in  Ch.-tei-  Couu- 

activity"'^  u'iI.u'Il'  ^  "!"'",,  ^'y' ..!';".'  ii!;''.  '-'nliiT.!!  ,>'  „nr'!,.^nr!..  t  y,  Pa.,  s./ekiiii:  the  Delaware  iowhintls  and  enii)ty- 

bi!iVom!t'rv'^«'■•l'l\^.' noil 'V^ .'-',,..   '•    ur,,t ,.' tl,  .*!<!,"!  |!,'.'. 'iir'''  i"-    '"tu    the  (.'li  rirtiaoa.     There  were  miinerous 

aswe  i.Hv'..  ,,,,-  „  .  ,,.ij  „,.nMi,i  .,.  .  x;    t  H,.  .■n.i.,v«iii  ,L,o,,ute  fofj-,  cipeeially  Oil  thc  upper  stream,  with  hills 

'  "Gh'en'n'tVk-aaijliTter-'w]iniil''i^                         iTTT.  On  either  Side.     The  main  road  from  Delaware  to 

"G.  \v.i'siiLN,.T.,N."  Philadelphia  ciossies  the  Brandywine  at  C^hadd's 

General  ArniMron-  with  the  Peimsvlvania  mili-  Ford ;    a  mile  and  a  half  below  was  Pyle's  Ford; 

tia  from   Wilniinuton,   and  ( i.n.ral  ii.Hln.v   with  t^^o   miles    above   was    Brinton  s   Ford.       IW  3 

the  Delaware   militia,  and   (.n.rals  (hv.nn  and  army  was  mas-^ed  at  Kennett  Square,  severa   nulw 

Weeden  reconnoiteved  the  country  ^Htwe,-n   Wil-  ■^""^•'  '^''  t'^^  Bran.lywme,  on  thc  road  to  Chadds 

minston  and  the  head  of  thc  Elk.     WasliiiiL'ton  ii'H-  ■-"--!  ni- -i.i.  i.-t  nr,i,rs  to  th.- tninp,  fu- tho  ri^Tvi.thm  of 

,      ,    ,       ,,                           ,.                ,.                   Ill  r.'^iilintv  iiii'l   L-.-o,l  cli,rii,lniH:  iind   li.is  siiinifled  that  till"  must  c.\cm. 

proceeded  to  tlie  scene  ot  operations  and  al>o  made  j., ,,,  ,i,,„,^i,,ii,.„tMi,,ii  1..'  inHicted  npoji  timse  ivhuaimii  dar^;  tn  piim- 

a  personal  reconnoissanco  before  the  enemy  took  dtr  Hiu  pLipeity  ur  muii-ot  the  pi-rsonauf  miyof  wa  nwjcsiy-»  uvH  i;;*- 

up  their  line  of  march.    On  the  od  of  September  *^"'sX'„MtVandriotecti.,ii  are  iiko"isoext.nde.i  toaii  poi^unsinhab- 

their  lines  extended    from  Gl;;s£;ow,   then  called  it.uitsuf  th.-i.Pivim.,  uii.UMuntif.  afure-aM.  «1ki  {notguuty  ..f  ironis 

Aiken's  or   Aikentovn,    to    Iron   Hill.     On   that  "':!,''r!i.,:M/-    ''     '  ^  ,    , -1  '''Vi' ui,  u  n 

day  a    severe   skirmi^h  took    pla.v   ln-tweni  tlu-in  i-o.th.n  .i      1          r       i   1 -.  1,  i.T-ons  do  forthwith  rt-turu  and 

and    the  Delaware    and    Maryland     militia    near  "^^ '■•'c,!!,l,,,Li. J/ .!...i.  -ir,  iii.it  iLiiy  oih'ers  and  private  nien,  now 

Cooch's    Bridi:e.       The  Americans    lost   about    f.U'tV  "ctually   m    a.i„s  ,i.Mia.~t    his  majcsly.   may  be  willing    to  relin(ii;i,h 

.                      ■              1     1     .1      1)    ■.■   1     I         •           I              ■  tho  part  they  have  takeuiuthis  ivbullion  and  rtturn  to  then- due  alle- 

in  killed  and  wounderl;  the  British  lo.-s  is  unknown.  gi,>nce.— 

After  this  en^airement  the  Briti-^h  burned  (.'ooch'^  "■''"•  ^^■'"'^™  """- ''""'  'h"< f""-"-  rr-n,i=.  .a  free  ami  general  pardon 

]\IilI  near  Iron  Hill,  and  comniittod  manv  ..tlior  act-  ti^'X!\:u^7^^!l.'.''aty!n^^ 

of  wanton  destruction  of  property.     Tlu-y  removod  ''^::\';,:^,;^';'l!;::XX!^^^^^^^ 

the    records  of  the   (Veil   Coimtv  court-hou-e  and  An-n!t,  i'ttt.' 

burned  the  buildinu.    ■■  A  writer'of  the  Veriod  says  "  "'  ''"  '"''"""''"t^^T^^^^^.  Secretary." 

the  British  captun  d  all  tlie  records  and  ]nil)lic  pa-  ;  u„„..n  nioTemeiit  on  rini.id.ii.hi.i  i.y  tii-  r.mte  tiin.n-h  M;,r.ii:uij 
pers  of  New  Castle' County   and   every  shilliii','  of     »n.i  n,  la.oi.e  vv,.-.  <.oi,i..«h.,t  on. ,...,., iiiiaiii.rx,..|.t  on  ihe  mim—hi-h 

the  public  money,  top-ether  with  th<_'  fund  bclom;-  i.!'|,i,,liv',',,„.L''he  «,'ici'i  ,1.  m.-l-r-.a  ^1:^1  ir^m  ih.- 1,  n. -.  .,im  th.a  -Ma 

ing  to  the-trustees  of  Newark  Academy.''  itiii.tii-r  nn.K,..i,t -n  rinii  i.  1;.i,l,  i.iiyi,  it  u,  1, 1 ' ...  .  ,->  ■,  ,i,t  d' 

'flowe'   advanced  tVom   the  head  ofElk  to  Elk-  n,u''"n:!'X^'''-\''''r::"^^^^^^^^^ 


ties  on  the  Utlanare,  ur 
liinil : 

"Sir  William    Howe. 


PKLAWARF,  I'Ur.IM 

Ford.  Wa-liinc't'in's  nrniv— Ariii-frnji-.  wit!,  tlie 
rennsvlvania  inilitiM.  li.  M  IM.- Fonl ;  \V;.,-!ii!i-- 
tdll.witli  \V;.vih'aii.l(.;v,iu-.lMl,l  tiir  rriitn- ;  \\\'. - 
dei.'s  aii.l  >rulilci,l.-.'i-V  ini.-a.l-,  i  u-.v.i, -  .llviMua, 
hfld  tlio  lici-hts  ill  111,,  ivar  ,,te'lia,M.  F(ini  :>  a 
re.<orvu.  On  a  hill  at  thr  tni-,1  wa-  I'vm-iml-'  ar- 
tiUerv;  sl,elti.iv.l  Uv  a  ru-j..  ;v.l.ul,t  and  .^ui.pMrt.'.l 
by  VVayiu-'s  lu-i-a.l.-.  .Max^^,l^.  li-l.t  intantry 
■were  in  the  advanre,  hol.lijiL'  The  .M.r.th  ~-ii.'  of  the 
ford  and  the  aiiiimarh.  <  t.,  it.  On  the  riL'ht.  ouii- 
necting  with  ^\'ayne  and  (Imiic  and  witii  [lirkLr-. 
videttcs  and  li^iht  (.-avaliv  tiir..\Mi  lait  ii]i-ti' .ini  to 
the  forks,  was  Sullivans'divi-Hai  and  th.:-,.  uf  >v- 
phen  and  Stirlin-  Imldln-  D.intou  ^  Fnnl.  Sidli- 
van  was  char!.a'<l  tn  l^'^k  tm  the  ^ecuritv  ot'  ihat 
flank,  but  had  not  the  means  with  \\\ii<:\\  to  ,1..  if, 
and,  besides,  was  not  c.iapet.'nt  to  euii,!:.ai.d  tlie 
entire  wiiii:  ot'aii  ar;iiv.' 

He  ha.l  only  some' liu lit  cavalry  under  Dhuid. 
Stirling  was  brave,  hut  dull  :  St.pliei:  wa-  a  ^ii[ier 
annuated  veteran  and  dull  bi-.-idis.  Thi-  country 
was  disatlected  in  the  extreme  —  full  nf  Tories  and 
Quakers — and  wdule  llowe,  auiiled  by  Oalloway, 
had  all  the  intelligence  he  iiee<kd,  'Washinyton  not 
only  did  not  know  of  tlie  enemy's  movenieats,  l>ut 
seemed  to  be  only  partially  aeiiuainttd  with  the 
lav  of  the  land.  Jle  was  vei-v  anximis  for  Howe 
to"attaek  him  at  Chadd'.-  Ford,  coniident  that  he 
would  he  able  to  d.  ii  at  him  there,  atid  that  was 
precisely  what  Heue  diil  not  intend  to  <lo.- 

The  relation  of  the  battle  of  the  Brandy  wine 
need  he  but  brief.  Although  it  was  partially  fought 
on  Delaware  soil,  there  cxist.s  uo  chronicle  of  the 
doings  of  Col.  Hall's  regiment  in  it.  We  do  not 
even  know  to  wduit  brigade  they  were  attacbetl. 
Probably  their  officers  described  the  acti'jn  in 
letters  and  reports,  but  nobody  took  care  to 
preserve  the  documents  that  at  the  present  day 
would  bo  invaluable.  The  official  re[>orts  of  the 
army  mentioned  only  the  lirigades  and  did  ntit 
specify  the  regiments  which  comp'i~ed  them.  It 
is  a  conjecture  that  receives  the  colur  of'jirobability 
that  the  Deluwareans  were  with  the  'Maryland 
troops  in  Sullivau's-'  division  and  consequcntlv 
shared  in  the  defeat  intlieted  by  (,'ornwallis  upon 
Sullivan  near  Trumbidl's  and  Jetrrey's  Fords. 
Sullivan's  dispositions  were  bad,  in  addition  to  bis 
being  surprised  and  flanked.  At  dayluvak  the 
coluinu  uniler  Cornwallis  moved  along  the 
Lancaster    road,     which    ibr    several    miles     ran 

ISch.irre  "  Ui^tnr}-  of  I'ljil.i.l.  If.lii.c,"  \.A    i.,  ,vu-o  :4T. 


TUF  u:-:v 


■1(»X 


245 


n:\irK-  p.ir:.l!el  witli  the  Braridvwine.  General 
IJow.i  was  v,itb  ihi.  divi>I,,n.  Knvphau^en  and 
in:,  ceaii'Loel  n„,ve!  roiwanl  at  mile  o'clock.  A 
den<e  foix  ui^!i,-oud>  ■'  th'-  eountry,  and  the  n-out- 
ing-p.arties  oi  li  ith  a.niieo  otieii  came  in  ch.-e 
contact  befoi'^  ri.ey  w.,re  aware  ot' their  proximitv. 
From  behind  the  iveil-  of  the  -i-aveyard  of  the 
Kennett  rueetiu-di  i,.-e,  ;;nd  il-o  of  house-,  tr^s 
ai;d  clump.^  of  1). >!:,<,  j-uta- o|' militia  k(  ]it  up  an 

Ki;\  pha'.-(".i,  ho-,v;r,  nu-^ii- d  i^rward  toward 
< 'l.j'!-!'.:  ^_'o;d.  He  seiiL  a  •-trin'.''  advance  partv 
to  ei-'.od.e  Maxwell.  Th,  v  met  at  about  tea 
o'eio,  k  and  a  .n-re  ei,-agenunt  eil>ued.  :Max- 
weli  Was  drivi  II  liaek  to  the  verge  of  the  stream 
at  the  f  ird,  "  here  lie  was  re-ciitbrced.  Turning 
upe'i  liis  pursuers,  be  made  a  furious  cbar'j-e, 
the  ranks  of  the  enemy  were  thrown  into  confusion 
and  fell  back  upon  Knyphausen's  main  column. 
L  nable  to  cope  with  Maxwell  in  open  battle  with- 
out bringing  a  larger  force  into  action,  Knyphau- 
sen  sent  a  detachment  through  the  wooils  to  make 
an  attack  on  his  fiank.  Perceiving  this  move- 
ment. Maxwell  retreated  across  the  stream, 
leaving  the  whole  west  bank  of  the  Brandywine 
in  pe^<i>~i.in  of  the  enemy.  Knyjihauseii  m^v 
broiej-ht  I'uuard  his  a<lvanee,  and  t'mm  the  brow 
of  the  hill  upon  the  west  side  of  the  stream  he  kept 
up  a  s*ron_' cannonade  upon  the  Americans  with- 
out attempting  to  cross.  The  tiro  was  returned 
with  spirit  by  Proctor's  artillery.  Knyphauscn 
did  not  cross  the  Brandywine,  becau.se  he  was  in- 
structed by  llowe  to  amuse  the  Americans  with 
feigned  etibrts  to  nuikc  the  pas.-age  of  the  lord  until 
Cornwallis  sl.ould  cross  above  and  gain  the  right 
and  rear  of  the  patriots.  This  strategy  Cornwallis 
successfully  accomplisheil,  and  when  he  did  so  he 
won  the  day  by  taking  Sullivan  in  the  think  and 
douliliuL''  his  divisions  one  upon  the  other.  Just 
as  thi~  moveiiient  was  devcdoping,  'Washinuton 
was  preparinu:  te>  attack  Knvphausen  in  front, 
while  ArmstroULT  cros.-e,l  lielow  and  Sullivan 
above.  But  Howe's  tlaidc  movement  was  the 
nmre  (iuiekl,v  executed.  Hi.-  columns  pressed  in 
l.ietween  the  American  divisions  and  drove  all  bo- 
fore  them  and  were  rapidly  gainin.'-  the  main  road, 
when  the  reserve,  unilor  \\'a.-liin.:ton  and  Greene, 
came  up  and  cheeki'd  the  enemy  long  enough  to 
prevent  a  rout  and  cover  the  withdrawal  of  the 
army.' 

Manv  records  and  traditions  of  the  engagement 


DHLAWAUI 


r.lS(]  TdK   flloV 


TloN 


245 


Ford.  Wa-l-.incrtoii's  nrniv— Ann-tinn-.  witl.  tlic 
IVnnsvlvnniu  niilitin,  lu  i.|  IM.''- F..nl ;  \V:..!u!i-- 
tMii.with  \V:,vin.u]bl(.PviK-,li.l,lth.ontiv;  \\\., - 
den's  aii.l  .Miil,lciiluM-'.-l,i-i_M(l.-.(ii-.rn,-,llvi-io,i, 
huld  the  li.'i-lits  ill  ih..  ivar  ot'Cliu.ia.-  Fnrd  :-  a 
re.-^ervc.  On  a  hill  at  the  fcnl  ua>  I'roetor'.:  ar- 
tillerv,  shelteivd  l.v  a  lu.l-  ■„.luil.t  and  supported 
bv  VVavne':^  liri-ad-.  -Maxwrir^  li-ht  iutiiPtrv 
were  iu'the  advaiiec,  ImMin-  llie  <uiith  -de  of  the 
ford  and  the  apiiroaches  to  it.  ( )n  the  ri-ht,  enn- 
necting  with  ^\'ayIle  and  Cineiie  and  witii  ]>i.k..i>, 
videttes  and  li-iit  cavalry  tiimwiKiiit  up-ir'.iiu  lo 
the  forks,  was  .-^ullivans  divi-icn  and  tie  -e  ..t'Nti'- 
phen  and  Stirlini:,  ImldiiiL.'-  llriuti.n':-  F..nl.  SLdii- 
van  was  charired  to  lonk  to  the  .-t-euritv  of  ihat 
flank,  but  had  not  the  means  with  \\liieh  to  d-  ir, 
and,  besides,  was  n.it.  conqietent  to  enn.n.aLd  the 
entire  wiuLr  of  an  anny.' 

He  had  only  some  li.i^ht  cavalry  umkr  Bland. 
Stirling  was  brave,  but  didl ;  Stejihen  wa-  a  super 
annuated  veteran  and  didl  l)esidts.  The  country 
was  disaffected  in  the  extreme  —  full  of  Tories  and 
Quakers — and  while  Howe,  iuided  by  Galloway, 
had  all  the  intelligence  he  needed,  Wn.ihint;ton  not 
only  did  not  know  of  the  enemy's  movement.-^,  but 
seemed  to  be  onlv  partiallv  ar.piainted  with  the 
lav  of  the  land.  He  was  verv  anxinn.-  iVir  H.iwe 
to'attaek  him  at  Chadd'.  r,u',l.  ronlMtiit  that  he 
would  he  ahlc  to  ih f,  at  him  there,  and  that  was 
jireeisely  what  Howe  did  not  intend  to  do.- 

The  relation  of  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine 
need  be  but  brief  Although  it  was  partially  fought 
on  Delaware  soil,  there  exists  uo  chronicle  of  the 
doings  of  Col.  Hall's  regiment  in  it.  We  do  not 
even  know  to  wdiat  brigade  they  were  attached. 
Probably  their  officers  described  the  action  in 
letters  and  reports,  but  noiiody  took  care  to 
preserve  the  document-:  that  at  the  present  day 
would  be  invaluable.  The  olbcial  reports  of  the 
army  mentioned  only  the  briL'ades  and  did  not 
specify  the  regiments  which  eomiio~id  them.  It 
is  a  conjecture  that  receives  the  color  of^noliabilitv 
that  the  Delauareans  were  with  the  'Marvland 
troops  in  .Sullivan'-'  division  and  eon.M-qucntly 
shared  in  the  defeat  inilirted  by  (.'ornwallis  upion 
Sullivan  near  Trumbidl's  and  Jetl'rey's  Fonls. 
Sullivan's  dispo?itions  were  bad,  in  addition  to  his 
being  surprised  and  flanked.  At  daybreak  the 
column  under  Cornwallis  moved  along  the 
Lancaster    road,     which    for    several    miles     ran 

'Scluirfs  "  IIi-t..ry  ofriiilu.ivlfihi.i,"  \vl    i.,  [vi^^    'i'- 


nearly  par:,'!,-!  with  the  Brandywine.  C.eneral 
liowo  "'IS  'vili;  ihi>  divi>ion.  ]\nvph:ui-en  and 
hi:,  connn.uid  mi,v,l  :,,n-.nl  at  nine  o'clock.  A 
•J,  iHc  I'oix  en,-!i.-<.iid' ■'  tie-  country,  and  the  ^cont- 
ing-r.aitie-  oi  b  it!i  a.miis  otien  came  in  clo-c 
contact  befui-'^  ri.ev  were  aware  ot' their  proxiniiiv. 
From  beliind  the  "wcd!--  of  the  -ravcyard  of  the 
Kennett  nieeflnL'--ii'ii.-e,  and  -li-o  ot'  hoiists  tr,  .  s 
a';d  clump,-  of  h>:A'.i  <,  ]nirt;<-  of  n:ilitia  k(  pt  up  an 
annoying  fire  u|  <  ii  llic  a<lvaiiein'.;-  enemy. 
Kn\-pha':-e'.i,    ho-v  v;  r,     im-ii-d    forward    towanl 

f.  (-i,-!.,.!..-  :vl,i_\w:-|!.  Th.  V  met  at  ai)out  tell 
o'.-iock  and  u  ^.vel■e  engagen;,  nt  eii-ued.  iMax- 
wi  11  \\a>  drivi  n  hack  to  the  verge  fif  the  stream 
at  lie;  f  mi,  "here  he  was  re-entbrced.  Tuniiiig 
upo!,  his  pnr-uers,  he  nnule  a  furious  cliarL'"e, 
the  ranks  of  the  enemy  were  thrown  into  confusion 
and  fell  bad:  upon  Kiiyphausen's  main  column. 
L  nabletocope  with  Maxwell  in  open  battle  with- 
out bringing  a  larger  force  into  action,  Knyphau- 
sen  sent  a  detachment  through  the  woods  to  make 
an  attack  on  his  fiank.  Perceiving  this  move- 
ment, Maxwell  retreated  across  the  stream, 
leaving  the  whiile  west  bank  of  the  Brandywine 
in  posstsdon  of  the  enemy.  Knypibau-en  now 
broiigh.t  f  >rward  his  advance,  and  I'rom  the  brow 
of  the  hill  upon  the  west  side  of  the  stream  he  kept 
up  a  .-M-oiig cannonade  upon  the  xVmericans  with- 
out atteni|)ting  to  cross.  The  fire  was  returned 
with  siiirit  by  Proctor's  artillery.  Knyphauscn 
did  tiot  cro^  the  Brandywine,  becau.=e  he  was  in- 
structed by  Howe  to  amuse  the  Americans  with 
feigned  efforts  to  make  the  pas.-age  of  the  lord  until 
Cornwallis  should  cross  above  and  gain  the  right 
and  rear  of  the  patriots.  This  strategy  Cornwallis 
successfully  accomplished,  and  when  he  did  so  be 
won  ihe  day  by  taking  Sullivan  in  the  flank  and 
doubling  his  divisions  one  upon  the  other.  Just 
as  this  movement  was  develo]iing,  'Washinaton 
was  preparing  to  attack  Knyjdiau.sen  in  front, 
while  Armstrong;  errssed  below  and  Sullivan 
ah.ive.  P.ut  Howe's  Hank  movement  was  the 
nior^  iliiickl,v  executed.  Hi.-  columns  pressed  in 
between  the  American  divi?ioiis  and  drove  all  be- 
fore them  and  were  rapidly  'j-ainin_'  the  main  road, 
when  the  reserve,  under  Wa-hiniiton  anil  Greene, 
came  up  and  checked  the  enemy  long  eiii,ugh  to 
prevent  a  rout  and  cover  the  withdrawal  of  the 
army.* 

^lanv  records  and  traditions  of  the  cnfratrement 


HISTOr.V  OF   HKI.AWARl 


246 

survive  in  the  ^^'ilnlill^tlln  aiiil  l!r;iii'!yu  inc 
rerrion.  The  hanlcst  tiLrhtini:  (imirnd  Ij.-twecn 
the  BiniiinL'tnii  niL'itin.r-11'iiKi'  ;iiiJ  tin'  r. -iilvnic^ 
then  occu|.ie.l  i'v  Mr~.  .Iain.  ^  Oavi^ainl  Mr.-. 
Jones.  .Muiiy  w,rr  kill.  1  ii.  ar  tl...  i,i.-.-.in..'-li..ii- . 
which  was  situat.'d  ali.'iit  lialt-\',av  li.tw.'.'n  th.' 
Brandvuii.e  River  an.l  th  •  \Vil,',iin_'t.,a  r.a.l. 
General]  I.. we  u..,l  it  a<  a  h.-pital.  a„.l  .-A-.Tal 
officers  will)  die.l  tlieiv  wriv  Iniri..!  in  th.'  a.lia.'aiit 
gravevanl.  Lafavctt.'  wa.-  ^ll..t  thr..iiL'!i  tli.'  i."_' 
after  he  had  leaped  fn  rn  lii.-^  li..i>...  an.l.  .-u-..nl  in 
hand,  was  emleav.iriiiL.'-  t.i  rally  the  llyiii'.' 
Americans.  His  ai.le,  (xiniat.  1k-1|ii.1  liiin  Lack  U> 
his  saddle,  and  he  r...li't.i  the  rear,  where  his 
wound  was  dre--i'd.  (^n  the  lunrniiiir  I't'  the 
battle  WashinLTt.jn  to..k  his  breakfast  at  the 
mansion  of  James  Briiidley.  on  the  AVilinington 
side  of  the  river,  walkinj;  the  floor  in  deep  thuuLrht 
or  standing  with  his  cup  of  coffee  in  his  hand, 
eatin'.;  little  and  soon  liastening  on  to  Chadd's 
Ford.' 

Washinu'tnu's  hoaihiuartefs  were  at  the  house  of 
Benjamin  Iliny,  where  Lafayette  kulired  with  him 
the  night  before  the  battle,  although  the  French- 
man's headquarters  had  previously  been  fixed  at 
the  residence  of  Benjamin  Gili^in.  Traditi.m 
says  that  Thomas  Cheyney,  a  Kelaware  Whig, 
whose  descendants  still  resi.lf^  in  Wilmington, 
gave  Washintrton  the  first  intelliirenee  of  the 
approach  of  the  enemy.  He  was  riding  out  alone 
and  reconnoiteriiig  and  came  suddenly  upon  the 
British.  They  fired  np.m  him,  but  he"  .-.-aped  to 
the  quarters  of  "\Va>hingt..n  with  his  news. 
Cheyney  was  an  active  spy  while  the  Aineri.'an 
army  was  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Delaware  and 
often  suffered  niuidi  fr.mi  tlie  Tories. 

According  to  Hiiliar.l  .lAubeiteiiil,  wIm  pulj- 
lished  at  Paris  in  17^.'  l,i.  ■•  ]:s>ais  Hi.-t.)ri.|n.s  et 
Politiques  sur  la  i;i'V..lnti..n  de  rAmericjue,"  a  ro- 
mantic incident  occurred  at  the  home  of  Wm. 
Harvey,  upon  the  battle-field.  Harvey's  youngan.l 
handsome  daughter  ]\Iolly  had  for  a  lover  a  young 
American  soldier  named  Seymour,  whory  her  father 
had  discountenanced  because  of  his  pijverty.  Sey- 
mour commanded  a  company  at  Brandvwine,  and 
after  the  battle  was  grante.l  a  brief  leave  of 
absence.  Repairing  to  the  house  of  his  sweetheart, 
he  found  that  the  opposition  of  Harvey  to  their 
marriage  had  been  overcome  by  his  gallantry  as  a 
soldier  and  his  promotion.  The  marriage  im- 
mediately took  place,  but  while  a  hastily  iiiiimi- 
viscd  wedding  feast  was  takinj-  plai.'e  two  He.--ian 
soldiers  scouting  in  the  iieighli.irh.Mid  can.e  uiK.n 
the  scene  and  endeavored  to  make  a  j.ri-.iiier  of 
Ca[)t.  Sevmoiir.  He  re-ist.'.l,  and  t!ie  bri.le,  in 
rushing  between  him  an.l  the  .-..l.lie,-.  v.itli  wl„,m 
he  was  struggling,  was  tlini-t  tliri.iugli  by  a  bayonet 

'Mrs.    Elizub.lli    Mu.u„-on.irvs     "  l;uii.uii=L,uc.  a    uf    Wanuii;:K.ii,-' 


an. 


kil'e.l.        D'Auberteuil 

V..1  tlii-  st..rv  fn.m.. i] 

•n.iallL.welvinaine.liii 


.1     t..      havt 
if    r.atav..tf 


,>nth..  I'.ran.lv- 
wiii...  an.l  on  tl„.  ev.aiin-  alt-r  tiie  battl.'  .-e,it  'a 
d.  :a.-l,ni.ait  ..f  tr,.,,,,.  m  \Viliuin-t..n  t  .  -  i/ ■ 
I'l-.-i.l.nt  J..iin  M.Kiiilv  an.l-.eure  su.-h  pluiebr 
as  niiuht  I'all  in  tleir  uiiv.  TI.ev  t.i.,k  the  d'r.-i- 
d.iit  tniiii  hi-  b.-.l  at  .had  ..fni-ht.  an.l  s>-i/in-  a 
sl.M.p  that  lav  in  the  stream.  i..a.l.-.l  it  with  valu- 
able:- -I.. l.-n  iV., in  the  i..-..pl,.,  a    lar-.'    qiiaiitity    nf 

private  ree,,r.l-  ami  all  tiie  papei-  an.l  e.a-fili.-at.-s 
of  the  l.ian  an.l  tivaMiry  ..iHees.      With    the-e  rich 

r_'th  an.l  1-lth  Wilniiniitou  was  occupied  in  f.>rce 
by  the  l)riti-h.  while  the  men-of-war  "  Roelmek" 
an.l  •■Liverpoi.l"  lai.l  opposite  the  town.  ^lanyof 
the  Briti.-li  wounded  had  been  brought  into 
'Wilmington,  and  the  people  at  least  knew  that 
they  were  safe  from  bombardment  so  long  as  any 
of  their  h.iuse.'^  were  turned  into  British  hos|iital3. 
The  two  armies  confronted  each  other  on  the  IGth 
near  Warren  tavern,  twenty  three  miles  from  Phila- 
delphia, and  C'oiiL:ress,  takinu' alarm  from  the  near 
appr.iaeh,  ..n  the  l^th  adjourned  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Lancaster,  where  it  assembled  on  the 
27th,  but  after  three  days  adjoui-ned  to  meet  at 
York,  Oct.  lit.  On  Sept.  20tii  Wavne  was  de- 
feated at  Paedi  and  five  days  later  the  British  took 
posse.ssion  of  Philadelphia,  while  at  the  same  time 
the  whole  British  fleet,  under  command  of 
Admiral  Howe,  appeared  in  the  Delaware.  There 
were  no  defenses  of  the  river  except  the  double  set 
of  rhevanx-dc-fri^e — one  just  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Sehuvlkiil  an.l  i-rotectcl  hv  Fort  .Mer.'cr.  at 
];e.l  Bank,  on  the  Jer.-ev  .-h.. re,"  an.l  .^ne  at  Fort 
Mifflin,  on  .Mud  Island.  The  American  Ih.till.. 
consisted  of  the  sloop.=-of-war  "  Delaware,"  "  Mmit- 
gomery"  and  "  Fly''  and  a  number  of  arnie.l 
lioats,  all  under  the  conmiand  of  Commo.lore 
Ha/l.'W.i.i.l.  OnSe'ptemher  27th  this  fleet  engaged 
the  Briti.-h  batteries  and  was  beaten  off  with  the 
loss  of  the  "Delaware."  On  October  2d,  a  party 
of  the  Briti.-h  cmssing  the  Tiver  at  Chester,  the 
garrison  at  Billingsport  sj)iked  their  guns  and 
hastily  fled.  A  panic  .^^eemed  to  prevail  all  along 
the  river;  the  militia  who  were  to  defend  Bed 
Bank  ^afterwards  called  Fort  .Mercer)  dis- 
ai.p.^ar.^.l.  an.l  th..-e  of  Xew  Jersev  refu-.jd  f.)  do 
iluty,  while  fiMui  tin- f.rts  an.l  tl.j'tilla  there  were 
nunier.ins  .l.-erti.ins.  WasliinL.''t.'n  liavinL'  re- 
ceived intilli-enee  that  Geii.Tal  H.iwe  had 
d.'taehed  a  part  of  his  f  iree  for  the  piu-jKise  of 
ivluein-  nillin-port  and  the  f..rts  on  the 
Delawar.N  .alU.I  a  cuineil  of  war.  the  re-ult  i.f 
whieh  wa<  the  .leei,-i..n  t.- attack  the  enemy  in  and 
around  Oeniiant'iwn.  That  battle  was  fought  on 
Octiiber  4th  and  ended  in  the  defeat  of  the 
Americans,  although  in  the  early  part  of  the  day 


PKLAWAIIK  DURING  7115^  RKVOLITION. 


247 


they  li;ul  victory  uitliiii  tli.ir  gnisp.  Tbf  Dfhi- 
wiire    hattalinn     ^\a.~    (  n-a-cil     in     tlio     i>:,til.'    of 

in  killc.l  aiiJ  uoun.k.l.  ('.■l.  Hall  uas  ^o  .ovcvly 
bounded  that  hf  «a,<  iirviraiilo  to  take  tii-  tioid 
ai^niil.  C'iijit.  Allen  Mrl.aiir,  who  coinmanJcJ 
an  independent  eonipany  otli-ht  cavalry,  i)iloted 
two  re^nnicnts  that  :-truck  the  J'.riti^h  at  .Mount 
Airy,  on  the  I'hiladelphia  road,  and  dn.ve  in  the 
pickets  there. 

The  Delaware  regiment  reniaine.l  nnde-  Wa^hlm- 
ton,  who  quicklv  toek  ].n>itinn  at  \\'liite  .\jar>iu 
within  fourteen  mile,- of  I'hihidelphia.  Hnwe  tip.!- 
iugit  difficult  to  feed  his  army  in  the  lieleaLruered 
city,  determined  to  open  a  ])a^^a^e  for  lii.:  t^eet  up 
the  Delaware.  On  <  »et.  '2'Jd  Count  Douup  and 
Lis  Hessians  a-auhed  Pert  .Mem  r,  l.ur  were  re- 
pulsed and  he  was  killed.  Fert  .Mitilin,  on  the 
Pennsylvania  shore,  was  bomharded  by  the  s;;ii>s- 
of-war  "Augusta,"  "Roebuck,"  "  ^lerlin"  and 
several  others,  which  had  broken  through  the 
obstructions  in  the  channel.  These  three  of  the 
Britisli  Vessels  grounded,  and  the  morning  of  Oct. 
2od  disclosed  their  perilous  position.  C'oruiDodore 
Ilazlewood  advanced  to  the  attack  with  twelve 
galleys  and  two  iloating  batteries.  A  hot  engage- 
ment  ensued,  during  w  liich  the  "Augusta"  was  set 
on  lire  and  blown  up  and  the  '"  .Merlin"  was 
burned  by  her  own  crew.  Undaunted  by  the 
failure  of  this  attack.  Gen.  Howe  built  shore 
batteries  which  commanded  Fort  :\Iitilin,'  and 
on  Nov.  10th  rcnewT'd  the  assault  from  them  and 
from  his  fleet.  On  the  IGth  the  Americans  were 
compelled  to  evacuate  the  foit,  and  Fort  ]\Iercer 
was  also  abandoned,  thus  completely  opening  the 
river  to  the  British.  Commodore  Hazlewood 
succeeded  in  sending  twenty-five  galleys  and  the 
"  Province"  sloop  up  the  Delaware  past  Pliila- 
delphia  to  a  place  of  temporary  safety,  but  the 
other  American  vessels  were  driven  on  shore  and 
abandoned,  and  most  of  them  were  burned  at 
Gloucester  Point.  The  Briti.-h  wt-i-e  'masters  of 
the  river  and  bay  from  Philadelphia  to  the 
Atlantic. 

The  Delaware  Le-i.-lature  met  at  Dover  Oct. 
20th  with  Thomas  .Abdvean,  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Assembly,  acting  as  President  of  tlio  State  in 
the  absence  of  ]Mr.  ^IcKinly,  who  was  still  held 
prisoner  by  the  British.  George  Read  was  elected 
Speaker  of  the  Council.  The  presence  of  the 
enemy  in  the  .State  had  deterred  many  members 
from  attending  the  session,  and  a  menvirial  from 
the  freeholders  of  Sussex  County  complained  that 
on  Oct.  1st  they  were  prevented  by  r.n  armed 
force  from  hold-ng  their  election.  (Jn  t'),;t.  •i'.ith 
it  wa.s  resolved  to  raise  six  hundred  militia  t'lr  the 
defense  of  the  State,    to   be    paid   bv    a    draft    of 


live  tlio'.:-iind  p.ioud.s  upon,  tlie  loan  office  of  Kent 
C'lnry  Hy  th-  i-nature~  appended  tothe.c  reso- 
lutions it  apoeu,-,-,  th.it  of  the  Couneil  thei-e  were 
present  o;'!--  Ceo.m  Read,  Meh.da-  Vand\ke, 
rhoma.sColi:;.:,.i..he.  l;an:ng,  John. lonesand  Peter 
Hvart;  ami  of  d-.e  lioase.  Richard  Lockwood, 
Pamu(d  \','e-t,  .Jeln  Davis.  John  Clayton,  Wm. 
iMollestoi),  George  (.Vaighead,  R'lbcrt  Armstrong, 
Samuel  JAuterson,  James  Black,  Wm,  Clark,  Isaac 
Lcwi.3,  Robert  Br_\  :i-i  and  .Jacob  Stout. 

C>u  [_V...  'id.  [he  iji'u'i.dat'ire  met  again,  and  on 
iiio  17th  eieet.d  C;e<ar  Ro.liiey,  >-ichola3  Van- 
dyke and  T;  j.eiao  Melvean  delegates  to  Congress 
for  the  ensuing  sear.  A  bill  was  passed  to  borrow 
from  Vincent  Le'ockerman,  seven  hundred  and 
tiit_\  pound.,-  to  purchase  clothing  for  the  Dela- 
ware legimeiit.  tleu  under  the  command  of  Lieut. - 
Colonel  Che.ri!;.  Pope  at  Valley  Forge,  with 
W  asliingtor.'s  starving  and  destitute  army. 

On  Dec-  i^'th  General  Sullivan  was  relieved 
of  tlie  command  of  his  division,  composed  of 
the  two  Maryland  brigades,  then  in  camp  at 
Yal,'ey  Forge,  and  General  Sniallwood  placed  in 
cou,mand,  with  orders  to  proceed  to  Wilmington 
and  put  "the  place  in  the  b^st  posture  of  defense." 
He  was  directed  by  Washington  not  to  "  let  any 
neglect  or  deficiency  on  his  part  impede"  his 
operations,  and  was  "  vested  with  full  power  to 
seize  and  take  (passing  receipt?)  such  articles"  as 
were  wanted  for  the  public  service.  He  w.as  also 
instructed  "  to  keep  officers  and  men  to  their  duty 
and  to  avoid  furloughs  except  in  cases  of  absolute 
necessity,"  and  was  to  Use  his  utmost  endeavors  to 
collect  all  stragglers  from  both  of  his  brigades  and 
to  get  the  men  clothed  in  the  most  comfortable 
manner. 

On  the  rea,ssembling  of  the  Legislature  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1778,  measures  were  taken  to  reinforce 
Smallwood's  position  at  \\'ilnungton-  and  to  bring 
the  regular  battalion  uji  n.  its  proper  complement  of 
nundjcrs.  To  aeomplish  this,  f,iur  hundred  and 
twenty  men  were  needed,  and  it  w;is  resolved  to  pay 
each  recruit  84-5  and  to  alh.w  an  officer  Soo  for 
every  man  he  might  enlist;  the  money,  840,000, 
was  to  be  borrowed  from  Congress  or  from  any 
individuals  who  might  be  willing  to  lend  it.'  At 
the  March  session  the  Legislature  passed  a  bill  [)ro- 
viding  against  desertion  and  the  harboring  of  deser- 
ters with  heavy  fines  and  hiULr  imprisonment.  Mr. 
McKinly  being  still  in  the  hands  of  the  British 
and  ;Mr.  Read  requesting  to  be  relieved  of  the 
duties  of  the  executive  office,  Cresar  Rodney  was, 
on  March  .list,  elected  President  for  three  years, 
receiving   twditv    votes    out    of  the    twentv-four 


A|u 


TS.  r.P 


.       from  D.. 


i'.tlin  Call 


248 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWARl 


cnst  ill  tlic  JDUit  cnnvcntion,  and  Tlmnia:'  Hi.iinov 
was  ch.-scn  ju,l-e  ,.f  the-  A.l:.,irakv  C.m-t  iii 
hi3  place.  The  i'n>l(KiU  uas  au,li..ii/  a  |..  r,n,-e 
a  coiiipauy  of  troi)[in  in  each  (■inints-  to  irnaiii  Uic 
Delaware'shoros  and  (■aptnic  thr  Twic-  \vh..  wnr 
engaged  in  tiad..'  \\ith  the  rueniy.  A  h.;i.r  ,.,,ntn> 
vei-sy  endued  IkIwc,  ii  tlie  IImh^c  cf  A^m  nd.lv  and 
the  Ciiuiual  on  a  iiioiin>i(i,.n  cniaua.tiii-  Iroin  the 
former  to  demand  tlie  re.-iL'iiation.-  of  W'w..  Kdh  n 
and  John  Cook  as  jn-tice.^  ot'  th<-  Sniiremc  (.'ourt, 
on  the  ostcnsiMe  ground  that  ih.  v  hotii  n-'drd  in 
the  same  county,  hut  reallv  hecau.^-e  thev  wer.-  .-ii.-- 
pcctcd  of  disloyalty.  The  (jouncil  Vhi-rd  to 
assent  to  their  removal  in  ihi,-  nianiiei-,  ciaindnir 
that  under  the  Constitution  of  tiir  Stat-  lii.v  were 
entitled  to  inipeachrneiit  aiid  trial.  iJn  .Ma'v  ioih 
the  bill  fur  creatiiiL:  a  militia  estaidi-hnient  \\:is 
passed, and  in  compliance  with  its  pruvijiou-  (  n/orj. 
Evans  was  chosen  lieutenant,  and  Henrv  Darhv 
and  Samuel  Smith  subdieuteuants  forXew  Castle 
County;  Samuel  West,  lieutenant,  and  Francis 
Manny  and  Benjamin  Coombs  subdioutenants 
for   Kent;    and    llem-v-     XeiU.     lieutenant      and 


Niitht 


il  W; 


n,l     CI 


es    Moore    -uhdie 


tenants  for  Sn-sex.  Another  measure  of  Impoi-- 
tance  adopted  \va-  that  -  tor  the  further -.curitv  of 
the  State"  which  r.'uuired  all  citizens  to  take'tl.c 
oath  of  fidelity  to  the  Federal  and  State  -overn- 
meut  and  imposed  the  duty  of  beariiiLT  arn.^  upon 
all  except  members  of  the  Society  of  Friend-,  who 
were,  however,  eonipelleil  to  pay  an  e(juivalcut  fur 
their  personal  service.  A  third  act  provided  severe 
penalties  for  dealing  with  tlie  British  or  furnishiuLT 
them  with  supplies,  and  was  acrom[ianie<l  In-  an  act 
of  amnesty  to  all  pre\-ion.-lv  ili.-loval  [ler.-ons  who 
should  consent  to  take  the  te-t  oath.  <__>u  .luni;  liOth, 
AVm.  Killen  wa>  do,  i  ,1  ,.hi,,f  justice  of  tlie 
Supreme  Court,  David  Finney  a  ju-tice  in  the 
place  of  Jolui  Cook,  and  John  Jones,  the  third 
justice;  Killen  and  <'M,k  liavinj- i-esijned  in  a-c  e.Vi- 
ance  with  the  rei|Uest  of  the  llonsf  of  A.-.-eii,blv. 
Thomas  Ilodney  was  made  chief  jnsiiee  ot'  the 
Kent  County  Court,  and  George  Crar.diea<l  was 
elected  commi-sary  general  of  prisoners. 

Strengthened  by  the  recruiting  measures  taken 
by  the  Legislature,  the  Delaware  regiment,  now 
under  command  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Charles 
Pope,'  was  stronger  in  the  sprint:  of  177.S  t!ian  it 
had  been  at  any  other  period  since  its  f.rmatiou. 
It  had  shared  in  the  ri'.dd  training  enforced  at 
Valley  Forge  by  that  veteran  martinet.  Baron 
Steuben,  and  out  of  a  special  loan  of  .S7-j,0i/»  maiie 
by  the  State,  had  received  a  trood  supplv  of  arms 
and  clothing.  On  Mav  ISth  it  was  placed  in  the 
corps  of    observation  that,    under    Lafuvette,    ad 

1  CTmrIi-1  Pnpc.  livc.I  it  Smvnia    «l,.  ™  Ii^  Iti'pt  ,t  ifiionil   mor  han^lpe 


vaneed  to  B.arren  Hill,  haUAvav  between  Vallov 
F.r^.and  I'h  ihuhlj-hla.  It  ua;  the  (ir.t  reailv 
inl-oenleatcoannand  of  J,aiave:te  a-^  a  n,ai  t- 
paia.d,  and  the  tru-t  rej.-.d  in  Inn.  la-.lv 
■ji-ewoutof  the  I'act  that  on  Mav  7th  ueus  had 
been  receivc.lof  th.' arnn-d  aihanje  lonned  bet  wem 
Fran,-e  and  the  Fnited  S:a,e..  Capt.  Alhu 
•Mel.ane's  independ-nt  corps  of  Delaware  li.dit 
cavalry  was  po-t.d  near  the  Uid-e  roa,l,  in  com- 
pany with  littv  Indian  scouts,  and  threw  pickets 
out  f.irther  into  the  f.re-t.  On  .Alav  IDih  live 
thon-and  Briti-h  troop,  were  ord^avd 'to  Mir,>r;.-e 
the  camp  at  Barren  ilill,  bat  tin.elv  warnin^- ,if 
their  advance  was  -iveu  bv  iMeLaneV  videit.  >  and 
aiierasmall  .kirmi-h  Laihvetle  retired  to  Vallev 
F..r^v.  On  Jnn-  lS;h  the  Britidi  1. --an  the 
evacuation  of  I'hiladelpiiia.u  ith.lrawin,',  of  cnur.-e, 
all  thedet.aehment.-  that  had  har..-ed  th.'  eoiintrv 
doun  to  and  aero,-,  the  Delaware  line.  Washing- 
ton crossed  thi>  nv^•>■  at  C  >ryeir-  Ferrv,  .onie  forty 
miles  above  Fiiiladol|, hi, V,  and  ill  the  la~t  week  in 
June  the  Delaware  re.:inieiit  formed  a  part  of  the 
advanced  corf.s  commanded  bv  Lalavette,  that 
th.>  commander-in-chief  pu>h.  d  in  the  direction  of 
-"^lonniouth,  X.  J.,  with  orders  to  "rake  the  tir.st 
fair  opportunity  to  attack  the  rear  of  the  enemy." 
This  was  the  divi-ion  of  the  army  which  was  in  a 
li'wdays  turned  over  to  the  command  of  General 
L'harles  Lee,  whose  disobsdienee  of  Washingtuus 
orders  at  the  battle  of  iMouniouth,  June  29tli,  pre- 
vcnteil  the  execution  cf  the  hitter's  plans  and  j)er- 
mitted  the  e.-cape  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton's  army. 
The  Delawareans  jiarticipated  in  thisenu-a-ement, 
and  marched  with  Wadiiie-ton  to  his  camp  at 
White  Plains  on  the  Hud-on.  Bv  hi.,  ord^r  of 
Sept.  27tli,annonnring  the  disposition  of  the  army 
fjr  the  approachin-  period  of  w  inter-rpiarter.s,  theV 
were  a--ii:Ued  with  the  .Marvland  and  l\nii-vlvania 
troops     to     the     camp     at     Middlebro,,k,'  X.  J.,  | 


.pu 


In     D 


Col.  Pope,  Capt.  Patten  ami  other  otHeers  of 
the  regiment  united  in  jietitions  and  letters 
to  the  Legislature  rcprc.-entin,'-  their  lack  of 
clothing  and  supplies,  which,  on  Dec.  9th,  were 
presented  to  the  Council.  Cojiies  were  also  sent  to 
John  Dickinson,  who,  on  Jan.  18,  177i»,  was 
elccte.l  a  delegate  to  Con-ress  f.r  a  vear,  the  other 
two  ch...rn  boin-  Nicholas  Vandvko  and  Thomas 
McKean.  On  Jan.  L'l,-t  the  Le-i.-lature  directed 
.Mr.  Crai-head,  the  clotliier--.iieral,  t..  deliver  to 
each  field-ofli.er  a  full  .-nit  of  clothes  or  £80  in 
money;  and  also  to  fiinii-h  each  fidd-ofKcer  with 
additi.nial  clothing  at  the  prices  prevailing  when 
Ih-y  entered  tly-  service,  the  State  to  pay  the  ditl'er- 
en<'c  between  tho.sc  firares  and  the  present  market 
price  of  the  -oods. 

The  Articles  of  Conf,  deration  and  Perpetual 
Union  adojited  by  C  >n-re->  were  sabmitted  to  the 
Delaware  Council  iiud  Iluu.-e  uf  Assembly  in  De- 


in  tli< 

d.rhl 


LAWAllH  i 
akcii    iiiti)   (■ 

THI-; 

in    a    I 

ILITION 

.■tition  tn    tin 

■    L.- 

i-latui 

■e  J. ravin-- 

AuA  1 

■  iirli,  wli.-n  : 
Mi,v>  «a~    ,1, 

1   >tr<)iiL'- 
~    wliic'u 

,s:initi 
Tl.w  : 

.IlllU- 

rate  i( 

(111     tn 

1-t,  am 
Inititv 
.nr   I  111 

H.,-1,    a    ,ii.,. 

1  thrivall.!-  t 
.  It  lia.l  1..  , 
n.ui^ii  hanl  >, 

L-itillll 

irantc. 

uf     1 
npany 
it>  111 

ivsolutinn 

■     lo-tit..  >■■ 

1    t..   a    -k. 
u>trr-n.ll.. 

:'i:7 

,    t..  thr    Ml.-.-l|i 

1  ,111.1  ui.;;ht 
^i>..  tr.,.'tof 

Maivl 

i,.A,ui 

it  i,aa 

li--inIIC 

wdilv. 

I.Mav    an.l  . 

linniinallvnii 

a  ..liir.a-'    it- 

Tl,.'-,.    rnlh 

Innr. 

rank 
-    .■mil 

1T7!I, 

ami  1 
rari- 

^ho^\i|.u■     t 

mcaai.a  n 
ilc    IMllnl"! 
tiie   lull.n\ 

uf  Ri-hts  of  tliU  stalM,  iin 


Tbuin^ii  WMi    JmIiii    l; 

lov  I.-.    W'm 

SlV,ltti)M, 

lloWrt  .<.jlon;iy.   i'.-rry 

S«,tt,  Chml.'S  McMi.nii 

;ill.  Thonx-A' 

1    I'.irker,  i 

liirret  Allev,  Fnim-is   Bil- 

stoM.;,  Ez.ki.-l  rl..rU,  L, 

i/.inn   C.iri. 

i-.lv,  ,I.i;nc 

s    L,.n;o,  Ileiirv  H,,;uc-j-- 

n.ai.,  Mu-e=MrL:m..,  I', 

.iurlclM,-,,, 

■,v^.lil,r,.l. 

n  Uut.btr. 

Karlv  ill  .luiic 

,  177!),  t 

lK-J)fla 

ware  rt'cniiunt  let't. 

Miaairi.n.nkaii, 

1    «a~    tr 

anst'ern. 

-a   til   tlio   viciiiitv 

nf    Wa-hillL'tnirs 

n,wi,..a 

■r..  N,_-\v  Wmd^.n: 

t,,",.,i„'!","|^'j','|,,'„'". 

It  till-   fi 

1, ,..,,„.,, 

[iiitiLMl  till'  .!i'r,-c\\s 
nt'  thr   I-Ii-lilai.as 

of  the-  Hua-.ii. 

1  )ii    thf 

I'.ltli  , 

It'  .luly,  Caiit.  .Mr- 

Laii.'-  rnni|iaiiv 

\va.-  a 

rtaill.l 

tu   the  exiieililiou 

iina.-r  (Jol.  lI.Mir 

V    L.rtl 

lat  .-urji 

rised  and  defeated 

the  liriti^h  at  V: 

uilu.  Hn 

nk,  now 

•  tlie  :;ite  of  Jersev 

Xot«-ith.-'taiKlin:rtliP,>e  ohjeetiDU.s  to  tliese  Articles 
of  Confederation  which  seemed  to  place  iiu  limit 
upon  the  we.-tward  aud  southern  extension  of  tlie 
then  frontier  States,  while  the  seaboard  nienihcr-  nf 
the  Union  were  already  contined  tn  iiii'hi>ric  liiniml- 
aries,  aud  the  further ol)jcctii>n  uf  an  iiiva-irai  of 
State  jnri.sdictiou  over  internal  iiue.~ti..ii,-.  tiie  Cuiiu- 
cil  satistied  itself  with  thr  (|iintLd  pr-t. -t  and  at 
the  same  time  authoriz-1   it-  .lel.'-ate-  in  Cm-re,- 

to  ratify  t\w  ( 'oiifrdrration,  '■  lu  iirni  reliance  that  City.     Tlie  cnmiiiaiiil  \va.-  made  ujiof  Capt.  Levin 

the  eanaor  ami  iu-tirc  nt'  the  several  states  will  in  llamly's   tw.i   eompanirs  of  the    Fifth   Maryland 

due  time,  a^  far  a-  pu.-.-ilil.-,  ivmove  the  olijeetinii-  Reuiiiieut,  three  lumaiva  Virginians  andMcLane's 

ul.le   parts   theivnf     Tlie    urjeuey  of   tiditeiiiiiLT  1 '.lawarean-.       Thry   firmed  at  New   Bridge,  on 

the  bond  of  uninii  lirtwr.ai  the  States,  which  Wa.-h-  the    Ilackeiisack    Kivcr.  on    the   afterni.on   of  the 

ington    had    fireihlv    prc-..cd    uiion    Coii-rc=.-   and  l.-^tli.  and  took  up  the  line  of  inaixli  at  live  o'clock 

which  was  set  forth'in  it.-  resolutions,  was  palpable  for  raiilu>  Hook,  twenty  mile>  di.-tant.     The  troops 

tothestatesmenof  Delaware,  and  with  [latriotie  self-  were  divided  into   tliive   coliiniii,^   and  the   British 

abnegation  they  waived  the  immediate  intere.-ts  of  works  \\ere  to  be  carried  at  the  point  uf  the  bay- 

their   own    people    fir    the    general    benelit  of  the  onet.     It  was   planned   that   tiie   attack   should  be 

American  cau>e.  maile  shortly   after   midnight.   Imt   the  progress  of 

On    Jan.   2.').    177'.>,     rivsident    Bodnev    trans-  tiie  American.-,   uas  .-u   much  delayed   that  it  was 

mitted    to   the    A^.-cnblv    the    rei,iie-t  ..f '(  u  iieral  alter    four   o-i'lock    on    tiie   iiiorniici-   of    the    l!:)th 

Wa.-.hinu-ton    for    aiith n'ltv    to    .piarter     I'lila-ki's  befnv     tlicv     elKU-^ed    tie-   tortilication,-.      ••We." 

legion    of    cavalry  within'the  State,    ami  on    Feb.  wioic  Capt.  llaiHly  in  a  private  letter,  "  advanced 

1st   the  neces.-ary'lc::i-lati..n    was   pa-,  ,|.      It   was  with    iiayeiiets  tiNcd.   pan-  open,    cocks  fallen,    to 

recruited  quite  lar-elv  u  bile  .-tationeit  in  Delaware,  lavvent  any  tiiv  on  our  .-iae  :  aia.l  believe  nie  \\  hen 

Money  was  .-till  waiitca  to  procure  clothinL--  tor  the  1  a-ure  yoii  ueilianot  lire  am 

troops  in  the  held,  ami  it  w.i-   orderea    that    twelve  was    coinpleti  ly    r-iiec -fill. 

thousand  iFllar.-    be  ap|iro|,nated    fr..m   the    find  con-iMe.l  of  a  deta.hmeiit  of  tl 

derived    fmm    the   sale    ot   forteitd   .-tate-  in  New  i.-ii  Begimeiit  and  a  teu  Il..-iai 

Ca-th-    (.'oiiniv,    and    the    action   of   (',,1.    I'ope    in  roi-tai.cc,  in  the  cnr.-e  of  w  li 

.-ei/iiiu'  cloth- and  linen- tioin  variou-   fiilliiiL'-mills  by  the  Anicricii    liayoii.t-.     . 

At   the   Mav    ^e-^ion  of   the    Lc-i-lature  in    this  but  twenty.      i',y  davli-lit    lie   ua-   uii    the   way 

vear  an  act  of  Con-iv-.  pa-ed  on  the  Hitli  of  the  the  ea.-t  .-ide  of  the  lliid-.m,  making  a  march  o^ 

pr. ,lin-    December,     tbr   aniiexin-    C.pt.    Alien  niotmtain.-    ami   tlirou::h    mora>.-es  and   delilc-. 

-McLaiie.-  c.,,„paiiv  to  the  Delaware  r.  -im.nt    wa.-.  ivar  tiireatemd  l.y  a  ^tl■ole.:■  f.rce  of  tiie  enemy. 
prc.-ented.       Wa-h'iii-toii    had    alivaav     i.-neaaii  After   tlie  raulii.-    1  look   albiir    Washington 

order  to  the  same    etiect,    ana   ('apt.   .McLane   had  tablb-hed  hi-  licat^inarter.-.   at    We.t    Point  and 
16A 


Ul,-k> 

■t."    T 

heas-ault 

The 

garri- 

on.  which 

i\iy-f . 
iKule  a 

urthBrit- 

11.-,  1 

lilty  u 

ere  killed 

Abo, 

It   one 

hundred 

.  whi 

lie  Lee 

slu-s  was 

nrsTOiJY  oy  di: 


lii.-y   to   anplv 
ii-c   nil    rci  r.iii- 

r.iiih.irizcil  V) 

u.     A  bouiitv 

1   In  Co:-rc.s. 

250 

maincd  tliore  till  December,  w 

iuto    \viriti'r-(|ii:!i-ters.       Tlirini 

much  troulili.  e\i>te(l  in  ivci-iii 

its  proper  niiiulirr  ,,f  n,,.,,       I'li 

diligently  u,  fill    ih,.    niiik>. 

June  oil   it  r.  i|ii,.-ti  .1    I'n  -l,|,.!i 

to    General    Wa.-hiu-ron    lo    , 

oificers  of  till- n-iiii,  lit   iuti.  I). 

in-service,    aii.l   the   I'lv-i,!,.,,! 

U|.|...iiit  iiiu-t.i-in-  ,,tti,..rs  iuili, 

ol's.-<0,  in  a.liiiiion  f.  tli.    s-Jiim 

was  otiered  to  each  ciili.-:,,!  mai 

was  promised  61l-"l  t'nv  . m  iv   m 

enlist  that  niiirht  ].a-^   thc'inu 

SoG.OOO    was  ^apprnpriatMl    im 

these  measures  and  the  cxpi  n.li 

in  the  hands  of  the  I'n  ^i,|..Ilt.' 

Before  adjoiirnini,'-  on  .luae  7 
fixed  the  tax  levy  i'<n-  the  yeai 
reassembled  at  Dover  en  (  ictnl 
contiuuinp;  the  eniliiiiM-,,  ,,,,  ( 
wheat,  rye,  tleiir.  Indian  ,ern,  1 
live  stock,  or  any  mher  provisic 
except  for  the  use  of  the  army, 
meiit  permitting  the  exportation  of  trraih  and  riour 
on  condition  that  the  vessels  in  whicli  they  nu'jht 
be  carried  should  return  with  imports  to  be  sold  to 
retailers  and  consumers  within  the  State.  This 
was  a  measure  de.-igned  to  provide  the  peoi)le  of 
Delaware  with  such  manutactured  goods  as  they 
did  not  ])roduee  and  encouraged  such  trade  as  was 
possible  in  a  country  in  a  condition  of  invasion 
The  next  session  of  the  Legislature  bec-aii  at 
Wilmington,  Nov.  2yth,  and^on  Dec.  14th  the 
Houseof  Assembly  received  a  grievous  complaint 
from  the  ofliccrs  of  the  Delaware  regiment,  sent 
ten  days  previously  from  their  camp  on  the  Hud- 
son, relative  to  the  non-execiitiou  of  the  law  to 
supply  them  with  clothing  and  the  "  necessaries  of 
life"  contemplated  by  the  laws  of  the  previous 
June.  The  a.ldress  and  the  signers  were  as  fol- 
lows: 


J'-r]. 


th  tlie     Le 

i:i^!-itiire 

•  at    .■^-il).-,. 

<MM).       It 

ler    -nth,  a 

ltd  atter 

he     ex|.o,-t; 

tition    of 

,   baco;i. 

ns  from  tl 

le  .State 

added  an 

amend- 

I  eter  J.icquetr,  Capt.  D.  K. 
r.  L.irn,.,iith,  e.,i,t.  D.  R. 
John  Wili,.,,,  Oirf.  D.  R. 
[)..niel  P.  C.,x,  l,i«u, 
ttnry  Dufr,  Lieut. 


St.-plj 


"  We,  the  eiti 

cers  r,f  t 

he  Iielawar. 

p  Re; 

tiinent,  do,  i 

if  the  n 

■  nl 

manner,   tImnU 

the  11, 

Moral, le,   tl 

■  0   11, 

uuse  of  A&,. 

•n.hly. 

for  The  I 

«  o 

geaeroua  Resoli 

V,  thev 

«en.  pl,-a„ 

■,1  t,j 

n,il  -al, 

we  tlius  express 

1  our  L-r: 

some  defect  in  tl 

tho  execution  .. 

L'  1  ':,  , 

rli 

bofure  tliey  xver 

1.    ^^^. 

supplies  allowed 

,  an.l  ]i  1 

CraichearlinroiT 

ii.stlu-  V 

.'I'mjui  .'lin- 

m. 

,■•■    '''"'•''' 

■| 

,,  1 

'79,  that  he  1,., 3  1 

received 

lM,tlluui«„n,|, 

.'to'i'u'riW 

'-,'.".' 

"'"',"," ' '"  ' 

of  necl-iSiirie.s  til 

tat  it  19  i 

10  th. 

9  pnii„  J'  I'l 

id  till  r, 

h' 

we  will  each  tal 

ie  a  >liv 

idend  of  th 

i.ney  in  lieu 

1  of  tho 

".h'm^s-,u- 

ieH 

<  It  Wiis  als„ 
Dr-laware  re^in.. 

deemed 
■nt,"  an 

nece-ivirj' 

[.iii-I» 

'encourat-o 

the   otTicer*  of  the 

■Itl.  provi.lins  th 

lat  they 

!«  fiiriiVslie 

d  at 

the  expxiso 

of  the 

State  wi 

th 

certain  "  nices»i 

liesofli 

fe,-  for«li 

ich  t 

li.y  were  iiol 

.,f 

their  private  f„, 

■nines. 

Kach    tield 

oflicer   was  all. 

■wed   ni 

olitiilv  t^ 

Biillonsof  n.ni,  siK  onnc 

e.  of  te..,  two    p. 

eU   of    M,-ar. 

■\    pr,.p„rli 

1  ,,o.,nJ=i 
,le,  rea<. 

''' 

alluwanie  wa-  m 

ade  to  tl 

..■  stair  and 

lilU' 

oliicers.      Th 

'e'i'hNpi 

-piiaM-n 

pay  for  the  siippl 

les  WHS  1 

ixed  at  till 

HI  i,e 

1,1  till- - 

eienyeai 

half.pay  alter  tin 

■  ColRlU! 

.ion  of  the 

war  1 

:,royKl,.d  by 

'• 

tinned  I.J-  the  Sta 
liii  death. 

teduhn 

Ktl.olifeofthe 

tohl,,^Jowaft, 

"; 

This  plaintive  appeal  spurred  the  Lei^i.slatiire  to 
the    immediate    ]ia>sage    of    an    appropriation    of 
£15,000  to  furnish  the  officers  with   elnthiii-   and 
■■supplies.     On  December  22,  1779,  the  tu,,  n.iii-.s 
niel  in  joint  convention  and  chose  John  DiekiiiM,n^ 
Nicholas  Vandyke   au-l  George  Head  delegates  to 
Congie.-s  for  the  ,-i,-uiii-  year,  and  the  new  office 
ot  purchaser  for  ihe  army  was  filled  bv  the  choice 
of  Thomas    Duff  for  :scw  Castle  County,    John 
Cook    for    Kent    Countv  and  Simon  Ivojlock  for 
Si..-.^ex.     On   the   24th   ^fr.    Jtead's  declination   of 
further  .^ervi.e  in  Cm,,,,-,-^  "a<  presented,  and  with 
It  the  i-eMgiiati.,iiof  (nor^e  Craii.diead  of  the  office 
of     comniL.siry    general    of   pri.^oners.        Thomas 
.Mckean  was  elected  in  the  place  of  ^Ir.  Read  and 
Major  Heiii-y  Fisher  in  the  (dace  of  Mr.  Crai'diead 
the   latter  .-till    continuing    as   clotliier-eneral  '  of 
the  .<tate.      Tlie   Le-i-latui-e  >at  on  Chri>tiiias   ,hiv 
of  thi.  year  and  ee|,-l, rated  it  l.y  conciu-rin;j  in  the 
M.i-.-aehii.-.tt-  pr,.|.oMtion   tor   the   appointment  of 
coiiiii,i-.-iei,ei>  to  meet  at  I'hihidelphia  on  the  lirst 
^^edlle,-,lav    of   the  Mieee.li,,-,^   Januarv   to  fix  the 
price-  of  prinhice,   iiieiehaiidi>e   and    labor  in  each 
oflhe-tat,.^.       (ieor^e  Latimer  an.l  the  members 
otCoiejri-  were  made  the  repie.eiitaliv,- of  Dela- 
wa.v    in     the    comuii.Mon.      Ihit     uhile    Delauaie 
stood    icadvio    join   the   other  .<tate.  in  a  L:eneral 
endeavor   t,.   fe-lriet  the  co.t  of  loocl,  clothin- and 
the  common  neee->aiie^  of  life,  du-  forcibly  resented 
the   interfer.  nee    of  Congie-s   in    so    much    of  the 
question  as  related  purely  to  home  atiairs.     Con- 


DELAWARE   DFRIXd  Til 


i;i:V(iI.T-T[(».V. 


251 


L-r.  V-  had,  on  .Xov.'nihri-  lUtli.  enactr,!  t!,at  .-inv  Srate 
whirl,  ha.l  tail.'.l  t..  limit  tlir  >,.llin-  ],nr<  -  nf.-iirl, 
iirtirlrs  to  turntv-ti.hl  til,.  |,i-i.v-  | .rrvai I Iml'  in  1774, 
s-houhi  \y  <-har.s'il  in  the    paUli,-   a. t, units  xdth  the 

afi".-  F.l,mai-v  1,  17-m),  in  thr  Stale.  DMauaiv 
lia.l  net  .-o  r,-trlrt,.l  h.-r  nion-hant-  an.l  ,leai.  r.-. 
aiul  unl.--  .-lu.  ,r„l  >,,,  il„.  law  nt'  Cohlmv-.  xvouhl 
have  inflicted  an  riionuoi:-  tax  u\:<<u  her  shiider 
treasury,  for  there  \v,-rr  neniy  .-laoh-;  of  ordinary 
coiisiim|ition  that  in  W-'i*  n.-t  forty  uv  tit'tv  time- 
as  niuch  as  si\  year-  iii-r\ion-ly.  inra-nr.-d  liy  the 
di'i)reeiati'd  value  and  |iiirelia.~inL;  power  (it'  the 
Continental  currenev.  The  resolution  ai!u|itiil  hv 
the  Council  and  Assembly  declared  that  this  [,--[1 
lation  of  Conirress  was  "an  infriiejeini-iu  mi  the 
ri},dits  and  liberties  ,.f  tin-  |»-).le  and  iiic-n-i-r.ait 
with  the  freedom  and  indriii  iidenev  th,  n  mi.  ■'  aiai 
the  delegates  in  C'.ni^n.--  were  in.~irueti-d  to  en- 
deavor to  procure  its  reoeal.  This  entire  contro- 
versy grew  out  of  the  mercenary  .-ehemes  of  selfish 
speculators  in  provisions,  hreadstutts  and  clotliiup:. 
Every  S'ate  was  afflicted  with  shrewd  and  far- 
sighted  men  wdio  had  iK.iarded  their  funds  with  the 
view  of  what  we  would  in  l^.^S  speak  of  as  "coruer- 
iug  the  market"  in  the  thiu'^^s  that  people  must 
]>a\e  ill  order  to  he  clothed  and  fed.  These  keen 
and  giaspinj  m..ii-rr,-  had  jnished  the  prices  for 
tluir  eommoditii-  up  to  enormous  figures,  and  a 
popular  outery  aro,-c  that  tiie  power  of  the  pc'iide, 
as   emliodieil    in    tin-    Lri'-ishitures"  and  CV'tn're--, 


must  1)1 


i-t 


Delaware,  Avitli 


the  tradition-  ot' JluLili-h  law  fixed  in  the  miuds  of 
her  public  men,  ro-.rtid  to  the  act  "to  prevent 
forestalling  and  eu-ro--in'_^"  which  establislied  the 
profit  which  an  individual  might  be  allowed  upon 
any  article  which  he  had  bought  to  sell  again,  and 
provided  fine  and  imprisonment  i\>r  the  demand  of 
a  higher  price.  Taxation  was  rapidly  inerta>inir 
and  the  act  of  Decend)er  2(;,  177'.),  deero,,l  the 
raising  of  81,300.000  between  February  1  and  Oc- 
tober 1,  1780.  On  December  28th,  in  acpe[)tiug  the 
resignation  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Pope,  the  Legis- 
lature resolved  that  the  remaining  otfi(\-rs  of  the 
regiment  be  promoted  in  rotation  to  till  up  the 
vacancies.  This  was  the  la-t  day  of  the  s.-sioii. 
but  on  March  28. 1780,  both  Houses  were  conven.  ,1 
in  special  session  at  Lewes  by  President  IJodn.v, 
to  consider  various  propositions  of  Congress  in  re- 
gard to  furnishing  supplies  f  )r  the  army  and  en- 
forcing the  legal-tender  function  of  the  Continental 
currency.  The  appropriate  bills  were  enacted  and 
a  law  was  passed  conferring  upon  the  subjects  of 
the  King  of  France  all  the  privileges  and  immu- 
nities granted  to  citizens  of  the  United  .'^rates  bv 
the  Frauco-Auvric-an  treaty  of  aniitv  and  Ci.rn- 
lurrce.      I'he  extra  .-e-ion  ended  on  Aprii  li.th. 

The    spring   campaign  of  1760   had'nou   l„,juu 
with  the  =ehemes  of  the  IJiitish  to  crush  the  South- 


ern .<tatrs.  and  then-bv  eoiiutrract  the  .hfeat  and 
(ii.s.i-ter  with  whi.-li  thev  had  mot  in  the  Xurlh. 
Sir  Uenrv  Clinton,  who'  had  .u:;':-A.-d  Houe  in 
the  command  of  the  armie-  of  inva-iou,  was  ■,  |,.,M, 
if  not  a  skillful,  strate.a-t.  Parliament  and  the 
erowu  h,,d  been  -onerous  toward  him  in  the 
winter  of  ITTD-v).  Kverv  mail  from  L  >nd  ,n,  to 
hi^  head^piart.rs  at  New' York,  bore  tidin-s  of 
fre-li  barj-aiii.-  with  the  ,-nrdid  <  iertnan  priui'js,  to 
.-■11  their  .-taluar;  veteraie-  to  the  llriti.-li  etli.rt  to 
con(iuer  tile   revoltin-  nati 


.[U. 


tin-  nation  aero-,  the  sea.  and 
also  tohl  him  of  ivinf.rcem.  nts  h.v  his  Kudi.-h 
ree-iment,-.      lle-troiiuly  f.rtilied    New  York  and 

Hudyon  Iii\er,  and  enneeiitraiini:  them  within  his 
weirks.  made  ]irepar;itioii.-  t'or  an  ex[iedition  to  cap- 
ture Charle.-ton,  ami  ivdue,.  .^  ,utli  Carolina. 
Leavin-  the  enmmand  in  New  York  to  ( ieneral 
Knv[ihai-..-en,  Clinton  emiiarked  ei,dit  thousand 
five  hundrel  men,  accompanied  bv  Lord  Corn- 
wallis.  andon  Deeember  2i;.  1771',  set  sail  under 
convoy  of  Admiral  Arlnithnot.  Storms  scattered 
and  impeded  the  fleet,  and  it  was  not  until  the  end 
of  January  that  all  the  ships  arrived  at  Tybee  Bay, 
Savannah'  Piver.  On  Ftbrutiry  10,  1780,  tiie 
army  sailed  from  ."^avannah  to  North  Edisto  Sound, 
where  the  troops  dir^embarked  on  the  11th,  on  St. 
John's  Island,  tliirtv  miles  below  Charleston. 
From  thi<  point  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  by  a  slow  aii<l 

>i!e  the  city,  while  a  [lart  of  the  fleet  went  round 
by  ;ea.  fir  the  purpo-e  of  blockading  the  port,  ^n 
March  12th  he  took  uj)  a  position  on  Charleston 
Neck,  a  few  miles  above  the  town,  and  began  the 
investment.  His  original  strength  often  thousand 
men  was  increased  to  thirteen  thousand  by  the  ar- 
rival of  Lord  Paudon's  eieiit  re-imeius  from  New- 
York. 

AVashington  had  every  confidence  in  General 
Lincoln,  the  American  commander  at  Charleston", 
whi.im  he  proceedeil  to  reinforce  with  the  ^[aryland 
division  of  two  tiiou.-and  men  and  the  Delaware 
battalion  then  under  command  of  Capt.  Kirkwood," 
and  numberin^a  few  les- than  five  hundred  rank  and 
file.  The  last  muster-roll  of  the  regiment,  no  further 
returns  having  been  made  after  the  movement 
southward,  on  file  in  the  orflee  of  the  Secretarv  of 
State,  is  for  Februarv,  17^U,  and  is  as  follows: 


1  Hubert  KirkwnoJ. 
in  Newark  iiu.l  .npiir 
r.-vnliitiou.      Hi,  wen 


1  Mill  Creek  Ifun.l 


I.  lIofou-litatBr. 
,  l.si,  AQjupontl 

i,.j..r,uf«ll.itw.„l 


HISTORY  OF   HELAWAI 


Joliu  Pliitt,  snrt;e> 


John  Patton,  cupt,  cum 
\Vm.  McKeiu.au,  l.t  I.-. 
Elijah  Skilhugton,  2a  li. 


Wm.  Maxwell,  Iststrgt. 
David  Tuurg,  Ist  rorp. 
Henry  Kowau,  :iil  ci'rp. 


fVii.ile... 


Piilrick  Duey.  liuli.-rt  Mil 

John  Andrews.  Frt-l.-i  i.  k  ! 

Wni.  Walker.  .lulni  Mclii 

John  Benson.  .luluiM.C. 

Cornelius  Ha^nty.  J.iiii  H.iC, 

Thomas  McCann.  J„!.„  Kubi, 

Patrick  Burk.  I^<^.lc  ijnrti 

Levin  Leasjlt.  .Mi,  li.nl  Ii. 

John  Barnes.  Rol„rt  li>, 

James  N'eiU.  Jaim-i  l'»-ii 

Wm.  Kilty.  .4  brill, .1111  : 

Wm.  Xeivell.  Whitliiituii 

John  Mitchell.  Hugh  Dun; 

James  Brown.  John  High 
Samuel  Piles. 

■belt  Kirkwood,  capt.,  comuiis-inncd  1),  .-oinlinr  I, 
uiel  P.  Cos,  1st  lieut.,  comiiii^ione.l  April  5,  117 
arles  Ki,Id,  2d  lieut.,  commijaioiied  September,  1 
Xon-Commiisioned  fjjfic^rs  and  Prit 
Jonathan  Jordan,  lit  6<Tgt.  Wm.  <•  ym 

\\m.  licddin,  :iJ  i,rgt.  N\l,iiiii,iii 

Christopher  Willett,  Jd  Corp.  K  Iward  It. 

John  Johnson,  lif^r. 


John  ■V\'il5on,  cai 
Paul  Quens^alt, 
Edward  Roche, :: 


Moses  Phaiis,  1-t  -.  r^t. 
John  Spencer,  od  sergt. 
Joseph  Emerson,  2d  corp. 

Michael  C.r 


John  .McKnight. 
Wul.  Keyes. 
Thoiuas  Townshend. 
■Wm.  Drew. 
John  Stuart. 
Levi  Bright. 

John  Jliller. 


Wm.  Fleming. 
"Wm.  Slay. 
Kichard  Jloore. 

Joshua  Browu. 
Nathan  Arnot. 
Wm.  I'ish. 


Fran 


John  Brown. 
James  Weighnw 
Benj.  Thompson 


oned  September  10,  17" 


^tioned  O^Hctn 


John  Learmouth,  capt., 

Henry  Dull,  l=t  lieut..  c 

Thomas  Anderson,  2d  li 

.Von-Coi 

John  Esham,  1  st  eei 

Seth  Brooks,  3,1  stir; 

Vm.  Black,  2d  corp. 


Ap.i 


ii»ioned  Septeml>er  10,  177S. 
0«cer«  „i,d  Prlcten. 

Gev.rge  Collins,  2d  scrgt. 

C!i,irle-t  llumilton.  1-t  corp. 

Wni.  Hook,  drummer. 


Wm.  Skinner,  fifei 


John  Jackson 
Patrick  Flinn 


Jasp.  r  )luso 
Th.mi;L.i  Uu, 


aiichael  Lacatt. 
Levi  Jackson. 
Janie.5  Turner. 
Tiniolhy  Layfi,.dJ. 
Eliuktm  I'aris. 


DELAWAKK  DCKIvr, 


ou  the  l^O.ii    t',,r   t! 
sr.'irlfdGcK.TuI  L 

on      June     i;li!. 
Hn,■ario(;at-L.,^ 


Josoph  H"?n 
Jac^l.  Kiuly, 


JoDnthali  Coote 


Frederic 

■  HolJen. 

Jolm  Pi 

Ul.v. 

Juh,i  C„ 

ill.n. 

Jesse  Ro 

y.Ul. 

Robert  Uriiiii,  litl  ^t-rgt. -major.  Tim. .thy  f.'..U,  filV  niaiur. 

This  will  show  an  average  of  only  about  thirtv- 
fivemen  to  each  company,  hut  within  two  months 
after  it  was  made  they  had  heen  recruited  up  to 
about  sixty  each.  The  Sonthern  expedition  was 
placed  under  the  command  of  ^lajur-General  Baron 
De  Kalb,  and  left  ]\Iorri-town  en  Aj'.ril  16,  17^0, 
for  the  head  of  Elk  River,  ^[tiryhind,  pacing 
through  Philadelphia  and  ^\  ihiiington.  There 
were  no  better  troops  in  the  American  army,  and 
as  they  marched  through  Philatlelphia  they 
created  an  impression  equal  to  that  wiiidi  had  been 
made  by  Haslet's  regiment  nearly  fi>iir  years  pre- 
vious. A  Philadelphia  hitly,  in  writing  to  a  friend 
of  the  appearance  of  iliese  Delawureans  and 
Mtirvlanders,  said  : 


ai.l  e,„-k  tlieiii,  n.it  all  weal  ins  llieiu   lli.,  =j.ni..  «  iv.  l,.it  e.icli  ni.in  with 
"  '•"'■'■'•'I  'V'l;,  eiul'l vt  li..|«-,  Ml  1.;^  ii.it,  ai..*.w»*.Wirl!.-  in,  (ir,-l,,clc 

The  troops  embarked  at  the  head  of  Elk,  on  ^lay 
3d,  for  Petersburg,  Va..  where  liiev    were    nia^jt-d 


253 

rch  .<..uth.  PH-fnie  th.  V 
hati  bc.'ii  c...|,ipi'll,Ml  to 
trr  a  l.i-ave  tlctcii-c.  tiiid 
.■>.-      aniiniiitcd      (n.ncral 


tlv  of 


the  Sottthcrn  f 'cp..rt;i.;  Mt,  actiiii:  iiidr 
Wa^hingi'^n.  ( 'itnri;:'  li.ukcii  ii[i"n  tiic  fall  •>{ 
Churlc.-tt.n  as  li-.-iillng  thu  fate  nt  the  ^nuth,  and 
enibarkiiiL;  with  ;i  pai't  of  !ii.-5  forces  on  June  loth, 
he  saiiei'  I'nrNew  York,  leaving  the    reniainilcr  of 

who  was  iiisti-iii't'i!  rr  niii'.-itc:  a  vigi.ruus  campttij-n 
with  the  view  .if  i  \t,.i.ilin'_'  l'>iiti.~h  ilnniinatinn  nver 
all  the  territu.y  bctu.^LU  the  ( /hc-apeake  Bay  and 
the  Savannah  Jliver. 

De  Kalt.  pushed  Sfiuhwar.l,  with  the  re.-olution 
characteristic  of  that  intrepid  othcer,  against  most 
distressing  obstacles.  Sergeant-llajor  William 
Seymour,  of  the  Delaware  regiment,  kej)t  a  diary 
i'l  which  he  recorded  fn mi  day  to  day  the  incidents 
of  this  painful  march.  The  expectations  of  a 
si'pply  of  provisions  and  r.  reinforcement  of  militia, 
made  by  the  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  were 
disappointed.  When  they  arrived  at  Buffalo 
Ford,  on  Deep  River,  on  July  il,  IT.'^O,  where 
General  Gates  took  command  vn  the  2-"ith.  the 
commissariat  was  absolutely  empty.  "  At  this  tinie," 
says  Seymour,  "  we  were  nuich  ilistre^.-ed  for  want 
of  provision.-  ;  men  were  sent  out  ti>  cut  the  grain 
(corn)  for  daily  sustenance,  but  could  scarcely  get 
enough  to  keep  the  troops  from  starving,  which 
caused  many  of  the  men  to  dc-ert.  .  .  .  For 
fourteen  days  we  drew  but  a  half-pound  of  flour  per 
man  ;  sometimes  a  half-pound  of  lieef,  but  so  bad 
that  scarce  any  mortal  CDuld  make  use  of  it;  and 
we  lived  chiefly  on  green  apples  and  peaches,  which 
rendei-ed  us  weak  and  sickly." 

Sevmour's  rough  narrative  is  confirmed  bv 
George  Washington  Greene  in  the  life  of  his  father, 
General  Greene.  Wiser  than  the  men,  the  officers 
denied  them-elves  the  unripe  corn,  apples  and 
l)eaches  and  at.e  only  of  the  beef  from  the  lean 
cattle  driven  oi\t  of  the  wouds  and  cane-brakes  in 
whicii  tliey  hail  .wintered.  They  used  for  soup 
such  of  the  beef  as  was  too  tough  for  mastication 
and  thickened  the  soup  with  their  hair  powder, 
which  was  a  ^oft  starch  in  an  imperfect  cunditiiyn 
of  crystallization.  When  Gates  arrived  heordereil 
an  immediate  march  to  Camden,  South  Caroliua, 
with  the  promise  "that  plentiful  supplies_of  riimand 
rations  were  on  tlieir  w;iy  timl  would  overtake  them 
in  a  d;iy  or  l\vo."  The  stigacious  De  Kalb,  who 
hadalreadv  taken  the  measure  of  tiie  weak,  head- 
strong and  foolish  CJates,  htid  no  more  confidence 
in  his  assurances  of  rations  than  in  his  judgment 
concerninu''  the  iiroper  line  of  lutireh  to  Camden. 
De  Kalb  would  have  -me  anmntl  bv  wtiv  of 
Sali.-bury.  •■  tlii-ou_di  tile  mid.-t  of  a  fertile  coulitry 
inhabited    by    a  , people   zeaiou.-  in     tlic  cause     of 


254 

America;"  but  lii,->  -t 
vincil)Ie  to  the  ;iri:ii 
Early  on  th.'  ni(irniij_- 
putin  luotiiin  ii\rr  Ilu 
to  Cuniileu  til  roll  L'li  :i 
IL.lIand  WilHaiiw, 
coiuiiuiLil  IV  K:ill>'~  ] 
of  otiier  su-ur.-ti'iiis 
that  he  would  coiit;  r  v 
noon.'  Coluiicl  Willi 
of  theCanipaiL^i  i>f  i: 


IIISTORV 

OF 

DKLAWAP.E. 

i.:in,l.T  ua- 
rt    ami     na 

^   ",', 

•     C'lcrini.nt,    an.l  on  t 

.      Cnrnwalli..      Tlu-y   , 

hv  14th  was   ji, 
icri,,,,i.,l  a    ,,„Mi 

1    t  1.'  ai-my 

■..ail 

iiirna.-.illiv  eaiil.wn 

iks      (iat.-iv- 

.  C.iloihM 
Ijutantpii. 
la.lo  a  nun 
hn    ..nlv  iv.j. 

nho 

i-al, 
ll.rr 

li.il 

l..Utl,:a,Min-ttl,na.l 
^iil-rlinat.-s.     On  tl 
nn.l.a-tl,,.    r.,,„„.an.l 
Mai-vlanilLi,,,-,  totli 

vice  of  his   inui 
R.    Utll     he  s.nt 
..f<'oI.,il,l     W, 

nil 


us,   jail. 


the  IVf  I. 

Jliinj-  ui  til.;  , 

thenist-lvM  a  r 
with   painr.il 


nently  displayed.' 

On  August  :^d  this  half-famished  anuy,  two- 
thirds  of  the  men  sut^ering  with  dysentery ,"ei-ossed 
the  Pedee  in  batteaux  at  .Alask's"  Ferrv!  and  was 
joined  on  tho  southern  (jauk  hv  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Porterfield's  little  detachment  of  Vir-inians,  who 
had  been  struggling  northward  since  the  surrender 
of  fharleston.     Says  Adjutant-General  "Williams: 

"The  expectiUi.jn,  foi.n.l./.i  on  .•■ssmancp.,  of  findiu-a  plentiful  i.n.plv 
of  pruvisiuns  at  JIuy's  Mill,  iudmi'd  the  Irc.ps  n-iiin  to  ulj.-y  the  ur.inr 

aluiost   f.inii.ihe.1,    tl..'ir  p.itien.-M   l,..:,n    t--    r..^.!:-    ...-..'     -.^rir    l\,\^s 
bepio  to  be  vindictive;  imitmx    \'  i-   r       [v    t ■    ■   ->    .--     •        ,,!  -l 


mirth.     It  »a3  as  a^tuniihiof;  as  it  w.u  ple.i-in.'  to   oLserv.-  the  trao^i 
tion.'; 

AttheCross-Roads.onLynoh's  Creek,  Aug.  7th, 
and  at  Clermont,  or  Ihi._dev"s  Mills,  on  the''l3tli' 
Do  Kalb  was  j.iined  hy  the  Xorth  Carol 
Virginia  militia,  s.ime' tluvr  th..iisan,l  men 
Eawdonwas  posted  at  CaiiKieii,  thirteen  mi 


a    and 
L.ir.l 


"Scharrs  "  History  of  JUrjl. 


w.mlil  nave  l.e.ii  n,,  w..r>e,-  Sinuiltaneou>lv,  hv 
a  singular  c.incideuce,  Lord  Cornualli-  uitli  a 
tbrceof  three  tliousand  men  iiad  n.ar.h.  <1  out  uf 
Camden  to  as.-ault  the  American  camp  at  Clermont. 
The  two  armies  met  about  one  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
iiiir  of  August  Kith  about  half-way  between  their 
r.s|.ective  encampments.  With  reniarkable  folly 
Gates  had  placed  iu  his  advance  the  cavalry  of 
Artnand's  legion,  an  undisci[ilined  comiuand 
largely  made  up  of  deserters  and  raw  recruits. 
They  broke  at  the  first  fire  from  the  enemy,  and 
in  endeavoring  to  rally  them  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Porterfield  wa-  mortally  wounded.  In  their  frantic 
rush  to  the  rear  tliey  disonlered  the  .Maryland 
line  and  only  halted  t.i  plunder  the  Delaware 
and  Maryland  wag.,n-train.  The  British  diil  not 
tollow  up  the  advantage  they  had  gained,  and 
botli  armies  wtiitcd  upon  the  field  for  daylight. 
Gates  called  a  council  of  war  and  asked  his  officers 
what  was  best  to  be  done.  Although  De  Kalb  was 
of  the  opinion  that  they  shouhl  regain  their  former 
position  at  Clerm..nt  and  wait  for'an  attack,  he  said 
nothing  at  the  time,  and  the  conference  broke  up 
after  the  deelaraii-m  of  General  Stevens,  of  the 
Virginia  militia,  that  -  Gentlemen,  it  is  now  fjo 
late  to  do  anything  hut  light." 

At  .lawn  Gates  tormcd  line  of  battle  with  the 
Second  :\Iaryland  Brigade  and  the  Delaware 
liattalion  on  the  right,  under  De  Kalb.  Stevens' 
Virginia  militia  were  on  the  left  and  Caswell's 
Xorth  Carolinians  in  the  centre.  The  artillery 
was  in  battery  on  the  right  and  centre  near  the 
r..a(l.  ]:ach  fiank  rested  on  a  marsh.  The  first 
Mtuvland  Brigade,  umler  Smallwood,  formed  a 
reserve  a  few  hundred  yards  in  rear  of  the  second. 
The  British  were  firmed  in  one  line,  with  reserves 
on  each  flank.  The  disposition  of  the  American 
troops  was  bad,  as  it  brought  the  raw  levies  from 
Virginia  and  Xorth  Carolina  dire.'tlv  in  f 
tlie  British  veti^rans.  Colonel  Oth.i  11.  W 
iif-an  the  battle  by  atteiii|)iiii-  with  some  i 
Vir-inia  v.ilunt..is 'to  ,ir.,w  th.  tuv  ,.f  the  Brit 
line.  This  expe.lieiit,  trie.l  tor  the  purpo-e 
sparing    and    rci-^i^iring   the    militia,    proved 


it  of 
ianis 


DELAWAKF- 


;IN« 


Tll 


RHVoLfTION. 


255 


t'iilnn\t'>rasthe  eneinv  ailvaiicnl  tiriii-  an. I  ch.cr- 
i„..r..ipnn.'inf,'rtr,ltlR'«ho!.-lMHiv.-r'St.-v.n-.'nun. 

„h,,       |1,.,1       ill        til.'       UttM-lll.-t       cnnfusinll.        •■    FrW 

,|i-,-|,a,-_'..l  tl,rii-LM.ns;-«rit.>  (.'nlnn.l  William., 
■■a, 1,1  truvr-tilU-arn.atlr  mnirtli-  li-M."  Many 
thivw  anua  tiuir  arnw  ami  laii  int..  the  t-iiemv's 
rank:^.  '•  The  unworthy  ,-xtinii.le(.ttlie  X'ii-inians 
uas  alnio-t  iii.tantlv  tnllMwe,!  I,v  the  North 
Caniiinlan-  n„lv  a  small  part  <>i  the  hri-a.le. 
,.„„,a;„„l,.l  l,v  lliT^a^li-r-Ceneral  Cre^nrv.  maae 
ii<hort  pause.  A  part  ef  l)i\en'r-  re^im.  nt  ..fthat 
briL'iulc  next  in  line  to  the  Sr, .aid  Marylanal 
Brigiule  fired  tun  ,.r  three  munds  et'  eartrid'je, 
but  a  frveat  majority  nf  the  militia  (at  hast  two- 
thirds  (if  the  army)  tied  without  firiuir  a  -hot." 

Armand'.s  cavalry  ^curried  away  with  the  tlym;.' 
militia,  and  the  Delawareans  and  Marylauders, 
twelve  or  thirteen  hundreil  at  most,  were  lett  to 
face  three  times  their  number.  Gates  had 
betaken  himself  to  a  place  of  safety  and  Do  Kalb 
was  the  senior  officer  remaininu',  and  Williams,  if 
not  actually  the  next  in  seniority,  followed  him  in 
the  actual  direction  of  atlairs.  It  -was  a  grim  and 
deadly  fight,  made  immortal  by  the  heroiMU  of 
this  little  band  of  American  regulars.  De  Kalb 
dismounted  and  put  him-elf  at  the  head  of  his 
truops.  Kawdon  charged  them,  only  to  be  hurled 
l>aek  with  shattered  "ranks  from  that  lirm  and 
l>la/.in.r  front,  which  then  advanced  and  secured  a 
number  of  prisoners.  But  just  then  the  First 
Hri-a.le,  which  f.rmed  the  second  line,  was  pressed 
back  bv  the  weiirlit  of  superior  numbers,  and  a  gap 
of  two  hundred  yards  \vas  opened  between  the  two 
American  lines.  De  Kallj  reformed  his  ranks  and 
cried  "  Give  them  the  htayonet,  men  !  give  them  the 
bayonet."  The  gallant  Williams  shouted  "  Take 
trees,  men,  choose  your  trees,  men,  and  give  them 
an  Indian  charge."  It  was  in  vain.  The  enemy 
having  collected  their  corps,  and  directing  their 
whole  force  against  these  two  devoted  brigades,  a 
tremendous  fire  of  musketry  was  kept  up  ou  both 
sides  with  equal  energy  and  persevtrance  until 
Cornwallis  pudied  forward.  Tarleton's  dra^'oons 
and  his  infantrv  ehar-ed  at  the  same  moment  with 
fixed  bayonet^,"  ami  eieie.l  t!ie  contest.  De  Kalb 
fell  withele^eIl  wouu.l,-  in  In-  hodv.  His  aid-de- 
camp, D'ubuysson,  supported  him  in  his  arms  and 
was  repeatedly  wounded  in  protei-ting  him.  De 
Kalb  died  three  davs  a;terward,  after  dictatin-  to 
Dubuvsson,  from  his  deatli-lud,  a  letter  in  whieh 
hespjkeof  "the  gallant  behavior  of  the  Delaware 
regiment." 

Thev  had  earned  the  compliment.  They  went 
into  the  iii:ht  five  hundred  strong.  Lee,  in  his 
"Memoirs,"'Colonel  Williams,  in  his  account  of  the 
battle,  and  Sergeant  Seymour,  in  his  journal,  use 
the  same  expression— -'in  thi^  battle  the  regiment 
of  Delaware  was  nearly  annihilated."  Of  the  rive 
hundred  there  remained  fair  captains,   seven    sub- 


altern-^, three  stall'  .itheers,  nineteen  non-comniis- 
-ioned  otticer<,  eleven  liters  and  ilrummeis  and  one 
hun.livd    aiul    fortv-hve    rank    and    file.     KKveu 

made  prisoner-,  makiii-,  iiieiiiding  pri-oiie,-.  a 
total  of  two  hundn  d  and  thirtv-live,  and  l-ivin-a 
roll  of  dead  and  wounded  of  two  hnmiivd  and  -ixtv- 
tive  for  a  ,-liort  tlLd.t  of  (,n.-  hour.  Li.T.teiiant- 
Colonel  VaULjiiau.  who  wa-  in  command,  and 
Major  I'att.u  were  amoie^^  the  eaptives,'  all  of 
whom  were  taken  to  Charleston.  ( leiierals  ( iates 
and  ('a-^well  arrived  at  Charlotte  on  the  ni-ht  of 
the  action.  (In  the  f.llowin-  day  Ca-well  was 
reMiie-ted  to  rallv  the  militia  oi'tlie  State  ;  but  Gates 
believiii-  that  he  eoul.l  ivcive  no  ,-ti'eCtual  success 
short  of-  HillshoroULdi,  wheie  the  Legislature  of 
North  Carolina    wasal>out    to  convene,    ha-tened 


Caswell.  Ou  the  l.-^th,  Captain  Kirkwooil  and 
some  officers  of  the  Maryland  brigades  arrived  at 
Charlotte,  having  under  their  command  a  few 
hundred  survivors  of  the  Cannlen  catastrophe  and 
went  to  work  to  collect  the  remnant  of  the  scattered 
armv.  "With  the  a.-jistance  of  Colonel  Sumter's 
force  thev  hoped  to  make  some  semblance  of 
opposition  to  the  enemy  until  the  militia  of  the 
State  could  be  collected  and  the  troops  of  the 
Southern  States  could  be  called  into  service  by 
Congress.  All  day  of  the  l.^th  irregular  squads 
of  menarrived  in  the  town,  and  on  the  morning  of 
the  IV'th  the  officers  of  the  various  commands 
attempted  the  business  of  re-organization.  In  this 
task  with  the  Delawareans,  Captain  Kirkwood  was 
assisted  Ijy  Capt.  Jaequett,-  and  they  had  re-formed 


256  nrSTORY  OF  PELAWAKE. 

twocoinpiuiics.  \v!,en,  nn  thi'  IWtli.iiit.lIiuciKC  was  wt^re  held  [.rimiu-rs  m;  Loul'-  Muiul  :  fi-hty-fivt' 
receive.l  that  (;nl,.iu'l  Siimr.r.  u  lin>e  in  rival  had  tliou,-a;il  >'.'■]'. i<;  u;.  a  [.|iinpriat.-d  to  buy  tli( 
heen  lo,,kr,l  t^r  ~m  ii.,|...|'ui|v.  had  l.rrii  ^Mrpii-'d  ii,r,l:id  ~pr,-|.  ,  .pl'  ti!!  v-iiv  ;l,,,,]~a  iid  d.. liar."  inn,-, 
l)vTarl,'t<m  at  hi.  <  am..  .>u  tiir  W: 
had  oidv  .v-raprd  all.  r'th.'  In^s  ., 
Cliarlottc  h.an-an  nprn.  (h'l-.'iL-rl.- 
Small-.vo.KJ,  ^^hohadtak^Il  mninia 
can  t'ra:_'HR'iit.s,  retrcatrd  tn  S;ili<li 
to  Hillshorouirh,  whnv  <  ivumA  i 
board  of  ofticei-s  \\\u>  (l.-tn  iiiin.M 
elfective  men  siiould  he  iiinind  int 
and  one  refrinient ;  tluit  the  .-Irk  ai 
troops  should  remain  in  ramp;  al 
be  sent  home,  and  the  siiperniime 

return  to  their  respective  States  to  assist  in  ihe  nn  act  directing  Piv.-idcnt  Rodiiev  to  fit  mit  an 
recruiting  service.  The  force  tiais  oriranized  'vas  armed  vessel  of  not  less  than  sixty  Tun-  Kurthin. 
made  up  of  one  hundred  and  seveiity-tive  Dehi-  :vith  such  accompa.nvinLr  hoat  or  hoats  as  he  nii'jht 
ware  men,  seven  hundred  and  seveiitv-scven  .Mary-  Cf em  necessary,  to  cruise  aLMinst  th.-  Briti.-h  and 
landers  and  tifty  Virtiinian-.  Tln' Marylan.l  rtL'i-  Toiles  who  were  interrupting:  and  impedini:  trade 
nient  and  the  two  Delauarc  eompanies,  v.hh  on  tlie  bay.  It  was  also  enacted  that,  as  the  trade 
Singleton's  company  of  X'iruiiiia  artillery,  were  anil  commerce  of  Peiinsylvaiiia  and  Xew  Jer.ev 
brigaded    under    Smallwood    and   camped  in    the     \vr'-:e  l.aras.,ed  in  the  .-arae   i:;aiiner,  the  President 

immediate  neighborh 1  of  Hillsborough,  where,     >!iouli'  propose  conjoint  aeti.m  of  the  three  States. 

by  the  perseverance  of  their  officers  and  their  own  Notwithstanding  the  eif  irts  made  at  home  to  till 

good  dispositions,  they  soon  resumed  their  wonted     up  the  ranks  of  the  Delaware  command  so  that  it 

discipline.'     Colonel  Williams  wrote  :  might  be  raised  again  to  the  status  of  a  regiraeut, 

" The  ti.'iuai  c.imr-eiK.r.ij  u.-i.i  ~..i,tiMeis  i.fiii-i.ostL-.i,  n.,  !»•■>■. n  cu.i!,i     recruiting   was  slow-,   and  Captain  Kirkwood  was 


,.re.'  Ki 
half   h 

v,r  aod 

to     par'  oa  ■■    r'^,.-, 
Captain   Wiiiia.:.  M 

<  Kenuv;    u'lv" 

.  fu-  tho 
at    this   ti 

nZl 

pia.-.\( 

lol'lln 

V  and  I 

Ameri- 

h.'Il    O!, 

H'ill,-h"'rou_M\o,rn' 
li;  tue  S'lmi.i.'V  a: 

-n  d.'taile,!  f,o 

m  the  eai 
17.S0   priv 

at.'or- 

te<  coir 
that     ; 

ua.ed  a 
dl     the 

toTo:-u-~,.o,,,milt.d 

a,e    ilay.  and 

boats  h,.],, 
n.lation^  . 

ie_Mn:r 
m  the 

two    1,;. 

tiaiioiis 

prop-rtv    ;f  Ar.ieric 

at>.      [n  Novo 

mi.er  tiie  ' 

•Fair 

tie.,  en t 

.^uieviea.i  "(  apta;n 

Step.hei)  Il.-<-at 

ur.  captur. 

.■d  one 

;heinv. 

liids      TO 

<:f  the  enooyV  .  .-ai'i 

.ear  Xew  Ca- 

•th.',  ami   o 

n    the 

ry    otHi 

L'ers    to 

4tli  of  the  m'ouM.  tli 

L  Delaware  Le 

'gislatu!-e  1 

.a-.'d 

Ffgll 


V  '"',',''', ^,'l7,.''i'''  I'i,  Th'-T,!,  "„?!  ^■'"  '"^  Xorth  Carolina  with  only  the  two  com- 
-  i,-.r.  -u;,.:ij,ui[t.  i,,,,.r, -v. .,-..  lor  paulcs  There  was  accordingly  no  chance  of  his 
'■',',',  "'',!.!^''.'i,.,'  '.',.',",,711!',,^^^^^^^^^^^  receiving  the  promotion  which  he  had  so  riciily 
'  •  -III:  \ii-.i„t,-iy  earned  and  which  never  ciune  to  this  noble  and 
"■■'.'."■  ut'ii'k' for  competent  officer.  He  was  at  Charlotte  with  his 
!  -  '.I  ■  .n.  ■  i!(. ,  i!,,  :,,,!  iTi  ,ni,,i^v  men  when,  on  Deeendx-r  4,  IT.'^O.  Major-General 
.'■'riyLi.i\'io'm'.'tii!-y''m'it'jTip^^^  Greene  arrival  at  that  point  to  relieve  Gates  of  tlie 
-.ii,.iti.i,is.iiorn;i.i»iiort.  thoorti«i,v«ry-,,.niKi.i  command  .if  the  Soutleru  army.  Two  months 
'■'  "\'.i]h"u"'u.''\':  ''iMtl''!Ji''i!'!.r,nr«!ihlli"h'o  previously  General  Daniel  M(jrgaii's  h'giou  of  light 
M  .1  i;lo  .ui  i  .lit,  1.11,..  Ill  ..f  III,/  iro..|i.^  were  troops  luid  becii  formed.  It  was  made  up  of  four 
i"  'm'l  1  V 'v.  "ill- "!'i.';;i' ii,'.'  il'V.'h"i,",|,rue'ia  picked  compaiiies  of  Colonel  Williams'  Maryland 
ii:.  :  I  I.  :>  ■  -■  :  ,  ,ii'  ■.n.-oiii.-iit  to  rciriment.  a  coiiipanv  of  riflemen  under  Major 
V'/'i  "  ',;'■".;  ■'■'"Jn-2ul:.  I^"-'-.  ■""l  thdra-oonsof  Colo.lclWilliamWash- 
"  ■  ■  '  '-  "  ■  -  '"  '  ■  ^  '  "■'  '"■'  ■■"ly  LTj-uej  ingfoii  ami  Colonel  White.  When  Greene  arrived 
.  oi  iiie  iii.L,t  i.,4,i  .iiij  iiui.urii'ii.'ii,  Viii.t'iiai.in'es  iMo  ^^  Charlotte  the  Delaware  companies  were  attached 
eiixered  to  tLo  civil  iiiiii.ority  anj  some  of  tii.m  {,>  his  coiumand  Under  temporary  orders,  and  to 
strengthen  them,  some  men  were  drafted  from  the 
Tidings  of  the  disaster  to  the  Delaware  regi-  Second  Marvlaiid  Pe-im.-nt  into  their  ranks.  On 
ment  were  made  kn.nvn  at  their  homes  in  the  last  December  i^iuh.  the  divi.ions  of  the  Southern 
week  of  Septeud>cr  and  cremated  a  mo.t  iminful  ^rmv  move.l  in  opp.i.ite  diieetioiis  from  Charlotte, 
meetin-.  The  Legi.lature  did  n.,t  convene  until  the  main  bodv  toward-  the  Pedee.  and  Morgan's 
November  1,  1 .  .sij,  when  it  at  once  p.i.-,ed  an  act  detachment  toward  the  countrv  ualeied  bv  the 
granting  two  month.'  pay  n,  ■,.,:■;.■  to  the  otfienrs  Broad  and  Paeolct  Pivers.  The  main  armv  retiched 
made  pn,.on.is  at  tamdeii.  and  one  month'.-  pav,  ;„  ,,|,.v,.n  dav-  a  n.■^.  camp  on  Plicks' Creek,  and 
also  in  sp'eeio,  to  i.ther  ,.fH,-er.  of  thr  ,  ommaiid  in  ,,„  the  L'oth,  Mor::an  halted  at  Grindell  s  Ford,  on 
service  in  the  Southern  I  ).partnieiit.  The  tuo  the  north  bank  of  the  Paeolet,  where  he  was  re- 
months'  allowamv  wa<  al-o  made  to  (ajilain  i„t.,rcLd  bv  C'oijuel  Pickens  and  Major  .McCall 
James  Moor,,  and  Lieut,  uant  John  Hyatt,  who  with  tw<,  huiidnd  and  ,-ixtv  mounted  Carolinian.^. 
\C^^^-^Z7^1!"-.''ZZ'/u\^T'uli^ll'^^^^  O"    the  liSth  or  liltfh.  (..-neral    Daviilson   brought 

.ii..i-    ii-vi-i M.y  th.'  -1.1  ■  ..t'  In.  .Ml,-,  i:i,,M  Vri-  ■.  .,f  I  i„.-iPr,  in  OHC  huuilrcil   aiiil    tweutvmeii   ami   returned  to 

'mi',,'"u'l'n.','^'tri,o,'^!rirV'^f!'l''a  m^^                                      '""  I'J''^^'"''^'  'i^'^  huiidiv.l    m.ir.l 

1  Scharfv  .' ni,rnr.Tof  Muiyiaiij."  Vol.  li.p.jTi."  Comwallis'    phui'uas  to  jienetrate  between   the 


CHHip,    Wl 


DKLAWAUK 


11 XC  TIIK   llKVOLrTIOX. 


257 


two  divisions  (if  the  Aiii.Ticaiis  un.l  miA\  tlimi  in 
(Irtuil.  On  .lanuai-y  1-t  iir  smt  Tail,  ton  ti.nvanl 
from  ^Vinnsllorou,L;il  willi  in-lruclio'ns  to  ,lr.-ii-oy 
Morican  or  push  uvit  Iji'oad  Kivi>r  towards  Kiii_''s 
>[i)Uiitain,  the  main  l)odvot'thi'  British  to  i-o-.i|ici-- 
ute  bv  advancin-  to  tiu' >:iino  point,  ai,d  in  ca-- 
^[organ's  forces  sliould  sueeeed  in  eros^in-  the 
river,  lo  intercept  tlieir  n^treat  and  (.'oiiipei  them 
either  to  fi.irht,  di.-|>crse  or  Mirrender.  Tarlctou 
reached  the  Paeoici  on  the  loth,  while  ( 'ornwallis, 
proceediiifi;  U|)  the  eastern  haiilc  ot'  tin'  Broad 
Eiver,  arrivedat  Turkey  Creek  on  the  tMbwiug 
dav.  ^Morgan  at  once  iu'oke  camp  and  [luslied 
over  the  niuuutaiu  road  to  llancoeksviih  ;  tlien, 
turuius  into  a  by-road,  he  proceeded  towards  the 
head  of  Thicketty  Creek,  and  arrived  at  the  Cow- 
peus  about  sundown,  when  he  ordered  a  halt,  ^-er- 
geant  Seymour  wrote  of  this  march  that  it  was 
made  very  difficult  by  "  crossimx  deep  s\vani[is  and 
climbing  very  steep  hills,"  and  added  that  "  tlie 
inhabitants  along  this  way  live  very  po.rrlv  ;  their 
plantations  uncultivated,  and  living  in  mean  houses  ; 
they  seem  chiefly  to  be  of  the  offspring  of  the 
ancient  Irish,  being  very  affable  and  courteous  to 
strangers." 

Bivouacking  at  the  Cowpens  on  the  night  of  the 
16th,  Morgan  went  among  his  men  to  encourage 
them  for  the  battle  of  the  morrow.  Major  Thomas 
Young,  a  volunteer  in  the  fight,  wrote; 

JokO.I    with   them  lll".MttlRMrs«,,i;.,r:.     ,.:ll.:i     l!i,     nr        ,,,,,,„    ^,„,i 

fi(iiiit3Hii.l  the  J;ly  wwilil  hu...r.       I      ,  ;     ,    i  '«.. going 

*Olil  WitiT'-ner' would  criicli  hi>  \\ .    /    v   i    I;,  ,,    l,[i.[    i,    n,  Mi.  lu.ifniiis 

your  homes,  how  the  old  lullis  w;ll  ijless  you,  and  the  j:irls  kisj  vou  for 
your  ff.ilhmt  conduct !  '     1  dou't  thiuk  thiit  lie  slept  ;i  wink  ih-it  ui^ht." 

Morgan  placed  [Major  Mi'Dowell,  with  si.xtv 
picked  men  of  the  South  Carolina  militia,  and 
Major  Cunningham,  with  the  same  number  of 
Georgians,  one  hundred  yards  in  advance  of 
his  front  line  to  act  as  skirmishers.  In  the  rear 
of  these  were  ranged  in  open  order, ,  on  a  line 
three  hundred  yards  long  and  one  hundred  and  fif'tv 
yards  in  advance  of  the  main  body,  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  Creorgia  and  North  Carolina  militia. 
In  the  rear  of  these  and  on  the  brow  of  a  hill 
were  the  Delaware  and  3Iarvland  men,  this  part 
of  the  line  being  commanded  bv  Tieiitenaut- 
Colonel  John  Eager  Howard,  w\m  po.^ted  to  the 
right  and  left  respectively  the  Augu.-ia  rit'enicn 
and  the  Virginia  niiliiia.  Still  fiirthcr  to  the 
rear  were  Colonel  Wa.-hington's  hor.-emen  aiul 
McCall's  volunteers.  Mor-an  speciallv  aildre.-ed 
Howard's  men,  telling  them  to  lire  low  :ind  de- 
liberately, not  to  break  on  any  aecount,  and 
if  forced  to  retire,  to  rally  on  the  cminciiee  in 
their  rear,  where,  supported  bv  the  cavalrv 
and  militia,  defeat  he  regarded'  as  impo.-sible"; 
and   he  concluded  by   declarlii-  tliat   upon    them 


the  fortune  of  the  dav  and  his  hopes  of  udorv  .!.■- 
p,.nded. 

AdvanciiiLT  under  protection  of  a  heavv  fircfVoni 
their  artillerv,  the  Brlli-h  p.v-ed  eoura-eou.-lv  on 

tlnn  an.lan^uei-ed    them   with    vollev- that   opened 

were  wilhiiM.ne  hundred  and  lill  v  vaid- the  miliiia 
brokeand  made  tor  1  loward's  main  line;  but  before 
reaehini:  it,  thev  were  .'hai-ed  bv  tlie  iirit.vh  dra- 
goons and  .-oiiL'ht  the  protectio'n  behind  the  hill, 
whither  thev  wrv  clo-ely  pursued.  It  was  the 
decisive  moeieiit  ot'  the  iuittle  ;  tor  if  the  D.da- 
ware  and  Mainland  men  had  wavered  the  day 
would  have  lie,n  |,,-t.  "  Tarleton,"  wrote  Sey- 
mour, "  endeavored  to  outilank  us  on  the  right,  to 
prevent  which  Captain  Ivirkwood  wheeled  his 
company  to  the  r;,dit  and  aitacked  their  left  flank 
so  viLTorouslv  that  tliev  w.'re  soon  repulsed."     The 

British,    ind" 1,    had    deemed   the  viet<.rv  alreadv 

secui-e.l  by  the  retreat  of  the  ;nilitia,  "and  had 
thrown  theuiselv.  -  with  cheers  on  Howard's  front. 
The  pieces  of  his  men  blazed  and  the  enemy  re- 
coiled, but  charged  a.'ain,  and  t;)r  twenty  minutes 
pressed  against  the  Continentals  with  the  whole 
weight  of  their  compact  line.  Then  they  fell  back 
slightly,  and  Tarleton  ordered  up  his  reserve,  and 
the  British  again  moved  forward,  while  their  dra- 
goons, taking  a  wide  circuit  to  the  left,  were  ju'e- 
paring  to  attack  the  American  right  flank.  At 
this  critical  moment  that  portion  of  the  British 
horse  which  had  pursued  the  flying  militia  tlew 
past  the  American  left,  closely  followed  by  Wash- 
ington's cavalry,  wdiile  Pickens'  South  Caioliua 
militia  had  rallied  and  were  moving  to  thesupp.ut 
of  Howard.  The  British  line  still  advanced  with 
the  reserve  overlapping  Howard's  front  and  en- 
dangering his  right  flank.  To  meet  the  threatened 
attack  and  protect  himself  until  the  cavalry  and 
militia  could  be  brought  to  his  assistance,  Howard 
ordered  Kirkwood's  company  to  change  front,  but 
mistaking  the  order,  the  men,  after  coming  to  the 
right-about,  marched  to  the  rear,  a  movement 
in  which  they  were  slowly  imitated  by  the  remain- 
der of  the  line.  Howard,  supposing  that  they  had 
been  ordered  to  fall  back  to  the  hill  in  the  rear, 
calmly  noticeil  the  admiraijle  tlejiortment  of  his 
men,  who  moved  as  if  in  parade.  His  fir.-t  im- 
]Hilse  was  to  correct  the  mistake,  but  struck  with 
tlie  manner  in  which  the  retrograde  movenieiU 
wa-^  elK-cted,  he  allowed   it   to  pro:ved.' 

Morgan  ^eein_^  his  main  line  in  full  retreat, 
rode  with  feeliiii:-  of  alarm  and  astonishment  up 
to  Cohiuel  HoManI,  who  ipiickly  CKjilained  to  him 
the  cause  of  the  movement  anil  removed  the 
apprehcn.-ion  he  expre~.-cd,  iiy  pointing:  to  the 
line   and    rianarking  that  "  men    were   not    beaten 


rfs  ■■  HiAv 


2oS 


IIISTOUY  OF  PKLAWAUE. 


who  retreated  in  tluU  onlrr.''  ^FnrLMii  wa-;  at 
once  reiissureil  ami  ilirc'tcd  Huwanl  to  ridi'  aloii-j- 
the  front  and  iirder  the  otlinis  tn  iialt  and  fare 
about  the  nioniunt  the  word  ua-  -ivLii,  whiK-  h.' 
rude  forwanl  tn  stlert  :i  ])laci'  whrre  thr  cohiriitis 
sholdd  ho,,ncv  lunr..  d.ploytd  fm- a.tio,,.  M>..- 
gan  had  sran/clv  Int  whrii  a  iiu ->LiiL'<'r  reached 
Howard  from  Chmel  Wa^hin-ton,  who  had 
charged  and  hrokcn  tho  l?riii<h  ravali-y.  •■  Th.  v 
are  coming  on  like  a  mob,"  witi'  tho  \voi(!~  \\  a>h- 
ington  had  put  into  the  mouth  rf  liis  miiriLr. 
"  Give  them  another  hre  and  I  will  charge  thein  " 
The  order  to  halt  and  turn  npou  the  enemy  was 
caught  up  from  man  to  man.  "  Face  about  hoys, 
give  them  one  good  tire  and  the  victory  is  nur.s!" 
sang  out  the  strident  voice  of  the  old  N'irudnia 
wagoner  as  he  galloped  along  the  rank.-.  The 
British  were  within  thirty  yards  and  rushing  on 
in  some  disorder.  They  were  stunned  hy  the  fire 
which  Howard  poured  into  them.  It  has  been  said 
of  this  battle  that  never  before  was  there  known 
such  quick  loading,  discharge  and  reloailin'j  of  the 
flint-lock  muskets  and  ritles  as  the  Americans  tin  n 
displayed.  The  rapidity  and  accuracy  of  their 
fire  demoralized  the  British.  Before  they  had 
recovered  from  the  shock  Howard  shouted  the 
order  to  charge.  This  completed  the  panic  of 
the  enemy  in  his  front.  Before  his  cold  steel 
touched  them  the  greater  number  had  thrown 
down  their  arms  and  were  begging  for  quarter, 
while  others  had  turned  their  backs  in  speedy 
tlight.  The  only  part  of  the  held  in  which  the 
battle  was  still  raL'in'j-  was  off  to  the  American 
right,  where  Wa~hin'.'t"n  was  endcav(.rin'_'  t(.i  cap- 
ture the  Briti>h  guns,  whicii  were  drtrndcl  by 
Tarleton's  light  cavalry  and  by  the  crack  .'^cventy- 
first  Ilegiment  of  infantry.  Pickens'  militia  came 
to  the  assistance  of  Washington  and  Howard 
charged  into  the  midst  of  the  Seventy-fir^t.  Tar- 
leton  made  a  dash  to  save  his  guns,  but  was 
quickly  beaten  otf  and  escaped  with  forty  men, 
but  not  before  he  and  Washington  hjid  met  face 
to  face.  Tarleton  received  a  sabre  cut  on  the 
hand  and  Washington  a  pistol  wound  in  the  iace. 
Howard  had  so  smashed  the  Seventy-first  that  he 
had  at  one  time  in  his  hands  the  swords  of  seven 
officers  who  had  personally  surrendered  to  him. 
The  defeat  of  the  British  was  complete.  They 
lost  one  hundred  killed,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
wounded,  six  hundred  prisoners,  three  pieces  of 
artillery,  two  .-tands  of  colnrs,  .  i-ht  hundred 
muskets,  thirty-tlve  wagnus  and  liagga.c  and  one 
hundred  cavalry  horses.  It  was  an  utter  destruc- 
tion of  their  force,  which  amounted  to  eleven 
hundred  and  fifty  veterans.  There  were  but 
eight  hundred  Americans  engaged,  and  they  lo?t 
but  .twelve  killed  and  si.\ty-onc  wounded  The 
outrages  inflicted  bv  Tarleton  upon  prisoners  and 
even  upon  nou-eombatauls  wen'  fresh  in  tiie  minus 


■  f  the  vietn,-  when 

inus.      The,,n,i i< 

.as-e,l  w,ih    loiter   .■ 


troops  tnrev 
of  "Tarlet. 


line  to  the  ..tlirr,  but   the    intervention  of  M 
Ilouanl  an<l  otier  olHcr-  pn  veiitid  the  -h 
of   the    bio.  .1   nf    the   .'aplivrs.      lneen..-d 
.irteat  of  Tarh-ton,  Lo,,l    ('Mrnualli-,  «  lio  u 


iptni 


liua  and]ire:;s  forwaid  ti.tnriu  a  junetion  uith  the 
]!ritir-h  tro.ii.s  umh-r  Arnohioii'the  ( 'he.-aprake. 
Liaving  Lord  llawdon  with  three  thousaml  ellec- 
tive  men  to  hold  .South  Camlina,  Cornwallis, 
having  been  reinforced  by  Leslie's  command, 
began,  on  January  19,  IT'^^l,  his  long  march  to 
the  North.  Collecting  his  army  at  Bamson's 
mill,  on  the  south  fi>rkofthe  Catawba,  he  re'Solved 
on  the  '25t\\  to  sever  his  conimuiucations  with 
South  Carolina  and  to  put  his  army  in  light 
marching  order.  Destroying  his  extra  baggage 
and  nearlv  all  his  wagons,  he  took  up  his  "  flying 
march"  in  pur-iiit  of  the  American  army.  Mor- 
gan, anticipating  the  tactics  of  Cornwallis,  on  the 
■2.5th  wrote  to  General  Greene,  advising  a  junc- 
tion of  their  forces.  On  the  receipt  of  this  letter, 
Greene  placed  his  army  under  the  command  of 
Major -General  Huger,  with  orders  to  push  forward 
^Yith  all  speed  by  the  direct  road  to  Salisbury,  while 
Greene,  accompanied  only  by  an  aide  and  a 
sergeant's  guard  of  dragoons,  rode  across  the 
country  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  and  on 
the  30th  reached  Morgan's  camp  at  Sherrald's 
Ford,  on  the  Catawba.  The  design  was  to  unite 
all  the  forces  at  Salisbury,  but  it  was  necessarily 
aijandoned  because  of  the  rapid  advance  of  Corn- 
wallis and  the  crippled  condition  of  the  American 
troops.  "  ]More  than  lialf  our  members,"  wrote 
Greene  to  Sumter,  -'arc  in  a  manner  naked,  so 
much  so  that  we  cannot  put  them  on  the  least 
kind  of  dutv;  indeed,  there  is  a  great  number  that 
have  not  a  rag  of  clothes  on  them  except  a  little 
piece  of  blanket  in  the  Indian  form  around  their 
waists."  These  tatterdemalion  heroes,  however, 
formed  the  junction  of  ^loriran  and  Huger's  ceim- 
mands  at  Guilford  Court-House  on  Febriurry  8th. 
All  told  they  were  too  weak  to  offer  battle  to  the 
enemy,  and  to  cover  their  retreat  Greene  organ- 
ized a  picked  force  of  cavalrv  and  infantry,  in 
which  Kirkwn<,d's  Delawareaus  were  ineluded. 
He  desired  .Alnri'an  t-  take  oniniand  of  it.  but 
the  '•Old  Wagoner's"  days  .it'  campai'_'ninLr  weie 
ended.  Rhciimatism  had"done  fnr  him  the  work 
which  the  enemy's  bullets  faileil  t(i  aceonipb>h,  and 
till'  trust  whicli  he  was  compelled  to  decline  was 
placed  in  the  callable  hands  of  Colonel  Otlio  H. 
Williams.  (Ireene  ordered  him  to  "harass  the 
euemy  in  their  aiK'ance,  cheek  their  progress,  and, 


PELAWAIIK  IVi.TilXG  THii   KF, V(>Ll,TI> 


259 


if  M.>s.~il)le,  u'lve  n^:  an  niniortunitv  to  retire 
vithout  ;i  -eiierah.rtinn."  WiUiiinis obeyed  onie.-s 
im,l  the  buttle  of  Guilford  f.lhnved. 

Oil  February  lOlb  the  Araericau  army  was  at 
Ciuilford.  X.  C'.  and  Coruwallis  at  Sab  ui,  tw.nty- 
five  miles  di.-taut.  <  >ii  tlir  same  ilay  i.ivene 
startc.l  with  his  main  bn,|v  fm-  H.,vd's  F.n-v,  wl.il." 
Williams,  ILnvanl,  Wa-liin-ton,  Henry  l.ee  and 
Carrin-ten  i.lar.d  tlir„»..lv,-  in  tront  .  f  tlie 
enemy.  Tlie  (ibjeei  nf  tln'  muvem-nr  '.f  these 
light  troops  was  to  mislead  tlie  I'.riti-li  in  o-.-dt:'  t'^ 
cover  Greene's  retreat,  and  it  was  (|uite  a  jUimx-s. 
Coruwullis,  who  always  ne.'ded  twenty-four  ii..i.L> 
iu  which  to  comprehend  trnthfidly  a  inibtary 
situation,  saw  Williams'  command  in  froiit  of 
him  and  imagined  that  lie  had  the  whole  Amer- 
ican army  in  po>itieu  where  he  could  crush  them 
with  his  ovcruiielnung  force.  Greene  mean'rhile 
\vas  pusliing  forward  and  had  gained  nearly  a 
day's  march.  "Williams  was  skilfidly  co^■eri^g  the 
retreat  by  destroying  the  bridges  in  front  of  the 
British  advance  and  stripping  the  reidon  of  provi- 
sions. It  was  a  chase  in  wliieh  both  armies 
suffered  almost  incredible  privati  ins.  "  M'jst  of 
the  men,"  says  Sergeant  Seymour,  "  were  entirely 
without  slioes  and  had  no  time  to  cook  what 
provisions  they  had."  Lee  wrote  of  ^^  illiauis' 
c<>r[>s,  in  which  the  Delawareans  were  embraced : 

"The  light  corps  was  rather  better  olf,  but 
among  its  officers  there  was  not  a  blanket  for 
every  three  ;  so  that  among  those  who.se  hour  ad- 
mitted rest  it  was  an  established  rule  that  at  every 
fire  one  shouhl,  in  routine,  keep  on  his  legs  to  pre- 
serve the  fire  in  viL'oi-.  Tin'  tmts  were  never  used 
by  the  corps  under  William-  in  the  retreat.  The 
heat  of  the  fires  was  the  only  protection  from  rain 
and  sometimes  snow  ;  it  ke|it  the  cir.;niiijaeent 
ground  and  air  dry  while  impaiiin_'  warmth  to 
the  body."  The  North  Carolina  militia  becom- 
ing discouraged,  by  llie  third  day  all  but  about 
eighty  of  them  had  deserted,  majoi-s  and 
captains  going  oft'  with  their  ni(;n.  "  You 
have  the  flower  of  the  army,"  wrote  Greene  to 
Williams ;  "  do  not  expose  the  men  too  much, 
lest  our  situation  should  grow  more  critical." 
Early  on  the  following  morning  he  wrote  again  : 
"Follow  our  route,  as  a  divisicm  of  our  forces 
might  encourage  the  enemy  to  pu-h  us  furtiier  than 
they  will  dare  to  do  if  we  aie  to-ether.  1  have  not 
slept  four  hours  since  you  left  me,  so  L^re.it  has 
been  my  solicitude  to  prepare  t'or  the  v\.)rsi.  1 
have  great  reason  to  believe  tli.it  one  ot'  Tarleton's 
officers  was  in  our  camp  nlLdit  befire  la-t." 

On  February  Uth,  Greene  cro.-ed  the  Dan 
river  into  Virginia,  his  la.~t  troops  laiidin-  on  the 
Virginia  shore  by  the  time  the  a-loni-hed  and 
mortified  enemv  liad  reached  the  opjH,-ite  ^hore. 
Cornwallis  gave  his  iniop.-  a  dav's  iv-t,  atid  then 
f'll  ba.'k  bvea.-v  marche.  to  iIill',borou,di.  Greene 


set  Piel-.e.,.  :,i:d  T.ee  „„  i,i,  traek.  and  on  Febni- 
avv  -.th,  G  -ii'.-a'lis  marelie.l  hi-  whole  f,ie,; 
across  the  ih'.v.  !;lver,mj  em  amp.  d  in  ar  AUe- 
maace  Grer-k.  Eaiivoi  ^l  ,ii- 'li.  <  ii'  aie  ree.'i\-i  1 
re-en ibre\.-me!Us  rVoio  jlaryl  md A'ir-iniaand  North 

b'.-  -ome  iifrv  men  enlisted  un^ier  an  a'.'t  pa— ed  bv 
tie.  I.e-i-lature  on  Febrmtrv  lOth.  With  these  ad- 
dition- to  eis  ra:iks.  Greene  .l-ei-led  to  risk  an  e,t- 
>M.'ep,-f(  '.'.'th  Hie  .nen.v,  and  on  March  14th 
encamoed  near  (i'.iifTd  C  eirt-Hon-e.  He  had 
]!:o!  rcLrii'ar  tiooj.s  and  tnore  than  liUOO  militia, 
andCornveallts  iiaH  :2  10;»  veterans. 

The  battle  off  idiitord  occurred  on  March  I'Hh. 
Kirkwood's  Delawareans  were  on  the  right  think 
of  thearrnv,  in  company  with  Col.  AVilliam  Wash- 
ington's ilr:;^ooi}s  an  1  Col.  Lvuch's  Virginia 
militia.  X.-ar  tle':n,  on  tiie  lelt,  was  the 
F'r-t  Maixlaii.l  re'.:inieiit,  uii<ler  t'ommand 
oi'  Cidoti:!  Gujby.  The  North  Carolina  mi- 
litia, who  were  the  fir.-t  to  be  attacked,  gave  way 
U'.ul  tied,  ■'  none  of  t'.ietn  having  fired,"  says  Greene 
"more  thati  twice,  verv  few  iMore  than  once,  and 
more  than  half  not  at  all  "  The  British  then 
attacked  the  r-ecoiid  line,  which  was  made  up  of 
llawe's  Virginians  who  made  a  gallant  defense, 
but  were  forced  back  to  the  position  of  Gunby's 
rilarylanders  and  the  Delawareans.  Once  more 
the.-e  tried  soldiers  of  neighboring  States  proved 
that  they  were  superior  to  the  Hessians,  High- 
landers and  English  ;  "  the  enemy  rushed  into  close 
fire,"  wrote  General  Greene,  "  but  so  firmly  was  he 
received  by  this  body  of  veterans  (Gunby's  regi- 
ment), sup[>orted  by  Hawe's  regiment  of  Virgiiua 
and  Kirkwood's  company  of  Delaware,  that  with 
eipKil  rapiility  he  was  compelled  to  recoil  from  the 
shock."  Heiirv  Lee's  account  of  the  battle  is 
'■  that  though  the  Lritish  general  fought  against 
two  to  one.  he  had  greatly  the  advantage  iu  the 
quality  of  his  soldier-.  (  i  aieral  Greene's  veteran 
infantry  being  only  the  First  Fvegiment  of  Mary- 
land, the  company  of  Delaware,  under  Kirkwood, 
to  wdiom  none  could  be  superior,  and  the  Legion 
infantry,  making  all  together  500  rank  and  file." 

The  Delawareans  and  Gunby's  men  charged 
with  the  bayonet  upon  the  disordered  ranks  of  the 
British.  Gunby  was  shot  down,  but  Col.  John 
Eager  Howard  took  his  place  at  their  head,  and 
Washington's  dragoons  charged  by  their  side. 
Thev  were  cuttinir  down  OlLira's  British  bri-ade 
with'  sword  and  bavonet,  when  Cirnwallis  or- 
dered ni^  artillery  to  tire  upon  the  striiirL'lin- 
lua-s  of  frieiiils  and  fo.-.  Arrested  by  this  terrilile 
tire.  Howard. collected  his  men  among  the  dead 
anddvin-and  retired  in  -ood  order,  tollo'wed  bv 
Wa-hin-ton.  The  battle  wa,  won,  chieilv  bv  the 
e.'certioiis  of  the  Delaware  and  .Maryland  vet- 
erans. (Ireelie,  in  his  report  of  it,  siioke  of  the 
"  Old  Delaware  (-'oin[iany  underthc  brave  Captaiu 


2M 


Kirkwodil,"  : 
ofM;irvl:in,K 
Joiinia'l  vfA^ 

'Thcj-df.l  n.it  , 


IVlaunr.ans 


tho  f 


:n  kiilt,]. 


In  this  battle  the  rvlawaieacs  1 
thirteen  Wdumleil  ami  HftiHii  mi— in" 

While  the  IVlauare  ..Uwv,  ue^.  .n^a.od  in 
this  cunipaiyn  in  the  South,  n,,  impurta.rt  V-vents 
occurred  in  the  State.  On  Fehniarv  lO.  ]7,si, 
Thomas  Kndney,  Thonia,-i  .AleKeaii  ami  M,h,  hij 
Vandyke,  were  eleeted  delejrattj.  to  ('<  n-r..-  i;\r 
the  eusuirg  year.  On  the'  l.-t  of  .Man!,,  the 
Articles  of  Coiiflderation  ami  Union  between  the 
States  were  formally  ratified  bv  Coiiltp:-.-. 

Iinmedialely  after  CoruualIi":<  left  the  vieinitv  of 
Giiilloul  Greuie  started  in  inirMiit,  ea-er'for 
battle.  Dismissing  his  militia,  he  sl't  out 
with  one  thousand  eight  hundnd  re-ulars 
for  the  enemy's  outposts  in  S,,uth  C'amlina. 
The  stron.Je^t  of  these  was  Camd.^n,  whi.^h 
^vas  held  by  Lord  l^nv,l„n,  with  a  garrison 
otnuiehumind  iomi.  (Ireeue  determined  to  take 
this,  a.-;  he  holi.val  he  would  thus  break  the 
enemy's  line  in  the  euitiv,  and  the  other  ontposts 
would  fall  in  detail.  (.)n  April  20th  he  arrived  at 
Hobki  ksllill,  on  the  north  of  Camden,  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  advance  of  the  Briti.-h  redoubts.  He 
■n-as  expecting  to  be  rejoined  by  Lee's  leuion, 
which  he  had  sent  to  capture  Fort  Wat-un,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Santee  ;  but  belure  Lee  returned 
Eawdon  marched  to  the  attack,  on  the  morning  of 
the  25th.     Greene  wrote  : 


"  KirkAvood,'  with 
port  tlie  pifkcfs  iiiu] 
liicketa  lif(:;in  firing  li 


slowly  fi.rcid  l.;i,  k,  .li-i  i/.,>  _ 
which  the  .^iiierici.ns  v.ie  » 
Kiikwiio.l,  with  liisli.jlit  int., 
Been  falling  hluwly  hack,  and  i.re.-ting  clo=e  upun  them  thu  British  yao!"' 

The  battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill  terminated  unfavor- 
ably to  the  Americans  throu-h  r.,nl'i:>ioii  and 
mistaken  orders  in  their  own  lim.~,  but  tho  D.hi- 
warcans  maintained  their  unttirni-hod  reputation 
Greene,  in  his  orders  of  the  day  on  the  L'Hth 
alluded  to  "  the  galhint  b.-haviiir  of  tlie  lijl,t' 
infantry,  conimandotl  bv  Ctipt.  Kiik\vo,.d  ;"  aiid 
Seymour  recorde.l  in  bi^ditirv  that  ••  In  thisaeii..u 
the  light  infantiy  und.r  ('apt.  Itob,  rt  Kirkwond, 
were  returnctl  many  thanks  liv  Cl-u.  Greene,  tbr 
their  gallant  bohavi.ir."  They  were  a  confirma- 
tion of  the  opinion  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborou-h. 
that   if  he  "could  put   a   regiment   tliroii-_di   three 


y,  was 

riacfd   in   f 

roiit 

to  Slip- 

ly-s  ori 

.n.arh.     As 

soon 

as  tlie 

with  i. 

lislisht  infa 

ntry 

to  their 

Llll   the 

wut.le  tcld 

how 

bravely 

r  the  Br 

iti>h  annv. 

Still 

he  was 

nnd  f,.,, 

■  t  l.y  fuut,  to 

the 

hill  on 

■  ^igllal 

to  bc-sin.  . 

.  .  A 

nd  soon 

S.iiith, 

with  caiMi- 

batlhs  m  «hi,h  iis  braverv  redu.-cl  it  to  a  skele- 
ton the  remnant  made  the  ,noM,h■p,ndabl,•^..|,li,.,■s 
in  the  world."  The  Dolauarean-  ha,l  pie.a-,  Iv 
follouc-tl.John  Cliurcbiir.-  li.rimila. 

Though    liaudnn    was   vi. tori,, us  at    Hobkirk's 
Hill.  lhon,„v,.n„n!^ot. Marion  and    Sumt.r   eom- 
i-ll-lth.-Driii-htoevaeuat,.  alltl,,;.  u„rthu,-t,.rn 
l-i-ti-n  ,,tS,,u.h  Carolina  ex, vpt  .NiuoivSix.  Thov 
still  hel,l  AuLu,-ta,  on  th,-  banks  of  tb."   Savannah 
Liver,   but  that  phuv  was.'aptuivd  bv  L.'o  durin- 
the  last  week  ,,t   .Mav.      The  Delawareans  ^u^n■   m 
this  eiiL^aLrenient,  alter  which   Lee    hastened    with 
his  tic.ps  t,.  j,,in(ir,-,  lie  in  the  sictreof  Xinetv->ix, 
where  he  arnv,  ,l,,n  .Mav  L'sth.    Lord  Laud.m  uas 
niar,diingfr,,m  (;harle-I,.n  uith  tw,,  tli,iu<tind  nien 
t,,the  relief  of  the  p,,~t.  an.l  (  iiv.-ne  th,ue.d.t  it  be.t 
to    expedite    alliiir-   by    a.s.-ailing    the   formidable 
Lritish  entrenchments  before  Rawdon  could  come 
up.     Lee  was    charged    with   the  attack    on    the 
stockade  fort  on  the  right  with  Kirkwood's  com- 
pany and  the  infantry  of  the  Lee  legion.     Fascines 
were  prepared  to  Kll  the  ditches,  and  close  upon  the 
footsteps  of  the  forlorn  hope  came  men  with  iron 
hooks  fastened  to  the    ends  of   long    poles    with 
which  to  pull  down  the  sand  bags.     JLajor    Ru- 
dolph commanded  Lee's  forlorn  hope.    Lee's  com- 
mand easily  gained  possession  of  the  stockade  in 
their  front,  which  was  held  by  a  very  small  force 
of   the  enemy,   but  elsewhere  along  the  line  the 
American    storming-parties    were     repulsed    with 
heavy  loss,  and  w  hen  Greene  ordered  them  to  re- 
treat Lee  abandoned  the  ailvanced  position  which 
he  had  gained.   Thus  ended  the  siege  of  Ninety  Six, 
which  lasted  twenty-eight  days,  and  cost  the  Ameri- 
can army  one  hundred  and  eightv-five  men.  Greene 
w-ent  into  camp  on  the  Hiuh  Hills  of  Santee,  about 
ninety  miles  northwest  of  Charleston,  and  rested  un- 
til August  23d,  when  he  moved  to  attack  the  British 
at  their  post  near  the  junction  of  the  "Wateree  and 
Congaree  Rivers.     They  retreate<l  before  him  and 
halted  at  Eutaw  Springs.     Early  on  the  morning 
of  September  8th  he  was  close  upon  them  before 
they  were    aware  of  his  approach.       Kirkwood's 
Delawareans  and  Washington's  cavalry  were  the 
American  reserve,  the  army  also  embVacing   the 
North  Carolina  militia   under  Colonel  ^Lilmedv, 
South  Carolina  militia  umler  .Mtirion  and  Pickens, 
Sumner's    North     (•ar,,lina     le-iilars.    Campbell's 
Viiuiniau.    and    Williams'   Marvlan.l    men   und,>r 
Iloutml  an,l  Hanlman.      Loe  with  his  le.Mon,  and 
Hendei>on  uith  the  militia  uiHler   Hampton,  . Mi.l- 
dht,,n    and    I'olk    prot,.ried   th,'  thinks,      (freene 
ah-,,  had  four  cann.m,  four  ami  >ix-p,,iin,lers. 

The  Amegcans  bc-gan  the  battle  with  tho  militia 
of  the  Carolinas  in  fn,m.  \\h,)  ti.u.dit  .tubb,,rnlv 
niitil  tluiraniimuiiti,ui  ua.  .xhau-tod.  uluu   ih.'v 


fell    b^ 


,f  L 


Hei 


•rs.,n.     Sumner,  with   hi<  .\. 
ental-,  uas  urd«j!vil  up  to  hll 


DELAWARK  PI  RING  THE  RRVORrxioN. 


vottnnis  of  Williams,  Huwnrd  and  Kirkvvorul 
vure  hcia  bark  for  the  tiiial  -'rn-u'lc  Ti.r  l^,l•iti^h 
ii(lv:ince  ^vas  coii.iiiaii.lr,!  l,v  Colon, 1  Mruart,  a 
•iMshin-  and  brilliant  otlir.T,  ^^hu  ,,.-r>.  nally  1,  d 
his  men  in  .harof  aftir  .liariM'.  In  onu  of  tlnM.. 
!,p  pu>li.al  Sun,n<r  La,  k,  and  iko  Briti.-h  kit, 
gpringini:  forward  as  if  toenail!  victory,  loll  into 
conhision.  Before  they  could  recover,  Wilkanis 
was  npon  them  with  the  hayonet  and  pierced  their 
centre.  At  the  same  nioiiitnt  Liiiili  uant-Colenel 
Wade  Hampton,  who  had  taken  command  of  the 
cavalry  on  the  left  flank  after  the  wonnding  of 
Henderson,  charged,  and  Washington  and  Kirk- 
wood     plunged    with    saliris    and    bavonets    npon 


Jlaior  .Maiori 


mk,- 


dm  was  h()ldin<r  the  British 


right.'  AVajhingtou's  horse  was  shot  under  him, 
and  he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  together 
with  nearly  forty  of  his  men,  in  the  etiirrt  to  dis- 
lodge Major  :^lajorihanks.  who  held  a  strong 
position,  i'rom  which  he  endangered  the  American 
left  wing.  The  thicket  was  too  dense  tiir  the 
movement  of  cavalry,  and  the  men  were  taken 
one  by  one  without  the  opportunity  to  resist. 
Kirkwood  and  Wade  Hampton  made  a  similar 
attempt  with  persistent  valor,  but  ^lajoribanks 
only  retired  to  a  still  stmn-er  position  and  even- 
tually behind  the  jiali.-adts  of  a  garden  wb.ich 
surrounded  a  stone  hmi-.  which  the  British  had 
converted  into  a  t;.rtre".  Unfortunately,  after 
the  earlier  ciiarge-  ot'  Jvirkuood,  Howard  and 
Williams  had  driven  the  enemy  from  every  other 
portion  of  the  ti.-jd,  and  the  Americans  were  in 
possession  of  the  British  camp,  many  of  the  sol- 
diers drank  of  the  litpiors  which  they  found  in 
the  tents  so  plentifully  that  whole  companies  be- 
came intoxicated.  Of  the  incident  when  Greene 
was  endeavoring  to  restore  his  disorganized  line, 
and  ordered  the  charge  upon  the  house  and  garden 
held  by  Colonel  Sheridan  and  ^ilajor  ?*[ajoribauks, 
George  Washincton  Greene,  wrote: 


was  cunipelled  I.-  rtur..-.  ' 

It  is  unquestionable  that  in  this,  their  last,  bat- 
tle, Kirkwood's  little  corps  adde.l  to  the  laurels 
which  they  had  alrea.ly  -ained.  General  CJreene 
said,  in  his  otKcial  rejiort  to  the  President  of 
Congress  : 

"I  ttiini;  nijwir  rrincipiilly  inl  !.l.  M  r.r  tlip  vicli.ry  r,I,r,ii,i.-.l.  to  the 

few  armies  pv^ruiliit.it.d  ,-q,uu    l.i-.iv.iy  vMtIi  uura  in  s.-i,it.lI,  yi-t  llie 
c<'„dtii.t  and  iutrtj'iditij  o/  tUete  curye,  trere  pt'cnliurtij  co«.<jncuorw." 

Greene  did  indeed  gain  the  victorv  on  the  ^th 
of  September,  17-1.  at  llutau  Spiin-s,  tliiou.di 
the  efficacy  of  his  bayonet  eliai-es,  for  diiriii-  the 


re  evacuated. 


General  (irfdie  and  his  arnly  rested  a  few  days 
near  J^utau  .-piiiejs  and  then  crossing  Nelson's 
Ferry  on  Septemher  iL'tli,  returned  by  slow 
marches  to  his  old  camp  on  the  Heights  of  Santee. 
He  had  so  etiectually  chand  the  Jlritish  -ait  of 
Georgia  and  the  Carolinas  that  they  held  only  the 
ports  of  Wilmington,  Charleston  and  Savannah, 
but  his  own  forces  were  greatly  thinned  and  worn 
out.  They  were  not  expected  to  do  any  more 
immediate  fighting ;  but  although  the  war  was 
drawing  rapidly  to  a  close,  there  were  reasons  l(>r 
fear  of  further  aggressive  movements  by  the  enemy, 
and  Greene  sent  many  of  his  officers  home  on 
missions  to  recruit  their  commands. 

In  Delaware,  during  the  summer  of  17S1,  the 
most  difficult  work  of  the  authorities  was  to  raise 
forty-five  thousand  dollars  in  specie  or  supplies  for 
the  use  of  the  general  government.  It  was  voted 
at  the  session  of  June  14th,  at  Lewes,  and  two 
days  later  a  bill  was  brought  in  to  expedite  the 
enlistment  and  forwarding  of  recruits  for  the 
Delaware  battalion.  At  the  same  time  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  State  was  requested  by  the  Legislature 
to  order  the  first  class  of  the  militia  to  hold  them- 
selves in  readiness  to  march  wherever  General 
Washington  might  direct;  this  was  in  pursuance 
of  a  requisition  of  Congress  of  May  31st ;  but  as 
Delaware  could  neither  arm  or  equip  these  troops, 
the  Board  of  War  was  asked  to  lend  the  State  suf- 
ficeut  weapons  and  accoutrements.  Whether  it 
was  that  the  Board  could  not  comply,  or  that  the 
militia  could  not  be  mobilized,  they  were  not 
brought  into  service.  The  eftijrts  to  j-aise  enough 
men  for  Kirkwood  to  again  elevate  his  command 
to  the  rank  of  a  battalion,  which  would  have  in- 
volved his  own  promotion  to  a  coh.nelcy  and  cor- 
responding benetitsto  his  subordinate  officers,  were 
more  successful  in  one  aspect,  though  not  in  that 
of  the  first  consequence  to  Kirkwood  and  his 
handful  of  veterans.  Recruiting  progressed  fav- 
orably in  Delaware  in  the  early  months  of  17.^1, 
and  some  three  hundred  men  were  obtained  under 
the  expectation  that  they  would  be  added  to  Kirk- 
wood's ranks  in  the  Carolinas.  But  at  that  time 
the  traitor,  Benedict  Arnold,  hail  been  dispatched 
by  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  the  Chesapeake,  with  a 
fleet  of  sixty  sail,  and  sixteen  hundred  men  to 
replace  General  Leslie,  who  had  gone  to  reinfeirce 
Cornualli-.  The  land  force  was  composed  of 
Ihiti-h,  ll.-ian>  an.rfn.i.s;  and  a,-,  Clinton  dis- 
tricted Arnold,  he  Milt  uiili  him  Colonels  Dunda.s 
and  Simce.c.  two  e.tpericneed   Briti.-h  officers,  who 


262                                                       IIISTOUY   OF  DL'LAn'A-lE. 

were  to  ho  consiilud  in  every  inuveinent.     AriMid  the  puri^n-e  of  pn^N  eiin-  the  tiixle  of  the  liay  aii.l 

overran  the   eeuntrv  en   h  itii   >iih--  ef  ihe  (_",ie>a-  rive'-.      He  \v,i-  ;fit!eu-i/.'.l  to  "  take  the  cuininauil 

peake,    and    hiiriied'    and     phmdend     lllelui.end,  et'  th- Stale   -el,  ,:,ne;-  ii.,>v  lyin-  at- New  Ca.-tk"," 

Portsmouth,  Feter-leir-  and  other  fun-.     «  >n  J.ii;-  and  ui<:.  of  -  the  >,-..;e   iuu-ie,  or  h,n-uoat.  at  the 

1,  17S1,  CoiiLjrcss   in~trueied   <  ieneral  U'adun-t.ui  t'ro<~-U.. ;..!>,"  n;  t!e'  v-onnty  of  Kent  ;  to  juit  them 

"that  he  should  inun.'diatelv  make   >u<-h    di-tni.u-      inio  p;-.,|,er    |i.rktln.-   e iition  ;    to    reeonimeud    to 

tion  of  his  command,  ineludm::-  tl;.-e  of  .  ur  aUie.s  .lie  I're-.-ident  of  ti.e  ^-ite  ..ii.'   per.-on    to   he   eom- 

(.the  French)   under    Count    lloehanfuean,   a.-   '.vlll  .,d..-M.ae.l   as   li -no  le.rat  of  inarines  and    to   eni.-t 

most  etfectuixUy  eoimteraet  the  view.-  of  the  enemy  Jer:y  men  i  >r  ser^  .ee  on   tiie   v-"el<,   whieh    wer.' 

and  support  the  Soutiiern  State,^."     In  eomplian.-e  i«  rrni:  ■  on  the  li.iy  ■ind  n-.  r  onlv.      On  tlie  Khli 

with  these  instrnetion.s  J.afayette   marched    t^outh  Mr.  Ihci.in-en  appe.',.- ■,!    he,,.:e   the   joint   eonven- 

with    twelve    hundi-e.l     men,     and     Admiral     des  tion  of  tlie  L-.ri.dai  ,i:e  aial  a,  eepted  the  j.oMtiou  of 

Touches,  upon  uliom   tiie  command  of  the  French  Pi-,-;-i.lei,t    in    a    in;,  f   addre.-,    in    the    course    of 

fleet    devolved    upon    the    death    of    Ailmlial   de  vhich  he  saiu  : 

Teriiay,  di.-patched   from  Xeu  port,  IMio.le   Inland.        ..,f  ,„  „,,.  „„,„,,,,, ,   ,i..  i.^r:-  this  ,■ ,,iic.uei  duty,  .my  pan  of 

Captain  de  Tilly  with  the  mcn-of  war  -  L'Kveiliee,"  ;'^°;";;;",,";;";;^J;;;';;,' "''■^;'':j-;i;:;'  l[f[  ""Xru^'^n'^tr^^ZZi 

"  Geutile,"  "  Surveilhinte"  and  ■'  La  Gueppe,"  to  oo-     ^"l,',  ',',',iV'.ji,'iy,  s'u  it  wi'mI'-  ...  ].'.,';,.,ri-- .  .1,1.;.^.  ;,i..a  t.. ,  ..H^.m  t ■  l,.. 

operate  with  him.    De  Tilly  took  his  ships  intc  the  of  tu-  -^ou  m..!),',,,  „rtiK.  r-ute,  .1 1.,,- a,,.,,,,  1  -  .i  '||.;,"'|'^'''^|'|^^'^'|^''-'^"^"|-;. 

Chesapeake,  but  sailed  to  sea  a-aiii  without  eiicour. ■  TnL'A^''\,!^i>-'^c"nn"t''^^fi'^'.^''\uy  '1  ii..V,'y'  h;uMV"nrm"».nti- 

teriiig  the  British  fleet,  and  Latavette  was  so  Inm-  ^1; ",;,.  °|r\;;;;i;';';;;~j  l„  'rd!^'!,!"  ;tt 'i."' '.n'T'fiu  'ba«',!e.r'Z^ 

pered  that  he  did  not  reach  \'ir_dnia  until  May.  The^e     ri^"fJrlrJyy\-nMt,"Nii''i-orn"\V.-4'.'.',,,."n.i  V„«  .:i,u  prosiM^riiyrf 

operations,  however,  hr..t:ght  tiie  closiug  work  of  ^^;\i'^^';""^J:^":!']'''^lZ"7'!)ll'l!Zl^l^,:':<!^^ 
the  war  into  the  Virgiinti  peninsula  between  the 
York  and  James  Rivei-s,  and  so  it  occurred  that 
when  Cornwallis  concentrated  his  forces  in  that 
State,  and  Washington  and  Kochamheati  hurried 
thither  to  meet  him,  the  Dehuvare  recruits,  insten.d 
of  being  sent  to  Kirkwood,  were  stopped  on  their 

march  southward  and  ordered  to  join  the  army  and  furni-hed  th-^  past  and  pre-ent  otjicers  of  tlie 
that  in  September  began  the  siege  of  Cornwallis" 

army  at  Yorktown.  There  are  various  indefinite  Colonel  Davi.l  Hall,  Lieutenant  Joseph  Vaughan, 
allusions  to  their  arrival  ;'t  that  focus  of  the  con-  Captain  Teter  Jactpiett  and  Captain  Kobett  Kirk- 
cluding  military  events  of  the  Revolution,  and  it  wood.  flOU  each  :  .^[aior  Jolm  Patten,  i7.J  ;  Cap- 
is  only  certain  that  they  were  in  the  vicinity  when  tain  Jauie>  Moore,  Captain  .Tt>l;n  Learnioiuh,  Cap- 
General  Lincoln  ojiened  his  hrst  parallel  on  the  tain  .lolm  Wil.-on.  Captain  Hani. 1  1'.  Cnx.  (..'aptain 
British  front  on  October  (ith.  The  surrender  of  George  Parvis  and  Doctor  lieid.en  fulder,  i;lJi) 
Cornwallis  took  place  ..n  the  lOtli,  and  \Va~hin--  each;  I>ientenants  Charles  Kidd.  James  Camp- 
ton  at  once  started  n..irtliward  with  ail  hi.-  troops  '  bell,  Joseph  Ilorsman,  Elijah  SkiUington,  Edward 
except  the  Mtiryland,  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  Eoche,  Henry  Dnif  and  Thoma-  Ander.-oii,  f40 
Continentals,  who,  under  command  of  General  each  ;  to  P^nsign  .-^tepluai  MeWilliam-,  sjoU;  and  to 
St.  Clair,  were  sent  to  the  support  of  General  ]Mrs.  Joanna  lloUaud,  wle.-,-  liii>hand.  Captain 
Greene  in  the  South.  On  October  27th  the  Dela-  John  HoUan.l,  had  been  killed  at  the  battle  ..f 
ware  Legislature  passed  a  resolution  reciting  that  Germaiitowii,  Clu,  Appropriations  of  XAf  t.ir 
as  Washington  w-ith  a  portion  of  his  command  suiiplies.  for  th-  detai  hment  undi.a-  the  eonnnaml 
would  shortly  pass  thrt)Ugh  the  State  by  the  pe^t  at  of  Captain  ^Villiam  Melveimau,  and  i:s2j  for  suit- 
Christiana  Bridge,  that  post  shotdd  be  thorou-hly  plies  for  the  nxn  who  rtinained  in  Greene's  army 
provisioned,  and  General  Patterson,  Lieutenant-  were  oi-dere.l  ;  and  it  was  recommended  to  the 
Colonel  Henrv  Darhv.  Major  James  P.laek  ami  President  "to  i-M.e  his  opleis  to  the  officers  of 
Captain  William  MeClav  were  aulliori/ed  to  p,ir-  the  Delaware  re-im.nt  now  in  the  ,-tate  (  Cai.tain 
chase  the  nece-.-arv   proviMous  and  -tora-e  uonn  JMoore  excepted  i,  and  n..t   |.n.-oni  rs  of  war,"    tliat 


.idinirr..  iiiid  to  provoke  the 
:hov?ii  nature  and  policy  pt 

ilit  out  tliiit  «e  sliould  be  WeSoiuga 

The    Lpgislatui-c 
£100  cacdrto  Then 
ai;d  Thomas  McKet 

al-^o  made  appi-opriatioi 
,as  Kodnev,Niehola.Van 
m,  the  delegates    in   Con 

and  furnished  fh-^  p 
Delaware  troops  wi 

1st  and  pre>ent  otjiceis  0 
h  money  a.-  t'ollows: 

Pre-idelU     "to 
tiie  Delaware  1 

i-ne 

Moore  e.xeepte, 
as  soon  as  tliev 

i,  and 

.-llould 

ate.ltothem    ' 
so    th.it    the    0 

tlev  ,1 

consultation  with  I)epntv-<,iuai  terma^ter  Ye 
On  November  0th  the  term  of  C;e.<ar  Po.l 
lis     President  of    the  Stale,   having    expired. 

Legislature  met  in  joint  convention,  and  by  a   vote  (.ireene  may,  it  they  think  jiroper.  apply  l-.i 

of  twentv-five  out  of  twentv-six   members   pre-ent  of  ab-ence  for  a  time,  an.l  iheir  oiae,^  Mippl 

elected   as  his   Miece-.-or   .lohn    I)iekin-..n    f;r    llie  stieli  a-  arc    within  the  intent  of  this  i-e.olmi 

legal  term  of  three  years       On  the  ihl,  n  solutions  The  vigilance   that    is  the    piiee   of  iiberi 

were  pas.-ed  appi-opriatin-  three   hundred   poun.U  dietal.  d  the.-e  mea.-iires  relative   to   the    De 

in  specie  to  Eieutenant-Colouel   Charles   Pope,  for  tr.ioli.-,  ami  wa.-  elr.uaeteri:-tie  of  the  attitude 


DELAWARE  DUr.tXG 

THE   IIKVOLITIOX. 

263 

I)  lauan'  patriots  (lurin'.'  tli.-  war.     Like  tlirir  as- 

ariiiv    and    into  entenipu 

rarv   hi-torv.  s,,   that    the 

.,„-ialr-  oftl.f  cthri-  Stalr<,ili,-\   \\nv  n..t  iMvpaiv,! 

••Eliu'  Hen'-  Chi,  km-"  1 

h.etinie  a.-:vnenvnii;.rthe 

I,,  anvpt  the  Yorklown  -urr,  ii.lrr  as  tlir  .i,,!  ..t'llit- 

1).  hiuari-  veteran-.      Tin 

ir  ree.,nl  n.ay  tittinjvh,. 

v\ir       Thcv  dill  not  at  lii--t    uihlri -land   tiiat  KiiiLT 

eonehlded   uith    Ueiirv    E 

.•r's   remark, "in   siL^akiie.,' 

Cor.-r  III.  and  l,i<  luini-nv  had    h. .  n  rn..-l,Mll,v 

nftlie  Continental  lin'-,   t 

Iiat    ■•  tlie  State    of   Dihi- 

the  tirnimdeu^  |...u.  r  oMhc  Vu  nrh   alli.inre,  and 

waiv    f:irni-hed    on.'    re^i 

I'l.-nt    ..nlw  an.l  eertainly 

ihe  d.t;  at  uf  the  llou,  1-  ,,f  the  HritL-h  armv  under 

U'l  re'jinient  in   tlie   arin\' 

Mirpa.-.-ed    it    in   sohlier- 

(',,ruualli.>.      The  recruit-  \vli..  had  .-. m  the  V,.rk- 

.-lii|.." 

l,,un  >urren.ler  were  return,  dlinni.',  and  di-l.aud,d 

Eain-ev.  in  hi-  -  Ili-to 

ry  of  th..  United   .<tate.s," 

in    January    .,f  17-S2.      S,.\  ne.urV     d:ary    te'd- uf 

voLi.  ,,.-eK.,-ay-: 

tiiu  inuveiiieiits  ef  Kirkw 1'-  null   alter   they  hail 

,i.,„-.lth..  ..,"-t.:m,i..nt  iiithnCoiiti- 

no  more  Hghtinu'  to  do  in  tlie  S,.iitli.      lie  wrote; 

„..ntul.\nny      It  «...,t  „i;..  ;„  to- -. 

•lO,  ..■  - all.r  ll,.-o mc-nivna-iit 

"On  S-ov^iiil«-T  liiMi.  IT-.',  il...  ].,  ],,«,,;,,  K.  _.ii,H  i,t  r.,.|  ..r.|.  rs  t„  1„.I,1 

l'!.nri'iu^''l'iM^.'r"lui','.'u'r'it'iI'!-'t.i' 

l'|.^■^.'.V,,I,^.',\'.,^l,'!,I,'''.,,'tVy'M^^^ 

ll„.,.,-"lvi-s  in   r...' -  I uh    1,  ■■u..   n.u,    .1„-  ^.ulli,  .inl.      Illi  the 

I.art  .-f  ;r\R'tununsuiiiiv,  Lilt  ..lt.-:ii 

1  the  t,.iM|..ii.ii.ii-  .it  Ih./ii-  Cjlintlv- 

KaiiiK  •lay  -t«M..l   li.jii    ir  ill     !■;.  r,  .1,   :ii.'   A-lil.v    riir   l,r  li..nie. 

liiun   ill  the    -1..C.II1    .A  ili-.ist^r,    the 

llehoiauj  f,.il-ht;a    Iilij..klvti,  at 

cumilli;    l.y    u.^v    •■!  i    i:ii.l.  n       ll,^:•l_-    .irii>.M    tiu  r.      .\,  .wiiiliiT    li'Jll.l, 

TriMitun  a.iJiitl'i H.L.-t.. 11.,, tHr.ai.lv 

ivjneati.lat  Giriil.ilitMil  ii,  at  Giiill.jia 

ilft.uii.'.l    tliLil......  il.i,>-   i.v  .11   !■-  II. .n.    i,,-i,.rt .iifU.^Tt   on  and  at  Entaw,  luililHt  l..iimli.  r.-.l.i.'fl  t.j  a  liamifiil  ..f  brao;  nit-li,  1 

mb.T.-.tli  ;t..iMiii:4l.y  M.iy..l  -.::-'  'ir.     r-i.  i- jl,.  e.ul.-r  s  Ki-rry,  coin:lu.li-.J  the  ir-rviu.is  uill.  tlii'  «ar  iu  the  kLti'-'US  tiTULin.itiou  of 

;  left  th.Ta'  tlu'  sa.ii..  ilav  ,11.  !      :;.,.:.!.:      ■:  i,.T,a  IlrnL-e  on  the  ■■"'      '■'''"■■""''•"-^  '■ 

after  a  iiiard,  of  M-veii  Ir:  .1  1  ,   1 ',  i ;  i  mile- from  i,ntaiiii>-  Doctors   Latiuie'r  aiiil  Tiltoii   Were  the   nudi 

'■.,ln\,lui'^^nl''JrVll''i'i-!<t^^                                      u,!-['Lil']  offiijers  of  di.stinction    whom   Dekiware  furui.-h 


iii..?i.- 


amoug>t  tbau.  all  last  snlMiiier  aud  fall."  Wllitelv  SaVtf  of  tlieill  I 

The  "  Blue  Hen's  Clliekens,"    tl    .^ohl-iillld   wllieh  "Dr.  Ilenry  Liitinioru;w  Uon 

the  Dehiwareans  had  been  houoretl  with  since 
the  beginning  of  the  war,  resumed  their  duties 
a.s  citizens  upon  their  return  honie.  Tlie  ap- 
pellation dates  haekt..  ih.-.lay^..f]77i;.wlien  Cap- 
tain Jonathan  Cal.lu.  Ik.-  eompany,  of  Ha.-l.  I's 
re'_dinent,  took  with  them  -ame  ehickeii-.  eelelirateil 
in  Kent  ('..iintv  f.r  tlieir  li-hlin-  .iiialili.:S,  and 
.-ai.l  t.i  1 f  the  liro.jil  of  a  e.-rtain  l.hie  hen,  re- 
nowned thn.u.jli  the.  e..iintrv-side.  Mr.  Whitelv, 
in  coHc-tiiej  tin-  inf-.nnation',  f.un.l  the  tolhiuiii- 


John  I'atlen,  1st  li.  III. 

John  MLril'uion 

I'-t'cL 

Court:.!  MoOall,  -.1  lieiit. 

John  lievver-,  i.i  , 

:..n>. 

Janus  St.-i ens,  ..tisi-n. 

KobeitOriiMi,  :jd< 

J..hn  D.-poister,  1st  sergt. 

Is.aa,-3I.,tlhev,9,  4 

th  c. 

Josej.li  Callllihell,  u'.l  itrgt. 

Kobert  Thompson 

,  dm 

John  Kowo,  ;!d  =ergt. 

eornclius  Coniegj 
Privatet. 

■s.  til. 

Jolin  Shearn. 

.lolm  Hart. 

Jani..a  Milliii.^tou. 

Ftaii.iH  ill.ir. 

John   .Miiniiiii-. 

John   U  il-.iii. 

John  Kmn.inion. 

John  .M.v. 

Michael  MeOiniiis. 

Thomas  Hmn. 

Robert  Sohvay. 

Oeort.-.:  Kiall.       ' 

William  I'loMiiian. 

P..t..r  .;r..«Lll. 

John  Allen. 

Wil 11  l.,.rrv. 

John  Butler. 

Kl.hrM.u  T.MUsel 

id. 

Jacob  Wilson. 

Nathan  Bowen. 

John  M  illli.'«3. 

The  fonchidiiiL:  inei.lent  of  th.'  war  in  or  around 
Delaware,  oeeurrei;  April  ."<.  17M',  when  the 
Anierieau  sl(io[i-of-war  ■■plvder  Allev,"  Captain 
Barney,  defeated  the  Briti-h  ll.  .p  -  <  ienVral  .Monk," 
at  the  entrance  of  the  hay.  At  the  s.  —  ion  of  the 
Legislature  on  January  2-"),  17'^1^,  I'le-ident  Dick- 
inson sent  in  a  hiiiLr  ine--aL;e,  in  w  hieh  lie  congrat- 
ulated his  c.juntryin.n  up..n  the  .-ue..|,--es  of  the 
American  eaii-i.  in  lli.'  S.nith,  hut  reminded  them 
of  wdiat  app.  ar.'.l  (o  he  the  deek-ion  of  the 
British  inini-liv  to  pu-li  llie  war  to  extremes,  aiel 
to  break  the  Eniiie,,-An.,  riean  alllaiiee.  The  liiial 
paragraph-  of  his  m, -.ii;.'  are  an  e.vhioition  of  tlie 
spirit  jiievaleiit  in   Delaware,   to   continue  the  \var 

He  wrote: 


John  Kelly.  William  i\.,u. 

Willia,n'l-!hns,i.ild.  n  i,': '  1 '  1  ,' wi.'v.  ""  "    ' 

Uobert  Kerrell.  I'^i,  t  v\  i:...\." 

In  the  intervals  of  duty  Cildw.  Iks  men  ii-ed  te 
amuse  themselves  with  pittiiiLT  their  ■^aine-e,.ek>, 
and  the  fame  of  th..-  niatch.s  sinvad  thruULde.ut  the 


III&TOU'i   OF  ];EL.*^V.^KE. 


of  uur  r.-vniiua." 

President  Dickin-.ai  went  ou  to  ]i(,iut  (Mil  iliut 
the  AiiioriiMU  p.iuii.t^  m-r,'  willihi:  In  -a'Titice 
evervtliiii:;  t'.r  the  pi— iMvatinii  ,,t'  tlirir  liln  rtu-j  ; 
he  also  ,li-,'ii.-.i.l  tin-  fnlly  ,,f  Ihv  i;ri.;-h  ■,!;,;.:,. 
sition  tliut  a  iMii^-roiitimii.l  aihl  n.r.ilal  I'-i'  lal-li'p 
between  Vr.mrv  and  tl.r  Tnitr,!  >ta!,  >  \va,  ia,- 
possible,  and  in  cnnclusii.n  nwninifudul  to  the 
Legislature  early  complianri'  with  the  irts  v.i' 
Congress  for  stn  nL'tlniiini:  tin-  ronli  >irratin,i  and 
improving  the  eonditi.m  ot'  f.Ur  finaiic -i.  Ijy  a 
supplementary  nii's.-aL''i'  ot  tin.'  ^amr  date  it  ap- 
pears that,  in  dlicdivncr  tu  the  iv^uo-i  ot  Gm.  rai 
Washington,  .Mr.  Diekin.on  had  e.-iahliMiru  at 
Wilmington  a  temporary  hospital  tor  -irk  ^'.Idi.as 
returning  from  \'iL-i:iiiia.  Tin'  armod  .-ciiooaer 
which  the  >^tate  had  fi|uipptd  to  cruise  in  the 
Dehware  had  l.ee.i  Mockadr.l  at  New  Cattle  l.y 
a  stronger  British  vessel,  and  the  Fru^-id.  lu  saw  no 
hope  of  releasing  her  except  hy  the  eo-operation  of 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvaiua. 

During  the  January  session  of  1782  the  Legis- 
lature passed  the  act  for  taking  the  first  eensus  <if 
the  State,  and  on  February  2d  it  eleeted  Philemon 
Dickinson,  Thomas  ^IcKean,'  C;esar  Rodney  and 
Samuel  "Wharton  delegates  to  Congress  for  the 
current  year.  In  tlieir  instnn.-tioiis  referijiice  was 
made  to  the  resolution-  pa--,  d  hy  tlie  L'-^i.-latuiT' 
in  January,  177:»,  pint,  .-[in,-  aL:ain5t  tho-c  articles 
of  the  Act  of  Confcderatiijii  which  made  possible 
the  almost  illimitable  territorial  extension  of  the 
theu  frontier  States  by  western  aci)uisitious.  The 
delegates  were  required  to  endeavor  to  procure 
an  amendment  of  the  Confederation  in  those 
particulars,  and  to  employ  their  "  most  industrious 
exertions  for  obtaining,  without  any  delay  w  hatevcr, 
a  final  settlement  of  the  boundaries  of  tlie^e  State? 
whose  claims  are  immoderate,  and  of  tlie  rights  of 
the  United  States  on  the  principles  of  the  resolu- 
tions, an  adherence  to  which  is  so  plaiidy  con- 
sistent with  justice  and  so  indispensably  essential 
to  the  peace  and  welfare  of  the  Union.  It  is 
probable  that  the  property  of  the  islands  in  the 
Delaware  may  be  considered  as  connected  with 
this  subject.  We  desire  that  you  will  attend  also 
to  this  point  and  that  you  will  take  care  that  due 
regard  be  had  therein  to  the  rights  of  this  State." 

An  act  of  Congress  passed  on  Decembei  4,  1781, 
was  the  cause  of  troul)le  and  hj^s  lo  Delaware. 
In  many  instances  the  little  vessel- of  her  citizens 
trading  upon  the  bay  and  river  had  li'  .a  captured 
by  the  enemy,  but  unless   tliey  were  immediately 


l.ariie.l  or  taken  ..at  d  the  adiacent  water>  tliev 
we.f  v-erv  hVeU-  t.,  lie  recaptare.l  l,v  tlie  hold 
re.-idcni>".r  ihe  Leijlihena-  .-horc-^.  The  act  of 
Coa-re-.  icMd..),  ho^vevr.r.  that  uale.^  the  re- 
captare^  were  l:  ,ele  v.i'.iiia  iuelity-foiir  hoar-  of 
the  capti-ie  (here  would   he    no    restitution    to   the 

(Jon..-r,;.ss  had  Co'l.'orn.ed  te  tile  practice  of  other 
n;.tio.is;  "but,"  said  the  Delaware  instructions  to 
her  ecrerres-mer  : 


To  prevent  this  calamity  the  delegates  w'ere  urged 
lo  press  upon  Congress  such  an  amendment  to  the 
law  ;is  would  permit  the  return  of  recajitured 
vessels  to  tlieir  owners,  upon  payment  of  salvage, 
not  exceeding  one-fourth  the  value  of  the  prop- 
ertv. 

President  Dickinson's  message  on  the  reasseiu- 
bliug  of  the  Legislature  at  Dover,  diine,  17^2, 
embraced  congratulations  on  the  birth  of  a  -on 
aiM;l  heir  to  King  Louis  XVI  of  France,  and  a 
waridng  not  to  repose  confidence  in  any  expecta- 
tion that  the  recent  changes  in  the  British  minis- 
try meant  an  honorable  treaty  of  peace.  "  I 
sincerely  share  with  you,"  added  the  President, 
"  in  the  high  pleasure  you  must  receive  from  the 
truly  honorable  testimony  given  by  that  distin- 
guished commander,  General  Greene,  to  the  uniform 
good  conduct,  singular  merit  and  important 
.services  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  our  line." 
On  the  19th  the  two  Houses  adopted  resolutions 
most  emphatically  condemning  any  attempt  to 
conclude  a  treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain 
except  through  Congress.  The  resolutions  were 
brief,  but  pithy.     They  said  : 

"Thattlin  rnitL',1  St;ite^  in  r,„r.-r.-.  aj«inbk-.l,  liavo,  by  tlii-ir  Con- 


ilnlT.'Siiipolii 
tice  MfKivin,  tiu« 
ofjil.U.,  tl,..-..„f 


These  resolutions  were  sent  to  the  delegates  in 
Con-res-  as  ia-tructioa<.  The  aext  session  of  the 
Leui-lature  ('.atinaed  from  Octoher  M  to  Novem- 
ber 1.  17-2.  l.at  a-  the  aiinute.  were  lo-t  the  only 
iatoraialioii  nt'  the  proec'dia--  i-  -allied  from  the 
lae-saL'e,- of  I'lv-i.leat  I)ic!;in-oii  aa.l  a  f'w  other 
scattering  paperj.      The    me>;age  of  October  2'Jth 


FRO.M  THE  REVOLUTION  TO  THE  WAR  OF  ISTJ-K 


show-    that     in     the    prececliii-     Au-n-t    Captain 

ArM..v'si-ea-,iit-t;.rth..    DMawar.    .v^i nt   w,-.v 

,„.„.,.hea  t..  l'hihuU'll.hlaiii,-t,;a.l..f  l,.-in-  -ul  to 
the  hwuth,  as  „riuinally  pMrp,,-.,!,  an,l  thai  thcv 
vcTc  ci-ht  iv-iui.nt-  of  niilicia  in  thr  Slat-',  -v,  n 
ot-  ^^hich  tho  i'lv.-iJLUt  ha.l  hitely  n  vi.uol,  iir.l- 
iii^'  occasion  to  spcali  favnniMy  of  all,  hut 
c^pociallv  of  those  coiunian.h.l  hyCohnu-Ls  Duti', 
Hall,  Jones  an.l  I'olk.  William  Wi,„KT,  Jr..  v.« 
iip[ioiiitcd  coniiui.-sioner  to  settle  arcuiiit-  with  the 
Uiiitctl  States.  At  the  se-sion  of  Janiiaiy  14, 
\16o,  President  Diekiiisi.n  annouuced  that  he  had 
been  electeil  ^re:^iaL■llt  of  the  Supreme  Executive 
Council  of  reniLM-lvauia,  and  resigned  his  ottiee 
as  executive  of  Delaware,  lie  hud  turned^  the 
adiiiinistration  of  the  State  over  to  John  Cook, 
Speaker  of  the  Legk-lative  Cnuneil,  on  Xovemher 
4,  1782,  who,  on  January  17,  11^-),  annoiineed 
that  Captain  MeKeunan  was  marching  northward 
with  a  detachment  of  the  Delaware  r.-ulars  that 
had  been  doin-  duty  iii  the  .Siutliern  army,  the 
latest  recruits  being  still  (quartered  in  Philadelphia.' 
On  February  1st  ^'icholas  Van  Dyke  was  elected 
President  by  eighteen  votes  out  of  thirty  in  the 
joint  convention,  and  Ciesar  Rudney,  James  Tilton, 
Eleazar  McCoinb  and  Gunning  Bedford,  Jr.,  were 
chosen  deieirates  to  Congress. 

On  June  ■<.  17s:;,  Pr.-ideiit  Van  Dyke  oth<-ially 
commuuieated   to  the  Le-islature  the    conelu--   " 


.•betwe.ai  the  U 


[  States  and  France 


one  side  and  Great  Britain  on  the  other.     In  his 
messa'.re  he  said  : 


•h  too 

n-  up 


dent 


our 
V  del 


Wi 


L>nty-two 
.uthorize 


thour-and  tiv,-  hundivd  pounds  :ui. 
Con-n-  to  l.-vv  duti.  .-ill  imp:U-tsinto  th-  State 
for  a  limite.l  time,  :ind  to  .stablish  asinkin-  fond 
tor  the  payment  of  ini-iv-t  (iii  the  jMihlie  d.-ht, 
the  LeL,n.-rlatiire  adjourned  to  the  following  October. 
It  had  nothing  important  to  do  at  the  October 
session  except  settle  some  contested  elections  in 
Kent  and  Sussex  counties,  which  had  uo  connec- 
tion with  atiairs  of  the  Revolution,  except  that 
some  of  the  lately  disbanded  soldiers  were  accused 
of  intimidating  voters.  The  war  over,  the  State 
entered  upon  the  work  of  repairing  its  ravages', 
and  aecommoilating  herself  to  the  new  conditions 
of  peace  under  a  republican  form  of  goveru- 
nieut.  Cv  the  services  of  her  statesmen  in 
council  and  her  soldiers  in  the  field  she  had  borne 
a  noble  and  illustrious  share  in  the  achievement 
of  independence  and  the  formation  of  the  nation.' 


CH  AFTER   XV. 

FROM  THE  r.EVOLI-TION  TO  THE  WAP.  OF  1812-15. 

The  treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain  was 
signed  at  Paris  on  the  2otli  of  January,  17S:;,  but 
it'was  not  until  January  14,  1784,  that  the  deti- 


n»li"U3  of  tllL- e.irdl.      HiM-iittt.|iti.ili  sliuilici  Ii.w  I...    ,  :;.it 

adiar.icterwurthjuftlio  vi.t.i,.u.,3;ni-',;le,l,.vu-  .      ,  ,       :  :  .;» 

"'>U°nuf°juiti™'i'."luilUB  vener.aioii'nf  uatl.....,l  u.u..y.  ,.b,i,  i  h.r 

On  June  21st  the  Legislature  in.-tructed  the 
delegates  in  Congress  to  insist  that  I,)elaware  was 
entitled  to  a  right,  in  common  with  other  members 
of  the  Union,  to  the  land  west  of  the  national 
frontier.  iMuch  opposition  was  developed  toj.\c- 
cepting  the  Virginia  act  of  January  2,  li^l, 
respecting  the  partial  cession  to  the  L'nitvd  States 
of  the  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio  River.  "  We 
apprehend,"  resolved  the  Legislature,  "  the  con- 
sidering of  these  lauds  as  the  now  indisputable 
right  of  the  United  States  in  common,  and  here- 
after to  be  granted  out  on  terms  beiietieial  to  the 
whole,  is  so  j)lainly  con.-istent  with  justice  and  so 
indispensably  essential  to  the  future  peace  and 
welfare  of  tl'ie  Union,  that  we  feel  ourselves  not  a 
little   alarmed  at   such  a  seeming  disinclination, 


17J 


iiisToiiY  OF  l>i:la\vai;i:. 


iiitive  tniitv  (if  p.'ace  «;w  rutiHuJ  hv  ( 'on-r.ss. 
The  L'V.nt  ^^as  i.n.,-laiiP.-.l  in  I  >..-lauar."'  will,  cv,  ,y 
deiiK.iistratii.n  '.rj.iv:  rannniis  wer.j  iirnl,  touiis 
illuiiiinated  aii.l  |patriuiii-  t(ia?ts  drunk. 

Althim-li  the  Ininial  ratitiratiou  of  Con^'rcf .^  had 
been  ni-ces-arv  t.>  _'ive  lull  etl'eot  to  the  treaty  of 
peace,  the  war  ha.l  .  .a-,  d  on  ^uii  aud  land  as  early 
as  the  12th  of  April,  17.-<o,  iiud  the  country  was 
at  length  able  to  settle  down  to  the  full  enjoyment 
of  the  benefits  which  the  Kmir  and  painful  strugule 
had  secured.  Throughout  the  contest  Delaware 
had  borne  her  portion  of  the  burden  and  Ikat  of 
the  day.  In  the  darkest  hours  of  the  Kevoluti^n, 
though  harassed  by  the  intrigues  of  the  Tories  and 
the  bickerings  of  the  Whigs,  the  patriotic  men  who 
controlled  her  affairs  in  that  storniv  jieriod  re- 
sponded nobly  to  the  demands  that  were  made  iijiou 
them  in  both  men  and  supplies.  She  was  the  scene 
of  some  of  the  most  importajit  acts  that  involved 
the  gravest  consequences  to  the  -trug-ling  enhuiies, 
and  that  she  played  lier  jiart  worthily  cannot  be 
denied. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  -'the  counties  of 
New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex  on  Dehiware  "  were 
prraperous  in  material  wealth,  but  at  its  I'lose  they 
were  left  imjioverished  and  deeplv  in  debt.  But 
the  war  also  found  them  dependent  counties,  and 
left  them  an  organized,  independent  and  sinereiirn 
republic,  mistress  henceforth  of  her  own  destinies, 
in  the  nation  of  States.  The  future  was  still 
doubtful  before  her.  She  was  entering  upon  a 
strange  and  untried  career,  with  new  principles. 
new  institutions,  new  duties  and  new  perils  ;  but,  as 
we  shall  ere  long  see,  she  addressed  herself  to  the 
task  before  her  as  resolutely  as  to  that  of  comjuer- 
ing  her  freedom,  and  with  no  less  success. 

Congress,  .solicitMUs  for  the  honor  and  intcre-ts 
of  the  nation,  agreed  in  17^3  upon  a  ni-asure.  the 
object  of  which  was  "to  re-tore  and  support  public 
credit,"  by  obtainiuir  from  the  States  ■'sub.-tautive 
funds  for  funding  the  whole  debt  of  the  United 
States."  These  funds  were  t(}  be  raisi^d  in  jiart  by 
duties  on  goods  imported,  and  in  part  by  internal 
taxation.  To  the  amount  necessary  for  this  juir- 
pose,  each  State  was  to  contribute  in  proportion  to 
its  population. 

This  measure  was  recommended  to  the  several 
States,  and  the  recommendation  was  accompanied 
by  an  address  prepared  by  a  committee,  consisting' 
of  ]Mr.  Madison,  Mr.  Hamilton  and  .Mr.  Ellsworth"! 
urging  its  ado|iti.in  bv  consiih  rations  of  ju.-tire, 
good  faith  and  the  natii.nal  le.uer.  General 
Washington  al>o,  in  a  letter  addre.-sed  to  the 
Governors  of  tiie  st-veral  States  on  the  eomlition 
of  public  affitir.,  to..k  oeeaMmi  to  add  the  ueight 
of  his  influence  to  that  ofCon-nr:-  in  favor  ot  the 
plan. 

The  General  A-embly  ..f  IVlnuare  was  the  fir.-t 
to    respond   to    the    -  importance   of    tlie    pre.-ent 


cri>is,"  by  pa-Hug  an  art  ,,u  .June  21,  17-",  fnr 
^ai^ing  t.-J-J,.'.()il  ,,f  -nld  and  .ilver  cin,  a>  the 
'iu.ita  calhd  tor  bv  i:.u;>,~<.  bv  re-,, lotion  of 
Oetober,  17s-',  of  tho  s-il'Hl.imo  required  tor  the 
public  service,  [t  wa-^  a^.e..,  d  and  taxe.l  in  the 
several  counties  in  tin;  foll,e,\in.r  prop.irtions  ;  Neu- 
Castle  County,  1^041.^-  ^./. ;  Kent  Couiitv,  !:7o(,);) 
and  Sussex  C.iuntv,  Oi-i-2S  II,,-.  4-/ 

To  Washington;  \iehola.  Van  Dyke,  the  Gov.r- 
nor,  on  July  2,  17.s;!,  reporte<l  the  follow  inLr  pr<iof 
of  the  zeal  of  his  State  for  otablishing  the  credit 
of  the  Union  : 


■  fMlIy 


Although  Delaware  and  some  of  the  other  States 
complied  with  the  recommendation  of  Congress,  it 
did  not  receive  the  assent  of  all  the  States. 

On  the  same  day  that  Delaware  complied  with 
the  Federal  requisition  she  authorized  her  delegates 
in  Congress  to  ratify  the  alteration  of  ]jart  of  the 
eighth  article  of  the  "  Confederation  and  Perpetual 
Union,""  which  provided  "  that  all  charges  of  war 
and  all  other  expenses  that  have  been  or  shall  be 
incurred  for  the  common  defense  or  general  wel- 
fare "  shall  be  defrayed  by  the  United'States  "  out 
of  a  common  treasury."  Another  act  was  passed 
at  this  ses-ion  "for  the  auditing  and  arraugiuL'-  the 
accounts  of  this  State,  and  for  the  more  effectual 
settlement  of  the  same." 

Before  the  dissolution  of  the  ariiiv  on  the  Hud- 
.son.  General  Knox  suLTL'-ested,  as  a  iiioile  of  perpet- 
uatiiiu-  the  friind-hips  which  had  Imkh  form,  d,  the 
formation  of  a  soci- ty  eoinpn^cd  of  the  army.  The 
suggestion  met  with  tniiver-:il  eoncurrence  and  j 
the  hearty  appiobation  ot"  \\'a-ljiii-ton.  In  pur- 
suance of  the  .-ug-e.-tion  of  ( ..  n.  ral  Knox,  a  branch 
of  the  Society  of  tlie  Cincinnati  was  formed  in 
Wilmington.  In  1.^01  the  members  were  Colo- 
nels Bobert  Kirkwood,  Henry  Dufi;  Allen  .Mc- 
Lane,  Joseph  \'au-han,  Caleb  Bennett,  Doctors 
James  Tilton,  ( ;eor-e  Monro,  J.  Mavo,  D.  J. 
Adams,  Tho,na>  Kean.  J.  ^[oore,  J.  Hvatt  J 
J  logman,  C.  Kidd,  S.  M,-Willian,s,  J.  Dri-kell, 
John  Jones,  ];.  (dlder,  .Major  Jaqiiett,  an.l  J. 
I'latt.  The  sorietv  continued  in  Wilmin'-ton  for 
over  a  half-eeutury  and  then  ceased  to  exi-t.' 

On    the    24th    of   April,  HSo,   Conuiv.-.    a-aiu 
called  upon  the  Stato  f  ,r  sinu~  of  money  sutliiatnt 

to  make  up  the  d,  tici,  ncv  ,,f iiaif  of  S.s.UOO.oOO 

allied  for  uiuler  th..  act-  of  October   lU,  and  Nov- 
ember 4,  17'^1.  I'orthe  purpo.<e  of  paying  the  arrears 


FROM  Tin-:  IIKVOLUTION"  TO  THE    WAR  OF  1312-15. 


2ru 


liul  nil 


ti'.xa- 


of  interest  .luo  on  tlir  ,l,l,ts  <.f  th-  U 

tlieend  nf  17.^:!,  ;in.l  f.u- tlir  pul.lir - 

TlioquiJta  required  .,f  I).l:iu:ne  v,:i- 

hiid    already    niad^^  i.n,vi-i..,i    tnr  s: 

Jiuie  L'tj,  ITfJi,  tiie   (l.niial    A-.-nu: 

act  providing  tor  the   n  ni 

tion    in    the    several    ••oiii 

James    Delaplain    of   Now    C'a-tlc    Cmi.uv,   John 

Clayton  of  Kent,  and  l.cvin  1).  niok-:.ii  Mt.-utr.,ik 

County  werea]i]ioiiitodc.illrct..rs.      fiir  a--,-.-i-ir:U 

for  Xew  Castle  County  was   L'JDOi);  Kout  Couuly, 

£787.3  ;  and  for  Su>^e\  County,  Oil'iO. 

"To  prevent  vexatii^us  prusorntions  and  suits 
B;_'aiust  such  as  aottd  in  this  -tate  for  th.'  defeu.-o 
of  the  liberties  of  Aiucrica."  the  Le.'i.-lature  parsed 
an  act  on  the  2fJth  (d'dnno. 

On  February  ."),  17'^o,  ,I,ihn  Sto.'kt^n  (..f  New 
Castle  County,  Simon  Wilnier  \Vil.-nn  of  tvent 
and  Joseph  Hall  of  Sussex  County  were  api:oiuted 
trustees  of  the  loan  offices  of  their  respective 
counties,  under  an  act  "  for  callinLT  in  and  destroy- 
ing such  of  the  bills  of  er.'dit  tjndlto.l  hy  virtue  of 
any  law  of  this  State."  I'ndcr  this  act  the  State 
called  in  all  its  outstandiii-  l)ills  of  eredit,  whether 
eniitted  before  or  since  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, with  orders  for  redeennng  them  at  thu  rate  of 
one  pound  for  seventy-five.  After  six  months  they 
would  cease  to  be  retleemable. 

To  fulfill  the  obligations  of  the  State  to  it^^  offi- 
cers an<l  siddiers  f  ir  thcirscrviees  duriuLT  the  Revo- 
lulh.n,  the  (lon.ral  A-^nihly,  ou  February  3, 
17^7,  pa-^-rd  "an  a^-t  t'.r  the  Mipp.n-t  of  non-oom- 
niissioned  otfici-rs,  privato  -olilii-r-,  warrant  otficcrs, 
marines  and  seanjon,  citi/in-  (,''  this  State,  who,  in 
the  course  of  the  hit"  war,  i.ad  bien  maimed,  or 
di.<ablcd  from  gettiuL'  a  livelihood." 

Ou  June  4,  178o,  an  act  was  passed  for  the  "  sup- 
pression of  public  marts  or  fairs."  The  preamble 
to  this  act  recites  that 

ot  New  Ciisl'le  a.,.l   K.M.l,    uithn,  ih:-  M  c^    ,  -nir  .,f  'tl,.,„i  l,y  aiir'iri.t 


de' 


invter's  fo 


hohli 
ounds 


ad 


Th^  net  r 
find  iinjv-i.i_ 
persons  holdui::  fail-  aiierwaids. 

At  iho  same  se-.-ion  an  act  was  [)asied  appoint- 
ing James  JX'lapia'n  ::['  Xew  Castle  Countv,  Josejih 
Taylcrof  Kent  aad  Xath.miel  .Alitchell,  of  Sussex 
County  oo'iiector-;  ia  their  resjiective  counties  to 
rcisc  ten  thousand  five  hundred  pounds  to  pay  the 
iutevest  due  to  the  officjrs  and  soldiers  of  the 
Delawupe  regiment;,  and  for  defraying  other  ex- 
penses of  the  State. 

In  17wi!  acts  v.ere  p.issed  f  )r  tlie  encourairement 
■of  coninierec  i)y  esfa!di<lil:ig  certain  free  ports 
witiiin  tilt  Slate,  i^.id  to  vest  in  Congres.s  for 
fifteen  years  powers  to  regulate  commerce.  About 
thp  saii;e  time  the  State  incorporated  "  the  presi- 
dent, directors  a::d  cimjiany  of  the  Bank  of 
North  Ameriea,"  aud  jM-ovided  lor  the  appoint- 
nieui,  of  •'  rangers  and  regulation  of  strays." 

In  September,  1777,  the  British  arrav,  in  its 
march  through  Xew  Castle  County,  carried  off  the 
■seals  of  the  county,  and  as  all  the  seals  in  the 
eouniies  contained  arms  or  devices  unsuitable  "to 
our  present  government  as  an  independent  State," 
the  General  Assembly,  on  February  2,  178d, 
passed  "an  act  for  devising  and  establishing 
seals  "  for  the  officers  in  the  respective  counties. 

At  the  same  time  the  General  A.ssembly  passed 
"  an  act  to  prevent  the  exportation  of  slaves," 
under  heavy  penalties.  A  supplement  to  this  act 
was  passed  February  3,  1789. 

The  matter  of  the  improvement  of  the  navi- 
gation of  the  Delaware  was  a  matter  of  peculiar 
interest  to  the  inhabitants  of  Delaware  aud 
Peuusylvania  at  this  time,  and  a  movement  was 
set  ou  foot  to  erect  piers  at  ^Marcus  Hook  for  the 
protection  of  vessels  during  storms.  A  lot  was 
also  purchased  at  Cape  Jlay  "  with  the  view  of 
erecting  a   beacon     thereon,"    but    this   site   was 


town,  thore  Wiis  a  beautiful 
"J,  witll. tallies  driven  1111^1 


lid  W!i-r,is.  Tlie. 


IiUB  ate  lielJ,  havuig  Ij 
Jirajed  tbat  u  law  be  [ii 
or  Uwa  uf  the  State,  u.i 


268 


HISTORY  OF   nr.LAWAIlR. 


afterwards  ripcl;ircil  iinsi 
phH.'ul.a,Cr.,tt-.<  M„.:il. 
On  IVImikuv  :],  17^ 
John  Fitch  '■  the  sole 
advantii.La'  nf  niakiiiL''.  i' 
the  stfau}buat,    bv    l.iui 


ihle,  and 

the    Stal 


.vented, 


Jaiub  l!ru,jMi,'  i:,.|"ii 


JOHN'    fitch's    riK,-.r    sTEA.MI'.dAT. 

limited  time."  At  the  same  time  the  Les:i,!ature 
incorporated  all  the  reli-iuus  deuomiuatiuns  in 
the  State. 

In  June,  1780,  the  State  invested  CunLrrcss  with 
the  power  to  levy  duties  npon  all  goods  wares  and 
merchaudise  imported  in  the  Delaware  trom 
Europe  for  a  limited  time,  and  to  establish  a  fund 
for  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  public  debt. 

Virginia,  on  the  2lst  of  January,  IT.'^G,  passed  a 
resolution  propo.-inj:  a  convention  of  commis- 
sioners from  all  the  States,  to  take  into  considera- 
tion the  state  of  trade,  and  the  expediency  of  a 
uniform  system  of  comtuercial  rcojulatious  for  their 
common  interest  and  permanent  harmonv.  The 
commissioners  met  at  Annapolis,  Marvland,  on 
September  11,  17>it3,and  continued  in  se.-sion  three 
days.  Delaware  was  represented  bv  George  Itead, 
John  Dickinson  and  Richard   Bassett. 

The  convention  was  organized  by  the  selection  of 
John  Dickinson  as  president.  In  consequence  of 
only  five  States  being  represented,  the  convention 
framed  a  report,  to  be  made  to  their  respective 
States,  and  also  to  be  laid  before  CoTigress,  advis- 
ing the  calling  of  a  general  convention  of  deputies 
from  all  the  States,  to  nuet  in  Philadelphia,  on 
the  second  ^tlondav  in  Mav.  I7.S7,  I'.ir  a  more 
e.xtensive  revi.-ion  of  th..'  Ariiohs  of  (',,iiir,l,^.iation. 

Immediately  uiion  recei|it  of  the  repm-t  of  the 
Annapolis  convention,  the  General  A-.-inbly  of 
Delaware  decided  to  join  with  the  drputiLS  ..f'the 
other  States  "  in  deviling  and  discu.-.-m_'  all  such 
alterations  and  furtlur  provisions  as  mav  l)e 
necessary  to  render  the  Federal  Constitution' ade- 
quate to  the  e.xigrn.-its  .jf  the  Union,"  and  for 
this  purpose,  on  February  o,  17>)7,  passed  the 
following  : 

•■  .v..  ait  .v,.p.,iuti,.F  nop.Kic-.  from  Ihi^  SUN-  to  a  convcniion,  proposed 
tolw  liel.l  m  lli.;iity  of   l'liil.i.|.-l|.lu,i,  tor   tl.o    piirpuso   of  riiMaiiistlio 


The  convention  asseinhled  in  Plilladel;ihia,  at 
Indepcn.leuce  Hall,  on  the  L'oth  of  .May,  17.s7,and 
on  n;otion  of  liobcrt  .Morri-,  of  Pcniis\"lvaiiia,  was 
organized  by  the  -/lection  of  Gcor-o  'Wa>liin-ton 
as  president.  It  i^  lorei-u  to  the  province  of  tiiis 
work  to  relate  circumstantially  the  proceedings  of 
this  convention.  It  is  only  necessaiy  to  say  "that 
its  sessions  \verc  continued  for  four  months,  that 
its  debates  were  spirited,  and  the  opposition  vehe- 
ment, and  that  in  more  than  one  instance  there 
was  danger  of  a  dissolution  without  the  accomplish- 
ment of  the  busiu-.-- for  which  it  had  assembled. 
The  whole  number   of  delegates  who  attended 


JOHN  fitch's  siccoxd  stf.vmf.oat. 
tlie  convention  was  tifty-tive,  of  whom  tliirtv-nino 
signed  the  Con.-titution.  Of  the  rem.ainiug  sixteen, 
some  had  lef4  the  convention  iicforc  its  close;  others 
refused  to  give  it  their  sanction.  .Several  of  the 
absentee:,  were  known  to  be  in  favor  of  the  Con.-ti- 
tution. 

The  convention  di-~„lved  on   the    17th   of  Sep- 
tember, and  the  Ih  aft  of  a  Cou.Mitulinn  was  innne- 


FROM  Tin-:  RKVOTJTION  TO  TllK  WAR  OF  1812-15.                            2G'J 

.li:it(.'!v  tran?nnttcil    to    (■(Hi-iv.s,    witli    a    ivruin-  Cirnr-e  .Mit.-licll  aii.l    J..l,n  IV.miii- as  Preskkruial 

„i,,Hlatinu  tMthat  Im.Iv  t..Mil,niit  it   tn  Sia;,.  cnii-  cl. vi.,r<,      la    the  .■Icn-.nil   roll,,..,  the  thne  vutci 

vontiuii--'    t'lT    i-atiticati'nii,    uhhh    wa^    a<-ror.rni-iv  ct' I  l.hiuanj  w  .iv  ca-t  t;,r  (ioi-.j  \V;,-hiii-tnii    t,,r 

il,m.'.     TheLegi.huiuv   .a'   Dclauaiv   lurt    M!i  the  I'r.-aleiit,     aii.l     .lohn     Jav     l-r     Vir.-l'p  >„leiir. 

2Uli  ofOetol.er,  an.l  li.Ilnuin-  •■  the  .-.■n^e  aial  .ie-  Wa-liin-loii    tn,,h    llu'    ..aih    nl    „lilee   aii-1  mtuv,! 

,ir,- of  uivat  iiii.nlKT.-  ..t'  the  , ,>.,,,,!,.    ,,t'  il,e  Stale,  upmi    il.-    .luties    April   :;(»,    17^!).       Jnhii    AJan,.-, 

,itrnili,a'iii  petilinn.   t<,    their    .j,.nerai    a-eiiil.lv;'  eleiae.l   Viee-l'reM.lelit,  elite, e.l  uj..,!   hi.    duti.sin 

"ailoptea  speedy    measure-   to   eall   to-ether  a  euii-  the.-eiiate    .'viiri!  I'l ,    17>;j,  aii.l    l-.nk    the    e.tithuf 

ventiou."      It  a.--eiiihh<l  at  1  "over,  in  the  tir-t  \\eek  nlliee  on  .luue   .■;il  cf  the  ^aaie'  year.     Dr.  .In~hiia 

in  Doceinher,  aial  ratith  .i  the  C'etr.;ituli.,ii   ..„   the  Chiyton,  fatlier  of  Chief  JuMie."    Thonia-  Chivton, 

Tth,  beiii-  the  tir-t  Stat.'  to  ^ive  its  approval.      As  "as'  eleete.l   (  ...veriior   of   Delaware  in    17.-<'j!  and 

will  bo  .-eeii,   the   eon~t.tuent    hn,ly  eneouiitered  no  .- 'rved   iinlil     171m;.      t  leorje    Read    and     Riehard 

ditlleulty  in  -iviii-  it,.  a-.-ei,t  to  tlie  Fed.  ral  L'onsii-  T.a-.-ett  wre  tiie  tir.>t  United  .-tate.-,  Senator,  from 

tution,  but  it  was  dittienlt  to  lind   lan-ua-e   stroii:_'-  this  State. 

enough  to  expre.-s  its  J.a-  in  what  had  been  done.  Wa.-hin.'ton  left   M.amt  N'ernon   on   t!io  IGth  of 

Theoftirial  uotilieation  of  tlu'    adoption    of  the  April,  17.s:),  and  his  pro  ■!•, -.   to  New  York  was  a 

Constitutiou  by  Delaware  is  as  follow i  :'  coutimicd    ovation.     At    Wilmington    ati<l    every 

"We.  ..,a  d,.,,„t:..i..„  of  the  ,.,,!« of  Peiawaro  s,:,r,.,  ,„  cnv.n.ion  l^u^^t.  town  aud  village  that   he  pa,<sed  througli   he 

L'£'nr^n>l'!!!Xh'l.rr.'?e'un'ur'^^^^^^^^  Deputations  met  him  all  ah.ng  li'ie  route  and  torm,  d 

teenth  djyuf  SiiiitfliiluT,  ill  tlieyeurofcur  Lunl   ITsT,  l„iv._.   iippiiiVfJ,  CSeortS    and     proee.-iollS.       At     \\' i  Imillj  toll,    on    his 

hiilf  of.Hir  I                           !- eiy  iiiileniirei}' appi-jvo  uf,  ;isjciit  10,  bvauumeniLis   ealvaeade  of  eitizeiH,   and   he  was 

""i;,r',;,:r ,: ..  ;;,.„:;:'r-.e,on.>....y„f  D,...o,„„e.,in..„  ^^^-f^'-i ^>y nugingof beiu t.ud .au-os of  aninery.^ 

orluaXa'tl,  "alel'lUr  m  'Ltiuwuy'«\a-r"'uf''wo°hav'a   lierJiiatuTul)-  '  Tlie  visit  of  General  Wasliin-luii  on  Docpml.er  ir.,   17S3,  Boon  after 

BcrilK.ll  uur  naiii.-s.  "'"  '•'"»>•  ^f  tlje  Ui-voliitiun,  w.n  an  i-v.'nt  of  Rlvat  hiatoric  unlwltance. 

"I,  Tli-inas  l'..llin«.  rr.><i.l-.nf  of  ttin   Delaware  State,  do  hereby  cer-  re.ite  bad  lately  Ue-ii  doilare.l,  and  the  Ani.riean  can»..  had  trin.nlilied. 


The  Constitution    having:    been  ratified  by  the  i'," ',""'•„"""''" "^'j^'j^'to^ 

requUite  number  of  St:;t<-,  CoiiLM'ess,  on   the  l.'Ith  fuiiow'a: 

of  September,    17'^~>,   pii-  d  a    le-ilntioii   apjioint-  "Toiht  Bur,jfsBesau,ico« 

ing  the  first  W'e<liie-d;iy   of  .January,   17.'<J,'as  the  i.^'^^^^^"'!Z:7^''^cZ ■,..:..,.. 

time  for  choosing  eieetors  ot' I'resieleiit,  tiiid  the  tir-t      ,:i .    ..:  m  ,  r  ,r,'i,    .  ■:  .i  :   i ■     \i  ,,;,;     ,,  .     i    r  ,!ur  luidic 

Wednesday  of  February  lor   the  eleetors   to   meet  '                            ./                                         i '■',,','■' iTt'ho 

in  their  respective  States  tn  vote  ibr  President  tiiid  e:    .  ■     ,      -     ■    ■         •             ,..,,-    ,_     ^.  „  ..„,s,  in  uio 

Vice-President ;  and  the  first  Wednesday,  the  1-ith  ^,'",'^,^,1!  x  ""                       ;  ','"'i'i'^'^'Hu!Z[''.^!wal\et"^^^ 

of  March,  as  the  time,  and  Xew  York  as  the  place,     U"-  genuni.  -  ; 1  ii.>  lui.iw-dti/.ena  is  far  n.oro  satisiactoiy 

to  commence  proceedings  under    the    new  ConStitU-  "T."!^-',,"'  |".  ,[,^,   ,',     ,  ,    ,_,,  .     .1  V!nr'"en''rons  sentiment.i  and^ishea  I 

tion.                                                                                            ,  return  t..  a  I...,-  i„.  .l;t,.i.  .1  i-.luen.ent.     And  let  me  a^sure  yen.  tentle- 

In  complianec  with  this  re.-olution,   the  (Jeiieral  "'''',\,l''^,l'';''„\'!llut's"a'i"rcan'n^ 

Asseniblv  of  I'elaware,  in  .lime.  17^^.  pa--eil  "an  "Geouge  Washlvotom. 

^    ,.         '.            ,          •                ,                      ,                               .11,  ■■Wilni;ii4lun,  December  to,  1TS3." 

act  directing  the  time,  plaee- and   maiim  r  ..l   hohl- 

ing  an  election   tiir  a  Ibpre.eiitative   ot'  this   .~^tate  fr..MV'!i','ii  in'-'./t' M^iiin't  vtrnoTt'o  Xew  Voru,  i\"n^^ 

in  the  Congress  of  the    United   States  :  ami  f  .r  ap-  <'■<•■■  "'"_-'">"■;"   '^  iv-i.ient  ot  ti,o  tnued  st.Lies  in  liuit  ....y,  on 

pointing   elcctoi?,   on    the  part  of  tiiis  State,  t"or  '  ■  i  ^eiMeap.mi.i  t!.~.  e.«'uoi  p.'.pi,.  i-,,,:,',,?,- ,'!,i'u,  I'i'ie  ijjitinioro 

choosing  a  President  niul    \"iee-Pre.-ident  of  the     r..  .ii  t  .lai.i.  a -uiMi.,.- ..r  i,nn  .■.<  i... , i  «iiii  a.o.Mi.my.    i  u.,»  at 

United  States."    -  ^'irin'a^'.p-K'e  ol'>x|'t''uMo.,  «1ru  w!!.;'ln','ur,n  ','1,  h!r,'l,.',riot".!ppeiir'ed 

Tlie  first   constitutional    Cleetion  for  a  RoprCSenta-  dovin.-slo»ly  throngh  the  rrovvd       Wuhlea  m   hand,  he  liuw...,]  totlm 

tive     to     Congress     and     eleetors    fn-    Presidi-IU   tind  si  ,-lie  cheer.i.     livery  eye   lla--hud  wiili  deh-l,t,  and  joy  ""^aiiMipuutTj 

Vice-President  took  I'laee  in   Januarv,   178S,  and  ""  •  >"v  brow." 

.'                               .,.     .    •                 ,           .  .1     11.;!   l.ctnall  w^u..  a  devoted  p.ltr,..t,  and    I.,  fore  .111.1  alter    the  laala 

resulted  in   the  election   ot  John    \  llllIlL'  as   the  lir-t       of  r.i- Mi.ly«int.  at  Wi..  niU  of  t l  ,iin  [...n  of  ln-nnll.  i>a,dayani 

Representative  to  Congress,  and  (_uiniiing  Redliinl,  \U''',^',\\'!!i''|,';,,'\',','i,'Vy.'n,tr-'l'."'.l'V"!rn^^                            ,'''.."' 


270 


HISTOIli   OF  PELA' 


Amon.tr  the  iiKist  inipurtiint  nie.i.-ure.= 


bv   tlie  Hr.-*t  CV 


•red 


uv  [.n.p, 


goveninient  to  a-siime  the  payment  of  the  debts 
of  the  States.  The  que.itiou  created  some  cMitro- 
versy,  but  a  resolution  to  a~<inne  the  Stale  debts 
was  tinally  earrird  liy  a  vi>te  of  tiiirtv-one  to 
twenty -six.  Of  the  debts  .jf  the  .States  .fl'l.oUK/z'MJ 
were  a.s^nnied,  in  spcrilir  sums  fnmi  each  State, 
regard  beini:  hud  to  the  amniiiii  .,f  iudebteduo«s 
of  each.  A  li..ard,  c..ii>i:-iiiiL;  cf  three  ..omniis- 
sioners,  was  coii>i..titutcd  to  settle  the  accounts 
between  the  States  and  the  United  Statr^.  Tiio 
amount  of  the  indchtedm -s  of  Dehnvare  v.-rts 
$2,O0el,0l)0,  and  when  the  L'riitcd  States  a>s;i.,;:-d  a 
portion  of  this  it  relieved  the  State  of  a  verv  heavv 
burden. 

In  the  mean  time,  in  January,  1791,  the  State 
made  provi.-ion  for  "  tilting  up  and  j.reparing 
chambers  in  the  new  court-liouse  in  the  town  of 
Dover,  for  the  accommoilatiou  and  rccepti.ii  of 
the  General  A>send)ly."  Tne  Jjc-i.-lature  app-jinled 
Eleazer  MeComb,  James  :\[eL'lement,  John  Clav- 
ton,  James  Sykes,  Jr.,  and  John  Patten  managers 
of  a  lottery  to  raise  one  thousand  pounds  to  del^ray 
the  expense.  At  this  session  Geo.  Mitchell,  Uoberi; 
Houston,  AVilliam  Moore,  John  Collins.  Nathaniel 
Young,  William  Peery,  Rhoads  Shankland.  Wood- 
man Stockley,  Daniel  Polk  and  Thomas  Batson 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  purchase  tor  the 
use  of  Sussex  County  one  liundred  acres  of  laud 
at  a  place  called  James  Pettijohii's  Old  Field,  situ- 
ated in  BroadkiU  Plundred,  for  the  jnirpose  of 
building  a  courtdiouse  and  prison  fir  Sussex 
Countyr  They  were  aiitliori/,rd  to  luiild  the  public 
buildings  mention(d,  and  when  ajiprov  d  bv  .b.bu 
Gordon,  John  lial^ton,  Andrew  Barratt,  "joM-ph 
Barker  and  I'eter  Lowber.  they  were  authorizrd't(.i 
remove  the  county-seat  from  Lewes,  and  .-ell  the 
old  court-house  and  prison.  Tliis  act  was  com- 
plied with  within  the  year. 

In  1791  an  expedition  against  certain  tribes  of 
Western  Indians  was  decided  upon  un(]erthe  com- 
mand of  General  St.  Clair.  The  troops  as.-embled 
in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Washington  (now  Cincin- 
nati) early  in  Sei)tember,  ami  .m  the  14th  of 
November,  after  penetrating  to  a  tributarv  of  the 
Waljash,  tifteeu  miles  south'of  the  Miami'vilbfj-es, 
and  almo,-t  a  lumdivd  iVom  Fo,  t  \Va-!iin-ton,' 
they  were  tierrcly  attack,  d  bv  a  large  niimb'r  of 
Ind'ians.  For  two  hours  and  a  half  the  In.lians. 
concealed  in  the  woods,  slau_ditered  the  troops  from 
every  point,  when  they  lied  in  di.-onler,  kaviiiL'- 
their  artillery,  baggage,  etc.,  in   the   hand-   ..t'  the 


"l^o:llen,  and  two  I 
Ca!)tain  Kii-k\*o, 
line    ic    the    So 


los-  was  estimati^il  at  six 
von  kill. -d,  including'  tbirtv 
.land-,Avmv-o„euo„nd.,i. 

,  Department  during'  tlie 
il   other    Delawareans   were 


0:i  January  .'!).  I7iil,  th-  State  o'dci  to  the 
TJnited  Suites  ['■•e  li-lu-iioi;.-;.  in  Siis-ex  Countv, 
near  the  entranc"  to  Delaware  I'.ay,  the  piiblie' 
piers  opposite  to  K.ede!!  Island,  near  the  town 
01  Port  Fenu,  \u  New  Ca.-tle  County,  together 
-.vitn  ai:  iJie  lands  and  ajipurtenances  thereto 
be'ongiuL^. 

In  Fel)ruary,  1  T;12,  an  aot  was  passed  f.r  the 
better  relief  of  the  jiuor  in  the  various  counties, 
and  S.-.muel  H^>llinL'^wortb.  Jam.s  Co,)pcr  and 
David  Thomas  were  ajipoiuted  additional  tru.-tees 
fcr  New  Castle  C:oimty. 

The  State  Gmsniution  of  177(5  contained  a 
clau.se  reciting  tliat  "no  oilier  |iart  of  this  Con- 
.stiiution  shall  be  altered,  changed  or  diminished, 
witl-.out  the  consent  of  five  i<arts  in  seven  of  the 
Assembly  and  seven  members  of  the  Legislative 
Council'  On  September  8,  1791,  the  General 
Assembly,  by  resolution,  called  a  new  constitu- 
tional convention  and  provided  for  the  election  of 
its  members  by  the  people.  The  election  resulted 
in  the  selection  of  the  following  delegates  to  the 
convention : 

Thomas  Jlontjunierj',  John  Dickinson,  Kobert  Armsfrone,  EJward 
Euclic,  William  John-ion,  Eobeit  tlau-lify,  Gsorso  .llonio,  Robert 
Carom,  Kensej-  John-.  Xii-hohis  Ri(i^..ly,  John  riavton.  Th.ini.is  White, 
JIunlovs  Eineiaon,  James  Jlorris,  nitliard  U.,s5ett,  Benjamin  Hill.  Uenrv 
JlolU-ston.  AnJie«-  Lanatt.  Isiiac  Coo|wr,  Ueorse  Jlitiliill,  John  W. 
Batson,  RLoaJs  Sluiukland,  Isaac  Beaucliamp,  Daniel  Polk,  James  Booth. 

The  convention  assembled  at  Dover,  on  Tuesday, 
November  29,  1791,  and  elected  John  Dickinson, 
president;  James  Booth,  secretary ;  Charles  Nixon, 
assistant  secretary.  The  convention  deliberated 
until  December  ".l.-t,  when  the  draft  of  a  Consti- 
tution was  submitted,  ami  ordered  printed.  The 
convention  then  communicated  the  results  of  its 
labors  to  the  General  A.-^emblv,  and  adjourned  to 
Tuesday,  3Iay  29,' 1792.' 

On  reassembling  after  recess,  President  Dickin- 
son resigned,  owing  to  ill  health,  and  Thomas 
Montgomery  was  elected  to  succeed  him.  The 
eonventioii  aMJourn.'.l  Hnally  on  June  12,  171)2. 

The  new  Constitution  was  never  put  before  the 


front  of  Joseph  Tatnalfs  1 
door.     Mrs.  Tatnall  auswa 

hou.e,  entered  the  yard  a^ 
red  the  eall,  and   upon  ro 

mill,  III..    I',-.  Ml.-iit   pv  l-rr 
gr.;Hll,-   .0..1    :iO.;«    of   llo 

tra<!,-,i  I,}  Oeuer.a  W„l„„ 

■•  1  ..dim-  on  him  there. 
'  lar_'._-  mdl,   the  too  gem 

,lou'a  i,re-,enie,  and  they 

lOn  Deeeo.beriJ,  1  Til  I,  Warner  Jliinin 

presented  a  pap<T  askinR  the 

convention  to  aboli^li  slaverv,  and  to  oxeni 

who  were  opposed  to  war  from  relitrion^  i.rir„-,pl  ■.. 

Unrin«  the   rece-s  of  the  ro.iv.-.,i,.n   .1 

' Svl:.'.  of  Kent  County, 

died,  and  Andrew  ll.inatt  wa-  .1.         :  ,  ■  ■ 

On  Mayi'.Othadele-at.onofKn    .    ,-,  ,    -, 

•    .  ...  1  :r'es3to  theronven- 

ti..n  a-lcin- ic  tojnM  rt  twopr"\;.,      - 

.;,tuti..u  r  t'ivim;  tho 

pliMlive  i-f  freedom  fr.Mn  niiLt  ,n    i.-i    i. 

lice  inl.rfere.l  and 

that  slavery  be  abolished.      It  « ,„  -,_.,:,-.l  ,, 

1  l...l..iir..r  the  nie..tiii-of  :hi- 

repres.odidii'esof  Ineruls  in  N-w  Jer^.-r, 

IViinsvlvania  and  lU'Luare 

and  easle.n  parH  of  Mar\  l,,n  1  and  Vir.-im 

...  bel.l  in  I'hlla.lelphl.i,  Fillh' 

Monlh,  -Id  do,  ITUJ,  J.,M.e3  IVinbert.oi.  ,1 

e.k.    Tb.•>,,n^en^l..na.|„pIe.i 

FROM   'I'lIK   i;F,\()I.rTl()N   TO  TIIK   WAll  (JF 


15. 


•J71 


people  for  nitificati.m,  Imu  \sas  a.ln,-t,-,l  hv  the 
t^jatc-.  It  vc.-f,l  tlio  K-i-lativ.-  i.nucr  -.f  tl.._-  Stat..' 
iu  a  Senate  au.l  IIuu.-.;  ..f  R.  |.n  ,-,  ntalives  bavin- 
tlie  same  luniilni-  cif  mernlirr;)  a.-;  pn.iviui.d  liy  the 
C'lin.-ititutiiiii  of  177*). 

The  suj)renie  exeeutivi  pMwiT.-  of  th^  Stati^  were 
vested  in  a  Governor,  who  ua.-  to  .•i.zitiuuf  in  otKee 
for  three  years.  The  Governor  was- to  he  eoni- 
nian.ler-in-ehief  of  thearniy  an.l  navy  of  the  State, 
ami  of  the  militia.  e>:t'eja  when  called  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States.  He  al^o  held  the 
ii[)pointiug  p(jwer  for  all  offices  established  by  the 
Constitution  or  by  law,  except  tho>e  whose  appoint- 
ments were  otherwise  provideil  for. 

lu  the  caso  of  the  death  of  the  Governor  it  was 
provided  that  the  Speaker  of  the  SLuale  ,-hould 
exercise  the'office  of  Governor,  and  upon  the  death 
or  resignation  of  the  Speaker  of  the  Senate  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Keiirc.-entatives  .-liould 
exercise  the  office  until  a  Governor  was  ( lected. 

The  judicial  powers  of  the  State  were  vesti d  in 
a  Court  of  Chancery,  a  Su[>reine  Court  and  Courts 
of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  General  Gaol  Delivery, 
in  a  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  in  an  (.">rphans' 
Court,  Eegister's  Court  and  Court  of  Quaiter 
Sessions  of  the  Peace  lor  each  county,  and  iu 
justices  of  the  peace. 

Article  YH.  provided  for  "the  Hi-h  Court  of 
Krrors  and  A[ipeals  "  to  consist  of  the  chancellor 
and  jud^'es  lA'  the  Supreme  Court  and  Court  of 
Comiiion  Pitas,  over  which  court  the  chancellor 
should  pn-idc. 

Article  X.  provided  that  the  people  may  call  a 
convention  to  make  or  amend  the  Constitution  by 
a  majority  vote  of  the  peoi)le,  qualified  to  vote  for 
representatives;  the  Legislature,  at  the  next  session 
thereafter,  to  call  a  convention.  The  Constitution 
of  1792  continued  in  force  until  1831,  when  it  was 
amended   as  it  at  present  exists. 

The  Presidential  election  which  occurred  in  17!)_' 
resulted  in  the  choice  of  James  Svkes,  GunninLC 
Bedford  and  William  II.  Wells  for  Piesidential 
electors.  They  cast  their  votes  for  George  Wash- 
ington for  President,  who  was  unanimously  elected. 
John  Adams  also  was  re-elected  Yice-Pre.-idcnt, 
having  received  the  three  votes  of  Delaware,  and 
seventy-seven  in  all. 

Hon.  George  Read,  as  has  been  stated,  began 
his  services  in  the  United  States  Senate  on  March 
4,  1789,  and  his  term  of  service  expired  March  ^!, 
1791.  He  was  continued  March  4,  17!il,  and 
resigned  in  September,  17'.i.';,  to  accej)!  the  otiicc 
of  the  chief  ju^tice  of  Delaware,  to  which  he  wa- 
"I'liointed  by  Governor  Chiyion.  William  Killcn 
was  appointed  chancellorai  the  same  time.  Koi,-cv 
Johns  was  appointed  United  States  Senator  on 
■March  19,  1794,  to  succeed  .Mr.  Read,  i.^i-ucd, 
and  at  the  ensuing  ses>ion  of  the  Legi.-lature,  on 
February    7,    1790,    HcJirv    Latimer   was   elected 


to  till  tile  vacancy.  Hi-  term  of  service  exjiind 
on  March  :;,  17:)7,  wh,  n  he  was  re-elected  and 
continued  to  >rrve  uniil  hcn.-i^n.d,  F.luuarv  Ij-^. 
ISOI,  wii.n  Sai.nu  1  White  wa,-  appointed  by  the 
Governor  to  Hll  tlir  varan,  v.  '1  he  LcL'i-latnre 
electe.l  John  Viniugto  .Mir,v,'d  Mr.  Ha.-.- tt,  w  ho^e 
term  of  service  in  the  Unit.. I  St:.tt^  S,  nate  ex- 
pired :*rarrh  :;,  179:;.  Mr.  Viuin-s  t,  rm  of 
service  b.-g.-in  Man-li  4,  ITn:;.  lb-  n>i:;ned  in 
179.^.,  an.l  ..n  January  IDtli.  .b..-hna  Clayt..n  was 
appointed  to  succee.l  him.  .Mr.  Chivfn  .lii.d  iu 
AuLiust,  1798,  and  on  January  17,  17'.)'.t,  William 
Hill  Wells  was  electe.l  t.i  fill  th.'  vacancy.  He 
resiu'ned  in  1804,  ami  on  2sovemb.-r  l.Jth,  .lam.  s 
A.  Bayard  wasehctr.l  by  the  Leuidature  to  till 
the  vacancy.  He  serv..l  in  the  I'nit.-.l  .-tatts 
Senate  until  181-".,  when  he  re.-i-ned,  and  on  .May 
28th,  William  H.  Wells  was  elected  in  .Mr. 
Bayard's  jjlace.        . 

In  1791j  a  change  took  pdace  in  the  Federal 
adminisirati.m.  Tli..imas  Robinson,  Isaac  Cooper 
and  Richar.l  Bassett  were  chosen  electors,  and  iu 
the  electoral  college  cast  their  votes  tor  John 
Ailams  for  President,  and  Thomas  Pinckuev,  of 
South  Carolina,  for  Vice-President.  ]\Ir.  Adams 
and  Jefferson'  were  chosen  President  and  Vice- 
President,  and  Gunning  Bedford  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor ..if  the  State.  He  .lied  at  New  Castle, 
September  3(.l,  1797,  and  was  succeeded  by  Rich- 
ard Bassett. 

In  February,  1795,  John  Wise  Barton,  Thomas 
Laws,  Isaac  Cooper,  Nathaniel  ^Mitchell  and  John 
Collins  were  appointe<l  managers  of  a  lottery  to 
raise  three  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  for  the 
purpose  of  reimbursing  the  subscribers  for  the 
erection  of  the  court-house  an.l  jail  in  Sussex 
county.  The  State  also  paid  Tho'mas  .McKean 
£17;J  6.S     Ud.,  being    a    balance    due    him    for  . 

public    services     rendere.l      to    L>elaware     as     a  ( 

delegate  in  Congress. 

The  Legislature,  on  the  9th  of  February,  179G, 
incorporated  the  Bank  of  Delaware,  with  a  cajMtal 
stock  of  S.jnO.OOu,  being  the  first  institution  of  the 
kind  iu  the  State.  '  The  bank  was  to  be  in  Wil- 
mington, and  the  charter  limited  its  operations  to 
fifteen  years. 

The  first  act  fur  the  establishment  of  public 
schools  was  also  pa.-^sed  by  the  Legislature  .if  i7'.ii;. 
By  the  provisions  of  the  law,  all  niuuey  [laid  into 
the  treasury  for  marriage  and  treasury  licen.>es 
from  1796  to  1806,  was  to  be  a])propriated  as  a  fund 
un.ler  the  direction  of  the  Legislature  for  establish- 
ing scho.ils  in  the  State.  The  State  treasurer  for 
the  time    being,  was    con.-titiited     tru.-^teu    of    the 


■^^ 


inSTORV   OF  PELAWARF, 


fun.l,a.ulw:isuuthnrize,l  to 
bdiuosts,  etc.  tnrtii.'  [.uim.,- 
and  the  puhlic  liiitli  was  pi. 
When     the     iiKiiicy   in   th. 


.1   I. 


marn:iL;e  or  tavern  ii.cnsi^.  iritt 
aniounteJ  to  ,-ur!ii  icnt  tn  eiiaMi'  thi'  tira-uier  in 
purchase  ;i  sliare  in  eithrr  tho  liaiiks  nf  Drlav.are. 
the  United  State,-,  <>f  J'.iin-vivauia.  ur  of  .Xorlh 
America,  he  should  api^ly  the  nmncy  e(unnii;tMl 
to  his  hands  lor  tiiis  puriH,.-,..  Tiie  sehn,,l  fund 
was  to  be  applied  tu  tiie  establishment  of  schools 
in  the  several  hundreds,  or  districts  of  the  res[iec- 
tive  counties,  "  fir  the  purpo-e  of  instructint:  the 
children  of  the  inhabitants  tlier.nf  in  the  Eiv^- 
lish  langua-e,  arithmeti.'  an.l  sueh  other  braneh'es 
of  kuo\vledy;e  as  are  most  usrt'id  and  nee".--ary 
in  completing  a  giH,d  ]:^nL;li.-h  education."  It 
was  further  directed  that  the  fiui<i  should  not  lie 
applied  "to  the  erecting  or  sup[)oriing  any 
academy,  college  or  uuiveisity  in  this  State.''  By 
the  act  of  January  24,  ITyT,  the  trustee  was  directed 
to  sell  the  stock  heretofore  ]nirchased,  and  to 
■  subscribe  ior  bank  shares  reserved  lor  the  "-tate. 
It  was  also  enacted  that  the  money  arising  I'roui 
marriage  and  tavern  licenses  should  first  beaiiplied 
to  the  payment  of  the  salaries  of  the  chancellor 
and  judges,  and  the  remaimler  of  the  fund  was 
to  be  appropriated  for  the  e.-talilL-'aimnt  of  schools. 
The  money  applied  to  the  puymeiu  oi  salaries  was 
to  be  replaced  by  sales  of  v.acant  lands  in  the 
State  and  money  arising  from  arrearage  taxes  At 
the  session  of  IT'JT,  Jacob  Broom  was  authorized 
to  raise  by  way  of  lottery  the  sum  of  four  thou- 
sand dollars,  to  enable  him  to  erect  and  re-estab- 
lish bis  cotton  factory  near  Wilmington,  which  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  At  the  same  se.ssion  James 
Booth'  George  Read,  Jr.,  Nicholas  Van  Dyke, 
Archibald  Alexander  and  John  Cnjw  were  ap- 
pointed commissioners  to  establish  the  l)oundaries 
of  the  town  of  >'ew  Castle,  and  lay  vni,  open,  reg- 
ulate and  name  the  streets,  lanes  and  alleys  within 
the  town. 

The  yellow  fever  broke  out  in  I'hilach  Ipliia  in 
August,  1797,  and  soon  ravaged  the  city.  It 
caused  a  general  exodus  (if  its  inhabitants,  and 
many  merchants  transferred  their  business  to  W'd- 
mington.  In  August  sixteen  Philadelphia  firms 
who  had  o[)ened  their  stores  in  Wilmington  an- 
nounced that  they  were  prepiareil  to  sell  their  goods 
and  merchandise.  The  eiiiilemic  continued  until 
about  the  1st  of  November,  thu  uum;»cr  ofdeahs 
from  the  disease  beiug  I'I'J'l. 

The  "Alien  and 'Srdition  Laws"  passed  by 
Congress  in  17','^  cnMtcd  the  _'n.'ati'.-t  excitoiiiunt 
throughout  tlu'  L'nitrd  .^rato,  and  contiiKurrd 
more,  probaldy,  than  any  niher  can-o,  to  the  over- 
throw of  the  Federal  pa'rtv  in  iMj  I.  Th,  -  Laws 
gave  birth  to  the  eelel. rated  N'lr.-inia  and  Ken- 
tucky resolutions  ,ji'  17Ui    ami     17l''i,    .■uid   to   the 


doctrine  of  nulliih^ation.  Neither  the  Vir-iuia 
re-olutiMns,  tleni-h  a.-enuipanied  l,v  an  addn  -  in 
supp.rt    nf  them,    written     hv    ,Mr.   .Madi.nn,   nor 

tho,-e  of   Ivenluekv    met  ^\uh"a  fcvorahle    re~| -e 

in  anv  other  State.  F.v  the  L.^.o-latures  of  1»,  la- 
ware,    New    York   and    the    New    laiLiland     Stales 

answer  ,,f  Delaware  to  the  Virginia  resnlutions  was 


•  Test, 


As  the  Pre.-idenlial  election  was  to  tai<e  ].laee  in 
the  fall  of  IMMI,  the  political  wi'iters  of  the  day 
vented  their  spleen  against  the  different  candidates. 
The  F'ederalists  presented  the  names  of  President 
A<lams  and  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney,  and  the 
Democrats  (or  Republicans,  as  they  were  then 
called)  nominated  Thomas  Jetti;rson  and  Coh.nel 
Aaron  Burr.  The  contest  was  carried  on  \\ith 
a  vigor  and  bitterness  hardly  surpassed,  if  equaled, 
in  any  j^olitical  campaign  since.  Messrs.  Kensey 
Johns,  Nathaniel  Mitchell  and  Samuel  White, 
Federalists,  were  chosen  electors  for  President  and 
Vice-President  and  they  cast  their  ballots  fur  the 
Federalist  nominees,  Adams  and  Piuclcney.  In 
the  electoral  college,  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron 
Burr,  the  Republican  candidates,  had  each  re- 
ceived 7?>  votes.  The  two  Federal  candidates  had 
received,  John  Adams,  (j.5,  and  Charles  C.  Pinck- 
ney, 64 — one  vote  having  been  giveit  to  John  Jay. 
The  votes  for  Jefferson  and  Burr  being  equal,  the 
House  of  Representatives,  voting  by  States,  had  to 
determine  the  election,  a  crisis  which  produced  un- 
usmil  excitement.  There  being  now  sixteen  States 
in  the  Union,  the  vote  of  nine  States  was  necessary 
to  a  choice,  which,  after  a  tedious  ballotiuu-,  was  at 
length  obtained  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  The  balloting 
began  on  the  ll'th  of  February,  1801,  and  con- 
tinued about  a  week,  Jefferson  receiving  the  votes 
of  eight  States— New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Geoi'gia,  Ken- 
tucky ami  Tenne'ssce.  Burr  received  the  votes  of 
six  States  -New  Hampshire.  Massachusetts,  lilu.de 
Island,  Conneetleut,  Delaware  and  South  Caro- 
lina. Verni'int  and  Maryland  were  equally  di- 
vided, lia.d  all  the  Federal  members  voted  for 
Burr,'  he  wnuld  have  had  a  plurality  of  the  States. 
The  divi^i.m  of  .Maryland  was  eau-ed  by  one  ..f 
the  l-'ederiTl  representatives  votin.;  for  Jelierson  in 


I'ltO.M  THE  llEVOLl'TIOX  TO  T7Ii,  WXW  <.)V   IM/J-i:..  2T3 


, i',,rrnitv  with  the  wi-hcs  nf  liis  (•oii.-titui'iit-^ ;   u.lii 

,1„-  MML'l/ii.niilHT  fpiiu  C.or.ria,  a  F,  .l.ivli.i  {Lis 
oill.a-ur  hnviu-Mir.l'.  ,li.l  tli.'  sani.';  n<  .Inl  a'.-o 
„„,.  „f  tl,c  North  CarnHna  in,nih.i>;  <nn  t'.r 
xvhirh  lhi.S  Stati'  wniil.l  have  hmi  .li\i.|.,|.  u  lu,h 
u.^mM  have  -iviai  I'.iirr  .  i-J.t  Stati-,  .Ini;  is  m  .m.:, 
.,.,.1  U'uvin-  \','ni.oiit  an.i  Nnrtii  Carnlina  ^vi:h..„t. 
„  vote,  liv  thral.>,[i.-e,.I-  M,,ni-.  nt'  Waaunir,  a 
(■..Kralist,  and  hv  Craik  an.l  l;a.r,  nf  ^[arvhuu!, 
ul-..  Fr.ha-aliMs,  .-a-tiii-  hhiiik  hallnt-,  the  thirtv- 
.-ixth  haUat-ave  .Irtlcr-..,,  lea  State.. 

It  uas  thi.eleelioi,  whuhle.l  to  the  ehaa.:e  in 
tlie  n.o.le  (,f  eleetiii-  i,re.i.lelit  ail.l  viee-jire-.le;,; , 
1)V  the  a(hi[ili.)ii  of  the  twelfth  article  of  a. iieii'.i- 
lilellt.>. 

Connected  with  the  hi.-tory  of  thi.-'  election  are 
certain  statements  wliich  involve  the  lioiior  and 
veracity  of  certain  diritinguished  geiitleniea.  The 
de.-^ign  was  charged  upon  the  Federalists  of  stand- 
ing out  and  preventing  an  election,  and  of  parsing 
an  act  to  vest  the  executive  authority  in  sop.;e 
high  officer  of  the  government.  Mr.  JetFerson,  in 
a  letter  of  the  l.'ithuf  I'ebruary,  wrote  to  ^Mr. 
Moniroe  as  follows : 


But   we 


ilr.  Jeffelsjll  «M 


-enate,  .lanuai 

I'or  the  purpi. 
at.M-s  called   t 

he 

I  tl,«  «|,c.,l,en,:.v  of  ™, 

;in'l,  ;iii>l   p.irticuliirly 
ed  tiim  if 

iiliruis  it  to  I 


.11.  i.-ui,,.  1 1..,- .,i,iL.- Ml.  »L.t.-«..nMunii,  iimi  tiKit'ii..  MiL-iiiKMr-  lu  the"gi-eat  debute  "  in  tlu 

{'!'!u"  ,!,".'Min ;  l.'r!''':',,!|.l.:Mv  m' ni'.."'>rtf^'t^^^^^  ^''•'"'  ^''■-  H'Jyue  brought  into  th. 

,i..i.ir..i.  [..  uit.  ,,  ...I,. ..,,11,. I,  i'..  n:_-,i, ,,.,..  till-  s.iv..iin,„.nt  ,.u.i  t.)  volume  of  Jellersou's  "Memoirs 

T'r'.''-.'.'„V,'i..iii''.,''i' ,i,',7i  r,'i',,V,,f'\,, ','-',',  Ttin-v'rir'tiii-v''»'i'i"i'iM'K*l..'"uM'i!  '^^'  '''^-t'rence.       Certain  other  Si 

..r  ti,..'f.L>.r,r,. ','„„"..  I,. "i  ,i'.',.  ,,!i!,-,', ,',',',. i',/"  .M^iiy  ar.'ini'".  ii.ne '"'."n  atteiitiou  of  Mr.  Clavtoii,  of  Dclawarc  to  the  fol- 

um.!l',ii",lt'ii7t'i',.'irr«!.,!ir,''.7'r.'.'.^^          .',,I'Knn,',','i,t'uii','.i'|,,\u'i,"-  l""'i"g  p^ssage  wliicii  they  hud  discovered  in  tiie 

Among   the   per.sons   iiii|jlieated  in  this   ehar-e,  "  F,..i,ni,iry  tiie  i-th,  is'n.-K.iwuni  r.iv,r.;-i.,„  mn  „i,Mi,,,t  a.var.i 
was   Jan'ies     A.    Bavard,   of  Delaware,    aftevwar, 
senator  in  (."on-res^.'an.l  one  ,,f  the  e,,iniiii."i,,iier 
who   negotiated    the    treaty    of  peae'c    with    (.irea 

Britain     iu    1.S14.      Mr.  "l]ayanl,    who    is     uui-  ».i*Mti„.nz^a.   smiti.  tcMitiUto  Li,i,,g,ion,  im.i  tu  w.  c. 
versally  conceded  to  have  maintained  thr.iULdi  lif( 

a  character   unblemished  and    above  su<j.ieion.   in  ^lessr,^.  Livingston  and  Smith  bcin-  at  thi-;  time 

exculpation  of  himself,   made  a  depo-^ition.  April  n.^:'.0)   botii  memhei^  of  the  .Snate,  My.  Clayt.m, 

:{.  l.^OG,  of  uhich  the  following  are  extrae-ts  :  '"    '"'J'''   t^'  '■'■■^'■i:''    t'"-'  character  of  his  deeea.^'d 

■•M,.,.r.  r.,,..ruM.i  eniik.  n.,.mi,.-i-3  .>f  the  hoiis,"  orrepr..e,i!,itives  predcccssor     from    uiijust    rcproach,   called    \ipon 

fr..,,,  .M,,,>i,>,M,,u,.i,;,,,..rai  M,jrrH.a  .nemijerof  til,.  iioiH,.  fro.i,  v«--  the  ScHutors    tVoni    Louisiana   and    -Alarvhuid  to 

fr,„,i'M„.,i,,,,iy  ,.t  V,,  «r;,ii,i  ,.|„ni.,M3,  ,iuriiis  tiie  [>,jnc^,;.^,;y„f  tii-'i;i,.-c-  disprovc    the     abovc    Statement,    both     of    whom 

ii,i,..„,.i.  „„.,,,,.,,„  „t  t.,  v.,t..  t..L;.nii«-.    We  furi-,ii«  tii..t  a  crisis  declared  that  they  had  no  recollection  of  such  a 

fr.,,,,\i,.  ,',.,,''"Viri,'„h"n^l,.','i-,ili'iJri!;u^^^  transaction.      In   ail,li(i,,n    to  this    testinionv,    the 

r,|tiiv\,',!,,,;?,rii';,."' '''''■'''■''''  ''^*'''  "'''^'■''''°'  "''"^  *""*    O^'^'^^^    ''">-'    ^'''-    ^'-^'y-^''^    published   a"  letter 

dT3i'V';,"'''T;  u''- ';''■■''■''■■■''' ';'T^^^  *'■■"'"  ^l^"-^''""!.  in'b^in,  ad.ln-ed  to  Kiehard  II. 

n.u,,.,7i,r>V'M;.i,,ii.l,:'y'!nn!!r.'i'r;!!':i!7..rJ\l;';rorunvu«  Eavard,  under  date  of  Aj.rii    U),    is:]l),  in   which 

"r''v;;:;?,:;;;,',!;::'T,\i::7;:  ;i;:\\;':'' '"■;:;;,;Tvi..J!!:'.i:;'e^  ^^'■-  ^'''"■'  ^^-^''^  '■ 

" I.  I  u;.,.li,..l    t..   y\,    .1,  l,n    N  .!,    :  .-    :,   i,i..ml„.ri.f  the    U.m^:  fivui  "l're>i„ua   to  and  'endiu-   th..  i-l..ctioii,  riuil.jrs  won.  inlii-rri  .ii-ly 

^,rL•,l,i.,,  ul, .,„,,,,„,,.,,,„„., I  ,,,,,,;    ,|    M,..  .I,.||.,r.„ii.     1  ,t  ili..l  I.,  51r.  ciiviiln!,'.!,  lui.l  li-rrere  wnlt-ii  1..  ,Iiil..r..Mt  p.rts  ,.r  Ih..  t-..iiiiiry  .■!,,i,  .-ni'- 

N'i,-1,   li-  th;,t:f  c,.rt..Mi   I us  .1  rh,.  l,il„ro  ;i.himii,t.Mti..ii  t..,il.l   he  lh,s  r..,l..r.ih-ts   villi  ll,.-  ,!.■>, _•„   [..  y.y^-M  ll„.  ,.l...ai..„  of  u ',.•"-' i^"'" 


274 


HL-:-T0I;Y   of   DKl.AWAUK 


□teniplatud  by  that  piirty  ; 
a  th.it  if  it  hu.l  ever  beer: 

il  were  iiloilgud  to  e:uh  .• 
the  aission. 
"Althuiii;li  iieiirly  thirty  ye 


The  inauguration  uf  Mr.  JelRrsou  took  jilace 
on  the  4th  day  of  Manli,  Imi],  at  \V  a>liiii-t(m 
City,  the  uew  SL>at  of  Luvirnnniit,  \slieiL-  it  laui 
been  reniovtd.  liiclianl  i!a.-.-i:tt,  \\  ho  was  Gov- 
ernor of  Delaware  at  tliis  time,  was  the  tiist  nian 
who  east  his  vote  (while  United  States  Senator) 
for  locating  the  seat  of  governuieut  on  the 
Potomac. 

The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  Cuniuany  wa.s 
fully  organized  in  ^lay,  l.^Uo.with  .Jo.~c['n  Tatiiall, 
of  Delaware,  as  president,  and  William  Tilgiiman, 
James  C.  Fisher,  George  Fox,  Joshua  Gilpin  and 
others  directors, witii  ^lessrs.  Latrobe  and  Howard 
as  surveyors. 

At  tlie  Presidential  election  in  LMK".,  -Maxwell 
Bines,  Thomas  Fisher  and  George  Ivinnard  were 
chosen  electors,  and  they  cast  their  votes  for 
Charles  C.  Piuekuey  for  President  and  Kulus  King, 
of  New  York,  for  Vice-President.  ^lessrs.  Jetier- 
son  anil  George  Clinton  were  elected  President 
and  Vice-President.  Nathaniel  ^litchell  succeed- 
ing David  Hall  as  Governor  of  the  State. 

The  greatest  mechanical  improvement  of  the 
year  lSO-3,  in  this  country,  was  made  by  Oliver 


OLIVEIt    EVA> 

.n,  D.  1.      In  1700  he  began 


m.-ti 


steam-carriage,  but  huding  that  it  ditiei-ed 
materially  from  the  steam  enuines  then  in  use, 
he  applied  it  successfullv    to  mills.     In   1S04  he 


Evans,    who  was  born   in  "Newport,  Delaware,   in     constructed      the     first      steal 

made  in  America.     Speaki 

The  fi.ll..«  ins  lettfr  from  Ji.iin 


Hivention. 


Evans   said    afterwa 


..;,/■, 


'Ikar^.— Mr.  .TelTer. 
aca   till  it  w;i3  ileM„.n,l 


oat   wa.>  taken   to 


atiT  the 
.1  at  (Vii 


]'/u/.,.i./,,h;.i  o 


FROM  THE  KEN'OLl'TION  TO  TIIK  WAK  OF  1812-1.' 


nd  axl.Mro™  prov,..|    in^i.ffi. 


well  U3  those  wli 


•  Oliver  Evans.' 

ma.le    Eva 


Even  before  this  expfi-iinciit  i 
had  proposed  to  eonstnict  a  road-caniau'?  t'T 
freight.  He  thou-lu  the  cnnine  would  m-t  tiffcii 
hundred  dollar.-,  the  carru\i:e  five  inindri-d  did- 
lars  and  allowed  five  luindred  dollars  fur  '•un- 
foreseen expenses."  He  thought  this  carriage, 
wlien  built,  could  carry  one  hundred  barrels  of 
flour  at  an  average  speed  of  two  miles  per  hour, 
thus  doing  in  two  days  (on  the  trip  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Columbia)  the  work  of  twenty-five 
horses  and  five  wagons  for  three  days  at  a  cost  of 
three  thousand  three  hundred  and  f  )ur  dollars. 
The  turnpike  company  refused  to  enter  into  a 
contract  with  him.  Evans  then  Avagereil  that  lie 
"could  make  a  carriage  gn  by  steam  faster  than 
nny  horse,"  but  found  no  takers  He  also  an- 
nounced that  he  could  build  carriages  to  "  run  on 
a  railway"  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  miles  an  hour. 
The  followimr  letter  of  Evans  some  years  later  in 
the  New  York  Commerci'il  Advertiser  shows  how 
thoroughly  he  understood  this  subject : 

"  Tlie  time  will  ronie  when  people  will  tr.ivel  in  staqes  nioveil  by 
Bt<';im  KnL:ilie^  .it  fifteen  to  twentv  miles  ati  hour.  \  cirri. lire  will  leave 
Wa-hin--toiiia  tlie  morning,  hreuiinistLit  B.iltimore,  dine  at  riiil^i.lelphia 


^otli  iKttha  of  tiroken  5 


uight  as  by  daj 
ami  eishty  mil 
twelve  miles  an 


he  having  neither  iiaked  uiuney  nor  a  monopoly  of  any  e.\Htuig  thing." 

Oliver  Evans'  successfulexperimeut  for  the  novel 
launching  of  his  dredging-machine  was  the  first 
instance  in  this  country  of  the  api^licatiou  of 
steam  power  to  land  carriages.  He  was  enthu- 
siastic in  his  scheme  for  a  steam  railway  and 
endeavored  to  secure  the  ci  instruction  of  one 
between  riiiladclphia  and  Xew  York,  but  without 
surcess.     AVhili-   tiriu  in   his  fiitli  in  the  iirinrinle 


he  does  not  a| 
conecptidu  nf  i 
cation  ill  the 
December,  IM 
subieet     which 


UI-ll 


a■.'rnc^ 


to    ll: 


primiti\-e   in    view    of    his  , raire.    industry    and 

knowledge  of  a  .-eieiire  ;tt  lliat  time  eomparativ.-jv 
unknown  and  unatt.-iinalile.  In  this  dociiineiit 
the'  aseeiit  of  an  altitude  of  more  than  two  or 
three  dc'rees  was  not  eon-id,  red  fea.-ilile.  II.. 
SUir-e.ted  that  the  loromotive  roulil  be  Sent  :•■  the 
top  of  a  hill  and  tiie  ears  drawn  up  by  wiiidla>s 
and  rope,  and,  "to  ohviat.'  dan-er  in  makiii-  a 
descent,'  the  en-iiie  eould  lie  Milt  ahead  and  tlie 
cars  be  let  doau  bv  roi.es.      He  said: 


'  Mr.  John  i:i 


proposes  that  the  t 
in  or.lorto  let  the 
whole  with  a  shgt 


illiM   he  m.adefor   the  wheels 
.o,ts.  to  gnUe   thetonsi.eof 


le  plna.       The  expen 
y.  of  Sew  Il.uiip-h.r 


Oliver  Evans  wrote  the  "  Young  Millwright's 
Guide  "  and  the  "  Y'oung  Steam  Engineer's  Guide." 
He  died  in  Xew  York,  April  21,   1819,    without 


OLIVEll   EV. 


S'S     STE-VM    C. 


UI.V'.iE. 


having  seen  his  "life-dream"  of  steam  railways 
realized.  His  limited  financial  nsources  w;^s  the 
main  obstacle  to  the  fulfillment  of  his  mechanical 
experiment-,  and  while  he  received  large  sums  in 
rovaltie-  tVi.ni  lii<  milling  inventions,  he  was  com- 
]K-lIed  also  to  expend  a  great  deal  of  money  to 
protect  them,  and  was  for  several  yeare  almost  con- 
stantly in  the  'courts  and  before  the  legislative 
bodies,  incluiling  Congress,  as  defender  of  his 
patents. 

The  subject  ,.f  buildin-  a  State  Penitentiary 
was  agitated  on  a  numlier  of  occasions  without  ,-uc- 
ce-s.     The  iirincipal  cti^rt  in  this  directi.m   w;i.-  in 


HISTORY  OF  PKLAWAlil 


1801),  wlun  tlie  (  n.n^ral  A.m:mI.1v  .Un.-m.l  th: 
lulx.r  ami  ?olitarv  ,-..nliii.  in.  nt  -li.nihl  1-  -w'-' 
tutr.l  for  o.rpnral  i.nni-l.in.  nt,  an.l  re.-olv.-.  io  . 
talili.h  "a  iH.uiuntiaiv  Ii.mim."  A  com.ulttL 
o.,n.-istil.-..f  .(..nathan  irunn,  Alu-aliaiii  Ki.l-. 
ami  I-aae  H.  Starr,  \va~  a|.|.'.nit.  ,1  i..  i\  |KUt  mi  tl 
proper  place  of  I'k  ari.'ii  ami  tlic  pr.iliaol,-  ,M>t  ai. 
expenses  of  inaiiilainiii^  ilic  pro|in>(il  iii>ii'iUii. 
The  penitentiari..-  at  N.  w  Voik.  I'hila.l^lpliia  at 
Wilmjngtou  wrir  in-^pcrtr.i.  an.i  the  i  i.i;i;':Iiii 
reported  in  favur  of  ^Vihllill'Jto^  a-  11.0  |i;->i" 
site,  820,000  as  the  e.-tiniate.l  ori-iiial  en-',  ai; 
tiiat  the  institution  iniu'lit  lie  ma.h  ><  If -uMai-im 
if  not  a  souree  of  nvciiiif.  In  .lainiaiv,  IMi),  i 
consequence  of  the  r<  port  nt'  th^ 


.nil. 11 


lUlie 


Ived 


declared  iuexjiedieiit  to  take  the 

the  proposed  penitentiar\-  out  ottli 

but  in  view  of  jiopular  >eniiimiit 

to  appoint  "seven   geiitleiiuii"  fnau   eai-h  eoiuity 

as  commissioners  to  procure  -ul'-crii'tion,-.  io,-  the 

purpose    of  huilding   a   piiiiteiitiary.     2\.i  funhL-r 

action  was  taken  and  the  matter  was  al.iandoned. 

The  Presidential  contest  of  1^09  was  conducted 
with  great  bitterness.  The  Democratic  candidates 
for  President  and  Vice-President  were  James 
Madison  and  George  Clinton.  The  Federalists 
placed  in  nomination  Charles  C.  Pinckney  and 
Rufus  King.  In  Delaware  the  election  was  con- 
tested with  great  vehemence.  The  Presidential 
electors  chosen  were  James  P>ooth,  Daniel  Rodney 
and  Nicholas  Ptidgely,  who  ea.-t  tin  ir  ha  Hots  for 
Messrs.  Pinckney  and  Kii.g.  M.s-j-s.  ^ladison 
and  Clinton  were,  liowever,  elected.  George 
Truitt  was  elected  Governor  in  1808.  The  term 
of  Samuel  White  iu  the  United  States  Senate 
expired  ^Marcji  o,  1809.  and  he  was  re-elected. 
He  died  at  Wilmin-ton,  November  4,  1809,  aged 
ihirty-nine  years,  and  on  January  12,  1810,  Outer- 
bridge  Horsey  was  appointed  his  successor.  He 
■was  elected  and  began  a  new  term  of  service 
March  4,  1815,  and  continued  until  3Iarch  3, 
1821. 


CHAPTER     XVI. 

THE    WAR    OF    18r_'-l"). 

Del\wai:k  Pay  and  River,  formin-  a<  thoy  do, 
a  convenient  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  ami  \\a-hin_r  the 
coasts  of  Delaware,  1\  nn-ylvania  ami  New  .h  r-^  v. 
were  the  scenes  of  many  ronlliit-  ami  excitinu- 
encounters  during  tlie  second  war  with  Groat 
Britain.  The  State  was  by  no  means  derelict  in 
furnishing  its  qmitaof  men  am!  ir.-oiirces.  and  lias 
lent  the  names  of  Jones,  Macjonomjh,  l;..,liicv, 
Haslet,  Du  Pont,  Stockton,  Wanvn.  Van  Dvke, 
Wil.-on,  Davis,  I.eonanl  and  others  to  add  to' the 
list  of  heroes  wiio  Uvou-Ul  tlie  War  of  lM2-lo  t.. 


ftsuccc-^'';!  i.-^.ue,  Tlie  war  was  in  reality  little 
Here  than  ;.  t  i)i'iiii'i.tion  of  the  Revolution  of 
177';.       Il      >va:      hat.ile     1,,     lie    eX|ie.'tcd    that     the 

];ri'i,Jl    .ll.-nl.t    i,:-o    e.H-  of  their   elleirot   po-e-Mo„S 

it.  i'he  R.Vo!.n:;oii  :r.i.i  made  u.-  jWc,  lait  as 
rrankiin  remarked,  -the  ^^ar  of  o-r),/,,  ,„/,  ,„■•  is 
vet  to  i!j  toiiel.t,"  A>  it  v.as  ex[>re.-,~eil  at  the 
'ti.Me,  •  -e  are  In  e,  hnt  no;  Imlependent,"  The 
lea-or  i^  not  oitlk-olt  t^  Ijnd.  The  Articles  of 
Confederation,  whleli  wer,.   accepted  as  the  Coii-ti- 


where;  there-  uere  tiiirteeu  .-.iserei.'ii  State.-,  re- 
taining eiptal  po\>er  and  authority  and  eai  h  one 
jealous  and  wateid'ni  of  any  encroachment.-^  by  the 
o:hcr. 

T^velve  years  under  the  Articles  of  Confederation 
were  sutHcient  to  iiiake  their  defects  known,  and 
in  1789  the  pre.-eut  Constitution  was  adopted.  At 
thi.']  time  Great  Britain  enjoyed  the  reputation  of 
beij'g  the  greatest  naval  power  in  the  world,  and 
the  subjects  of  that  nation  were  apt  to  jiresuine 
upon  any  prestige  accruing  to  them  through  tliis 
branch  of  their  government. 

In  17;i:l  Wa,-him_'tou  i-.~ued  a  proclamation  of 
neutrality,  detlnit-  ly  .-tatiii'.'- the  neutral  po^itiou  of 
the  United  Stati  s  in  the  trouliles  then  brewing  in 
Europe,  and  enjoining  our  citizens  to  refrain  from 
any  partisan  participation.  This  course  was  the  more 
necessary  since  the  jteojile  of  this  country  would  per- 
haps have  given  vent  to  demonstrations  of  sym- 
pathy for  France  by  way  of  i:r;'.titude,  for  services 
rendered  to  our  people  by  the  Freiicli  iu  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  British  at  once  exhibited  their  independ- 
ent and  autocratic  indifference  to  justice  in  interna- 
tional regulations  on  the  higli  seas,  and  began  to  is- 
sue a  series  of  Orders  iu  Council.  In  June,  1793, 
they  announced  that  all  vessels  laden  with  bread- 
stutis  bound  for  French  ports  or  places  occupied  by 
French  armies  sliould  first  put  in  to  some  English 
port  and  give  assurance  that  the  cargo  would  only 
be  disposed  of  in  some  country  friendly  to  England.' 
This  was  aimed  directly  at  the  United  States, 
and  was  followed  by  others  eiiually  ri-id.  America 
resisted  and  as.-erted  her  right  to  trade  with  France 
in  anything  except  coutrahund  of  war.  These  dif- 
ferences were  for  a  time  settled  bv  Jay's  treaty  in 
1794. 

A  more  serious  cause  of  trouble,  ami  the  onewhieh 
eventually  led  to  the  Warof  1>12,  f  .Uowed  immedi- 
ateh  on  the  srttlement  of  these  di-putes.  The  rap- 
idlv  -rowing  commerce  of  the  Unit,-d  States  made 
M-rviee  in  our  merchant  marine  particularly  attrac- 
tive. Tlie  great  demand  for  seamen  made  wages 
high,  and  our  positionofneutralityoflercd  additional 


THK  WAR  OF  l,sl2-15 


-orvire,  olte 


T.. 


IrscrtiliL' 
iroveii 


(Iri'iit  lirituin  issued  onJtTs  liirtiiiMinL'- liritish  seann.'n 
(.1  ontiT  t(ireic;n  service,  lunl  masters  of  vessels  were 
iiistnicteJ  to  board  all  neutral  vessels  ia  search  for 
tle-erters.  American  vessels,  more  than  any  otiiers, 
HUllereil  from  these  decrees.  British  and  American 
seamen  spoke  the  same  lanpiacje,  and  in  many  re- 
s|iects  the  identity  of  their  habits  made  it  an  ab-olute 
imiiossibility  to  distingnish  them.  British  olKeers 
would  stop  our  vessels  on  miil-oceaii  and  impress  a 
number  of  sailors  without  I'urthcr  nuiark  Uiaa  that 
they  were  deserters.  It  has  been  estimated  that 
thousands  of  native  Americans  were  thus  coerced 
into  entering  the  British  service.  .Matters  graiiually 
grew  worse  until  ISOi!,  when  England  <leclared  the 
whole  sea-coast  bordering  on  the  Enirlish  Channel, 
about  six  hundred  miles  in  all,  to  be  in  a  state  of 
blockade.  But  the  blockade  was  a  mere  pretense 
for  plundering  our  vessels. 

Notwithstanding  all  these  insults,  the  [leople  hesi- 
tated long  before  they  decided  upon  war.  William 
PJiikney,  of  Maryland,  was  sent  out  to  act  with  Mon- 
roe, the  resident  minister  in  London,  to  attempt  to 
settle  the  dispute  by  arbitration.  The  only  retalia- 
tion taken  was  a  "non-importation"  act,  prohibiting 
the  importation  of  certain  English  goods,  but  this 
was  suspended  in  llecemher. 

Matters  became  more  complicated  by  the  retalia- 
tory measures  with  which  Napoleon  now  began  to 
punish  England.  The  first  i>f  these  was  the  Berlin 
Decree,  issued  November  L'l.  1806,  declaring  Great 
Britain  in  a  slate  of  blcjckade,  and  prohibiting  any 
commercial  or  other  intercourse  with  the  British 
Islands.  The  American  ship  "  Horizon "  was  at 
once  seized  under  this  decree,  and  fresh  orders  were 
issued  by  the  British  Consul. 

The  affair  of  the  "Chesapeake  "  at  last  made  war 
the  only  alternative  for  settling  the  disputed  issues 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  al- 
though five  years  elapsed  before  that  culmination 
was  reached.  On  the  22d  of  June,  1S07,  the  "  Chesa- 
peake "  was  lying  oil'  Hampton  Roads,  under  com- 
mand of  Commodore  James  Barron.  Late  in  the 
afternoon  the  British  frigate  "  Leopard  "  bore  down 
on  her  and  seized  four  seamen— William  Ware,  Daniel 
Martin,  John  Strachan  and  John  Wilson.  This  out- 
rage aroused  the  greatest  resentment  throughout  the 
country.  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  warn- 
ing all  British  armed  vessels  not  to  enter  American 
ports  and  ordering  any  that  were  then  anchored  to 
leave  at  once.  Meetings  were  held  throughout  the 
country  to  give  expression  to  the  indignation  excited 
by  the  occurrence.  The  people  of  Wilmington  as- 
sembled on  July  4th.  with  the  venerable  John  Dick- 
inson in  the  chair,  and  adopted  the  Ibllouing  resolu- 
tions : 

"  l:.^;lr.d,  tliat»i'  view   willi  llip  »tr,.iisi-.t  >..iiliim'nti  of  iii.li_-ii;il.un 


Thr    citizens    of  Lewi 


l.y  to   tho  lliic,  tli»  KuviTMm.'iit  iiii.l 


These  patriotic  sentiments  were  followed  by  a  mes- 
sage from  Governor  Nathaniel  Mitchell  to  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  under  date  of  August 
4,  1807.  Referring  to  the  President's  proclamation  of 
July  2d,  he  said  he  had  been  called  upon  to  organize 
and  hold  in  readiness  eight  hundred  and  fourteen 
militia,  this  number  being  Delaware's  c|uota.  On 
December  17th,  Napoleon  issued  the  Milan  Decree, 
which  far  exceeded  that  of  Berlin  in  severity,  and 
declared  all  vessels  bound  for,  or  coming  from  Eng- 
land, or  which  had  submitted  to  English  search,  to  be 
subject  to  ciipture. 

The  President  convened  Congress  in  extra  session, 
and  on  the  day  following  the  issuing  of  the  Milan  Decree 
r)ecember  18th,  the  embargo  act  was  passed  by  the  Sen- 
ate, and  on  the  2Ist  by  the  House.  By  this  unprece- 
dented measure,  American  vessels  were  prohibited 
from  leaving  foreign  ports  and  foreign  vessels  were 
not  allowed  to  take  cargoes  from  the  United  States, 
and  all  vessels  plying  along  the  coast  were  forced  to 
give  security  that  they  would  land  their  cargoes  in 
the  United  States.  American  commerce  received  a 
terrible  blow,  but  .Jefferson  defended  the  embargo,  on 
the  principle  that  the  "  end  justifies  the  means."  The 
President  was  emjiowered  to  enforce  or  suspend  the 
act,  as  he  might  deem  tit. 

The  opposition  to  the  eml)argo  was  intense  and  bit- 
ter in  the  extreme,  and  it  was  frequently  violated  by 
coasters  trading  with  the  West  Indies.  William  Cul- 
len  Brvant,  then  but  thirteen  years  of  ago,  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  embargo,   one   stanza  of  which    ran   as 


'Cun 


Til'  F.! 


(ofc 


llo»-s, 


Fear  lowers  t-cfore,  and  funime  sUilbs  behiud." 

.John  Quincy  Adams,  of  ^Massachusetts,  was  forced 
to  resign  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate  on  ac- 
count of  his  support  of  the  bill,  and  when  he  ran  for 
the  Presidency,  in  1824,  this  political  sin  was  resur- 
rected and  urged  by  the  Northern  Federalists  as  a 
reason  for  defeating  him.  This  is  but  one  illustration 
of  the  hostility  against  the  measure,  which  finally 
compelled  Coiigre-^  to  r.p.al  it  early  in  ISO^l. 

Alreadv    in    1  so'^   iirei)aiations  were   made  for  the 


sliiI>o 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWAUE. 


'pp: 


war,  which  it  was  now  seen  was  inevitalilc.       An 
passcl   Conirre^>  on  April  S.'.d   i-roviilini:  lor  urn, 
the  whole  body  of  n.iliiia  ,,r  tli.'   UiiittM   >t;iti-^,  1 
the  arms  were  not    i<>  l.e  (lrli\.-rr.l  until  a  latrr  A: 
Governor  Goor-r  Truitt,  nt  1  irlawjre.  in  a  iii.-s-a-,> 
the  Legislature,   on    Novmilicr  lo,   l^o>\  ,tat.'.l   tl 
the   hope  wliich   they  luul  ion.-r  indnl,.  .1 
conclusion  of  the  ditl'erences  with  tho  In 
Europe  was  then   almost  e\tiii!:uish,d,  ainl  he  con- 
sequently recommended  a  revision  ot' tlir  State  Uiilitia 
law.     He  said  he  had  receivid  a  letter  Iroin  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  calling  upon  him  to  orj^anize  thirteen 
hundred  and  thirty-two    of  the   State    militia.      On 
January  11.  1S0;»,  a  resolution  was  pas^e.l  l.y  the  Lower 
House  of  the   Legi-Iatnre,    in-trncting    the   Senators 
and  Representatives   in   Congress  from  Delaware  to 
prevail   on  the  general  government  to  erect  certain 
fortifications  for  the  protection  of  the   State.     They 
asked  for  four  or  more  batteries,  one  to  be  placed  near 
New  Castle,  one  near  Wilmington,  one  near  Reedy  Is- 
land and  the  fourth  near  Lewes.  On  January  \[hh.  fol- 
lowing, the   Senate   considered   the   resolution,   and 
amended  it  slightly,  adding  Fort  Penn  as  a  tit  locality 
for  placing  an  additional  battery,  and  substituted  the 
clause  "  oneor  more  at  each  place  "  for  "four  or  more." 
In  this  the  House  concurred,    and   co[iie-  uere  forth- 
with sent  to  Washington. 

On  January  20d,  Mr.  Fislier,  clerk  ..f  the  House  of 
Representatives,  presented  for  concurrence  in  the 
Senate,  a  bill  authorizing  the  cession  to  the  United 
States  government,  of  all  jurisdiction  over  siuh  places 
in  the  State  of  Delaware  as  mi^lit  lie  ch.i-i'ii  fur  the 
erection  of  forts  and  batteries.  A  n-nlntion  also 
passed  the  State  Senate  February  lltli,  "tlKU  it  u  ill  be 
dangerous  to  the  freedom  of  these  States  to  place  at 
the  disposal  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  a 
standing  army  of  fifty  thousand  volunteers  ;' iti  this, 
however,  the  House  refused  to  concur. 

Many  similar  resolutions  bearing  upon  the  war 
were  introduced  iu  the  Delaware  Legislature,  and  in 
fact,  in  all  the  A-sembliesof  the  various  States  at  this 
time.  A  telegraph  line  by  means  of  signals  was  built 
by  Jonathan  Grout  for  the  Philadelphia  Chamber  of 
Commerce  from  Reetly  Island  to  that  city.  The  first 
communication  sent  by  this  Hue  was  on  the  Sth  of 
November,  announcing  the  arrival  in  the  Delaware  of 
the  ship  "Fanny,"  from  Lisbon. 

There  was  a  brief  lull  late  in  ISOO,  owing  to  the 
prospect  of  peace,  which  followed  the  arrival  of 
David  M.  Er.skine,  who  had  been  sent  out  as  minister 
plenipotentiary  by  England  at  the  beginning  of  Jlr. 
Madison's  administration.  Being  anxious  for  peace, 
he  had  let  his  ardor  carry  him  too  far,  and  his  recall 
was  requested.  He  was  followed  by  Francis  J.  Jack- 
son, whose  iusuh-nt  b.arin-  excr.i-cd  little  inlluence 
toward  soothing  tli..-  |i.>Iitical  pains  of  the  nations 
The  non-interc<iurse  act.— a  mild  f  .nn  of  the  embar- 
go,—which  had  been  passed  when  the  latter  measure 
was  repealed,  was  now  enforced  witli  great  .strictness 
against  England,  but  was  also  repealed  May  1,  1610. 


In  the  divi-ions  of  party  consequent  upon  the  pa^- 
re  of  the  en.bar.iro  act.  the  peopk-  of  Delaware  ar- 
i-'cd  theni-elvcs  under  the  Frderalist  leadership  „t 
■ir  Ft, ite.l  State,   S.n:,t„r,    Hon.  James  A.  P.av.,rd. 


opportunity 


til 

Wni.   fiiles,   o 

Congress  for  a  direct  attack  upon  the  emliar-o  a-t,  by 

introducing  a  resulution  to  repeal  the  obno.\iou>  act. 

e.\cef)t  as  to  Great  Britain  and   France,  and  to  make 

tercoiirxe  with  tln..-e  nations  and  their  de|)en(leTicies, 
and  the  imiiortation  of  any  article  into  the  United 
States,  the  growth,  prnduce  or  manufacture  of  either 
of  these  nations,  or  ot  the  .b. minions  of  either  of 
tliHiu.  This  opportunity  to  assail  the  embargo  Mr. 
Bayard  [ironiptly  seized  by  moving  a  resolution  to 
amend,  so  as  to  render  the  repeal  general,  and  to 
prevent  the  p.iss.Tge  of  tho.<e  clauses  which  were  in- 
tended to  prohibit  commercial  intercourse  with  the 
belligerent  nations. 

It  was  the  hojie  and  expectation  of  the  administra- 
tion that  the  adoption  of  Mr.  Giles"  resolution  sus- 
pending intercourse  with  Great  Britain  and  France 
would  be  the  immediate  and  necessary  prelude  to 
open  war — that  the  exposure  of  vessels  to  capture  and 
condemnation  under  the  Orders  in  Council  would 
place  the  nation  in  a  predicament  that  would  render 
hostilities  inevitable.  The  Senator  from  Delaware, 
opposed  to  war.  denied  that  England  was  an  enemy, 
and  that  any  cause  existed  to  make  her  one.  Admitting 
that  there  were  many  and  heavy  complaints  to  be 
made  again-t  her  conduct,  and  not  denying  that 
cause  existed  which  might  justify  that,  he  a.sserted 
that  such  a  measure  was  forbidden  by  policy  and 
not  required  by  honor.  He  avowed  tliat  whatever' 
were  the  aggressions  of  England,  and  however  little  he 
was  disposed  to  defend  or  palliate  any  aggression,  public 
or  private,  against  the  rights  and  honor  of  the  coun- 
try, ^e  yet  felt  with  equal  sensibility  all  that  the  coun- 
try had  suB'ered  from  the  aggressions  of  the  French  ; 
he  denied  that  what  was  right  in  one  nation,  could  be 
wrong  in  another.  The  war  upon  neutral  rights— 
that  part  of  it,  at  least,  which  scorned  even  the  pre- 
text and  mask  of  propriety,  and  openly  and  flagrantly 
violated  establi.shed  usage  and  principle— commenced 
with  the  Berlin  Decree,  which,  finding  its  sanction 
neither  in  precedent  nor  principle,  a.sking  for  no 
right  and  established  only  in  presumed  power,  for- 
bade to  neutrals  a  trade  with  England  or  her  colonies, 
or  the  transportation  of  her  manufactures  or  produce; 
that  what  England  had  done,  fla.srrant  as  it  was,  de- 
rived a  feeble  but  indeed  plausible  apology  from  the 
eipially  novel  pretext  of  retaliatory  right.  Unques- 
tionably it  was  unsound  doctrine  that  could  assert 
the  insuthcieiit  excuse;  but  in  tlie  scales  of  national 
injustice,  th^original  introduction  of  illegitimate  and 
noxious  pretenses,  at  least  counterbalanced,  and  per- 
haps far  outweighed,  the  imitation  th.at  pursued  with 
n>  tardy  pace  the  original  initiate  wrong  ;  that  Enir- 
land  could  be  re|.roached  with  merely  a  breach  of  in- 
ternational law,  uhilc  France  superadded  to  the  sjme 


TiiiC  WAR  OF  :8]^ 


279 


r.ii-ti'>ii  a  «:iiitnn  broavh  cif  taitli 
-I  -.ilfiiin  in^tnniit'iit  that  i-aii  u 
:ict  that  btjud  by  which  .liiriTL-iit 
.1  tnjrether. 


1.1 


opi 


to  the  i!U'a>ures  of  ;Mr,  ^radUon's 
iiili  liiii-tration,  the  Sonatnr  from  Delaware  voiced 
tin-  >.ii;iiiients  and  opinions  of  the  Federal  party  in 
llie  IJtate  he  represented,  ami  the  open  sincerity 
\Mih  wdiich  he  traced  the  relative  position  of  the 
Tnited  States  with  the  bellipiereiit  powers  echoed  the 
fielings  and  sentiments  of  the  Federal  party  oi  the 
country.  The  Legislature  of  the  State,  in  ISll.  stood 
six  Feileralists  and  three  Republicans  in  the  Senate 
anil  fourteen  p'ederali-'ts  and  seven  Republicans  iu 
the  House  of  Representatives.  Ijut  notwiih-tamiing 
this  Federal  predominance  in  the  Lciri-lature,  tne 
]iiipular  vote  in  the  State  evidenced  an  e^rly  ch;ui;ze  of 
iwditical  parties.  The  Federal  popular  majority  at; 
the  fall  election  in  1811  in  Kent,  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty-two,  and  Sussex  six  hundred  and  lifteen. 
while  the  Republican  (Democratic)  majority  in  New- 
Castle  was  six  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  showing  o. 
Federal  popular  majority  in  the  State  of  only  foriy. 
When  the  General  Assembly  convened  on  the  7th 
of  December,  James  Sykes  was  chosen  S|ieaker  of  the 
Senate,  and  Cornelius  P.  Comegys  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives. 

Public  events  had  rapidly  progressed  towards  open 
war  with  Englainl.  Frarue  had  responded  to  the 
efforts  of  the  adniinistralion  in  the  non-importation 
law  of  Mav,  ISIO,  and  announcod  in  the  following 
November' the   ttoeal  of  the  lierliu  and  .^lilan  De- 


ircat   P.1 


Aft 


crecs, 

Coun 

of  tlie  Frencli  decrees,  G 

trading  pari  ]iasf<u  her  ci 

on  neutral  rights,  in  whi 


and  while  |'r..to'.'.ii'g  fair  and  U-_'itimate  commerce, 
iheadmir.isriatlon  dec  ,ied  tiie  li'v.s  and  liberties  of 
thesaili.rsof  mop.  iiustimaolc  value  than  the  ships 
a,.A  goods. 

(n  the  tn-nth  of  .fune,  IXl'i,  President  Madison 
commuiucated  to  Cotigicss  a  message  in  which  a 
declaration  of  warvvas  p.'commended  ;  which  pronqitly 
passed  the  Housf-  of  Representatives,  but  encountered 
in  the  Si'nate  serious  ditiicu'.ties.  The  Senator  from 
Delnware.  Mr.  liayard,  ^vliile  equally  sensible  of  the 
injurie.-?,  ard  yielding  nothing  to  the  warmest  advo- 
cates of  hcsfiiities  in  ;:cal  for  the  honor  and  prosjierity 
of  the  ountrv,  yet  felt  and  insisted  that  honor  wits 
not  to  be  vindicated  nor  pro<pe:ity  iiroinoteil  by  an'_'ry 
and  precipitate  uieasiires,  tliat  would  plunge  the 
country  unprejiared  i:iro  war.  loreseeing  the  dis- 
grace inev'tubly  attendant  on  a  hasty  adoption  of  the 
resolution,  he  foretold,  with  a  sagacity  that  was  his 
distingtiishinir  tribute,  the  evil.,  that   must  certainly 


adhered  to  her  Orders  iu 
id  elapsed  since  the  repeal 
■eat  Britain,  instead  of  re- 
urse  of  unjustifiable  attack 
;li  she  had  professed  to  have 


been  only  a  reluctant  follower  of  France,  advanced 
with  b(dder  and  continually  increasing  strides  upon 
the  rights  of  Americans  on  the  high  seas.  To  the 
categorical  demand  of  the  United  States  for  there- 
peal  of  her  Orders  in  Council,  she  atTected  to  deny  the 
practical  extinction  of  the  Fiench  decreesi,  and  ad- 
vancing a  new  and  unexpected  demand,  she  increas- 
ed in  hostility  the  orders  themselves,  by  insisting 
that  the  repeal  of  the  Orders  in  Council  must  be 
preceded  not  only  by  ihe  [iractical  abandon- 
ment of  the  decree*  of  Rt-rlin  and  .Milan,  but  by  the 
renunciation  on  the  p;irt  of  France  of  her  whole 
system  of  commercial  warl'are  against  'Jreat  Britain. 
The  instructions  upon  which  (ireat  Britain  I'ounded 
her  action  for  violating  the  maritime  rights  of  the 
United  States  were  not  merely  theoretical,  but  had 
been  followed  by  repeated  acts  of  war.  The  Ameri- 
can people  not  being  of  that  sect  wbicli  uor-hips  at 
the  shrine  of  a  calculatiiiL''  avarice,  took  rofiii/ance, 
not  only  of  plundering  ships  and  cargoes,  but  listened 
with  attentive  ears  to  the  groans  of  their  sailors,  vic- 
tims of  a  barbarity  unparalleled,  ami  of  their  sullering 
wives  and  children  deprived  of  protectors  and  parents  ; 


r 

I 

..T :      '  "^ 

\ 
\ 

i  ■ 
1  ■"■■ 

t-^,^--.„ 

ensue.  Imbued  with  these  apprehensions,  Mr. 
Bayaru,  on  June  IGth,  moved  to  postpone  the  further 
consideration  of  the  measure  until  October  31st. 
While  sacredly  believing  in  the  spirit  of  his  country- 
men, Mr.  Bayard  denied  the  necromancy  of  the  ad- 
ministration ;  he  knew  that  the  days  of  Cadmus  were 
gone,  and  that  the  dragon's  teeth  would  remain  un- 
pr(ditic  in  the  ground  ;  that  troops  must  be  levied, 
disciplined,  trained  and  supplied  before  they  couid 
be  relied  on  airainst  the  disciplined  armies  cd'  the 
create^t  inilitarv  power  on  earth.     Had  .Mr.  Bavards' 


280 


IHSTUllV  OF  DELAWARE. 


resolution  pusseii  and  the  (Irclaration  of  war  bren 
postponed  tor  three  months,  llie  early  ellorr.-.  ot  the 
American  army  uonlil  not  remain  a  ehuul  n;^on  the 
splendor  with  which  it  closed  the  war.  Tlic  short- 
sii;hteil  policy  of  tlie  impatient  adniiiii-tratioii  ex- 
pecteil  to  tind  in  the  arianLrcnn  nt-  of  (icn.  Hull  a 
substitute  for  army  pre|iarations.  The  wliol,-  trontier 
from  Michilimaekinac  to  I'lattshnr-,  the  extl•nr^^ve 
sea-board,  covered  w  it  h  the  lirhe-t  and  iiio>t  u-.liil 
population  of  the  eoiintry,  the  nmltitiide  of  vessels 
on  the  ocean,  the  ma-s  o(  property  aecuiaulated  in 
England — all  were  placed  in  jeopardy  tor  the  sake  of 
striking  a  blow,  towards  which  the  adcjuate  force 
was  supposed  to  be  concentrated,  without  giving'  the 
enemy  time  for  preparation.  Mr.  Bayard's  object 
was  to  place  the  country  on  something  like  an  equality 
with  the  contemplated  foe.     He  said: 

*'He  w;l8  gre;itly  iurtnenceii  in  his  motion  for  postponement  from  tiie 


presuli 


iitbs> 


the  bixnilj  of  the  enemy,   and  feed  tliiit  very  mpiicity    ulin.h   it  i3  uiir 
object  to  Hubdue  or  to  puuibh." 

The  declar.ition  of  war  was  passed,  and  the  advice 
and  opinion  of  Senator  Bayard  was  demonstrated  in 
their  wisdom  and  apjdication.  The  people  of  Dela- 
ware supplemented  their  patriotic  purpose  to  defend 
the  country  with  an  earnest  etlbrt  to  advance  and 
promote  its  material  prosperity.'  The  iltssrs.  i)u  Pont 
&  Company,  near  Wilmington,  are  reported  in  JSlles' 
jRegisler  (or  J u]y,  1S12,  as  manufacturing  "  woolen 
goods  of  the  value  of  $150,000  to  f-2(M,im)  per  annum. 
The  adjacent  country   is  tilled  with   sheep,  wool  be- 


her,r^.  we  may  send  hroad  ,/„//,v  to  Knijland,  if  her 
government  uill  permit  ii-,  or  at  lea>t  Mippiy  li.-r 
mannfaeturers  will,  tiir /H,r/„o  \sool,  liavin- enon-!i  for 
ourselves  and  to  spare;  for   it    is   ascertained   thai   lie- 

.stock  is  incretLsing  with  unlnard  of  ra|.idity," 

The  peace  party  had  gained  a  strong  f.M.thold  ui 
Delaware,  and  when  tlie  bill  declaring  war  finally 
came  up  in  the  Hoii>e  oi  Representatives,  on  Jnne  Is, 
ISV2.  Delaware-,,  rt  pre,.  lUative.  Henrv  >r.  Rid-.iv.-' 
voted   in  th..  i.e^-ative.      Rut   h.-   was   not    alonr.  as  a 

teen  ,-^tates  voted  in  tlie  .-ame  way.  The  bill  was, 
nevertheless,  carri.-d  by  a  vote  of  70  to  4'.',  and  war 
was  declared  to  be  cutting  ••between  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Jiritain  and  Ireland  and  the-  de- 
pendencies thereof  and  tlie  United  estates  of  America 
and  their  Territories." 

Delaware  iiad  all  the  while  been  preparing  for 
hostilities  and  was  in  readiness  when  the  President 
issued  his  proclamation.  When  the  Legislature  had 
convened  at  Dover,  on  January  7,  1.812,  Governor 
Joseph  Haslet  forwarded  a  message  through  John 
Fisher,  then  Secretary  of  State,  a  part  of  which  may 
well  be  quoted  as  a  s[)ecimen  of  true  American  pat- 
riotism : 


Senator   from    Is.-.l    to    It.a.     Ai.oU.cr  ..ui,,  l: 

1.  Ir.U.i     ■...,-,,0 

;,„.      I     ,,,,,.,1 

tie  III      - 

States  Senate  from  ls:l«  to  Isli'J,  aii.l  from  Is  I 

I  to  k.1.-,.    yu 

.    li.iv.rds 

ul.l.-  I..   I  1 

wife  was  a  daughter  of  Governor  itieUanl  Bto 

.-ett,  of  Delavva 

le.       Hon. 

■•  I 

Thomas  F.  liiiyard.  Secretary  uf  State  under  : 

fresi.lent  Cleve 

lan.l,  i3h» 

f,,r  , 

gnwd*.n. 

our,.  :■. .  . 

1  Immediately   aft.r    eolon.l    .Ulei,     M,  I.a. 

lie,      the       C.lle.- 

l..r   of   the 

p..e  i  a 

customs  at   WilmiM.a..,,,  re.-.o.-.l  th..  s.eret.Li 

ore.  cm- 

n'"''-v, 

t'liipt  fruui  iiiilitiiry 


Bolely  to  tlio  dLluin  y  uf 
obtitlieiKX'  to  tliu  cunstit 
pruiiioto   liunii^tny,   uii< 

"Of  thouUContiruni 
Allen  M'Un.-, 


upon  the  'i-uibitttk-il  j 


L-ful  pUuidits  uf  iin  e.xpii 


TFIK  WAi;  OF  IS  12-1 5.                                                           281 

[„  thi.-   i.ie-...i-e  GovrriM.r    n..-.l.l    iir-,-.l   N|.n„  thf  Tliis   tnu.l  ..|  7:2.i;74  in  l^lo^v;,,  ,livi.l,-rl  a,s  t-llous: 

|,,,.,l.aure   tlie   i,Hi...rla„.,.  .,|   .hum. In, ^   ,h.'  niilitia  i.u.l..  un.U-r   l.„    v,m>   ,,1   :,-.■,  ;'.::;:i  ;   nK,l.>   bcturm 

;,n,  to  iiin-t  iIr- iMiirL'.iirv  ol  till    tiiuf.      IIcs.iv.m:  ten    iin.l     -i\lc.ii,    H~ i;iK-   Intwieii    Mxteunaiid 

",„ ,,„  ..,^,„,^„ ,„ ...',-,.,  ,■,,.,   I  , ,,:.,  ..,„.,„-'.. f tux'nly->i\.  ni.liiJini'  Im  ...U   -t    Luiiili..-,-.,  .".l.-iil  ;   male. 

'''''''''■  ''''V'!^'''^l\''uT'"'"^':!,u,!'l~'''u^^^^^  l.cluv'ni  lurnu-MX  aihl    Inrlv-li.r.  ,i,rlii.liii;z  l,eutl>  uf 

r',.'.lui.''m,\i<l^''-'<'^\''''-''>r'''"-'^^  taiiiili,,-,    .-,.-.,■,,;■      iiial.-..!     Iwrty-live     and     ni.ward^, 

]    '.-.i.  .-ii.-l .■.h..!l..,..MP.  « «.,„,>! ,, !>,>,, I  ,..  lu,,.,-.,  ^^-^^      Amon-     trnialr,>,    tlior    und.r    tin    iiuiiiberrd 

;■:::,::: :;:u::it':::;.;-:^  ■'''■'■ ' """■"' "" ""  ^'-^i .  i-tw.aa,  „•„  and  -,x.,...n.  i-n;  i,etw.,.,t  six- 

...L.tarllnu-nt    Innn    tl„    nnhtia.-r  the   Cuit.-d  .^tat...      '■■^1   ■   '-'^ n    l«.;niy-,ix    I    L.ty-liv.,    tn.lttdtn.tr 

111,- S.-i-TetarV(>f\Vari->nc.l.ircnlarst..tlu'i;(,vfrnor-  '"^'■"''   "*   '>iiiiilii'.  ■'■'-'  ;   -ii"!    lli"-'   .d.uvc   lot  ty-livt-, 

,,l   tins   ,niiiiumiirati..n.    thr    ( inv,  rim,    „i'    Dclauare  -""'"• 

i,„ni.-di  lioly  i;.iun-drd  a  iH.->a  t   t..  tlir  l,e"i.latiirc  ''''"^'  ^'^-''-n-  in  '-^l"  --liou.-d   a   .snihcifiit  pnptilation 

,|.,t.d   Mav"2-ith.     Th.   ,,""'■'    '-inin-l   of  lUlawa...  "■    l''-l-«ar.   to   add    anotli.t    r.|n -..ntati ve   itiTon- 

„  .,   t,n    thou-and    men.   dttlv   orvani/a-d,   arna-d   ;uid  .-'■'■^-  the  State   Lmiu  then  ,e|.,e.ented   ni  the  Honse 

„',n  .ped  tor  active  >er\iee     '  The  (  iovernor  ur-ed  the  ''X   "<^"'>     ^^  •  l^i'i,-''  Iv.  and    i;i    the   Senate    by  Hons. 

reou..u'd'|h.-    rre-id'e.lt.' 'lie  al.o   called'   the  atte,,.  -^     report    .--tied    In,,,,    the     l',-ea-,i,,y    Department 

,, t-  the    l.e^i.latnre   to  the  nece.-itv  of  a  revision  ^l.""in^    an    ah.tract  ol    the    tonnage  of  the  shi|.p,ng 

„l   the  tinntia   lau..  a.   he    had  been  inVorn.ed    hv  the  "1   tli,-   several    d,.tr,ct,  of  tlu-  I'nited    States,  on  the 

\d|ntant-<;eneral  that  the  inetliciencv  ot  the  exi.-tin-  '-^-l  'l-'X  of  Deee.nlM-r,  |.>lii.  n,ade  the  toUowini:  show- 

laus    rendered   a    c pbance    uiti,    the   Covernnieiit  '"i-'    '"'•    Wiln.in-to,,  :     ke-i-teivd,    permanent    tons, 

orders  an  absolute  iniposMl-.htv.  d'he  A,-,seinbly  had,  '•'''tl'^.  ''^''•■'-  t.  inpora,y.  oo:;.()o ;  enrolled  and  li- 
on January  SI,  isnn,  author, zed  the  (iovernor  to  c-ensed.  p,r„,a,„  ,it  tons  '.i.th.,  <;i.v'.o-(,  ten,|.orary 
purchase  arm.  a.td  e,p„pn,ents  uheti  the  troops  ue.-e  '^'l":   licenced    nnder    twenty  to,,.,  coast   t,-ade,   tons 

're.iui'MUon',  howeve,-,  the  ,„il,'tia  were  rcpiiicd  to  be  >-l'.'-M7.     Another    report    iVoin    the    register  of   the 

readv  to   inarch   at  a  n,onioni's  notiie.  and  ;is  the  law  trea-nrer's  ollicer-  ,-liou.  d  the  exports  troiu  Delaware 

d,.l  not   aitthori/.e    the   pmcha.-e  ol    amis   before  they  lor   tbe   year   endin-   October  1.  bsll,  to   have  aggre- 

»ere  loiun.anded   to    take   the  field,  obedience  to  thi>  S^'tt'l  S>^.s,r,:;2. 

u  1^    iiiipo-~ihle     and    anit  ndincts    were   accoriliirdv  From   nearly  every    .piartiT  of  the  coinitry  the  re- 

n,-ce.-sary.     In   this  both   the  S,„ate  and  lb.,,-.-  ,m1!-  -poi,-e  came  that    the  country  had  borne  with  injury 

iii-_dv  complied    and    ihe   ,,..,-ary   Delaware  t,oo|,,-  and  iii-nlt  until  lorbcarance  had  ceased  to  be  a  virtue. 

(I'lKralVh.verniiunt.       '                                      "  uniin.lakable   than    that    of  ( Iovernor    Haslet's    nies- 

The' census  of  b^lo   and    other   re[.orts  and   state-  ^■'"-''-      rvcviewiii-    the     l,i-t.,ry    of    affairs    between 

ment>,  whbd,  were  published  about  the  time  that  war  Hi, -land    at,d    the  Knited  States    from    ITdS    to   1812, 

Um'n'of  Delawin-e  as  w  el  I  as  emmira:^i",V''"n!merciai  -utra-e  as  they  doerved,  he  added  : 


IITSTORY   OF   r-ELA^ 


'ittc.l  'n't  v. 

Hi,  f- 

r...,t  .,,...1 

.  '.(,.  1 

|.rcv  ii[ 

ion  P.iiti^ 

nur.-e.     S  .: 

i!l      ' 

hr       Orla,-, 

.llr 

-uarn 

ir.l      with 

tli.'- 

"skiiumtT, 

o!  t: 

■;i!  .. 

lit   l.v   1 

'lnla.lrl|.| 

lia  an 

WllMii,  .;!.;. 

ll.    Jlilv     i 

nil    1 

Ji.vr    1 

.  rival. Ti- 

Iviii 

ill    tl.c  !)(■■:. . 

r..:ir( 

,   '.vriv     r,! 

l.^l 

.1     lir..|    s 

illit.s 

;h.  V  u,,rt    ; 

!;.■    ■ 

■  Atiii,"  1 

•a|.i.i 

lii.    Dav 

ill    Mall.i 

a  ;    111 

'  Sj.L'iioor." 

>  ;,|. 

•I'iii  Mi'i-. 

•.i  ill..  • 

•  Matil.la 

-■■''■'I 

tail:   Xn:il> 

Al;i 

M.      Thr    ' 

•Ma 

til. la" 

sailf.l    .1 

iilv    ■ 

i:ti<ier  '';.[.;: 

lin  ■; 

';'\  ImI",  l.ll 

1  -1,... 

ha.l  li. 

.1  pn.,,,  . 

I..1    1; 

he'hrr  ii  luu 

lii.y 

t>".k  Iil.-i  ■ 

I.nar.l, 

ami  Inriv 

oil,, 

Malil. 


*'  Urged  by 
again  and  e;i 
propriety  uf  i- 


i.-lhl.; 


.■b..y,  ,.,  to  M,|-[-  M.  a 
■  in  -hr.n  l...neii,j„3ly 


the   duti.'S  «|.,.ai    il    cii|.'.ri-  >.    !!    I  •■     .ii-...,.  .        .       .,    ,     i,,,-    ;•    j,,,. 

poKS,  or  little  g.jod  will  r.-i,lt  Imm  ,t.  ■ 

Though  a  difference  of  opinion  cxi-tcd  as  to  tlie 
policy  and  necessity  of  the  war  against  P.iiu'htnd, 
there  was  no  uncertain  sound  in  the  call  of  the  <t()V- 
ernor  of  Delaware  u[)on  the  Legislature  and  people 
of  the  State  for  its  vigorous  prosecution.  Tliowgh 
the  declaration  of  war  was  in  strict  accordance  with 
the  will  of  the  |ieople  of  the  United  .States,  there 
were  some,  undoubtedly  men  of  elevated  patriotism 
and  great  abilities,  who,  while  freel.f  admitting  the 
Justine  of  all  the  claims  advanced  by  the  United 
States,  as  founded  on  the  immutable  laws  of  re;tson 
and  right,  were  yet  desirous  to  waive  their  rigid 
exactions  at  that  time,  believing  that  at  a  general 
peace  the  prariice  of  impressment,  with  the  principles 
of  the  Orders  in  Council,  would  be  abandoned.  "  I 
am  among  the  last  men  in  the  .Si; ante,"  said  Mr. 
Bayard," 


till,  she  hi.v;;ig  ca;.tiiiv,l  ll,,.  Kriti-li  -liip  -  (  ^.tlh-t.- 
tl-.e  "Banger,"  -t  pi  iv.itrer  liri-,  an, I  tlu- m  li,„.m.is 
"Jingle,"  "MarLM-ry"  aii'l  "  \V,.,„ll.nrii." 

The  iirivateer  fleet  in  t!ie  Delaware  continually  in- 
creased during  1.SI2,  and  was  of  c,insi,leral,l,.  si/V  to- 
^vard  the  ,;i,.SL.  of  the  war.  Tlie  "  I'LattleMiakc-,"  on,, 
ofthelaler  ad,iiti,ms,  a  vessel  of  eighteen  giin^  ua- 
upset  otf  Ilenly  I.-land  in  a  siiilileii  gale,  an.l  the  pil,,; 
and  twenty  of  her  crew  •,ver,>  ilmwn,  ,1.  Th,.  fir>t  t,i 
volunteer  servii-e  in  the  ."^tat,.  of  r>,.lawai,.  ua>  Cap- 
tain Goodwin,  of  .■^u^se..^  County.  In  .hilv  li,.  aioi 
foity-five  others  organized  a  con,|iany  of  liL'^ht  inl.-in- 
try,  uniformed  themselves  an,l  unanimously  otlire,! 
their  services  to  the  Governor  i,,  li,  l[i  m.-iko  iijiihe 
State's  quota  of  the  ten  thousand  militia  .aliial  C.i 
by  acts  of  Congres.s.  Other  otfers  ,M„,n  l,,ll,,w,  ,|,  and 
reference  to  the  Governor's  n^iristir  shows  a  lonu' 
list  of  commissions  issued  soon  afterwar.ls. 

Though  the  town  of  Wilmington  was  not  oictipicl 
by  the  enemy  during  tlie  war,  it  w.is  kept  in  a  n.n- 
staiit  state  of  suspense,  being  eiulangcred  by  an  inva- 
sion from  the  west  and  bombanlment  from  the  river. 
The  citizens  at  all  times  displayed  the  gnatest  pa- 
triotism, by  tendering  thi.ir  servi, ,  s  ami  treasure  l..r  the 
common  defense.  A  f.rt  was  bmlt  at  "tlie  Kocks" 
near  the  original  site  of  fort  Chri-tina,  ami  IVe,|n,;nt- 

early  as  Jlay  -,  1.S12,  before  war  was  declare, 1,  such 
was  the  patriotic  impulses  of  the  town.  Captain 
C.rindage,  of  the  Uiiiteil  States  army,  opem,!  a  re- 
cruiting ollice  in  Wilmington,  ami  many  voim.j-  mni 
enlisted.  .Vs  an  inducement  ( 'aptaiii  <  iriml:).,',.  ,itl,.rt>l 
eight  dollars  per  month  to  th,,s,.  who  wouhl  ,.nli-t  lor 
five  years,  with  a  bounty  of  si\t>.,ii  , I,, liar-  ami  one 
hiindrctl  ami  sixty  .tires  of  g.ivcrnnient  himl.  • 


(hef/.i 


the  evils  of  liis  cimi  p- 
p,«,.a  to  aRi-ee.     It.s.l. 
ofth.belliBenn.i.' 

::'■;;„.;::! 

:.;:,;:,it;:.;:;"' 

As  soon  as  war 

was  ,h 

■,.l:ire,l   priv. 

egan  to  b, 


TIIK  WAR  OF 


283 


Tiio  uhiersi.Mt  of  th.'  lailitarv  uprralicii.  .luririLT  tl 
.iiiiin.cr  ..I'  lM-2  was  in  lli,'  North  and  W'.-t.  AN.i 
ill.- n-gioii  ot'the  grc:it  l.ik.-,  an. I  thnm-h  Xuillir 
Sew  York  and  SuntluTii  Cuna.la  tlif  nin,i  li.,tl 
contestoJ    stiaiL^ifli's   wtTv     liriii<;     caiTi.d    on.       Tl 


Mi 


"'""" 

I  hell 

an. Is  ..rtlu' 

,r     Sn 

ath, 

!»■    d 

|..t,    li 

lilt   w;i-s   re- 

til.'    . 

IMTU 

live.      The 

.1  ll 


of   the    Anieri.an    annv 

iiiartiale.l   on    ehaiiics   <j 

;.'lect  of  duly,  ami  seni.i 

commended    to   the    nu 

I'resident  granted  a  re|.iii\.  ami 

he  stricken  Crom  the  n.ll  ..f  th.' army.' 

Farther  s.mth.  allliniiuh  no  icri..u.  cjiitliel-  ha.l  oe- 
ciirred,  the  petty  »kiriiii>hes  ami  .mk-.. miters  had 
proved  more  sma-.-ssiul  t.i  Aiu.ri.an  v.ih.r.  <  >n 
August  14th  the  r.iitish  -hip  ■■.Mary  .Vim"  was 
brought  to  Cape  May,  a  pn/e  .if  the  -\iuerican  pri- 
vateer "  Paul  Jones." 

Xewa  of  the  capture  of  the  r.iiiish  lVi._'ate  "(nier- 
riere,"  Captain  Jaines  K.  Dacres,  by  the  United 
States  frigate  "Constitution,"  Captain  Isaac  Hull, 
was  received  September  3d,  and  created  the  greatest 
enthusiasm.  In  the  des|ierate  eiu'omiter  Lieutenant 
Wm.  S.  Bush,  first  lieutiMiant  ..f  iiiarim^s  ..n  li,,ar.l  of 
the"  Constitution,"  wa.s  kiU.d  uhil.'  lea. ling  a  boar.l- 
ing  party.  Lieutenant  I'.iish  w.is  a  native  .if  Wil- 
uiiugton,  a  son  of  Captain  Jnhu  Uiish.  aii.l  a  nepht-w 
of  >rajor  Lewis  Bush,  wh..  f./ll  at  the  battle  of  I'.ran- 
dywine  in  the  ]levoluti..n.  He  enlere.l  the  navy  in 
iNii'.l,  ami  was  promoted  first  lieutenant  two  years 
later.  IFe  was  distinguislied  for  bravery  and  his 
many  private  virtues. 


D.lawaie.  uhirh  cause. 1  some  .■oniinont  at  the  1 


Ihinnrrnlir  /',rys  ol   I'liila.ielph 


T.i  this  ('a|ilaiu  I'l.rler  replie.l  the  same  .lay 


ns,'lit3,' anil  when  tli.U  ia  str.ick  t.i  tli.- ■.s..iitli.i.iii)ton '  C.iplum  P.irtur 
ixill  desprve  the  treatrn.Mit  liru.iiisi-J  by  Sir  .I.1111.3." 

Sir  James,  however,  did  not  respond.- 
<Jn  tlie  13th  of  October,  1S12,  the  sloop-of-war 
"  Wasp"  left  the  Delaware  on  a  cruise  to  the  West 
Indies,  witli  a  full  complemeut  of  men,  about  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  in  number.  The  "  Wasp '' 
mounted  si.xleen  thirty-two-pound  carronades  and 
tuo  l.mg  twelves,  and  also  carried,  usually,  two 
sniall  lirass  cannon  in  liert.)[.s.  Her  commander  was 
Captain  Jacob  Jones,  a  brave  officer,  and  a  native  of 
Delaware.'  His  officers  were:  Lieutenants,  George 
W.  Ilodgers,  James  Kiddle,  Benjamin  Booth,  Alex- 
ander Cla.xton  and  Henry  B.  liapp;  Sailing-master, 
Wm.  Knight;  Surge.in,  Thomas  Harris;  Purser, 
George  L.Price;  Boatswain,  Joh.n  McCloud  ;  Gun- 
ner, George  Jackson  :  Midshifimen.  George  Van 
Cleve,  A.  S.  Ten  Eyck,  Richard  Brasliear,  John  Hol- 
comb,  Wm.  J.  McChiney,  C.  J.  ]5aker  and  Charles 
Gaunt;  Surgeon's  IMate,  Walter  W.  New.  On  Octo- 
ber ISth  the  "  Was]),"  when  off  the  West  Indies,  dis- 
covered a  fleet  of  armed  merchant  vessels  under  the 
protection  of  the  British  slnop-of-war  "Frolic," 
uiounting  sixteen  tliirty-two-pound  carronades,  two 
long  si.x-pounders  anil  two  twelve-pouml  carrona.les 
on  her  forecastle.  .-^Iie  was  manne.l  with  a  crew  ot 
one  hnmlred  anil  eight  |iers.ms  un.ler  Capt.  Thomas 
Whiiigates. 

riie  iw.)  vessels  raiiL'ed  up  close  ami  imnie.liatply 
bcLMii  one  of  the  ticrcest  naval  en-agenients  of  the 
war.  Within  five  minutes  aft. t  the  acti..n  began  the 
main-topmast  of  the  "Wasp"  was  shot  away.  It 
fell  with   111.'  niain-t.ipsail  yar.l.an.l  l...lLre.l  across  the 


284 
larboanl  am 


HISTORY  OF   DKI.VWAUI 


1. races,  rnnin 

yaril.s  UMiiiaiKi.'.al.li-  .luriii-  t!u'  reuKiin.l.  r  ol  tlir  ac-  tlie  most  ntth.iii  Mcr.lin-.  an.i  imt  a  coinini.n  -v.r.n.m 

tiiiii.      In   a  tew  iiiiniit.  <  mnre  iiei  -ailaiHl  iiiain-lM|,-  ,,r   inaiiiif  was  at  hi-  -laii..,,.  ,'\rr\,[  an  ol.l  tar  at  iIk- 

.eallaiit-ina.t   wa-    shot    auay.  an. I   Irll  hravilv  to  ih.-  wlu-el.uho   ha.l  k-r,,i  his  ,,o,t  ihronL'honl  tlir  trrtiKh' 

"deck;     an. I    af    the    e-n.l   of 't«  cnty  niinntr>  Ironi  the  enconnt.T.      Allwhownv    aoh-  haU    ru-liiM    hriow  to 

opeiiing  of  the  en-,.-ein.  nt  e\erv  hra-e   ami  nii-t  of  escape  th.'  r.ikiii-  hrc  of  tlie  -  Wa^p.' 

the  ris/ging   of  the '■  Wa-|.  "  «a~   .h-ahh.l.     >he  was  'I'h,.  Kn-li-h  oiheeis  ea-t  .ioswi  ilieir  Mvor.js  in  Mih- 

in   a   forlorn   condition  indee.l.  and  luul  tew  [.romi-^es  nii-sion,  and    [.ienletinnl    I'.iddh'.  « ho   hd   th.- l.o:inl- 

of  victory.  iiiL'-party.  sprinu'in'j-  into  tli.>  main  iiLf_'inL:    -Irnelc  th'- 

But  wiiilo  the"  Wasp"  u:is  receivin- these  .-erioiis  colors  of  the  -  Fmlie  "  uiih  his  ..wn  hand,  not  one  ol 

damages   in   her    ri-L-iii-  and   top,   tlie   ■■  Frolic  "  was  the    enemy    hidiiL'   aide    to    do   s,,.      'i  he  prize  j.as-ed 

more  seriously  iniured  in  her  hull.       1  he  hitter  ^'eiier-  into   the    poss,>si,,n   (,ithe   .\mi'i  leans  alter  a  conte>t 

ally  tired  when    on    the   er.st   of  the  ua^e-,  while  the  of  three-.|iiarters  ,,f  an    In.nr.    u  hen  e^ia-y  one  ol  he, 

former    fired    Inmi  the  trou-h  ot  the  -e:i,  ami  sent  her  otlic.-r..  were   wounded,  ami   a  -reater  part  of  her  men 

>ere  •■itlier   kill.d  or  severelv  woiimled.      .\ol  Iweiitv 


'f 

^-'-^ 

1 

X 

ik\     ^s 

/:^^-" 

^■f-^  - 

■,  .'~--' 

J 

[.(.rsons.m  ho:i|-d  ..f  her  remained  iinlmrt.  Her  ml- 
.trregtite  l,,ss  in  kilhd  and  wonnded  »as  eMincted 
at  ninety.     The  •■  \Va-,p  ■■    had    only    live  kille.i   :,nd 


vessels  separated  Ixitli  lier  masts  tell  and  <.\\i\i  tatti 
sails  and  hrokeii  riL'irin;:  covereil  the  de:id  on 
deck.  Captain  .lone-  placed  l.ientenant  Hnldh 
command  of  the  prize  with  orders  to  tiike  h. 
Charleston,  while  he  pur-tied  his  vovaL'e.  AstheyH 
about  to  part  com  pan  \  tin  l;iiti-li  -hip  (.f-«  ar  "  1' 
tiers,"  of  seventy  Loins.  eomniiimle,!  hv  raplain  ,h 
Poo  [?eresford  hove  in  -i-lit  and  captured  hoth 
sels.  The  "Wasp'  and  her  prize  were  taken 
HiTintida,  where  the  .\mericaii  pri.soneis  «ere 
cliancred,  and  dep.irted  for   home. 

The   victory   of   the    -Wasp-    over   the   •' Frol 

occasioiieil   much    e.xtiltation    in    the    rnitod    Sta 

The  press  teemed  with    laudation-  ot'  i  '.ipiain  .(■ 

and  his  sallant  companii.n-,  and  a  -lining;  -oim,  ,  , 

memorative  of  the  eveiit,  \v  as  -or,n   upon    tin-  lip 

missiles   through  the  hull  of  her  aiita-onist  willi  de-      siiiirers  at  puldie  L;:itlierin-s,  in  har-rooms,  uoik-!e 

structive  force.     The  two  vessels  gradually  aiiproach-     andeMai  hy  ra^'Lod  nri  hins. 

ed  each  other  until  the  hends  of  tlie  ''  Wasp  "'  rubbed  T  I'c  line-  ran  thus  : 

against  the  "  Frolic's"  bows;  and,  in  Ion.!  in-  tor  the  ■•  th-  r.,.- i,r;n.iv  i>.„::i,t,  \.v.,  ].,-  „,„-  „.,.■  ji  rn.i,..,. 

last  broadside,  the  rammers  of  the  "  Wa-p's  "  irnnners  nMrt'i!.''M'Il'!.u7i'.^Y,r!'>  !l'l  i"'rr'c'''!i'.'!/''r,L'"^ 

were  shoved  against  the  si,],.- of  the  "  Frolie."     Fin-  ah.i  tnti  mi,  i.i- 1~. ,  iii,.  i,ui,,i..nu- ..ii_-iii.  .1 

ally  the  combatant-  run  foul  of  ,-a.  h>>tlier;  the  bow-  ""'''.'r''  urlii  'V'' Vi,'''-l'  u','  i  '''i7i''il'''«'^^^ 

sprit  of  the  "  Fredie  "  pas-ed  in  os  rr  the  .juaiter  .leek  a,,. I  lui,' -i,  .if.i.i '.iiii  o..-  ii...  r.-o-.i-i.' ,L.y 

of  the  "Wasp,"    and    fuvin-    In  r  bows  up  int..  the  ii..  ,„.,  ri„  v..,. ......  ir„, ..;,..,,. 

wind.      This    enable.l    the    latter    to   throw  in    a  close  -V    Phila.lel|.lii.i    caiiealuii-t    materialize.!    ihe   i 

raking  broadside  that  i.r...luee.l  dreailfiil  havoc.  and  sent  lorth  a  e..l..rp.l  pi.  luiv  ealL.l    ■  .\  Wa-i 

The  crew  of  the  "  Wasp"  was  m,w  it!  a  slate  of  the      A   Fnoi.ir,  (,|:   a   .-iin..    |..l:.l.iilN    I'.t  i.i„  '   that 
higheste.Ncitement,  an. 1  e.,ul. In.,  lomj.r  ben-train, m1.      bv    hiimlre.ls    .lining'    the    eveiteinent    of   the    pn 
With  wild    sln.llts   they  l.ape.l    int..    the    tauu'le.l    rb.-      mind.      Fnder  th..  picture  urr,.  lb..  loUouin-  lim 
ging   before    Captain    J..iie-    .-oiihl   ihrovin   another  ••  a  iLr.,,  t....k  ;,  r.  ■;,. .  a,..i i  i.i. ,:,.;.  I:,. ii, 

and  uia.le  their  way  to  the. leeks  oft  be  "  Fr.. !!,■,"  with  •''■.  i.i-i-i!>  r,  i.ii.  ,..1 ., -...,,  ,.,  i..- -,a-.  ■ 

Lieutentmts    .lani.s    IVid.lle  ami    l;...lL'.rs.   wln.,wi!h  Captain  .Fom-,  iip.„i  bis  r.'tnrn  I,,  lb.-  r:nite.l  St: 

Lieutenant..  F!....lh,  Claxt.m  ami  Kapp,  ha.l  .■xb.il.iie.l  was   reeeis*.!    uilb    .l.im.n-tr.n  i..n-   of  ./r.itiiini,. 

the   most  un.lannte.l    e..iira..;e    thr..mj,...it  the  a.  tion.  a.lniir.iti,.n.      .\.  .■..r.linir  t..   tli.^  ii-nal  (  u-T..m,  a  .■. 

But  there  was  n,,on,.  1..  ....p..-.-tbeni.    Ihe  la.-t  bp.a.l-  of  in.|nirv  wa-  li.^M  on  his  .-..mlnct    in    ■jiMiiL'tip 

side  ha.l  carrie.l  .bath   ami  .li-i.iay  inl..  the  "  h  r..!!.',"  "   Wasp"    ami     In  r    prize,    ami    the    opini.,n    ot 

and    alnio-t    clear..!    h,-r  de.ks  of  active    men.     'Hie  .-..iirt  was.  "  That  the  condm  t  of  tl tlb  er- atnl  . 

wounded,  dviuir  and  dead  were  sirewii  iu  ev..rv  direc-  of   the  '  \Vasi.'-was    eminently  .li-lin_'ui-lie,l  for  !i 


In  thfCitios  which  (;n|. Clin  .ln„es  h:i.l  olc: 
v<s,  brilliant  .nrrrlainiunit.  were  -iven 
iiior.  The  [.CLrislutiire  nl  I  >clnu:ire  ■ah].,' 
.Munitloe  to  wait  mi  him  uith  thrir  tluink. 
ci.resa  "the  prhle  ami  |.U-;wurr"  tliev  felt   i: 


THK  WAR  OF  IsiJ-i.', 

[■arat'MP,   and      Teat,'  Siun  the'.s  str;',nc 


•IS'i 


on,  retreat  an. I  failure, 
I)earl-,)re3  :iir„t:iy ■.,:;•  ,l;-a-.ter>  i„  liie  Lake  ('hani- 
phiin  region,  ali  '.•.,:l^^iimtr■.l  to  roii„  t!ie  spirit  .if  th.' 
pooi>ie  and  teaeh  .i;e..i  -..i-.l  l.--.n-.  A  .Iw.  ipiine.l 
n;ivv  neve  I'aile.i  •  -.r.  uniliii  Ipline  1  army  n.'ver  tri- 
.nnp!ie.;.  (.'ana-i...  ll  <■  key  ..l'  lli,  sitnati..ii,  lav  ..pen 
I..  as.,.uit.  an.l  - 1  :•.  i;eta:-liip  w.ml.i  hav.^  eai.ture.l 


,,l    silver    plate   uiili    appn.priate    eiiLTavin--.     The  hi.-.tory  .>■"  the   nnrchei::    half  of  this  continent.     In- 

(•..mm..n   (■..ui.ril    ,,f   X,,u   York    v.,tp.|   hin:a     ^\or.],  ttliuet;.   c  ...Huaielers    pn>lo:)ge.l    the  war   far  l.ey.m.l 

an.l    als.i   the   "  fr,  e.L.m  of  the   .aty."     dn    m..tion..f  it..  r..i;nr-..;  ..;■, ration. 

11. .n.  .lames    .\.  I'.ayar.l.  th.'  C.n-res-,  ..f  th-    1   ;,i.c.!  Act ;vc  opei ationo  ....  tlie  Deiawar,'   h.i.l   n..t   l.egnn 

Males  appr.ipriat.'.l  twenty-ti ve  th..ns.u\.l  .I..ll..rs  as  a  in  1^12;   l.at   t -eeat'iions  were  nevertheless  taken   to 

i'oinpen.-a.li.>n  to  Captain  .Lines  ami   his  e.imp.ini.n].-,  '_'narl    a/iin-;    any   surprise   from   the  enemy.     The 

f.ir  their   L.ss   of  pri/e-ni.m.  y  oe.a-i..ne.l   i.y   the  re-  J 'ilav- are  I.- "i-laiiirc  n'et  in  special  session  at  Dover 

.■a|.tnre  ..f  tli.'  "  Kmlie."     Tliey  als.)  or.lere.l    a  2. .1.1  or.  the  ;>tii  of  Noi-emner.     The  (;..vern.)r  announee.l 

ne.lal  to  1.,'  pr.  >.ait.'.l  to  the  .aptain,  and  :i  silver  .me  dial  six   luirelre,!  mii,kets.  with   liayonets  ami  all   the 

I.,    ea,  h    ..f   hi-    ..lli.-ers.      Un    .me   si.le  was  a  lin-t  of  e(|ilipn;ents  ne.  essary.  ha.l  h.'Cn  .leli\  ere.l  t.i  the  mil- 

rapiaiii.T.,,,.-.     l,,i,r,  ,1.1:  -  .1  .\.  .mis  .I..N  [>.--V  iKTi-',     itia,  and  the  remainin- three  hinelr.-.l  , traete.l   f..r 

IN    \i:r>i  A  Ti  Ni'M."     On  the  r.'\ers.'  w .  tp  tw.i  ships  were  .'ei'-.U'  for  .lei;  very.     The  Assenil.ly,  at  this  ses- 

.■l..-ely   enL'a.j..l.   the    |.ow>prit    ..f   the    "Wasp"   he-  >ion,  T)assc.l   laws  for  di.strila::  mil'  an.l    keepinir   these 

tween  the   masts  of  the  -  Fr.,li,-."      Men   on    the  1...W  arms,  ami   ilien   a.lj..nrn..l.      In  a.l.liti.ni  to  these,  the 

of  the  "  Wasp"  in   the  act  of  l...ar.linL'  the  "  Fr.)lie."  .-tate  reeeive  1    five  hnn.ir.'.l  sian.ls  ,,f  arms   fr,,in   tli.. 

governin'Mit   an.l  .'.piii iits   tor  ti\e   hnn.lre.l   mns- 


(j^^irtziQui:":^^ ,, ' 


.3^^^ 


Kets,  as   its  .jm.t.i  in  tli.'  Loai.a-al   .listiil.iif ion  ..f  1.^12, 
pur--uant  t..  the  A.  t  ..1   ('..iiL'r.ss  ..f  April   2:;,  Hiis, 
"for  arniin._'  the   whol..   b.,.lv  of  tli..   militia  ,>f  the 
Unite,;  Siat.s." 

On   th.'   L'lith   ..f  l»..,a.ml.er,  1S12,   the    P.iitish  gov- 
ernment, I.y  an  ..r.ler   in  ('..uneil,  ih.  lare.l   the  Ches- 
apeake   an.l     D.laware     I'.avs    t..    he    in     a    state    ot 
blo.'ka.i.'.  ami    it  w.as  cvi.l.a.t  that  a  .l.termincil   etlort 
was  to  h.-  nia.le  t..  "ili.a-lise  tie'  Ameri.'aiis   into  sill. - 
mission."     n.f.r.' th.-  el..-.'  ..I    th.'   \e.ir  the   r,iii,M 
States  war-wssels  ami   pri vat.'.a'^  ha.l   .■aptnr.-.l   tlir.'.> 
lum.he.l    an.l    nin.t.'.-n    I'.ntish    ships,   a-^r.- itiriL    a 
value  of  .vlJ.hsiiiHM,.'     Ami  a   re-iil.ir  armv  of  fifty- 
five  th..usaii.l   m.  n  was   put    in   tlu-    fi.i.l,  t..   !..■    rein- 
nine  milil:iry   ilis|ii,-is,   .-a.  h    iiii.ier    ,i    .listri.  t    com- 
mander.    <tt' these.  I).'la.var.    .111.1  1'.  niisy  1  vaiiia,  li.nn 
its  eastern  limits   to   th.-   .MU-.-liaiiy   .M..untains.  .-..m- 
posed  the  K.,urtli.      iLlauai.'  Itay.  IlivIml'   I....11  spe.- 

ially  sel,'.  I.. 1   l.v   ih.-l'.rilish    lor'  military   ail. 1   miv.,1 
The      main-to|)inast     of     the     "Wasp"    sh.il    au.iv.      .ip.ral  i'.ns     eaiis.-.l     .'reat    exeit.a.ient    and     anxi.tv 
Legend:    "VicT.ntuM   ll..sii   .M.v.i.ii:!  ( 'i:i.i.i;i;im]:     ai..ii._Mh.- ...ast. 

K.M'i-fT.    K\i;i:i,fi:— lMi:it  \V.\sf,  X.w.  .\  mi.im.  i;r  Tim  tirsi  .■..mmissi,,ns  issm-.l   in    ls|:i  hv  f;overn..r 

l-'u..I,li',    .NaV.    A\.,.       Dif,    will    Oi  r..    M  |..  .  .  \ri.  '       Haslet.  .^1'  1  >.  I  iw.ir.-.  w.i.^  ■■r..nt.-.l  ..u  .laiiuar\    Ttlit.. 

<aptain.I..iiesals,,r......ive.iani.,resul,staMtial    t..ken       |e,„u.r    Laws   as    li.nt.nant    an.l    Thomas    IVppcr  as 

of  his  .oiintiy's  app,..l.ale,n.  I.y  hcing   pn.m..t..l   hy      eu-,^„  of  a  ...nipanv  ..f  lidit  inlaiitrv  atta.  he.l  to  the 
r.m._'r.-s   t..   the   .•..niman.l   ..i   the    fii^Mt.-   ■■M.1...I.,-      [.;,.,  L.iti  ili.m  ..f  th,'   r,i._'lilli    loL'iuieut.      'luo   hun- 

iiiaii,"  whi.h  ha.l  lal.'ly  1 n  .■.aptnr.-.i  tr.,111  the  |;,it-      ,1,-,.,1  aii.l  liftv  stan.ls  ,,[   anus  r.a-.-iv.-.l   from   th .v- 

ish   au.l   lak.ai    int..    the   servhe.      Li,ait..|iaut  r.i.l.ll,.         ..  .  ,  ,\  1  r.     1  ■  1     ,- 

als.,  shar.'.l  in  th,-  li.,n..rs-li,-sides  r.-eeiviu-    thanks,      y.','i,uZ<'u,UM:>;.TC:X\-2,n'^o^^^^  ]^i. 

was  pr,.s,-,ii,.,|  with  asilv.-r  urn  an.l  ine.lal.'  ','' "'"""'  "■' '  '"  '•""■■"-  -'""  """"  '-<  ^■''-  <'- v--'-"^ 


f-r^  i  -"  •'■/(  "\ 

,-,>#Ai: 

"  \V.\S1'  "    ON    A    '•  l-'KOI,I(-.' 


It   an.l 


val  viet..ri,-s  w.r,-  thus  ._.h,r 
alt,.u,l,-.l  the  Anuii,an  a 
.Isnrri-ml.-r,  th,-  i2iie,-n.st.,w  1 


^1 

iiisToiiv  OF  r>i:LA\VAi;iv  ,  g 


eriuiii-iit  wore  miu 

to  WiliiiinL'ton,  Ihr  s.-ii,i.c|uantity 

servire   in    AmericM   in    1X1:1   pro.'ee.h'd   first    lo    1'.,  r- 

to  New  Ca^tl.■.  an. 

1   on,'   hiiiHlr.-.l   and   lifty  to   l.rwis- 

inuda  witli  a  lar-o  land    fore.-,  and   a  heavy  su|>l.l^   ..t 

town;   and  ciaiiiii 

Hiit.   and    aiiiMuiliition    lor   llie   use 

IkuuIis  and  Con-nve  rorkcU.     f  In  ir  first  ai.|.earan.  e 

of  the  militia  at 

tho,e    places   were    al-o   forward.. 1. 

in  the  waters   of  the  Iniird   ^tal- wa^    cm   Felunarv 

Collfiiiler     Irvine-, 

tlie     MiiM.riiilciid.'iit     .d'    iiiililai-y 

dill,  when  they  were  .een  in  llie  Chesapeake  slundin- 

;<fortM  at    I'liila.lr: 

|.liia.  ;.l-o    hrld    liw    liiiiidrrd    iiui>- 

1. , wards  llamplon  Road..      I'he  llr.-t  eon-iM.'d  of  four 

kets.sul.jf.t   lu  tlu 

.  ord.  !•-  of  th.'   (iovcinor,  ol    whiell 

>eventy-fonr-i;-un   v,-srls,  iie^idr,    Iri-ate-,    hri^.    :ind 

one  liiiucli^d  ufrr 

onlrn-d    to  Ne«   Cattle,  to    the  rure 

seho,,n'ers    of    1,-,   forinidal.lr    .-!/.•.     dh.-    most     im- 

of     BriL.',uiifr-<irM, 

ral    Morkioi,;     one    linii.lrod    and 

portant    .d-  the.-,'  u  ere    iho    "  \| arlhoroie^^h,"  7-1,    Ad- 

tilty  to   Siiivrna, 

lo    (1,..    ear,-    01     llri.  adh  r-1  o'tieral 

miral  C'..ekl.nrn  ;    lb..-  '■  lira-ou."  7  1,  Caplain    K.rry  : 

Davis;  one  luiiulr 

edaud    fifty  to    Mdloi,.  to   llu-    rare 

the   ■■roirlieis,"  74.   (  oininandrr  Mr   John    V.  Here- 

of Brigadier-luiiei 

•al  Filler;  and  tlie  reiiiaininL'  hiiii- 

ford;  the"  Vi. -torious, "7-1,(^^.^11114^111.01  ;"  A.a.ta," 

ilred  were   sriit  t( 

1   Milfoid    under   eare  of  ll.e    (  iov- 

41,  Kerr;    "  Jum.n,"  :!s,  Kerr ;    "Stutira,"   ;;s,  Staek- 

ernor.     In    (ioven 

iior    llasKt-,-!    ni.'ssaL'e    of   January 

|.ole;    ".Mai.l-t..ne."    ".i..     lUirdetl  ;     "  llelvid.ra,"    ilC, 

i:.Uli,  lieinforiiK-.l 

the  I.,  ji-latiire  tliat,iu  arrordaiKe 

r.yron;   "  Narri~-us,"  iIl',  A.ylmei  ;    "  l,auri>tiiiu-,"  lil. 

witli    an    act   of  t 

he    L.-.-i^htturo,  he    liad    [.urebased 

(ior.loii;     "Tartara.,"    lio.    TaMc ;     an.l    ..ther-.      All 

nine  huiidieil   sta 

lids   of   arms,   and   .lelivered   tliree 

Southern  Virginia  wa.s  thrown  into  a  .state  of  excile- 

hundred  ami  twel 

ve  lo  New  Caslh'.  two  hundred  and 

luent  and   turmoil,  fearini,^  that  an   attack  wonhl   he 

seventy-six  to  Siii; 

irna,  and  llio  reiiiaininir  tliree  luiii- 

made  on  Norfolk  and  Hampton.     The  Heet  had  only 

p-^^.-z.. 

-^.--^...-v-:-^...^^ 

been  there  a  short  time,  however,  when  the  "  Poie- 

tiers,"  the  "  IJelvidera  "  and  sev.ral   smaller  vessels, 

i'V-.. 

t'l; 

including  the  schooners  -  La   Ta/  "  and  "  Ulysse.," 

r 

all    under  the    cininand    ..f    (ommo.b.re    IJere-lor.l 

' !  ■ 

1' 

were  sent  to  l.h.eka.le  the  l>.da»:ire.     Theirwork  was 
<|nick  and    etlective,  and    early   in   March   Delaware 
Kay  and  Kiver  were  in  a  stale  of  complete  blockade. 

^  ,-~Z-      '^    '  I        The  enemy  began  by  committini;  depredations  along 

y--     ^"-  J  both  sides  of  the  bay,  ami   eai.tiirinir  and  destroyin.L' 

:' ;!        the  small  craft  that   plb  d   on  the  river.     One  of  the 
Z*"^^    ct^  '.  l'        most  notable  of  iheir  ra[. lures  was  the  "Snapper,"  of 

Philadelphia,  which  was  said  to  have  receive.l  three 
hundred  bullet.s  from  the  three  Rritish  friirates  before 
she  surrendered.     The   anxiety  was   intense   in  the 
j:'',N-  ':^""^  tJ'-^  ;1        regions    blockade<l.     The    specie    in     the    banks   of 

|lT       .     n  "  :>^  ^  :  Wilmington  and   the   branch  of  the   Farmer:.'  Hank 

■;  js  ,■,  ^^?  '  4    i._y'-  -  1        at  New  Castle   were  sent   to    Philadelphia   tor  sale- 

jl.; -s;  4  \~3k^-s  ^  ■  keeping.     The  invasion  was  too  sudden,  however,  tor 

i,- %^~%^->  .'  I        the  people  or  State  and  national  authorities  to  make 

IT,    \       .-;:;•/  %|ii-^"  .  i        ample  preparation.     The  blocka.lii.ir  fleet  biirncl  all 

|>1^J-CC^  '"-"^V '■  I        the  smaller   vessels  they  encount.  re. 1,  ]. Inn. lere.l   ami 

'  U,;;'^:"!.'.  "l^^' '       'V_  "1        ransacked  the  houses  ahmg  the  shore  ami   subjeitcl 

"    '  '    \  _\    .         1 

dredaml  twelve  t.,  .Millou. 
*14,0:io.  As  s.M.n  as  tliis 
for  the  use  of  arms  lor  roii 
were  at  once  recidved  fro 
Smyrna,  Caotaiu  WriLdit,  ..I 
of  Milford,  an.l  Captain  ( 
Cedar  Creek. 

In  a  report  lai.l  I.elore  c,, 
the  entire  for.-.'  of  U.law: 
thousan.l  f.mr  humlr.-.l  ami  I 
six  thousan.l  lour  luimhrd  ; 

and  the  remainder  i -i^tiii 

riHemen.     DiuiiiL'  ih.-  \\  ini. 

was  largely    im-r.-a-.-.l     by    c.mimi^si.uis   j-riul,.!     t..      d.-mand  wa-   .lefianlly  relu-e.l    and   his  letter  w: 

volunteers.     The  Eriti-h  s.iuadr.jn  whiU  was  to  do      ferred   to   (i.)ver4i.ir   H.i-let.       He    sub-cnbt 


11   defeiisel. 

t  b 

.eimr      ; 

places.  Cm 

lions 

letter  t.i  L> 

.lays 

e.I; 
A.I 

,-,   of 

1,::^::.,:*:: 

y  an.l 

The  re.aip 

nuber 

in  Delaware 

■.1     t.. 

d.uiand  wa- 

to   do 

ferred   to    ti. 

THK  V 

.  AK 

<.»F   "M2-l'i. 

,.itioM  tuk-n   bv  tl 

:,.   iH.urle 

of  Lovist 

own 

:'a:iiP  Horn    tli 

.■  .urroiii 

uilte.l    one  ..i   hi. 

>ti.-  Unter 

■^   t,> 

ever   j^'Tviie- 

wore    >i 

More  ,.n    M:,r.l,    1 

.Illv   to    ol.-.TVr   to 

.':;.!,    in   «l 

lifh    hp   1 

aiii  . 

a-i.le    his  eati 

jiiu  toM 

HI   iiniiir(li:a.>  viol 

ati..n   of  tl 

le  law,  ..1 

■    llrV 

went  thion^h 

llie  cii!' 

.1  an  .-trriial  Mi-iii 

:i  on  the  ii; 

ition  of  u 

.--nn.l  ,v  and  tl 

;r>'  o!,l  I,: 

,der  what- 
MeXat 


nio,l,,re    replied    that    In-    re,|U.-[  was   no    more   tb.ai' 

■•  ma.-naniniity  ■•   demanded    shonid    l.e   .,l,-.Tved    l.y 

one  rnition  at  war  with   another,  and  added.  ■' i;   i--.   in 

my  power    to   de.Mn.y  y.,iir   town,  and    the    iv.|ii.  ,i    [ 

have    made    iipo,,    it    as   the    priee  of    its  -eenrily    is 

u.ither   diMre-Mie_'   nor    unn-nal.      I    inu.t,  tlnarlore, 

per-ist,  and  what.'Ver  mi lleri iiu'-  may  fill  upon  the  m- 

hal.itants  of  Lewi-town    niii-t   he  attrihnted   to  your- 

Mdves.  l,y  not  eoniplyiiiL-  with  a  request  so  easily  iie 

i|iiieseed    in."     fUit    tiie  people   of  that  hemic  trxvn 

.■iiletitly  preparocl  tor   the  defense  of  their  homes  and 

laeoiiieally  reiilit'd,  "We  soleflinly  refuse  to  eommit 

lo<4al  or  moral  treason  at   your  commaml.      1  >o  your 

worst."     P>om   Philadelph'ia   to  the  oeean   nien'ami 

women    worked    with    /eal    and    ardor   t.>    repel    tle^ 

attaeks  of  the  enemy,'     Alonu'  the  Jersey  sliore  there 

was    hss   aetivity  than    elsewliere,   owing    to   the   faet 

that  tliiekly->ettle.l  town-  w,Te  rare;  hut  whenever  an      .-ame  vicinity.      The  liri,i;  ■' L'oneord,'  (apLaiii  Stell- 

opportnnity  presented  its,  If  tor  defeiidiiiic  their  prop-      wa-i^'on,   was   hoarded    hy   a    midshipman   and    seven 

erty,  tlic  citizens  were  ea,Lrer  to -eize  it,  men  from   a  ter.der  of  the   hlockadini;  s.piadron,  hut 

At  rhiladelphia  the   mce-sary  preparation,  for  de-      he  hifdly  seemed  them  ami  e-eape<l  up  the  i).iy  under 
fcnse    were    euthusiastie.dly    made    and     vidtinteers     a   heavv    fojr.     Captain    r.urton,  of  the  jloop   "  X,w 
tria.lly  enlisted  to  man  Fort  Mitflin.  the  reu'idar  force     Jersey,"  was  captured  hy  the  tender  of  the  ■■  Uly.sses," 
luivini:;  been   taken  to  the  A\'est  under  Cidone!  Izard      but  afterwards  managed  to  e.-cape  with  his  vessel, 
and  Lieutenant-(?olonel  W'intiehl  Scott,  only  fourteen  GcernorHaalet  at  once  summoned  the  militia  to 

invaliils  remaining  hehind,  defend  Lewistown,  and  in  a  few  hours  a  thousand  men 

Throughout  the  entire  Slate  the  people  rose  in  were  stationed  there  under  arms,  A  scarcity  of 
their  might  to  iirotest  a'.'ain-t  the  insolence  of  the  ammunition  wtis  soon  turned  into  an  abundance  by 
Mritish  and  to  give  material  form  to  their  protests  hy  the  industry  of  the  citizens.  Wilmington  sent  Cap- 
shoiddi.'ring  arms  in  defeii-e  of  their  country.  On  tain  Warner,  of  the  Wilmington  troop  of  horse,  with 
the  receipt  of  Comiuoilore  his  company,  to  assist  in  the  defen-c  of  the  town, 
i/eii-  of  Dover  a.»^emldcd  in  Many  volunteers  joined  them,  aniirng  them  being  t'a|i- 
■s  eall   to  arm-.     Evervable- 


s;.on  1  ;:-ied    m    the    pivp 

araiions 

f.r  d.'ten-e   i 

md   ih. 

manuficlure  oi'  I'.ioriiion 

-  ot  a:r. 

fhe  Vetera 

11,  Cap- 

tain    r.cnnct,   of  the    i:,ie 

.11-    ■■  1). 

lauaie    r.lu. 

-."  wa- 

placed   in    control    of  ni. 

■:-nir-     t. 

.   he    taken   ; 

it    New 

t'a->le  and  the   h,itt. av  > 

hat  was  c 

•reeted  elose 

to   the 

town.      H-  was  made  col 

oiiel  of  il 

i.e  militia   at 

el   .- 1 

had  a  wed-di-riplined  to 

lantrv  and.,: 

rtilhrv. 

W  ihiungton  jiiaeed  Colo 

nel   Alle 

n    Me  Lane    i 

n   eoin- 

mand   of  all   defensive  [ 

.IMteedin 

L's.        In    the 

ine.iii- 

time  the  enemy  continui 

■d   tlieir 

depredation,. 

s.     The 

sloop   "Eliza     :ind    Mar 

y,"    Iroiii 

I'hiladelpl 

lia,    lor 

Lewistown,  was  hiiriit  ne. 

ar  Cedar 

Creek,  and  a 

paeket 

from   Charleston    was    rii 

111    a-hort 

■    at    the    m. 

.nth    ot 

I'ow.i  I'reek  and  al-o  hu: 

rued.      T. 

he  militia  of 

Lewis- 

town  and  Milh,,,  niauag, 

■d  to-ave 

a,-ehooller 

helong- 

in-   to   Colonel    I'ayner, 

whn  h    w 

as    attacked 

in   the 

the   Siind 

lav    f.dhe 

Heresford 

's  letter, 

rcsiionse 

to  the  dri 

bodied  m 

an,of  al 

1-..<1W.M.1, 

niii-tercd 

for   ser\ 

J<.nathaii 

MeXat, 

fought    it 

1    the    L\ 

id  nearlv  live  hundri 
F<,remo-t  .inioiig  the 
with    m.iiiv   otiier-  w 


HIST()i:V  OF   DKLAWAKK. 


tain  }[iititer,  <.l  l'liiLi.!,l|.hia,  arul.M 
of  the  L'liilt.l  Stui,.s:,riiiv.  The  N' 
Wiluiingtoii.innkTtlirroiHiiucii.l  ol 
were  unlfred  tu  :i^m  iiiMc  :it  tlic  i on 
Frencli  Slrett.s  ;il  ilir.  e  n.  I'n  k  r  M 
uiarLh  to  llie  .-1011:1,1  ul,,,v  ir.r  l.atteiy  u  a>  l.tin- 
erecteii,  mar  llie  (lici^Uana  .in.l  lliamlv  n  iii.  ,  to  rx- 
ereise  witli  liall  aii<l  1  arli  hl^ir  at  a  lioaliiij-  taiL:el.  In 
thesiiiiLctouii,u-c-oiiiiiiitlii-  ol.^ately"  wa.-oi-auv.td, 
iDclliiliti|j;  aiiioiit;  its  huhiIkts  Mi-asr.-i.  .Iaiii€.s  A. 
Bayard,  (Icorge^Mor.io,  Ouierlin.ljje  Horsey,  Dr. 
Janiea  Tiltoii,  L'a-ar  A.  Codiiey  and  W  iUiaiii  I'. 
Brobsori.  Darin- iNe  existiri- erneri,'eiicy  they  tixed 
upon  the  arsenal  as  a  plaee  ut  L'eneral  reinle/Aons, 
and  eslaldislied  a  si-nal  in  ease  ot  alarm,  eonsistin- 
of  the  rin-iug  of  the  toun  hell,  two  disrliar-es  ot 
cannon  anil  the  lieatiri-  ol'drums  at  llie  same  time. 
Another  preeaniiou  u.i,  the  .-xlinelion  ol  ihe  li-hts  in 
the  light-li.mse  on  (  ape  Hen  lop,  n,  wliirh  was  ordered 
by  the  Seeretary  ol  the  Trea-nry,  thr(jii;_'h  Colonel 
Allen  McLane,  eolleetor  of  the  .ii.-triet  of  Delaware. 
On  April  ^4th  the  Philadelphia  Comity  Cavalry, 
Captain  James  Miles,  marehed  from  I'liiladelphia  to 
Lewes,  and  the  next  day  other  coiii[)anies  ami  re-i- 
raent3  were  ordered  to  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to 
march  iiniler  the  eominiiml  ol'  (leneral  U.  Wli.ii  ton. 
The  British  still  lay  111  the  Delaware,  eontmnin- 
their  petty  de.striietion  and  -oiiiir  to  -reater  extremi- 
ties whenever  an  opportunity  presented.  .Vnoul  the 
last  of  March  they  captured  the  "  Monlc  s,|nieu"  elf 
the  Capes,  which  paid  tliem  well  tor  their  trouMe. 
The  shii.  helonued  to  .Stepheni  iiianl,  oll'luladelpliia, 
and  bad  sailed  for  C. niton  in  Hlo.  .s^he  was  now- 
returning  laden  with  a  cargo  valued  at  one  and  a  half 
millions  of  dollar-i.  The  ca[itaiii  was  unaware  that 
war  had  been  declared,  and  when  aln;o-t  ,it  home  the 
vessel  was  eaptiired.  ( iirard  alterwar,ls  ransomed  it 
for  one  hundred  and  ei,.dity  thousand  dollars  i,, 
ajiecie. 

Ou  April  (jth,  Governor  Haslet  convened  the  I>egs- 
lature  in  extra  .session,  and  informed  them  of  the 
particulars  concerning  Commodore  Berestord's  de- 
mands on  Lewistown,  and  the  measure;!  taken  hy 
himself  for  its  defense.  He  stated,  however,  that  he 
had  proceeded  no  farther  than  the  emergoncy  rcpiired, 
and  asked  the  Assianlily  to  t.ike  such  action  as  might 
be  deemed  expeilient.  The  matter  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  committee  of  live.  t_)n  the  same  day 
the  bombardment,  which  had  threatcmd  lawistowu 
for  three  weeks,  was  begun  by  the  Krltish.'  I,.iie  in 
the  afternoon  the"  lielvelera"  ami  two  sm;ill  vcs-^•ls 
bore  (h)wn  on  the  town  and  l.eganthe  altark  hy 
firing   a    numlier   of    thirty-tWi.-i.ound    shot.     Tiicse 


.  IT.  Tl 


'.i.ert  ( 

•arr. 

e  lol 

low 

ed   hv 

a  fl, 

Corp: 

\   of 

oft 

he    • 

■  n. 

•Ivnl.i 

■a." 

•1  .Mel. 
-eroml 

■'mi 

M.i 

leh  1 

lill 

1,  with 

the 

le    ^tti 

the 

treio 

fthet 

own 

dies."      .\s 
■L'an     the 


Col 

<me 

1   Da 

vis    vonr 

hsate,!    to 

1  n 

lessa: 

:e  tl 

lat    •■ 

Colonel 

D.ivis    is 

d 

has 

aire 

adv    1 

taken   ca 

re    ..f    the 

this 

The 

Ih 

■lied 

consist,'! 

1     ,.f    l,,iir 

recteil  the  o]ieral  i.iiis  wi 

th    skil 

Inch  1 

1  and  c, 
a'wistow 

u'V-y  I 

!n"al',t!l'hv'ihe'wel'i''lm 

hiMLo-i 
■,  ;.  d  s 

1  a    th 

pounder.      I'.eing  igiiina 
might  continue,  u  dispal 
Davis  to  the  Governor  r 

nt    ol 
eh  wa 
e.|msl 

■::::;, 

.11-    th 
d,',l   l.v 
pplyo 

'the  sand  hv  tl 

he  Ihiv 

s  ami  r. 

■turne,lt,ithe. 

m 

the    sli,,re      I: 

Uteri,' 

-.     The 

iM.mliai.lnn'ii 

Ue, 

1     lor     twenlv 

emis. 

The      r.ritish 

;irh 

,-  eight  humli, 

',i  thin 

iv-tw,.  : 

in,|    ei-hte,-n-| 

,t  1 

ntothep.wn.i 

n  a,M) 

ti,,n  to 

kei 
111,. 

ts.     The  n.ek, 
nt    .-lleet,    whi 

■ts    pa- 
!,■   th,' 

,se,l     hi; 

-h     ,n,r    the    1 
fell    sin.rt,    ol 

.rk, 

and  were,',|U 

allv  Ik 

irmh^ss. 

.V  le.vli..nse 

TllH  WAi;  (»F  \> 


289 


,l.,iiia-o.l,  but  no  one  w:i.i  woini.lr,!.      A  t\-w  (iav 

s  after 

letter  fn 

li.e  en^'iiiciiiLMit  a  \\>t  of  ••  killr.l  :iii.l    woundea 

"    was 

that Ibr 

et-  liundr 

buinoiou-sly  prepun-il  by   ,i  ua;_'.  jiid  the  enurue 

ration 

militia  1 

lad  been 

c'>n»i^ted  of  "  one  cliiukeri  kiil'd  and  cue  pi,!;:  woi 

in.bMl, 

theywn 

oldsHiid. 

1,.,'   broken."     The    inhabitant-^    of   Lewi^towr 

1     ron- 

ton  an.l 

the  Mar 

d.Ktcd    tbein.selve3    eoolly   and  bravely.     The 

pilots 

h.'.liMi 

lar-edth. 

wiici    were  stationed   near    by  were  deserving' 

of  the 

dWondii 

[,L'   Lewi. 

hi_'hest  praise. 

pany  of 

the  inli; 

irnwliirbpla. 
-tie,  Wihnini 
iu.„ee   of  tb 


On  the  afternoon  of  the  7th  the  i^.iilors  imin  the 
liritish  g(]Hadron  iittempted  to  latid  in  a  number  of 
^rllall  boats.  The  militia  on  the  beach  ^ave  them 
such  a  warm  reception,  however,  that  they  gladly 
be.it  a  hasty  retreat.  On  the  8th  the  enemy  withdrew 
to  the  Cap^s. 

Pelensive  measures  continued  thron<:hont  the 
State.  At  Wilmin}:ton  the  citizens  and  tliuse  in  the 
vicinity  built  Fort  Union.  It  commanded  the  Chris- 
tiana, and  made  any  approach  to  the  city  e.Ktremely 
perilous.  Several  gun-boats  left  New  Castle  for 
Bombay  Hook  to  patrol  the  surrounding  waters.  The 
Legislature  had  also  been  busily  engaged  in  consider- 
ing the  means  of  defense.  The  committee,  which 
had  been  appointeil  on  April  ikh  to  consider  Governor 
Haslet's  message,  handed  in  an  extensive  report  on 
the  9th.  They  had,  during  the  interval,  been  informed 
of  the  attack  on  Lewistown.  and  were  influenced  by 
it  in  their  deliberations.  Mr.  Clayton,  who  prepared 
the  report,  severely  reprimanded  the  general  govern- 
ment "  for  not  having  taken  greater  pains  to  protect 
the  coast  of  Deliware,  as  the  .State  was  exposed  for  a 
distance  of  one  hundred  miles,  and  liable  at  any 
moment  to  an  attack  from  the  enemy."  No  aid  had 
been  furnished,  with  the  exception  of  the  loan  of  a 
few  hundred  muskets.  The  bombardment  of  Lewis- 
town  was  announced  to  the  President  by  a  dispatch 
from  the  Governor  of  the  State,  and  a  request  was 
forwarded  for  ordnance  and  ammunition,  but,  as  yet, 
no  re-iponse  had  been  received.  In  view  of  these 
consideration.s,  in  addition  to  the  probability  that  the 
enemy's  attacks  would  be  renewed  on  Lewistown  and 
other  exposed  places,  the  committee  submitted  the 
following  resolutions  : 

"  Be  it  resolved  unanimously  bv  the  Senate  and  tiie  Ilou'e  of  Repre- 
B.^ntativea  of  llie  State  of  Dfl.iware,  in  (jeneral  ,\s3onibly  met,  tliat  the 


the  l.att.  rirs,  and  a  small  d.'taehment  of  cavalry. 
Arrangements  uo,e  also  made  to  have  these  placed  iti 
the  pay  of  the  United  States.  It  was  in  this  same 
message  that  the  first  suggestion  was  made  to  use  the 
Pea  Patch  as  the  site  for  a  fort.  The  Governor  ad- 
vised the  appropriation  of  a  sum  of  money  for  the 
erection  of  fortiiications  on  the  island,  believing  that 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  would  follow.  As  the 
United  .States  would  not  build  a  fort  on  any  site  not 
belonging  to  the  general  government.  Delaware  soon 
ceded  the  island  to  the  United  States. 

On  April  27th  Assistant  Adjutant-Geueral  C.  K. 
Gardner  announced  the  appointments  for  the  various 
military  districts.  Those  of  the  Fourth,  consisting  of 
Peiin-ylvania  and  Delaware,  were  Brigadier-General 
Jos,.|ili  Bloomfield,  commander;  William  Duane, 
adjutant-general;  Lieutenant  Robert  Dunn,  of  the 
Twenty-second  Infantry,  assistant  adjutant-general  ; 
William  Linnard,  deputy  quartermaster-general ; 
Captain  Henry  Philips,  Sixth  Infantry,  district  pay- 
master; Lieutenant  Thomas  Clark,  Second  Artillery, 
assistant  topographical  engineer;  John  B.  Waldron, 
assistant  deputy  commissioner  of  ordnance;  Cadwall- 
ader  Irvine,  commissary-general  of  purchases  ;  and 
Richard  Parker,  military  storekeeper  at  Carlisle, 
William  C.  Bennet  at  New  Castle,  and  D.  Kirkpal- 
rick  at  Wilmington.' 


iisly,  that  the  Presii 


.  T./iitU  K.'simcnt  ; 
I-L-iiiieul;  Uich.iril 
:.M,I  .l..hi,   Kveret 


These  resolutions  prochiced  the  desired  etl'ect.  for 
when  the  Assembly  met  on  .Vpril  2oth,  the  Governor 
was  able  to  state  that  the  United  States  had  loaned 
the  State  four  eighteen-poundcrs  for  the  defense  ol' 
Lewistown,  and  cannon  and  ammunition  for  New 
Castle  and  Wilmington.  He  had  besides  recdved  a 
VJ 


200 


IIIST< 


)F  DHLA^VAK; 


On  April  l"2tli.  Cdvcrimr  Hn-Ut,  in  coiiroqiuiK-e  r.f 
the  danger  tiitii  threat. umL'.  or_'anizi.(!  the  militia  of 
the  State,  piiisiiant  U>  liir  rr.|ni-itioii  of  the  Vresich'nt 
of  the  United  Statt-^,  into  the  Inlhnving  L-oinpanies  : 
Aiiiwell  Long.  Tenth  U.-imrnt,  (■ol.,nel;  John  Moody^ 
Third  lleginient,  and  t'nrMrliii^  1'.  C.i:no-;,>,  Fifth 
Regiment,  majors.  Tlif  oillc.r-<  of  ilio  First  C'  i.i- 
pany,  First  ru'giincnt,  were  William  .Mcore,  captain  ; 
John  Whitiauan,  liiutonant  ;  and  John  Morgan,  en- 
sign, with  thirty-six  uon-roinni'ssiontu  officers  and 
privates.  The  »S<'cond  Company,  Firsf  Regiment, 
consisted  of  Jacob  Sliarply,  captain  ;  AmorTa'dej, 
lieutenant;  and  Davis  C  Wil-ou,  ensign,  witl;  sixty- 
one  non-commissioned  otlicers  and  privates.  The 
Third  Comiiany,  First  Regiment,  was  ottieered  by- 
Joshua  Holmes,  captain  ;  James  Jordan,  lieutenant ; 
and  James  Armor,  ensign,  with  sixty-four  non-com- 
missioned otTicers  and  [irivates.  The  Second  Regi- 
ment consisted  of  George  R.  Massey,  captain  ;  John 
Graves,  lieutenant;  Sam'l  Fergusson,  ensign,  and 
sixty-one  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates. 
The  Third  Regiment  consisted  of  Isaac  Gibbs,  captain  ; 
William  Bowman,  lieuteiiant;  John  Taylor,  ensign, 
and  seventy-seven  non-commissioned  oflicers  and 
privates.  The  Fourth  Regiment  was  officered  by 
James  Chippen,  captain  ;  Joseph  Parsons,  lieutenant ; 
James  Hart,  ensign,  with  eighty-one  non-commis- 
sioned officers  and  privates.  The  officers  of  the  F^irst 
Company,  Fiftli  Regiment,  were  Benjamin  Wallace, 
captain;  William  Seney,  lieutenant;  Peter  Meredith, 
ensign,  with  forty-eight  non-commissioned  officers 
and  privates.  The  Second  Company,  Fil'th  Regiment, 
consisted  of  Philemon  Green,  captain ;  Thomas  Candy, 
lieutenant;  Draper  Voshell,  ensign,  with  forty-nine 
non-commissioned  officers  and  privates.  The  Sixth 
Regiment  was  composed  of  John  Booth,  captain; 
Reuben  Anderson,  lieutenant;  Archibald  Cahall,  en- 
sign, and  eighty  non-commissioned  officers  and  pri- 
vates. The  Seventh  Regiment  was  otHcered  by  Stephen 
Redden,  captain;  James  Deputy,  lieutenant;  John 
Hayes,  ensign,  and  sixty-five  non-commissioned 
officers  and  privates.  The  First  Company,  Eighth 
Regiment,  consisted  of  Peter  F.  Wright,  captain; 
John  Swain,  lieutenant ;  Cornelius  Coulter,  ensign, 
and  sixty-seven  non-commissioned  officers  and  pri- 
vates. The  Second  Company,  Eighth  Regiment,  was 
composed  of  John  Kolloch,  captain  ;  Jehu  Hill,  lieu- 
tenant; Nottingham  Wine,  ensign,  and  sixty-five 
non-commissioned  oiRcers  and  jirivates.  In  the 
Ninth  Regiment,  Josiah  Polk  was  captain;  Henry 
Wallace,  lieutenant  ;  and  James  Conweli,  ensign, 
withsixty-four  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates. 


vegimeni 


,-lU 


rompaiiy,  Si> 


K<-^in 


Hay  i 


V.  Cro.  k.'tt,  tnsitrn,  and  sixty-six  non-cornmi--ion.  d 
otfice.'s  and  pr'.ai's.  (Jf  the  two  companies  of  arlill- 
ery,  the  First  Company  consisted  of  Caleb  I',  llen- 
pet,  ci'ptaMi;  .1  vnes  K.  Black,  lieutenant,  and  t«  eiiiy- 
c-ii;lit  iion-i  imiiiissioned  officers  and  ]>rivates  ;  aiol 
iiie  '-^•?e<:id  C'.).;i piMiy,  of  James  Stuart,  captain; 
.fi.hn  :.!any,  tir-t  lietitenant:  Waitman  Lipple,  second 
lie:it jiiaiit,  and  thirteen  non-commissioned  otlicers 
ai)d  piivates.  A  company  of  cavalry  Wivs  also  organ- 
ized oiHler  Jamc-!  Miles,  captain;  Henry  Whitely. 
first  i:e(ite;;anl ;  -fohn  Herdman, second  lieutenant,  and 
Iv.'enty-tnree  non-com.missioned  officers  and  privates. 
On  Aprii  :iSth,  the  Secretary  of  War  having  made 
the  following  re<iu:sition  on  the  detached  militia  of 
the  State,  the  Governor  gave  the  necessary  orders  : 
Infantry,  one  lieutenant-colonel,  one  major,  three 
captains,  three  tiist  lieutenants,  three  second  lieuten- 
ants, three  third  lieutenants,  three  ensigns,  three 
hundred  lank  and  tile,  one  surgeon's  mate;  artillery, 
two  captains,  two  firs!;  lieutenants,  two  second  lieu- 
tenants, two  third  lieutenants,  two  ensigns,  two  hun- 
dred rank  and  file  and  one  surgeon's  mate,  all  to 
lendezvous  at  New  Castle  as  quickly  as  possible,  and 
to  report  to  General  Bloomfield,  commander  of  the 
district.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Armwell  Long  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  detachment  ordered  out, 
and  with  him  were  sent  Major  John  Moody,  Captain 
Isaac  Gibbs,  Lieutenants  James  Jordan,  William 
Bowman  and  John  Grove,  Ensign  James  Armor,  and 
all  the  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates  de- 
tached from  the  Third  Regiment  and  from  the  re- 
spective companies  of  Captains  Beeson  and  Crips  in 
the  First  Regiment;  also  Captain  John  Booth,  Lieu- 
tenants Joseph  Parsons,  Reuben  Anderson  and  Wil- 
liam Seney,  and  Ensign  Draper  Voshell,  and  all  the 
non-commissioned  officers  and  privates  detached 
from  the  Sixth  Regiment  and  from  the  Second  and  ■ 
Fourth  Com]ianies  of  the  Fourth  Regiment;  Captain  i 
Josiah  Polk,  Lieutenants  James  Duputy,  Isaac  Can- 
non and  Jehu  Hill,  and  Ensign  Joseph  V.  Crockett, 
and  all  the  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates 
detaclied  from  the  Ninth  Regiment;  Captain  Caleb 
P.  Bennet,  First  Lieutenants  James  R.  Black  and 
John  JIany,  Second  Lieutenant  Waitman  Lipple, 
and  all  the  non-commissioned  otlicers  and  privates 
detached  from  the  respective  companies  of  artillery 
attached  to  the  First  and  Second  Brigades.  The 
number  of  artillery,  however,  fell  short  of  that  re- 
quired by  the  requisition,  and  on  May  13th  ihe  Sec- 
retary of  War  ordered  the  Governor  to  make  up  the 
deficiency  in  infantry,  and,  in  case  of  emergency, 
call  forth  another  battalion  of  drafted  militia  com- 
posed of  tlii  same  number  of  officers  and  privates  as 
was  demanded  in  the  former  requisition.  Governor 
Haslet  considering  that  such  an  emergency  then  ex- 
isted, at  I'liec  i>siied  Lreneral  orders  ordering  Captains 
.Toshiia  llolinrs  and  William  Moore,  Lieutenants  Ar- 
mor. Ttillv  aiulvluhn  Whiteman,  Ensigns  .Samuel  Fer- 


THE  WAR  OF  1812- 


291 


pii-'>n  an'l  Jolin  Taylor,  and  all  the  non-conHtii:-:^inne'l 
ollicoM  and  privates  of  the  First  ;<i;J  Seeniel  ne>:i- 
iiu'iits;  iiiul  Ciiptiiiii  Philemon  (Ireen,  Ensign  Jmiies 
JIart,  and  all  the  non-eoinniis-tioned  otiieer.s  and  pri- 
vates of  tlie  Fourth  and  Fifth  Regiments  to  rendez- 
\uiH  immediately  at  New  C:i-tle.  Major  Cornelius 
r.  Coinegys,  Ca[itains  Benjamin  F.urton  and  Sleplieu 
Redden,  Lieutenants  .John  Swain  aiid  Henry  Wal- 
laee,  and  Ensigns  John  (.'.  Hayes  and  James  Con- 
well,  and  all  the  non-eonimi>Moned  officers  and  pri- 
vates of  the  Seventh,  Eighth  and  Tenth  Regiments 
were  ordered  to  rendezvous  at  Lewistown.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  four  lieutenants  from  the  'regiments 
composing  the  'First  Brigade  and  three  from  those 
composing  the  Second  Brigade  were  ordered  to  Xew 
C:V3tle,  and  four  lieutenants  from  the  regiments  com- 
posing the  Third  Brigade  were  ordered  to  Lewis- 
town. 

April  29tli  and  May  3d  the  British  ships  in  the 
Chesapeake  landed  parties  which  burned  and  plun- 
dered Frenchtown  and  Havre  de  Grace,  then  depots 
of  quite  a  lively  trade  between  Wilmington  and 
Baltimore.  A  little  later  they  burned  Georgetown 
and  F>edericktown,  on  Sassafras  River.  Coasting 
and  bay  trade  was  stopped,  and  tlie  name  of  Admiral 
Cockburn  became  a  terror.  Commodore  Beresford, 
with  his  squadron,  was  in  Delaware  Bay,  and 
alarms  were  frequent  along  the  shores,  caused  by 
marauding  parties  of  the  enemy  seeking  provisions 
and  fresh  iwater.  Col.  Davis'  force  of  militia  was 
active  and  vigilant,  but  without  gun-boats,  unable  to 
be  everywhere  present.  Tlie  enemy,  selecting  the 
time  and  place  for  his  raids,  frequently  succeeded  in 
stealing  sheep,  poultry  and  some  cattle  ;  but  to  se- 
cure a  supply  of  fresh  water  recjuired  so  much  time 
that,  through  the  vigilance  of  the  settlers,  information 
was  signaled,  and  a  force  despatched  which  always 
succeeded  in  driving  the  enemy  from  the  fresh-water 
ponds.  Gov.  Haslet,  recognizing  the  gallantry  and 
skill  of  Col.  Davis,  complimented  tliat  otficer  and 
his  command  by  letter  of  April  19,  181.3,  for  the 
zeal,  activity  and  patience  with  whicli  he  had  defend- 
ed the  State.  If  the  people  of  the  Stirfe  were  kept 
in  continual  apprehension  by  the  enemy,  the  situa- 
tion of  the  British  was  not  altogether  satisfactory. 
The  removal  of  buoys  rendered  the  navigation  of 
the  crooked  and  tortuous  channel  difficult  for  all 
classes  of  vessels  and  impossible  for  the  large  ships 
of  the  fleet,  which  could  only  lay  off  and  on  at  the 
capes,  suffering  for  fresh  provisions  and  water. 

Commodore  Beresford's  squadron  sailed  for  Bermu- 
da bite  in  April  and  left  in  their  place  the  "  Statira" 
and  the  "  Spartan  "  frigates,  and  the  "  Martin  "  sloop- 
of-war,  with  some  tenders  and  barges,  commanded  by 
Commodore  Stackpoole.  On  Sunday,  the  iJOth  of 
May,  these  vessels  stood  up  the  Dehiware  with  u  fair 
wind.  Expresses  were  immediately  sent  out  to  alarm 
the  country.  The  Delaware  volunteers  assem- 
bled. The  Philadelphia  Independent  Blues  were  or- 
dered to  march  from  Camp  Staunton  to  New  Castle. 


The  other  eompani.'s  stood  upon  their  arms,  ready 
for  service  in  whatever  direction  they  should  be 
needed.  The  British  forces  contented  themselves 
with  stretcliing  up  the  bay  as  far  as  Reeily  Inland, 
where  they  captured  and  burnt  some  shallo[)s  and 
small  cralt,  and  then  returned. 

On  the  loth  of  May  the  tirst  detachment  of  volun- 
teers hail  marched  from  Philadelphia  to  Delaware, 
under  the  command  of  Col.  Lewis  Rush.  It  consisted 
of  the  Philadelphia  Blues,  Capt.  Henry  Jlyers  ;  the 
Independent  Volunteers,  Capt.  .Samuel  Bnrden  ;  and 
the  Washington  Guards,  a  crack  company.  Each  of 
these  companies  consisted  of  one  hundreil  privates, 
tit'tceu  officers  and  two  musicians.     In  four  days  they 


WASHI.VGTi; 


road. 


reached  Staunton,  on  the  Bait 
below  Wilmington.  Here  a  permanent  encampment 
was  formed  under  the  command  of  Cien.  Bloomtield, 
but  the  atlair  of  ilay  29th  showed  the  necessity  of 
giving  protection  to  those  portions  of  Delaware  high- 
er up  the  river.  It  was  rumored  that  the  enemy  in- 
tended to  make  an  attempt  to  destroy  Dnpont's  pow- 
der-mills on  the  Brandywine.  Col.  Rush  was  ordered 
to  take  up  a  new  position  on  Shellpot  Hill,  three 
miles  north  of  Wilmington  and  one  mile  from  the 
Delaware  River,  covering  the  place  of  debarkation 
at  Hamilton's  Landing.  On  the  2d  of  June  Camp 
Staunton  was  abandoned,  and  the  troops  marched  to 
Camp  Shellpot,  where  they  continued  until  about  the 
12th  of  July,  »-hen  they  took  up  a  new  station  at  Oak 
Hill,  near  Stille's  Run,  four  miles  west  of  ^Vilmington 
and  Jour  miles  south  of  Du  Pout's  powder-mills.  Alter 
the  British  dcsceudeil  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  Camp 
Oak  Hill  was  broken  up,  and  on  the  2Sth  of  July  the 
Philadelphia  tro.-^-.s  reached  home. 


HISTOIIY  OF  DHLAWARK. 


Wl, 


these  movements  of  tin 


I  were  tukiii'j      successful  e:imp:iii.'ii    of 
place,  :ui.l  t.ther  mca-iires  of  ilcfcii>e  pri.iiMPti.l.  the      Moscow  h;i'l  L'rr;itl\  iiu n 
liritishsqiiudronha.!  I.y  no  means  left  Iieluw.ire  i;;iy:      ident    ^ru.li-.n     «h..    h:v 
in  fact,  it  was  their  pit-eiice  tljat  in-[>ired  the  people      peace,  tlieretorc  ca-   riv  - 
to   energetic   action.      On   one  occasion   llie   British      by  .M.  l>.ir,ihk..inM  proif.' 
forces  ran  a  shallop  intoC'ohansey  Creek,  and  an  otlicer 
proceeded  to  Bridireton,  New  Jersey,  representing  that 
he  bad  come  as  a  tlag  of  truce.  The  American  officers 
stationed  there  were  suspicious,  however,  and  accom- 
panied him  to  In's  boat,  wliere  they  found  about  tilteen 
hogsheads  filled  with   water   from   the   creek.      The 
olBcer  and  crew  were  taken  into  custody  and  the  shal- 
lop condemned  as  a  prize.' 

On  the  night  of  April  21st  considerable  alarm  was 
spread  among  the  jieoplc  living  in  tlie  vicinity  of  Little 
Creek.  The  schooner  "  Pilgrim,"  a  tender  at'  the 
'■  Poictiers,"  sailed  up  the  bay  and  anchored  off  the 
mouth  of  the  creek,  while  a  barge  with  tsventy-two 
men  was  sent  up  as  far  as  Taylor's  Gut.  Two  men 
landed,  one  of  whom  proved  to  be  a  >i'ew  England 
captain,  who  stated  that  he  was  a  prisoner  on  the 
"  Poictiers,"  and  had  been  promised  his  freedom  if  he 
succeeded  in  procuring  a  supply  of  food.  His  story 
was  not  credited,  however,  and  he  and  his  companion 
were  held  as  prisoners.  On  the  morning  of  the  22d 
the  "Pilgrim's''  lieutenant  came  up  with  fourteen 
men  and  a  flag  of  truce  to  Little  Creek  Landing  and 
endeavored  to  secure  the  release  of  the  two  men. 
They  were  unsuccessful  in  this,  and  for  the  nest  thir- 
ty-six hours  sought  revenge  by  committing  every  pos- 
sible depredation  on  the  property  of  those  residing 
along  the  creek.  Although  entirely  cut  otT  from  as- 
sistance, and  destitute  of  a  supply  of  arms  and  ammu- 
nition, the  people  arose  to  a  man  and  olfered  a  res- 
olute opposition  to  the  incursion,  and  finally  drove 
the  marauders  off.  The  American  captain  was  lodged 
in  jail  at  Philadelphia.  On  April  29th  several  hun- 
dred of  the  British  landed  at  Fishing  Creek,  on  the 

Jersey  shore,  and  before  a  force  could  be  gathered  to     '-Joa-ph  ;/..,*/,  Goifm^r  r^/ihefiiieofDeimr 
oppose  them,  they  had  seized  one  hundred  and  twen-        ^^  "  , -I'tji,- 

ty-nine   sheep   and     forty-five   cattle   and  departed,     tiii?  stiito  fs  n..>v  -        :    ,!        ,    :  ,  - 
These  robberies  and  attacks   continued  until  about     ^''*'  liriti-h  f^i: .         :    ■   ;     .  i 

the  middle  of  !May,   when,  as  has  been  stated,  the     on\he  liran.ivuii.l',  i    iiiiv..   iii/.n-ht   in 
"  Poictiers  "  and  "  Belvidera  "  sailed  for  the  Bermudas     enififc-'^nc.v  by  w..rr.ini  tu  tuconimeini  yi.u  to 

for  a  supply  of  fresh  water,  of  which  they  had  long     «i„ein iimMr-.i  in  n.-w  cu^ti,. County. 

been  in  need.     Just  before  sailing  from    the  Capes,        "TIm-  .ui,  i  :,    -   ;  t.  mierfcre  with  rv 

however,  they  made  one  last  attempt,  and  lowered     ,',i 

their  barges  to  go  into  Xewbold's  Point.     Col.  Davis     f" 

anticipated  their  intention  and  sent  a  hundred  and 

fifty  men  from  Lewistown  to  the  Point,  and  fru-trated 

their  plans.     As  soon  as  they  had  put  out  to  sea,  all     jj 

the  buoys  which  they  had  placed  in  the  bay  were  im-     ,, 

mediately  taken  up  by  the  Americans.  p 

It  was  about  this  time  that  the  government  rccog-  j 
nized  the  genius  of  one  of  Delaware's  most  famous  ^| 
statesmen  and  honoretl  Senator,  James  .\.  Bayanl,  with  ^.^ 
an  appointment  as  one  of  the  comini-^ionrrs  to  mgo-  |, 
tuite  a  tre:itv   with  lireat  Britain,-     Napoleon's  un- 


liiis~ia's  pre-tigi'.  l're>- 
«ays  |,e,-n  anxious  f.,r 
i  the  opportunity  .Mcred 
themediati.,iiofU,i-ia 
u.  a  no^ansof  .srltliug  tlie  di-pute  ali.Hit  which  war 
na-  then  raL-iiig  bcf.vcen  Cx-at  Britain  ami  the 
rnit^'d  States.  In  cuijunctiou  wuh  .'Mr.  Bayard,  h,' 
tifqiointed  Albert  Gallatin,  then  Secretary  of  the 
Tri'a>ury,  as  a  second  commir^sioner,  both  to  confer 
with  .lohn  linincy  Adams,  then  the  American  min- 
ister at  St.  Petersburg.  As  soon  as  these  appointments 
were  announced,  the  Russian  secretary  of  legation 
at  WashiiiL^'ton  lelt  for  the  Delaware  capes  and 
arranged  with  the  Biiti-h  S'luadron  for  the  sailing  of 
the  commissioners,  :ind  in  May,  1S13,  Messrs.  Bayard 
and  Gallatin  lelt  New  i.'astle  in  the  cartel  ship  "Nep- 
tune" for  St.  Petersl)uru'. 

Commodore  Stac-k[ioiile,  with  his  licet,  continued 
their  predatory  attacks  on  both  sides  of  the  bay,  to  the 
general  annoyance  and  uneasiness  of  all  the  inhab- 
itants. The  universal  complaint  was,  th.at  the  coun- 
try was  too  sparsely  settled  to  render  any  concerted 
action  possible,  and  while  a  considerable  force  might 
be  mustered  at  a  particular  spot,  the  enemy  could 
sail  up  or  down  the  bay  and  commit  whatever  devas- 
tation they  desired  before  the  land  force  could  be 
moved.  To  prevent  this,  the  Philadelphia  Committee 
of  Defense  began  to  organize  a  Meet  of  gun-boats  to 
cruise  in  the  Delaware  liiver  and  Bay. 

A  rumor  that  the  British  intended  to  make  a  bold 
attack  on  the  numerous  manufacturing  establish- 
ments on  the  Brandywine  induced  Governer  Haslet 
to  form  two  emergency  companies  for  their  protection. 
On  May  loth  he  issued  a  number  of  warrants  to  offi- 
cers  of  these  companies,  of  which  the  following  is  a 
copy: 

"DnvF.K,  May  1-,  ISn. 


Those  to  whom  warrants  were  issued  for  offices  in 
le  Christiana  Hundred,  all  being  manufacturers  em- 
loyed  on  the  Brandywine,  were  Eleuthen  Irene  Du 
out,  captain;  Raphael  Duplanty,  first  lieutenant; 
ames  Phelp,  second  lieutenant;  George  Hodgson, 
lird  lieutenant ;  Charles  Dalmar,  ensign.  The  otli- 
;rs  appointed  in  Brandywine  Hundred  were  Vic- 
.r    Du    Pont,   ca|.tain ;   Vidal  Garresche,  first  lieu- 


Juhn  UuriKT, 


THE   WAR  OF  lS'i2-:. 


,ai.t;  N'atli.miol   IT.  CliiToni  P.rki 
..:uv';    i:iL-h:inl    iruml.Iy.    thini     ! 
lari.s  Du  Pont,  ensi;;ii.' 
On  -May  4,  1813,  Col.  AU.mi  .MrLai 
Wilmington,  addresseii   the  wtrn 


oK. 


iniin.i 
.ri.3  J 


tiiigij      Captain  .-Vdan-.s,  of  the  I)elaware  mi 
VL'il  ..t  tiio   ;-.eiie  of  •.'ciinii   as    tlie   enemy   nii 


v.  .h 


■  V..U  sliall  lie  r 


BiTlT,     \ 


j.^iir  iiidiMdual  aud  collective  ^uppurt." 

The  Committee  of  Safety,  on  ^lay  .5tli,  appointed 
Talk  Mason,  John  M.  Smith,  Thomas  McConnell, 
\Vm.  French,  Allen  Thomson,  Abraham  Sharpe, 
(leorge  Taylor,  G.  James  Wolf  and  Paul  McGinn  a 
cunimittee  to  report  the  arrival  of  stranger?  in  Wil- 
mington. 

On  May  6th  intelligence  was  received  in  Vriiraing- 
ton  of  the  landing  of  the  British  near  Georgocowu  in 
fifteen  barges,  and  the  burning  of  the  residence  of 
Joshua  Ward.  A  general  meeting  of  citizens  w.is 
held  at  the  Town  Hall,  and  measures  ailopted  for  the 
defense  of  the  place.  An  appropriation  of  five  thou- 
'sand  dollars  was  made  by  the  Legislature  for  the  de- 
fense of  New  Castle,  and  Caleb  P.  Bennet  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  town.  On  May  1.3th, 
Governor  Haslet,  by  order  of  the  War  Department, 
directed  the  companies  of  Capt.  jo?hua  Holmes  and 
William  Moore,  of  the  First  and  Second  Kegiments, 
to  march  to  Xew  Castle. 

Among  those  who  participated  in  the  hottest  of  the 
engagement  at  Fort  George  in  ( 'anada.  in  the  early  part 
of  June,  1813,  was  Captain  Thomas  Stockton,"  son  of 
Gen.  Stockton,  of  Wilmington.  Six  of  his  company 
were  killed  and  seven  wounded.  Captain  Stockton 
also  distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  of  Luiidy's 
Lane,  where  a  brother  of  his  was  killed. 

Lieutenant  Samuel  Angus,  with  nine  gunboats  and 
two  armed  sloops,  fitted  out  by  the  Philadelphia  Com- 
mittee of  Defense  on  June  IGth  made  an  attack  on 
the  British  squadron,  consisting  of  two  frigates,  lying 
oiT  Fishing  Creek,  and  made  them  changwtheir  posi- 
tion. About  the  same  time  (June,  1813)  the  sloop 
"  Rebecca,"  of  Milford,  loaded  with  corn  for  Wilming- 
ton, was  boarded  near  Milford  liy  one  hundred  British 
soldiers  in  two  launclies.  After  her  capture  the  corn 
was  taken  out  and  the  vessel  burnt.  Captain  Redden, 
who  commanded  a  cumpany  of  militia  near  the 
"  Rebecca,"  fired  on  the  British,  which  they  returned, 
killing  one  man   and  wounding  Captain  liedden   in 


d.Hliircd  till!  51c^'iri.  Dii  l\ 
iidreJ  uinskets  .ind  unilnnii 
.ofivm  mil, .lis  th..  «,.rl.iii. 


An  exeit;ng  cw.i-r  (.ecurre.l  on 
An  American  sl-<iip  w.-is  aiiout  entering  the  Capes, 
when  the  •'Mauin,''  of  the  Jiritish  squadron,  gave 
chase.  The  sloop  sig^ialctl  ibr  a  pilot  to  Cape  May, 
rr.d  sc'--en  pilots  and  -t  \vhale-bo:it  immediately  came 
to  her  a^t.i^taiice.  ''"he  "  Martin  "  continued  her 
chase  hcv.-ever,  and  ti.e  eapi.im  nf  the  sloop  s.aw  no 
a'.tei!!jiive  but  t'l  run  her  ashore.  The  whale-boat 
vras  tent  i"  sdvincc  to  ask  for  assistance  and  this 
brcught  Lieutenant  Toivnsenu  to  the  beach  with  a 
field-piece  aini  a'oo'it  thirty  men.  The  "Martin" 
sent  her  barges  and  tender  to  continue  the  chase,  but 
the  grape  from  the  field-rdece  soon  drove  them  oil'. 
The  s!oop-of-war  in  attempting  to  come  to  their  assist- 
taiiccran  aground  on  Crow's  Shoals,  but  the  Americans 
had  no  gun-beat  in  the  neighborhood  to  secure  the 
prize. 

The  troops  at  Camp  Shellpot  remained  there  until 
July  ll'th,  when  thev  ag;'iii  changed  position,  this 
time  taking  up  quarters  at  Oak  Hill,  near  Stille's 
Run,  four  miles  west  of  Wilmington.  Here  they  re- 
mained until  late  in  July,  when  the  British  squadron 
which  had  been  blockading  the  Chesapeake  left  and  the 
Philadelphia  troops  returned  to  their  homes,  arriving 
in  that  city  on  July  28th. 

C'n  the  20th  the  Delaware  flotilla  had  an  en- 
counte--  with  the  "Martin"  and  "  Junon,"  which  re- 
sulted in  the  loss  of  gun-boat  "  121."'  Early  in  the 
morning  Lieutenant  Angus,  while  lying  off  Dennis' 
Creek,  discovered  that  the  "iLariin"'  had  chased  a 
small  vessel  and  cajitured  her  near  the  overfalls.  In 
accomplishing  this,  however,  she  had  gone  ashore  on 
Crow's  Shoals,  and  Lieutenant  Angus  at  once  stood 
down  the  bay  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  about  an 
engagement.  When  within  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
of  the  sloop-he  drew  up  the  whole  flotilla,  consisting 
of  eight  gun-boats,  each  with  twenty-five  men,  two 
block  sloops  and  one  long  th  irty-two.  The  "  Junon," 
thirty-eight,  a  heavy  frigate.  Captain  Sanders,  came  to 
the  assistance  of  the  "  Martin,"  and  anchored  about 
half  a  mile  away.  The  cannonading  continued  for 
an  hour  and  three-quarters.  The  British  did  little 
harm,  their  balls  flying  over  the  flotilla,  while  their 
hulls  began  to  feel  the  blows  from  the  American  guns. 
They  then  manned  two  launches  and  eight  barges  and 
cutters,  with  about  thirty-five  men  in  each,  and  at- 
tacked gun-boat.  "  No.  121,''  which  by  some  mishap 
had  floated  away  from  the  other  boats  and  was  then 
a  mile  and  a  half  oft'.  The  gun-boat  was  commanded 
by  sailing  master  Shead,  wlio  began  a  hot  fire  into  the 
enemy's  approaching  line  from  his  long  gun.  He  was 
overpowered  byjiuinbers,  however,  and  was  forced  to 
surrender  before  assistance  could  reach  him,  and  the 
British  got  oif  with  their  prize.  The  enemy  lost 
seven  men  killed  and  twelve  wounded,  while  the  gun- 
boat had  none  killeii  and  seven  wounded.  The  gun- 
boat al'ier«ard>drirt<«d  lui  shore  near  (ireat  Egg  Harbor 


294 


HISTORY  OF  ]M:LA\VARE. 


with  no  one  on  bonrJ,  the  crew  having  been  taken 
prisoners. 

On  August  mil  Dr.  .(uines  Tiltoii,  treasurer  of 
the  Wilmington  Veteran  ,\s:M]eiation,  was  a]>[iointed 
by  President  Jradiacui  physician  general  of  the  ar- 
mies of  the  Uniteil  Statrs.  At  this  tiini'  the  dejire- 
dationsby  the  British,  under  .Vdiniral  Cockburn,  in 
Chesapeake  liay,  caused  considerable  alarm  aloug 
the  shores  of  the  iKlawnre.  where  they  were  e.\pected 
every  day.  In  f^epteiuber  Jliujcs  (^'Boyle.  in  an  ad- 
vertisement in  the  Ddninin-  Wnhliman,  ollered  a  re- 
ward of  one  thousand  di.llais  I'or  .\dmiral  Coekburn's 
head  and  five  hundred  dollars  for  each  of  his  ears, 
adding  that  "  my  hou-e  and  many  others  have  iieen 
burned  by  that  inhuman  wretch." 

The  news  of  Commodore  Perry's  victory  on  Lake 
Erie  reached  Wilmington  on  the  23d  of  t^eptember, 
and  created  the  greatest  enthusiasm.  The  military 
companies  paraded  and  the  artillery  fired  a  national 
salute.  In  the  evening  the  houses  were  illuminated 
and  the  streets  were  filled  with  happy  people.'  On 
the  25th  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Delaware,  with  Com- 
modore Angus,  of  the  Delaware  gunboat  squadron, 
and  his  officers  and  seamen,  honored  the  event  with 
a  grand  Masonic  procession.  The  exercises  were 
closed  by  an  eloquent  oration  from  George  Read,  Jr., 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

Wilmington  was  again  brilliantly  illuminated  on 
October  15th,  in  honor  of  the  "  decisive  victory  of 
Gen.  Harrison  over  the  allied  enemy."  Upon  this 
occasion  the  bridges  in  the  borough  were  fancifully 
lighted,  and  the  vessels  in  port  were  decorated. 

In  compliance  with  the  act  of  Congiwss  passed  in 
December,  no  vessels  were  allowed  to  leave  one  port 
in  this  country  for  another  until  further  instruc- 
tions. 

A  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Wilmington  was  held 
on  December  27,  1S1.3,  in  the  Town  Hall.  Carson 
Wilson  presided  anil  Joseph  Downing  was  secretary. 
This  meeting  declared  that  the  monopolizing  specu- 
lations of  a  few  individuals  in  the  town  was  injurious 
to  the  public  welfare,  and  that  "we  declare  our  de- 
termination after  this  day  to  abstain  frqm  the  use  of 
the  following  articles,  unless  they  could  be  purchased 
at  the  prices  named :  cotTee,  25  cents  per  pound ; 
sugar,  20  cents;  and  tea,  §L50."  The  meeting  also 
recommended  their  fellow-citizens  generally  to  adopt 
similar  measures. 

The  British  squadron  was  kept  cruising  otf  the 
Capes  during  the  remainder  of  the  year  1S13,  and 
eft'ectually  cut  olT  all  intercourse  between  the  ocean 
and  Philadelphia,  which  naturally  gave  rise  to  much 
discontent.  The  only  attempt  made  by  the  British 
to  plunder  was  early  in  December,  when  a  barge  be- 
longing to  the  sloop  "  Jason  "  entered  -Millbrd  Creek 
with  a  lieutenant  and  seven  men,  and  captured  two 
shallops.  They  were  cut  oil',  however,  and  taken 
prisoners.     The   "Belvidera"   returned   toward   the 

^  When  Coniniuiloro  Perry  visileJ  ^VilnIin^tun,  .a  fow  nionttis  l.ittr, 


end  of  the  year,  and,  with  the  ''  Xeimen,''  "  .Tason,'' 

The  only  action  of  interest  that  w.as  taken  in  the 
litate  was  the  continual  insuing  ol'  new  commissions 
to  volunteers.  The  following  is  a  list  of  those  issued 
by  Governor  Ha.-let  durins  the  year,  with  the  e.xcep- 
tioa  of  Lieutenant  I'anter  Laws  and  Ensign  Thomas 
Pepper,  and  thu^e  of  April  liitli,  when  the  militia 
wa.  .iiL-ai.i/rd.  whirl,  have  aheadv  been  iiuntiourd  : 
May  irih.to  (;,,„s.arititie  Snath,  lieutenant;  Heze- 
kiaii    \\w,::atr,   en-i-ii  ;  .-eventh    Cumpanv,  .-eventh 


M.i 


Steel, 


/apt 


d    r 


.  ,  Srcond  rogiru.Mit.  .\Liy  2Gth,  to 
<_iei>rge  Reid,  Jr.,  lieutenant.  Second  Company, 
Second  Regiment.  May  27th,  to  George  Hinsey, 
cornet,  Second  Tioop,  First  Battalion  ;  Isaac  Walk- 
er, lieutenant  ;  Henry  Walker,  ensign  ;  Fifth 
Company,  Third  Regiment.  William  Mason, 
ensign,  Eighth  Company,  Third  Regiment.  Thomas 
Herry,  ensign,  Seventh  Company,  Third  Regiment. 
June  oth,  to  Walter  Hutchison,  ensign,  Eighth  Com- 
pany, Third  Regiment.  June  8th,  to  Thomas  Bur- 
ton, lieutenant;  John  Field,  ensign;  Fourth  Com- 
pany, Eighth  Regiment.  Joseph  V.  Crocket,  lieuten- 
ant;  Dixon  Harris,  ensign;  Second  Company,  Tenth 
Regiment.  Benjamin  Riggen,  captain  ;  Peter  Carroll, 
lieutenant;  John  Sanders,  ensign  ;  Fourth  Company, 
Ninth  Regiment.  June  10th,  Jonathan  Walton,  en- 
sign. First  Corps,  Seventh  Eegiment.  Michael  Wal- 
laston,  Fourth  Corps,  Second  Kegiiueut.  'William 
Rothwell,  ensign.  Second  Company,  Third  Regiment. 
June  lltb,  to  John  Sergeant,  ensign,  Filth  Company, 
Second  Regiment ;  John  Clark,  lieutenant ;  William 
Guthery,  ensign  ;  Seventh  Company,  Second  Regi- 
ment. Nicholas  'Van  Dyke,  captain  ;  Thomas  Shoe- 
maker, lieutenant;  James  Rogers,  ensign  ;  Light  In- 
fantry, First  Battalion,  Second  Regiiuent.  June 
25th,  to  Caleb  P.  Bennet,  major  of  battalion  of  artil- 
lery attached  to  the  First  Brigade.  July  6th,  to  Ed- 
ward Ross,  captain  ;  Philip  D.  Fiddemen,  first-lieu- 
tenant; Reuben  Turner,  second  lieutenant;  John 
Fleming,  cornet;  Second  Troop  Cavalry  attached  to 
the  Second  Brigade.  August  11th,  to  Thomas  Prim- 
rose, Jr.,  lieutenant.  Fourth  Company,  Sixth  Regi- 
ment. September  27th,  to  Jacob  Townsend,  ensign. 
Third  Company,  Seventh  Regiment.  October  Sth,  to 
Philip  Wingate,  ensign,  company  of  light  infantry 
attached  to  the  First  Battalion,  Eighth  Regiment. 
John  Hill,  captain  :  Tlmma-  Warrington,  lieutenant  ; 
Daniel  Burton,  en.Mgn  :  Third  Company,  Eighth 
Regiment.  Uetober  12lh,  fiilley  G.  Short,  lieutenant; 
Bii'^nkley  Davis,  ensign;  Eighth  Company,  Eighth 
Regiment.  Oct.jl.er  27th,  to  Solomon  Beckley,  en- 
sign, Fouith  Comiiany,  First  Regiment.  November 
ls%  to  Amos  Talley,  captain;  Joseph  Perkins,  lieu- 
tenant; Second  Ctunpany,  First  Regiment.  Henry 
Uumer,  captain;  Samuel  Marshall,  lieutenant;  John 
Stillwell,  eiiMgn  ;  Seventh  (/unipany,  Fii.-t  Regiment. 
James  Gordon,  captain,  Eighth  Cnmpany,  First  R.  g- 
iment.     November  lutli,  to  James  Robinson,  lieiiten- 


THE  WAll  OF  ISI 


«,il;  Ucbert   Robinson, 


Kcgi 


L\  \V 


w.M.  L:il't;iin  ;  licnjamin  II.  SjiringiT,  tir^t  licuui]:int; 
.hirnl)  \V.  Itobinson,  second  li.ntfniint  ;  Third  Coni- 
,,:,,iv  of  Artillery,  Fir.^t  Bri-ade.  i>L'ceniber  lltli,  to 
.|,,.,'ph  Hutchinson,  en-iL-ri.  Li-lit  Inlaritry,  Fir.t 
I'.attalion,  Filth  Kegiment.  Ucrcnii.cr  ImIi,  to  David 
Hcllord,  lieutenant,  P'ourth  Company,  Fourth  llegi- 
iiicnt.  December  21bt,  to  .fames  Clarke,  captain  ; 
Samuel  Warren,  Jr.,  tirst  lieutenant;  Cliarles  Buck- 
master,  second  lieutenant;  I'^amuel  Thronley,  cornet ; 
Third  Troop,  Second  Brigade.  December  :21st,  to 
1  homas  Green,  captain  ;  .John  .TetTries,  tirst  lieuten- 
ant;  Daniel  lleynolds,  Jr.,  second-lieutenant ;  Sec(jnd 
Company  of  Artillery,  t-econd  Brigade. 

At  the  election,  October,  lbl3,  Daniel  liodney  was 
elected  Governor,  of  whom  ^'i/es'  Begi-ter  says : 
"Mr.  Kodney,  is  a  'Federalist.'  As  many  do  not 
know  that  there  are  two  families  of  Rodneys  in 
Delaware,  who  have  never  agreed  on  any  political 
question  since  1775,  it  may  serve  the  public  informa- 
tion to  state  that  the  Mr.  Rodney  elected  is  of  the  op- 
posite line  to  the  late  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States" — Caesar  A.  Rodney.  In  his  message  to 
the  Legislature,  Jan.  IS,  1814,  Gov.  Rodney  says: 
"  In  relation  to  the  war  in  which  we  are  engaged  it 
may  be  observed,  that  whatever  dangers  or  distresses 
may  befal  us,  whatever  embarassments  may  ensue 
from  the  novel  and  critical  situation  of  the  country, 
it  should  be  remembered  that  such  dangers  and  embar- 
rassments will  not  always  be  within  the  control  of  the 
administration,  nor  within  the  means  of  the  State  to 
prevent.  Limited  iu  our  resources,  we  must  look  for 
protection,  support  and  relief  to  the  Government  of 
the  United  States.  On  Congress  is  imposed  the  duty, 
and  to  them  is  given  the  authority,  of  providing  for  the 
common  defense,  and  it  is  both  hoped  and  expected 
that  the  United  States  will  be  prepared  to  meet  any 
invasion  or  hostile  attempts  which  may  be  made  on 
our  shores  in  the  ensuing  season.  At  the  same  time, 
my  earnest  exertions  shall  not  be  wanting  to  employ 
in  the  most  effectual  manner,  according  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  laws,  the  power  and  energy  oH  the  State 
in  repelling  the  enemy,  and  in  the  protection  of  our 
fellow-citizens." 

After  indulging  in  some  general  observations  drawn 
from  ancient  history,  against  entangling  alliances 
with  foreign  nations.  Gov.  Rodney  continues;  ,, 

"  The  expenses  which  are  incurred  in  our  military 
operations  last  spring,  and  all  other  similar  expenses 
which  may  arise  in  the  course  of  the  war,  ought  to  be 
sustained  exclusively  by  the  federal  government.  I, 
tlieret'ore,  recommend  to  you,  gentlemen,  for  the 
keejiing  of  regular  accounts  of  all  future  disburse- 
ments, and  for  the  preservation  of  those  already 
made  or  received  by  the  commissioners  heretofore  ap- 
pointed. I  feel  it  iucunibent  on  me  to  suggest  to  you, 
that  application  should  be  made  to  Congress,  or  the 
I'rcsident,  for  the  reimbursement  of  last  summer'.s  ex- 
penditures,  and    for   such   as    mav  in  future  accrue. 


knn 


le  luTetofore  borne  our  full  proportion  nt' 
i  of  the  gcner.il  governiiient,  and  no  one  i 
the  dis[>osilioiL    of   the    people   of  this   St 


their  attachment  to  the  (^institution,  and  their 
patriotic  alfection  for  ihtir  tellow-citizens  of  tlie 
United  States,  will  hesitate  in  believing  that  they 
will  acquiesce  in  contributing  their  share  of  all  neces- 
sary taxes,  imposts  and  excises  imposed  by  Congress, 
both  in  war  and  in  peace.' 

Outerbridge  Horsey,  who  had  been  elected  Senator 
in  room  of  Samuel  White,  deceased,  was  again  elected 
for  the  term  beginning  .March  4,  1S1.5.  The  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  State  consisted  of  twenty-one 
members,  seven  from  each  county.  The  State  tax 
amounted  to  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  of  which 
Kent  and  Sussex,  combining  and  voting  together,  had 
levied  Sy03tj.47  on  the  county  of  New  Castle — being 
nearly  two-thirds  of  the  whole  tax.  This  was  re- 
garded as  an  extortion  and  made  a  great  excitement 
among  the  ])eople.  At  this  time  there  were  thirty 
establishments,  great  and  small,  for  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  and  wool,  within  twenty  miles  of  Wilming- 
ton. Some  had  just  commenced  operations  and  had 
but  a  lew  hdnds  at  work,  while  others  were  large  and 
flourishing  concerns.  Those  thirty  cotton  and  woolen- 
mills  were  estimated  by  writers  at  that  day'  to  have 
cost  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  indepen- 
dent of  the  value  of  the  miil-houses  and  other  houses 
for  workmen,  and  to  have  employed  from  three  hun- 
dred to  five  hundred  hands  ;  besides  these,  there  were 
thought  to  be  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  persons  engaged  in  making  cotton  and  woolen 
machinery  around  Wilmington.  This  the  writer  con- 
sidered to  be  a  "moderate  computation,"  ,is  the 
greater  number  of  those  woikmen  were  enumerated 
from  residents  in  and  around  that  city. 

On  the  24th  of  January,  1814,  the  Pea  Patch  again 
occupied  the  attention  of  the  Legislature.  Although 
it  had  been  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1813,  in  the  expectation  that  a  battery  would 
be  built  thereon,  no  action  had  as  yet  been  taken  in 
that  direction.  Consequently,  a  resolution  was  passed 
by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Represesentatives  re- 
questing the  President  of  the  United  States  to  take 
the  matter  under  consideration.  On  the  following 
day  Gov.  Rodney  addressed  a  long  letter  to  the  Hon. 
John  Armstrong,  Secretary  of  War,  from  headquarters 
at  Lewislown.  He  recounted  the  unprotected  condi- 
tion of  the  coast  from  New  Castle  to  the  ocean,  and 
the  consequent  sutTering  to  which  the  people  of  the 
State  had  been  subjected  by  the  enemy  durinsr  the 
wh(de  of  the  preceding  year.  The  secretary  was  re- 
quested to  lay  the  matter  before  the  President  and 
endeavor  to  secure  for  the  following  six  months  a  bat- 
talion of  infantrji,  with  a  small  proportion  of  artillery 
and  cavalry,  to  bestatiiuicd  in  the  State.  The  advis- 
bility  was  suggested  of  emploviiiLT  a  part  of  the  lloli'lla 
then  in  the    Delaware    also  in    protecting  the    com- 

'SJci-   Rtjaltr. 


296 


IIISTOIIY  OF  DELAWACH 


tual  i 


m.ii 


M: 


I'liite- 


iu,-il 


nitrce.  TlinniL'h  th 
atlairs  in  l>el.nvare 
ijtatei  uffieials,  and  ■ 
received  a  cominunieaiiuu  tmni  Adj 
Duane,  of  tlie  Fuurth  Miiit.iry  Di~tri 
certain  int'orraatiDn  lur  tin'  use  ol'  (Jul 
Pearse,  who  had  succoeded  General  lUoDinticld  in 
command  of  the  dis^rii.'t.  Ho  do:fir<:d  to  l<nou-  the 
text  of  the  miUlia  law-  tlun  in  lorce  in  tlic  State,  a 
return  of  the  militia,  ni-lnance  and  arms,  and  many 
other  particulars,  which  were  promptly  funii.-hed  by 
Adjutant-General  Jesse  Green,  of  the  State  militia. 
A  full  statement  of  all  expenditures  for  defense,  for 
the  year  ending  March  14,  1S14,  was  transmitted  to 
Secretary  Armstrong,  by  order  of  the  A-.-Mnbly, 
with  a  request  that  the  State  be  reimbursed,  (inv- 
ernor  Rodney  had  already  issued  a  number  of 
commissions  since  his  inauguration  as  Gov- 
ernor, which  were  as  foUows:  On  January  7th,  to 
William  Colgan,  ensign,  Fourth  Company,  Fifth 
Regiment  ;  January  7th,  to  James  Gardiner,  second 
lieutenant,  and  Xichohi-s  A.  Williamson,  cornet,  in 
Captain  John  Warren's  troop,  First  Brigade  ;  Janu- 
ary 13th,  to  William  Shankhiud,  major  of  battalion  of 
cavalry,  and  John  McCoy,  ensign.  Fourth  Company, 
Fourth  Regiment;  January  loth,  to  Peter  Carrol, 
captain,  John  Saunders,  lieutenant,  Samuel  Hitr.h,  en- 
sign, Fourth  Company,  Ninth  Regiment ;  Levin  Sher- 
man, lieutenant,  and  John  Smith,  ensigu,  Fifth  Com- 
pany, Ninth  Regiment:  David  Mustard,  captain, 
Seventh  Company,  Eighth  Regiment ;  January  17th,  to 
John  Campbell,  captain,  and  George  Shockley.  lieu- 
tenant of  a  company  of  light  infantry  attached  to  the 
First  Battalion,  Seventh  Regiment ;  Daniel  Harring- 
ton, captain,  Avery  Needles,  lieutenant,  and  William 
Roe,  ensign.  First  Company,  Sixth  Regiment;  Janu- 
ary H5th,  to  William  Kennedy,  major,  battalion  of 
cavalry  attached  to  Second  Brigade  ;  February  22d, 
to  Francis  A.  Boyer,  second  lieutenant,  troop  of  cav- 
alry ;  Micajah  Greenfield,  cornet,  attached  to  Second 
Brigade;  Kendal  Batson,  commissaryof  military  stores 
for  Sussex  County;  John  Many,  for  Kent  County; 
and  on  March  3d,  to  James  R.  Black  to  the  same  of- 
fice in  New  Castle  County.' 

Several  attempts  were  made  in  Congress  during  the 
spring  of  1S14  to  elfect  a  repeal  of  the  Embargo  Act. 
In  the  Senate,  on  March  23d,  Senator  Outerbridge 
Horsey,  of  Delaware,  presented  u  petition,  siLrned  by 
citizensof  his  own  State,  demanding  the  re[icai  of  the 
obnoxious   measure.      Jlr.   Horsey   secured   the   ap- 


onsider  th 
L-mbartro    p 


General  Stockton,  f.jr  a  general-court  martial,  it  was 
to  consist  of  thirteen  members  and  to  assemble  at  New 
Castle  «n  July  13th.  for  the  trial  of  Major  Caleb  P. 
Bennet,  of  the  artillery  attached  to  the  First  Brigade, 
and  any  other  persons  who  might  be  brought  before 
it.  Major  Thomas  Robinson  was  appointed  president 
of  the  court-martial  and  the  other  members  were: 
.Iiidge  Advocate,  Lieutenant-Colonel  John  Caldwell, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Joshua  Carter,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  David  Niven,  Major  Mordecai  McKinney, 
Major  John  Jloody,  Major  Joseph  Grubb,  Major 
Patrick  McConaughy,  ;\Iajor  Samuel  Moore,  Major 
Oliver  R.  Flowell,  Captain  Christopher  Vandegrift, 
Major  John  Crow  and  Captain  James  Miles.  The 
charge  for  which  Major  Bennet  was  brought  to  trial 
was  U'.t  proven  and  he  was  discharged. 

On  June  20th  the  British  frigate  "  Nieman  "  anchor- 
ed otfthe  Capes  and  sent  several  barges  with  sixty  men 
into  Indian  River,  burning  two  or  three  coasters  and 
shallops  loaded  with  lumber,  and  securing  a  ransom 
for  two  others.  Governor  Rodney  ordered  a  com- 
pany of  fifty  men  to  proceed  to  Lewistown  to  assist 
Captain  Holland  in  defending  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. Early  in  July  the  Secretary  of  War  informed 
the  Governor  that  the  State  would  be  required 
to  furnish  one  thousand  men  as  its  quota  uf 
a  requisition  for  ninety-three  thousand  then  issued 
by  the  President.  The  troops  were  to  consist  of  one 
hundred  artillery  and  nine  hundred  infantry.  Agree- 
able to  this  order.  Governor  Rodney  issued  instruc- 
tions to  Adjutant-General  Robert  Dill,  on  the  2.5th, 
ordering  him  to  organize  and  hold  in  readiness  for 
immediate  service  the  whole  of  the  second  class  and 
such  portion  of  the  third  class  of  each  company  of 
tlie  several  militia  regiments  as  had  not  performed  a 
tcmr  of  duty.  The  receipt  of  this  communication  was 
duly  adverti-ed  with  a  view  to  securing  volunteers 
who  were  particularly  desired  and  cheerfully  accepted 
as  a  part  of  the  requisition.  The  enemy  had  now 
no  force  whatever  in  the  bay  with  the  exception  of  a 
single  frigate  which  cruised  olf  the  capes.  The  Sec- 
1  otary  of  War.  in  compliance  with  continued  requests, 
authorized  the  Governor  to  station  a  company  of  de- 
tached militia    at    Lewistown    under    Major    Charles 


"  OsKEr.o  F.iI.L.5,  New  York,  M.wh  S,  1814. 
*  ZXdr  Sir:  I  am  v»*ry  sorry  it  is  my  niehincboly  (hily  to  infunn  tl 


.q.ture 


,f  Wash 


late  in  August,  brought  measures  for  defense  once 
more  to  the  attention  of  the  authorities  and  people. 
It  wa-s  feared  that  General  Ross  might  march  from 
Washingt.in  at  the  head  of  his  victorious  troops  and 
spread  destruction  and  misery  through  Maryland, 
Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.  The  people  felt  confi- 
dent, however.  tWat  the  land  forces  could  be   held  in 


TUK  WAR  OF  1S12-1." 


297 


rh'H'k,  provi.liiis  they  were  ahle   to    prevent 
from  entering  tlie  Delaware  and  joiiiiii-  the  i 


llio    protection    of    the     Delaware     eonscfiiientlv 
l„vame  the  all-ah.-^orhiiijr  topie    which  oecupie.l  the 
auention  of  the  people.      Tlie  ie.vmrces  of  Delaware 
n-,'re  not  surtieient  to  erect  the  necessary  foriilications 
without  outside  assistance.     The  .'^tate  had  ceded  Pea 
I'aicli  Island  to  the  United  States,  hoping  that  suit- 
nhle  batteries  would  be  erected  thereon  ;  but,  in  spite 
o(  many   appeals   to   the   government,   nothing   was 
done.     The  Philadelphians,  however,  took  the  matter 
resolutely  in  hand.     The  old  "  Commissioners  of  De- 
fen-e  "  bad  been  excused  from  duty  in  February,  but, 
on  August  2l)th,  the  citizens  ofthat  city  and  the  vicinity 
met  in  the  State-House  yard  and  organized  themselves 
into  anew  Committee  of  Defense,  which  was  afterwards 
distinguished  for  the  zeal  with  which  they  conducted 
their  work.     Thomas  McKean,  formerly  ( lovcrnor  of 
Pennsylvania,   was   called   to    the   chair.     The  com- 
mittee appointed  consisted  of  Charles  Biddle,  Thomas 
Leiper,   Thomas   Cadwalader,   General   John    Steel, 
Gc-orge    Latimer,    John    Barker,    Henry    Hawkins, 
Liberty   Browne,  Charles  Ross,  Manuel  Eyre,  John 
Connelly,  Condy  Raguet,  William  McFadden,  John 
Sergeant,  John  Geyer  (mayor)  and  Joseph  Reed,  for 
the  city  of  Philadelphia  ;  Colonel  Jonathan  AVilliaraa, 
John  Goodman,  Daniel  Graves,  John  Barclay,  John 
Naglee,  Thomas  Snyder,  J.  W.  Norris,  Michael  Leib, 
Jacob  Huff,  James  Whitehead,  for  the  Northern  Lib- 
erties and  Penn  township  ;  and  James  Josiah,  R.  Mc- 
MuUin.  John  Thompson.  E.  Ferguson,  James  Ronald- 
Bon,  P.  Miercken,  R.  Palmer  and  P.  Peltz,  for  the 
district  of  Southwark  and  the  townships  of  Moya- 
mensing  and  Passyunk.      The  most  important  sub- 
committee was  that  for  "  Defense  on  the  Delaware 
and  to  procure  Seamen,  etc."     The  members  of  this 
sub-committee  were  Henry  Hawkins,  James  Josiah, 
William  McFadden,  John  Xaglee  and  Peter  Mierck- 
en.     The  committee  at  once  opened  correspondence 
with  the  Governor  of  Delaware,  citizens  of  Wilming- 
ton, the  Governor  of  Xew  Jersey  and  others,  relative 
to  the  work  they  had  in  charge.      Comnfodore  Mur- 
ray placed  at  their  disposal  three  gun-boats,  already 
armed  and  equipped,  and  the  Marine  Artillery  volun- 
teered seventy  men.  under  Captain  Ansley,  to  man  the 
vessels.     The  committee  made  a  thorough  investiga- 
tion of  the  measures  most  necessary  for  a  complete 
defense  of  the  river  and  bay.     At  their  request.  Gen. 
Bloomfield  ordered  thirty  men  of  the  First  Troop  of 
Cavalry,   under   Captain    Ross,   to    form   a  chain  of 
vidcttes   from   Philadelphia   to   Port   Penn   and  the 
mouth  of  the  Elk  River,  to  convey  intelligence  of  the 
movements  of  the  enemy.     They  next  communicated 
with  the  Secretaries  of  the  War  and  Xavy  Departments, 
with   a   view    to   securing   the    co-operation    of   the 
general  government.     A  request  was  made  to  allow 
tlie  erection  of  a   battery    of  thirty-two   twenty-four- 
pounders  on  the  Pea  Patch,  and  suitable  forlitications 
on  Xewbold's  Point  and  Red  Bank,  which  was  granted 
19i 


by  the   Xavy   Departnunt,    and    ad'litional   batteries 
were  also  erected  ;it  Fort  MilUiti. 

The  expenses  aiisiii-  out  of  tlu-e  mea.sures  were 
largely  met  by  sums  voted  by  t!ia  city  -iiid  State,  and 
gencial  contributions.  The  l'.,iiik  of  Pennnsylvauia 
aloiiu  advanced  three  hundred  tli'iu-and  dollars. 

Ill  the  mean  tiiiiv',  on  September -jth.  United  States 
Marshal  James  l;inlis,,n  issued  orders  f<ir  all  "aliens" 
residing  in  WilmiiiLrton  to  report  at  his  olhce  once  a 
month.  All  deserters  ironi  the  enemy,  when  they 
arrived  in  the  bor.iugb,  were  also  required  to  re[)Ort 
to  him.  When  intelligence  was  received  at  Wil- 
mington that  the  British  had  landed  at  North  Point, 
ou  the  Patapsco  River,  to  attick  Baltimore,  the  vol- 
unteer corps  and  the  militia  of  the  Fourth  Military 
District  of  Delaware  were  ordered  by  Gen.  Bloom- 
ticld  to  proceed,  with  all  possible  despatch,  under  Col. 
John  Thompson,  to  Kennett  Square,  Chester  County, 
Pa.  The  militia  of  the  .adjoining  counties  of  Bucks, 
.Montgomery,  Chester  and  Delaware  were  ordered  to 
march,  fully  equiiqied,  with  all  possible  despatch,  to 
Marcus  Hook. 

During  the  excitement  caused  by  the  threatened 
invasion  by  the  British  under  Maj.-(5en.  Ross,  the 
citizens  of  Wilmington,  on  September  13th,  called  a 
town-meeting  at  the  City  Hall.  Gen.  John  Stockton 
was  made  chairman  and  X.  G.  Williams  secretary. 
Peter  Caverly  and  John  Gordon  were  added  to  the 
Committee  of  Safety.  Wilmington  was  divided  into 
four  districts,  and  four  persons  were  appointed  in 
each  to  serve  as  a  committee  of  vigilance.  They 
were  required  to  examine  all  suspicious  persons  and 
report  them  to  the  Committee  of  Safety.  Ezekiel 
Massey,  James  Collins,  John  Elliot  and  John  Simp- 
son were  appointed  for  the  First  District;  John 
Hedges,  Jared  Chestnut,  James  Hogg  and  Isaac 
Bonsall  for  the  Secoad;  John  Rumford,  Thomas 
Richardson,  George  Whitelock  and  Esau  Cox  for  the 
Third;  and  William  Woodcock,  William  Collins, 
John  Dixon  and  Capt.  David  Kirkpatrick  for  the 
Fourth  District. 

The  news  of  the  defeat  of  the  British,  in  their 
attack  upon  Baltimore,  and  the  death  of  Gen.  Ross, 
was  brought  to  Wilmington  by  the  mail-stage  from 
Havre-de-Grace,  Md.,  and  reached  the  town  about 
9  A.M.  the  following  day.  The  stage  stopped  at  the 
Indian  King  tavern,  where  a  crowd  gathered  to  hear 
the  joyful  intelligence.  It  created  the  greatest  ex- 
citement, which  was  increased  by  the  following  pub- 
lication in  the  American  Watchman  on  September 
loth: 


On  September  loth,  Dr.  Arthur  J.dins  and 
McDonnell  be-.ui  to  recruit  men  tor  the  tlyi 
lery   corps,   coinmtinded    by   George    Read, 


niSToiiy  or  delawaki 


Castle.     T!u-y  n(Tc 
SiuJdles,    bri.llcs,    1; 


the    recrtiirs    with 
s:,!.rts  naJ   ev.ry 


ncce>sary  oiiuiiiiiK'iit  iircoi  f\iM-ii>t_'.' 

Three  ve-suls  were  imreliaMil  in  ^^e_.tCl;i'lL■r, — tl'.e 
sloop  "Two  Sister:^,"  r.irSUMfi;  tlie  >ciiu,ir:e:- '•  ll'iliy," 
forSloOO;  and  tlie  slcip  -  Three  Siv.crs"  lurSlOoO; 
and  about  the  same  time.  Secretary  J.^ncs  of  the 
Navy  Department  detailed  Cnmuio'lore  John  R.id- 
gers  for  duty  in  Delaware  Bay  with  hi:-  whole  f'irce. 

Governor  Rodney  tendered  the  Coir.piittce  of  De- 
fense (jf  Philadcljdiia  every  a-^istanco  in  liis  power. 
and  forwarded  them  a  letter  cxjdaining  the  wpr  ir.e.-..- 
sures  the  State  had  put  into  force  for  the  vre'eecion 
of  the  coa.st. 

As  soon  as  Commodore  R'>d^'er<  had  arrived  in  the 
river,  he  reciminiended  tlie  cnnatiuction  m'  bat(en.?s 
and  bulwarks  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pe;;  Ratch. 
Messrs.  Williams,  Steel,  Leiper,  Sergeant,  Eyre,  Cm- 
nelly  and  Hawkins  were  ajipointcd  a  couimittee  to  go 
to  New  Castle  and  accompany  Commodore  Eougeis 
to  the  Pea  Patch,  and  ascertain  what  steps  were 
necessary  for  the  jirotection  of  the  State.  The  oom- 
mittee  reported  on  October  oth,  "That,  considerir.g 
the  Pea  Patch  as  an  island  but  recently  ibrnied  by 
the  alluvion  of  the  river,  and  perceiving  that  the  part 
now  visible  at  high  tide  is  only  so  by  the  reeds  and 
other  aquatic  plants  that  grow  upon  it,  the  committee 
conceive  that  it  would  require  much  time  and  labor 
to  procure  a  solid  foundation  of  efficient  work.  It 
follows  that  a  temporary  fortification,  hastily  erected 
on  the  surface,  can  only  be  contemplated  for  any 
immediate  effect.  The  Delaware  side  of  the  river  is 
banked  meadow,  with  various  intersecting  ditches  and 
soft  ground.  It  was  found  impossible  to  rear  a  base 
in  a  right  line  on  the  bank  ;  the  d'stance  between 
the  shore  and  the  island  could  not,  thereTore,  be  ascer- 
tained, but  it  i-i  evidently  equal  to  that  between  the 
island  and  the  Jersey  sliore,  which,  by  running  a  line 
on  its  sandy  beach,  was  found  to  be  one  mile  and  a 
quarter." 

The  report  suggested  to  Commndore  Roil-ers  the 
propriety  of  sinking  fil'ty  hulks  near  the  inland  to 
prevent  the  enemy  from  sailing  up  tJie  river.  An 
interesting  report  was  subjoined  from  James  Ramnge, 
sailing-master  of  tlie  United  States  frigate  "  Guer- 
riere,"  who,  in  obedience  to  instructions  from  Com- 
modore Rodgers,  had  gone  out  from  New  Castle  to 
the  Pea  Patch  to  measure  the  depth  and  widlh  of  the 
channels  on  both  sides  of  the  island.  On  the  Dela- 
ware side  he  found  the  channel  deepest  near  New 
Castle,  and  again  at  Reedy  Island. 

Another  committee  was  appuintcil  to  confer  with 
General  Gaines,-  commander  of  the  military  di-trict. 


,;ki.>I  0..i.i.~WM»iir,"iintc.|  tn  llio ccmniaiitl  ..f  the  Kourlh  5Ii!itary 
i<f,  nl.i.li  lu'lml..,!  Wili'.iin-ton  unJ  riiil.iJi::i'Lid,  on  Uttobir  1=1, 


on   fh 

e    bc-r 

and 

ch^ape-t 

m. 

ode   of  defen 

se     nf   til.' 

ions   : 

an.;    -,ii: 

Ull. 

ti  .n: 

,    at   ti 

Pea   Patch   : 

111(1   New- 

bold'-. 

I'eint. 

11. 

iniat-s 

:,l 

li.iiiitled  by  1 

hem  altel 

tiie    c 

M,\Vl 

■d    that 

ii;e  hundred 

thou-, in. 1 

dollar 

^  wo.,!,l 

!)e 

r^ou 

li.-ed  l( 

ir 

the  land  fort 

iiicatii.iK 

le  ob^'li' 

•let  id 

.n-  11 

lear  tie 

e    i 

^land    and  a  i 

res'iUitinii 

was  a 

t  once  1 

ia^se 

the  g. 

■II, 

a-il  Coiuniitt. 

•e   of  l»e- 

fciisc 

on. ring 

lu  a 

dvai 

K-e  thi 

iiejiinf,    if  th 

le  L'livun- 

nieir 

.Tutlior 

j ,,..,! 

the 

w..rk. 

a 

nd    appointe 

d    M.>-r.s 

'.Villi: 

ni,s  J  ,. 

■iaii. 

Eyr 

■e,  y.'A 

■,i( 

leii   and    Lei 

pert.,  eo. 

oper.^.i 

:e  with 

C(ii|- 

;mo( 

h.re  R. 

I'll 

rers  in  super 

intenilinu 

it-      f 

lie  pLir' 

re   i 

mmedi 

at. 

ely    prepared 

by  Geii^ 

crai  ti 

Luo'-s. 

At  ! 

the  =an, 

i>  tin 

ic  ai 

1   offer 

w 

as  made  by  t 

he  Score- 

tary  of  ti;e  Navy  to  approjiriate  one  liundred  and 
fifry  tliouH.uid  cliillais  fir  a  steam  frigate  for  the  de- 
fense of  the  Delaware,  provided  the  money  could  be 
raised  on  the  credit  of  ihe  United  States.  The  gen- 
eral conip.iittee.  on  the  receipt  of  this,  ordered  the 
money  to  be  placed  to  the  account  of  the  treasurer 
of  the  United  States.  The  committee  of  correspond- 
ence and  r>Ir.  Leiper  yyere  then  appointed  to  call  up- 
on the  corporations  of  New  Castle  and  Wilmington 
and  the  inhabitants  of  the  adjacent  country  and  ask 
them  to  contiibute  toward  the  fumls  necessary  to 
defray  the  co-t  of  the  Pea  Patch  fortifications.  On 
November  2'.Uh,  they  had  a  conference  with  the 
Council  of  Wilmington,  and  afterwards  discussed  the 
matter  with  piivate  citizens,  and  received  encourag- 
ing assurances  that  liberal  sums  would  be  raised  and 
forwarded  to  Philadelphia.  On  the  following  day, 
the  committee  went  to  New  Cattle,  and  met  Chief 
Justice  Johns.  George  Reid,  Es.p,  and  Nicholas  Van 
D\ke,  a  part  of  the  delegation  appointed  to  meet 
them,  the  others  being  detained  by  sickness.  Here 
also  the  result  of  the  consultation  was  most  flatter- 
ii'.g.  The  placing  of  contracts  was  at  once  begun, 
and  the  construction  of  a  frigate  similar  to  the  one 
known  as  "  Fulton  the  First,"  built  f>r  the  defense 
of  New  York,  by  Robert  Fulton,  the  inventor,  was 
also  contemplated. 

In  addition  to  those  measurers  for  the  iirotection 
of  the  water-ways,  the  committee  had  alsn  sent  a 
number  of  trniips  into  Delaware  to  remain  until  there 
seemed  no  lunger  any  prospect  of  an  invasion.  .\ 
brigade  had  been  sent  from  Philadelphia  and  was 
stationed  at  Camp  Du  Pont,  about  three  miles  frr.in 
Wilmingtnn.  They  were  constantly  drilled  thnamh- 
out  the  Miinnier.  Almut  the  mi. Idle  of  November 
six  cnnipanies  under  Lieutenant-Ci)l.inel  Raguet  were 
marched  to  Camp  Gaines,  situated  two  miles  below- 
New  Castle.  C'.ilonel  Irvine,  who,  previously  occu- 
pied this  post,  now  moved  farther  down  the  bay  to 
pre>-ent  the  enemy  from  landing.  Colonel  Ragiut 
remained  atj^amp  Gaines  until  a  severe  storm  broke 
up  the  camp,  and  drove  the  troops  into  New  Castle. 
There  they  were  quartered  in  a  ehiinh.  the  court- 
house and  a  private  dwelling  until  late  in  Novem- 
ber. On  the  r.Oth  of  that  ne-nih  the  "Advance 
Light  Brigade"  broke  up  Camp   Du  Pont  and    after 


TFIE  WAR  OF  1812-1: 


till  V  were  jdined  by  the  uituilimeiits  at  Now  Castie 
:,.i.i  Ciiiil'  (iaiiics,  uliMut  ihi-L-,'  tliuu.saii.l  in  all,  ihey 
;,.:„nK,l  toI'hihuU^li^hia. 

The  pn-sence  of  i;riti>!i  vi'>-rls  in  the  Drlanaro 
n.aih'  it  iiCLH's^ary  Imt  thr  ciuimttrc  to  .  Mniiuie 
ih.ir  other  labors.  The  r.-uk  to  the  Wihiiin^tou 
(■uiilereiiec  was  soon  proveo  to  he  a  material  sueeess 
by  the  reeeiiit  of  the  lullowin-  letter  i.y  the  f;r^t  hur- 
".  >s  of  llic  borough  : 


tlir 

■  lu.m  of  ISl:i,  uill  bo 

lii.l    l^.-f-.li;    Ilie 

Ir.n 

Ml,.f  Ihe  Uor- 

'In  Om  \v;iy  wo  lin\ 

dull.iri  lor  till) 

p..- 

ilt-.l   111   \..M.iiil.c-r  1111 

t  loi.  Uiousand 
■.1. 

Tr, 

■.■fll    lO    1,1111    tll'tr,   11    Up 

1  in  lli.Uiiilc  ..r  Ui. 
M^iiKT.      Till, sun,  u, 

iwTivo   tliL'  5:iiu..  evi.ieiito  J 


Your  ul,r,li,-nt  servant, 

•■Jas.  UlloBSON,  ra,lB,,r.jts,. 
"Coiiinuttce  of  Correspondence." 

An  extensive  corresponilence  also  ensued  betu-een 
the  Phihideliihia  committee  and  llie  government  oth- 
eials  at  \\'ashington,  relative  to  an  arrani:eniet:t  for 
handling  the  money,  and  for  some  time  tlierc  was 
nineh  ditfieulty  in  getting  warrants  i'rom  the  War 
Dciiartment.  This  occasioned  much  inconvenience, 
and  althongh  the  work  was  progressing  satisfactorily, 
much  uneasiness  was  felt  by  Captain  Thomas  Clark, 
who  had  been  stationed  at  the  Pea  Patch,  as  com- 
manding engineer.  Januriry  5,  1S15,  he  wrote  to 
Ciptain  Josiah,  stating  that  the  wharf  liad  been 
funk  and  was  perfectly  secure,  and  that  they  were 
proceeding  smoothly  and  satisfactorily  with  the 
other  work,  but  at  the  same  time  it  was  absolutely 
necessary  to  have  some  more  money.  The  urgency 
of  the  situation  may  well  be  imagined  from  his  own 
words,  as  in  the  letter  he  said,  "  Fur  God's  sake  let  me 
have  some  money  by  the  ensuing  week;  if  it  be  only 
a  thousand  dollars,  it  will  keep  the  creJit  of  the 
place  good  until  better  arrangements  can  be  made." 
The  committee  avoided  any  trouble,  however,  liy  ad- 
vancing the  neces-ary  amount  until  the  government 
issued  its  warrants.', 

On  January  12th  the  first  installment  of  five 
thousand  dollars  was  deiiosited  in  Wilmington  by  the 
borough,  payable  to  the  order  of  George  Latimer,  and 
interest  was  made  i)ayable  from  the  day  of  the  cash- 
ier's receipt,  and  a  certificate  of  stock  was  forwarded 
to  Allen  Thompson,  treasurer  of  the  town.  The  peo- 
ple of  Ntw  Castle  had  more  dilliculty  in  rai.Miig  a 
loan,  and  the  committee  becoming  impatient,  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  three  of  the  citize^ns,  of  wliich  the 
followin-  is  a  com- : 


"  Yuur  obedient,  bumble  sorTiint?, 

'•  Geo.  LATiMEn, 

"jNO.Sm.lEAST, 

"  Jus.  r.Krn. 
"  Commiitee  of  t'oir-^spnudertce. 
".lames  r.idjle,  George  Ileid,   Nicholas  Van   Dike,  E_-quire3,    New 
Castle." 

It  appears,  however,  that  the  citizens  ofXew  Castle 
were  unable  to  raise  a  loan  before  the  work  was  com- 
pleted, as  no  trace  of  a  reply  to  this  letter  can  be 
found  in  the  proceedings  of  the  committee.  The  sum 
raised  for  the  steam  frigate  did  not  prove  sufficient 
and  early  in  ISl.j  the  live  thousand  dollars  subscribed, 
by  Wilmington  was  refunded.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Xavy  had,  however,  authorized  Navy  Agent  George 
Harrison,  to  have  one  built. 

On  the  11th  ofSeiitember,  1S14,  the  Briti.-h  land  and 
naval  forces  determined  to  make  acombined  attack  on 
the  Americans  at  Plattsburg  Bay.  The  British  squad- 
ron was  under  the  command  of  Cai>tain  George 
Downie,  of  the  royal  navy,  and  Captain  Thomas 
.'\Iacdonough,- a  native  of  Delaware,  commanded  the 


'Pill 


r.oo 


IIISTOUV  OF  DKLAWAKK 


American  sqiuidron.  Atei.u'lit  o'clock  in  tlio  ninrning 
oftlie  lltli.  Ciipt^iin  M;icil(ii)nu:.'li  culruly  awaitetl  the 
approach  ni'  the  liriti^sh  ticct,  whicli  cnn^!>!c.l  of  the 
frigate  "  Confiance,"  thiny-c  -ht,  lN.ui,i,-.s  li.,--hip  ; 
the  brig  "  Linnet,"  ,-ixtecn,  (  'aptaia  I'ring;  the  sloops 
"Chub,"  Lieutenant  Mc(  iliee.  ami  '■  FinJh,"  Lieuten- 
ant Iliclis,  carrying  eleven  giuis  each  ;  ami  twelve 
gunboats,  nianneil  iiy  about  forty-live  men  each. 
Eight  of  them  Carrie. 1  two  guns,  ami  four  of  them  one 
guiieach  ;  carryinginall  iiimty-hve  guns, and  manned 
by  a  little  more  than  one  tlonsiiii,!  men.  'I'lie  .Vnierican 
force  consistctl  of  Captain  .Macdon..ugh's  l!ag-hipthe 
"Saratoga,"  ..f  t\\c:ity-six  L:uns;the  bri-_'  ■•Labile," 
twenty-si.x  guns,  Captain  Ilenly  ;  the  -,  liooner  "  Ti- 
conderoga,"  seventeen  guns.  Lieutenant  C.i^-in  ;  siot.p 
"Preble,"  seven  gun-.  Lieutenant  Charles  llu.ld,  and 
ten  gunboats,  carrying  cigl]ty->ix  guns  in  all.  and 
manned  by  eight  hundred  and  eighty-two  men. 

Lossing  '  says,  the  American    line    of  battle    had 


Hv 


within  two  cable-len-ths  of  its  anta 
mean  time  JLicdonoUL'h  Inul  thoroUL' 
receive  the  enemy.  When  his  vessel 
action,  springs  placed  on  his  cables,  am. 


tack-  the  "Ti- 
atlicd  l.v  -hift- 
■hor  his   ve.-el 

ly  prepared  to 

ill  was  in  readi- 


CO.MMODOKE    THOMAS    MACl>HXOL-(;H. 

been  formed  with  great  skill  by  theyoung  commander, 
reference  being  had  to  the  conformation  of  the  land. 
It  extended  comriletely  across  the  entrance  to  Platts- 
burg  Bay  from  Crab  Island  to  Cumberland  Head,  and 
the  Briti-h,  rounding  tlic  latter,  was  compelled  to  ap- 
proach the  American  sipnidron  with  hi~  bows  on, 
giving  the  latter  a  great  advantage  at  the  beginning. 
The  British  line  wa.s  headed  by  a  sloop  followed  by 
the  "  Finch,"  which  led  the  van  of  the  British  squad- 
rou,  and  made  for  the  right  of  the  American  line,  in 
the  direction  of  the  "  Pjeble."  near  Crab  Island.  At 
the  same  time  the  "Chub"  moved  towai-d  the  head 
or  left  of  the  Americans,  near  Cumberland  Head, 
keeping  well  to  the  windward  of  the  "  Kagle."  to  sup- 
port the   "Linnet"  in  a  din>ct  attack  on   that  ves-e!, 


ness,  he  knelt  on  the  deck  of  the  "Saratoga,"  near 
one  of  its  heaviest  guns,  with  his  officers  and  men 
around  him,  and,  in  few  words,  asked  Almighty  God 
for  aid,  and  committed  the  issue  into  His  hands.  He 
arose  with  assured  courage,  and  as  the  enemy  came 
down  upon  him,  his  vessels  sprang  their  broadsides 
to  bear,  and  the  "  Eagle  "  opened  the  action  by  hurl- 
ing the  first  shot.  It  discharged  in  quick  succes-ion 
its  four  long  eighteen-pounders  in  broadside.  This 
was  followed  by  the  fire  of  a  long  twenty-four-ponml- 
er  on  the  "Saratoga,"  which  the  young  and  gallant 
Commodore  JIacdonough  had  sighted  himself.  The 
ball  entered  the  outer  hawse-hole  of  the  "  Confiance," 
the  enemy's  flagship,  and  went  crushing  through 
every  obstacle  the  entire  length  of  her  deck,  killing 
several  men  on  its  way,  and  demolishing  the  wheel. 
The  "Linnet,"  as  she  was  passing  to  attack  the 
"  Eagle,"  gave  the  "  Saratoga  "  a  broadside,  but  with- 
out serious  effect.  One  of  her  shots  demolished  a 
hen-coop  on  the  "  Saratoga,"  in  which  was  a  young 
game  cock,  and  released  the  fowl.  Startled  hy  the 
noise  of  cannon,  Mr.  Lossingsays,  the  cock  flew  upon 
a  gun-slide,  and,  clapping  its  wings,  crowed  lustilv 
and  defiantly.  The  sailois  cheered,  and  the  incident, 
appearing  to  them  asominou.s  of  victory  for  the  Ameri- 
cans, strengtliened  the  courage  of  all. 

The  "Confiance  "made  no  reply  to  the  "Saratoga's  " 
savage  tweniy-fourpounder  until  she  had  secured  a 
de-irable  position,  when  she  exhibited  a  sheet  of 
flame.  Her  entire  larboard  broadside  guns,  consisting 
of  sixteen  twenty-four-pounders,  double-shotted,  lev- 
eled at  point-blank  range,  coolly  sighted,  and  favored 
by  smooth  water,  were  discharged  at  one  time.  The 
effect  was  terrible.  The  "Saratoga  "  shivered  from 
round-top  to  hull  as  with  an  ague,  and  forty  of  her 
people,  or  almost  one-tifth  of  her  complement,  were 
di-abled.  Almost  immediately,  however,  llacdonough 
resumed  the  conflict,  and  the  tire  of  the  "Saratoga  '' 
w.as  steady  and  gallantly  conducted.  Among  her 
lost  was  her  first  lieutenant,  Peter  Gamble,  but  Com- 
modore Downie,  of  the  "  Confiance,"  was  also  killed. 

The  conte-t  had  now  bei'ome  general,  steadv  and 
active.  The  "  Chub  '■  --ruck  her  ^ilag  and  wa-  taken 
pn^,c--iMn*.l  by  Midship  nan  I'l.itt,  .,f  the  "SaratoL-a," 
who  had  her  t..wcd  to  I'but-burg  IS.ay.  and  anchored 
near  the  moulb  of  the  .~<arauac.  Alm..st  half  of  her 
people  were  killed  or  wounded.  An  h..ni- later  the 
"  rineh-  .Irifte.l  uj...,,  Oab  Wand  shoal,  where  she 
struck,  and  surrendered  to   a   little   two-gun  batterv. 


THK  V\'AH  i'V  i^iU- 


301 


Tlu'  liritisli  gun-boots  now  entered  vis;  in.Ksly  into  any  duriur;  tl 
the  ;ution  ami  siion  coniiK  lleil  the  "Pr.Aile"  Uj  cut  whr.e  it  .ir  ,-.p 
liiT  I'iiblf.s  and  riee  to  a  s;itVr  [dace,  near  the  .^bore,  ean-^  v  as  conii' 
where  she  went  oul  of  aelioii.  The  at'aek  or.  the  ha.MH'ty  roumi 
■•Tieonderojia"  was  redoubled  by  tlie  tburtt.en  i^un-  one  hundred  a 
iHjat'i,  but  the  galhmt  "  Ca-sin  '  walked  the  tati'rail  in 
a  storm  of  grape  and  eaiiister  shot,  watcliing  cbe 
uiovi'ments  of  the  assailant.^,  and  direeting  eU'ective 
diieharges  of  niusket-balls  and  other  light  -ijissilea, 
nliieli  kept  the  enemy  at  bay.  Several  times  the 
British  were  witliin  a  few  feet  of  the  ^idcs  of  the 
"  Tieonderoya  "  with  the  intention  of  litjardiug  ijo/, 
but  they  we're  repulsed. 

In  the  mean  time  tlie  "  I'.agle ''  lost  the  springs  of 
her  cable,  and  became  exposed  to  the  combiued  tire 
of  the  "Linnet"  and  "  Confiance."  Very  soon  the 
two  Hagships  became  disabled.  The  "Saratoga  "  had 
not  a  single  serviceable  starboard-gun  kit,  and  was 
silent.  The  "Confiance''  was  not  much  better  eii' 
Now  was  the  moment  for  ilacdonough  to  exhibit  his 
splenilid  seamanshiji.  He  did  so  quickly  and  efl'ect- 
ively.  With  the  aid  of  Philip  Brum,  his  skillful 
sailing-master,  he  wound  the  ship,  by  means  of  a 
stream-anchor  and  hawsers,  so  that  he  brought  the 
guns  of  his  larboard  quarter  to  bear  on  the  "Confi- 
ance," which  had  vainly  endeavored  to  imitate  the 
movement.  JIacdonough  now  poured  such  a  destruc- 
tive fire  on  the  British  flag-ship  that  she  soon  surren- 
dered. The  "  Saratoga's  "  tire  was  then  directed  upon 
the  "Linnet,"  and  in  the  course  of  fit'tecn  minutes 
the  too  struck  her  colors.  The  British  galleys  in  the 
meantime  had  been  driven  by  the  "Ticonderoga" 
half  a  mile  in  the  rear  of  the  larger  vessels,  and  they 
lay  scattered,  and  giving  feeble  aid  to  them.  Seeing 
the  colors  of  the  larger  vessels  go  down,  they  too 
dropped  their  ensigns,  and  at  a  little  past  noon  not 
one  of  the  sixteen  national  flag^,  which  were  so 
proudly  floating  over  the  British  squadron  when  it 
rounded  Cumberland  Head,  could  be  seen. 

Finding  that  they  would  not  be  pursued,  the 
galleys  escaped  down  the  lake.  The  Americans  were 
too  crippled  to  follow.  "  I  could  only  look  at  the 
enemy's  galleys  going  off"  in  a  shattered  condition," 
Macdonough  wrote  the  Secretary  of  War,  "  for  there 
was  not  a  mast  in  either  .squadron  that  could  stand 
to  make  sail  on  ;  the  lower  rigging,  being  nearly  all 
shot  away,  hung  down  as  if  it  had  just  been  placed 
over  the  mast-heads."  "Our  masts,  yards  and  sails 
were  so  shattered,"  wrote  ^lidshipnum  Lee,  of  the 
"Confiance,"  who  was  wounded  in  the  action,  "  that 
we  looked  like  so  many  bunches  of  matches  and  the 
other  like  a  bundle  of  rags." 

For  two  hours  and  twenty  minutes  this  severe 
naval  battle  raged,  while  the  thunder  of  cannon,  the 
hi.is  of  rockets,  the  scream  of  bombs  and  the  rattle 
of  musketry  were  lieard  on  the  shore.  It  was  a  grand 
higlit,  and  was  witio  s.-cd  by  hundreds  of  spectatois  ^|''^''\'"',',"","', "'„.'','[-' 
on  the  headlands  of  the  Wrmont  shore,  who  greeted     c!li!n''v"',M  Oir'wl'r 

the  victory  with  shouts.  It  was  a  bi.ttie  character-  ';;';;^;;'' "i";;;''^^,';;; 

i-;ed  by  a  vigor  and   destructiveness  not    excelled  bv      Eiktuu,  ana  to>iaid  lU 


bull. 


(loin  equaled  any- 
ry  for  the  Anicri- 
il  ;  tb.e"  Saratoga" 
nd  the  "Confiance" 


twi 


set  on  fire  by  Lot  siiot  from  thr  enemy's  ship.  Very 
fe',»- officers  of  either  of  th.-  sb.ips  were  uninjured. 
Jlacdcnougn  sighted  a  favorite  gun  much  of  the  time 
duririg  the  action.  Wliile  doing  so  at  one  time, 
bendii'g  hi:i  bodv,  a  shot  cut  the  spanker-boom  in 
iwo,  and  it  fell  upon  his  back  with  such  force  as  to 
prostrate  t;im  sens'le^s  on  the  deck.  The  cry  went 
through  tiie  sliip  that  the  commodore  w.is  killed.  He 
R(;on  recovci-i-d  and  lesumed  his  stati(m.  A  few- 
minutes  afier-n-ards  a  shot  drove  the  head  of  the 
captain  of  his  lavoritcgun  in  upon  him,  and  knocked 
him  senseless  into  the  scuppers,  when  his  death  was 
again  announced;  but  he  speedily  recovered.  His 
venerable  palling  master,  Peter  Brum,  had  his  clothes 
nearly  torn  ouby  a  splinter  while  winding  the  ship. 
Lieutenant  Lovelace  had  a  shot-box,  on  ^-hich  he 
was  standing  driven,  from  iinder  him  by  a  ball,  and 
was  knocked  down  by  the  tlying  head  of  a  seaman. 
Lieuter.ants  Uamble  and  Stansbury  were  killed.  The 
British  officers  suff'ered  severely.  Commander  Downie, 
Capt.  Anderson  of  the  marines,  Midshipman  Gunn 
of  the  "Confiance,"  and  Lieutenants  Paul  and  Boat- 
swain Jackson,  of  the  "  Linnet,''  were  also  killed  and 
many  others  were  wounded.  The  entire  loss  of  the 
Americans  was  one  hundrcil  and  ten,  of  ■whom  fifty- 
two  were  killed.  The  t<ital  British  loss  was  more 
than  two  hundred. 

Sir  George  Prevost,  who  commanded  the  British 
land  forces,  was  also  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Platts- 
burg  by  General  Jlacomb.  Spontaneous  honors  and 
pia.ises  were  given  by  the  people  to  him  and  Mac- 
donough coni(nntly.  Bonfires  and  illuminations 
blazed  in  almost  every  city  and  village  in  the  land, 
ami  recent  disaster  at  the  national  capital  was  almost 
unthought  of  for  the  moment.  Legislative  resolves, 
artillery,'  oratory  and  song  were  pressed  into  the 
service  of  rendering  homage  to  the  two  heroes  and 
their  men.  The  newspapers  teemed  with  eulogies, 
and  at  all  public  gatherings  and  entertainments  their 
names  and  deeds  were  mentioned  with  applause. 
Macdonough  was  nobly  honored.  The  Slate  of  New- 
York  gave  him  tw-o  thousand  acres  of  land.  The  State 
of  Vermont   purchased  two  hundred  acres  on  Cum- 


t.iii  Arfll'0-!s  iin^-r  tl,.'  c^:.,i,,.n.!  -I  '  ,,  •  1).  C  Wils„n,  fimi  i>. 
,;.■  u.,e  lit  I-.  IT  lI..lliii_-worlh.  iHiir  IJl,t..ii,  in  hcnor  i.f  tln>  !»rneev.. 
The-  Veteran  Curpa  uf  Wilniin.^tun,  .■  .mn.andea  l.J-  Cut.  .\llen  MrLa 
af.cnilile.l  ..n  tliti^orner  uf  Irencli  an.l  SiLi.ml  ,«tre..ts.  un  tlie  1st  of  i 


302 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWAIIE. 


berland  Ilcafl  and  [irt-^entcd  it  to  him.  It  was  or.  iho 
bordcM  of  Cmiilifrlanii,  or  riatt.>liur^'  IJay,  anil  tlio 
farm-lioase  upon  it  'jvcrloMk.  .1  the  sci-ne  it'  his 
galhmt  exphiits.  The  dtivs  of  .N\u-  \,.vk  and 
Albany  each  gave  the  Ijero  a  valnalih'  lot  of  land. 
"Thus","  said  -Araedoii-,a-h  to  a  Irieiid.  nliilo  tears 
stood  in  hi.s  eyes,  "  in  one  luoiub,  lioin  a  poor  lieu- 
tenant I  became  a  rirh  man."  t'onL:ress  L'ave  him 
the  thanks  of  the  nation,  and  uiili  nis  j.rave  com- 
manders, Henley  and  L'as-in,  voted  hini  a  l-oM  med:  1 

of  Jlacdonoui;h's  medal   was  a  bust  of  the   hero  in 


THE    M.A.CDOXOUr,II 


profile,  with  tlie  leprend.  "Tno.  MACDoyrirciT, 
Stagno  CuAMn.AiN- Ci.as.  Keg.  Brit.  Scpehayit." 
The  reverse  side  bore  a  re[iresentation  of  a  fleet  en- 
gaged before  a  town  (Plattsbury),  enveloped  in 
smoke.  Several  small  boats  on  the  lake  ;  le._'end  : 
"  Uxo  Lateuf.  Percu.sso,  ALTER^^r.  Si;[ieravit.'' 
Exergue,  "Inter  Class.  Ameri.  Et  Brit.  Die  XI. 
Sept.,  MDCCCXIIII." 

One  of  the  last  acts  of  the  Delaware  Legislature  in 
connection  with  the  War  of  1S12  was  to  take  appro- 
priate steps  in  recognition  of  the  bravery  of  her  gal- 
lant sons.  A  resolution  was  passed  in  January, 
1815,  expressing  the  "pride  and  pleasure  felt  by  the 
General  Assembly  in  recognizing  Commodore  Mac- 
donough  as  a  citizen  of  Delaware.''  They  appropri- 
ated a  sum  of  money  lor  a  piece  of  plate,  and  also 
for  a  portrait  of  the  commodore. 

When  Russia  offered  her  mediation  lietween 
England  and  the  United  States,  in  the  interest  of 
peace.  Mr.  Bayard  and  Albert  Gallatin  were  commis- 
sioned to  proceed  directly  to  St.  Petersburg,  and 
charged  with  authority  to  conclude  a  peace  upon  the 
terms  set  forth  in  the  declaration  nf  war.  The  pro- 
digious  change  in   European    ]iolities,    which  after- 


wards asloni>hcd  the  world,  was  not  antieijiated 
when  tlie  American  envoys  were  commissioned  and 
dispatehcil.  France  and  England,  though  at  tem- 
porary ]ieaee,  still  threatened  war,  and  the  rights  and 
.interests  of  Americans  w-ere  still  menaced  with  vio- 
lation. It  was  not  for  alistraet  principles,  bnt  lor 
practical  wrongs,  that  war  had  been  derhired  ;  hence, 
it  was  against  the  pmr-lirt:  of  impres-ment  rather 
than  against  the  claim  of  right  to  impre-s.  which 
England  held,  that  the  Secretary  of  State,  in  his  let- 
ter of  instructions  of  April  l.'>,  1S13,  insiruets  the 
envoys— of  "  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  be 
exempt  from  the  degrading  pjuc^av  of  impressment," 


and  rem.irking  that  "  the  jintrli,;-  is  utterly  repu_'nant 

with  any  nation;  i:  wa,  never  aeipiie-eed' in  hy  ai;v, 
and  a  suhmi-ion  In  It  l.v  the  United  St.-ilcs  w,,uld  he 
the  abandonment  in  favor  of  (ireat  Britain  of  all 
claim  to  neuti.d  rights  and  all  other  rights  on  the 
ocean."  The  ol.jcct  of  the  mission  of  Mr.  Bayard 
and  Mr.  Gallatin,  so  far  as  the  subject  of  impress- 
ment was  concerned,  w.is  to  ellcct  a  discontinuance 
of  the  practice,  and  that  accomplished  by  any  means, 
though  not  witluji  the  strict  terms  of  the  letter  of  in- 
struction, the  end  W(;iild   have  licen  satisfactorilv  at- 


taine 


It    is    s:,i,l 


io.,ition  was   after- 


wards taken,  resulting  from  an  ob-eurity  in  a  subse- 
quent part  of  thi'  in.-trnctions,  where  it  is  said: 
"Upon  the  whole  subject  I  have  to  observe  that 
your  first  duty  will  he  to  conclude  a  peace  with  Great 
Britain,  and  that  you  are  authorized  to  do  it  in  case 
you  obtain  a  sati.~ractory  stipulation  against  im- 
pres-ment, one  which  will  secure,  under  our  flag, 
protection  to  the  crew.  The  manner  in  which  it 
may  be  done  has  been  already  stated,  with  the  reci- 
procal stipulations  wdiich  you  may  enter  into  to  se- 
cure Great  Britain  against  the  injury  of  which  she 
complains.  If  this  encroachment  of  Great  Britain  is 
not  provided  against,  the  United  States  have  ap- 
pealed to  arms  in  vain." 

When  these  instructions  were  given,  the  conditions 
of  the  belligerent.s  in  Europe,  as  well  as  the  state  of 
the  war  in  the  United  States,  were  very  ditTerent 
from  wdiat  they  had  become  before  Mr.  Bayard  and 
Mr.  Gallatin  arrived  in  St.  Petersburg,  on  July  21, 
181-3.  The  absence  of  the  Emperor  Alexander,  who 
was  with  the  army,  the  retreat  of  the  French  and  the 
refusal  of  England,  communicated  by  Lord  Cathcart, 
to  accept  the  good  offices  of  the  Emperor,  frus- 
trated the  St.  Petersburg  mission  in  its  effort  to 
conclude  a  peace. 

Lord  Cathcan  having  expressed  the  willingne-s  of 
the  Prince  Regent  to  nominate  plenipotentiaries  to 
treat  directly  with  the  American  envoys,  the  "Bram- 
ble" was  dispatched  to  America  to  communicate  the 
views  of  the  Briti.-^h  government.  To  meet  this  ad- 
vance, Mr.  Clay  and  Jlr.  Russell  were  dispatched  to 
Gottenburg.  the  ]dftce  first  selected  tor  the  negotia- 
tions. While  auaiting  the  arrival  of  his  colleagues, 
Mr.  Bayard  vi-ited  England,  from  whence  he  wrote: 
"  I  arrived  in  London  at  a  very  inau-picious  moment 
for  an  American.  The  Allies  were  at  Paris,  and 
news  had  ju-l  been  received  of  the  abdication  of 
Bouaparte.  The  whole  nation  was  delirious  with 
joy,  uhieh  was  not  indulged  without  bitter  invec- 
tives ;igainst  their  remaining  enemies,  the  Amer- 
icans. The  time  of  declaring  war  slung  them  more 
than  the  act  itself'.  They  consblered  it  as  an  aid 
given  to  their  ^'leat  enemy  at  a  moment  when  his 
power  was  iipi-t  gi.rantic.  and  nio-t  seriou-ly  threat- 
ened the  sii!  jUL'ation  of  the  Continent,  as  well  as  of 
themselves.  They  thirst  for  a  great  revenge,  and 
the   nation    will    nyt  be  satisfied   without   it.     They 


THE  WAR  OF  1312-15. 


303 


inow  littli'  of  nur  iiarticj.     It  was  America  tliat   ftll 

Ain.rii-a  lunv  lliat  i-  U>  \hj  maJu  to  Ici-I  the  \v,i-l,t  uf 
tln.r  umhvi.lca  i-iwir." 

'Ilu'  iic.^ntiation-  buin,'  transkrrLMl  iV'.iu  Ootion- 
1,1,-  to  GlJCnt,  Mr.  Uayar,!  there  pruceeiled,  and 
urrivcJ  on  the  27th  ol'  .jiiiie.  Alter  tlie  arrival  of 
tlic  other  coininis-ioners,  a  uhde  month  pa.-^ed  in 
uncertainty,  Mis[ieii:-e  and  expectation.  <Jn  the  oth 
of  Ati^'uat,  3Ir.  Dayard  wrote  I'roni  Ghent  : 

"  Nothing  t'avoralde  can  l)e  auiiured  I'rora  the  delay 
in  sending  their  eoniniis»ioners  to  the  rendezvous 
a.'reed  to  at  their  in^tanee  as  the  seat  of  the  negotia- 
tions. Our  eumniissioners  have  all  been  here  more 
than  a  month,  and  we  have  not  yet  heard  that  theirs 
are  even  preparing  to  quit  London.  AVe  e.\pect 
them  daily;  but  so  we  have  done  for  twenty  days 
p:v^t,  and  so  we^hall  till  they  arrive.  ..r  till  w,-  learn 
that  they  do  not  mean  to  come  at  all.  1  a-^ure  you, 
between  our.>*elvcs,  my  hopes  of  peace  are  very  slen- 
der. The  Government  of  England  afi'eet  to  despise 
us;  but  they  know  we  are  a  growdng  and  dangerous 
rival.  If  they  could  crush  us  at  the  present  moment, 
they  would  not  fail  to  do  it,  and  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  they  will  not  make  peace  till  they  have 
tried  the  effect  of  all  their  force  against  us.  An 
united,  firm  and  courageous  resistance  on  our  part, 
ftlone,  in  my  opinion,  can  furni-h  hopes  of  a  safe 
and  honorable  [leace  to  the  United  States.  .  .  .  What 
I  doubt  is,  that  if  the  olive  branch  be  presented  to  us 
by  one  hand,  a  cup  of  humiliation  and  disgrace  will 
be  held  out  in  the  other;  and  although  I  should  re- 
joice to  carry  the  former  to  the  United  States,  yet  I 
never  shall  con>ent  to  be  the  bearer  of  the  latter." 

And,  again,  he  writes:  "No  peojde  are  more  easily 
elated  or  depressed  by  events  than  the  English.  We 
have  nothing  to  hope  but  from  vigorous  and  success- 
ful measures,  so  tar  as  the  war  depends  upon  our- 
selves alone.  The  British  force  in  America  must  be 
overcome  or  repelled,  or  the  war  must  end  in  national 
di^gtace." 

At  length,  in  Augu-t,  the  British  comnii*-ioners 
arrived  at  Ghent,  and  the  negotiations  were  con- 
cluded on  Uei-cmlicr  il4,  1814,  by  the  treaty  of 
peace.  Mr.  Bayard  proceeded  to  I'aris,  where  he 
received  the  appointment  of  envoy  to  St.  Petersburg, 
which  he  declined,  holding  that  he  had  no  wi.^h  to 
serve  the  administration  of  his  political  opponents, 
except  as  his  services  were  necessary  for  the  good  of 
liis  country.  Nothing  couM  induce  him  to  accept 
an  appointment  that  would  identify  him  with  the 
Ecj.ublican  administration.  From  Paris,  'Sir.  Bayard 
had  intended  to  proceed  to  England  to  co-oper.ite  in 
the  formation  of  the  commercial  treaty,  as  he  had 
been  included  in  the  commi-sion  for  that  purpose, 
r.-.it  an  alarmin- illness  prevented,  and  ho  left  Paris 
on  May  l^ith  for  his  home,  where  he  arrived,  but  re- 
poHcd  but  a  brief  period  in  the  alfcctions  of  his  f.imilv 
and  friends. 

On  the  13th  of  FeLruarv,  l<i:.,  news  of  the  sisning 


cd'  a  treaty  of  peace  with  England  was  received  in 
Wilniin-ton,   and   there   was  a^'general    iUuminalion. 

Un.ted.-t.it.",  .<enate.  It  in  noui^e  >ccurcd  immu- 
nity ir.im  the  "search  and  impression  claims  '  of 
England;  but  it  settled  disputed  boundaries,  and 
acknowledged  our  c-xclusivc  right  to  navigate  the 
M,.-i-.,pp,. 

The  war,  with  its  varied  intcrc-ts,  reflected  the 
highest  hoiKrr  upon  the  devoti(.n  of  Delaware.  She 
had  contributed  her  lull  quota  of  men,  her  full  pro- 
jiortion  of  money,  and  her  sons  had  distinguished 
themselves  on  land  and  sea.  After  the  war  closed, 
the  citizens  of  the  State  turned  \vitli  renewed  ener- 
gies to  the  development  of  tlu-ir  cjuimercial  and 
industrial  interests. 

John  G.  Watmough,  prominent  in  the  War  of  1812, 
was  br,rn  on  t!ie  banks  of  the  Brandyuinc,  December 
6,  1793,  and  served  in  the  War  of  lilj  as  lieutenant 
of  the  Second  Artillery.  While  on  active  duty  on  the 
frontier  in  1S13-14,  he  received  three  musket-balls  in 
his  body,  the  last  of  which  was  not  extracted  until 
1*35.  lie  was  aid-de-camp  to  General  Gaines,  at 
New  Orleans,  and  in  the  Creek  Nation  in  1814-15. 
He  resigned  his  commission  in  ISIG,  and  was  elected 
a  member  of  Congre-s  from  Pennsylvania  in  Lsol, 
serving  for  four  years  and  being  troubled  constantly 
with  his  wounds.  In  1830  he  was  high  sherifl'of 
Philadelphia,  and  surveyor  of  the  port  in  1841.  In 
1844  he  published  "Scribblings  and  Sketches,"  Svo. 
The  latter  part  of  his  life  he  spent  in  retirement  and 
died  in  Philadelphia  November  20,  ISGl. 

Elijah  B.  Register,  who  died  January  10th,  ISSS, 
in  Philadelphia,  was  one  of  the  very  few  survivors  of 
the  War  of  1812  and  '15  who  lived  so  long.  He 
was  born  in  Camden,  Delaware,  September  17,  1798, 
and  when  a  boy  about  tburteen  or  fifteen  years  old 
participated  in  the  defense  of  Lewistown.  At  the 
bombardment  of  Lewistown,  when  the  enemy  sent  a 
boat  ashore  further  up  the  bay,  one  of  the  officers 
who  ventured  to  one  of  the  crossroad  stores  was 
taken  prisoner  by  a  party  of  which  Mr.  Register  was 
one.  The  officer  was  held  on  his  parole  until  e.\- 
changed  for  an  American  prisoner  of  equal  rank. 
During  those  early  days  Camden,  Delaware,  was  a 
town  of  greater  importance  than  Dover.  The  people 
of  the  latter  place  had  to  go  to  Camden  to  get  their 
drug-,  as  it  had  the  onlv  drug-store  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. 

Mr.  Register  subsequently  removed  to  New  Castle, 
Delaware,  when  that  was  a  great  centre  for  travel,  as 
the  New  Castle  &  Frenchtown  Railroad  was  the  only 
way  of  communication  between  Philadelphia  and 
Baltimore.  Passengers  had  to  take  the  stage  from 
Philadeljdiia  tTi  New  Castle,  and  thence  by  rail  to 
Frenchtown,  and  from  there  by  steanib'  at  to  Balti- 
more. The  result  was,  the  town  of  Ni'w  Castle  was 
the  stopping-place  for  a  great  many  pe.iple,  and  the 
hotel,  then  owned  by  Mr.  Register's  brother,  wa-  the 
most  important   place,  not  only  in    the  State,  but  of 


sot 


HJSTOR"  OF  JiEIAWAllE 


ai  much  conxequoncf 
that  time.  .AFr.  Kei 
anil  memory  up  to  th 


my  hotel  in  rhiiail^iphia  at 
r  retained  hi:,  -<,o.l  heal'l. 
.merit  of  liin  ,|,-at:..  am!  .li,-,' 
in  the  iiineHieth  year  ofhis  ajre.  At  the  tone  of  jiii 
deatli  he  li\od  with  his  nephew,  I.  Lavtori  K.irister, 
of  Philadelphia.  Another  jiephew,  Dr.  Henry  C. 
Register,  also  reside.'s  in  I'liiladelphia,  and  a  third. 
Dr.  John  E.  Rei,'ister,  in  D(jver,  Delaware. 

Captain  Jidiii  Galla;.,'her,  a  prominent  Amfrieati 
naval  offieer  in  the  War  ofIS12,  died  in  Wilmington, 
November  1,  l.S4l'.  apred  tifty-eight  years.  He  was  a 
native  of  JIaryland.  He  was  appointed  lieiifen.Tnt 
in  July,  1S12,  and  served  in  that  eapaeity  on  the  frig- 
ate "  United  State.-!,''  in  her  engagement;  witii  tho  Eng- 
lish frigate  "JMacedonian,"  on  October  :i5th  of  that 
year.  On  March  2,  182.5,  he  was  promoted  master 
and  ten  years  later  was  made  a  captain. 


CHATTER     XVII. 

FROJf    THE    TREATY    OF    GHENT    TO    1S(50. 

The  growth  of  manufactures  on  the  Delaware  had 
been  very  great  during  the  War  with  Great  Britain  ; 
and  the  protection  and  encouragement  of  the 
high  duties,  incident  to  the  expenses  of  the  war, 
had  enabled  them  to  grow  and  expand  beyond  all 
precedent  up  to  that  time.  Isaac  Briggs,  writing  to 
the  Hon.  William  Lowndes,  chairman  of  the  Commit- 
tee of  Ways  and  Means  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, from  "  Rokeby  Cotton  Works,  on  Braudywine, 
near  Wilmington,  Delaware,  11  mo:  30,  ISlo,"  and 
again  from  "  Washington,  D,  C,  3  mo:  12,  1816,"  ex- 
plains how  the  comparison  of  American  and  British 
cotton  goods 

"  as  f  ■UD.led  on  equality  of  fahrics,  iloes  not  cir.-  the  correct  .-inci  prart;,-al 
view  of  the  aiibject.  It  h  nithenvli.it  fh.uM  l.»  tl.  ui  «l,:,t  i-  It  ii  tha 
practiceof  tlie  lirili-li   l!  ■■■nf  i-t-; .  -,  f-    :;,    1    i    -■    .   .,     ,,,  i  .;,   -I    ,     ,;,|r,.,i 

Ijy  lonpe.icreii'ii  '    "  1  ■  ■  ■  -■   'i    '     ''    ■    ■  ■■          .',  .^f;:! 

anil  inipoaiuK  tu  i '...-.  ■         ,.   ■,         ;   ,  im,  rn 

4  yds.  at  leiisr,  w  t.     ',  ■     i  :    :    -  .        ,,  ■.■.•■  i   i  ird 

InPlllladdljlii.i,  Ml,,  n  II..  j  :  „   ■  .  ;   .     'i.-u  i,  .j  J.,i.u  ■',  i  .i.  iL  .-..'•.ai.. 


•It  is  the  ptucticcof  the  American  Manufacturer  to  make  a  suhstanti 
ami  dural.le  fal.ri,-.  of  j-ar.i  So.  2ll,  prodiicini;  no  mote  tllan  m  jar 
from  17  lbs.,  win.  I,  .  „st  liini  -i  rts.  per  .yard  in   Philadelphia,  when  t: 

"The  cost  to  th.    ,  .  .:..  nirer  of  a  sMhst.intial 

cloth  is  per  yur.l  ..  'lie  Uritish  manufacturer  of  a  Lean 

yard  8  cts.  fiil.-i  tn.  r,-  i..-  n;i|.  -e.l  .n  their  r..rei;n  .'.ihri,-  \^J^,^uJ'duh 
as  Bill  make  it  io,t  llie  .ni|.orter  -:,  cents  p..T  yard,  the  American  mauu" 
facturerwill  not  be  etlectually  protected." 


■re  th 


for  member-  of  tli 
e  .■hoi,.,.  ,,r  lourtfci 
M  i..r  the  ll,.ii-e  an. 
roni  th,-  ];,-i„il,lJ,,ai 
■e   was    a,liM,ion  it 


fill 


In  1S15  a  State  tax  was  levied  which  caused  con- 
siderable bad  feeling.  It  was  found  that  New  Castle 
County,  which  was  only  valued  at  about  one-third  of 
the  other  counties,  was  made  to  pay  about  three-fifths 
of  all  the  taxes  of  the  State.  The  valuathm  and  tax 
Ti-as  as  follows: 


In  the  ci-anp-.ign  of  (.■^i,;  tli,^  F,-,leralist  convention 
("caucus"  it  wc..-,  caUcl  then)  rejectcl  their  ol,l 
members  be,-aii.s(' they  "voted  in  favor  ,tf  tlie  ,:oin- 
penstition  l-iw,"  and  placed  in  nomination  f,,r  tJover- 
nor  Jolin  Clarke,  an.l  for  Representatives  iuCon-ress, 
Louh-sMi'Ltmeanl  Caleb  Ro,lney.  Me-srs.  Clayton 
and  Cooper  ran  as  independent  Federalists  for  Con- 
gress. Ti;  his  address  to  thi;  Federal  electors  of  the 
State,  dated  at  Dover,  on  the  12th  of  July,  ISIO,  Mr. 
Glaytou  appe.iled  from  the  decision  of  the  conven- 
tion, and  solicited  the  votes  of  his  fellow-citizens. 
He  said,  at  th'j  earnest  solicitation  of  his  party,  he 
was  indi;ced  to  abandon  a  lucrative  profession  to 
serve  it,  and  that  he  had  been  "  rudely  rejecte,!  Irom 
the  plr.ce  he  made  so  great  sacrifices  to  himself  and 
his  family  to  accept." 

The  Republican  or  (Democratic)  nominees  were 
\Iansen  Bull  for  Governor,  and  C.  A  Rodnev  -ind 
Willard  Hall  for  Congress. 

At  the  election  in  October  Mr.  Clarke'  was  elected 
Governor  by  a  majority  of  401.  He  received  4oOS 
votes  and  Mr.  Bull  SolT.  For  Congress  Mr.  McLane, 
Federalist,  and  Mr.  Hall,  Republican,  were  elected.' 
The  former  received  3580  votes  and  the  latter  3-531, 
being  elected  by  a  majority  of  one  vote  over  C.  A. 
Rodney.  C.  Rodney,  the  Federal  candidate,  received 
3433  votes.  At  the  previous  election  the  Federal 
majority  in  the  State  for  Congressmen  was  about 
1000,  but  owing  to  the  defection  caused  by  the  tailure 
to  renominate  Messrs.  Clayton  and  Cooper,  C.  Rod- 
ney, one  of  the  Federal  candidates  for  Congress,  was 
defeated.  Jlr.  Clayton  received  48f3  votes  and  Mr. 
Cooper  391. 

The  Legislature  in  November  appointed  Nicholas 
Ridgely,  Thomas  Robinson,  Andrew  Barratt  and 
Isaac  Tunnel,  all  Federalists,  as  electors  of  President 
and  Vice-President.  Nichohis  Van  Dyke  was  elected 
at  this  session  a  Lnitc,l  States  Senator. 

Governor  Clarke,  on  January  21,  1817,  addres-ed  to 
the  members  of  the  General  Assembly  his  inaugural 
message,  in  which  he  inculcated  the  highest  rever- 
ence and  atfection  for  the  Federal  Constitution,  as 
containing  all  the 

"  gre-it  ewentials  of  a  free   srovernm.'nt,    nnd   .in  it   dei..Mi.I«    in    a  verv 


rity  ami  glory  of  l 


FROM  THE  T1;i:aTY  of  GHENT  TO  ISGO. 


reiiii 


„Kiii,  I^;iac  l!ri--s,  wli..  uii.l,T=.t..o.l  prrhaps  lu.ttrr 
;h:in  :iiiy  other  ni:iii  in  tin-  t:ato  tli..'  trut-  n|R.r.ui.iri  of 

.  Mitiniiod  his  clfurt.i  in  that  tlirertinii,  an.!,  as  ai.l-  to 
Ills  purpose,  succeocld  in  establi>hin;i  "  Sucietie.s  lor 
rrmiioting  American  .Manuraeture-."  These  ^•leietie•i 
\wre  iritcnJed  to  awaken  Inim  that  "  drow.^y  iniio- 
KiRO  and  stupid  letharjry  into  which  we  are  apt  to 
fall  after  comineiicing  an  enterprise  with  some  dcL'ree 
ol'  sjurit."  At  a  reguhir  meeting  of'Tho  f^ocioty  of 
the  State  of  Dehiwarc  for  the  rromniiou  of  American 
Manufactures,''  E.  I.  Du  Pont,  vice'-pre,-.ident,  pre- 
siiling,  with  Sellick  Osborn,  secretary,  held  in  Wil- 
iiungtoti  on  the  5th  of  April,  1817,  Isaac  Briggs  oli'ered 
the  following  resolutions,  which,  being  considered, 
were  unanimously  adopted : 

"  niS'h-ed,  As  the  opinion  of  tliis  socioty,  that  the  surplus  proiluc-e  of 


tsof  I 


niLMh.-.e 
'    >--"n-e.sp, 


i.    Mr.  l!,i--.,  as 
'mimittee,     wrott 


Yorlc   or  1 


Hfsoheit,  Thiit,  Blthough  tlie  i 


pro^p.Toiis  uio^k 


ntitnml  effect  of  free  ^ovi 
e,.|,le  of  tlie  fnited  Stutei 
th.-ir  fni-   iijfr.  -t  ;    that 


quiclily  we  thiiik    very  obvious." 

The  impetus  thus  given  by  Mr.  Briggs  to  the  en- 
couragement of  manufactures  was  felt  in  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Penn-iylvania,  in  which  Mr.  Laurie  reported 
at  length  upon  the  condition  of  manufactures  in  that 
State  ;"  from  the  Pittslield  Committee  on  Agriculture 
and  Domestic  Manufactures;  from  the  Pittsburg  Me- 
morialists to  the  Congress,  accompanied  by  a  report 
on  the  condition  of  the  manutacture.s  in  that  city ; 
and  from  the  Philadelphia  Kociety;  and  from  the 
Legislatures  of  Nesv  York  and  Connecticut. 

At  the  election  in  October,  ISl'J,'  Mr.  Jlolleston, 
Federalist,  was  elected  Governor  by  a  majority  of 
about  six  hundred,  but  died  before  he  entered  upon 
the  duties  of  his  otiice.  The  Constitution  of  the  State 
made  no  provision  for  the  decease  of  a  governor-e/t-"^  / 
but  Jacob  Stout,  Siieaker  of  the  Senate,  a-sumed  the 
duties  of  the  oiEce. 

The  Missouri  question  was  at  this  time  begin- 
ning to  excite  all  quarters  of  the  country,  and  to  cast 
its  lurid  light  over  every  State.  In  the  Delaware 
Legislature  the  question  of  the  power  of  Congress  to 
prohibit  slavery  in  the  Territories  was  referred  to  a 
committee,  which,  in  a  very  able  report,  recognized 
the  power  of  Congress  as  complete  over  the  Territories 
and  exteniiing  to  the  total  e.Kclusion  of  slavery  there- 
from. Upon  this  report  the  Legislature  transmitted 
to  Congress  the  following  resolution  : 

"  U.suhcJ,  l!y  the  Sei|#te  iiu.l  House  of  Ile|iresentiilive<  ..f  Ih-  St:,t.-  .,( 


iiry  of  New-  C:i<t\.-  County  to  fin 


306 


HI^TOUV  OF 


iuto  tliL-  L  luuu,  utiijlit  tu  U  i.ioLil.i;i.|  by  OMigr.-^.' 

At  a  large  meeting  in  Wilmington  on  January  IV, 
1820,  at  which  Judge  Booth  iirusided,  (_'..>iir  A.KoJ- 
Doy '  ;iiUlrer-L>J  the  jieople  in  favor  of  C'ongros  pro- 
hibiting the  further  extension  of  blavcry,  and  resolu- 
tions to  that  effect  were  unanimously  adopted. - 

Tho>e  emphatic  numifestations  of  public  opinion 
called  forth  from  Senators  Nicholas  Van  Dyke  and 
Outerbridge  Horsey  and  Louii  McLaue  a  letter  to 
the  following: 

"Thiittlii!i.liini..n,jf  llif  L.-ial.iture  lij."!!  11. e  ilup.  rtiiil  ,iM.-!i...i  now 


ties,  tut  uiu 


Among  the  sources  of  revenue  for  State  purposes 
adopted  by  the  Legislature  in  1S2I  was  that  knovvn 
as  '■  transit  duties,"  which  was  a  law  imposing  a  tax 
upon  persons  arriving  in  that  State,  in  stage  or  steam- 
boat, by  land  or  water,  of  twenty-five  cents  each, 
to  assist  in  erecting  a  college  at  the  village  of  New- 
ark, and  for  the  treasury  of  the  State.  This  law- 
caused  much  excitement  iu  the  upper  part  of  the 
State,  where  its  operations  were  principally  felt, 
and  public  meetings  resolved  "  to  unite  in  every 
legal  mode  of  defeating  the  operation  of  the  law." 
The  pojiulatiou  of  the  State  at  this  time  was  seven- 
ty-two thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty-nine,  an 
increase  of  only  seventy-tive  persons  in  ten  years, 
while  New  Castle  County  increased  nearly  three 
thousand  five  hundred.  The  other  two  counties 
decreased  very  nearly  tlie  same  amount,  yet  repre- 
sentation remained  equal  between  thij  three  counties. 
Of  the  whole  population,  12,'J-jS  were  free  blacks  and 
4509  slaves. 

At  the  fall  elections  in  October,  1820,  John  Collins,' 
Republican,  was  elected  Governor,  with  C.  A.  Rod- 
ney, Kepublican,  and  Louis  McLane,  Federalist,  to 
Congress.  Willard  Hail,  the  then  member,  was  de- 
feated, as  was  al^o  :\Ir.  Mitchell.  The  vote  for  Gov- 
ernor was  as  follows  : 


.  Tory  liirge  niocliii^  of  t 


erj.    C.  A.  l;u.n,.j  fi.,, 

3  John   C"llil.s  was   (, 


The  vote  for  Congressmen  was  as  follows 

COU.NTIES.  Ri«I.i.-y.  Hall.        .MtLuu. 


Cresar  A.  Rodney  was  elected  a  United  State-  Squ- 
alor from  i.he  State  from  the  4th  of  March,  IsL'i;. 
There  were  three  bills  before  the  Legislature  incorpn- 
rating  manufacturing  companies, — two  with  capitals 
of  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  each  ami 
the  "Cotton  Manufacturing  Company"  on  the  Bran- 
dywine,  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dnllur, 
capital.* 

At  this  time  Delaware  wa^  one  of  the  few  State-,  iu 
which  the  Rejiublicau  and  federalist  parties  main- 
tained their  old-time  activity  and  bitterness.  Thi- 
election  for  Governor  and  Representatives  in  Conirress 
in  the  fall  of  1S22  was  severely  contested.  Joseph 
Haslet,  son  of  the  patriot  who  fell  at  Princeton,  was 
the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor,  and  Judge 
Booth  lieaded  the  Federal  ticket.  After  an  active 
and  bitter  contest  the  former  was  elected  by  a  ma- 
jority of  only  twenty-two  votes.  The  Federalists 
elected  their  Congressmen— C.  A.  Rodney,  the  Re- 
publican Representative  in  Congress  being  defeated 
by  Daniel  Rodney,  and  Louis  McLane  was  re-elected 
by  a  majority  of  six  hundred  and  thirty-nine. 

The  Legislature,  for  the  first  time,  had  a  decided 
Reimblicau  majority. 

Considerable  excitement  was  created  in  AVilniing- 
ton  in  November,  1822,  by  the  arrest  of  a  number  oi 
counterfeiters,  who  had  taken  up  their  residence  in  a 
retired  house  in  that  city.  The  six  men  and  two 
women,  when  arrested,  had  in  their  possession  tiltv 
thousand  dollars  in  counterfeit  and  spurious  notes, 
and  dies  for  the  manufacture  of  counterfeit  half- 
dollars.  The  notes  were  chiefly  twenty-dollar  bills 
of  the  Bank  of  Wilmington  and  Braudywine,  tens  of 
the  Bank  of  New  Brunswick,  and  fives  of  the  Frank 
lin  Bank  of  Baltimore.  The  counterfeiters  were  tried 
and  convicted  iu  Wilmington,  and  fined  and  sen- 
tenced in  January,  1823. 

Cxsar  A.  Rodney,  h.aving  been  appointed  minister 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  resigned  his  seat  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  The  period  of  service  of  Nicholas 
Van  Dyke,  the  other  United  States  Senator,  expired 
on  the  4th  of  March,  182."..  It  was  important  that 
the  Legislature  should  elect  successors  to  both  of 
these  gentlemen  at  the  session  of  1823.  The  contest, 
however,  lj,etween  the  rival  candidates,  defeated  this 
scheme,  as  the  two  Houses  got  into  a  quarrel  over  the 


M:ir, 


FROM  THE  TREATY  OF  GiTE.^'T  TO    i:<M. 


torship-;,  :'nil  no  o 
l{,„i>r   of  Mepre- 

<>hilc  tho  Semite 
«cro   [Uit   in   iioi 

1.  without  ellectin 


at  this  se-<si.in. 
;■.!  t..  elect  tlje 
,  Xiiie  ^enr.c- 
en  b.aiors  were 
?  wiiole  nuinher 


]i-y."vC:istler.. 


vot,: 


,,r  T"te3  ciLst  WU.S  thirty,  of  which  S.  H.  Black  received 
[■.iiirteeii  votes  at  every  ballot  excepting  two.  Oa  one 
..I'the  ballots,  Georse  Rra-l  had  tweUe  vote-*.  The 
I,'','iHlature,  as  we  have  stated,  ailjounied  without 
tiKikiiip'  a  choice. 

(iovenior  Jo.'seph  Haslet  died  in  lS2o,  being  the 
third  successive  Governor  who  died  without  complet- 
ing'ii's  terra  of  olfiee.  He  was  an  excellent  oiiieer. 
\n  election  was  held  in  October  of  the  same  vear  xo 
till  the  vacancy,  wdien  Samuel  Paynter,  the  Federalist 
cundidate,  was  elected  Governor  by  a  majority  of 
two  hundred  and  ninety-nine,  and  both  branches  of 
the  Legislature  had  a  decided  Federalist  majority. 
At  the  session  of  January,  1S24,  Nicholas  Van  Dyke 
was  re-elected  United  States  Senator,  to  succeed  hiin- 
-elf,  and  Hon.  John  il.  Clayton  was  elected  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Hon.  C.  A. 
llodney.' 

The  annual  election  in  Delaware  was  held  on  the 
first  Tuesday  of  October.  The  following  table,  com- 
].iled  from  the  Delaware  Watchman,  shows  the  num- 
ber of  votes  given  for  the  different  candidates  in 
Delaware  for  the  otBce  of  Governor,  from  1801  to 
1S23,  inclusive.  The  Demoeiatio  candidates  are  in 
ilalics. 


The  Watchma7i  had  the  following  note  :  "  It  ap- 
pears from  the  following  statement  that  the  greatest 
vote  given  by  New  Castle  County  was  in  1813, 
amounting  to  3161  votes;  by  Kent,  1S04,  amounting 
to  2397  votes;  by  Sussex,  in  the  present  (1823)  year, 
auKjunting  to  33oS  votes,  nearly  200  more  than  was 
ever  given  in  that  county. 

"  l!y  the  census  of  1820  the  population  of  New 
Castle  was  27,809.  Kent  20,793.  Sussex  24,o.-,;. 

"  At  the  late  election  the  votes  of  New  Castle  were 
ill  the  proportion  of  one  to  every  ten  persons;  of 
Kent,  one  to  every  nine  jiersons;  and  of  .^a-sex.  one 
to  every  seven  persons.  There  is  no  district  in  the 
I'uion,  I  believe,  that  exhibits  so   lanxe  a  vote  in  so 


lirectol-3  of  the  Uauk  uf  tin;  L'u 


Mr.Niles  lu-.A 
seat  the  facts  o! 
shows  tiie  aiiiou 
counties  of  the  .- 
eensus:    New   O 


le. 


1.  la,nin.r^^  small  fraction." 
v.viys,  ••  This  does  not  repre- 
■<e  properly.  The  followiii.c 
le  f.-fe  whites  in  tlie  several 
d  no  others  vote)  at  the  last 
!.3i'.0;   Kent,    14,180;  Sussex, 


1S,742.  So  that,  at  th:;  late  elcciion,  as  New  Castle 
gave  only  270i.'  votes,  theie  was  one  voter  to  eiyht  of 
the  white  populati'.n ;  in  Kent  2344  votes  were 
given,  or  ab  o  le  vote  to  sic  of  the  white  population  ; 
and  in  Sussex  one  ^•ote  to  fhi-'nt  jive  and  aa-h'tlf  parU 
of  such  population,  33-'.8  having  been  given.  As 
none,  unless  fax-vai/rrs,  :\r^  i\n;iUi\ci]  to  vote  in  this 
State,  except  the  sons  of  jiersons  so  qualified,  who 
are  bet^^een  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and  twenty-two, 
ic  is  hard  to  believe  that  the  two  lower  counties  really 
cortaiu  so  many  voters. 

"The  .Tmount  of  free  white  males  in  the  State, 
abnvs  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  may  be  thus  de- 
terniicid  bv  the  censf.s  of  l«2o,— 


Half  tbt"  soiount  of  persons  beti 
Pei"son5  from  vIS  to  45  years  of  a 


ages  c 


"  So  that,  on  an  average  for  the  whole  State,  more 
than  two  out  of  every  three  persons  above  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years  is  a  voter.  But  Sussex,  at  the  same 
rate  of  calculation,  contains  only  3744  such  persons  ; 
and,  as  33-5S  votes  were  taken,  nearly  nine  out  of 
every  ten.  of  all  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  in 
that  County  are  not  (inly  voteiis.  but  actually  at- 
tended the  i>olls  :  A  most  extraordinary  turning- 
out,  indeed." 

The  United  States  frigate  "Congress"  w;is  fitted 
out  for  the  conveyance  of  Mr.  Itodney  to  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Captain  James  Biddle  assigned  to  her 
command.  Personal  dilfereiices  arose  between  the 
minister  and  the  captain,  and  increased  to  such  an 
extent  that  ;\rr.  Rodney  left  the  "  Congress"  at  Rio 
Janeiro  and  proceeded  by  private  ship  to  Buenos 
Ayres,  arriving  there  o.n  the  14th  of  November,  1823. 
The  unexpected  return  of  the  "Congress"  to  Nor- 
folk was  followed  by  a  publication  in  the  Xational 
Gazette,  that  the  dillerence  between  the  minister  and 
the  captain  had  grown  out  of  the  amount  of  barrgage 
of  the  former.  The  Gazette  represented  that  the 
trunks,  bales  and  boxes  of  the  minister  gave  the  deck 
the  appearance  of  an  auction  warehouse  or  pawn- 
brokers' depository.  The  Gazette's  article  excited  the 
strongest  indignation  throughout  the  State,  for  Mr. 
Rodne}  was  not  only  luLdily  respeeted,  but  greativ 
beloved  by  all  chfses  of  citizens.  Ic  was  suspected 
that  Captain  BiddU.'  had  iiisj.jred  the  Ga:-fte\^  artiele 
and  supplied  the  list  of  articles  eomprisintr  the  iriiii- 
ister's  baggage.  The  Jidanyire  Watchmanlunk  up  the 
subject  most  uarinly.  remarking  that  -in  whatever 
light  we  view  this  aii'.iir,  it  ai.peais   to   us  to   be  one 


HISTORY  OV  DEL  \  war; 


which  iir.pci 
veatijratioii.     If  ('.-.li 
such    ;is    it    is  rcpr 
natioMal  hoih.i  and 
be  made.     Let  it  be 


rc<niircs  a  prompt  and  ample  in- 
ilaii,  lii.Mlc-s  conduct  hr.s  been 
cseiit.d  to  u^^,  it  is  due  to  (lie 
dii;iuty  that  an  example  should 
iidei'^tood,   hereaiter,  that 


our  public  ships  are  the  property  of  the  nation  and 
not  of  the  commanders;  and  let  these  coniiiianders 
know  by  an  impressive  example  the  immeasurr.ble 
distance  between  a  captain  in  the  navy  and  an  Amer- 
ican ambassador,  the  representative  of  the  nation." 
It  had  been  said  that  Captain  Biddle  had  "tr.-iis- 
shipped"the  minister  and  his  "  effects  "  in  so  hur- 
ried a  manner  that  the  minister  experienced  iTiueh 
difficulty  from  the  Brazilian  oIKcers  from  the  want  of 
the  requisite  permits,  and  that  what  remained  of  the 
furniture  and  etlects  after  the  damage  to  them  front 
the  stowage  in  the  ''Congress"  was  effectually  de- 
stroyed in  the  transshipment.  The  matter  was  imme- 
diately taken  up  by  the  Legislature  of  Delaware,  and 
resolutions  unanimously  passed  by  both  Houses  de- 
nouncing the  conduct  of  Captain  Biddle,  expressing 
the  affection  and  respect  of  the  Btate  for  Mr.  Rodney, 
and  calling  upon  the  Senators  and  Representatives  in 
Congress  to  demand  an  inquiry  into  the  matter. 

That  Mr.  Rodney  carried  an  unusual  amount  of 
baggage  is  very  probable,  and  that  Captain  Biddle, 
accustomed  to  the  whole  cabin,  felt  inconvenienced 
with  the  wife  and  eleven  children  of  the  minister  is 
equally  probable,  but  these  are  not  sufficient  excuses 
for  the  conduct  of  Captain  Biddle.  Mr.  Rodney  ar- 
rived at  Buenos  Ayres  on  November  14th,  and  was 
taken  dangerously  ill  on  the  2od.  On  the  27th  of 
May,  1824,  Mr.  Rodney  was  the  recipient  of  the  com- 
pliment of  a  public  dinner,  at  which  the  last  public 
speech  of  his  life  was  made.  His  death  took  place  on 
the  10th  of  June,  1824.  Sprung  from  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  families  in  the  State,  Mr.  Rodney  de- 
rived his  principles  from  a  father  remarkable  for  his 
firm  attachment  to  truth,  and  from  an  uncle,  C;esar 
Rodney,  who  periled  life  to  attach  his  signature  to 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  The  atfection  and 
respect  with  which  Mr.  Rodney  was  regarded  in  Del- 
aware is  attested  by  the  honors  and  offices  bestowed 
upon  him  by  the  people  of  his  State. 

General  Lafayette,  the  French  s<ddier  and  patriot, 
who  shed  liis  blood  in  the  cause  of  Americiin  liberty 
at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  on  the  11th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1777,  visited  this  country  in  1824.  He  was  then 
sixty-seven  years  of  age,  nearly  a  half  century  after 
the  opening  of  the  war  for  independence,  in  which  he 
took  so  conspicuous  and  honorable  a  part.  He  landed 
in  New  York  August  IGth,  where  he  was  enthusias- 
tically received  as  the  "  nation's  guest,"  and  from 
there  began  his  triumphant  tour  through  the  twenty- 
four  States  which  then  formed  the  Union.  In  many 
places  flowers  were  strewn  along  his  pathway,  his 
carriage  detached  from  the  horses  an,l  drawn  by  the 
enthusiastic  people  and  tlie  grateful  words  "Long 
live  Lafayette  '.  "  were  heard  on  .  vcjy  ~ide. 

The  di.,tingui-hea  visitor  arrived    in  Wilinin-tou, 


from  Philade'phia,  on  V\"ed.Ksd:o-.  October  6,  ]S24. 
A  coicmittee  o'i  prominent  citizens  of  New  Castle 
County,  appoimed  at  .a  me-jting  held  in  the  City  ilall, 
proceeded  to  the  i'M:iiriylvai;ia  State  line  to  meet 
him.  The  iiiPinb'-rs  o'"  this  coimnittee  were  Louis 
McLaue,  •Villiam  ?  Brobcon,  Colonel  Samuel  B. 
Davi-i,  Victor  Dii  I'ont,  James  R.  Black,  James 
Rogeia,  John  Sellers,  John  Gordon,  David  C.  Wilson, 
John  Merritt,  Henry  Whitely,  Dr.  A.  Xaudain  and 
Peter  Oaverly.  Thov  v.tre  aceompanicd  by  a  newly- 
for;neJ  troop  of  horsemen  the  Lafayette  Guards  com- 
m mc'ed  by  Ciipcaiu  Moore,  and  many  citizens.  The 
civic  p.'-oceaslon  consisted  of  about  two  hundred  fine- 
looking  young  men  dre.ised  in  blue  and  black  coats, 
black  stocks  and  wiiite  pantaloons,  handsomely 
mouiited  and  exhibiting  ihe  Revolutionary  cockade 
and  Lafayelte  badge.  A  fine  band  of  music  followed 
in  their  train. 

Laiayttte  remained  one  night  in  Chester,  reaching 
the  State  line  at  tec  \..yi.,  accompanied  by  his  son 
George  Washington  Lafayette,  Auguste  Le  Vasseur, 
Governor  Shulze  of  Pennsylvania  and  suite.  General 
Cadwiilader  and  suite,  General  Robert  Patterson,  the 
First  City  Troop  of  Philidelphia,  and  a  commit- 
tee from  Chester.  Upon  meeting  the  AV^ilmington 
delegation  he  alighted  from  his  barouche  and  was  ad- 
dressed by  Hon.  Louis  JIcLane.  General  Lafayette 
replied  to  Mr.  McLane  in  a  speech  replete  with  feel- 
ing all'.isions  to  the  part  taken  by  the  State  of  Dela- 
ware in  the  Revolutionary  War  and  to  the  heroism  of 
the  gallant  regiment  of  Delaware,  of  whose  soldierly 
conduct  the  general  said  he  had  often  been  an  eye- 
witness. Peter  Jacquett  and  Caleb  P.  Bennett,  two 
Revolutionary  officers,  and  many  citizens  were  then 
introduced. 

The  procession  was  again  formed  and  increased 
in  size  as  it  approached  Wilmington.  At  Naaman's 
Creek  it  passed  under  a  floral  arch  with  an  eagle  sus- 
pended from  the  centre,  a  Revolutionary  flag,  a  por- 
trait of  Washington  underneath  and  the  words  "  Dela- 
ware Vt'elcomes  Lafayette."  On  the  brow  ofShellpot 
Hill,  then  about  two  miles  from  Wilmington,  the  cit- 
izens were  apprised  of  the  approach  of  the  procession 
by  a  salute  of  thirteen  guns. 

At  Prospect  Hill  he  was  joined  by  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Delaware,  mounted,  and  one  hundred  Free  Masons 
attended  by  the  officers  of  the  different  lodges  pre- 
ceded by  J.  G.  Brinckle,  Grand  Master  of  the  State. 
When  the  procession  arrived  in  sight  of  Wilmington, 
the  bells  struck  up  a  merry  peal,  and  joy  and  exulta- 
tion reigned  supreme  among  the  people.  As  he 
neared  the  Braudywiue  bridge,  which  was  artistically 
decorated,  the  vast  concourse  croivded  around  the 
barouche  and  welcomed  him  with  enthusiastic  cheers. 
Here  for  the  fJTst  time  in  America  his  feelings  over- 
came him;  he  bowed  to  the  multitude  and  in  sympa- 
thetic tones  said:  "I  thank  you,  I  thank  you,  my 
friends,"  as  the  tears  streamed  down  his  cheeks. 
After  composing  hiauelf  he  turned  to  Hon.  Louis 
McLaiie,  who  was  belted   in  the    barouche   with  liiin 


FROM  THE  TREATY  OF  GHENT  TO  18^:0. 


;,n.l  ^:ii'l:  "  Well,  it  is  forty-two  yeiirs  >iiKe  I  wiis 
)„.rr  Mii.l  hnw  pl.-asi-a  I  ;ua  to  v^-it  your  toN\  ii  an.l  its 

, jilr  :iuaiii  I"     A  ilecorati-.l    arili    \\:is   r;ii-^'ii    ov.-r 

.Market  Street  and  the  multitu.lr  cli«  en  .1  as  he 
p,i--,<l  under  it  in  the  le.Td  of  tlie  I'Hjec^si.  n,  \\hi(li 
|.a."ed  d<iwn  Market  Street,  down  Fourth,  \i]>  Kill', 
doivn  French  to  Front,  to  Market,  where  there  was 
an  evergreen  arch,  pending  Irora  which  were  cormi- 
eo[iia?,  and  from  the  centre  a  small  ship  ''Brandy- 
wine,"  and  the  words  "In  honor  of  Lal'ayette,  the 
Friend  of  Civil  Liberty."  There  was  another  arch 
of  evergreen  in  front  of  Lafayette  Flotel,  on  Market 
Street  corner  of  Third.  At  the  city  hall  he  alighted 
Iroin  the  barouche,  passed  under  small  arches  to  the 
upjier  room  of  the  hall,  where  an  address  of  welcome 
was  made  by  Chief  Burgess  James  Brobsou,  and  by 
Joshua  G.  Krinkle,  fJrand  Master  of  the  Grand 
Masonic  Lodge  of  Delaware,  to  which  Lafayette  re- 
sponded in  a  brief  speech.  Addresses  were  also  made 
by  Gl)v.  Shulze  of  Pennsylvania  and, the  Hon.  Louis 
McLane.  They  all  then  partook  of  a  ijanquet  in  the 
hall  prepared  by  Gen.  James  Wolfe.  On  that  day 
the  ladies  of  Wilmington  were  dressed  in  white  and 
their  hair  ornamented  with  flowers.  The  welcome 
they  pave  liim  was  heartily  appreciated.  Immedi- 
j;tely  after  dinner  Lafayette  paid  a  visit  to  Mrs. 
Connell,  the  wife  of  the  gentleman  who  was  noted 
for  his  generous  attentions  to  the  French  soldiers 
after  their  defeat  in  Eus^ia  and  while  on  their  flight 
to  France.  He  was  then  waited  on  by  a  committee 
of  yfiuiig  men  of  the  town,  and  Samuel  Harker,  editor 
of  the  Delaware  Gazette,  addressed  him  "in  their 
behalf.  In  his  response  Lafayette  spoke  of  some  of 
the  scenes  and  incidents  of  the  War  of  the  Revolu- 
tion in  the  vicinity  of  Wilmington. 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day  General  I,afayetre 
and  his  suite,  in  company  with  his  son  and  Louis 
JIcLane,  proceeded  to  Xew  Castle.  There  he  at- 
tended the  wedding  of  Charles  I.  Du  Pont,  son  of 
Colonel  Victor  Du  Pont,  and  Miss  Dorcas  Montgomery 
Van  Dyke,  daughter  of  Hon.  Nicholas  Van  Dyke. 
At  ten  o'clock  that  night  he  started  from  ;S'cw  Castle 
for  Frenchtown.  At  the  ilaryland  line  h.S  left  the 
barouche  in  which  be  rode  from  Philadelphia,  took 
a  seat  in  a  carriage  with  General  Freeman,  and  at- 
tended by  the  Governor  of  ilaryland  and  his  aids, 
bade  Delaware  an  affectionate  adieu  and  proceeded 
to  Frenchtown,  where  he  took  a  boat  for  Baltimore. 

After  visiting  many  cities  and  everywhere  received 
with  demonstrations  of  gratitude,  he  turned  his  steps 
toward  Mount  Vernon  to  visit  the  tomb  of  Wash- 
ington. Wishing  no  one  to  witness  his  emotions,  he 
descended  alone  into  the  vault.  Tlie  secret  of  that 
meeting  of  the  living  with  the  dead  no  one  ever 
knew.  He  tlicn  took  his  sf)n  and  secretary  by  the 
band  and  led  them  in,  and  all  knelt  reverently  beside 
the  remains  of  the  distinguished  dead. 

One  of  the  last  acts  of  Lafayette  in  tlii.,  country 
was  to  lay  the  corner-stone  of  Bunker  iliil  monu- 
ment in   the  preseuee   of   lilty  thousand    spectators. 


:,    uith  wh.nu 
For.l.     A  r'ul 


battle.     Alter  returning  t( 
li;wingin  the  album  of  Mi: 


He  remained  in  this  country  until  .September  ^, 
l?2o,  when  be  reeeiv.  d  from  I're^ident  John  (,!niney 
Adams'  a  national  farewell,  and  on  board  the 
frigate  "  Brandywine  "  sailed  down  the  Potomac 
River  for  his  native  land. 

(Teneral  Lafayette  died  in  France,  May  20,  1,S.34,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-seven  years.  On  July  29th  following, 
the  citizens  of  Wilmington  determined  to  '"honor 
and  reverence  the  memory  of  the  distinguished 
patriot."  A  solemn  funeral  was  formed  and  passed 
through  the  principal  streets  of  the  city  in  the  fol- 
lowing order  :  The  Governor  of  the  State,  the  Mayor, 
Clergymen,  Jlembers  of  the  Bar,  large  white  horse 
dressed  in  deep  mourning,  led  by  a  groom,  Masons, 
Odd  Fellows,  a  white  charger  led  by  a  groom  with 
chapeau,  Cordwainers'  Society,  Benevolent  Society, 
Lrandywine  Coopers'  Association,  young  men  between 
sixteen  and  twenty-one  years,  one  hundred  little 
boys  dressed  in  white  "pantaloons,"  headed  by  a 
white  banner  with  "  We  mourn  our  loss,"  military 
companies,  and  citizens,  one  thousand  persons  in  all. 
All  the  bells  in  the  city  were  tolled  as  the  procession 
passed  through  the  streets  and  minute-guns  were 
fired  from  the  revenue  cutter  in  the  Christiana. 
After  the  procession  the  Rev.  Isaac  Pardee  d.divered 
an  imprersive  discourse  in  Hanover  Presbyterian 
Church, 

The  appointment  ot  electors  to  elect  the  President 
and  Vice-President  had  been,  by  law  of  ISOO,  com- 
mitted to  the  Legislature  of  the  State.  In  1S24  an 
effort  was  made  to  change  the  mode  to  that  of  election 
by  the  people.  With  this  view,  when  the  Legislature 
convened  in  November  of  that  year  for  the  purpo^e 
of  ajipointing  electors;  Mr.  Black,  of  Xew  Castle,  in- 
troduced a  resolution  assailing  the  prevailing  mode, 
and  declaring  it  to  be  itiexjiedunt  and  improper  for 
the  Legislature  to  appoint  the  electors,  and  providing 
for  a  joint  committee  of  the  two  Houses  to  prepare 
and  report  as  soon  as  practicable  a  bill  providing  for 
the  repeal  of  the  law  of  ISUO,  and  directing  the  time 


'  Tuaculun 


the 


liy  .Mr.  CuniK-il.     !(<■  mms  tolJ  . 


310 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWAPxlv 


and  manner  of  huldincr  rloctions  in  the  severnl  conn- 
ties  for  the  app'iiMtimru  ol  the  <lictor->  nf  the  St;ite. 
The  time  was  not  ripe  for  iii.>  ■•hmiL'e,  and  the  resohi- 
tion  of  Mr.  liiaek  h:ivin_'  b.-rn  hiid  on  the  taldc,  tlie 
two  Houses  proceeded  to  appuint  electors.  Tlje  b  iHots 
upon  being  counteil,  siiowed  that  J.  G.  Rowland  had 
received  twenty-one  votes,  John  Caldwell  fifteen  votes, 
and  Isaac  Tunncll  fifteen  votes.  The  two  Houses 
having  separated  and  returned  to  their  respective 
chambers,  Mr.  Clement  olfered  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives a  resolution  "solemnly  protesting  against 
commissions  being  issued  to  J.  G.  Rowland,  John 
Caldwell  and  Isaac  Tunnell,  because,  although  Joseph 
G.  Rowland  had  twenty-one  votes,  being  a  majority 
of  all  members  of  the  two  Houses  present,  yet  as  no 
other  candidate  voted  for  had  such  majority,  and  it  is 
deemed  contrary  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  the  law  of  the  .State  that  one  elector  onlv 
should  be  appointed  when  the  State  is  entitled  to 
three:  that  John  Caldwell  and  Isaac  Tunnell  cannot 
be  considered  as  entitled  to  certification,  a.^  neither 
of  them  had  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  given,  there 
having  been  thirty  votes  taken  and  neither  of  them 
having  more  than  fifteen  out  of  such  votes."  The  pro- 
test was  signed  by  John  Crow,  C.  Vandegrift,  Jos. 
England,  John  E.-iton,  S.  H.  Black,  David  Penny  and 
Josiah  Clement.  Notwithstanding  the  protest,  the 
certificate  of  appointment  of  electors  was  signeil  by 
the  Speaker  and  attested  by  tlie  clerk. 

Up  to  1825  Delaware  was  the  only  Statu  in  the 
Union  in  which  the  old  Federalist  and  Democratic 
parties  were  strictly  kept  up.  In  that  year  the  Dem- 
ocrats carried  the  Legislature,  having  carried  New 
Castle  and  Kent  Counties,  while  Su^sex  remained 
Federal.  Charles  Polk  was  elected  Speaker  of  the 
Senate,  and  Arnold  Xaudain,  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives.  The  contest  for  the  State  in  the 
ne.xt  year  was  rendered  of  more  than  ordinary  inter- 
est, not  only  by  the  fact  that  the  Presidential  contest 
might  be  thrown  into  the  House  of  Representatives 
and  the  State  hold  one-twenty-fourth  part  of  the 
elective  power,  but  Senator  Van  Dyke  having  died, 
and  the  term  of  Senator  Clayton  expiring,  the  Legis- 
ture  to  be  elected  would  have  two  Senators  to  elect. 
In  addition,  Mr.  Xaudain,  the  Democratic  Speaker  of 
the  House,  proposed  to  contest  with  the  Federalist, 
Mr.  McLane,  for  Representative  in  Congress.  At  the 
election,  Charles  Polk,  Federalist,  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor and  Mr.  McLane,  also  Federalist,  to  Congress, 
— the  vote  standing,  for  Polk,  4;3:;l;  lor  Hazard,  423S, 
— majority  ninety-sis ;  for  McLane,  4iGl ;  for  Xau- 
dain,  3931,— majority,  six  hundred  and  ninety.  Botli 
Houses  of  the  Legislature  were  Federal, — there  being 
seventeen  Federalists  and  thirteen  Republicans. 
During  the  recess  Daniel  Rodney  was  appointed 
Senator  by  the  Governor,  hut  upon  the  assembling  of 
the  Legislature,  Henry  M.  Ridgely  was  elected  to  the 
unexpired  term  of  Mr.  Van  Dyke,  and  Louis  McLane 
to  succeed  Mr.  Clayton.  The  election  was  said  bv 
the  Wulchiiian  to  have  been  decided  "on  the  old  ci in- 


fest between  the  Di'inorrats  and  the  Fed.-rali^ts,"  and 
that  it  "was  entirely  owin-  to  the  latter  that  Mes>rs. 
lUd-rely  and  .McL  ine  were  elected."  Theseold  parties 
were  at  that  late  'lay  very  nearly  as  closely  drawn  as 
they  were  in  ITIK.  The  promotion  of  Mr.  McLane 
to  the  Senate  nece^sitateil  an  election  for  member 
of  Congress,  which  took  [dace  in  September,  1827. 
Kensey  Johns,  the  candidate  supported  by  the  friends 
of  the  administration,  was  opposed  by  Mr.  Bayard. 
The  vote  was,  for  Bayard  a  majority  of  three  hundred 
and  sixty-nine  in  New  Castle  County;  and  in  Kent  a 
majority  of  four  hundred  and  nine,  and  in  Sussex  a 
majority  of  three  hundred  and  fifty-five  for  Johns  ; 
making  seven  hundred  and  sixty-four  for  Johns  and 
three  hundred  and  sixty-nine  for  Bayard. 

In  1828  the  House  of  Representatives  in  the  Legis- 
lature of  Delaware  was  ecpially  divided  on  the  Presi- 
dential question,  and  could  not  elect  a  Speaker,— 
having  balloted  from  Tuesday  to  Saturday,  and 
standing  ten  to  ten  ;  it  broke  up  informally,  dine  dif. 
Having  in  a  manner  dispersed,  the  House  could  meet 
again  only  on  the  call  of  the  Governor.  These  un- 
usual proceedings  created  a  very  great  excitement 
throughout  the  State,  and  accusations  of  "  intrigue, 
bargain  and  corruption "  were  rife  and  freely  used 
against  some  of  the  members,  who,  it  was  alleged,  had 
been  offered  ottice  if  they  would  vote  as  desired. 

At  the  election  in  October,  1S2S,  Mr.  Johns  was 
re-elected  to  Congress  by  a  majority  of  four  hundred 
and  nineteen  over  Jlr.  Bayard.  The  political  desig- 
nations are  those  of  Adams  and  Jackson.  The  Legis- 
lature ePected  stood  :  Senate,  five  Adams  and  four 
Jackson;  and  House  of  Representatives,  fourteen 
Adams  and  seven  Jackson  ;  thus  securing  tha 
appointment  of  Ada.ns  electors.  The  Legislature, 
upon  assembling,  elected  John  M.  Clayton,  Senator 
for  six  years  from  the  4th  of  March,  1829,  in  place  of 
Mr.  Ridgely.  The  mode  of  choosing  electors  was 
altered  by  the  Legislature,  and  the  general  ticket 
system  adopted. 

In  the  testiniony  respecting  manufactures  taken 
before  a  committee  of  Congress  in  1828,  V,'.  W. 
Young,  of  Brandywine,  Delaware,  testified  that  the 
capital  of  his  manufacture  of  woolen  goods  was  up- 
wards of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  of  which 
twenty  thousand  dollars  was  then  in  raw  material 
and  manufactured  articles.  Upwards  of  twenty-one 
thousand  dollars  was  in  machinery,  residue  in  real 
estate,  mill-gear  and  buildings,  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars  in  dwellings  for  workmen,  had  been  in  opera- 
tion since  1813,  and  made  principally  blue  cassi- 
meres,  and  work  up  coarse  wool  into  satinets.  For 
the  last  three  years  had  been  curtailing  business  in 
consefiuence  of  low  prices.  On  the  close  of  the  part- 
nership of  ^V»^V.  Young  &  Son,  in  1825,  the  (lart- 
ners  did  not  receive  two  per  cent,  on  capital.  Siin-e 
1825  the  business  had  been  a  lo.-ing  one.  Employed 
fifty  hands,  ami  jiaid  superintendent  eight  huiidr.  d 
dollars,  ch  rk  one  dollar  ]>pr  day  ;  twelve  men  at  l\\n 
to  seven  didlars  pt-r  week  ;   male.-,  under  tu  eiitv   vears 


FKOM  THE  Tl'tATY  OF  liiiS'lNT  TO  IHdO. 


511 


Mxtv-twD  and 


Iliirlv 


'  Cents  to  three  .li.llar^  per  ■Y.%>k  ; 
en  diillarn  jht  wi  i  k,  cnu-  iii.ii;  .it 
uceat  eitrhteoii.  l"ar.!  ii,.  lii.k^  !. 
The  UKiMUliictory  of  E.  I.  iHi  runt,  at  Wilniin- 
t„M,  iKi.l  capital  of  upwards  of  ^venty  th..,,<aiid 
dollarx."  ith  buildings  valued  at  llirtv  to  fifty  tliciir^and 
(i.dhirs,  made  toar-e  clotlis,  and  kerseys  for  the  army 
frniii  common  country  \\ool.  satinets  from  J^niyrna 
and  ."^outh  American  wool, and  from  the  cuar-est  kind 
.if  country  wool  made  cloths  and  a  cloth  called 
linsey  for  negro clotiiing.  From  twenty  to  twenty-five 
thipu.sand  yards  of  all  these  kinds  annually.  The  coarse 
cloths  and  kerseys  were  about  six-fourths  yards  wide 
when  finished,  the  satinets  and  negro  clothing 
were  generally  about  three-fourths  wide,  but  the 
linsey  was  much  wider.  The  business  had  always 
been  a  losing  one. 

The  prices  returned  by  Mr.  Young  were  blue 
cassimeres,  average  laice  in  lS:J."i,  si. 40  ;  in  lS2o,  Sl.:]vi ; 
in  1S27,  .*1.2.5;  sales  more  bri.-k  mi  the  fall  oflSliti, 
in  spring  of  1827,  but  prices  no  b.nter  ;  coarse  clorhs, 
called  satinets,  sold  in  fall  of  1~;27  at  a  fair  price 
compared  with  182."i  and  1S2G,  owing  to  the  market 
not  being  crowded  with  them,  by  reason  of  the  de- 
prcs-sion  in  these  years. 

The  prices  returned  by  Du  Pont  were  indigo  blue 
army  clothing,  in  ls2.'),  S2.30 ;  in  1S2C,  S2.24;  in 
1827,  S2.12i^  giay  keiseys  in  1825,  Sl.3.5 ;  182(5, 
$1.25;  in  1827,  SI. 10;  satinets,  in  1825,  .75};  in 
1827,  .40  to  .50  ;  negro  clothing  in  1825,  .35  to  .40  ; 
in  1827,  .25  to  .30  cents  per  yard. 

The  stock  in  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  held  by 
citizens  of  the  State  in  1S2S  was  twelve  hundred  and 
siity-four  shares  under  thirty-eight  names. 

Colonel  Allen  McLane,  the  venerable  and  distin- 
guished soldier  of  the  Revolution  and  collector  of  the 
port,  died  at  the  age  of  eighty'three,  at  AVilmington 
May  22,  1829. 

At  an  early  period  of  the  session  of  1826-27  a  bill 
was  introduced  in  Congress  to  increase  the  duty  on 
wool  and  woolen  maculacturcs.  Immediately  after 
the  passage  of  the  tariff  act  of  1824  the  English 
prosecuted  their  business  with  unusual  actir-ity  and 
flooded  this  country  with  their  fabrics,  which  were 
sold  at  great  profits.  Anticipating  sufficient  protec- 
tion from  the  Tariff  Act  of  1824,  aud  encouraged  by 
the  success  which  attended  the  British  manufac- 
turers, the  people  of  this  country  made  large  invest- 
ments in  manufactures.  The  tarilf  of  1824 
raised  the  duty  on  imjiorted  woolen  goods  '^ight  per 
cent,  and  on  wool  fifteen  per  cent. ;  more  than  one- 
third  of  the  quantity  of  wool  used  in  Ameiican 
UKinufactures  was  imported  from  European  countries, 
at  a  duty  of  thirty  per  cent,  while  the  protection  to 
American  woolen  manufactures  was  only  thirtv-tliree 
"lid  one-third  per  cent,  ad  va/or-m.  The  evasion  of 
tile  law  was  the  subject  of  complaint,  more  than  the 
inadei|uacy  of  the  duty.  To  prevent  thi-  eva-ion 
was  only  practicable  by  changing  the  nm.le  of  <le- 
t'Tuiiniiig   the    ud  ialoi;:iH  duty,  or    by    adopting  a 


hU-h  it  ,vouM  be  impossible  to 
li  .Tanua-y,  J^27.  Mr.  Mallory,  of 
i^'oniiiiiltee  on  .Afunufactures,  re- 
he  ulrt-rniiori  of  the  acts'iniposing 
'"  i'oniiiionly  called  the  "woolen 
•  pose:;  no  clianiT''   in  the    nominal 


muia 


irovi 


esti-iiating  the  d:ili:'s  on  what  was  called  the 
r.iinhnain  pi-incipie.  The  division  of  the  House  on 
this  meaiorc  was  more  on  geographical  than  party 
lines  ,  a  'nn^e  portion  of  tiic  iriends  of  General  Jack- 
d ou  in  the  Xorthern  States  were  decided  protec- 
tioiilsts,  amo;).r  whoi.i  was  Mr.  ^IcLane,  of  Delaware, 
who  united  witi'  (.iher  friends  of  General  Jackson  in 
opposing  the  bid.  Mr.  McLane  admitted  that  the 
woolen  manufactures  we'-t  suHering  a  severe  depres- 
sion ;  that  the  act  of  1824  had  induced  large  in vest- 
n;ents  ofcapic.il  in  tliis  branch  :i<  manufactures  and 
double  the  usukI  quantity  of  domestic  woolens  had 
been  thrown  into  the  Am,°rican  market.  At  the 
same  time  the  optjiingof  the  traile  of  the  South  Amer- 
ican Slates  had  led  the  Briti.-b  manufacturers  largely 
to  increa.-e  their  capital  to  supply  that  market. 
Having  .iv.'r-estiiiiated  the  demand,  and  having  been 
met  there  by  a  successful  comijetition  on  the  part 
of  our  manufacturers,  they  soon  found  themselves  in 
possession  of  a  large  surplus,  which  they  sent  to 
this  country  to  be  sold  at  almost  any  price  it  would 
biing.  The  flourishing  state  of  the  woolen  manu- 
fiictures,  soon  after  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1824, 
proved  the  sufficiency  of  that  act  as  a  measure  of 
protection,  if  its  intentions  had  been  fulfilled.  And 
he  was  willing  to  go  the  full  extent  of  it  by  substitut- 
ing a  specific  for  an  ad  valorem  duty. 

The  influence  of  manufactures  on  property  was 
shown  ii;  1828,  in  the  assessed  value  of  lands  in  New- 
Castle  County.  The  highest  rate  was  S44.04  per  acre 
in  Chri'^tiana  Hundred,  where  there  was  the  largest 
manufacturing,  and  S7.04  in  Apjioquiniinink,  where 
there  was  the  least  manufacturing.  All  other  hun- 
dreds approacheil  or  retired  from  the  highest  value  in 
proportion  to  their  manutacturing  interest.  Brandy- 
wine  was  $31.47;  per  acre,  while  the  generally  more 
fertile  lands  of  New  Castle  rated  at  only  S21.92.  The 
total  value  of  lands  and  lots  in  the  whole  county  was 
$8,0813,932 ;  and  of  this  sum  82,710,000  was  in  Christi- 
ana  Hundred.  The  Delaware  Journal  adds  that  "  the 
wealth^-'  company  which  has  purchased  the  extensive 
establishments  that  lately  belonged  to  the  ilcssrs. 
Gilpin  on  the  Brandywiue.  are  prepared  to  expend 
half  a  million  of  dollars  in  additional  works,  ^7'or((/erf 
the  'American  Syslem'  shall  not  be  abandoned." 

President  Jackson'  appointed  Hon.  Louis  McLane 

instructions    in    r;»lation  to    the   negotiations   in    the 


W  J;ick 


•1-.1  to  ray 


312 


mSTOItV  !/F  DLLVV^'.\RL 


[•JSti 


vexed  question  ol"  British  eoldiiiul  tr.i^j.>.  II 
reeled  to  re|>re-'ent  that  the  Aiuerieaii  -k 
effectini;  a  eluuii^e  of  adiiuiiistration.  Iiaa 
their  disapproval  of  the  aets  of  the  late  .■n;ni!ni=tra- 
tioii,  and  that  the  claims  set  up  by  them,  wiiieh  had 
caused  the  iiiterrui)tion  of  the  trade  in  que^tinu, 
would  not  be  ur^'ed.  In  IS.'il  .Mr.  .McLane  Tvas'reealled 
from  London  to  become  Secretary  of  the  Treasuiy, 
from  which  he  was  transferred  in  Is.O-'i  to  be  Secretarv 
of  State,  which  olKce  he  resigned  in  Jnne,  lS:i4.  Jn 
June,  lS4'i,  Mr.  McLane  was  appointed  by  Presidint 
Polk  minister  to  Eiiirland. 

On  the  eve  of  J[r.  :\IcLuie's  departure  for  En^'lanc'.. 
in  18:i9,  his  fellow-citizens  of  Wilminj'ton  tstPuded 
to  him  the  compliment  of  a  public  dinner,  at  wliich 
Gen,  John  Caldwell  presided,  and  Richard  H.  B.ayaid 
was  vice-president.     In  response  to  the  toasc :  "Our 
Guest,  the  Hon.   Louis  ilcLane,  whose  talents  and 
moral  force  have  sustained  him  amidst  collisions  of 
party,  and  secured  him   ultimately  the  ccnndence  of 
his  government  and  country,''  Mr.  McLane  felicitous- 
ly replied.     The  sentiments  of  the  toasts  all  gave  ex- 
pression to  the  political  and  domestic  questions  of  the 
times.     '■  Domestic  Industry  and  Internal  Iniprove- 
ments  ;  "  "The  memories  of  Jay  and  Hamilton,  the 
able  coadjutors  of  the  venerable  Madison  ;  "  "  The 
Commercial  Treaty  with  Great   Britain;"  all  indi- 
cated the  drift  of  the  political  sentiment  of  the  State. 
In  October,  18l!9,  David  Hazzard,  ''American  Repub- 
lican," was  elected  Governor  by  167  majority,  and  the 
Legislature   stood    more  than   two-thirds  "American 
Republican."     The  Legislature   elected   Dr.    Arnold 
?>'audain,  "Anti-Administration,"  to  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  3Ir.  McLane  to  be  minister  to  England. 
Dr.  Xaudain    was  a  very   d-cided  supporter  of  the 
"American  System."     John  J.  Milligan  was  appoint- 
ed chancellor  of  the  State  in  place  of  Nicholas  l;id?e- 
ly,  deceased.     Mr.  Milligan  declined  the  office,  and 
Kensey  Johns,  chief  justice  and  father  of  the  then 
member  of  Congress,  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  Mr. 
Johns  having  declined  the  election  as  Representative 
in  Congress  iu   1S30,  Mr.  Jlilligan,  ".).nti-Jackson," 
was  elected  over  Henry  M.  Ridgely,  recently  a  United 
States   Senator,  by   404   m.ajority.     The    convention 
which  nominated  Mr.  Milligan  unanimously  adopted 
resolutions  favoring  the  nomination  of  Henry  Clay 
for  President,  because  of  "  his  devotion  to,  and  uni- 
form support  of,  the  cardinal  interests  of  our  country 
— of  civil,  political  and  religious  liberty,  and  of  the 
Union."     Benjamin  Potter  was  i>re-ident ;  Isaac  liiblis 
and  Robert  Burton,  vice-prt>idciit> ;  and  S.  H.  Ib.di:- 
son,  James  Siddal  and  Licrrick  Burnaid  were  secre- 
taries of  this  convention. 

The  Legislature  of  Alabama  having  forwarded  res- 
olutions to  the  Legislature  ut'  L»elaware.  approviii_' the 
course  of  (General  Jackson  and  nominating  him  again 
for  President,  the  subject  came  up  in  the  Legislature 
on  the  report  of  a  committee  composed  of  Me--.-rs. 
Huffingtoii,  R.idney  and  Kennedy,  denouncin'^  "the 


C'.no;;cl  c'  Aad'vw  .Tack,on,  as  President  nf  t'„. 
I  :..ti-d  .-St.^r.:-,,  in  r,.|ii-in_'  hi-^  signature  to  the  .Ma',-, 
ville  rj^-.d  bill  and  oilier  bill.-,  lor  the  jjromotion  ol  ii,. 
tercal  improvements,  in  son'e  of  whicli  the  >[.it.. 
was  greatly  irilHrested.  meet  with  tlie  unqualilie.l  ,i,,. 
approbation  of  tbl.  Legislature,  and  that  we  can  '.ir 
view  t'le  sam/  ..>  i  wanicu  exL-reise  of  power,  reirard- 
hss  of  tLe  interests  of  ti.e  p./opU>  ;  '  and  this  w:i, 
fol'.r.ved  by  another  ro-dutioi,  emphatically  declarii,,- 
tha'.  il,e  clucti.^n  of  Henry  t_',ay  would  meet  tli^ 
r.fs;rr-s  ■■.uil  wu-he.s  of  tiie  ;.i-,(,pie  of  the  State. 

Mi<rt;.'i  '/an  P.ur^u  wa^i  nominated    as  minist.-r  to 
England  in  i;-:il,  and  the  debate  in  the  Senate  on  hi, 
co;.:;riuau  ja  lan  through  several  days.     Mr.  Clayton 
was  among  the  op,.ionents  of  confirmation,  declaring 
that  the  n'ini-.ter  had  been  sent  with  instructions  to 
fawn  and  beg  as  a  boon,  at  the  foot-stool  of  a  foreign 
power,  what  we  were  entitled  lo  as  a  right ;  to  aban- 
don  as  unreuable  "pretensions"    what  had   always 
been  insisted  on  as  a  matter  of  jus-tice,  and  to  consider 
our  government  in  error  for  having  "too  long  resisted 
the  rights  of  Great  Brit.-.in."     He  (Mr.  C.)  would  this 
day,  by  his  vote,  say  to  England,  we   would  never 
crouch  for  favors;  and  to  all  our  ministers,  now  and 
forever,  that  we  would  condemn  every  attempt  to 
carry  our  family  divisions  beyond  our  own  household. 
Soon   after   the  Southampton   tragedy,    in   which 
several  families  iu  Virginia  were  massacred  by  a  body 
of  runaway  slaves,  many  of  the  citizens   of  Delaware 
became  suspicious  of  the  blacks.     Rumor  made  him- 
self   e.xceedingly    busy    in   spreading  false   alarms, 
thnmghout  the  State,  of  plots  and  conspiracies,  form- 
ing and  in  progress,  and  soon   to  break   out   against 
the  white   population.     Some   appeared   in  coi^staut 
fear  of  danger,    while   most  others  viewed   all    sueh 
accounts  as  fabrications  of  the  wicked  and  designin- 
or    mere  chimeras    of  "the    brain  and  wholly  without 
foundation.     While   the   public    mind    was    in    the 
feverish  state  of  excitement,  some   mischievous   per- 
sons, iu  cruel  sport,  laid  a  plan  to  bring  it   to  its  ut- 
most height.     On  the  day  of  the  general  election    in 
October,  LS31,  the  day  on  which  it  had  been  previously 
reported  the  blacks  were   to    rise,    a  number  of  men 
assembled  together  on   the   banks  of  the   Nantlcoke 
River,  just  in  sight  of  the  town  of  Seaford.     Thuv  di- 
vided  into  two    parties,   and    one     portion    of  them 
appeared    to    be  firing  on   the   others,  some  of  w  horn 
fell,  pretending  to  bo   shot;   and    some   ran    into  the 
town  and  reported  that  the  negroes  had  landed   ju-t 
below,    had    killed   several    white    men,     and    were 
preparing  to  march  through  the  country  for  imri^nsfs 
of  destruction,     (/onsternation  for  the  moment  seized 
U[iou  all.     The  fearful  ran  and  hid  themselves  in  the 
woods,    while    the  stout-hearted    fiew    to    arms.     A 
messenger  was  immediately  sent  to  Bridgeville  (where 
mrist  of  the  male  population    had    assembled   for  the 
puriMxe  of  voting!   to-ivethe  alarm   and   call  lo.ii.e 
the  citizens  to  the  protection  of  their  families.     AVheu 
they     received     the    news,   which    cost    nothing    ijv 
currying.   pirty  sirilV,  which  was  raging  at  the    tuoe. 


FU()>[  TIIF.  TllKATY  OF  GHENT  TO  F^60                                         313 

.iiilrd  into  ii  c:iliii  ;U  oiu-i\  anil    iIhil'    u;us    mi    more  >Mow  lorincil   hy  ;i   ln'a  vv  l'.iIi- ol   u  iml  wliicli   :irn)iii- 

>,.lii,-    or    .li-pnuuf;    of   vote.    Uicrf    iIkiI    d-.tv.      An  i.anioil  thr  snow  lall.     TIr-  Kcniu  11   Kou.l   (nowlirl- 

fv|,ri"s  w:w  instantly  >tartr,|  lor    IC.nt    C.unty,    uho  awarr  A  v,  nnr -,  W  ilniniL'l.Mi.  wa- lilUM  u  illi  ihf.seilnlls 

l;„|  l,r-iiri  to  tally  out  tlir  \otcs.  Ilf  inlornioa  tlie  hn-a.k' ua>  l.iisy  lor  two  .lay-,  n-npn  in- tln-ni.  .^eviaa! 
l„.o(,l,.tlicruas.sianliU.l  llial  lilUa'U  huinhv.l  no-ror-  iarnuTs,  rarly  in  the  niornin-,  m.iravore.l  to  l'o 
|,;ul  lainlod  on  tljc  Nantio<,kr  Ironi  Maryland,  and  home  on  horse-l.a,  k,  an.l  uhih  im-sIm-  n|.  I'a.-tnre 
„,re  in  rnll  march  u|.  the  country,  ilcrc  conlu,ion  street  (ii..w  Washington  l.  ahov,-  lauhth,  the  h<n>e  of 
:,i,d  dl-smay  took  po^sr-Mon  ol  every  mind.  The  one  of  them  fell  int.,  a  u.  11.  ami  1.h1-<<1  part  way 
hu.iness  Ot'thuelecthin  st..o.l  still,  an. I  one  of  the  .lown  it.  The  animal  was  miraeul.iu-ly  savt.l  fmm 
eUrks  in  hi.s  fright  ran  ..if  with  the  halh-t-hnx,  and  .leath  hy  hem-  diawn  up  willi  r.^"  -  hv  a  numher  of 
ould  not  be  found  until  tlie  alarm  lia.l  partially  snh-  men  ami  h.,v,,  ..l  wh.un  C.h  h  Miller,  now  residiii- 
sided  the  next  day.  Itwas,-,M,n,  h..wever,  disc.ivere.l  on  Tatnall  Stre.t.  Wilnmi-toii,  was  one. 
that  ill!  the  reports  were  wholly  without  fonndation,  (.)n  Fehruary  S.  is:;i,  all  of  the  huiidiiiL'S  and 
and  yet  the  people  throughout  the  two  lower  counties  woodwork  in  Fort  Delaware,  excepting  the  ipiaiters 
acte.i  exactly  as  if  they  had  been  strictly  true.  of  >rajor  Pierce,  were  totallv  destroyed  bv  lire,  en- 
Meetings  were  suddeidy  called  and  held  in  evtry  tailing  a  loss  „f  one  hnmhv.l  th'ousand  dollars, 
town  and  village.  Law  was  disregarded,  and  re.-olu-  There  were  several  explosions  of  gunpowder,  but  no 
ti.Misoa-sed  and  earrie.l  into  immediate  etleett.Mli^arm  casualties,  notwithstanding  .mc  Immlred  and  fifty 
ihe  free  negroes,  and  prevent  their  a^emhling  |,ersons  were  in  the  fort.  The  river  was  full  of 
together.  All  the  males  capable  ol  carrying  anus  tloating  ice,  and  cunmunication  was  ctleetually  cut 
were  cla.ssed  and  numbered,  and  divided  into  .squad:,  oil'  from  the  shore  at  the  time.  The  odicers  and  s.,1- 
. if  six  or  seven,  with  or.lers  to  patrol  the  streets  every  diers  lost  nearly  all  their  ci.ilhiiig  and  etiects.  The 
night  by  turns,  which  was  done  f<.r  several  weeks,  jieoide  of  Wilniington  thought  New  Castle  was  ag.iin 
Without  order  or  authority  they  rushed  into  the  in  flanie.s,  anil  sent  their  lire  apparatus  to  that  town 
arsenal,  and  each  man  took  out  a  musket  and  bayonet,  before  the  mistake  was  discovered.  The  ladies  were 
rreparations  for  war  were  made  on  a  more  extensive  taken  from  the  fort  the  following  day  to   Delaware 

to  a  certainty  that  a  foreign  enemy  had  landed  an  As  early  as  Is:;o  the  .subject  of  changiiiL'  the 
army  at  Lewes.  l>uring  the  whole  of  these  pro-  judiciary  system  of  the  ."^tate  le.l  to  an  agitation  of 
ceedings  the  poor  negroes  looked  on  with  wonder  and  the  question  of  a  new  ( 'on.-titnti.inal  eonveiiti.m. 
amazement.  This  state  of  affairs  continued  for  a  Article  X.  of  the  then-exi-l  in-  ( '..nsiuuti.in  (17:i:2) 
month,  when  all  were  satisfied  that  their  alarm  had  gave  authority  to  the  Le-ishiiiire  to  pro|>ose.  bv  a 
been  without  cause.  However,  at  the  next  session  of  two-thirds  vote  of  each  Ibmse.  an.l  with  the  aiq.rolia- 
the  Legislature  a  law  was  passed  to  disarm  the  free  tion  .d'  the  Governor,  am.ndim  iits  to  the  Gousiitu- 
iiegrocs  and  miilattoes ;  to  ivrevent  their  Indding  tion.  which  should  be  ratill.-d  hy  the  succeeding 
religious  orother  meetings  unless  under  the  ilirection  General  Assembly  before  they  became  laws.  It  also 
of  respectable  white  persons;  and  forbidding  non-  provided  that  "no  couventi.m  shall  he  r.illed  but  by 
resident  free  negroes  to  preach  f,r  attempt  to  i)reach,  ihe  authority  of  the  people;  ;in.l  an  urn  xeeptionable 
or  hold  meetings  for  such  purpose;  with  several  mode  of  making  th.ir  seii.e  known  will  he  tor  them, 
penalties  annexed  to  the  brearji  oftheseveral  provi.-.-  at  a -eiieral  cleeti..ii  of  llepi  .s.  iilai  ivt ,-,  t,,  v.iie  also 
ions  of  the  law,  part  of  which  were,  that  the  ollendeis  |,v  ballot  for  or  against  a  convention,  as  they  shall 
should  be  sold  as  slaves  if  unable  to  pay  the  Itm'san.l  severally  choose  to  do;  ami  if  thereupon  it  shall  ap- 
costs  im]i.:)seil.  The  law  was  never  carried  strictly  in-  pear  that  a  majority  of. all  the  citizens  in  the  tstate 
to  elleet,  although  constantly  broken  hy  the  blacks.'  having  right  to  vote  for  Uepresentatives  have  voted 
In  bS'll  a  bill  to  aholi-h  impri.-imim  nt  lor  debt  tbr  a  convention,  the  General  Assembly  shall,  ac- 
conlaining,  as  it  w.i.,  believed,  anipl.'  pr..visi.,us  lor  cordingly,  at  their  next  session,  call  a  convention,  to 
securing  the  rights  of  all  |>arti.s.  wa-  inlro.luee.l  int..  consist  of  at  least  as  many  members  as  there  are  in 
the  House  (d-i:e[n-c.sentative..  of  D.l.iwar.-.  It  pa.s-ed  both  hou.scs  of  the  Le-islalure,  to  be  eho.seu  in  the 
that  body,  but  was  lost  in  the  S.nate  by  a  cb.se  vote,  ,:ane  manner,  at  the  same  places  and  at  the  same 
.\t  the  next  annu.il  session  the  same  bill  was  atrain  time  that  Kepre-.ntatives  are.  bv  the  citizens  eiiti- 
p.is-,e.l  tlirou-h  the  Ibm-e,  ami  would  have  parsed  tlcl  to  vote  for  Kepn  scntatives,  on  >Uw  notice  given 
the  r^enate,  liad   it   m.l  been    fur   the   interlerence  .if  for   one    montli,  and   to    meet   within    three   months 

after  they  shall  bi^  elected." 

In  pursuance  ol^this,  the  <bMicral  Assembly,  on 
.fantiarv  Id,  fs-'JO,  passed  an  act  makiiiL'  it  the  duty 
of  inspectors  at  the  next  general  election  In  count 
the  vole  "for"  and  "a-ain-t"  the  convention.  Tin. 
was  done  at  the  electhm  held  on  the  tirst  Tu.s.hiy  in 
October,  IS^JU,  and  a  maj.iritv  of  the  votes  were  found 


The  snu' 
s.imeofthe 
day.  an.l  he 

ol.le.-t  c 

of  i>;;i 

is    Wt 
Itoi 

•  pen 

•11    remend 

pic  were  ol 

lered    h 
a  marki 

■iliL'e.i     t 

P.kesaml   , 

lublic  ri 

la.ls  were 

Ct.jLiS   HW-Mr.i 

lille.l 

:..(.  r,  ,,|,.  ,ilS,  .] 

::""" 

314 


HISTOKY  OF  !>KLAV, 


at  the  State-Huuse  In 
il  (o  be  coiiipM-eil  i>l'  ton 
.  The  delf.^'ate..  were 
i.n    hi   Octol.cr,   l.^:;l,   ^..s 


to    be    for    the    pri)pn>t>ii    rimveution.     The 

Aasembly,    tlierei;|'i,ii,    pa--..  J    ati    aet    prnvii 

the   convfiitioii   tn   b 

Dover,  November  s. 

delegates    iVdmi    each 

clioseii  at  the  gem-ra 

follows: 

New  Ciuile  C'o'////.'/.— .Inlui  Elliot,  James  Rogers, 
Charles  H.  Haiighey,  Willard  tfall,  John  Harlan, 
Thoma-s  Deakynt^  William  .<oal,  Thom;is  '.V.  Mandy, 
George  Keud,  Jr.,  John  Caulk. 

Kent  County. — Charbs  I'olk,  Andrew  ( Ireeii,  iluijh- 
ett  Layton,  lienajali  Thori>,  Jnhii  .M.  Cla>tcii,  I'iiii 
Naudain,  Teter  L.  Coo[ier,  James  B.  Maeomb,  IVe- 
ley  Spruanee,  Jr.,  John  Raymond. 

Sussex  Cuunty. — Samuel  KateliU'o,  'J'honias  Adam.- 
William  Dunning,  .lame.s  Fi.sher,  James  C.  Lineh, 
Edward  Dingle,  William  Xieholls,  Jo.scph  Maul!, 
William  D.  Waples,  Henry  F.  Rodney. 

The  convention  a.s.sembled  in  the  liall  of  (be  ilou.-e 
of  Representatives  on  Tuesday,  November  ,^,  1.S..I, 
with  Judge  Willard  Hall  a.>  temporary  ciuiirraan. 
Charles  I'olk  was  elected  president,  and  William 
Brobson  secretary.  The  legislative  chamber  being 
found  too  small  to  accommodate  the  convention,  the 
Presbyterian  Church  was  secured,  and  the  subsequent 
sessions  were  held  in  it.  The  following  committee.^ 
were  appointed: 

On  the  Judicinnj  Ihj.,„tiii,:nl.~:Sle:<^T^.  Read,  Rog- 
ers, Harlan,  Handy,  Spruanee.  Cooper,  Waple.*. 

On  the  Executive  Department.  — 'Slesir^.  Hall, 
Haughey,  'JJaudain,  Macomb,  Adams. 

On  the  Legidatice  Department. — ^Messrs.  Clayton, 
Green,  Seal,  Elliot,  Hall,  Dunning,  NichoUs. 

On  Proper  Qualification  for  Ojfice. — Messrs.  Dea- 
kyne.  Caulk,  Raymond,  Fisher  and  Linch. 

Other  committees  were  appointed  on  Suffrage,  Elec- 
tors, County  Rates  and  Levies,  and  the  reports  of  the 
different  committees  made  from  day  to  day  were  con- 
sidered and  acted  upon.  A  number  of  amendments 
were  made;  but  the  most  important  change  was  em- 
bodied in  Article  IX.,  which  has  been  the  principal 
subject  of  agitation  ever  since,  and  which  developed 
such  importance  as  to  have  been  made,  from  time  to 
time,  the  principal  issue  in  political  campaigns.  It 
related  to  the  mode  of  changing  or  amending  the 
Constitution.  Hon.  John  M.  Clayton  was  the  author 
of  it,  and  following  is  the  text: 


(r^orge  H.  .Uatei,  in  a  .siieeeh  betore  the  Young 
Men's  De.noc-atiuCb.ib  '.t  Wiii.iington,  recently  (!>>;  , 
relerred  to  lhi^  subject  in  the  fillowing  ti^rms  : 

"  In  thp  couvpnllM'i  of  IH.i'.  tt.»  ni.-.iiner  ..f  .jHlliiiiX  fiitcirf  r..n\..nti..ii- 


,f  i„ 


itofrtuah.v<..'lt..ti.-.i 

lon-.vn'.on.  I  »isli, 
ghall  ve  deprive  o-ir  | 
our  iliilUren  lew  Iree 

"  Mr.  IM|.,-!^  i>-i... 
ahlj.  v,r..|.il.:i..n       .li: 


reply  10  all  these  objectors 
autiioi  of  the  j-ropored 
laL-ua-e: 

'■ '  Thi?  ameiiUiuent  does 


cbiel    spokesniao,    uaed   tin 
expressing  thei 


prop.. 


V  other  way,  it  ouly  declares  that : 

uherent  rij^ht  of  the  peL.j.le  so  to  express  their  opi 


and  \otllig    lor  a  cnventlou.    ' 

The  final  session  ot  the  convention  was  held  on 
the  evening  of  Friday,  December  2,  bSlJl,  at  which  a 
copy  of  the  Constitution  as  revised,  and  a  schedule 
containing  provisions  of  a  temporary  nature,  but 
necessary  for  carrying  the  Constitution  into  effect, 
were  read  by  Hon.  John  M.  Clayton,  and  passed  by 
the  convention  unaminously,  after  which  an  address 
was  delivered  by  the  president,  a  prayer  was  of- 
fered by  Rev.  Mr.  .\dams,  one  of  the  niember.s, 
and  the  convention  adjourned.  Thus  the  Consti- 
tution of  1S:;1  became  the  organic  law  of  the  State 
without  being  submitted  to  the  people  for  ratifica- 
tion  or   rejection,  and   has   continued   as   such   ever 


FIIO.M   THE  TREATY  OF  GHENT  To   I8i;0. 


.liriL' 

,1V(.- 

tir.iy  :i 
iiiittec, 

a. 1.1 

I..V.1  that 
he.li-l  nnt 

iu!'n 

a. .unci 

Ml    th; 

,t  a.l„|,t. 
:,t   !„■   hail 

tax, 

Ha//.;ii 

rJ    tei 

ulrrillL'    hi 

j^entr.J 

re-ol 

lUlons  ■.at:] 

111  ek-i 


jt  1> 


'.Hirers,  I'xeclUlN  e  Vfti), 
..nil-,  and  at  the  gt-neral 
;■  thkots  were  voted  hi-ar- 
conveiition."  The  Geii- 
passed  an  act,  February 
ikiiiiT  of  the  sense  of  the 


iiii,'  the  inscniiti.iii,  "  h.r 
eral  Assembly  ace.irdinir^ 
L'l',,  isrjl,  providing  ior  tli 
people  at  a  special  election  to  be  held  on  October  25, 
H-'il.  A  majority  of  votes  were  cast  for  a  conven- 
tion, but  not  a  majority  of  all  the  legal  votes,  as  pro- 
vided by  Article  IX.  of  the  Constitution.  It  was 
decided,  however,  that  a  "  majority  "  had  been  ca^t, 
and  the  General  Assembly,  on  February  4,  IS-'ii', 
passed  an  act  providing  for  the  election  of  delegates, 
to  the  proposed  Convention,  by  hundreds,  at  the  gen- 
eral election  held  on  the  iirst  Tuesday  in  Novem- 
ber.    Delegates  were  chosen  as  follows  : 

Xew  Castle  County. — James  A.  Bayard,  Benjamin 
T.  Biggs,  Daniel  Corbit,  Benjamin  Gibbs,  John  E. 
Latimer,  William  C.  Lodge,  George  JIaxwell.  Roth- 
well  Wilson,  James  Springer,  Andrew  C.  Gray. 

Knit  Co'nily. —yUntin  W.  Bates,  John  S.  Bell, 
William  Collins,  Charles  H.  Heverin,  Henry  Whit- 
aker,  James  R.  Lotiand,  Richard  H.  ilerriken. 
James  H.  Smith,  Caleb  Smithers,  William  U'ilsen- 
son,  Charles  Marim. 

Sussex  County.— John  H.  Burton,  .luhn  W.  Call..- 
way,  William  S.  Hall,  David  Hazzard,  Tyras  S. 
IMiillips,  Nathaniel  W.  Hickman,  Robert  B.  Hous- 
loii,  Thomas  A.  Jones,  Trustou  P.  !McColley,  Jesse 
Long. 

The  convention  a.s-embl.i.1  at  the  State-Hmise  in 
D.)ver  on  the  tirst  Tnes.lay  in  December,  ls"i2.  After 
consultation  it  was  decided  that  the  labors  of  the 
convention  c.iul.l  not  be  completed  before  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Legislature  in  January,  and  an  adjourn- 
ment was  made  until  JIarch  10,  lSo3.  On  this  date 
the  delegates  reconvened  and  organized  with  Truston 
P.  McColley,  president;  Charles  Marim,  secretary. 
There  were'twenty  members  present.  Hon.  Andrew 
0.  Gray,  Hon.  James  R.  LoHand  and  the  H..n.  David 
Hazzard  were  name.l  as  a  committee  to  draft  rules 
for   the    government   of  the   convention,    when    Mr. 


I  pr(_.pu9eJ  March  2,  ISo.j,  Iifl 


.■king   tlu 


up  the    res.>lutious  as  a   committee   of  the   whole   on 
the  following  morning. 

The  convention  rc-x-isembled  at  ten  .\..\i.,  March 
11th,  and  took  up  the  resolutions  which,  were  for  sev- 
eral days  under  discussion,  and  in  the  debates  which 
ensued,  Mr.  Gray,  James  A.  Bayard,  Benjamin  T. 
Biggs,  John  R.  Latimer.  Martin  W.  Bates  and  others 
participated.  The  resolutions  were  defeated,  and 
Messrs.  Gray,  Latimer,  Rothwell  and  Wilson  present- 
ed a  remonstrance  and  withdrew  from  the  convention. 
The  remonstrance  was  as  follows: 


ve  that  the  Conatitntion  is  the  writtpn 
I'l.nstitiition  of  Delau.ire  provides  the 


ntioii  ciiu  be  legally  anil  c 


An  unsuccessful  effort  was  made  to  have  the  con- 
vention adjourned  until  Deceiuber.  The  sesiions 
were  continued,  however,  until  April  .';Oth,  when, 
having  adopted  amendments  to  the  Constitution,  the 
convention  adjonrncl  liiially.  In  the  campaign  the 
following  fall  th.>  ii.w  (■.institution 
passed  on  by  th.'  p.  ..pie,  was  the  lei 
of  the  principal  grounds  for  a  new  C 
been  t 
Count 
relief   chum.MJ    by    the  pi-.ph-  of  that  s.-cthm,    Hon. 


lich 


stltut 


s  to  be 
.  One 
having 


'  inequality  of  representati.m  from  New  Cas 

ami    the    revision    not   having  alforded  t 

laim.Ml    In-    tlie  i.e..!.!,-  of  that  s 


James 

A.     P.a 

var.l    an 

.1     oth, 

worke. 

1  against 

t!ic  rrvi: 

-i..!!  an 

at  the 

polls.     A 

s  he  l._-fi 

the    c 

voic.'d 

the  sent; 

nu-nts  ., 

this  p: 

■•I      ^\^ 

::rl;S 

■'i' I''    " 

'Z'Zlu 

n.l  .-.^ 


316  HISTORY  0!-    DK 1,.'.  VVAUi:  } 

I 


Iiorcl 

nd  1, 

,i;..,-.i  ..pi..,M 

lit- 

,-.,l|Vl_. 

l!on. 

As   a   rn^uk 

II, 

iUtiloi- 

at  '■' 

jp.n-,  M:c  moil 

-.11  r,- 

in  deia 

:!  biM 

:;;:.?  fiilow?: 

TliL'newC 
election  ill  1> 


corp( 


■.1  A, 


and  Mar.li  :;iitli  iin.l  M,.prnvo.l  l.y  lli--  (iovenir.r,  nlw, 

ratification  liy  a  two-thinls  vote.  Ifowcvr-r,  a  canvnss 
of  till'  new  Cleiienil  Assembly  (loinoiistratiiig  tliattlie 
necessary  votes  cnuld  not  be  obtained,  tlie  nieiisiires 
were  jiermitted  to  lapse.  This  occa^imifd  renewed 
agitation  and  the  siibjeet  was  a'.'aiii  inadr  a  political 
Lssiie,  but  was  C.HiL'lit  altotretlier  as  a  r  -rnriu  move- 
ment. All  ihe  piipns  in  the  State,  with  two  excep- 
tidiis,  di  rhin  d  in  la\or  nf  n  new  convention  ;  and 
aiiinii'^' th<i-r- iie.<t  prciiiiiiH'iit  ipii  the  same  side  were 
Alfred  1'.  !;-l,iii-.ii.  nf  ( ;,,oivrt.,wn.  and  II.mk  (.e..rL-e 
H.  Hate.,  uf  Wihnin-tnn.  (nil  ..f  ^evrral  l.ilN  mn- 
Hidercdby  the(n„e,-al  A.,en,!>ly<if  Is-;  and  l^s7,a 

at  a  special  <lecti..n  m  \<r  Inld  on  the  llr-i  TiicMhiy  in 
November,  Iss;,  p:,..ed  b„th  ll..ii~c.,  and  wa-  ap- 
proved by  (Jovernoi-  I'.iu-s  April  i;,  l.ss7.     A  very  ac- 


■2:i6  4777  74'j:  iOi;! 

From  this  time,  at  irregular  intervals,  tb.e  sntijcet 
of  changing  the  Constitution   has  been  agit.itei!  ;  but  mii  v., 
not  until  18^2  was  there  any  extended  or  organiwd 
etlbrt  niaile  to  secure  the  framing  fif  a  new  insfu-  ••"'  ^" 
nieiit.      In    the    campaign    of   l>s2   the    ilepnijlican 
party    made    it   a  direct   campaiLMi    i-sue.     A   v.ssel,  T'li  w^i 
about  the  si/.e  of  a  surf-boat,  was  built  at  \Vilming- 
ton,   christened    "  Xew    Con-litiition,"    nion.ilrd    on  ''H' 'i^"" 
wheels  and  hanl.d  about  ll.ron-l,  the  State;  meet- 
ings were  advertised,   am!  alon-   the  route  S|ieal;ers  <tt'.\V:x 
addressed    the  voters   from    the   deck    of  the    vessel.  |,,„,  \V;, 
The  Democratic  party,  to  meetthis'iuestioii,  promiscil, 
if  successful,  thioiiLdi  the  next  Leuislatnie,  to  aim  nd  [..,\  ^^'^ 
the   Constitution,   reform    the   jiidieiary  and  give  in-  t,,,,i, 
creased   representiou    to    Xew    Castle    County.     Tin-  ji  ,,"^ 
election  was  carried   by   the    Ilemocratic   [.arty,  and  ]i, ,,',']"!, 
the  Hon.  Charles  C.Sto.'kley  was  electeiK.occi  nor.  At  ilZhl 
Lewes  a  surf-boat   named    "old   C.m-titiition ''  was  |']|;i;','" 
fitted  with  ma>ts  and  sails,  a  blue  hen  was  put  in  tlie  ei,.,-i,„, 
rigging   and    numeroua   mottoes  were   painted  upon  i'^'",'  ',' 
sails  and  streamers.    This  was  mounted  on  wlieelsand  \vi.ii..e 
drawn  to  (Georgetown,  where  it  created  much  entlui-  PeucaJ,. 


Three  bills  were   introduced  at   the  succeeding  ses-  ^■'"'f;'''';'!:.^^  k' 

sion  of  the  General   A.^s,.inbly,  providiiiL'- for  a  reor-  >,  -i^.Tge'sl  w 

ganization  of  till-  jndiri.iry,  gi\iiiL'lonr    Kipr, -cnta-  B|"'''t't'"d "' 

lives  to  Wilmii.L'ton  and  lonr  ,-enators  to  each  county 

in  the  Cenrral  A—inbly,  ami  one  act  relating  to  in-  V^^^Z^^'l 


FROM  TIIK  TNFATV  OF  vUIKNT  TO   i.^GO, 


■  Castle  County  . 
tOmnty 


Among    tho  fliani 
■MistitiUicri   ..r  1^;; 


iii-tead  of  <  >(■(.. lirr,  ami  tlir  :i|.|H,ini  mrnt  ol 
tialflrctoi>by  ll.rprupi,,  inM.%..lnri,yll,,.I, 
The  Natiniiul  UrpiiMiran  Slatr  (•..iiventi., 
lirst  called  to  plaer  a  ti.  k.-l  in  iIm-  ti.1,1  i, 
election  under  the  new  (  'un-titiitiun.  ft  a-r 
Dover  in  Angnst,  and  the  InllnwinL'  nmnina 
made:  For  (iovernor,  Dr.  A.  .Nandam;  li.r 
J.  J.  Milli-an  ;  iV.r  elec  l..rs  (ieor-e  Truii 
Henry  F.  JIall,  <il'  SiH<ex,  and  (\  1'.  (;. 
Kent."  At  the  elerti.ni  in  Xovemher,  In 
Bennett,  the  Jacks m  or  adndni-tralion  can 
Governor,  was  elected  liy  a  uiajority  ot' 
votes,  but  Mr.  iNIilligan,  the  Clay  candidal 
gress  and  tlie  Clay  electors,  were  elected, 
by  a  majority  ot'one  humlred  and  twentyoi 


Senate  was  I'dniiM.sei 
cans"  and  two  .larks 
Representatives  of  loi, 
seven  Jacksoji  mm. 
follows  : 


■    Ho,, 

dican- 


but  tlii 

,it 

Co  I 

i^-'i 

araemi 

th( 

;Co 

P: 

ent  for 

C. 

.nir: 

•e.- 

Hen- 

•y  ( 

.'la,- 

signed 

liie  l.yr 

at 

"A'ar  of 

1.- 

1:^ 

Tlie   III 

■st 

visi 

i.sl;-!,  (i 

lic : 

\li 

■.      A  mee: 
on  the  lit 

presided, 


The  attitude  of  South  Carolina  toward.,  the  Feden 
Government  in  consequence  of  the  tariff"  legislation      sii 
\vascommunicatc<l  to  (iovernor  Haz/ard,  who  laid  the     ce- 
resolnli.m  b.dore   the    l,egi.latnre   a.coinpai.icd   by  a      vb 
mes.sage,    which    eonlroveiied    the    position   olSoulh      fr. 
Candina     as    desiruetive    "of    every    L'eiirral     law"      -n 
which    would    b,.  •'benerlorth    subjr,  i    to   the    » 
caprice  or  local  interest  ot' ivrry  .-^tate  in  llif  I'li 
l[e    expr.-M-d  "  g.vat  satislarlion    '  at   the   pro,  I 
ti.m  ot   i'lv-blent  .larkM.n,  and  a-aired   the  ]',;■■. 
"  that    iiillcxiblc    iiilcLM-ity    a.i.l    undaniitcd    Urn 
will  alwavs    meet    the   sin'.poit  oi'  a  free  and    ml 


"rtol..-,  ai  ••■l.icl,  tin:,   \rnobl  : 

of  whi(|-.  Alexa-ubT  .Macbeth  was  sMielary,  adopted 
mo.-it  complinieiilary  resolutions,  e.xpre-siiig  the  L'rati- 
uido  which  the  country  cwed  to  him,  and  testilyiuL' 
iheir  centimeiits  of  respect  ami  admiration,  app<jinte<l 
a  conwiiittee  to  tender  him  the  respcetrnl  and  heart- 
I'eksakitatious  and  to  invite  the  <l!stingiiished  WIiIl' 
leader  to  partake  of  a  dinner  at  his  conveinence. 
The  cf.icmitlec  wa.s  coiiijiosed  of  .\rnold  .Naiidain,  W. 
iliiiigan,  Dr.  James  W,  I'homson,  Thomas  .M. 
l\  liiobson,  .Tames  Canby,  .bdin  Wales,  .lolin  J. 
K.Oney,  .ItdMZ  M  Fisher,  ]■,.  1.  On  Pont,  Fd- 
wanl  \'.-.  Gilpia,  .\|.,\amler  .\Iaebelh,  Alexander  S. 
Read,  Thomas  M.  I.arkin  and  Lea  I'usey.  .Mr.  Clay 
rejili-d,  reti-.Miin-  In-  acknowledgments  of  the  com- 
plinienl  and  expiessini:  his  sense  of  gratitude  to  the 
[people  who  thus  huiHU-ed  him,  and  |.romising  that  on 
his  retnr-i  from  the  Eastern  excursion  he  would  have 
the  pleasure  of  presenting  his  res|iect.s  in  person  to 
his  fellow-citizens  of  ^ViImillgton,  but  declining  a  pub- 
lic dinner  as  "  inconsistent  with  the  rule  nhicli  I  have 
marked  out  for  myself."  Accordingly  on  the  27tli  ot 
November  Mr.  Clay,  on  his  return,  arrived  at  Wil- 
mington, and  wa.s  received  by  a  large  concourse  of 
citizens.  He  spent  the  evening  and  night  at  the  resi- 
dence of  Mr.  Milligan,  the  Representative  in  Con- 
gress, and  after  refreshments  iiroceeiled  to  the  resi- 
dence  of   Mr.    Du    I'ont,    ami    then    t<i   an    elcMot 


le.l  on  to  r.altimore.  A^'ain  in  ls:;i;  Mr.  Clav 
led  Wdmin-ton  and  made  a  brilliant  speech  in 
It  of  the  old  Indian  ()iieen  Hotel.  He  -vas  the 
-ne-t  of  Kiebard  H.  r.a\anl,  who.  the~ame  'ear.  had 
been  elected  to  the  rnited  Sial.s  <..,i:.te  a>  a  Whig, 
and  then  lived  in  the  .lohn  Hiekiiiso,,  ,„an-ion.  on 
tbesMeof  the  Will, .ill-ton   In.iitnte. 

.Mr.  Clay  vi.iled  .lobn  .\1.  Claylon  .\ul'1isI  IJ,  ISi;. 
He  went  to  1  ■hilad.lpbia  and  l|-o„i  there  to  Cape 
.May,  and  on  August  li^th  a-iiii  visited  .Mr.  ( 'laytoi,  al 
his  "  lUlelia  Vista"  home,  where  an  cut  liu>i.,~li,-  mni- 


that  tl 


S  habits   ane 
ig  indi-pen-: 


ol   tin.    Fiii 

t,-d  .<la 

les       t 

itude  from 

1  Wil 

mingt.n 

1    and  the 

-IIITOI, 

indin-   ,■01, 

ing  Ihem.e 
(     of  sociel; 

Ives  to 
.-.  and 

the      t 
b,-       1 

lehadj" 

m  n 

'.iver  am 

d    Smvrn.i 
on  hi,  s,.. 

I'velir."    li 

■  ort  and  ma 

intenai 

!.■,■         1 

irief  ,sp,.ee 

h  he 

s.aid,  ■■  1 

If  I  livelo 

be    IS  ., 

Jd  as  Metl, 

V    n-eleet, 

d    Am. 

r.sp,„i. 

-d.l         ^ 
led        t 

l,epc.o,de 

lid  „ 
of   I) 

ot  pay  1 
vlaware 

he  ,l,l,t    o 

."      After 

f  _i-alit 

the-,,. 

nde  I  owe 
■ech  the   p, 

Mirroiiieled   bv  »n    immense   throng.     He 


steppeil  up  to  -.1 

ence,  ; 

nd  stand 

"  You  can  nut  .-oi 

ii-i'un 

i.T  fh.in  I 

come  all."     A   1 

no  na- 

tornird 

sands  ea!j;erly  gra 

sped  li 

-  l...nd. 

he  was  the  iriicst 

o|-  CI 

■  in.-.-llur 

thioiiL'h  WihniiiL 

ton.  1' 

•l.ruaiv  1 

at  the   railroad 

Kpot 

>y  thou.-. 

admirers,  to  who 

1  h.-  n 

ade  a  l.ri 

-Tlie  pf..nlfn|- 

i.-lau: 

,,.  ,,xi..e< 

to  the  removal  ol 

t'u-p. 

l,lird,.p. 

States  I'.ank  l,v 

one  thousand  >ix 

hund 

,d    and  ti 

Castle   County,  , 

\liirli 

Mr.     rl: 

March  3,  \S.A,  p 

aviuL' 

he  r.--tu 

deposit   to  the  I 

.,nk-    n 

tho    Cn 

permanent   estal 

li-hni. 

It    ot'    a 

ciirreucy.     This 

al  called 

from  the  "  Jaeks 

n"  pa 

ty  ot'  N.- 

also  hiid  before 

he   Sr 

late  recit 

opinions  of   the 

Demot 

racv  of  > 

inSKJRV  OF  KHLAWAlMv 

a-ain-t    it   -aid,  .Fud-rTl la- ( 'lay  ton  at  fir-t  d.  rlin,  d  the  app,,i„i- 

now  r,,ni..-,.,K.,  ni.-nt  ol'  Cnitrd  .'^lal,  -  Smator.  Liit  hr  uas  indinr.l  :., 

in    order.  Ihou-  u.ilhdrau   lii-    Ictlrr  and   a.-rrpt    !l.r   pM-it,,,,,.       .i,,l,., 

.rthisrcrpliou  M.Clavlonu.isapp.inlrdand    .Mr,.|,l..d  the   po-i,,„„ 

ns.      lie   pa-s.d  .,!   rh„.|  jnsl  uc  ot    1  ..lau  a,v  ,n  .lanuary,  ls:;7. 
4s,  and  wa-niet  Unliaid    11.    I'.ay.ird    ua-   ilrru  d.  17l  h   .Inne,  1-;., 

of    friend,   and  ;,,   the  CMitrd  S,aU--  .-^enate,  m  |.i.u-e  of  Arnold  .\  ,,i- 

Idr.-s.  d.dn.  r.--i-ne,l.     I'lie   niaionty  f..r   the   llarri-.n  .-I,, 

lirir  opp..-iti,,n  tors,  at    the   ehvlion  in  thr  lall  ..1   |s:;i;.  «  as  tive  hnn 

InoM  tlir  Ciiitrd  died    and    eiulitv  three  ;    and    the      Lr-i^lalure   tin,, 

rrss   si^n.Ml     hy  elected    pas-.d   and   torwanled   to   Mr.  Havard    ai • 

■iti/rn,   of  New  aniMe   and    re-o|,,tion-,   r.'^iue-tiiiLMhe  Tinted  Stal,- 

pi-esented     (H,  Senate   to   rescind    the   expun-in-    resoluri.ni-   ol  .Mr, 

u   of  th...   pul.lir  Itenton.      Mr.    Bavard.  in    pre-e„lin-   the   re-dniio,,- 

State-,   and   the  said  it  would   be  iniiiraeticaljle,  or  at    lea-t  iinpro[,er. 

d   and    nniforin  to  obey  these  resolutions,  and  announced  his  pur[>o-.  i^ 

1  a  counterblast  to  persevere  in  the  etfort  to  restore  the  journal  ol  tlie  ^ 

istle.  which  was  .Senate  to  what  he  believes  to  be  the  expression  of  the  >: 

the  "  views  and  public  will  all  over  the  country.  I 

New  Castle  County."         The  political  opinions  of  the  people  of  the  .State  had  S 

and  approving  all  the  aets  of  the  executive.      Thi-  been  gradually  undergoing  change,  and  at  the  elec-  { 

last  memorial  ;\rr.  Xaudain  assailed  in  theSenate  anil  tiou  in  November,  1S3S,  the  Van  Buren  '  candidate  g 

denounced  it  as  coniinL'  trom  men  who  but  recently  for  Congress,    3Ir.   Robinson,    was   elected  ovei  .Mr.  \ 

had    avowed   that    "if    they   thought  they   had  one  Milligan,  Whig,  by  a  majority  of  twenty-three,  and  ? 

drop  of  Democratic  bloo.l  in  their  veins,  they  would  the  Legislature  was  Democratic  also,  and  upon  asscm-  | 

have  it  out  at  the  ri-k  ..(  their  lives,"  and  he  added  bling  elected  Thomas   .laeol.s  !.\dni.)  Speaker  of  the  « 

that  "if   this   meeting  had  professed  merely  to  rep-  Senate,  and   al-o  .lohn    T.    Ihinekle  ( Adm.)  S|.eaker  \ 

resent  the   views  and  opinions   of  the   JnrLion  /"iilij  ot  the   Hoii-e.     ( 'liange-  \m  le  also  made  in  the  judi-  j 

of  New  Castle,  I  -honld  not  have  tre-pa I  upon  the  cary  of  the  State,  liieliaid  11.  Bayard  beingappointed, 

time  of  the  Senate,      p.ut   u  hen    <ii.i,i„.,i    h.ivepi-o-  by  the  <  ;o\  ei  iioi ,  clinl   in-iiee  of  the  State,  to  sup.ply 

fessed   to    represent    tlie    views   and    opinions   ol'   the  the  vacmiy   can-eil    by  the  resignation  fd'  Hon.  .lohn 

good  old   Democracy   of  New   Ca-tle.   1    feel    that    the  John    .M.  ( 'layton  ,    and    the    Hon.  .1.  .1.    Milliu.inua- 

duty  I  owe  to  that  party  w  ith  w  honi  it  u  a>  al\\a\-- mv  ap|"dnted    a-so,  i ate    jinlge.    to     fill    the  olliee  ■.  aealed 

pride  and  plea-ure  to  act.  compelle.l  me  t..  break  that  by  the  death  of  the  11, m.  .lohn  K.  Black.  The  Leji-- 

silence  I  have  hitherto  imposed   upon    nn-elf-inee   1  lature    adj<.nrned    willioiit     electing    a    siuae-or     to 

have  had  the  honor  to  be  a   inemlM  r  of  tlll^   bode."  Kiehardll.  Bavard  in  the  Cnited  States  Senate. 

The  Jackson  party  of  the  State  noininaled  for  < 'on-  In    lS4r)  the   Slate  was  entirely   free  from  debt  and 

gress   James   A.    Bayard    in    September.    IS.U.     The  had    Siy,i;-J-.:;  1    i„   the    tiea.-nrv  and    the  populatio,, 

election  took   place  in   .\ovember.  and  Mr.   Milli-an.  was7s,l(;,:.  'Jlie  political  caiiva- of  that  year  oi.ened 

Whig,  was  elected  by  I.-..",  majority  ;   and  the   Legi>la-  as   early    as   .luiie    lioth,  when  the    .Vdministration  or 

ture    stood.   Senate,  0  -Whi--    and:;    ,lack>on  :    the  1 'eme.cratic  partv  held  it-  convention  and  nominated 

House,  14   Whiirs  and    7    .ra^ck.v.n.       Hon.  .loh„    .M.  Warren    .leller-on    tor    (  e  a  erno,- ;   Thomas  Kobinson. 

Clayton,     by     Idler   dated    November    lA,    \y.U.    an-  .Ir..    Kepreseiitative    1..   Congres-;     Thomas     Jacob-, 

nounced  hi<  |>urpo-eof  not    heing  again  a  umdidate  Neheiniah  Clark   and  chri-loph,  r  Vande-rift,  Br»-i- 

for  the  United  State,  Senate,  .daiming  that  hi- op|,o-  dential  electors.     The   Whi-   convention    nominated 

sitiou  to  the  mea-iue-  of  the  admini-ti.ition  bad  I'een  f  >r  <  Jov.rnor,  W.  B.  (  'ooper.  ol'Su,--ex  ;  ti.r  ( 'oiiLrie— . 

sustained  by  the  people   ol   hi- Slate. i     The   Leiii-hi-  (  ieor-e    B.   KodneN    and    I'.enjimin   Caulk;     Peter   F. 

ture,  remon-tratiiiL' ag,iin-t    the  intimated    i.nipo-,-  of  Can-ey  and    1  ir.  1 1 ,   F.  Hall,  I'residential  electors.      A 

.Mr.   Clayton    to   re-iL'ii    from    liie   Senate,  empha-i/ed  very     active     canvass      l,e-an     and     was      continued 

the  respect  and  conlidence  of  the  Stale  by  re-eleeiiriL'  ibrou-honl   the  Mate;'   the   Lc-i-lature  to  be  eh  cled 
him  to  the  Senate  lor  six  years  after   M.areh  :-:.  Is:;,".  j, ,,,,,,  \„„  p,,,,,,  ,  ,,,.,  ,„     ,i  ,>     ,„  w  ,i,,,in.|  „, -, 

Notwithstandingthe  compliment.  .Ml. Clayton  re-i<;iie.l  _•,,. -t'!ti ,.  m  i„,,,.      I'l..  u  ,,  n,.',,  -..,.i,n>  ..i  sia'i,'  ,,,''4,^1,.','- 

in  January,  \>y'-'At.  and  Tlioiiuvs   (  'lay  ion,  chief    jn-tiee  '."  «-  •"  - '  a"'- '     1 -  >|'  1  "..^    \i,,-ii.i^  -,  1-  ,1.  «.,,  ,,i.;K.ii,r..i  .-.   r-- 

of  the  Superior  Court  of  Delaware,  wa- appoinU'd  to  I'a'.,,',,.,  '  \  ,„.  n.ie  i,  «'.,  i-' -  ii' .a  .1  Ioii.,h.  1  ';n.'i,  r.M,  i"„„'nM'„','.- 

fill  the  vaeancv.-  '''^'''^'^  i";!-"- i"- 'i-r  """1-1-1  K.ie.i.- .,,- „i„ho.  ,  i„  i,„^i,n,.| 


,-- —Air^igy^ir?,--  -.^=..-vi^^<^.,^,,jjt^. 


L 


Z^- 


/^ 


FROM  Till'.  TKKATY 

OF   (-.[Ii-:NT    T.J    1 -.(-,(.                                                31!1 

h.ivini.'  a  (ioverncir  ;uiii  two  rniteil  St:ilc,-,  Senators  lu 

mers'  Hank  at  Tiover.     Thi:*  po,-iti..a  he  retained  un- 

,\,,\.  i'U''  rtsiill  (irtlirclcrli..;i  was  .'.'Ji.:;  vr.ti's  Imt  llar- 

til  IS-'.l. 

r:.,,ii,  ari.l    ^^72  lor  Van   liiirtMi.  a  nia|oi  iiy  ..f  lo;H    (,.r 

Mr.  <'ome-y,   wa-    ar   Hrde..t    politieian.   and    when 

H:,rr',-..,i.      Tlu'  1  .r-i~laliuv    .'Ir,  leU    Tli-iiia- Clavtoii 

t:is    party    m  .t   a     leiVa,    Uy   the   eleeti f  (i.neral 

,„.|  K'l.haril  H.  llavar.l,  Loth  Wlir.w,!,,  represent  ll.- 

.la^i-oi.   over    lohn    'Mli.ev    Adams,   lie   returned   to 

-lair  in  tlie  rnile.l  States  Si  nate. 

his  tarui  at  Chcrh,..,;-.      ]{,■  was  at    thi^   time  eli..sen 

Crneliui  J'.  f..ineL'ys   ((  e.vernor  ol'   Kelavwire  HS: 

one  of  the  Swt-  .lir.  •  o.r^  ..f  the  Farmer,'  H.mk,  and 

,.,    l-il)  was  born  m    Kent  Cuunty.  Marylan.l.    Janu- 

at  the    next    le^-iauve   sc,;ion    he   wiis   a    member   ol 

,rv  i:>,  17S0.      II,,  wa>   tile  s,,n  of  Corneiiii-  (■..ineLys. 

the    lio.i.e        He    heid    tot    oljiee   >'<    State   treasurer 

„h..    was  a -il.li,  r  ..r  llie    Kevlnticnary    War,  and  a 

trom  l.s:;:i   to    ;>:;:..      In    is;:'    his   name   was   u^k:,1   in 

l,n,-al  .le-een.lant    oT  tlie  lir-t    mI'  tie-  name   w  lio  ■am.' 

Thee  mvooti.Mi  tor  the  i!.,n:iiiaii..ii  lor  1  o.vernor;  but 

t,.   Ani.aiea,  .eltlihL'    on     tlie    Clo/.ter     Kiver.    willii-, 

l>,-.  A-O'dd    N:oi  1.  1  1    leieive.l    the    nomination,   u  ho, 

tuentv   v,.ais   of  tl,e  t i.ne  ( 1  i.-J )    of  ilie    ■;rant   ,.i   the 

r.oweser.   wis     hteaied    by   Jlajor    Bennett,   a    Dem- 

|,n,vinee   of  Maryland   nia.le  l.y    James  1.    to    (o'urgc 

oerat. 

(.'alsert,  Lord  lialtimore. 

Four    years    later   .Air.   « 'i'mei;ys    w.is   eleeted    Gov- 

F.arlv  in    lilV,    while    eniploye<l    in    the    eountin,-- 

ernor  of  l>elaw:'r,' on  ;he  Win-  tieket. 

house  of  a  Daltiinore  nienlemt,  Mr.  r.nne.jv,,  made  a 

After  his  otheia!    li:.-  he   carried  ..n  the  busine.^s  (d 

trip  to  the    island  of    St.    Darlhohnaew,    W.  I..  ;us   sil- 

iarminj.      At  b-ulh  fiianeial  .inb  irra.Miients  closed 

perear-o.      After   he    heeame    of  a-e     he    removed    t.. 

aroun!  him.  and    Ue   -va-   compelled   tn   -urreiider  all 

Delaware    and    married    Ann,    dau-httr   of  lienjainhi 

his   pro|>erty    to    Ids   creditors.     He   died   at    Dover, 

HL.kiston,    e,[     l)nek-   Creek   Hnndreil,   Kent   C'ouniy. 

January  -7,  IS.-il,  .it  =.eventv-one  years  of  a-e. 

His  wife    died  in    al.out  a  year,  leavi n-  him  a    daugh- 

Govc'i: n-  Coip.e.L'.vs  wa-s  a  man   of  profuse   hospi- 

ter,  who   survived   the  mother   hut    ;t    few    .lavs,      lie 

talitv   and    of  a    soidal    disposition.     Generous   to    a 

was  next  joined  in    wedloek   to  Knhamah,  the   elde,-t 

fault,  he  aided  all  who  made  demand,  .m  his  charity. 

daufrhter  of  John  and    1  fannah  ^[arim,    near  Dover, 

A  huu'\,  of  ei-ht  children  -urvived  him,  six  of  whom 

Kent  County.   Delaware.     At    the    elose   of  1S04  he 

are  siiil  liviiiir.  viz.: 

went  to  Cherbourg,  wliieh  i>  a  few  miles  from  Dover, 

Hon.  Josejih   1'.  CimeL-vs.   LL.D..  chief  iustice  of 

and  the   family-seat   of  the   Marim.s.     Here  for   thir- 

l)ela\\are: Cornelius  G.  I  ■uiiu-ys,  .M.D.,  Cincinnati, 

teen   years   he  pnditably  farmed  an   estate    of  whieh 

Uhio;   F.enlamin  I'..  C..]ium;vs,  prcidrnt  of  the  I'hila- 

himself  and  wife  had  become  owuer.s. 

dclphia   N.ational    i'.aiik:   .b.hii    M.    Come-y.-.    .ALD., 

hi    the  war  with  Great  Britain  he   served   in    the  St.   Albans    Vt.  ;   ami    two   daughters. — .Mary    Kliza- 

State  troops,  becoming,  eventually,  a  lieutenant-colo-  beth,  widow  of  L>r.  Benjamin  F".  ( 'hatliam,  and  Maria 

Del.     When  peace  was  proclaimed,  in  }i<\'j,  he  became  Coniegy,, 

an  agent   for  the  millers   on  the    Firandywine  to  pur-         The  iiiessa:re  of  Gi>veriior  Comegys  referred  chiefly 

chase    grain,  and    while   so  euiplcjyed   he   risked   his  toloealaftairs,  and  particularly  to  the  defectivecondi- 

meaus  in  a  personal  venture  cii  wheal  and  sulfered  an  tion  ot  common  scliools  throughout  the  State,  recom- 

uiifortuiiate   lo.-s,   from   which  he  never   pecuniarily  mending  the  appointment  ofageneralsuperiiitemleiit, 

entirely  recovered.     He  now  became  engaged  in  mer-  and  the  moditication  of  the  law  imposing  tlo'  sc  ho-d- 

cantile  business,  ami  had  an  interest  in   vessels  trad-  ta.\- ;  thepenalcodewasdefeetive,asmany  ofits  piim.-.li- 

iiig  to  Philadeliiliia.     At  this  time  he  was  also  carry-  mentswere  severe  beymd  lhem"des  and  fediuL's  id'tlie 

ing  on  farming,    working  the  laud  with  some  negroes  age,  and  that  the  exce—ive  viiror  of  the  law  dilea'cil  its 

he  owned,  together  with  hired  labor.     At  this  period  own  ends,  through  the  necessary  interiiosition  of  the 

lie  was  elected  a  director   of  the  Commerciar  Bank  pardoning   power  or   the  unwillingness  of  juries  to 

of  Delaware,  whose  principal  busincs  was  at  .Smyrna,  convict.  The  Governor  al.so  called  the  attention  of  the 

In    ISll  he  was   chosen  a   member  of  the  Flouse  of  Legislature  to  the  French  spoliation  cases,  saying  that 

Kepresentatives  of  the  State.     Subsequently    he  w.a.s  "this   claim    is   preferred   against  the  United  States 

elected   Speaker  of  that  body.     For   four   successive  on  the  well-known  Constitutional  princi|ile  that  ]iri- 

years  he  served  as  Speaker  at  every  session.     He  was  vate    [o-opcrty  shouhl    n^it   be   taken    tor  public  uses 

one  of  the   coainiittee  to  carry  into  effect   the    resolu-  without  just  compensation,"  and  nrLMiiL.'  that  the  favor- 

tion  of  the  Legislature  prcsentimr'.'aptaiu  .lacol- Jones  able   ei.nsider.ati'Ui    nf   the    claim   bi'   broiiL'ht  by  the 

with  a  piece  of  silver  plate,      lie   was  als  >   upon  the  LcMslature  before  tVn-rc-s.     The  Legi.-.latnre  elected 

commiitce   to  carry  out  the   re~o!utioii,  of  the  LeL'is-  at   its   „-,MMn    in    I  s  U ,  W.  B.  Cooper,  Governor,  who 

lature  in  the  case   of  C.,mino,l,,re    McD le.'h.    atter  in   hi,    inaugural    ii.e-,a-e  called  attention  to  the  fact 

the  vict.iry  over  the  j'.riti-h   on  Fake  Cliamplaiii.      In  that    the   State  had  mvi  r  known  what  a  State  .lebt  i, 

Jaiin.irv,    ISIS,    he    was  elected    cashier   of  the    Far-  tVom  anv  expcrienc-of  its  own  ;   that  she  had  collected 

--,„....,„„,,„..  I ,     w,,..„  ,,...,„-,.,,  l,i.- ,.-ih,.,„r>..„nt  la,tone',mall.a.    -nee  the  adoption  of   her  amended 

^t'!i:!Z'\Zri::::':X^^^^^^^^  Con-titution   and    had  a    ,nrpliis   of  m<n-e  than  a  half 

li-  >>«^n,oKu-rt.^r'Lli'n ^I'ljiu'"!'.!'"    '  '"   '       "'       '   '"''"'  '"  refusiniT   to   re-charter    the   banks  in   the   Dialrict  of 


320  HISTOKY  OF  DELAW'AItH. 

O.liimliia,  callr.l    forth    trum    the    L,  _M~lalurf   „l    H.e      i.n,„i„atr,l    l„r 
State   ri'.-,()lii(i(M!,,   ulii,!i    <mi   Mar.  h  i;    M  I ,  u.m..  iire-      luii.lciiiriin-  1 1. 


-s,  an 


stilted  t(.  tlu'  i;riitrilMatf>  S.^iiati-  Uy  Mr.  (  layt..,,,  to      in-  ||,.„r_v  chiy  (nr  I'r.si.lerU,  recMniiiieii.liii- .\1  i 
the  fuUnwin.i,' olle.t  :    That  thf  rrUi-al  oi   l -..n.-n.-s  to      ton   Clavton,    ni    |l,  l.iuair     ior    Vh.a-rrcsnh-ni 


unui.-r    and    o|.|,,,  — i\e;    thai    th.y    arr    iinu  i  M  i  ni:  lo      pnlilic  hiinl,-.  and  ol  I 
hHieve,  with  tlir  ,  ili/.ai,  ,.(  W  a>hin-[on  and  (  l.or-o-      rrat^s    nominated    \V 

to   Marvhmd,  and   t... nlid.nl  I  v  h •   thai    llu-   next,  if      r,,-,',  v. ,,...-,  I, .7  ...,S. 


ds 


-Mr.  I;,m1„. 


.1   Mr.  J. 


nut  the  ine.-cnl,  ('on,s;ri>.  wdl  i;rant  a  r.^ln-,-,,  of  thtir  .,f  only  'J. 

^-rievanffs   that  the  |.^-.,|di.  of  th..'  I»i,,lrnt  .,f  C.dum-  The  LeKishuiuc   a.>s,,nddi-.l   ..n    the  .".I  of  Jann.uv 
bia..Uf,dit  t..  be  r,.|,r.M-nl,,l  in  (;.,ii-ia.~-.  IM:!,  and  ur-ani/.e.l  hv  Ihe  ,:h..i.  ,•  .,l  I'n.h  y  S|.rnan.  ,■ 
The    State    was    this    year    idae.;d    in    the    F..iinh  I'resi.k-nt   of  the    S.^nate,   an. I     Wdliain    U.    l;,,!,!,,,' 
Judieial  Distriet  ,d'  the  Uiiite.l  Slate»  (■..nrt>.  Speaker  of  the  Hoiise.    (i..vcrn.M-  W  illiani  l;  Coon.r 
TheLe!,d>hitiire.  in  onler  to  relieve  tile  hank.  .,f  the  in    his    uicssaire,   e.,nL'ratiilate>     llie    State    th..l    li,  , 
State,  voKiiitarily.sUs|.endeilt  lie  [irovisioii.,  of  the  bank  tiiiaiices  are  Ir.e  In. in  ,  inb.irra.--nii  nt,  an.l  the  sini.hi- 
charters  (d' the  State  re.(uiring  them  to  j.ay  twelve  per  remained  iin.liniinidj..l,  uliiU^   i\.ry'  .hmaiid  wln.li 
eeiit.  interest  for  refusing  to  pay  their  notes  in  speeie.  ha.l  been  ina.le  on   the  Treasinv  hail   been   i)r..nipii\ 
Thesurplus  of  the  State  llii>  year  w;i.s  ..ne  milli.,n  .lis.  Iiar-ed.     The  eiirrencv,  thoiigh  re.luce.l,  uas  |.,  r- 
and  a  half  of  dollar,.  Itnly  Mjiin.l;  the  eredit  remaine.l   uninipair..!.  an.! 
The   (iovtrnor    ai-p-.inte.l    danie-    U...,th,    E,,.,..  of  a.Mni|.nlati.,n  or  suspicion  of  fraud  or  publie  .li>h.,n..r 
New  Castle   County,  chief  justice  of    the    State,    in  restci  ..n  the  fair  lame  of  the  Commonwealth  ;  uhilc 
lieu  of  the  Hon.  Richard  H.  Kayar.l,  rcM-nd  ;  ami  in  every  cnsi.leration  conspired  to  prove  that  the  pr,,- 
compliance  with   the   re.,uisiti.,ns  of  a   law  passe.l  at  pie  of  the  State,  as  far  as  their  eon.lition  was  atlecfd 
the   late   session    of    the    LegislaUire.    the    Cveriior  by  the  action  of  the  State  Government,  were  still  pre- 
appointed L.    L.  Ly..n,  .■.nnmi.ssi.,ner  .,f  wrecks,   or  eminently  prosperous  and  happy. 

wreck-master,  for  Sn-.M..^  C..unty.'  During  the  year  a   memorial  t..  C.mcre^.-  li..in  the 

In   1842  the  deman.l    lor  real  estate  cmlinued  very  pe.ijde  of  the  State  was  prepare.l  in  favor  ..f  an    isMi,- 

good  tlirougli..nt  the  Slate.      "  Elleslie."  the  estate  ..f  of    .■?200,IM)U,0(M)    of    g.ivernment     st.,ck,    which     Mr. 

the  late  Archibald  Hamilton,  was  sol<l  to  a  gentleman  Bayard  presented  t..  the  Senate  on  February  ITth. 

from  Fhila.lelphia  lor  slu.oHO.     That  property  is  ou  The  Democratic  imrty    in  the  State,    in    1X4-1,    de- 

the  Delaware  River,  tuo  an.l  a  half  miles  above  Wil-  clined  sending  delegates"  to  the  National   Conventi..n 

mington,  and  c.ntained  less  than  two  hundred  acres.  .,f  the    party  in    Baltimore,    but    William     rii..rp    ,.| 

The  auditor's  account  presented  to  the  Legislature  Kent   wag    nominated    for    ( b.v.'rm.r,    an.l    F.lwaid 

showed    the   amount  in    the    State    Treasury    to    be  W.Mjtten  of  Sussex   for  Congn->,  w  h..' afterwar.i.  .Ie- 

^318,69f;.!)2,  and   the    estimate   tor  expenses   Ibr   the  cliiied  ;  and  an  electoral  ticket  was  n..minate.l."aini  il„- 

next  year  was  :?10,414,  and  the  State  revenue  f -r  the  nati.mal  administrathm  of  .Mr.  Van  I'.uren  iii.loi-,  .1. 

same  time  s;2;3,S10.  The  total  valuati.m  ..f  pr..i.rriv  .,n   the  tax-li^t  w  .. 

The  banks  .,f  the   State   resumcl   the    payment    .d'  Sl'.-,,;;lM,7IS  ;   the   annual     tax,    ■^7o,o;i-;    seln.lar,    in 

specie   without  any   ilitlieulty,  ami    their   ability   and  public  schools,  11, .'Jr.;;   balance  in    treasury   .■^oli'.  1  ■;' 

credit  was  fon ml  n..t    t.,   have   been   impaired  by  the  The    State   was     five    of   debt,    and     the  "p"l'ui-'l  i>'^i 

legislative  acti. 111.     The  Wilmingt.m  Uiiw/le,  rvn\dik-  nnmbere.l  :s,i(l7.     The  electbui  in    the  fall  lor  I're-i- 

ing  on  this  subject,  sai.l :    "  Without  making  preten-  .lent  gave  the  Whiu   electoral  ticket  2S7  maj..rity  and 

sions  to  vast  abilities  an.l  [.ndbuiul  sagacity,  the  men  .-t.i.kton,   Wlii-,   was  elected  Covern.ir  over  Th..ip, 

who  make  our  laws  an.l  pr,,tect  the  interest,  of  the  l)em..,Tat,  by  fh.     The  Legislature   wxs   als.i  earrol 

State  have  Jiroved   themselves  gilted   with  a  u  is.b.ni  by    the    Whigs,    M'.-uriiig  the  electi.m   of  a   Whi-    t.. 

that  has  led  them  Ibrth  in  a  path  of  safety,  ecinomy  ih,'    United   States   Senate.     There  w.  re   at  tlii-   Uiii. 

and  prosperity.    For  a  State,  in  these  times  of  dei>res-  le.ss   than  three   lli.iiisan.l  sl.ive,  in  the   Stile   and    it 

sion  and  embarrassment,  to  be  not  only  out  of  debt,  was  .stated  at  an  anti->laverv  ineetiii"  in  WilmiirMon 

but  to  have  half  a   million   dollars  surplus,  i-,  some-  that  tince-lburtlis  .if  the  people    wereiea.lv    t.j   ~i"n 

thing  to  boast  of;  and   we  do  feel  a  pri.le  when   we  |ietili.ms   for  imnic.liate  emancipati.jn    without   e..ni- 
consider  the  safe  and  unburdened  condition  of  Del 
aware." 

The  political  campaign  ..f  l:<d2  opeiie.l  on  .fiily  .',th 
with  the  Whig  Convention  of  the  .-tat.'  at  Dover,  Dr 
William  I'.iirton,  of  K.  nt  Couiitv,  [.lesidiiiL'.  C.'.irg. 
B.  R.i.lney,  then  Itepr.'sentative"  in  C.u.gr.'vs,  was  re 

ICllABLrs  lla-htN.s  tl,..  .Ii-nii^iiis I   „„v,.|i,t.    >.l,...  „n   l,„  >,-i.t. 

.\ii.cika,  bUiM.bJ  lu.  «  low  b..u.=,  lu  Wil,„i,.(;lL.u  oi.  .^l  lid,  11.  1>11. 


peiisati.m. 

The  lion. 

Join 

1  M.  fhi 

.yton    w.is 

re-eleete.l    1 

Fiiited  Stat 
ard,    by  a 

v.ite    . 

Kite,  in 

■en   to   t.'ii 

lichar.l    H. 
tor   Martii 

I'.ates.  '  ,J.,i, 

it   re- 

•  lution.. 

were    [..i- 

.■.1   by  the 

FROM  TIIK  TREATY  OF  (^lENT  TO  ISM. 


321 


Tin-  rau,f!/!r,n,!a  new~|.:iiMT  .U'sitIIh-^  tlu-  ooti- 
,ilii„n  of  the  State  in  1S4.'.  a-  mo^t  cxoell.  nt  in 
(  v.-ry  respeet,  that  rapiil  an.l  vrry  -rout  ini|vr(>vt- 
iiH'nt  had  taken  place  in  every  seetion,  ami  that 
'■the  u<e  of  lime  and  manure  is  what  has  nustly  el- 
f,.,-ted  the  benefieial  chan;xe  in  the  airrieultiiial  ap- 
pearance of  those  eouiitie-i.  Iriiiiiense  quantities  ol' 
ihi-.  fertilizer  are  imported  I'mni  New  I'l.rk  and 
I'eiinsvlvania  as  well  as  burnt  in  llie  State.  Trim 
|),.laware  City  to  Cantwell's  r.ridL-e,  and  Snutli 
tlireUL'h  the  wlnde  country  is  in  a  state  of  hi-h 
.ultivatiou.  In  the  viiinily  of  Snivrna,  and  hack 
,,f  it  for  many  uules,  reachiriL'  into  the  fore.-ts 
along  the  roads  towards  lii.ver  and  I.eip>ie,  fine 
ticlds  of  clover  and  heavy  cm  have  taken  the  place 
iif  stunted  wild  grass  anti  corn  producing  little  else 
than  nubbins.  Around  Leipsic,  on  Raymond's  and 
Little  Creeks,  the  same  change  has  been  eflected,  as 
well  as  around  Dover  and  Camden.  Occasionally  is 
~een  a  green  spot  ri-ing  touaril  Millord,  Milton  or 
Lewistown.  But  as  yet  the  spirit  of  inijirovcment 
h;is  not  extended  into  Su.ssex.  But  in  Kent  it  is 
everywhere  manifested.  The  crop  of  wheat  at  the 
late  harvest  throughout  the  State  was  large  and  of 
good  quality,  and  perhaps  it  never  yielded  so  abund- 
ant a  crop  of  corn  as  the  present.  The  value  of  land 
has  risen  in  Kent  and  New  Castle  very  considerably, 
and  we  are  rather  surprised  to  hear  farmers  selling 
tracts  at  fifty  dollars  an  acre  and  upwards,  that  could 
have  been  bought  some  years  ago  for  ten.  We  miss- 
ed from  many  places  forests  of  oak  and  hickory  ami 
found  corn  in  their  phtce.  We  incline  to  think  such 
changes  will  not  only  be  pro<luctive  in  a  pecuniary 
point  of  view,  but  add  to  its  salubrity.  There  is  not 
much  diti'erence  in  the  apiicaraiice  of  the  villages 
compared  with  the  period  of  which  we  sjieak. 
Smyrna  has  improved;  Do\  er  has  grown;  MiUord. 
Milton,  Lewistown,  little  or  none;  Cuntwell's  Bridge 
and  Leipsic,  however,  have  grown  materially  in 
population  and  activity.  On  the  wdiole,  the  ardent 
spirit  of  agricultural  improvement  was  pleasing  to 
us,  and  the  good  work  has  already  strengthened  the 
hand  of  our  gallant  little  neighbor.  Long  may  she 
prosper  and  be  proud  of  her  agricultural,  mechanical 
and  commercial  prosperity." 

The  present  greatest  [irodnction  of  the  State — the 
peach  crop — was,  in  1845,  just  beginning  to  devel'iji 
the  capacity  of  the  State  in  that  direction.  .Major 
Iteybold  sent  in  that  year,  in  one  day,  o4l'0  baskets 
of  peaches,  and  up  to  September  1st  had  sent  otf 
lO.OOO  baskets,  wliile  the  lamily  had  to  that  date 
shipped  over  .',0.000  baskets. 

In  184G  the  '"Loco"  or  Heniocratie  party  nonu- 
iiated  for  CJovernor,  William  Thorp  of  Kent,  and 
John  I.  Dilworth  of  New  Castle,  for  C.ngress. 

The  Whigs  nominated  I'eter  F.  Cau-ey  of  Kent, 
forCovernor.  Mr.  Tiiorp  was  elected  Oovernor,  and' 
-Mr.  Houston  to  Congre-s,  the  former  by  one  hundred 

eight.     Thus  eaeli  party  "was  tilumi.hant    iii  a   State 
21 


election,  but  in  the  Legi>lature  the  Whiirs  had  a  ma- 
jority, and  secured  the  election  of  a  United  States 
Senator  in  the  place  of  Thomas  Clayton,  whose  term 
expired  Marcli  3,  l-!47. 

The  Secretary  of  War.  .m  May  10,  1.S40,  by  direc- 
tion of  the  President,  called  for  volunteers  to  prose- 
cute the  war  against  Mexico,  of  which  three  hundred 
and  ninety  was  the  number  reijuired  from  Delaware. 
At  that  date  the  revenue  cutter  "  Forward,"  Captain 
Henry  B.  Nones,  commander,  with  Lieutenant  John 
McCowan.  Charles  W.  Bennett,  Richard  S.  Jones, 
Pilot  .losepli  Davis  and  forty-live  seamen,  shipped 
[irinci|ially  in  ib,-  State,  lay  in  the  harbor  of  Wil- 
uiinL'ton.  On  May  ilst  sealed  orders  were  received 
to  proceed  at  once  to  the  Gulf  of  IMexico,  which 
were  promptly  eompliid  with,  and  the  "Forward" 
arrived  at  the  seat  of  war  in  time  to  participate  in 
the   attack  on   Alvarado,  and  in   the  capture   of  To- 


basco.  Captain  Xone>'  gallantry  and  seamanship 
received  the  commendation  of  Commodore  Perrv, 
who  wrote :  "  I  am  gratified  in  bearing  witness  to  the 
valuable  services  of  the  Revenue  Schooner  '  For- 
ward' in  command  of  Captain  Nones,  and  the  skill 
and  galla-itry  of  his  ollicers  and  men."  Remaining 
on  duty  in  the  Gulf  during  the  year.  Captain  Nones 
returned  in  the  "Forward"  to  Wilmington,  arriving 
on  May  22,  1S47,  atler  the  absence  of  exactly  one 
year.  The  vessel  sliowed  many  marks  and  hard 
knocks  received  in  tiie  engagements  in  wdiieh  jhe 
had  particii>ated.  Her  commander  was  welcomed 
home  by  many  friends.  The  "Forward"  was  dis- 
mantled and  repaired  at  the  (dd  wharf,  and  com- 
pleted Aiigu.^t  :)'T  of  the  s;une  year.  John  Lund, 
S.uanel  Wa.le  and  Andrew  Fulniede,  now  (1887)  re- 
siding in  Wilmi;,gton,  were  with  Captain  Nones  on 
the  "  Forward."  ' 


322 


insTonv  OF  riF-:LAWAHiv 


was  n 

r.cne< 

.  on  1 

"ourtl 

r  tht 

-ami. 

n  th 

city 

A  renriiitiiig  ollicc  f'.r  tho  resiilar  an 
iit  tlie  Swan  If.-trl,  nuu  tii.-  CIIhom  H, 
Street,  January  l!i'.,  is  17.  ('ajitain  ('In 
Jay  began  to  rai.-c  a  miliiary  cuiupan_\ 
t<jn.  After  liavin-  naTiiitcl  tilt,  m  in, 
of  whom  Joseph  .S.  \Vlui'Kr.  iio,v  (ls-7)  a  iiuTchant 
tailor  in  the  city,  wa-icne.thi  y  wrrotraii'^ffrreil  toCum- 
pany  E,  of  the  Eleventh  Ke-iinent  of  United  States 
Infantry,  then  in  Phihuielpliia.  Thii  coniijany  ua^ 
commanded  by  C'a[itain  I'enibiTinn  Wardell. 

The  company,  l-eioL'  nou-  full,  on  the  Sth  <.f  April 
starte<l  for  Mexico.  They  went  by  cars  to  Jo|iiisto\vn. 
Pennsylvania  (then  the  limit  nl  tlie  railroa.l  liiiei.  l.y 
canal  to  Pittsburgh,  by  steamboat  down  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  Ilivers,  and  on  a  sailing  vessel  to  the 
Island  of  Brazos.  From  thence  they  proceeded  to 
Point  Isabel  and  to  the  mouth  of  the  Eio  Grande, 
and  there  took  a  steamer  for  Cam))  Palo  Alto,  wliere 
they  joined  the  Eleventh  Regiment,  under  command 
of  Colonel  Ramsay. 

In  the  mean  timeCapt:iin  Cliaytor,  who  wa,  a  phy- 
sician by  profession,  continued  recruiting  men  for  the 
service,  and  on  May  i:'.,  1>47,  had  u  company  of 
eighty  officers  and  men.  They  received  orders  to  at 
once  proceed  to  Vera  Cruz.  George  \V.  Chaytor  was 
captain:  Joseph  S.  Hedges,  first  lieutenant;  Columbus 
P.  Evans,  second  lieutenant.  They  marched  from 
Wilmington  to  New  Castle,  and  from  there  were 
transported  by  the  Union  Steamboat  Line  to  Fort 
McHeury,  at  Baltimore,  and  from  thence  conveyed 
to  Vera  Cruz  by  a  steamship  in  waiting  for  them. 
One  mouth  later  they  laniled  in  Mexico.  Captain 
Chaytor  immediately  returned  on  a  "sick  leave,''  and 
never  went  back  to  his  company.  Though  he  did  not 
resign,  the  command  of  the  company  devolved  upon 
Lieutenant  Hedges  first,  and  afterward  upon  Lieut. 
Evans.      This   company    was    al-o    assigned    to    the 


.f  United   States    Infantry,  ; 


thB  navy  ami  gaiiit-d 
He  «;is  alsj  acUvL-ly  , 
Augiiat  'J.'!,  IISGS, 
■  Jefferson  Henri  Xoi 

a  second  lieiiteuaitt  i 
in  1S47  ;  resi-nea  liis 
tournalisiii. 

Washington  II.  No 
phia;  entered  tl.o  fi 
at  Pensacola,  Fluriil:!, 

John    M.   \..ne3,  , 


I'Mfblo,  51cxico;a[ip..i 
llas.siiiee  been  en^agei 


armv  t'roni  Vera 

Cru/,  to   the  1  'i-.y  ..f  Mexico.     Ti 

was   the  only  ,:■ 

mpletc   coinpanv    from    the  Stat.- 

iJeiawarethat  w 

■nt  to  the  Mexican  War.    Thcbra^,- 

olit>  men.  in  co 

i.inon  with  the  entire  Eleventh  I;.., 

nieiit,    was    Iicv 

>r    .iiicstioned.      Col.    (.raham,    th, 

heroic  and  niucl 

i-loved  commander,  fell  dead,  pieiv 

by  twelve  balls 

in    the   battle  of  .\I„lino  del  Rey, 

1S47.     Many  ot 

the    Wilmington   boys  became  si 

soon  after  their. 

rriv.d  in  Mexico;  some  of  them  di 

in  the  service,  w 

bile  numbers  of  them  were  killed 

wounded  in  battle.  Lieutenant  Joseph  S.  IIe( 
after  leading  his  company  in  the  battles  of  Contn 
Molino  del  Rey  and  Cherubusco,  fell  sick  of  a  h 
and  returned  home  December  lit,  lS-t7.  There  \ 
then  thirty-five  men  in  his  com[iany. 

After  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  the  Elev( 
Regiment  was  sent  to  Fort  Hamilron,  New  Y 
where   the  oliicers   and   men    were    mustered  on 


t    o( 


"  A  spontaneoas  meeting  of  citizens"  was  held  at 
De  Haven's  Indian  King  Hotel,  between  Front  and 
Second  Streets,  on  :\[arket,  July  20,  1S4S.  when  it  wa- 
decided  to  give  the  returning  soldiers  from  the  cin 
an  enthusiastic  welcome.  The  reception  comniittcc 
was  composed  of  twenty-eight  citizens,  with  Mayor 
Alexander  Porter  chairman  and  William  R.  Sellars 
secretary.  "The  gallant  men  returned  crowned  with 
laurels  from  the  field  of  glory"  August  1^2,  1S4S,  and 
they  were  tendered  a  banquet  in  the  City  Flail,  and 
were  received  in  a  speech  on  behalf  of  citizens  by 
Hon.  John  Wales.  They  were,  Lieutenant  Columbus 
P.  Evans,  Sergeants  Benjamin  F.  Handy  and  Abijah 
Jackson  and  J.  L.  Patterson;  I'rivates.  Joseph  S. 
Wheeler,  Samuel  Paul,  John  Bail.-y.  William  Has-ani. 
Levin  Stevens,  Matthew  Gosling,  Paul  II.  Carter. 
Isaac  Hill.  Samuel  Taylor,  Alexander  Henderson, 
George  McMulleii  and  .John  Crew  of  Chaytor's  Com- 
pany F,  Eleventh  logiment.  A  few  others  returned 
a  day  or  two  later,  but  the  entire  number  that  came 
back  was  but  a  handful  of  those  who  went  sixteen 
months  before.  Of  those  named  two  survive — Joseph 
S.  Wheeler,  of  Wihnington.  who  did  valiant  service 
asantjflicerin  the  I'ivil  War. and  Benjamin  F.IIaiuly. 
now  (1SS7)  keeper  of  the  lighthouse  at  Fort  Milllin. 
Simiiel  Jacobs,  a  member  of  the  company  from  Sus- 
sex County,  died  at  Lerma,  Mexico,  just  as  his  com- 
rades were  leaving  for  home.  Lieutenant  Evans 
al'terward  became  mayor  of  Wilminirton. 

Henry  Rumor,  of  Brandywinc,  who  enlisted  .it 
^Vilmin-ton  in  the  regular  army,  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey.  Corporal 
John  McOIahoik,  an  emplovee  at  Gare.she's  powder- 
mills,  William   Rn-ell.  F,.,,cr  Carson.  James  Dilkc 

before  the  city  ol  Mexico.     Licntcn.ant  .laines  Tilt.ni, 


infJ.cdatthestor 


'Of  CI 


FROM  TlIK  TIIKATY  OF  nilENT  TO  1,^ 


32.1 


.(,,liii  K.M.iitz  wits  kilk-.l  whiK'  -laii.liii-  lu'tu.-,ii  [.iiu- 
:,,ii:iiit  Ev:iii3  ami  .■^iTLTuMiit  .Fa'  ksnii,  ut  ( 'licrubusr.) : 
-uiiu'jl  S.  Thompson  u.i^  uoun.lr.l  l.v  ihc  sin.--  l.all. 

(;,.„rLre  Wi.ullc,  Tliuiu:i,  llu.la-  iin.l  .l..l,a  I-ilc, 
M.aivfs  of  Wiliiiiiigtoii.  ^t-rwd  un.!ur  (iciural  Taylor 
Ml  .1  regiment  of  "  Louisiana  TigiTs,"  wlmsf  nmtco 
W.L-:     "Di.  ordio." 

Sorgoaiit  Beiijaiiiin  .^.  llau'any.  ;i  brave  youii^r 
Wilminglonian,  \v;ls  kilk-il  in  the  battle  of  Riienu 
N'l^ta.  He  had  left  his  native  place  some  years  be- 
:,,re  tlie  Mexican  War  opened  and  enlisted  in  a  Mis- 
-iv-ippi    regiment    under  the  command   of  .Jelt'er^on 

minister  in  Asluiry  Church.  Two  days  l.L-lbre  the 
i.altle  he  wrote  to  his  brolh<r  in  Wilmin-ton,  predict- 
ini:  that  a  battle  would  soon  take  place  and  that  he 
woidd  probably  be  among  the  slain.  He  heijueathed 
to  his  relatives  his  efVects  before  entering  batile. 

,f(dm  L.  Donaldson,  a  native  of  Wilmington,  en- 
listed ia  Louisiana  an. Uerved  umler  General  Tayh.r 
in  all  the  b.attles  of  his  memorable  campaign,  "lie 
returned  to  his  home  .July  9,  1^47,  and  was  welcomed 
liy  his  former  associates. 

At  a  public  meeting  held  in  the  City  Hall,  at  Wil- 
mington, April  12,  1847,  Dr.  James  W.  Thomson  was 
piesidcut  and  J.  W.  Duncan,  secretary.  Congratula- 
tory rcsokitious  were  adopted  in  recognition  of  the 
lirilliant  victories  of  General  Taylor  at  Bueua  Vista 
and  General  Scott  at  Vera  Cruz.  On  April  l.jth  there 
was  a  grand  demonstration  in  the  city  in  honor  of 
those  victories.  One  hundred  guns  were  tired  at 
corner  of  Fourth  and  \\  ashington  Streets  by  Artillery 
Company  A.  There  was  a  parade  of  local  military 
organizations  in  the  afternoon.  In  the  evening  the 
words  ''Honor"  and  "Fame"  were  redected  upon 
canvas  in  front  of  the  City  Hall  and  there  was  a  fine 
di>iday  of  fireworks.  The  streets  were  brilliantly 
illununated. 

Midshipman  Thomas  S.  Shubrick  was  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz  by  a  ball  from  the  enemy  while 
poising  one  of  the  guns  cjf  a  battery  to  fire.  He  was 
about  twenty-two  years  old.  Six  weeks  bel'ore  his 
death  he  was  in  Wilmington.  His  remains  were 
brought  home  May  12,  1847,  and  received  by  the 
mayor,  president  of  City  Council  and  a  committee  of 
citizens,  and  by  them  attended  to  St.  Peter's  Catholic 
Church.  The  funeral  ceremonies  took  place  the  next 
day,  and  thousands  of  citizens  formed  the  procession, 
uhich  moved  to  the  tamily  graveyard  of  the  Du 
I'oTits,  on  the  Brandywiue,  where  the  remains  were 
iiUirred. 

In  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  Mi.l-liipioau  Allen 
McLane,  a  descendant  <.f  lii=  namesake  of  Ucvolu- 
lionary  fame,  performed  many  chivalrous  deeds. 

Lieutenant  Robert  C.  llogers  was  taken  prisoner 
in  the  same  engagement.   Lieutenant  ('cc'Ml'c  McLane 

.;reat  bravery  in   the  engagement   before   the  citv  of 
-Mexico. 
Samuel   F.  Chamber-,  known   in  Tavloi's  arm\-  as 


Ml  the  top  of  an  eighteen- 


tbe- Delaware  hero,"  showed  unda 
Monterey.  He  lir^ 
works,  oi.taineda  fo, 
].oun.ler  and  delil.crati'ly  lired  with  great  ell'ect  until 
the  piece  was  captured  by  Gcmral  Worth.  Later  he 
was  wounded  at  the  bailie  of  Saltillo,  and  more  se- 
riously woundod  at  K.saca  d.c  la  Pali;ia.  He  stood 
by  Henry  Clay's  sonulica  he  was  killed  in  battle. 
He  bnmght  home  to  Wilmiii-ton,  as  a  trophy,  a  lance 
which  he  captured  Iron,  1  ion  .Mantero,  an  olliccr  of 
the  Mexican  lancers,  who  was  soon  afterward  killed. 
The  rhiladelphia  f.^'hrrs  Xew  <.)rleans  correspon- 
dent gives  lurthrr  delails  of  the  gallantry  and  dash 
of  .'^amuel  E.  Chaiuiiers.  He  joined  the  army  .at 
Corpus  Christi  and  went  with  Ca[>tain  Walker's 
Texas  Hangers  to  the  Uio  Grande.  Ou  the  1st  (d' 
May.  when  Walker  made  the  desperate  attempt  to 
cut  his  way  through  to  Taylor's  camp  for  the  pur- 
[losc  of  opening  communieation.  Chambers  was  one 
of  the  few  men  who  went  with  him.  In  the  encoun- 
ter with  the  Mexicans  they  lost  all  but  fifty  men  ; 
Chambers  had  a  horse  shot  under  him.  He  captured 
another  from  a  Mexican,  which  shared  the  same  fate 
as  the  first,  and  was  the  last  man  to  return  to  camp. 
Chambers  did  not  admire  the  discretion  of  Captain 
^\'alke^  as  much  as  he  did  his  courage,  and  applied 
to  Captain  May  for  a  place  in  his  company  in  the  ex- 
pected battles  of  the  8th  and  0th.  The  application 
was  granted,  and  Chambers  was  the  second  man  that 
crossed  the  Mexican  battery  in  May's  charge.  He 
was  found,  after  the' battle,  lying  under  his  horse,  by 
the  side  of  one  of  the  Jlexican  i)ieces,  with  his  shoul- 
der dislocated  and  much  bruised,  and  entirely  insen- 
sible. He  was  removed  from  the  field,  and  has  since 
recovered  from  his  injuries.  The  correspondent  adds 
that  his  comrades  gave  him  the  name  of  the  "  Hero 
of  Delaware."  Some  of  those  who  ob-erved  his  con- 
duct during  tlie  battle  say  he  fought  as  if  he  intended 
tc  jmt  to  flight  the  whole  ^Mexican  army.  With  his 
sabre  in  one  hand,  he  assaulted  the  men  in  charge  of 
the  battery,  and  with  the  other  he  discharged  his  pis- 
tols in  their  faces.  Three  bayonet  wounds  through 
the  body  which  he  received  showed  how  desperate  the 
contest  was  and  how  gallantly  he  stood  his  ground. 

The  father  of  the  "  Hero  of  Delaware  "  was  Isaac 
Chambers,  who  resided  in  the  State,  though  some- 
times living  in  Philadelphia. 

Lieutenant  Robert  C.  Rogers,  "whose  career  in  the 
Mexican  War  teemed  with  adventures  equaled  oidy 
in  the  pages  of  ri'inance,"  arrived  in  Wilmington 
Christmas  day,  Ht;,  from  the  "  scat  of  war."  He 
was  most  eiithusi.isti(  a!l>-  received  by  his  friends  in 
Wilmington  and  New  Cattle. 

In  November,  184i),  while  on  board  the  "Somers," 
he  assisted  in  destroying  the  ."Mexican  barque  "Cre- 
ole," near  the  harbor  of  Vera  (.'ruz.  In  the  mean 
time  his  own  ve.sscl  was  wrecked,  and  he  lost  all  his 
efi'ects.  Soon  afterward  he  was  captured  while  trying 
to  save  a  brother  olfieer.  He  was  taken  to  Vera  Cruz 
and  comlemned  t(j  death  a^  a  spv  bv  a  civil  tribunal, 


FROM  TIIK  TRHATY  OF  OUENT  TO  \si]i 


..r.>,  IfBt  hJB  usefnlnew  i 
•■  Mr.  Ciilhoun.  — 'Tlio 

If   exolienitoti   from  ;di 


Ashiiry     ( 

.^hil.lfv  Sta 

Tlif     bri' 

"(Ini.  Juck.-. 

othrr.MlKlIk 


i^ilc 


1S4(N 


thuihii 
in  Dec. 


It  was  in  Feliruar; 
Hired  for  tlie  first  lime  on  teniporance  ii 
Street  Church,  Wilmington  ;  he  retnrnei 
of  the  same  year  an<l  lectured  again. 

The  Legislature  assetnbleil  on  the  .'Jth  of  January 
and  elected  Dr.  William  W.  Morris  Speaker  of  the 
Senate;  ^hn  M.  Patterson,  clerk;  John  Ellegoud, 
scrgeant-at-arms;  and  Lewis  Thompson,  Speaker  ot 
the  House;  N.  B.  Sniithers,  clerk;  and  Cajitain  S. 
Murphy,  sergeant-at-arms.  All  the  othccrs  were 
Whigs.  The  election  of  Senator  resulted  in  the 
election  of  Presley  S]iruance  by  sixteen  votes  over 
Martin  W.  Bates,  who  received  fourteen  votes. 
Thomas  Clayton  declined  re-election.  On  the  10th 
of  February  the  Hou-i'  of  Kepresentatives  of  the 
State  passed  a  bill  fur  tlie  gradual  emancipation  of 
slaves.' 

A  tornado  passed  over  Wilmington  on  Friday 
afternoon,  June  o,  l-^-ii't.  The  day  w;ts  warm  and 
beautiful,  but  towards  evening  clouds  appeared  in 
tlie  west  and  within  half  an  hour  a  violent  storm 
burst  upon  the  city  with  terrilic  fury.  Trees  in  large 
numbers  were  blown  down,  awnings  were  to^n  from 
houses,  many  roofs  removed  and  a  number  of  houses 
blown  down.  It  was  the  universal  opinion  of  all  the 
iddest  inhabitants  that  the  city  was  never  bel'ore 
visited  by  such  a  storm.  The  range  of  it  was  two 
miles  in  width  and  that  part  of  the  city  below  Seventh 
Street  suffered  the  greatest  injury.  The  lar_'e  new 
covered  shed  of  Betts,  Harlan  &  Hollingsworth's  ship- 
yards was  reduced  to  a  perfect  wreck.  Twenty  men 
Were  at  work  on  a  new  iron  str:imer  in  the  buildin:!  : 
in  attempting  to  escape,  two  of  them  were  cra>hed  to 


snip 


death    by  the   falling   building.     Tl 
.Messrs.  Thatcher  was   also   entirely  destr 
workmen  all   escapeil   unhurt   except  tur 


Council 
eer  I).  1'. 


nie.  K.  I'idk.  President  of  the 
in  Wilmington  on  a  special 
rd.  lie  was  met  at  the  rail- 
ion  committee  of  citi/ens,  the 
■d  of  Hr,  Henry  F.  Askew, 
Kiee,  .lames   llanlv  and  Wil- 


The 


The  President,  his  .Vttoiney-Ceiieral,  Xathau  Clif- 
ford, of  Maine,  mayor<jf  Wilmington,  and  the  pre.-^ident 
ofthe  City  Council  rode  in  an  open  barouche  up  French 
Street  to  the  Brandywiuc  and  returned  down  Market 
Street  to  the  City  Hall,  followed  by  a  number  of  car- 
riages containing  citizens.  The  President  entered 
City  Hall  and  was  greeted  by  an  address  from  Colonel 
S.  B.  Davis,  to  which  he  res|)onded  briefly.  After 
dinner  he  left  in  the  steamer  "  ^V'ashington  "  for 
Philadelphia,  accompanied  by  the  following  gentle- 
men of  Wilmington  :  Alexander  Porter,  Henrv 
Hicks  (collector  of  the  port),  William  P.  Sellers, 
Kilward  G.  P.iudford,  William  P.  Chandler,  Charles 
(lordon,  .loh.i  Wales,  .bdiii  Counell,  William  Camp- 
bell, William  C.  Whitely,  Jeremiah  W.  Duncan  and 
.Tames  A.  Bayard. 

The  President  rode  from  lialtimore  to  Wilmington 
in  an  elegant  car  which  was  made  by  P.ush  I'i  Lob- 
dell,  and  this  was  its  first  trip.  Ft  was  forty-eight 
feet  long,  eight  and  a  half  feet  wide,  with  seating  ca- 
pacity of  forty-si.x  persons. 

Lewis  Cass,  in  1S4S,  .is  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  President  of  the  United  States  against  Zachary 
Taylor,  visited  Wilmington.  He  wasaccom|ianieil  by 
United  Slates  Senators  Bentmi,  .\llcii.  Houston,  Haii- 
negan  and  Foote.  They  rirrived  Ironi  Wa-bington 
at  1.30  r.  M.,  were  escorted  to  (.'ity  Hall,  where  James 
A.  Bayard  received  them  with  an  eloquent  speech. 
Fifteen  hundred  people  crowded  into  the  hail.  Gen- 
eral Cass  responded  t'l  the  address  of  welcome.  He 
mentioned  in  his  speech  tlrit  Just  tilty  years  bel'ore  he' 
had  been  a  teacher  of  a  school  in  Wilmington,  A  few 
of  his  pupils  were  in  the  aiiclience.  He  was  then 
sixty-eight  years  old.  .^hort  speeches  were  made  by 
all  the  distinguished  men  who  accompanied  him.  In 
the  evening  the  party,  escorted  by  a  delegation  uinler 
the  l.ud  of  Vice-President  (ieJi-e  .M.  D.illa-^,  jiro- 
cee.led  to  Philadelpllia. 


IIlSTOllY  OF  DKLAWAKE. 


resulttil  111  tlic  <■ 
speech  ln>.u  the 
stood  .It  the  ea-t  e 
\Vihaingt..n.  Ver 
what  he  s:ii,l,  ex., 
istiesiu'eehes  uhi 


•t  .Mar 
jr  reiii' 
i-r  his 


oratur. 

}lia  remains  V.  re  eonv.ve.l  ihn.iiL'li  the  city  in  a 
special  train  Iroin  Wa-hiiiL'i-.n  to  I'lnladelphia.  .Sat- 
urday evening,  April  :;_',  lsii"i.  Hiimlrecis  ot  per- 
sons from '\Vilniin'jl"n  uiiit  In  riiila.lelplii.i  tlie  next 
day  to  view  tlie  rem.iins  as  iliey  lay  in  State  at  Inde- 
pendence Hall. 

The  long-Stan. liii,.'  e..ntn.\ei>y  hetweeti  the  United 
States  and  the  ."States  .d'  Dehiware  ami  New  Jersey, 
for  the  ownership  oi'  the  I'ea  I'ateh  Islainl.  in  the 
Delaware  River,  wa.s  submitted  U,  the  s.de  arl.ilra- 
■  tration  of  the  H.m.  .I.din  .-^ergeant,  a  distinguishe.l 
lawyer  of  the  Philadelpliia  bar,  before  whom  the 
merits  and  law  of  the  ea.-e  were  argued  at  great 
length  by  James  A.  Bayanl  and  John  M.  Clayton,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  Jlessrs.  George  M. 
Bibb  and  John  H.  Eaton  on  the  part  of  New  Jersey. 
Mr.  Sergeant  delivered  his  award  on  the  loth  of 
January,  1848,  in  favor  of  the  United  States.  The 
boundary  Hue  between  Xew  Jersey  an.l  I'ehnvare, 
as  determined  in  this  awar.l,  starts  fniin  tlie  highest 
part  of  the  Delaware  where  it  touches  New  Jers.-y, 
down  to  within  twelve  miles  of  Xew  I'astle,  the  mid- 
dle of  the  river  being  the  west  boundary  of  New 
Jersey.  From  that  point,  s.aitii  for  the  next  twenty- 
four  miles,  the  State  of  Delaware  runs  entirely  across 
the  river  to  low-water  marsh  on  the  Jersey  shore. 
After  that,  the  middle  line  of  the  river  (or  bay,  as  it 
soon  becomes)  is  again  the  boundary  and  so  continues 
till  iti  termination  in  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  largest  public  meeting  that,  perhaps,  was 
ever  held  in  the  State,' assembled  in  \\'ilmington  .m 
January  21,  1848,  of  the  friends  and  sujiporters  id' 
General  Taylor.  General  X.  Young  presi.led,  and 
resolutions  were  adopted  recommendingi  General 
Taylor  for  the  President  of  the  United  States  as  the 
people's  candidate,  greetings  throughout  the  .Stale 
were  advised  to  be  calicl.  The  meeting  was  a.i.lress- 
ed  by  J.  Wales  of  Wilmington  and  P.  K.  Smith  ot' 
Philadelphia. 

Soon  after  the  early  and  successful  battles  in  the 
Mexican  War  andbelore  the  Presidential  question  had 
been  much  agitated,  the  name  of  (ieneral  Taylor  be- 
gan to  be  mentioned  in  eonnecti.iii  with  the  Ph  >i- 
dency  of  1848.  The  Whig  National  C.mveiition  met 
in  Piiiladelidiia  on  June  Ttli,  and  he  was  nominated 
on    the  0th,  .I.dm  M.  Chiyt.m  ot  l)elawaro  receiviii- 


one  voti. 
cratic  ill 


M. 


md  P.utler 

e     I..1I    elect 


.•I...1. 


Samuel  Outs  am 
carried  the  Stati 
Congress,  and  el 


Ligislalure.  In  Is.-.O  a  remperauee  partv  was  or- 
gani/.e.l  in  the  Stale,  whi.h  n.uninate.l  Tli..ina- 
L.M-ku-.,od..f  Fn-d.ri.a,  K.'i.t  r.,nniv.  f,r  <  n,v.;rn.,r. 
and  Dr.  Waite  ..t  Xeu-  ('a^tl,■  f.-r  ( '....LTe-s.  A  nnni- 
bcrofthe  \Vhi-s.-npp.,rt..l  tlii-,  tirk.  t,  wiiirh  n-nk- 
ed  ill  the  ele.'tii.n  i.f  \Villiani,  11,  1;.^-,  (he  D.a,,.,- 
eratie  mnnim-e  f.r  ( i.,verii.,r,  l,v  a  -mall  n,ai..ritv; 
Mr.  Pid.lle  f,rC.,ngr,-,  and  tlu.-  r.-t  of  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket.     The  riemoerats   ha. I   now   lor  the  lir-t 

Ooverinnent.  Hon.  .lohii  M.  Clayton  entered  Pre.-i- 
. lent  Taylor's  Cabinet  Mar.h  7,  IS  HI,  hut  upon  the 
death  of  the  PrcMdent,  .Inlv  :i,  ISoO,  ami  the  aece- 
sion  of  Millard  Fillni.  re,'  he  was  .-uccte.led  on  July 
liO,  18.50,  by  Daniel  ^Vel.-ter.  .\s  soon  as  Mr.  Clay- 
ton retired  from  I'resid.nt  I'aylor's  Cabinet  hi'  re- 
turned to  Delaware  tin.!  immediatidy  assumed  the 
leadership  of  his  party,  whiid.  was  now  on  the  wane. 
The  Legislature  h.i.l  pa-s.  d  a  law  for  the  convening 
of  a  convention  to  ainen.l  the  Constitution  of  the 
State.  This  was  not  a>  w.is  alleged  in  accordance 
with  the  provision  .■.iniaincl  in  the  Constitution  of 
IS-'il,  and  as  :Mr.  Clayt.Mi  was  bitterly  opposed  to  the 
calling  of  a  convention,  he  fought  the  campaign  of 
18.52  on  that  hssue.  The  Whigs  carried  the  House 
of  Liepresentatives  by  a  majority  of  three,  but  as  the 
Democrats  had  six  members  of  the  Senate  who  held 
over,  they  still  had  a  majority  of  one  on  joint  ballot. 
The  Whigs  nominated  Mr.  Ciayton  tbr  United 
States  Senator,  but  the  I)eni..crats  refiLred  for  several 
weeks  to  go  into  joint  ballot.  Jn  the  mean  time  a 
violent  .attack  was  made  upon  the  honor  of  Mr.  Clay- 
ton in  the  United  States  Senate  by  Messrs.  Stephen 
A.  Douglas,  Lewis  (.'a-s  and  Ma-oii,  of  Virginia, 
charging  him  with  .Ui|.lieity  in  the  Clayt.m-P.ulw  er 
treaty    negotiations.       .'is   Mjon    as    John   Sorden,   a 


1  .Millar.1  Fillmore,  t 
lii«  entire  I'alpiuet,  on 
for  one  linur  on  Mom!.. 


lui.-f  .-i.recli  tiy  H.jn.  John  W,. 
.iTi.l  ^t  one  o'cloclc  tlie  u-.u:,  .li 
fi.rli.ed  whiili  moved  to  Cit.v  II 


■h  Pr. 


l...d,  .n  Ir.l.t  ol  lU-  tr, 


^ 


.^ 


(^^^Zo^     ^'^^^■'t^^'^^ 


FROM  Till-:  TUKATV   (»F  ClIMNT  TO   1st; 


|>,  muTitic  nifinlier  i4  thi^  State  Senate  ami  :i  per- 
.,,,,.1  Irleiul  of  Jlr.  Clayton,  lieanl  of  the  el.aruo- 
:,;.ele  a.'ainst  Mr.  Clayton,  lie  aniioiinei.l  hi-  deter- 
•i,iii:uioii  to  vote  to  go  into  joint  balint  t^n  a-  to  eii- 
,;,le  him  to  vote  for  hi^  frieiul  that  he  may  -o  harlc 
.„  tlie  Senate  and  .lelen.l  himself.  Th»  d.a.l-loel: 
,..is  thus  hroken  and  Mr.  Clayton  wa-<  eleete.l  United 
-:,^!e.s  Senator.  Franklin  I'ieree'  was  elected  Pre^i- 
,|,iit  in  1S53,  having  reeeived  the  electoral  vote  ol 
Iielaware.  The  campaign  was  the  last  fought  hy  the 
Whigs,  as  the  majority  of  that  i)arty  drilled  into 
ihe  '•American"  party.  This  jiarty  was  very 
-iieees-ful  in  the  campaign  of  Ls.'.4.  electing  P.  F. 
r.uisey  Governor  and  the  entire  ''American''  ticket, 
hv  an  aggregate  majority  of  about  one  thousand 
v.ites.  Peter  Foster  Causey,  who  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State  from  lSo4  to  ISoS,  was  in  many 
r.s|iepts  a  very  remarkable  man.  He  was  born  near 
I'.riclgeville,  in  Sussex  County,  January  11.  ISni.  He 
was  the  son  of  Peter  F.  and  Tamzcy  Cau=ey.  His 
father  early  in  Hie  was  an  intelligent  and  progre-^ive 
farmer  and  a  man  of  fine  capabilities.  When  the  son 
was  four  years  old  his  parents  moved  to  Caroline 
Coutity,  Maryland,  and  his  father  there  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits  until  ISl".  when  they  moved  to 
Milf.ird.  The  bent  of  mind  .if  both  tath'er  and  s.m 
was  to  engage  in  a  bu.siness,  giving  an  opportunity 
fur  the  development  of  their  native  energy  and 
capacity  more  than  farming  atTorded  in  that  early 
day.  The  education  of  the  son  was  completed  by  the 
time  he  was  sixteen  years  old,  and  he  then  began  a 
brilliant  and  prosperous  career  in  the  mercantile 
business  at  the  present  site  of  the  First  National  Dank 
of  Milford,  the  firm  from  1S17  to  the  time  of  his 
father's  death  being  Peter  F.  Causey  &  Son.  The 
merehandise  sold  in  their  store  was  purchased  in 
Philadelphia  and  Xew  York,  and  the  son,  when  in 
liis  seventeenth  year,  regularly  thereafter  went  to 
tliose  cities  to  make  the  purchases.  His  knowledse 
of  bur-iiiess  seems  to  have  come  to  him  liy  intuition,  as 
his  transactions  at  so  early  an  age  were  marked  by 
that   iiuickness   of  perception,     extraordinary    iudir- 

iiiL' traits  through  life.  I'he  trip  to  New  York  was 
then  111,,  !.   bv  -;:ijr,  t  I'.in-  nearlv  a  week  from  Mil- 


lut 


rked  alu 


-I  to  til 


hi-    pu.reha-e   and   sale    of  grain. 

.iblishrtient  became    a  centre  of 
.1  .Milf.ir.l,  a  large  seetion  of  the 

of  .Maryland.  .Mr,  Causey,  when  yet  youu','.  was 
univer-ally  reeuj-ni/ed  as  the  fi.remost  man  in  the 
community  in  which  he  lived.  About  Ift.ti  and  fur 
several  years  afterwards  he  was  engaged  in  mining 
iron  lire,  which  ho  obtained  in  large  quantities  nii  his 
own  land  in  Xaiiticoke  Hundred.  He  shipjied  it  on 
his  nun  vessels  to  Philadelphia.  Whatever  he  at- 
tempted to  do  he  made  a  success  and  he  soon  accunui- 
lated  large  means.  He  made  his  permanent  invest- 
ments in  real  estate  near  his  home,  never  ojierating 
in  stocks.  He  purchased  two  saw-mills,  a  tannery, 
the  Haven  Flouring  >Fills,  the  Milford  Mills  and  what 
is  now  known  as  the  JIarshall  Jlills,  and  operated  all 
of  them  in  connection  with  his  other  business.  He 
used  his  own  vessels  tor  the  shipment  to  Xew  York 
and  Philadelphia  of  the  grain  he  purchased  and  the 
flour  he  ground  in  his  mill. 

In  1^40  he  went  out  of  the  general  mercantile 
business  and  devoted  bis  time  to  his  large  land 
interest,  ag,trregating  fifteen  hundred  or  more  acres, 
divided  it  into  farms,  and  to  the  management  of 
his  Hour-mills,  sawing-mills  and  tannery,  nearly  all 
of  which  property  is  now  owned  by  his  children. 

As  a  public-spirited  citizen  he  favored  every  en- 
terprise or  movement  that  benefited  the  town  and 
community,  trained  many  young  men  in  correct 
business  habits  in  his  store  ami  took  the  greatest  care 
to  aid  and  encourage  them  Vihen  they  entered  busi- 
ness for  themselves.  He  favored  and  supported 
the  public  school  system,  and  was  iii.-trumental  in 
securing  well-educated  and  praeiical  teachers  I'roni 
the  .Vorlhto  teach  the  town  academy;  advocated  the 
cause  ol'  temperance  and  morality  in  all  its  [dulses  ; 
was  kind  and  L'i'nerniis  to  the  juior,  and  a  liberal 
siip]»irter  of  the  .Methodi-t  Church,  of  which  he  was 
a  member. 

He  w.as  noted  for  his  highly  commendable  lit'eand 
character,  was  upright  in  all  his  dealings  and  just 
and  true  to  his  fellow-men,  and  enjoyed  the  fullest 
confidence  of  all  with  whom  he  associated. 

He  was  of  large  stature,  being  six  feet  tall,  and 
weiglied  two  hundred  pounds,  had  a  striking  presence, 


Govrrnor  Causey  was  elected  by  the  ^VIlig  party 
to  represent  his  county  in  both  branches  of  the  State 
Legislature,  was  a  ilelegate  to  the  National  Whig 
Convention  whirl,  nominated  General  llarri-.u  tor 
the  PreMdeiiev.  who  was  elected  in  Islo,  and  was  a 
dele-ate  to  the  convention  at  r.altiinoie  in  1  s44 
which  n.iiuinaled  Henry  Clay  lor  tji,.  -,ame  ollice. 
In  the    fall  of  l.S.-,4  he  was  chosen  Governor  of  Dela- 


328 


IIISTOUV  OF  DF.LAWAUK. 


ware.  He  took  liin  <v:n  in  January.  IS.".",  and  srrvcl  tlie 
C^onstitiiticinal  trriii  (if  lour  vrar-^.  Diirin- lliis  tiinr 
he  sliowed  that  raro  .x-rutiv..  and  a.liaini.trativr 
ability  that  tharact..ii/,d  his  .siihtsMuI  husinr^s 
career.  His  coursr  in  thr  LMii,ernatiirial  chair  was 
that  of  a  man  lhoi..ni:hl>  di-\  Mt.d  tn  ih,- intrre.-t-,  of 
his  native  ;?tat,',  an.l  >\  h' n  Itr  ivtircd  Imni  the  i.llire 
he  received  the  liighest  praise  from  his  constituents. 

A  pleasant  and  gratifying  coincidence  was  thai 
while  Mr.  (.'ausey  wa.^  (idveriior  of  Delaware,  liis 
nephew  and  intimate  tViend,  Tru~ten  I'olk,  al-o  horn 
near  Bridgeville.  Sus>e\  county,  lielauare.  was 
elected  Cloveruor  of  tlie  State  of  >Ii>.(,uri,  and  sul>-.- 
qnently  became  a  Senator  in  (.'ongre-s  from  the  .same 
State.  " 

When  Mr.  ("ausey  wa-  (Tovernor  lie  niaile  a  number 
of  important  aiipointments,  among  which  were  that 
of  Hon.  Samuel  M.  Harrington,  chief  justice,  and  after- 
wards chancellor  of  Delaware;  Hon.  Edward  \V.  Gil- 
pin, chief  justice,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
the  promotion  of  Justice  Harrington,  the  now- 
distinguished  chief  justice  ;  Hon.  Jonuiih  P.  Comegys, 
United  States  Senator  during  the  interim  of  the 
Legislature  in  ISoii,  to  till  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  death  of  Hon.  Juhn  M.Clayton;  and  Hon. 
John  W.  Houston,  associate  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court,  resident  in  Kent  County.  One  very  commend- 
able feature  of  his  appointments  was  that  of  Judge 
Gilpin,  who  differed  from  the  Governor  in  politics, 
to  the  position  of  chief  justice  of  the  State,  which 
w:i3  one  of  the  best-roceived  appointments  ever  made 
in  Delaware.  It  was  done  on  account  of  Judge  <  lil- 
pin's  eminent  fitness  for  the  position. 

During  Governor  Causey's  administration  an  act 
proposing  an  amendment  to  the  State  Constitution  for 
the  purpose  of  abolishing  life  tenures  in  office  was 
passed  February  4,  lS-37,  which,  under  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  State,  had  to  be  a[)proved  by  the  Gov- 
ernor before  it  was  considered  by  tlie  people.  In 
his  next  annual  ines-aL-e  he  set  forth  valid  and 
satisfactory  reasons  wli\  lie  did  not  approve  of  the 
proposed  amendment. 

His  action  on  tliis  matter  was  sanePioned  by  all 
parties  then,  and  virtually  settled  the  iiuestion. 

A  few  years  after  his  retirement  to  private  life 
Governor  Causey's  health  failed  him,  and  lUnitiL''  the 
remainder  of  his  years  until  his  death,  February  !•'>, 
1871,  he  was  an  invalid. 

Fie  Wixs  married,  in  isii.",,  to  Maria  Williams,  .laugh- 
ter of  John  Williams.  Fs^.,  of  Kent  County,  a 
descendant  of  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  F^ela- 
ware.  Fler  brothers  were  representive  business  men 
of  Jlilford,  and  lier  ancestors  were  influential  in  the 
affairs  of  Kent  County.  She  is  now  livin'j,  in  her 
eighty-fifth  ye.ar,  at  the  Causey  mansion  in  Sontli  Mil- 
ford,  surrounded  by  her  children. 

This  historic  house,  tlie  oldest  in  the  town  of  :\Iil- 
ford,  was  ijuilt  in  IToH  by  an  Englishman  named  Levin 
Crapper.  It  was  tlie  residi'Uce  for  many  ye.irsot  (iover- 
nor   Rogers  of  Delaware,   whose   remains   lie   on  the 


Causey  wIi.mi  lie  tirst  oempied  it.  f  he  siirvi vin- cliil- 
dren  of  (  Ion  rrnor  C.uisry  are  William  F.Cau^ey,  IV:,.- 
F.  Caiisi'v,  .folin  W.  Can-ev  and  Maria  F.,  wiieo: 
lloliert  ll".  Williams. 

I'he  defeat  ol  the  Ktiow-Xothi eg  party  in  tlie  ean;- 
paign  of   IS.-.r,  «as  due  to  the  p.i.-^a-e  of  a  prohihirorv 

liijuor    law.       The    L>eii rats    carried    the    State    lo'r 

limhaiian  for  I'resi. lent,  and  their  State  ticket  liy  a 
majority  of  about  two  thousand,  out  of  about  fourteen 
lliousand  voles  cast.  The  Republican  tieket,  head,  .i 
by.folin  C.  Fremont  in  l.s.",ii,  onlv  received  three  hui|. 
dred  and  five  votes  in  the  entire  State. 

Those  wiio  opposed  the  1  »emo,rats  in  ]8oS  organ- 
ized the  "  People's  Party,"  but  in  the  fall  campaign 
were  defeated  by  two  hundred  and  three  votes,  the 
Democrats  electing  William  lUirton  for  Govern'  r 
and  a  majority  of  the  Legislature. 

Governor  Burton  was  born  (Jetober  IG,  178'.\  and 
died  August  .3,  iNOii. 

His  father,  John  Burton,  an  enterprising  farmer  of 
Sussex  County,  married  .Mary  Vaughau,  who,  after 
the  death  of  her  first  husband,  became  the  wife  of 
Robert  Frame;  and  their  son  Robert  Frame,  the 
half-brother  of  Governor  Burton,  was  one  of  the 
ablest  lawyers  of  his  day. 

Tlie  boyhood  of  Governor  Burton  wa,  .spent  on  hi, 
father's  farm,  and  he  acquired  his  preparatory  educa- 
tion in  the  local  academies,  where  he  was  a  faithlnl 
and  diligent  student.  He  studied  medicine  in  the 
otiice  of  Dr.  Sudler,  of  Milford,  and  was  graduated 
from  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  began  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  the  town  of  Lewes,  but  soon  removed  to  Mil- 
ford,  where  he  lived  during  the  remainder  of  his  suc- 
cessful career.  He  had  many  of  the  endowments  and 
requirements  of  the  ideal  physician — being  not  only 
well-versed  in  the  science  of  medicine,  but  eminently 
sympathetic  in  his  nature  and  diligent  in  his  elTorf- 
to  alleviate  sutTering — he  secured  a  large  practice  and 
cnjoyeil  universal  po|iularity  in  the  town  and  sur- 
rounding country.  He  was  proud  of  his  success  as  a 
fanner,  and  dispensed  a  free  and  large-hearted  hos|'i- 
tality  at  his  comfortable  home  on  a  farm  in  the  sub- 
urbs of  Milford.  He  was  charitable  to  the  poor, 
eompanionalde  to  the  young  and  the  idol  of  littk 
chihlren. 

In  lSl'7  he  was  eommissioued  a  brigadier-general 
<,f  the  militia  of  Kent  County,  and  tilled  that  position 
for  two  years.  Dr.  Burton  had  always  taken  an  ae- 
tive  interest  in  State  jiolities,  and  in  the  days  of  the 
ascendency  of  the  WIiIlt  party  wa,  one  of  its  aeknow  1- 


Kent 


.ate,!  lor  tln'olli,-, 
the  Knnir-Xnthiii 
'   stalidanl-bear.-l 


'liZ^^^^ld^ 


"KK  Civil-  Wlit. 


assumed  the  duties  of  his  office  in  Jaminry.  1S.''J. 
K.irlyiii  his  term  tlie  Governor's  position  bet:'.me  one 
of  great  perplexity  and  weisrlity  re-iioiisibility,  ■,.<\ing 
to  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War.  His  elforts, 
ollieially  and  individually,  were  direeted  at  nist  to- 
wards elfeetiiig  a  peaceful  solution  of  the  difEcultiea 
between  the  contending  sections,  and,  to  further  this 
enil,  which  accorded  with  the  prevailing  sentiment  of 
the  people  of  his  State  at  that  time.  Alter  all  efforts 
toward  peace  had  failed,  however,  he  gave  his  cffieial 
support  to  the  policy  of  the  National  Goveruiitent  to 
maintain  the  Union  by  the  force  of  arms.  Of  the 
tir.st  call  for  troops  made  by  President  Lincoln.  Dela- 
ware was  expected  to  furnish  one  reginient  of  se^  en 
hundred  and  eighty  men.  There  being  no  militia 
law  then  in  force,  the  State  had  no  troops  to  call  out. 
In  compliance  with  the  request  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  Governor  Burton,  April  23,  ISOl,  issued  a  proc- 
lamation calling  for  the  enlistment  of  volunteers, 
which  was  the  ntmost  extent  of  his  power  as  the  St-'te's 
executive.  By  the  1st  of  May  the  Governor  aa- 
nounced  that  the  full  quota  of  the  State  had  beeu 
furnished;  and,  afterward,  three  regiments  of  one 
thousand  men  each  were  raised  and  equipped°and  sent 
into  the  field.  During  these  troublous  years  of  his 
term,  the  chief  executive  maintained  a  wise,  equable 
and  efficient  zeal  in  the  discharge  of.  his  executive 
functions,  and  retired  from  office  January  1,  18G3, 
with  the  general  approval  of  not  only  his  party,  but 
of  the  whi>le  people  cf  Delaware — for  while  stead- 
fastly supporting  the  integrity  of  the  Union,  he  was 
vigilant  in  maintaining  the  rights  and  dignity  of  the 
State.  He  died  three  years  later,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-seven. 

Governor   Burton   was    a  warn",   supporter   of  the 


C  H  A  ?  T  E  R    X  VIII. 


itE 


,'1L,    M'AIl. 


creed  and  claims  of  the  Protestant  Episco 


Church, 
f   Christ 


and   was    for  many    years   senior  war 
Church,  Milford. 

He  was  twice  married— first  to  ^Mrs.  Eliza  Walcott, 
daughter  of  William  Sorden.  of  Kent  County,  who 
died  early.  In  18:30  he  was  married  to  Ann  C.  Hill, 
daughter  of  Robert  and  Rhoda  (D.tvis)  Hill,  who 
lived,  after  her  widowho,..!,  until  Oi-toher' 14,  Is^.',. 
They  had  one  child,  Ulioda,  who  married  Altred  R. 
Wootten,  Esq.,  who  was  attorney-general  of  Dela- 
ware at  the  time  of  his  <leath,  in  1804,  also  leaving 
but  one  child,  Mary  Robinson  Wootten,  now  the  wife 
of  David  T.  Marvel,  I'2sq.,  of  Georgetown. 

In  the  campaign  of  18GU  the  Breckinridge  Democrats 
nominated  Benjamin  T.  Biggs,  of  New  Cast' j  County, 
for  Congress  ;  the  Douglas  men,  Ellas  Reed,  of  Kent ; 
and  tlie  People's  party  nominated  George  P.  Fifher,  of 
Kent.  The  latter  was  elected  by  a  plurality  of  S(jme 
two  hundred  and  fifty  votes.  The  result  of  the  Presi- 
dential election  of  1800  is  given  in  the  next  chapter. 


On  Ihe  Gth  ..•f  N'ocenib-r,  iSO^t,  the  election  for  a 
Pi■e^ident  of  the  "l  uited  States  took  place.  The  can- 
didate of  the  Repi'blic-us  was  Aiirahain  Lincoln,  of 
liiifiivs.  The  (•.^^ciuetIve  principle  he  rei>rei^euted  was 
the  non-exLen.-don  of  slavery  to  the  Territories  of  the 
United  Stai.cs,  and  its  -peedy  removal  from  all  places 


belo 


.g    CO 


jr  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the 


Federnl  govenimeat.  Stephen  A.  Douglas  was  the 
candidate  re;,resenting  the  principle  of  non-interven- 
iion,  wb.i'.'b  w:>".  understood  to  mean  that  Congress 
should  not  iiuprTere  wif'i  the  ijuestion  of  slavery  or 
no  slavery  in  a  Territory,  but  that  it  should  be  left  to 
the  inhabitaiilr,  to  determine  ,vhen  they  assembled  in 
conveution  to  form  a  S;aie  Constitution.  The  friends 
of  lir.  Douglas  consisted  of  a  portion  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  Joiin  C.  Breckinridge  was  the  candi- 
date representing  the  principle  of  protection  to  slavery 
in  ihe  Territories,  regarding  slaves  as  a  species  of 
pr''perly  recognized  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  After  the  Territories  becarje  States  the  whole 
quesiion  was  to  be  under  their  control.  The  friends  of 
>Ir.  B;-eckinridge  constituted  that  portion  of  the 
Demccratic  party  which  did  not  support  Mr.  Douglas 
John  Bell  was  the  ca-xdidate  of  a  party  whose  plat- 
form was  "the  Constitution,  the  Union  and  the  en- 
forcement of  the  laws." 

The  vote  of  the  people  at  the  election  was  as  fol- 
lows:  Lincoln,  1,800,452;  Douglas,  1,375,157;  Breck- 
enridge.  847,953;  Bell,  590,031.  Mr.  Lincoln  received 
the  vote  of  California,  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Iowa, 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,"  Minnesota,  New- 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey  (four).  New  York,  Ohio, 
Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  Vermont  and 
Wisconsin — or  one  hundred  and  eighty  electoral 
votes,  from  seventeen  States.  John  C.  Breckinridge 
received  the  vote  of  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Delaware, 
Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  JIaryland,  Mississippi, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Texas — or  sev- 
enty-two electoral  votes  from  nine  States.  John 
Bell  received  the  vote  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and 
Virgiuia — or  thirty-nine  electoral*  votes  from  three 
States.  Stephen  A.  Douglas  received  the  vote  of 
Missouri  and  three  electoral  votes  from  New  Jersey, 
— or  twelve  electoral  votes  from  one  State  and  a  por- 
tion of  another.  Lincoln's  majority  over  Douglas 
was  491,295,  over  Breckinridge,  1,018,499  ;  over  Bell, 
1,275,821,  and  the  aggregate  majority  of  these  candi- 
dates over  Lincoln  was  947,289,  out  of  a  suflrage  of 
4,080,193. 

In  Delaware,  S.imuel  .Jefferson,  John  Mustard  and 
Robert  B.  lIou^ton,  the  Breckinridge  electors,  carried 
the  State  by  a  pfurality  of  31?3  votes,  ilr.  Breck- 
inridge receiveii  7347  votes,  Bell  3^04.  Lincoln  3815 
and  Douglas  1023,  out  of  a  total  of  10,049  votes 
cast. 

The  measures  and  disputes  which  resulted  in  the 
War  of  1801-05  all  had  reference  to  the  existence  of 


330 


HISTOUY  OF  DF.L.VvVAlU:. 


.lls- 


.■^e.x  ;  of 
04,  and 


slaven-  in  the  Soiithorn  Stutrs.  Ki'hiw 
with  the  S.iiitlierr,  or  .-hiv. -h.iMiii'j; 
tinetion  from  tli.-  Xnrthrni  anil  ;r. 
According  to  the  eeiisiis  report  ot'  l--ri' 
the  State  90,0s:i  xshite  inh.il.itaiil- 
colored  and  IT'J"*  >l,ivr-i.  (if  tlie  >l,i\ 
fourths)  were  in  ^u-.-e\  County,  l^Vl 
and  203  in  Kent  ;  o|  the  fr.e  eoh.rea 
New  Castle,  7271  in  Kent,  ami  l:;70 
the  whites,  New  (.\i>th;  had  411, ;;:>o.  Sii:- 
Kent  20,330. 

In  lSGO-61  the  Federal  Government  was  cetidueted 
by  those  who  were  mixed  up  in  tlie  slavery  mtasii:  ea 
and  disputes  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Confederate 
government  by  those  involved  in  them  on  the  other. 
The  opinion  entertained  by  Southern  statesmen  pre- 
vious to  the  difficulties  was  that  the  Constitiiti.iu  of 
the  United  States  proteet'jd  the  institution  of  slavery 
in  the  States,  in  so  far  as  it  withheld  from  the  govern- 
ment all  power  to  interfere  with  the  institutions  of 
the  States,  as  it  required  the  government  to  restore 
fugitives,  as  it  gave  a  representation  in  Congress 
based  upon  tlieir  numbers,  and  as  all  dire'-t  taxes 
were  to  be  estimated  on  a  basis  including  this  popu- 
lation. 

Those  known  as  radical  abolitionists  in  the 
Northern  States  held  the  same  opinions  relative  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  for  this 
reason  they  denounced  it  as  a  "  a  covenant  with  death 
and  a  league  with  hell."  In  their  view  disunion,  imme- 
diate and  complete,  was  the  only  feasible  means  by 
which  to  be  released  from  its  obligations.  Those 
known  ;is  anti-slavery  men  had  a  distinct  political  or- 
ganization, and  took  a  position  in  the  rear  of  the  for- 
mer. They  heldasimilaropinion  relativeto  the  powers 
of  the  Federal  government  over  the  institutions  of  the 
States,  but  devoted  their  elTorts  to  defeat  the  operations 
of  the  law  for  the  recovery  of  fugitives,  and  to  aid  the 
slave  in  escaping  from  his  servitude  ;  to  thwart  on 
every  occasion,  if  pijssible,  all  measures  tending  to 
promote  the  interests  of  slaveholders,  and  to  persuade 
persons  tenderly  conscientious  that  slavery  was  a  sin 
which  it  was  their  duty  to  exterminate,  and  that  the 
black  man  was  tlfe  equal  of  the  white  man.  The 
remainder  of  the  jieojile  held  the  same  opinion  ou 
the  powers  of  the  Fe<leral  government  over  the  in- 
stitutions of  tlie  States.  Indeed,  it  may  be  said  there 
was  not  a  dissentient  opinion  on  that  subject.  But 
while  the  great  mass  of  the  people  in  the  Northern 
States  held  these  views,  they  also  considered  that 
slavery  was  an  in>titution  abolished  as  profitless  at  the 
North,  aud,  therefore,  one  in  whieh  they  hai.1  no 
concern. 

The  thoughtful  reader  will  see  that  here  were  the 
seeds  of  an  attempted  dissolution  of  the  Union  of  the 
States.  So  long  as  the  persons  of  anti-slavery  or 
abolition  views  were  few  and  insignificant  they 
remained  in  obscurity  ;  but  if  the  hour  should  ever 
come  in  which  they  should  hold  the  control  of  the 
Federal  government,  it  wouid   inv<dve  a  concession 


en  their  p-.n  or  .,n  Uiat  of  the  slaveboMers,  or  a  rup. 
lurc.  There  N  as  n  el,,,!-  to  cncura^e  the  patrn„i. 
>ui.;en  *o  h-p^  .h..t  .■o.,ee.>;ons  would  he  made  .; 
tl.is  hour  o!  lao  o!„.  <!d  rver  con.e.  The  anti-slav.T, 
men  of  .lie  \.  rthern  Mates  and  the  slavcholdi,,,- 
eiti,.-,.s  of  the  SM,r.;.,'r,i  States  .piickly  grew  to  !.. 
.int..L-on_ists,  aiid  tlu:r  .liilercnr..s  and  disputes  wrr.. 
conducted  with  the  :no.t  bitter  and  vindictive  dcniia- 
cuition;',  to  be  feu. id  in  human  hmgusge.  On  .tin- 
lioorof  Congress  me.ubers  from  the  Northern  Slato, 
boldiiig  high  positions  for  iritclligence  aud  piety,  dc- 
nouneeu  the  slnveuoKling  citizens  of  the  Southern 
States  as  "  ba-terinj  their  own  children,"  as  "  dealing 
in  the  ima.^e  of  Cod,"  as  "buying  and  selling  the 
souls  of  men, '  as  "  niakint:  merchandise  of  the  Holy 
Ohust."  '  The  reply  i./  such  e.xpresbions  was"con- 
templii)le  fanatic,"  etc..  etc. 

Meanwhile  the  anti-slavery  sentiment  grew  apac, 
md  there  becaoie  enough  who  held  th<ise  views  to 
control  State  eleetiouj,  by  acting  as  a  third  party, 
ana  thus  in  one  instance  to  control  the  vote  of  a  great 
Slate  at  a  Presidential  election,  wdnch  was  thereby 
decided.  The  progress  of  these  views  now  was  more 
rapid  ;  slavery  was  attacked  in  both  Senate  and  House 
of  Congress  at  every  assailable  point.  To  srtisfy  the 
scruples  of  the  citizen  who  knew  bis  duty  of  non- 
interference under  the  Constitution,  and  the  stings  of 
a  conscience  called  to  act  under  a  belief  that  citizeu- 
ship  with  a  slaveholder  was  sin,  the  principle  of  a 
higher  law  was  proclaimed,  which  relieved  the  con- 
science from  the  obligations  of  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution. The  progress  of  anti-slavery  views  now  was 
rapid.  One  of  the  great  political  parties  of  the 
country  was  demoralized  and  broken  up,  and  an  anti- 
slavery  candidate  for  the  Presidency  brought  forward, 
who  carried  every  free  State  but  tour,  and  thus  was 
almost  successful.  Four  years  of  bitter  anti-slavery 
contests  ensued  in  which  the  object  was  to  defeat  the 
extension  of  slavery  to  any  Teriitory  by  preventing 
tlie  creation  of  any  authority  for  its  existence  there. 
This  was  to  be  done  by  a  direct  prohibition  by  Con- 
gress, as  some  urged,  or  by  absolute  non-interference 
by  Congress,  but  liy  the  decision  of  the  settlers. 
Meantime  the  slave-holders  were  told  that  thecontest 
was  "  irrepressihle,"  that  it  would  go  on,  from  the  very 
nature  of  the  question,  until  all  the  States  became 
free,  or  all  became  slavehohling.  .\t  length  by  the 
Presidential  election  of  l>oii,  the  administration  of 
the  Federal  government  was  put  into  the  hands  of 
the  anti-slavery  party.  Such  had  l.ieen  the  bitterness 
of  the  contest  that  seven  I'f  the  extreme  Souihern 
States  took  steps  iinniiiliattly  to  withdraw  from  the 
Union.  The  reason  on  which  they  attempted  to 
justify  their  acts  was  that,  in  their  opinion,  it  was  the 
determined  pur.pose  of  the  Re[>ublican  or  anti-slavery 
jiartv  to  so  interfere  with  their  domestic   institutions 


LT     tC 


:reat 


THE  CIVIL  WAI 


after  .1  3trii;.'irle  of_ve:Lrs,  li:ul  • 
Hioii  to  the  sceptri'  dl'thi-  iiati 
at  these  procetdinir^.  i'lu 
"ilence,  and  detiud  the  coii>.i| 

The  Cuiiirress  ot"  the  I'liit 
theSJot'DecoMiher,  IS'lo,  ain 
Convention  ol'^^^uuth  ('amliii 
p.issed  the  ordinance  ot'  seit  ^sinn,  by  u  ■  ununiniiiu,- 
vote.  Miss'ssippi  ibliowi'd  ihi-  cxainplu  of  ^^^ulli 
Carolina  on  the  9th  ofjanua.y,  ImII  ;  Alaliauia  and 
Florida,  January  1  Ith ;  (icorgia,  January  20tli  ; 
Louisiana,  January  2(;th  ;  Texas,  February  Lsl ;  Vir- 
ginia, April  17th;  Tenne-see,  May  Gtli ;  Arkan^a-, 
May  ISth  ;  North  Carolina,  iLiy  21st  ;  and  Kei.tu.  ky, 
November  20th. 

Delaware,  as  an  exjiosed  and  frontier  slavcholding 
State,  had  a  larger  praetifal  intore-t  in  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  guaranti  Ls  of  the  Constitution  in  re- 
gard to  slavery  than  many  of  the  inflammable 
seceded  State-*.  From  her  geographical  position,  she 
had  a  heavier  stake,  proportionately,  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  L'nion,  so  far  a-*  lier  material  prosperity 
was  concerned,  than  many  of  her  sister  (.'onimon- 
wealths.  This  was  clearly  demonstrated  by  a  con- 
sideration of  the  sources  of  her  wealth,  the  nature  and 
direction  of  her  industry  and  of  her  commerce,  e.x- 
ternal  and  internal.  Bound  to  the  Constitution  and 
the  United  States  by  every  tie  that  interest  could 
weave  or  strengthen,  she  had  been  uniformly  faithful 
to  the  performance  of  every  obligation  imposed  by 
the  one  or  suggested  by  lier  devotion  to  the  other.' 

Not  only  this,  but  in  all  the  dissensions  which  sec- 
tional feeling  and  fanatical  agitation  had  promoted, 
her  support  had  always  been  given  to  moderate  doc- 
trines and  conciliatory  counsels.  Sympathizing  with 
the  South  in  its  wrongs  and  just  resentments,  and 
ready  at  all  times  to  make  common  cause  with  it  in 
the  Constitutional  maintenance  of  its  rights,  Delaware 
had  always  kept  aloof  from  its  mad  heresies  and  pas- 
sionate bitterness.  Outraged  more  than  any  of  the 
cotton  States  by  the  aggressions  of  the  North,  and 
prompt  to  repel  them,  within  the  limits  of  her  Consti- 
tutional resources  and  Fideral  allegiance'  she  did 
nothing  whatever  to  w  iden  the  breach  between  the 
antagonistic  sections  of  the  republic,  or  to  weaken 
the  hands  of  those  conservative  Northern  citizens 
who  were  at  this  time  nobly  struggling  to  maintain 
the  good  faith  and  integrity  of  the  national  compact. 
In  the  position  which  Delaware  had  thus  hi.-torically 
assumed  the  election  of  the  Hth  of  Niivember  had 
rooted    her   still    more    firnilv.     She    hail    arivL-n    her 


the  ri^Ahtfnl    posses- 

electoral 

vote  to 

thecand 

idatesbv  whom  the  O.nsti- 

and   wrre  indi-nant 

tutinnal 

right-  o 

f  tlie  .-Mu 

th  were    n,ost   eniphatu-ally 

ircservrd    a    moody 
>tates   assembled    on 

and  excl 
throuL'h 
all  the   , 

u-.velv 
her  who 

.nlitiral 

repreM-ut. 
lepre-sa 
partirs  w 

d,   and    at    the   same    time, 
ind  wiih  thru:rited  vui.-eof 
ilhin   lier   borders,  she  pro- 

the   21  Uh  the    State 

ciaiiiied 

at  thi-|i 

rnod  l;rr 

lix.- I  determination  to  take 

fter  a   brief   debate, 

her  Stan 

d  wilhin 

tllr  rirrl 

r  of  the  Union   and  protect 

Ull    tl 
.mbled 


■^latur 


Ml 


,  i,  Jlniry  Dickinson,  appeared 
before  the  Ilou-e,  iind  made  an  ad<lress.  In  the 
name  of  the  State  of  Mi--i*-ippi,  he  invited  Delaware 
to  join  the  Southern  Confederacy,  which  was  about 
to  be  formed.  He  claimed  the  right  of  the  State  to 
secede  from  the  Federal  Union,  and  said,  if  it  was 
not  admitted,  war  wouhl  be  inevitable.  After  his 
speech,  the  House  resolved  unanimously,  and  the 
Senate  concurred  by  a  majority,  that,  "having  ex- 
tended to  the  lion.  H.  Dickinson,  the  commissioner 
of  Jlississippi,  the  courte-<y  due  him,  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  sovereign  State  of  the  Confederacy,  as 
well  as  to  the  State  he  represents,  we  deem  it  proper 
and  due  to  ourselves  and  the  people  of  Delaware  to 
express  our  unqualified  disapproval  of  the  remedy 
for  existing  ditticulties  suggested  by  the  resolutions 
of  the  Legislature  of  Mississippi." 

On  the  19th  of  January  the  Legislature  of  Virginia 
passed  a  series  of  resolutions  wliich  led  to  the  Peace 
Conference  at  Washington  on  February  4th,  in  which 
twenty  States  were  represented.  The  delegates  ap- 
pointed from  Delaware  were  George  B.  Kodney,  Dan- 
iel M.  Bates,  Henry  Ridgcly,  John  \V.  Houston  and 
William  Cannon  In  the  instructions  to  her  dele- 
gates, Delaware  declared  that,  in  the  opinion  of 
"this  General  Assembly,  the  people  of  Delaware  are 
thoroughly  devoted  to  the  perpetuity  of  the  Union, 
and  that  the  commissioners  appointed  are  expected 
to  emulate  the  example  set  by  the  immortal  patriots 
who  formed  the  Federal  Constitution,  by  sacrificing 
all  minor  considerations  upon  the  altar  of  the 
Union." 

The  Peace  Convention  continued  in  session  until 
the  27th  of  F'ebruary,  when  the  result  of  its  labors 
was  laid  before  Congress.  Delaware  was  represented 
in  Congress  at  this  time  by  James  A.  Bayard  and 
Willard  Saulsbury  in  the  Senate,  and  William  G. 
Whitely  in  the  House.  At  the  extra  se^sion  of  Con- 
gress held  on  July  4,  ISGl,  William  G.  Whitely  was 
succeeded  by  Hon.  George  P.  Fisher. 

On  the  2Gth  of  December,  1>!(J0,  Major  Anderson 
transferred  his  garrison  from  Fort  Moultrie  to  Fort 
Sumter,  in  Charleston  harbor.  The  movement  ex- 
cited intense  indignation  among  the  active  secessionists 
in  that  city.  It  was  the  first  flash  across  their  minds 
of  the  idea  that  the  Unite.l  States  mi-ht  fiiht  before 
the  ditlieultv  was  ended.     Ailaiis  now  continued  to 


grow 


The 


hour's   dela 
.ttlement  pa 


ind    as   the 
,1  awav,  the 


332 


mSTOIlY  OF  DKLAWAIllv 


public  distress  liecame  iii^'re  ami  more  ULTgravated.' 
On  the  4th  of  March,  l.>r,l.  rn-ident  [/incoln  de- 
livered his  iiiatigunil  address,  took  the  oath  of  otTice 
and  began  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  At  this  time 
seven  Southern  States  had  retired  from  the  Union, 
the  officers  of  the  Federal  j^overnment  had  resigned, 
and  there  \Yere  no  persons  to  represent  its  powers  or 
execute  its  duties  within  their  limits,  exceptinL'in  the 
Post-Office  Department.  In  those  States  all  the  ir.iv- 
ernmeut  property  had  been  seized,  and  onlr  Forts 
Pickens,  Taylor  and  Jellers.m.  near  the  Florida  coast. 
and  Sumter,  in  ("harleston  barl»ir,  continued  under 
the  flag  of  the  Union. 

On  April  1st  measures  were  taken  at  (iovernor's 
Island,  Fort  Hamilton,  Bedloe's  Island  and  the  Brook- 
lyn navy-yard,  New  York,  to  relieve  these  fortifica- 
tions. All  eyes  were  now  turned  towards  Fort  Sum- 
ter with  intense  interest.  It  was  well  known  that  the 
unseen  future  was  wrapped  up  in  her  fate.  If  she  was 
peaeably  supplied  witli  stores  for  the  starving  garrison, 
or  if  peaceably  evacuated,  then  the  prospects  for  peace 
would  become  hopeful :  if  on  the  other  hand,  an  as- 
sault should  be  made,  war,  with  all  its  horrors,  frater- 
nal war,  was  upon  the  country.  The  country  did  not 
have  long  to  wait  in  suspense,  for  on  Friday  morning. 
April  12th,  about  four  o'cl.>ck,  fire  was  opened  from 
all  points  upon  Fort  Sumter,  and  continued  for  thirty- 
three  hours,  when  her  commander,  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  13th,  surrendered.  The  fort  was  evacuated  on 
Sunday,  the  14th,  and  as  the  news  fiaslied  over  the 
country  by  telegraph,  it  was  instantly  followed 
by  the  summons  of  the  President,  "To  arms!  to 
arms!"  His  proclamation,  ordering  seventy-five 
thousand  men  into  the  field,  was  issued  on  the 
night  of  the  14th.  A  call  for  the  troops  was 
issued  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  Simon  Cam- 
eron, in  accordance  with  the  President's  proclam- 
ation, and  sent  to  the  Governors  of  the  respective 
States.  The  quota  allotted  to  Delaware  under  this 
call  was  one  regiment  of  seven  hundred  and  eighty 
men.  These  documents  were  spread  through  the 
country  on  ilonday,  the  15th,  and  on  the  lUth 
the  Sjxth  Regiment  of  Massachusetts  Volunteers. - 
completely  equipped,  passed  through  Wilmington  for 
Washington,  so  eager  was  that  State  to  be  the  fir.st  in 
the  field. 

The  most  uncontrollable  excitement  now  burst  over 
the  country.  IVnh  North  and  South  rushed  to  arms 
— the  former  to  maintain  the  government  and  to  pre- 
serve the  Union,  the  latter  to  secure  the  independence 
of  the  Confederate  States  and  the  dissolution  of  the 
Union. 

In  Wilmington,  Delaware,  the  iie«3  of  the  firing 
on  Fort  Sumter  created  the  most  intense  excitement. 
The  streets  soon  became  thronged  with  people,  and 
groups  were  gathered  around  the  newspaper  and  tel- 


egraph offices,  excitedly  disciK-sing  the  situation.  As 
soon  as  intellic:cnce  was  received  . if  the  surrender  of 
the  fort,  the  opposition  to  secession  became  very 
strong.  In  the  evening  a  body  of  workingnieii, 
headed  by  a  drum  and  fife,  jiaradcd  the  streets,  cheer- 
ing loudly  for  the  Union.  On  April  KUh  one  of  tiie 
largest  and  most  enthusiastic  Union  demonstrations. 
was  held  in  the  City  Hall.  Mayor  V.  C.  Gilpin  pn- 
side<I,  with  George  Nebecker,  J.  S.  Valentine,  Gefirge 
S.  Hagany,  Joseph  II.  Brine-hurst,  Joel  Frist,  James 
H.  Rice,  William  A.  Wisdom,  L.  H.  Coxc.  Henry 
Bartram,  S.  S.  Southard,  Daniel  Farrar,  William  H. 
Pierce,  Joseph  C.  Spear,  Henry  McLear,  ,Iolin  F. 
Miller.  Joseph  Heston,  R.  S.  La  Motte,  J.  M.  Barr, 
J.  A.  Hunter,  Joseph  Richardson,  William  S.  Hayes, 
J.  W.  Sullivan,  H.  X.  Wicker^ham,  J.Scott,  J.  Pyle, 
A.  Boys,  J.  D.  Gregg,  C.  F.  Rudolph,  J.  L.  Thompson, 
John  J.  Toner,  J.  M.  Turner,  Geo.  Stearns,  J.  Maris 
and  John  Flinn,  vice-presidents  ;  and  Wm.  FI.  Galla- 
gher, Charles  O'Donnel,  S.  Postles,  H.  Finnegan, 
M.  H.  Foster  and  Flanson  Harmon,  secretaries.  Elo- 
quent and  patriotic  speeches  were  delivered"  by  W.  H. 
White,  J.  S.  Valentine  and  John  Sebo  in  support  of 
the  government. 

The  following  resolutions  reported  by  Joseph  Pyle. 
W.  U.  England,  J.  Montgomery,  A.  ILGrimshaw  'and 
J.  M.  Pusey  were  unanimously  adopted  : 

tlia  mrlie.t  i.clion.1  •',  ■  .  .  1 

"  Wh  rens.  t\ie    I'r-  -  i     ii  the  Stntea  for  EeTfnt3--fiV9 

thiii:satiil  iinn  tosupi  i.    -  :,  .  .i ;    I  .,t  is  now  viigiDg  war  aguir.ht 

tha   t;u\eri.Dient,  pl.it.ii.^  vui  iiLtiiRa  ..nd  Uniuu  ill  (iiiuger,  tliortfore 


'HesoUed,  That  wo  fully 


the  views  of  tlie  PrefideEt  i 
ntial  miiiiuer  U  pumMng  1 


,\ill 


e  people 
hey  ever 
■  'o  aesort  tlie  Vnion. 
iii-i^  Ihat  all  i^aily  ties  should  be 
i[  i-leeils  should  b.iiiii  together 
'  pcrl;etuily  of  the  Union  and  a 
ing  to  the  woild  that  the  people 


■'  ;;•  •.  (re.I,  That  we  condemn  all  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Con- 
gress wlio  have  prevented  by  their  votes  or  sjieeches  tlie  settlement  of  the 
present  dilti.;iil:ie3  b-lw.-en  the  Noilli  and  South. 

••  n:fh -J.  that  tlie  lieo].laof  I)-l,iw;ive  « ill  sustain   the  government 

tboeiif..rccinentof  th.   l.i«-. 

;    '■  L't'"'litd,  That  a  committee  of  five  bo  appointed  to  request  the  go\- 

aud  Post-OIKce  of  this  city." 

After  appointing  William  H.  England,  W.  H. 
Bellamy,  H.  Finnegan,  c;.  S.  Haganf  and  J.  Maris 
a  committee  to  ri'|Ue.u  the  Union  flag  to  be  rai.-eil 
over  the  Custom-House  and  Post-Olhce,  the  meeting 
adjourned  with  cl^^crs  tor  the  star  spangled  banner, 
the  Union,  and  .Major  Anderson,  the  hero  of  Fort 
Sumter. 

Fallowing  this  great  meeting,  on  the  19th  of  A[.ril, 
the   Sixth    Mas,achusetts    Regiment,    while    passing 


throutrh  Bait 


lel'end 


THE  CIVIL  WAI; 


„.„  attacked  by  a  mob.  This  art  croatrd  the  nmn 
i  r,.,iii'  excitement  in  Wibninirton,  ami  intcnsilii'd 
('le  I'ni'in  sentiment.  Tlie  lity  l"t  ;ireil  an  att.u  k  by 
,.iy  nf  B.iltininre,  an.l  tn  allay  i>nblir  e.Kcitenu-nt  the 
M-.Miron   April  22tl  i--ueil  the   lul!i)\viiig  prdelania- 


Th 


■luff  : 


t:.a.-,  ill  ni;untaining  orJtT  and  prutecling   tlie    rights  uf   lifriund   aaj 
li-l-rty.- 

In  the  mean  time,  on  the  19th  of  April,  tJie  City 
Ciiuiicil  made  an  appropriation  of  eight  thousand 
.inllars  for  the  defense  of  the  city.  In  pursuance  of 
tlii-i  act  the  city  purchased  four  hundred  stand  of 
irms  in  Philadelphia,  which  arrived  on  the  22d. 
The  following,  from  the  Wilmington  Jlorni/i;/  Xtu:^ 
of  the  23d,  gives  a  fair  idea  of  the  excitement  which 
then  prevailed  in  the  city: 


;lit   long  our  streets  nro  t.'.l.-luitli 

(  r.jwiis  ill                                   ',   1:1- 

.ring  f,.r  intelli-en."  frum  tlie  svat 

■•r  ^^ar,      \.  ,     ■                  .     .    ■   i-i 

•  rit.v  has  tlie  stars  anl  rtriiies  fl -ulin; 

.-  eillicr  I'l.  ^,  M-    V  11,  :  ■«■     r  -n 

■  roi.r.     At  the   City  H.ill,  i;,iiti..l 

ll.ill.   and    Tu-h.,.    ,,,|Mr  [ilac-s 

r"Ugho.it  tbe  cit.v,  yuu  sr«  in  .taring 

capitals  tlio   words,  'V.diinteeis 

iUled.'      Nut  a   train   of  cars  arrive: 

s  but  eager  crowds  throng  the 

i«.t,and  men.  Kon.en  and  cliiMr.n   i 

rim  to  ..-0  them.    A  nninber  .,f 

ling  men,  impatient  ti.  vni.st  in  tli.M 

r  oinntry-sSiTvice,  left  the  city 

Phiiadolpliia  dinii.;;  th.•^^...k.     on 

Satiinlay  calls  Were  issued  for 

-tings  to  form    •  IK.lna  Ou.r.i,,-    •(  i 

ly   llnarls"   and   a  company   of 

About  the  same  time  the  railroad  bridges  on  the 
Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad 
West  of  Havre  de  Grace,  and  on  the  Northern  Cen- 
tral Railroad  south  of  Cockeysville,  Md.,  were  burned 
by  the  authorities  of  Baltimore,  to  prevent  the  pas- 
►■  tge  of  Northern  troops  through  that  city  to  the 
■"~onth,  thus  necessitating  their  transportation  from 
Havre  dc  Grace  to  Annapolis  and  Washington  by 
Water.  Apprehensive  for  the  safety  of  Wilmington, 
measure.'*  were  taken  for  its  defence.  Tlie  United 
Elates  revenue  cutter  "Dobbin"'  was  sent  from 
Hampton  Roads  to  guard  the  city  and  the  Delaware 
l!-iy.  On  the  night  of  tl;e  lV!h  of  .Vpril  Fort  Dela- 
ware was  garrisoned  with  one  hundred  and  .sevciity- 
I've  men  from  Pliihtdelphia.  About  the  same  time 
lort  Mitllin,  on  tbe   Delaware   shore  above    Chester. 


troops   t'roni   Philad 

>d  all  classes  of  peo[) 
diHiM-eiiccs    of   opini 


were  subverted  to  the  one  inir|)osf  of  protecting  the 
State  through  the  maintenance  of  the  Union.  In 
order  to  better  allay  the  fears  of  the  [leople,  Com- 
panies B  anil  C,  of  the  Delawtire  Guards,  were  as- 
seudiled  at  their  armory,  in  the  Friendship  Engine- 
house,  and  were  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  city, 
and  at  night  sentinels  were  stationed  on  all  the 
bridges  leading  to  Wilmington.  Four  hundred 
stands  of  arms  were  procured  from  Philadelphia  and 
other  measures  were  taken  to  protect  the  city  from 
attack. 

On  April  20th  the  physicians  also  tendered  their 
services  in  case  there  should  be  an  attack  on  Wil- 
mington, or  on  the  property  and  bridges  of  the  Phila- 
delphia. Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  Com- 
pany. Dr.s.  Porter,  White,  Bush,  George  W.  Chaytor 
and  G.  P.  Morris,  a  committee  appointed  at  a  meeting 
of  physicians,  secured  the  City  Hall  for  hospital  pur- 
;io-es,  and  the  Odd  Fellows'  Hall  Company  tendered 
their  settees  for  the  use  of  the  wounded.  The  phy- 
sicians also  held  themselves  ready  as  a  body  to  give 
their  services  if  there  should  be  any  conflict  of  arms. 
The  druggists  otlered  to  supply  lint,  medicines,  etc., 
free  of  charge,  and  to  attend  at  their  several  places  of 
business  at  any  hour  of  the  day  or  night,  if  necessary, 
to  meet  the  demands  that  might  be  made  upon  them. 

On  the  afteriuion  of  April  22d  another  immense 
meeting  was  held  in  front  of  the  City  Hall,  Wilming- 
ton, "  to  consider  the  national  troubles  and  adopt 
measures  to  secure  and  strengthen  the  government." 
Hon.  Willard  Hall  was  made  president,  with  the 
following  vice-presidents:  Brandywine  Hundred, 
Jos.  Shipley  ;  WilniinL'ton.  David  V.  Wilson  ;  Chris- 
tiana, James  Dclapl:iin;  Mill  Creek,  Lewis  Thomp- 
son ;  White  Clay  Creek,  John  U.  Evans  ;  Pencader, 
Robert  M.  Black;  St.  George's,  John  P.  Cochrane; 
Red  Lion,  Capt.  George  Maxwell  ;  Appoquinimink, 
James  T.  Moore  ;  New  Castle,  George  Z.  Tybout ; 
Secretaries,  Daniel  Farraiid  John  B.  Porter. 

The  following  persor.s  were  a|ii)oinled  to  prepare 
resolutions  expressing  the  sense  of  the  meeting  : 

Daniel  M.  Bates,  Dr.  R.  R.  Porter,  Chas.  I.  Du  Pont, 
Henry  Latimer.  Dr.  H.  F.  Asken,  Dr.  Wm.  Coupcr, 
Hanson  Robinson.  S.  .McDaniel.  Dr.  L.  P.  Bush,  Jesse 
Sharpe,  E.  C.  Stotseuburg,  A.  P.  Shannon  and  Ben- 
jamin CJibbs. 

Alfred  R.  Wooten,  attorney-general  of  Delaware, 
Dr.  L.  P.  Bush,  Samuel  Townsend,  George  Read  Rid- 
dle. Daniel  M.  Btites,  John  R.  Latimer,  Rev.  Messrs. 
AViswell,  Aikman  and  Condron,  Dr.  ILirlan,  George 
W.  Vernon  and  Washington  Curry  addressed  the  meet- 
ing in  favor  of  the  Union  and  the  duty  of  sustaining 
tbe  general  government  at  all  hazards,  those  assem- 
Ided  warmly  apphiudiiig  their  seiitimeiita. 

The  following  resolutions  were  atiopted  without  a 
dis-seuting   voice: 


334 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWARK 


"The  citizsnsof  Xew  Oistle  County,  iL«.-,.MiiM.-.l  ii,  .oMiilv  mr,  III,  .  t.j  „„1       ,l                           i      r  n    ,             .           , 

confer  tojfetlier  .ip,.n   th.-  .-.iHrmin-  gitu;,t,n„   „|    ,„.r   n.,!,.,.,,!   ,>-!,",,-  "'"''■'^  "'t-  CO  111  111. 1 11(1  (if   Rohert    S.  and    CharlfS    E.   I. 

^;"::;l^!',l;:":rHr:7S::;r;^  "   XlH-yheld  meeting,  e^cry   nifrht,and   encour:,;:,., 

subvurtinuthu  cuvL-rniin-nt,  while  in  ii- ..v,i  ii,rn,v  »,■  i",, .  r',,  i  i  I  r.'  [.•  ''""'  '^'"''^1  cau-ie  b_v  tlieir  patriotic  lueibsurcs. 

'  n!'u'l,'i:-l^",lV'i'.,'ml^i:  !',io,!r'i';,  tii'"^  ^""""ir  tlie   '  Minute  Men  "  in  tlie  i^illuwini:  vords  : 

Tr'his'  i',l!l  "('7  t!.'il',',t'''w'Ml  'nt,.r"!ri  T  conrnnv''"  ""''""'-'""'■  ^'"'■'■'■'  '"  f"^™  ""rs..lvc5  intoa  vol,ml,.or  mmI,,;. 

.zard,  ;u,d   ttmi  'tl,r.,ugl,'  tL'blo.T'ln'j  noZ'tZ'  r'nimrnn.l  thi''!'M'!f"rc'"nl'.m' ur''[l',H™!''^rnd  ^ 

plt'di^e  onrsfives,  >li.m!.t  <mr  siTvirp^   be    miiiirfii  liytliffuri  titiiii 

,  nnion  of  ll„.  St..t«  ,I,..r.  l.ocan.e  an  autl.nnti™  „f  th.  l-,„t..,|  Sh.t.s,  tu  6u,,p„rt  th.  C.nenil  Gov.rnn.cnt'l,;' 

;';;* ,!;;',  ;;,'',',:'i".,;'.'  ,"''''; ''  ''""'■''■  ""=  "^s "''  ""■■ '""""""  c.iuntry.- 

the  pnMi,- -,,„.!  ,a,.r.,f,,r.>,-t„., I  «i„i,„'n  '^t  a  Special   meetiiuj:  held    in   the  latter   part  ol 

"'.Im'Im.'Ti '"/I'l'm.ri'n"-,,!!!^^  April,  the   "Minute   Men"    a<lopted    the    following' 

iin!iu,-in;,  ,,f  i,,« s  n,  ,'i,.  i.v  .iirr~..i'vp3.  stroHg  resolutioiis  : 

ii.i:.N,r',...|,.in  .N  H,.nt  .jf  .ill  ..„r  njhts  "  TI7,fr,a<,  Treason  hii- hft.-.l  its  livdn,  1,.m,I   inn„r.-,n.»  l,- i-.,,   . 

'       ,.•     ,1   ,,M„.,„..^,h^  several  states  and  traitors,  eml 

■"■    '   "'    ■'"    P'^'l'l*'.    "liils  n.itiou  of  the  car 

■■  •  ■      '■'<  .-n  ..I  the  ..penitiun  of  self-  ■•  II  ;,^,.,„,,^  ,ii.t 


happy  home,  civil  aod 

before  In   t 

he   history 

h.l  bei.ri.iL- 

tiirbed  enj\ 

■ynient  ,,1  t 

Revolulioti 

pots    all    tl 

hllTOC  of  ci 

"Itesnt.ed.  Tliiit  we 

Inlieritance 

from  ourf 

whose  nieini 

uies  we  ch 

men  of  un.e 

llish  .levot- 

and   states,,, 

mnsliip    .li^t 

adornin-  tl, 

e  aiiniN  ,.|- 

peraoiial  eei 

.■lirilv    llM,le 

The  fruit,  o 

r  ni.l,i~lry.  , 

"HtMh-.i. 

Tl:   .;    ^■ 

government  „ 

f  lavx. 

mentanJthe 

enjoy., 

authority   fin, 

,ily  'up 

revoluti,.n  ;  a. 

constitutional 

„,i-,i!n 

"  Hesoheil 

That  tl 

it  may  b=  ten,, 

[i'T.i:-:]; 

thesupp..,-,  V 

•"■-" 

Hagt 

hat  is  ho 

noted  1 

by  every  civ.li/. 

ots,  as 

citize, 

ns  shonl.I 

in  this, 

the  hour  of  0, 

or  llie 

per|,e. 

tnafinn  of 

those  1 

irinciplesofTiv 

pi-.itli 

,-,1  to 

us  hy  OUT 

■  f.ithe, 

",  and    transiu 

,Ml,-^-e 

3  to  0, 

ir  post-ril 

:y,  and 

''■■'  "'' 

ver   lovall 
1  ,l.i   her 

to  the 
.-■by  ag 

Union,  tl,e  Cor 

:  ,:iv  U,li 

te  will 

.  oI,r  felijw-c'i't 

,1  home. 

s  and  , 

:   II,.. 

i  ,-r.  unite 

,  as  a 

hand  of  b.otl'u.'. 

elore" 

,e  future  1 

IS  political  parties  to  b 

h' 

.ind  earnestly  ir 

,vite  0, 

ir  fellow-citizei, 

he  0.1, 

i    Fellows 

•  tfall  , 

on    Fri.I.,yeven 

:■  '.111- 

of  out 

■   City,  Sta 

to  and 

Country  in  sue: 

ipon 

ittee  o, 

r  five 

be  appointed  to  carry  tliis  resolu 

'    '        '>■.,', h.i,, ill. ,.,.„;,i,iinj  To  carry  the  resolutions  into  efTect,  the  president 

,            .   ''-','ipp'i'r  ^^PP"''''"!   the   following  committee:    Charles  Bird, 

■     ,:       ..,,r  people  J.   Blaukin,   H.   Biddle.   G.   W.   Griffin   and    Ed^ar 

"hi, .^these  liberties  were  a;;s.'r;rd  and  w™'  P'""" 

placed  on  freemen  for  vindicating  their  On  motion,  the  president  was  ailded  to  the  commit- 

nd   re.ady.   faithfully  to  abide  the  sacrifices  *^^-      S^t^Uel    Biddle    then    olTereil    the     folluttin2:    ex- 

''Xiie7e'ta™?,rco,7,;'dencein  theiaw  P'*'.*"'''"  "''  """  ■"entiments   of  the  "Minute    Men." 

people'"  o7ti,'i'" State,  .xX-'sTn"other' piacL'  "'li'^'li  "'i^s  ailopted,  aud  a  copy  was  ordered  to  be  senc 

,11' hfiii  ,„i,ti.m  a„..,iu..t  vi.ii,.rit  or  in-eguiar  to  President  Lincoln  : 

'               :      ,         .,              .    -,,-i,jd.,„s  "The  minute-men  of 'Cn  of  the  city  of  Wilmington,  in  the  state  of 


h^solred,  T  !i.,t  a  cou,ni,ttee  of  fourteen  be  appointed  by  tin 
public  safety."  "  '"   ''"'^  "'"-'"*" 

The  following  gentlemen  werea[)p(jinted,  under 


resolutions,   a   committee    of   safety :     John   Wale-      ''"^Con.,i         ..,. 

Joseph  Shipley,  Thomas   F.    Bava;d,  Jesse   Sharp^'     :;^,r."i'.'r  """'•  "'^'"""'^  """  ""  

itid'^r  W-,'""'  -n"  "",■  ''•;'''"'•  l^"""-'  ""''  ^"'''-  '"  -'"-J-'«  -ith  the  resolutions  of  the  Minut, 

DaMdGMls,,n,     he.,d,,re  Rogers,  J.  Mort,,n  Poole,  Men,  another  Uge   meeting  was  held    in   the  Od,. 

E.G.    Bradlord,    Elijah    Holl.ngsworth    and    Victor  Fellow.V  Hall,  to  take  measures  to  sustain  the  (^overi 


Speeches    Were    made    by  Jol,„   C.   P 


The   "Miuute   M,-n,"   nu>,iberii,._^   about  four  hun-      E.  K.  \Vab,s,  i:\;,  Bradlor"i,\\'"l;.'l' I've 


dreil  of  the   eiit 


Wilmiu.'to,,    w  r.     I  ■■     ■       •     -""-■'•'"'""'"      "■     \\"'iit^'.    ^""1     the      following     resolutions     w 

nilmingtoii,  were  also  very  active  111   tlie  ciucrL'eiuv       adoi,te,l  • 


TfJE  CIVIL  WAK 


335 


■  hxll  \v  le(;..ny  I 


•■.V 

.«■'.,   Time  the  qoT^.-nmeut  of  tlie 

..  tiie  r«tr..i[!ts  of  thr   •■.inslilntio.', 

CCIV. 

Il.«   snua.rt  uf  all  l:,.v.i;bijing  citiz, 

thii  . 

il'-.-.i^Ia-,.   to  tl)...    Fckl-.ll   Go.i-vni,;,- 

rigl.r 

-u    diler    ^viIll  tl:c    p.vjent  a^LmIuI. 

yulv-i 

•,  «Lcii  it  nmy  .i^uuic  .i  r..irlj-  dmnii 

,.:■*,   li,8t   tbe  pro.„pti..ss  oi  rut.k 

solid  and  iinbruken  frunt."' 

The  influence  of  these  meetings  and  the  resolutions 
^vbit■h  they  adopted  were  soon  extended  to  other 
parts  of  the  State,  and  numerous  war  meetings  were 
held,  at  many  of  which  the  Union  flag  was  raised 
upon  poles  erected  for  that  purpose.  In  t^ussex 
County,  where  were  owned  tliree-fourths  of  the  shives 
of  the  State,  greater  sympathy  was  expressed  for  tlie 
South,  and  the  growth  of  the  Union  sentiment  was 
le^s  general  and  slower  than  in  the  other  counties ; 
but  even  there  the  Union  men  succeeded  in  arousing 
the  people  to  respond  to  the  call  for  men  to  support 
the  government.  A  large  Union  meeting  was  held 
at  Georgetown  May  7,  18(31,  which  adopted  resolutions 
expressive  of  the  sense  of  the  people  of  that  section, 
and,  while  patriotic,  there  was  a  reservation  about 
them  which  plainly  indicated  the  contmlliiig  senti- 
ment : 


■  Su-^ex  Cumity,  \vitho\it  di« 


The  citizens  of  Fulton  held  a  large  meeting  on  the 
ISth  of  April,  and  erected  a  large  pole  upon  which 
they  perched  the  American  eagle  and  hoisted  the 
national  flag  amid  a  salute  of  thirty-four  guns.  On 
the  23th  they  assembled  to  form  a  Union  Guard. 
The  mtsting  wa.s  organized  by  Dr.  X.  B.  Lynch  as 
chairman  and  G.  Anderson  secretary.  Resolutions 
in  favor  of  supporting  the  govcnnuent  were  unani- 
mously .".dopted. 

A  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Seaford  was  held  on 
the  20th  of  April,  and  resolutions  adopted  "declaring 
strongly  for  the  Union,  and  offering  to  devote  their 
time,  money  and  lives  in  the  cause  of  their  country." 
A  company  of  "  Home  Guards"  was  also  organized 
and  thirty  names  enrolled. 

On  t;ie  22d  of  April  a  spirited  Union  meeting  was 
held  at  New  Castle,  which  was  addressed  by  some  of 
the  best  men  of  the  town.  After  the  meeting  a  mili- 
tary company  was  formed,  with  eighty-eight  persons 
on  the  roll. 

The  friends  of  the  Union  of  the  hundreds  of  Red 
Lion  and  St.  George's  held  a  large  meeting  in  the 
village  of  St.  George's  on  the  23d  of  April.  Captain 
George  Maxwell  was  chairman,  with  the  following 
vice-presidents:  John  C.  Clark,  Thomas  Jamison, 
!Merritt  Paxson,  William  Love,  Alfred  Lofland  and 
Jacob  Allison.  William  E.  Janvier  and  L.  S.  Aspril 
were  secretaries.  After  prayer  by  Rev.  Joseph  Dure, 
of  the  Methodist  Church,  the  chairman  appointed 
Anthony  M.  Higgins,  .JetTerson  Henry,  Theodore  F. 
Clark  and  J.  A.  Benson  to  jirepare  resolutions  for  the 
consideration  of  the  meeting.  While  the  committee 
were  at  work  the  meeting  was  addressed  by  Dr.  W. 
H.  White.  The  following  resolutions,  as  re|)')rtcd  by 
Mr.  Higgins,  were  unanimously  adopted: 


Uthu 


s.-^e 


IILSTOKY  OF  1)£LaV,_\1:E. 


I  Government  hn^  been  overthn 
>8,  Tliorrp*|.lent..ftlieriiit,-,lj 


pro 


,tl}-  iin. 


out;  tlipreibrc  his  object  win  to  enrournse  the  l".r- 
nuai.n  .n'  V  ih\r.tcer  .  om[>aiik-'.     Tlii^  was  tho  utiiio-t 

complianc"  with  Ai  ■  ui-Iici  '<(  -a  l.ir/o  iiiiijority  of  ihr 
people  Oi'ti'.e  ^^[;it,-.  \\i:..  >vere  fTi  ilvnl  to  Ml.st:iiil  iIm- 
governmenc  ;ind  mcc^mI  the  Union,  witiiout  reir:u-'l  to 
the  person  vlio  uilghc  be  ihc  Presiilent  of  tlie  Unitcil 
StiiUs.  On  :be  hi  of  May  the  Governor,  fimlin- 
thiit  vriunt-ieni  we--;^  f'rer'.v  ollVrtnl.  issued  the  follow- 


eorRC-'!  and  Red  I.ion  linii- 
thu  General  Go  -CMim.-Mt  ii. 
Uws,  and  in  uphuldii'^-  rlie 

ipt  the  Federal  Cfnatitnlio.i. 
iind  thiit  she  nny  ever  te.  k 
rtliich  bita  been  respected  by 


On  the  24th  of  April  it  was  announced  that  the 
Piiiladelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Ruilraad 
Company  liaving  been  taken  in  cliarge.  by  the  Fed 
eral  Government  through  an  agent  in  Phib-idelphia, 
all  its  equipments  were  under  the  control  of  the 
government,  and  trains  with  troops  were  being  se^it 
from  Philadelphia  as  fast  as  possible,  an  uiMnter- 
rupted  route  to  Washington  having  been  completed. 
The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  used  for  con- 
veying troops  and  supplies  from  Philadelphia  to  the 
Chesapeake,  was  guarded  by  a  force  of  one  thousand 
men  from  General  Cudwalader's  division.  Armed 
men  were  also  placed  along  the  whole  route  of  the 
Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad 
from  Elkton,  Md.,  to  Baltimore.  The  arrival  and 
departure  of  troops  in  Wilmington  was  now  a  matter 
of  daily  occurrence. 

In  compliance  with  the  requisition  of  the  Secretary 
of  War,  Governor  William  BurtoM  issued  a  jiroclam- 
ation  on  the  2.3th  of  April,  calling  for  the  enlistment 
of  volunteers.     It  was  as  follows: 

"  PltOCLAJHTlOX. 


iiid   ?t-\le  of  Dela 


D.jMC   (It  Hover 
d  uf  tlie   inle- 


■  for  tbe  period  of  fliree  I 


i-Clii 


To  encoura^'o  oiilistaicnts,  a  number  of  the  citizens 
of  Wiimingtoii  con(.ribiiied  to  a  fund  for  the  su[iport 
of  the  families  of  such  volunteers  as  required  as>ist- 
anoe  daring  their  abseuce  iii  the  field,  and  in  com- 
piia.ice  with  a  resolution  of  the  City  Council,  a 
meeui  g  was  held  on  the  25th  of  April  to  form  an 
organization  for  this  purpose.  John  M.  Turner  pre- 
sided, with  Dr.  Wilson  as  secretary.  The  following 
committee  was  appointed  to  open  an  office  and  re- 
ceive subscriptions  for  the  support  of  the  families  of 
absent  volunteers:  John  Rice,  Joseph  A.  Hunter,  J. 
Morton  Poole,  Joseph  Pyle,  J.  F.  Wilson,  Thomas 
Titus  ?nd  Edward  Moore.  Samuel  M.  Felton,  pres- 
ident ot  the  Philadeli-ihia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore 
Railroad  Company,  also  generously  agreed  that  the 
salaries  of  the  employees  on  the  road  who  desired  to 
enlist  should  be  paid  during  their  absence,  and  their 
situations  would  be  open  for  them  upon  their  return 
from  military  service.  The  phy.-icians  of  the  city, 
■with  fe\v  exceptions,  ofl'ered  to  supply  medical  ser- 
vices to  the  families  of  soldiers  free  of  charge.' 

On  the  9th  of  Jlay,  ISGl.  the  relief  committee  of 
the  city  appointed  ward  committees  to  facilitate  the 
collection  of  the  fund,  which  had  been  subscribed,  as 
follows: 

First  Ward,  J.  .Alorto.n  Poole,  J.  Bringhurst  ; 
Second  Ward,  Edward  Moore,  Thomas  Titus;  Third 
Ward,  J.  A.  Hunter,  Edward  Bringhurst;  Fourth 
Ward,  John  Rice,  L.  H.  Coxie,  Dr.  J.  F.  Wilson  ; 
Fifth  Ward,  Joseph  Pyle,  J.  N.  Robinson.  Some  of 
the  subscriptions  to  this  fund  were  very  liberal,  and 
aided  very  materially  to  encourage  enlistments. 

In  June,  1S61,  two  hundred  families  derived  bene- 

fils  from   the   "  Relief  Fund,"  the  amount  paid  out 

per  week  being  about  four  hundred  and  fifty  dollars. 

Encouragement  to  enter  the  service  was  also  given 

by  most  of  the  lo'lges  of  secret  orders  and  beneficiary 

1  On  April  ^i-tli  Pr   Trr-  rnve  nntii-e  thnt   li"    won!  I   nt!'-nd  tbe  fiim- 


3olh 


"  Edward  Ridc.elv,  Secrotiiry  of  State." 
The  State  had  no  militia  for  the  G^ovcrnor 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


337 


societies,  which  pledireJ  full  beiu-fu-  awl  all  i^rivili-jes 
of  a  member  in  lmo,!  ^tatvliiiL;  to  such  a^  uouM  vol- 
unteer. Most  (if  the  [■MJ_'i-  in  tlic  Siali',  (i\u?i(le  of 
Wilmington,  took  -iiuihu-  action  in  this  matter.' 

The  ladies  of  Wihuington  and  othc- section^  of 
Delaware  also  manifested  their  cnthii-ia^ni  in  tlieir 
good  work  for  the  soldiers  of  the  (.'iiion.  As  early  as 
April  23J  the  wives,  mothers  and  daughters  of  Wil- 
mington took  measures  to  provide  clothing  and  other 
necessaries  for  the  troops  about  to  be  raised.  Ou 
April  26th  a  sewing  circle  for  the  manufacture  of 
clothing  and  bandages  was  organized  in  the  lecture- 
room  of  the  Central  I'resbyterian  Church.  The  rooms 
were  open  daily,  where  the  ladies  carried  their  sewing- 
machines.  On  Jlay  1st  the  ladies  of  St.  Paul's 
Church  otfered  their  services  and  tendered  the  u-e  of 
their  sewing-machines  forihe  manufacture  of  soldiers' 
clothing.  On  April  29ih  Col.  Charles  P.  Dare, 
stationed  at  Perryville,  conveyed  the  thanks  of  him- 
self and  command  to  the  ladies  of  \\'ilmiiigton,  for 
■'the  provisions  and  luxuries  with  which  they  were  so 
liberally  supplied.''  Mrs.  Jones,  who  purch;ised  the 
mansion  formerly  occupied  by  Dr.  J.  \V.  Thomson,  at 
the  corner  of  Eleventh  and  Market  streets,  tendered 
it  to  the  cityjfor  a  soldiers'  hospital  or  rendezvous.  On 
May  ISth,  Company  "  D,"  First  Regiment  Delaware 
Volunteers,  James  Green,  captain,  passed  resolutions 
thanking  the  patriotic  ladies  of  St.  Paul's  M.  E. 
Church,  "  for  their  invaluable  services  in  making  up 
the  uniforms  and  clothing  nf  said  company."  About 
the  same  time  the  ladies  of  Wilmington  presented  to 
the  members  of  Institute  Hall  a  beautiful  flag.  The 
presentation  speech  was  made,  on  behalf  of  the  ladies, 
by  Hon.  Judge  Houston.  The  response  was  by  Charles 

1  Fairfax  Ln.igt.,  No,  8.  I.  0  0.  F..  on  M.ir  -.th,  rcjolreil  to  remit  the 
dues  of  every  nuMiilicr  ivho  enlisteil,  an.i  airee.l  to  p.iy  to  the  wives  of 


St.  Peter--    1'.    ■ 

31on..gli.in,  -.        1 

'■HesoUe!.    1      ,- 

r    ';  l.T  tMts  menil.e. 

rs  who' 

their  servn.^  ,i,   l 

M     .«utry,antheri^ 

ihtswh 

ficiul  lueii.lj.r  u,,„ 

,.1  . 

Tlio  \Vil„i,Dat..r 

„1   1!,- 

.11, . 

lysine  Coun.ii,  Xo. 

3,  0.  C 

Scott,  recording-  s,, 

;re 

t:iry,  , 

in 

.Vpril  2i>lh. 

-ItfV'Ued.Tb.a, 

ev.-. 

ry  l,le 

eruf  Wilin.n-tonan.] 

1  Bran.l 

who  n„>y  enlist.,, 

.I.n 

.■n,:e  . 

,i».-onntryaMdHa.-. 

and  wl. 

of  said  eiilislnieiit 

is 

in  good  ; 

staudinijintlie  o.uii 

cil.  .sh.. 

With  a  Butta  percl 

la  1 

ulauk. 

et  , 

;ind  be  exempt  from 

th-   p: 

dues,  and  »l,„ll,  in 

ca 

,eof 

iicliuess  or  deiitn.  bo  en 

tilled   1 

benefits  of  the,',,, 

IIICI 

St.  JMry'a  llene 

<1  Soc 

iety.  in  May,  adopted  a 

res..|iil 

to  its  im'„ilj-r-  w 

vol,,,. 

te. 

red  "all  the  r,„-hta 

Yihich 

could  otherwise  be 

■  eu 

titled 

to. 

JetTeiviii  L,„i-e, 

.Nt 

.. :;,  I. 

0. 

0.  F..  on  May  loth. 

"fit»j(,C,(,    TI,Ht 

ill 

c.ise  ;, 

lUV 

members  of  this  Loi 

i;;e  lea 

to  their  col,, itry's  , 

Clll 

,  tllis 

l..« 

,l.-e  pi,- J-es  to  keep  > 

al.l  nie 

■landing  an.l  top. 

■ote 

ct  tll, 

:-ir 

l.imilioH  iroiii  surteriusam 

their  nlneliee,  pLov 

■i.l- 

d  S,li.| 

111 

■  ■mbers  are  not  m  an 

■eais  to 

the  timo  of  their  c 

lili> 

^trneii 

Wiln, ill-ton  Div 

IMi> 

n.  No 

.  1. 

S.e.sof  Temp-ram-e 

.  on  Mr 

■■/teo'ie.i,  Tl,:lt 

:il,y 

nieni 

her 

■ofth,sDivi-,o,nvh.. 

Imior 

B,  I.  .r,^  Tii,>  musical  exercises  were  underthe  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Triggs.  A  large  amuiint  of  soldiers'  un- 
derclothing, besides  llaiinel  bands  and  haversacks, 
were  made  and  turned  over  to  the  live  Di.-laware  com- 
panies encamped  near  Wilmington  by  the  "  Volunteer 
Sewing  Society."  The  ladies  of  Georgetown,  Milt m 
and  Lewes,  also  maile  up  quite  a  lot  of  useful  articles 
for  Company  "G"  in  May,  which  were  sent  to  their 
encampment  near  'Wilmington.  The  "  Union  Home 
Guards,''  at  Seafonl,  were  presented  with  a  silk  flag, 
on  May  2Sth,  by  the  ladies  of  that  town.  Dr.  Fisher 
made  the  presentation  speech,  and  L.  J.  Cannon  re- 
ceived it  on  behalf  of  Captain  Hopkins.  On  July 
l.'ith  the  "  Red  Lion  Mounted  Guards"  returned  their 
thanks  to  the  ladies  of  St  George's  and  vicinity  "for 
their  liberality  in  furnishing  refreshments,  on  the  oc- 
casion of  the  Fourth  of  July  celebration  and  flag 
presentation;  also  to  Mr.  and  Jlrs.  John  P.  Belville 
and  the  committee  of  arrangements  for  their  untiring 
exertions  in  getting  up  said  celebration." 

Thecharitable  work  done  by  the  ladies' aid  societies 
churches,  sewingcirclcs  and  individuals  whose  interest 
in  the  performance  of  the  work  allotted  to  their 
spheres  was  fully  as  great  in  Delaware,  at  this  period 
of  the  war,  as  in  some  of  the  Northern  States.  In 
every  section  means  were  raised,  food  and  clothing 
provided,  and  especially  was  this  actively  done  at 
Wilmington.  Before  the  close  of  the  year  sewing 
circles  were  formed  in  the  several  churches  for  the 
purpose  of  co-operating  with  the  National  Sanitary 
Committee  at  Washington  for  the  relief  of  sick  and 
wounded  soldiers. 

While  the  organization  and  equipment  of  military 
comiianies  was  going  on,  the  spirit  of  patriotism  was 
earnestly  cultivated  by  the  people.  The  national 
ensign  floated  from  every  public  building  and  niany 
of  the  private  residences  were  adorned  with  flags.^ 
Patrioticsermons  were  preached  from  pulpits  draped 
with  the  Star  Spangled  Banner,^  and  nearly  every 
religious  service  contained  allu-ion  to  the  <luiy  of  the 
citizens  towards  the  maintenance  of  the  Union.* 


1  5I,iy,Compan 


.  Itotta, 


■       -^nfaBai? 

-  1   :i 1  -;   .   , 

'"  '' II  (■'•""in 

.^,■,,  L    E.  Wales, 

Cdward    Wiliiamt., 

William   Coniier, 

1,   George   \V.   Ti, 

rnc-r  and  John   A. 

lents.     Alter  prav 

■er  bv  Itev,  J.   W. 

>■■  11.,-.     It  %v.,s  re 

eeivedbvllon.  a. 

^■•,■.•.l  an  a.Hreas. 

The    t'niou    eiti- 

■nilh.aiovva  on 

the  lUh  of  May. 

,-.„,..,,h..-,,,i,. 

,  tic  L-ui.m sermon 

,1  P.,'V.  Bishop  Lee 

w's  IV  K.  Cliiiich, 

\  .    '  ■     ■■■<:  ii.-,,,' 

■       .\t    the    c:o«!    of 

■.  ■     1  i  ,,,     CI,,,!-,!!, 

M,-.    Follmer,  tho 

c.i'i  .■■! ."     .^l. . 

■,-  .I..I,„  L...,sUale, 

IIISTUKY  OF  DELAWAllK. 


For  the  delen^e  of 
"Wilmington  IIo!no<.;ii 
ized,  with  the  I'dlluwini^c 
First  Lieiitc-iumt,  UiL-li; 
tenant,   D;iniel   La    Md 


uity  of  Wilmington  tlie 
'  was  immcaialely  orL-ui- 
is:l'ai.taiii,F.i;.  .Still gis; 
l.l)uucan  ;  t?econJ  Liou- 
Jr ;    Third    Lieutenant, 


t"  ent 


John  J.  Toner;  Fourth  Lieutenant,  J.  E.  Lailev. 
In  a  few  Lours  the  company  numbered  one  hundred 
men,  and  wa-s  fully  armed  and  equipped  ready 
for  service.'  From  this  time  forward  volunteering 
progressed  rapidly.  On  Ajiril  2.Jth  a  conipany  of 
German  Turners,  numbering  eighty  men  left  Wilming- 
ton for  Philadelphia,  to  unite  with  the  Turner  regi- 
ment then  in  process  of  formation  in  that  city. 

In  April  the  "  City  Guard"  was  formed  under  the 
provisions  of  an  ordinance  of  the  Wilmington  City 
Council.  It  was  composed  ofthe  best  men  in  the  city, 
and  had  its  armory  at  the  corner  of  Front  andTatnall 
Streets.  It  was  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  mayor, 
and  was  at  all  times  prepared  to  give  immediate  re- 
sponse when  its  aid  was  required.  About  the  latter 
part  of  April  the  ladies  of  the  First  Ward  presented 
the  "  City  Guard''  with  a  handsome  flag.  The 
Guards  were  drilled  every  night  by  Instructor  George 
Eead  Riddle.  William  T.  Porter  was  chosen  as 
the  quartermaster.  Ex-^Inyor  Wilson,  Abraham 
Boys,  Joshua  and  Bauduy  Simmons,  John  H.  Price 
and  many  old  and  worthy  citizens  were  honorary 
members.  The  Guards  completed  their  organization 
on  the  Tthof  I\L\y,  by  electing  the  following  otiicers: 
Captain,  George  Read  Riddle;  First  Lieutenant, 
William  E.  Hightield  ;  Second  Lieutenant,  Henry 
Bleyer  ;  Third  Lieutenant, Samuel  ]).  Newlin  ;  Fourth 
Lieutenant,  John  Divine;  Quarterm.aster,  William  T. 
Porter:  Ensign,  George  O'Xeill. 

Before  May  1,  ISGl,  military  compani 
formed  as  follows  : 

Company  A.  1'.  1:     n-   I'.'  ,.  ~    r   ■  ■    T^    ^      T  i    ^I    :i 

Delaware   I'.i      -    ^    .         i  -    -      - 

Capt.  Josei'li    }l     1.  I.  .,  ,        I  i   I.      ....    ,_.■  11    1.1  .'  -.  . 

SOuieo;  Mi,l.ll..i,.-,.i,  .  ,..i,...  .  yi    I  i.u..^  l..„r,  ...  ii 

Company,  Capt.  C.  Ktbii:.-r, 
bont.lM  in.-n;  Jlill  Crei-k  111 
CbrietiaDa  Iluudred  CoinpaD 


bad  been 


iipanv,  Ciipt.  P.  Wilson,  tio  men  ; 


the  Centr.ll  Cliuirli,  on  the  "  Trial 
Biptist  CtuMch,  l;.-v.  .lunn'S  S.  Ilick..-! 
dealinK«withN;,ti..nj"     In    tlif  II;. 


ongre^uti 
ervicesJ. 


Country."    At  the  Second 
Cliiirfh,   Rev.    3Ir,    .\iknian 


Becoming  imp; 
Thomas  A.. <niuh'scoi,.pany 
I'.Uth  of  April  for  Philadeli. hill 
into  service  on  the  7th  of  iLi' 


the  service,  Cai.tuin 
ft  WilminL:t..n  on  iho 
vliere  it  was  mustered 
in  the  Twentv-fourth 


Regiment  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  commanded  by 
Colonel  (Jweus,  with  the  following  otiicers:  Cajitain, 
Thos.A.  Smith;  First  Lieutenant,  Francis  McCloslcey; 
Second  Lieutenant,  Neal  Ward ;  First  Sergeant, 
Michael  Kirwin  ;  Second  Sergeant,  Daniel  U'Xeal; 
Third  Sergeant,  Daniel  Meaney;  Fourth  Serge:int, 
Wm.  Murphey  ;  First  Corporal,  Christopher  Bechtle; 
Second  Corporal,  David  Smith;  Third  Corporal, 
John  dimming;  Fourth  Corporal,  James  Rickards. 

This  company  was  the  first  to  leave  the  State  for 
the  front  and  thetirst  to  return.  After  serving  out  the 
three  months'  term  of  enlistment,  it  returned  to  \Vil- 
mington  on  July  30th,  and  received  a  hearty  wel- 
come. The  command  to  which  it  had  belonged  was 
attached  to  General  Patterson's  division  on  the  Upper 
Potomac  River. 

In  the  latter  part  of  April  the  McLane  Rifles  were 
organized  in  Wilmington,  with  the  following  otficers  : 
Captain,  R.  Milligan  ;  First  Lieutenant,  Benjamin 
Nields;  Second  Lieutenant,  L.  E.  Wales;  First 
Sergeant,  J.  Crozier;  Second  Sergeant,  J.  B.  Tanner  ; 
Third  Sergeant,  W.  W.  Simmons;  Fourth  Sergeant, 
A.  Gawthrop;  First  Corporal,  C.  B.  Tanner,  Second 
Corporal,  R.  Wisdom  ;  Third  Corporal,  G.  B.  Roberts  ; 
Fourth  Corporal,  Fred.  Sturges.  This  company  was 
sworu  into  service  on  M.ay  6,  ISOl. 

Outside  of  Wilmington  the  excitement  continued 
unabated,  and  at  the  various  recruiting  stations 
volunteers  flocked  to  be  enrolled  in  the  various 
companies  which  were  being  organized.  To  stimu- 
late the  enlistments  Hon.  S.  M.  Harrington  and 
Hume  Jenkins  each  contributed  SluOO  towards 
purchasing  the  uniforms  of  Captain  Green's  company 
that  was  organizing  in  Camden  and  others  pledged 
themselves  to  support  the  families  of  the  soldiers 
during  their  absence  from  home.  The  Red  Lion 
^lounted  Guards  was  formed  in  Red  Lion  Hundred 
on  the  27th  of  April,  for  home  protection,  with  the 
following  officers:  Captain,  John  Jefferson  Henry; 
First  Lieutenant,  Wm.  M.  Stuckert ;  Second  Lieu- 
tenant, CharlesCorbit ;  Fir=t  Sergeant,  Robert  'White ; 
First  Corporal,  Wm.  Beck.  The  field  of  ojierations 
of  this  company  embraced  New  Castle  County. 

Early  in  May  the  "Union  Home  Guard"  was 
formed  at  Newport,  the  citizens  of  that  town  aiding 
in  equipping  it.  A  comjiany  from  Georgetown, 
Sussex  County,  arrived  in  Wilmington  on  the  '.)th  of 
May.  It  w:,s  eoiumanded  by  Ga'j.tain  ('.  R.idney 
Layton;  First  Lieutenant,  David  W.  Maul!;  Second 
Lieutenant,  Wm.  Y.  Swiggett.  The  "  Dover  Home 
Guards"  were  or^ranized  on  the  0th  of  May,  by  the 
election  of  the  following  ollicers :  Captain,  lir.  Isaac 
Jump;  First  Lieutenant,  Wm.  Walker;  Second  Lieu- 
tenant, Dr.  C.  A.  Cowgill;  First  Sergeant,  J.  R. 
Sweeney  ;  Second  Sergeant,  Charles  M.  Ju>tice  ;  Third 
Sergeant.  A.  1!.  Richaclson  ;  Fourth  Sergeant,  Draper 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


339 


A.  Dewees;  Fir-^t  Cor[.or:il,  John  Costcn;  Secniid 
Corporal,  S:imiK-I  .MeGoniL-al ;  Tliir.i  r.irporal,  Lull' 
Lesvis;  Fourth  Corponil,  ^\'nl.  Siuallwoud ;  Ensign, 
John  W.Smith.  The  company  liad  an  euroUmont  of 
one  hundred  and  ten  men.  It  was  mustered  into 
!iervi<'e  as  Company  "  G,'' on  May  16,  186L  About 
the  same  time  the  "  Felton  Home  Ciuards  "  wore  or- 
ganized with  the  following  otlicers  :  Captain,  Thomas 
Draper ;  First  Lieutenant,  Kichard  B.  Duncan  ;  .-Sec- 
ond Lieutenant,  Daniel  La  .^lotte,  Jr. ;  Third  Lieu- 
tenant, John  J.  Toner;  Fourth  Lieutenant,  J.  E. 
Bailey;  Surgeon,  Joseph  Simpson. 

The"  Governor's  Guard,"  at  Bridgevilleand  fJreen- 
wood,  numbering  one  hundred  men,  organized  in 
May  by  the  election  of  the  following otficers :  Captain, 
W.  O.  Kedden  ;  First  Lieutenant,  Dr.  Lawrence  M. 
Cahill  ;  Second  Lieutenant,  Simeon  Penewell ;  First 
Sergeant,  Wra.  S.  Cannon  ;  Second  Sergeant,  James 
P.  Carpenter;  Third  Sergeant,  George  Perkinpine; 
Fourth  Sergeant,  Dr.  H.  Clay  Johnson  ;  Fifth  Ser- 
geant, John  M.^Ianlove;  First  Corporal,  John  E. 
Sudler;  Secoiyl  Corporal,  John  Heryes  ;  Third  Cor- 
poral, John  Sattertield;  Fourth  Corporal,  Wm.  E. 
Carpenter. 

Company  H,  the  second  company  from  Dover,  Cap- 
tain S.  H.  Jenkins,  was  mustered  into  service  on 
May  10,  1861.  The  Smyrna  HomeGuards,  with  sixty- 
four  muskets,  were  mustered  in  about  the  same  time 
as  were  the  Magnolia  Home  Guards  with  the  follov,-- 
ing  oiBcers  :  Captain,  Edward  Stout;  First  Lieuten- 
ant, Mordecai  Rickey,  Jr. ;  Seeond  Lieutenant,  Wm. 
MeGonigal. 

The  work  of  swearing  troops  into  the  United  States 
service  was  commenced  at  Wilmington,  May  2,  18G1, 
the  oath  being  administered  by  JIajor  Raff,  of  the 
regular  army.  Dr.  R.  P.  Johnson  acted  as  medical 
examiner.  The  aggregate  number  of  men  thus  sworn 
that  day  was  three  hundred  and  thirty-eight,  all  of 
whom  were  mustered  into  the  service"nf  the  Union. 
These  companies  were  raised  at  and  near  Wilnnii^cton 
and  became  Companies  A,  B,  and  C,  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment Delaware  Volunteer  Infantry. 

On  the  4th  of  Jlay  Capt.  James  Green's  company, 
consisting  of  seventy-eight  men,  from  the  lower  part 
of  Kent  County,  was  mustered  into  the  service  as 
Company  D  of  the  same  regiment. 

The  Sussex  County  volunteers,  Capt.  C.  Rodney 
Layton,  were  mustered  into  the  same  regiment  on  the 
16th  of  May,  as  Company  G.  Capt.  J.  H.  Jenkins' 
company  from  Dover,  Kent  County,  was  mustered 
in  on  the  same  day  as  Company  H.  Onthe2iith 
Company  I,  commanded  by  Captain  Leonard,  and 
Company  K,  under  the  command  of  Captain  George 
F.  Smith,  were  mustered  into  service,  thus  complet- 
ing the  organization  of  the  regiment. 

The  regiment  was  encamped  at  Camp  Brandywine, 
on  the  grounds  of  the  Agricultural  Society,  alujut  one 
mile  and  a  half  from  the  city,  where  the  members 
were  constantly  exercised  in  company  and  regimen- 
tal  drill.      On   the   2Jd  of   ^Llv   the  commis^-ioiied 


otlicers  a<3tMnbled  and  elcoti'd  tlie  loUowinir  regimen- 
tal oliicers  :  Colonel  Henry  IL  Lo,kvv..od,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  John  W.  Andrews,  Major  Henry  A.  Dupont. 
The  Governor  appointed  Dr.  Robert  P.  Johnson  sur- 
geon of  the  regiment,  and  James  M.  Knight  iussistant 
surgeon.  W'm.  P.  Seville  was  adjutant,  W.  Hill  Al- 
derdice  quartermaster.  Chaplain  Rev.  George  M.  Con- 
dron,  Sergeant-Major  John  G.  Saville. 

<)n  the  11th  of  May,  l^i'il,  the  Ciovernor  appointed 
and  commissioned  Henry  Du  I'ont,  of  New  Castle 
County,  '■  Major-General  of  the  forces  raised  and  to 
be  raised  in  the  State  of  Delaware,"  vesting  him  with 
the  full  power  of  that  office.  Col.  Jesse  Sharjie  w;l3 
appointed  brigadier-general. 

On  the  same  date  Governor  Burton,  yielding  to  the 
entreaties  of  L^nion  men,  who  feared  that  some  of  the 
Home  Guards  might  not  prove  loyal,  issued  General 
Order  N'o.  2,  which  was  intended  to  prevent  a  possi- 
ble misuse  of  the  arms  of  the  State.  This  order,  how- 
ever, met  with  so  much  opposition  and  was  regarded 
by  many  as  such  a  direct  subversion  of  the  rights  of 
the  State,  that  the  Governor  was  prevailed  on  to 
rescind  the  first  order.  This  he  did  by  issuing  Gene- 
ral Order  Xo.  3,  from  his  office,  at  Dover,  May  14, 
1861,  as  follows: 

'•miereaa  I,  Winiam  Burton,  commanrier-in-chief  of  tlie  Army  and 
Militia  of  tliis  Stite,  on  the  Htli  day  of  Jlay,  iiist.,  did  issue  my  order. 


lii^relty  order  and  direct  that  the  arms 
•  difterent  volunteer  companies  by  my  order,  and   Di)t 
and  remain  in  tlie  p.'SS<;ssiou  of  and   for  the  use  of  f 


Realizing  the  fact  that  the  State  was  liable  to  incur- 
sions from  the  enemy,  the  organization  of  the  Home 
Guards  was  actively  prosecuted  until  most  of  the 
hundreds  had  men  in  military  training.  Of  these 
Major-General  Du  Pont  took  command,  and  issued 
the  follow  ing  orders  pertaining  to  them  : 

"llEAIXiUAHT£R5  Df.LAWARE  VOLU-NTEEB    ^tlLITIA,        ) 

WiLMlXGTo.v,  July  1-,  I,i;l  / 


"iliJOE-GEVEEiL   Du   To 
K.  WOOTTFV,  Ai.I-Je-Ca:nj,.-' 

"IlEADQfiKTEES   DeHUABE   VnivVTEER  MlLITlA, 


US  Companies 4^rmed  uudei-   the    Vc 


Law  will 


340 


IIISTOKV  OF  DKLAWaKK. 


Du  l\ 


vere  furnish 

ed  by  the 

Mayor  Gili 

iu  rt-port- 

,  that  he  h:i 

1  suppiicd 

ket^,  which 

ii.id   been 

iu=and  doll 

rs  ?ppro- 

The  arms  f(ir  this  regiment  i 
City  Coiinci!  of  Wilmiii-ton, 
ing  to  that  body,  Augiiat  i),  l^t;, 
six  hundred  and  tliirty-si\  mu 
purchiocd  out  of  the  eiLjht  th 
priated  lor  the  defen.-e  of  the  eity. 

Ou  the  23d  of  May,  l.>r,l,  lluvtrnor  Burtcn  issued 
a  second  proclamation  reciting;  tluit  the  requisjtioii  .^f 
the  President  lor  a  regiment  of  tlircc  months  men  ha:i 
been  met,  but  as  the  istate  was  now  called  on  to  fur- 
nish another  leginient  for  a  period  of  tlirce  \ears,  un- 
less sooner  discharged,  he  reeonunended  that  the  work 
of  organization  be  tontinued  and  advised  that  the 
army  of  the  United  States  be  sustained  by  volunteers 
from  Delaware,  who  should  report  themselves  to  Cap- 
tain H.  W.  Wharton,  of  the  United  States  army,  at 
Wilmington,  who  was  fully  enipowered  to  muster 
them  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  for  the 
period  required.  This  led  to  the  organization  of  the 
Second  and  other  Delaware  regiments,  whose  history 
is  given  in  the  following  pages.  The  Delaware  troops 
now  became  an  inseparable  part  of  the  federal 
forces. 

Late  in  April  Lieutenant-General  Winfield  Scott 
appointed  Major-General  llobert  Patterson  to  the 
command  of  the  Military  Department  of  Washington, 
which  included  the  District  of  Columbia,  Maryland, 
Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.  General  Patterson  was 
instructed  to  post  the  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware 
volunteers,  as  fast  as  they  were  mustered  into  service, 
all  along  the  railroad  from  Wilmington  to  Wa>hing- 
ton,  in  suflicient  numbers  and  in  such  proximity  as 
would  give  reasonable  protection  to  the  lines  of  par- 
allel wires  to  the  road,  its  rails,  bridges,  cars  and 
stations.  On  the  13th  of  May  the  repairs  to  the 
bridges  on  the  road  were  completed,  and  two  passen- 
ger trains  passed  through  from  Philadelphia  to  Balti- 
more without  delay.  , 

On  the  2Sth  of  May,  Companies  A,  B,  D  and  E, 
Captains  Eobert  S.  La  Motte.  Charles  E.  La  Motte, 
James  Green  and  L.  P.  MilliL'aii,  of  the  Dchnvare 
Regiment,  stationed  at  Camp  P.randyu  ine,'  near  Wil- 

Wilmiugtun; 


Bra 


"The  following  ( 

"Ut.  Reveille  lit 

Conilwiiy's  luiiii'lL'  1 


mington,  r(-c,_.i\  o-i  orders  to  nvir<  h  A  and  B  to  .\.ber- 
deen,  near  Baltimore,  an  1  O  an-l  E  to  Bush  Kiver, 
to  be  statu. ntd  :-.!;.>pg  the  line  for  the  protection  of 
the  railr'ja.l.  Inatauiiy  the  camp  assumed  a  busy 
aspect.  Ki^apsacks  v^^ere  packed,  tents  struck  and  pre- 
pared for  trunspurtaiion. 

All  along  the  rotite  of  mar.  h  to  the  depot  the 
roads  and  stjoets  were  thronged  with  enthusiastic 
people  of'  both  sexej,  anxious  to  bid  them  good-by 
and  caCHr  tncm  on  their  mission.  At  the  depot  every 
a'-eniie  v.as  densely  crowded  with  a  mass  of  human 
b;;ii,gs,  a.id,  as  the  train  moved  olf,  the  soldiers  were 
greeted  with  cheer  afier  chetr. 

On  the  t>th  of  June  the  remaining comjianies  com- 
prising the  Fir.-^t  Delaware  liegiment  of  Volunteers, 
stationed  at  Camp  Brandywine,  received  orders  to 
relieve  the  Eleventh  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  station- 
ed along  the  line  of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington 
and  Baltimore  Railroad,  between  Wilmington  and 
BaUiraore,  the  Pennsylvania  Regiment  having  been 
orde.-cd  to  Washington.  Under  the  command  of 
Colonel  Lockwood  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Andrews, 
the  regiment  proceeded  by  cars  to  its  new  field  of 
duty.  Before  it  left  the  city  Captain  R.  S.  La  Motte 
was  elec'.ed  m.yor  of  the  regiment  to  till  the  vacancy 
occasioned  by  the  resignation  of  Major  Henry 
Du  Pont.  Jr.,  who  had  entered  the  United  States 
service.'^ 

Evan  S.  Watson  was  chosen  captain  of  Company 
A  to  an  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  election  of 
Captain  La  Motte  as  major,  and  Sergeant  Ezekiel  C. 
Alexander  was  elected  first  lieutenant  in  place  of 
Wataon,  promoted  to  captain. 

The  companies  were  stationed  along  the  railroad 
as  follows:  Company  G  at  Elkton,  Md.,  Company 
C  at  North  East ;  Companies  C  and  H  at  Perryville ; 
Companies  F  and  I  at  Havre  de  Grace.  Regimental 
headquarters  were  established  at  Havre  de  Grace, 
whither  Companies  A  and  B  were  ordered  after  a 
short  stay  at  Aberdeen. 

Companies  A,  B,  C,  D  and  E,  of  the  regi- 
ment, returned  to  Wilmington  on  August  3d, 
their  term  of  service  having  expired,  and  were  paid 
olF  and  mustered  out.  They  were  commanded  by 
Lieutenant-Cclonel  Andrews. 

Companies  G,  H,  I  and  K  returned  home 
on  the  14th,  and  on  the  following  day  were 
also  mustered  out  of  service. 

Three  V  ears' regiments  were  now  organized  in  the 
State,  and  most  of  the  oiBcers  and  men  of  old  First 
Delaware  Volunteers  re-enlisted   in    the    new  regi- 

"  Dth.  Dinner  rull-call  at  12  si. 

••  llJtli.  O.fl'jera'  drill  Irojn  1  to  2  P.M. 


the  sick  will  be  i 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


341 


mcnta  for  "  three  years  nr  the  war."  Col.  Lnckuo^id 
\v:is  promote^l  to  hriiradier  seiiera!  ot' volunteers.' 

The  Seeond  Dehnvare  (three  years')  Reiriment  was 
encamped  at  Camp  Brandywine,  near  Wilmington. 
The  field  officers  ofthi.s  reiMment  on  August  l(i,  I81U. 
were:  Colonel,  H.  H.  \Vharton,  late  captain  Si.xth 
Infantry,  United  Srtates  Army  ;  Lieutenant-ColoiiLl, 
W.  P.  Bailey  ;  Major,  R.  Andrews.  St-afl'  officers— 
.Vdjutant,  Samuel  Canby,  Jr.  ;  Quartermaster,  George 
riunkett.  Company  officers, — Company  A:  Captain, 
D.  L.  t'tricker  ;  Fir=t  Lieutenant,  Thoraa-  M.  Wenie  ; 
Second  Lieutenant,  John  Evans.  Company  B:  Cap- 
tain, Charles  H.  Christnian  ;  First  Lieutenant,  Then. 
Geyer;  Second  Lieutenant,  \V.  F.  Fenniinore.  Com- 
pany C  :  Captain.  Benjamin  Ricketts;  First  Lieu- 
tenant, W.  A.  Torbert ;  Second  Lieutenant.  Jolin 
Simpers.  Company  D:  Cajitain,  Jrdin  JL  Perry  ;  Fir.-it 
Lieutenant,  AVilliam  Ilembuld  ;  Second  Lieutenant, 
A.  J.  Krause. 

About  the  middle  of  September,  1S61,  the  regiment 
was  sent  to  Cambridge,  l>orchcster  County,  3Id. 
In  February,  1SG2,  the  First  Delaware  Regiment  was 
stationed  at  Camp  Hamilton,  Portress  Monroe.  On 
the  8th  of  July  in  the  same  year  the  citizens  of  Wil- 
mington presented  to  the  First,  Second  and  Third 
Delaware  Regiments  beautiful  flags  in  Institute  Hall. 
Mayor  Gilpin  presided  and  Leonard  E.  Wales  pre- 
sented the  flags  in  an  eloquent  speech.  Hon.  George 
P.  Fisher  received  the  colors  in  the  name  of  the  re- 
spective regiments  then  in  the  field. 

The  Seeond  Regiment  of  Volunteer  Home  Ciuards 
was  organized  in  Sussex  County,  and  elected  its  field 
olficers,  in  the  fallof  ISiJl,  at  a  meeting  held  ac  George- 
town in  pursuance  of  Order  Xo.  4,  by  Major-General 
Du  Pont.  Six  companies  were  repre-iented,  and  the 
officers  chosen  were:  Colonel,  William  O.  Redden; 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  John  M.  Phillips;  Major,  Wra. 
H.  Stayton  ;  Adjutant,  Dr.  William  Marshall;  Quar- 
termaster, Elisha  Holland  ;  Surgeon,  Dr.  H.  F.  Hall ; 
Sergeant- Major,  John  Hickman. 


'  I! is  ofTicera  presented  hin 


.  !1,1S 


?  Hill 


■arllnnoTer  Cu,irt-II.i,„e 
jnioreiii  li.f,4,  when  tlit 
rly.      On  being  ni.islerei 


The  following  companies  in  Kent  Cotinty,  formed 
under  the  Volunteer  Militia  Law,  constituted  the 
Third  Regiment  of  Delaware  Voluuteer  Militia  in 
November,  I.SGI :  Dover  Union  Home  Guards ;  Fel- 
ton  Bhies:  McClellan  Home  Guards,  Smyrna  ;  Fred- 
iricaCrays:  >Ian:n(^lia  Home  Guards  ;  Leii).-ic  Home 
(iviards;  I'dotiiienial  Ritle  ( iuards,  Camden;  Diamond 
State  Gu.ird,  .Milford  ;  DMaware  lIome<_Tuard,  Ha>let- 
ville;  Mordingto.i  .^liUs  (;aard,  Milford  ;  Delaware 
Union  Home  Guard,  Wbitelysburir  ;  Little  Creek 
Home  Guard,  Little  Creek  Landing. 

Notwithstanding  the  measures  adopted  to  support 
the  Union,  a  portion  of  the  people  of  the  .State  w<Te 
not  disposed  to  sustain,  by  active  elTorts,  the  hostilities 
in  which  the  Federal  government  had  now  become 
involved.  They  thought  that  the  power  of  the  North 
would  be  insufficient  to  bring  the  Southern  States 
back  into  the  Union  ;  and  if  they  ever  again  became 
a  part  of  it,  they  must  come  back  voluntarily.  As- 
suming this  position,  the  views  entertained  under  it 
were  exceedingly  various,  and  some  possessed  so  great 
latitude  as  to  embrace  those  who  favored  the  cause  of 
the  Confederate  vStates.  To  those  even  who  honestly 
entertained  these  views,  war  held  out  no  prospect  but 
that  of  mutual  destruction.  A  separation  and  ac- 
knowledgment of  the  Confederacy  were  regarded  as  the 
course  of  wisdom.  Some  believed  that  by  peace  and 
conciliation,  the  seceding  States  might  finally  be  in- 
duced to  return.  The  peace  men  in  Delaware,  Con- 
necticut and  all  the  Northern  States  were  thus  actu- 
ated, although  some  carried  their  views  to  an  extreme. 
As  a  general  fact,  they  were  men  who  loved  the 
Union,  and  earnestly  desired  its  restoration.  Tliey 
had  no  antipathy  to  the  institutions  of  the  Southern 
States,  and  were,  in  a  manner,  devoid  of  every  feeling 
of  interest  or  anxiety  or.  the  point  concerning  which 
those  who  elected  the  PV'deral  administration  and 
those  who  organized  the  Confederate  States  had  for 
years  been  at  issue.  War  with  them,  as  with  Senator 
Douglas,  of  Illinois,  "was  final,  inevitable  dissolu- 
tion.'' 

In  Delaware  there  were  not  only  many  citizens  op- 
posed to  the  war,  but  there  were  a  few  who  heartily 
desired  the  success  of  the  Confederate  States,  The 
Secretary  of  War,  in  his  report  at  the  session  of  Con- 
gress which  commenced  in  December,  ISGl,  says: 
"At  the  date  of  my  last  report  in  July,  the  States  of 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Kentucky  and  Missouri  were 
threatened  with  rebellion.  In  Delaware,  the  good 
sense  and  patriotism  of  the  people  have  triumphed 
over  the  unholy  schemes  of  traitors." 

On  the  27th  of  June  a  meeting  was  called  at  Dover 
of  "all  the  citizens  of  the  State,  without  regard  to  for- 
mer party  relations,  opposed  to  civil  war,  and  in  favor 
of  a  peaceful  adjustment  of  all  questions  which  have 
distracted  the  country  and  produced  its  present  la- 
mentable condition."  About  1.300  or  IGOO  persona  as- 
sembled on  Dover  Green,  twelve  car-loads  of  people 
coming  I'rom  :djove  Dover,  and  seven  f'l-om  below.  On 
motion  of  Col.    Wmr  G.   Whitelv,  the  meetin-    was 


342 


HISTORY  OF  DELAWAIlIv 


temporarily  or:r:uii7,C'l  by  callin:^  upon  Robert  W. 
Reyriolils,  of  Kent  County,  to  prc-iile,  and  selectin- 
N.  W.  Hickman,  of  Sussex,  us  secretary.  The  follow- 
ing committee  was  then  appointed  to  recommend 
permanent  officers:  From  Kent  County,  Dr.  Henry 
Ridgely,  William  Collins,  James  Williaius,  Ambrose 
Broadaway,  Alexander  Johnson  ;  New  Castle,  Gass- 
away  Watkins,  James  R.  B.ioth.  Johi-.  T.  Enos,  X.  T. 
Boulden  and  William  R.  I.yinau  ;  Su-sf  x  Omnty, 
C.  F.  Rust,  Ed.  L.Martin,  S.  i;.  Hitrh,  J,,-iah  Marvel. 
On  motion,  the  nirftinL'  tlien  adjourn>jd  till  one 
o'clock.  At  that  hour  the  meeting  was  convened  on 
the  Oreen,  where  a  ^l-.uul  had  been  erected. 

Dr.  H.  Ridgely,  th.-  rhairman  of  the  committee,  re- 
ported the  names  of  the  following  gentlemen  as  offi- 
cers, whereupon,  on  motion,  the  report  was  unani- 
mously adopted,  viz.,  Pre.sident,  ex-Gov.  William  Tem- 
ple ;  Vice-Presidents,  from  New  Castle  County,  Roth- 
well  Wilson,  Andrew  C.  Gray,  James  Matthews,  John 
Farson,  Wra.  C.  Lodge,  Sanuiel  G.  Cliandler.  Aquilla 
Derrickson,  Thog.  Jami.son,  Sewell  C.  liiggs.  Benjamin 
Gibbs.  From  Kent  County,  John  Mustard,  Robert  B. 
Jump,  Manlove  Haye.s,  Rev.  Thomas  B.  Bradford, 
Henry  Pratt,  Dr.  T.  C.  Rogers,  Andrew  J.  Wright, 
Moses  Harrington,  IL  B.  Fiddeman,  Charles  William- 
son. From  Sussex  County,  Capt.  Hugh  Martin, 
Kathaniel  Horsey,  James  Anderson,  Harbeson  Hick- 
man, John  W.  Short,  Thomas  Jacobs,  Doughty  Col- 
lins, Stephen  Green,  >LD.,  Shephard  P.  Houston, 
William  F.  Jones.  Secretaries:  Adam  E.  King,  New 
Castle  County  ;  R.  M.  Merriken,  Kent  County  ;  Charles 
H.  Richards,  M.D.,  Sussex  County.  On  motion  of 
Mr.  Whitely,  the  following  committee  of  ten  from 
each  county  was  appointed  to  prepare  business  for  the 
meeting:  New  Castle  County,  Dr.  John  ilerritt,  James 
M.  Watson,  Dr.  N.  H.  Clark,  Adam  V.  CuUin,  John 
P.  Cochran,  James  Delaplaine,  Nathan  T.  Boulden, 
James  Springer,  William  C.  Lodge,  Joseph  Roberts. 
Kent  County,  John  M.  Voshell,  Wilson  T.  Cannon, 
Dr.  Gove  Saulsbury,  R.  \V.  Reynolds,  Alex.  Johnson, 
William  N.  W.  Dorsey,  iv.lward  Ridgely,  George  W. 
Anderson,  Thomas  Davis,  William  D.  Fowler.  Sus- 
sex County,  C.  R.  Paynter,  W.  Whentley,  Noble 
Conaway,  Isa.ac  Giles,  Nathaniel  Horsey,  A.  J.  Hor- 
sey, Dr.  Joseph  A.  .McFerran,  Joseph  Ellis,  J.  S. 
Bacon,  N.  W.  Hickman. 

After  the  committee  retired,  Mr.  Whitely  was 
loudly  called  for  and  made  a  speech  in  opposition  to 
the  war  and  in  favor  of  a  peaceful  adjustment  of  our 
national  difficulties.  He  began  by  observing  that 
eleven  Slates  had  gone  out  of  the  Union,  -which  he 
deplored,  but  they  were  determined  to  go  out,  and  had 
gone,  acting  upon  the  glorious  principle  that  all  gov- 
ernment derived  its  power  from  the  consent  of  the 
governed. 


Mr.  Whitely  was  followed  by  Hon.  Thomas 
Bayard  in  a  lengthy,  calm  and  teni|)eratf  spi  ech.  I 
reiniiiiled  hi«  hearers  that  "with  this  secession,  or 


called. 


tool  l),.hnva,v  hasnauuhtto.lo.  To  our 
con-ititutional  duties  toward  each  and  every  member 
of  this  Union  we  have  been  faithful  in  all  times. 
Never  has  a  word,  a  thought,  an  act  of  ours  been  un- 
faithlul  to  the  union  of  our  fathers;  in  letter  and  in 
spirit  it  has  been  faithfully  kept  by  us."  But  he  ad- 
verted to  the  horrors  of  a  fratricidal  war  on  so  gigantic 
a  scale,  the  ruin  that  would  be  wrought,  and  the  dan- 
ger that,  whatever  might  be  the  issue,  which  no  man 
then  could  foresee,  con>titutional  liberty  miglit  perish 
in  the  struggle.  Better,  he  thought,  "while  deeply 
deploring  the  revolution  which  has  severed  eleven 
States  from  the  Union,"  if  a  peaceful  accommodation 
was  impossible,  that  the  discontented  States  should 
be  allowed  to  withdraw  than  run  the  awful  risk  of 
such  a  war.  His  calm  and  earnest  eloquence  had 
great  weight,  and,  as  will  be  seen,  the  meeting  re- 
solved "that  there  was  no  necessity  for  convening  the 
Legislature." 

Mr.  Bayard's  speech  calmed  down  the  state  of  ex- 
citement which  prevailed  at  the  meeting.  "  It 
brought  to  men's  minds,"  as  a  leading  Delawarean 
said,  "  the  fact  that  they  were  in  the  Union — had  no 
part  in  the  rebellion,  and  that  it  was  their  duty  to  re- 
main as  they  were,  and  to  keep  Delaware  as  one  of 
the  United  States."  In  this,  as  ever,  ilr.  Bayard  ap- 
proved himself  faithful  to  the  Constitution  and  the 
Union  uiiiler  it,  his  devotion  to  which  has  ne\er 
wavered,  as   witness   his  public  record,  from  first  to 

At  the  conclusion  of  Jlr.  Bayard's  speech.  Dr.  John 
Merritt  reported  the  following  resolutions,  which  were 
unanimously  adopted : 

"  Ees„I,^,l :  1.  That  whilst  we  .Ipcrl.v  deplore  the  rerolution  whi.-h  h:i« 

the  nckninvltJ-iin-iit  i.f  tlie  in.li|.eti.leiice  i.f  the  Cnreder.it..  St:.t.-^ 
is  prefcnible  to  an  attempt  to  conquer  aod  bold  tliciii  as  subjii^.ite.J 
pruviuiei. 


til"  I'lii'tl.  will  he  t.i  the  :Juhver'io!i  ot'  th"  Slate  ^.tvenini-Mird,  iifl-l  tl;. 
erection  of  a  consolidated  (joverument  on  the  ruina  of  the  Federnl  t'vu 

"I:'nlrrit:  That  we  tender  our  sratefi'.I  thanks  to  Senators  Davarl  aii' 
Saulshury  for  the  Ir.l.l  and  pitriotie  sr  lu  1  th"y  as«onie.l,  in  tliec.^   n. 


A 


^ 


THE  CIVIL  WAl 


343 


for  cuuveuaig  the  Legislatmo  of  lliia  t>l.ite.'' 

The  meeting  was  then  Ainhtr  addrtsj-i/J  by  A.  E. 
King,  Edward  Kidgeley,  Me:-srs.  Henderson  and 
Paynter  and  Dr.  Edward  Worrell. 

In  Aiignst,  Dr.  Jonas,  Inspector  of  Cust'^ius  at 
Seaford,  seized  several  hundred  rubber  overooat?*  and 
twenty  compasses,  which  had  been  sent  f'roiu  Balti- 
more to  be  shipped  South  by  way  of  ."^ali^bury,  ^Id. 
They  were  confiscated  and  sold  in  Wiluiingiou  in 
November,  1801. 

The  brilliant  victory  of  the  land  and  naval  forces 
under  General  Sherman  and  Ciuumudore  Lhi  I'mit  at 
Port  Royal,  South  Carolina,  on  November  7th,  created 
the  greatest  enthusiasm  in  Wilmington,  where  Com- 
modore Du  Pont  was  well  known.  In  honor  of  the 
event,  the  citizens  fired  a  national  salute  of  twenty-one 
guns  on  the  13th  of  November.  This  was  followed 
by  a  salute  of  one  hundred  guns,  fired  by  order  of  the 
City  Council.  In  March,  ISGi,  the  captured  tlags 
sent  from  the  South  by  Commodore  Du  Pont  for  the 
city  of  Wilmington,  were  presented  with  appropriate 
ceremonies  in  the  Institute  Hall.  Speeches  were 
made  by  ilessrs.  Harrington  and  Diddle. 

The  intrepidity  displayed  by  Commodore  John  Prit- 
chett  Gillis,  of  Delaware,  at  the  bombardment  of 
Port  Eoyal,  under  the  terrible  fire  of  Fort  Walker 
while  in  command  of  the  "  Seminole,''  was  the  sub- 
ject of  mention  in  General  Dayton's  official  report. 

Commodore  Gillis  was  born  in  Wilmington;  but 
while  young  removed  temporarily  with  his  father  to 
the  State  of  Illinois.  His  temperament  was  marked 
by  an  ardor  united  with  so  untiring  a  perseverance, 
that  he  would  never  permit  himself  to  admit  a  defeat 
in  his  endeavors.  This  boyish  trait  was  the  earnest 
of  the  man,  whose  heart  later  burned  with  patriotic 
zeal  at  the  "  drum-beat  of  the  nation." 

His  yearning  to  enter  the  service  of  his  country 
was  gratified  by  his  receiving  an  appointment  of 
midshipman  in  the  year  1825.  From  the  date  of  his 
youthful  honors  to  the  day  his  heart  was  stilled  in 
death,  his  life  was  one  of  usefulness  to  his  country 
and  honor  to  the  State  which  claimed  bim  as  her  son. 

His  first  cruise  was  in  the  frigate  "  Brandvwine" 
to  the  Pacific,  during  the  years  182iJ-29.  In  ls31  he 
was  a  pa-^sed  midshipman  in  command  of  the  schooner 
"Albion."  In  1833  he  was  again  at  sea,  as  acting  mas- 
ter of  the  frigate  "  Constellation,"  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  in  1835-36  he  was  executive  officer  of  the  re- 
ceiving-ship "  Sea  Gull,"  at  Philadelphia.  On  the  'Jih 
of  February,  1837,  he  was  commissioned  a  lieutenant, 
and  being  ordered  to  the  sloop-of-war  "  Falmouth," 
sailed  for  a  second  cruise  in  the  Pacific.  During  this 
cruise  he  was  transferred  to  the  "  Delaware,"  slii])-of- 
the-line,  arriving  home  in  18-10.  Two  years  later  we  find 
him  again  at  sea,  on  board  the  frigate  "  L'ongress,'"  in 
the  Mediterr.inean  Squadron.      He  was  transferred  to 


the  sloop-of-war  "'  Preble."  as  executive  fitllecr,  and 
rtturne<l  to  the  United  .States  in  1S43.  The  same  year 
lie  was  attached  to  the  frigate  "  liaritan,"  and  in  1844 
he  joined  the  frigate  ■"Congress"  on  the  lirazil  station. 
In  184.J  he  was  intrusted  with  the  important  duty  of 
bearing  despatches  lo  the  commander- in-ehief  of  the 
Pacific  Squadron;  and  in  l>4i;  he  returned  home, 
bearing  despatches  from  our  minister  in  Brazil. 

When  war  was  declared  with  Mexico,  he  sailed  in 
the  sloop-of-war"  Decatur,"  to  join  Commodore  Perry 
in  the  Gulf  Squadron.  He  distinguished  himself  in 
the  action  wlii<  h  re-ulted  in  the  capture  of  the  for;s 
and  town  of  'ru-[Km.  Later  he  commanded  the  flo- 
tilla on  the  Alvarado  lliver  and  became  the  governor 
of  the  towns  of  Alvarado  and  Tlacotaljian.  During 
this  period  he  fell  ill  of  yellow  fever,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  return  to  the  United  .States.  His  regret  at 
being  forced  to  relinquish  his  command  was,  perhaps 
softened  by  the  handsome  letters  sent  him  by  Com- 
modore Perry  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  From 
1851  to  1854  he  was  again  at  sea,  in  the  Jajian  Expe- 
dition. In  1855  he  was  promoted  to  a  commander, 
and  was  ordered  to  the  steamer  "  Powhatan." 

In  18G1,  when  the  nation  was  startled  by  the  great 
PLebellion,  and  the  guns  of  Fort  Moultrie  opened  on 
the  heroic  MajorAuderson  in  Fort  Sumter,Commander 
Gillis  sailed  in  command  of  the  steamer  "Poca- 
hontas" for  Charleston,  arriving  only  to  find  that 
Major  Anderson  had  been  compelled  to  surrender, 
i'rom  this  hour  the  activity  of  Commander  Gillis  was 
unabated.  His  acts  of  heroism  on  the  Potomac  and 
James  Rivers,  and  the  energy  with  which  he  sprang 
to  the  succor  of  bis  country,  brought  him  promi- 
nently into  notice.  Surely  the  day-dreams  of  the  boy 
were  being  fully  realized'.  Under  the  most  galling 
fire  of  the  enemy  he  was  ever  cool  and  self-possessed. 
While  commanding  the  "Seminole"  at  Port  Royal, 
under  the  terrible  fire  of  Fort  Walker,  Commander 
Gillis  was  the  subject  of  mention  in  General  Dray- 
ton's repoit.  His  well-earned  promotion  to  post- 
captain  occurred  in  18G2,  and  lie  took  command  of 
the  steam-sloop  "Ossipec,"  with  tlie  view  of  going 
in  search  of  the  rebel  cruiser  "Alabama,"  Unfortu- 
nately, the  engines  of. his  ship  were  found  to  be  de- 
fective, and  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 

Captain  Gillis  then  proceeded  to  join  Admiral  Far- 
ragut,  in  the  West  Gulf  Squadron.  During  this 
service,  duty  carried  him  to  Mobile,  as  well  as  to  the 
coast  of  Texas,  and  in  consequence  of  the  exposure 
he  had  borne  he  became  ill,  and  a  medical  board  of 
survey  condemned  him,  and  he  was  sent  home  and 
placed  on  the  retired  list.  In  1800  he  was  promoted 
to  a  commodore.  In  1-^73  he  was  on  duty  at  the 
Naval  Asylum,  Philadeliihia,  and  apparently  in  his 
usual  state  of  he^th;  but,  on  visiting  his  home  in 
AVilmington,  intending  to  return  the  following  morn- 
ing, he  was  suddenly  taken  ill,  and  on  the  25tli  day 
of  February,  1873,  he  departed  from  the  scene  of  a 
well-spent  life.  He  leit  a  widow  (who  was  Miss 
Eli/abeth  Tatnall),  and  two  sons. 


344 


HISTORY  OF  DKLAWAKH 


In  October,  ISGl,  the  Presbvterv  of  U-ilnun.n..n  in 
Mi,ldk-toun,  a.iopted  a  series 'of  patri..ue  r. -ol„t„'ns 
in  favor  of  tlie  goverumeiu  and  t!u'  ;iros,_,_uti,,ii  ,,f  riie 
war.  About  the  same  time,  at  the  n  ,|ue-t  of  JI,,,!"^ 
Montgomery  Blair,  Postmaster-Geiieial,  A  II  Cuim- 
shaw,  postmaster  at  Wilmington,  reeommended  the 
ladies  of  that  city  and  vicinity  to  form  soeieties  for 
the  purpose  of  co-operating  with  tlie  members  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission,  at  Washington,  in  their  etiurts 
to  alleviate  the  suiferings  of  the  sick  and  wuunded 
soldiers.  In  accordance  with  this  request,  sewing- 
circles  were  formed  in  each  church,  and  an  immense 
number  of  articles  of  clothing,  blankets  and  food 
supplies,  necessary  for  the  sick,  were  forwarded  to  the 
armies. 

In  April  the  friends  of  Commodore  Du  Tout  on  the 
Brandywiiie  presented  him  with  a  beautilul  swnrd 

Another  son  of  Delaware,  who  performed  callant 
and  meritorious  service  in  the  United  States  Vavv 
during  the   great   Civil    War,  was   Dr.  Itobert  Hill 
Clark,  Paymaster  of  the  United  Slates   Vavv       He 
was  the  son  of  Thomas  Clark  and  Eliza  Hill,  dau.^hter 
of  the  late  Colonel  Eobert  Hill,  and  was  born  at  Fred 
erica,  Del.,  December  o,  ISIS.      At  the  age  of  Ibur- 
teen  he  was  sent  to  Mil  ford  to  attend  the  academv 
where  he  acquired  his  preparatnrv  education      From' 
18o(3to   1840  he  was   a   clerk  in  "a  hardware  store  in 
Philadelphia.      He  then  returned  to   Delaware  and 
during  the  three  succeeding  years  was  a  merchant  at 
Vernon,  Kent  County.     I„   1S44  he  began  the  study 
of  medicine,  entered  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
Uuiversity  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  was  .Grad- 
uated in  1S4C.     Eeturning  to  Milford,  he  comme'nced 
the   practice   of   medicine   in    partnership   with   his 
uncle,  Dr.  William  Burton,  where  he  remained   en- 
gaged in  the  duties  of  his  profession  until  July  18 
1857  wdien  he  obtained  a  commission   as  Purser  in' 
the  United  States  Navy.     He  was  made  Pavmaster 
June  21',   ISOO;  promoted   to  Pay  Inspector' March 
3,    1871;     promoted   to   Pay    Director    January  -'3 
1873,   and   was  retired  December  5,    1880    with  the' 
rank  of  Commodore. 

His  first  duty  was  on  the  steamship  "Fulton,"  in 
the  Paraguay  expedition,  and  he  was  next  tran^er- 
red  to  the  steamship  '•  Iroquois,"  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean station.  While  there  the  Rebellion  be-in  •  his 
vessel  was  ordered  to  New  York  and  sent  on  block- 
ade duty  off- Savannah,  Georgia,  and  from  tlience  was 
directed  to  cruise  through  the  West  Indies  in  search 
of  the  Contederate  steamship  "  Sumter."  This  war- 
vessel  was  found  by  the  "Iroquois"  at  the  port  of 
St.  Pierre,  on  the  Island  of  .Martinique  The  rules  of 
international  law  would  not  allow  her  to  be  captured 
within  the  port,  and  the  French  covernment  owner 
of  the  island,  ordered  the"  Iroquois"  either  to  come  to 
an  anchor  or  go  out  one  marine  leasrue  from  >h„re  She 
chose  the  latter,  but  despite  a  candul  watcliof  >e'ver-il 
days  the  "  Sumter,"  througli  the  darkness  of  a'  f„l,^v 
night,  escaped.  ==" 

The  "Iroquois,"   on   which   Paymaster  Clark   was 


still  stationed,  wa.  no 
"i  Adn.ir.d  Fa,r;„a,r 
N'ew   Orleans;   w.as   pi 


-rd, 


i" 


ouadr 


I'-ire   lor   the  attack  „■ 

T     ,  ,  •  '    - t   ''iL'  capture   of  For' 

Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  and  at  the  batd,-  of  V...- 
<-lialmette,  immediately  below  Xeu-  OrKins  D  ,' 
iiig  these  severe  engagements  Paymaster  Ckrk  2' 
praiseworthy  service  as  physician  and  sur-eon  in  re 
li^-ing  the  sulierings  of  the  wounded  and  dvin- 

Alter  the  evacuation  of  Now  Orleans  the  "  iroquoi,  ■ 
and  the  steamer  "Mississippi"  were  sent  down  tl„. 
river  to  assist  and  protect  the  smaller  Uni,-n  ve,.eN 
She  next  went  up  the  river,  an,l  as,isted  in  the  cn,- 
tare  of  Baton  Rouge  and  Xatchez.  She  p.,..', 
the  batteries  at  Vicksburg,  June  liS,  18G2  and  also'ou 
July  16,  18(J1',  on  the  return  to  New  Orleans  '  From 
thence  the  "  Iroquois  "  was  ordered  to  New  York  and 
put  out  of  commission. 

In  December,  1802,  Paymaster  Clark  was  ordered 
to  I  ensacola  Navy- Yard,  in  charge  of  the  We-t 
UUU  .squadron,  and  remained  on  duty  there  till  the 
Close  of  the  war.  His  next  term  of  duty  was  at  Bos- 
ton, as  paymaster  from  l&!,j  to  186S.  "He  then  re- 
ceived orders  to  accompany  the  South  Pacific  -ou'id 
rou  as  fleet-paymaster.  Joining  the  United  States 
ship  "Powhatan"  and  returning  to  New  York  in 
September,  1S(J9,  he  was  sent  on  the  same  ship  as 
fleet-paymaster  of  the  East  Gulf  squadron.  In  Jin- 
Tl:  \^'l'\  ?'  "  ^"^■^"f-'^"  "  «ent  out  of  commission 
at  Ihiladelphia.  On  May  1,  1S70,  he  was  made  in- 
spector of  clothing  and  provisions  at  the  Philadel- 
phia Navy- Yard,  continuing  until  1873  when  he  be 
came  paymaster  at  the  United  .States  Naval  Asylum 
remaining  until  ]87.:>. 

In  February,  1877,  he  was  again  ordered  to  the 
Philadelphia  Xavy-Yard  as  inspector  of  provisions 
and  clothing,  continuing  in  that  position  until  Sep- 
tember 1,  1870.  ' 

On  December  o.  psso,  he  was  retired  under  the  act 
of  Congress,  having  attained  the  ase  of  six^v-tuo 
years.  He  returned  to  Milford,  which  he  a'hvavs 
recognized  as  his  home  since  the  time  he  first  came 
to  It  as  a  school-boy.  In  all  Paymaster  Clark  was 
twenty-three  years  in  active  service,  filling  all  the  po- 
sitions of  responsibility  and  trust  assigned  to  him 
with  eminent  satisfaction  to  his  superiors,  bein-  dis- 
tinguished for  the  marked  accuracy,  ability  and'fidel- 
ity  with  which  he  discharored  his  official  duties 

December  4,  1848,  he  married  Eliza  P.  Cubba-e  of 
Kent  County,  Delaware.  Three  children  were 'born 
ot  this  union,  all  dyinsr.in  childhood 

Both  he  and  his  wife  were  communicants  of  the 
-Metho.list  Episcopal  Church  at  Milford. 

In  1842  he  was  made  a  Mason  in  Temple  Lodire 
^o.  9,  at  Milford. 

Alter  spenjing  seven  years  in  the  quietude  of  hi" 
liome,  surrounded  with  every  comfort,  he  was  stricken 
with  paralysH  December  17,  18S7,  and  died   IVom   its 


He 


aler. 


quick 


f  remarkable  bu-iness   t.- 
:^rehension.  sound  inju. 


Jt/cU^y^^.^^/C, 


Till-:  CIVIL   WAU. 


34.J 


rill  in  his  cnnvic 
-1  (lonieritif  rel:it 
-nitiLMl  :in.l  am 
iiiesty  and  .s[vitl 


ins:,ii(ia.'V..to(l:ui 
.1-.      He  u;is   l;ir-. 


infii' 


At  the  l)real<;in;;  out  of  the  war  many  iiu-L-hauics 
ntre  thrown  out  of  em|iloyuienr,  and  general  stagna- 
tion prevailed  in  all  liranehes  ofbur,iuess.  Tlui  did  not 
however,  continue  very  long,  for  when  thegovernment 
began  active  operations  tiiere  was  irj  rat  neeesiity  forall 
kinds  of  manufactured  artieK>.  This  demand  gave  em- 
]doyment  to  a  great  many  manufacturers  in  Wilming- 
ton, andmechanics  were  in  greatdemand.  Amoiiu'the 
first  government  contraet>  given  to  Wilminnton  was 
orje  for  building  the  ^team  boilers,  engines  and  ma- 
chinery for  the  United  .■?tatL<  sloop-of-war  "Juniata," 
then  being  constructed  at  the  Philadelphia  ^avy- Yard. 
It  was  awarded  in  September,  ISiJl,  to  Me-srs.  I'u.-ey, 
Jones  &  Co.,  and  amounted  to  about  $]00,Ouu. 

The  immense  demands  that  the  war  occasioned  up- 
on the  ship  yards  of  Wilmington  gave  full  emjdoy- 
ment  to  them,  and  the  heavy  and  urgent  requisitions 
of  the  government  were  met  with  a  corresponding  en- 
ergy of  production.  The  largest  orders  were  tilled  with 
a  promptness  and  fidelity  which  elicited  the  special 
thanks  of  the  departments  and  the  praise  of  the  officers 
to  whom  the  work  was  delivered.  Among  the  first 
vessels  sold  to  the  government,  of  tVilmington  manufac- 
ture, was  the  side-wheel  steamer  ■'  Delaware,''  built  by 
Messrs.  Harlan,  Hollingsworth  A:  Co.  This  enterpris- 
ing firm  built  some  of  the  most  historic  gunboats  and 
monitors  mentioned  in  our  naval  history.  Among 
them  may  be  mentioned  the  innnitor  "  Patapico," 
"  Saugus,"  "  Xapa  "  and  others. 

James  H.  Deputy,  ship-builder  at  Milford,  also  sold 
one  or  more  gunboats  to  tlu'  government.  The  United 
States  steamer"  Ming/'  w.is  luiilt  at  the  ship-yard 
of  D.  S.  Mershon.  ' 

Government  army  wagons  were  Imilt  for  tlie  gov- 
erment  by  Messrs.  Flagler  i\:  Woulmmi,  tent-pides 
were  made  by  Me'ssrs.  Wright  &  Allen,  and  Henry  S. 
]McComb  had  large  contracts  for  furnishing  knapsacks, 
slocks  and  other  army  aud  navy  supplies.  - 


iJolm  D.   Ik.ntcn.of  Wiln.in-tun, 

niimur.ictnre.l 

for  a   nlimher  of 

biiildtra  of  iruii  vcssi-Li  a  niujul  of  tlie 

it-.r,"  nut.le  out  of 

puro  golJ.     It  vv.is  2",  inches  li.n  j.  .o'  . 

HI.  ]i-i   lli.lc  ,111 

■1  1'-,  inches  deep. 

It  hill   a.    revDlvins  turret  with  gnu 

».    iSMluUe-pilJC 

,  h.iaucle,    ete.im- 

whistle,    nuiihliiory.  Ac.     The  m..chii 

■-■d  the  turret  ul-o 

phi\eJ  an  or-.m  with  fgurtL-eii  times. 

The  m.i.iel  CO 

St  seven   thousimd 

duliara,  iii,.i   was  presentea  to  Captui 

n  John  Erricsu 

iU,  the  inventor  of 

tbo  ••  Jlonitur." 

^The  r 1  men  of  C-hir  Neck,  S.i 

^-ex  County,  iu 

\M,-ust,    Is.;i,or- 

Governor  Burton  called  the  niembersof  the  (ieueral 

the  i;.',th  of  Xoveniiier,  Isi'd,  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
proper  .-letion  in  reference  to  thi'  cillection  and  pay- 
ment of  Delaware's  piirtion  of  the  assessment  levied 
by  Congress  upon  th.;  several  State*  (.f  the  Union  for 
war  purpo.ses.  The  (iovenior  in  his  message  to  this 
bodv  sahi  : 


Besides  appropriating  s74.osl,  the  direct  tax  appor- 
tionmentassessedupon  the  State  iiy  the  general  govern- 
ment, a  movement  was  made  at  this  session  to  pass  a 
bill,  providing  for  the  ultimate  abolition  of  slavery 
within  the  State.  The  scheme  was  based  upon  the 
payment  by  the  United  States  of  a  certain  sum  to  es- 
tablish a  fund  tiHvard-i  securing  full  and  fair  com- 
pensation to  the  owners.  It  was  not,  however,  suc- 
cessful." 

Delaware  Regiment  eiirly  in  1S03.  The  piitriotio  citizens  of  South  Mil- 
ford  nisod  ,1  kirge  polo  and  Hag  in  .\pvil,  imyl.  Si>eeches  wore  made  by 
Dr.  W.  0.  llavidsou  aud  I'iiarlesP.  Marten.  The  tidies  of  Delaware  City 
also  forwarded  many  c-tuiforts  aud  dvinties  to  the  Hick  and  wounded 
soldiers  iu  3Iay,  IstiJ.  The  Uuion  men  of  O^letown  niiscd  a  lar^e  tl.ig 
the  ilst  of  June,  1SI12.  The  meeting  was  addressed  by  S.  51.  Harring- 
ton, Jr. 

A  lar-e  and  eutlm^ia-tio  l"nion  meeting  wa^  held  at  Dover,  June  2t, 
1SB2,  which  was  a.ldr.-s-ed  by  Jlessra.  N.  li.  Siuitliers,  Edwin  Wilmer, 
Wm.  P.  Lord,  X.  li.  Ivuiglit,  James  U.  l.otland  aud  C.  II.  B.  Dav. 


■.siiLstic  meetin;;s  ever  held  at  3Iid- 

.  s.  White,  of  Philadeliihia,  X.  D. 
ud  Ivlward    Wilmer.       Resolutions 

:  at  Dover,  June  9,  ISO'S,  at  which 
Scovel,  of  Xew  .Fcrsoy  ;  lion.  David 
Henry  Winter  Davis,   of  Maryland  ; 


)  give  if  I  could  procur( 


rcidied  :    "  We  must  have 
this.     Judge  Fisber-s  ob- 


jpriated    to   public 


34i; 

Ul.STOllV  (U- 

1>KI,A\V 

AKI 

The  second  <e>,-inn  c,f  the  Thirl} 

,-eveiith  Con-re^s 

HI.  11 >r 

^tkI.'iI 

convened   at    \\'u:-hinu'to]i    on    the 

-d   ..t   Deeember, 

!.ha'nb!in''^ 

'■■Zl'. 

1861.     The  St.ite  WHS  rci>r',sLiited 

in    the    S,-nate  by 

Hun.  James  A.    Bayard   and    Wil 

Mr.  Si 

imiH 

the  House  hy  Hon.  Genr-e  I.  Fi-h 

er.     In  the-  .-enato, 

cel.tH.n 

of    1 

on    the   4th    of  I),  ,H.„,i„.r.  Mr.  S:;, 

received 

an.l 

lollou-in-j,.intr.,„,!utin„  pn, ,„,-,., 

-  a  conlVrence  for 

The   tl 

the    settlement  of  the    existing-    na 

.tional    difficulties. 

seventy-l 

live  1 

This  was  the  only  i  r..|i..sitiMi   in;u 

,ie    at    this    >e-,i.ui 

l^ill,  lor 

thr 

which    contempluted    u    piareliM 

adju-lnient    of  tlie 

.Ma^  :;d, 

eali 

difficulties  between    the    North    ai 

id   .--outh.      It    was 

thirty -lo 

publicly  dechireil  in  .South  (.'aiolin 

a  that  ■•  nu.re  was 

Congress 

1  of. 

to  be  feared  from  tin-  i.rn[.o.,i[i(m 

than   fr..m  all  the 

five   hun 

idrei 

armies  of  the  Xorth:" 

years  or 

diiri 

••  Wmkrevs  tl.e   pcllf   of  the  .<tM.  ,  of  \ 

ir-ini.i.    North   Carolina, 

The  er 

llisti 

.   f.,r  ll 

the  St, 


ee  vears. 


Ly  a 
isked  tl 
I  serve 


'1-*  ^vi 


of  C.  Uf 

',l:r2uu 

'::-' 

r.ted  ly  tlie  StRt.-s  M 

luresi 

■  ni.iintv) 

[i;ince   o!  tl. 

e   C. 

Ufirsaiii 

conference 

to  ( 

"  i.v-ui'-.ii,  Tliat  upon  tlie  appointment  of 
invit.^'1.  hy  paid  StatfS,  aud  upon  the  nieetini 
for  the  purpust)  of  conference  a3  aforesaid,  act 


Hi:  tliree  nicjuili.",  win 
imstances  aided  the  ei 


roved,  a 


It 

I    li,.iu.-aiM 

ment  and  i 
tereil  upon  with  frreat : 
probation  during  the  ( 
was  restricted.  .Many 
ment.  The  cause  of  the  Ui; 
general  stagnation  or  inactivity  pervaded  all  indus- 
trial pursuits,  anil  multitiules  were  partially  or 
wdiolly  unemployed,  and  the  wages  offered  to  the 
soldier  were  e.xtremely  liheral.  The  pay  offered  j/ri- 
vates  by  the  United  States  was  thirteen  dollars  per 
month,  and  a  bounty  of  one  hundred  acres  of  land  at 
the  close  of  the  w;ir.  In  addith.n,  many  of  tbe  States 
gave  to  each  marrie.l  eiti/,eii  volunteer  about  one  dol- 
lar per  week  for  his  wife,  and  in  proportion  for  each 
child  of  his  family  between  certain  ages.  "Where 
such  a  sum  was  not  given  to  the  family  of  the  privttte 
by  the  State,  it  was  in  numerous  instances  bestowed 
by  the  city  or  town  in  which  he  lived.  The  pay  of 
officers  was  on  an  equally  liberal  scale,  and  civilians 
in  profitable  social  positions,  as  well  as  those  in  no 
position,  aspired  in  the  rawest  state  to  obtain  the 
rank  of  officers.  Too  many  unworthy  persons  weie 
successful.  It  cost  the  government  millions,  and  re- 
quired the  efforts  of  all  the  military  skill  in  the 
country  to  bring  the  accumulated  mass  up  to  the  dis- 
cijiline  and  order  of  au  approved  army.  On  the  l>t 
of  December,  ISGl,  the  number  of  soldier* Delaware 
had  in  the  field  was  estimated  by  the  War  Deptirt- 
ment  at  two  thou-and. 

On  the  oth  of  August,  ISo:^,  (Jovenior  Burton  was 
notified  that  a  draft  of  three  huiulrcd  thousand  men 
would  immediately  be  called  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  to  >erve  for  nine  months,  unless  sooner 
discharged,  and  thtit  a  s[.eeial  draft  would  also  be 
made  to  till  the  .]iiota  lor  the  three  hundred  thousand 
volunteers,  which  ha.l  not  yet  been  supplied.  The 
State  having  no  provision  for  calling  out  the  militia, 
the  Governor  was  instructed  to  appoint  otlicers  to 
make  out  the  rolls  of  men  subject  to  the  draft  at  the 
expense  of  the  general  government.  Under  the  first 
call  the  quota  ©f  Delaware  was  one  thousand  seven 
hutulred  and  twenty  men,  and  a  like  number  under 
the  second,  making  a  total  ..f  three  tliou.sand  |..ur 
liuiidred  and  forty  iiieti.  Deducting  the  enrolliuei.t 
of  Colonel  Grimshaws  I'oiirlh  Kegiment,  aud  of  Ca[.- 
tain  field's  batterC,  at  that  time  foruiin^',  the  State 


THC  Cr\-IJ,  -WAR. 


347 


\v:H  called  oa  to  supply  two  tliousand  tuo  luiiu'reJ 
:iiiil  ninety  men.  Uiuler  tlie  exi^liiii;  .state  nt'  ailairs, 
thi-i  was  a  large  number  to  jilace  in  tlie  tklii  witLiiii 
llw  allotted  time,  tlie  dralt  liavin.-.:  been  or.lered  lor 
r^optember  1,  l.'!-(J2.  Tbc-  Governor  succeeded  in  ?e- 
eiiring  an  extension  of  time  until  tlie  2otli  of  Septem- 
ber, and  the  enrollment  of  men  was  pushed  with  all 
possible  db-pateh.  The  bounty  luiid  of  these  v.dun- 
terrs  was  increased  by  tlie  uit  of  t!i<'  I'hiladelidiia, 
WiUnington  and  Baltimoiv  Kailroa.i  Company,  which 
a|ipropriated  three  thousand  dolbirs  in  August,  LSiJ2, 
the  States  of  Pennsylvania  and  Mar\  land  receiving 
equal  amounts.  The  Levy  Court  of  Xew  Casfle 
County  was  urged  to  appropriate  titty  thousaml  dol- 
lars for  such  a  fund  by  one  of  the  largest  war  meet- 
ings ever  held  in  the  county.'  In  Wilmington  one 
hundred  property-holders  also  agreed  to  sign  bonds 
to  indemnify  the  City  Council  for  such  approjiria- 
tions  as  it  might  make,  not  exceeding  fifty  thousand 
dollars,  and  that  body  did  ajipropriate  twent_\-five 
thousand  dollars  on  the  12th  of  August,  lSo2,  to  en- 
courage enlistments.  Other  municipalities  in  the 
State  took  similar  action,  and  with  a  prospect  that 
the  State  would  pass  a  bill,  equalizing  the  counties, 
vohinteering  was  hurried  forward."  Having  a  pros- 
pect of  filling  the  quota  with  enlisted  men,  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  granted  the  Governor  a  further  exten- 
sion from  the  draft  until  October  15,  1SG2,  and  before 
the  expiration  of  that  time  the  quota  of  militia  had 
been  supplied,  and  the  draft  from  the  State  of  Dela- 
ware was  annulled  by  order  of  the  President. 

The  incursions  of  the  Confederates  into  Maryland 
caused  great  anxiety  at  Wilmington  for  the  salety  of 
the  city,  and  on  the  6th  of  September,  18(;2,  JIayor 
Gilpin  issued  a  proclamation  recomr.icnding  all  loyal 
citizens  to  unite  in  forming  companies  for  the  purpose 
of  defending  the  city  ag.iinst  attacks,  and  that  tbey 
should  devote  two  hours  eaeli  day  to  military  daty. 
Arms  were  to  be  furnished,  U|ion  ]iroper  applica- 
tion to  the  authontics  bavin,'  tlicni  in  charge.' 
Under  this  recomiueinlation,  the  "  iteno  Guards" 
were  at  once  formed  at  Pusey  &  Scott's  morocco 
factory.     P.  R.  Cummins  was  appointed  cai)ta1n. 

The  proximity  of  the  Du  Pont  I'owder  Works  and 
their  threatened  destruction  by  the  enemies  of  the 
Union,  were  matters  of  much  concern  to  the  people 
of  Wilmington.  A  sliar[)  lookout  for  suspicious 
characters  was  constantly  kept,  and  on  the  evening  of 
September  17,  1802,  information  was  privately 
re'  eived   by  Colonel  A.  II.  Grimshaw,  of  the   arrival 


in  Wiihiin-to-i  of  two  O.'nfc derate  spies,  and  a  close 
watch  was  kept  up.ji;  tbeii  moveaiL-nts.  They,  bow- 
tvjr,  ieft  the  ciiy.  wC  ivpaired  to  the  powder  works 
of  the  Mes-rs.  l';i  Ponr.  o:;  ihe  I5randywine,  for  the 
ostensible  purpose  of  obtainitig  a  plan  of  the  works 
and  its  approaches.  .i!.t  10. 00  p.m.,  on  the  same 
night.  Colonel  firit.-isbaw.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Tevis, 
Captain  Gist  .-.nd  Li,ii;enant  Toner  started  in  pur- 
suit antl  oveiLook  tliei.-  af  a  bouse  near  the  Rising 
Sui;  ta\ern,  and  made  I'lU'  arre-t.  Tiie  parties  proved 
to  beCiptain  WKecfe,  of  the  Confederate  army,  and 
b.:s  •■'iend  uanu'.i  Ryan.  They  at  first  .stoutly 
denied  the  ch.-.r^-u  airainst  them,  but  subsequently 
made  a  full  conl'easi.Mi  .ind  stated  tliey  were  direct 
from  Jleraphis,  Tennessee,  via  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Tliey  were  immediately  starched  and  large  sums  of 
money  were  fmnd  upr.n  them.  They  were  then 
conveyed  lo  Cauip  La  I'mit  and  kept  closely  guarded 
until  tho  li»lh  of  S.ptembcr,  when  they  were,  by 
order  of  tiie  S'.crelar\  of  \'i'.ir,  to  whom  the  facts 
were  repcrtcd,  sent  to  Fort  Ltl.iware. 

The  fi:nd  for  tiie  relief  of  the  families  of  enlisted 
men  was  liberally  maintained,  amounting  to  §10,051 
in  August,  1801  ;  and  from  November  of  that  year 
until  February,  1803,  relief  was  atlbrded  to  five  hun- 
dred and  forty-six  lamilies.  This  generous  support 
was  continued  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

The  First,  .Second  an.l  Third  Delaware  Regiments 
were  engaged  in  the  battles  in  Western  Maryland  in 
the  campaign  of  1802,  and  their  gallant  conduct  re- 
flected the  highest  credit  on  their  State.  The  battle 
of  Antiet.ini  was  the  first  engagement  in  which  some 
of  the  troops  fought,  and  they  displayed  the  gallantry 
of  veterans,  sufiering  severe  loss.  The  Second  Dela- 
ware Regiment  in  tiie  battle  of  Antietam  acted  with 
the  greatest  bravery  and  daring.  In  their  charge 
they  captured  the  colors  of  the  Sixteenth  Mississippi 
Confederate  Regiment.  The  loss  of  the  Second  Del- 
aware wa.s  seventy  killed  and  wounded  out  of  three 
hundred  and  fifty  men  taken  into  action.  The  bodies 
of  Captains  Watson  and  Rickards,  who  were  killed 
at  Antietam,  reached  Wilmington  September  27, 
1802,  and  were  laid  in  state  in  the  City  Hall  until 
they  were  borne  to  their  tiiial  resting-place  in  the  Wil- 
mington and  Brandywine  Cemetery.  The  procession 
w.as  one  of  the  most  imposing  that  ever  took  place  in 
the  city,  the  stores  and  bu-ine.>s  places  along  the 
route  of  march  being  cbised. 

The  First  and  Second  Delaware  Reirimeuts  took  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg. 
The  Fourth  Pa-giment  of  Delaware  V(dunteers  left 
Wilmington  fir  the  seat  of  war  on  November  10, 
1802.  Alter  the  battle  of  Antietam  the  First  Regi- 
ment was  stationed  at  Bolivar  ll.ights,  H.irper's 
Ferry,  and  then  i«iarili.-d  to  Falnioiitb.,  opposite 
Fredericksburg.  Va.  I'aptain  Neild's  battery  of  ar- 
tillery leil  A\'ilinin_'ton  for  Wa-hington  on  December 
20,  1,^02.  As  a  testimonial  of  tbc  apiireciation  of  his 
gallant  services  at  thr  battle  of  Antietam,  Colonel  J. 
^V.  Andrews,  of  the  I'lr.st  Regiment  L>elaware  A'olun- 


343 


niSTOlIY   OF  DKLA-^AJiK. 


teers.  was  proser 
June.  l.Si',:j,  .1  bea 
LieLitenant-Coliin 
liegimeiit,  by  hi 
Chancellor.sville, 


cd  Willi  a  h:in.ls,,i„e  sw.-rd.  la 
tilu!  swiird  was  also  pri'Sented  to 
1  t^triikor,  of  the  Second  Delaware 
oilicrrs.  In  the  enfragemeuts  at 
m    the    Happahannoek,  the    First 


and  Second  Regiments  lost  heavily. 

At  the  election.  November  2,  \^C)2,  William  Catujon, 
tlieUepiiblican  Union  candidate  from  Uridscville.  w;i3 
elected  by  a  small  majority  Governor  for  four  years. 
The  Secretary  of  State,  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
was  Nathaniel  B.  Sniitliers,  of  Dover.  Goveror 
Cannon  received  Sl.")5  votes,  and  Samuel  J.  JctTersoti, 
the  Democratic  candidate,  8044  votes.  For  Congress, 
William  Temple,  the  Democratic  candidate,  had 
80.51  votes,  and  was  elected;  the  Republican  Union 
candidate,  George  P.  Fisher,  having  only  SOU.  The 
Senate,  composed  of  nine  members,  had  five  Demo- 
crats and  four  Repuljlican  Union  members,  and  the 
House,  wdiich  had  twenty-one  memiiers,  had  fourteen 
Democrats  to  seven  Republican  Union. 

The  receipts  into  the  State  Trea-ury  for  the  year 
ending  .Tanuary  1,  lS6i.  were  $97, 810. -30,  and  the  ex- 
jienditures  for  the  same  period  were  i?76.414.04,  of 
which  S3S, 989.05  were  for  general  purposes,  and 
§37,428.99  for  education.  The  State  had  no  debt, but 
possessed  a  general  fund  of  8771,750,  and  a  school 
fund  of  $431,392.  The  census  valuation  of  the  State 
in  1860  was  84(3,242,181.  The  assessors'  valuation  in 
1802,  which  omitted  all  property  exempt  from  taxa- 
tion, was  §41,521,498.  The  total  taxes  of  the  State 
were  $121,121.30.  There  were  fourteen  banks  in  the 
State,  which  in  May,  1802,  had  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $1,915,010,  a  circulation  of  about  .81.00(1,000,  and 
$250,000  in  specie.  Small  as  is  the  territory  of  the 
State,  it  then  had  137  miles  of  railroad,  which  cost, 
for  road  and  equipment  84,312,129,  and  one  canal, 
the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware,  12.03  miles  in  length. 
There  were  290  public  schools  in  the  State.  In  1801, 
15,030  children  attended  the  schools,  which  were 
maintained  at  an  average  period  of  G.97  months. 
The  wdiole  amount  expended  for  school  purposes  was 
$85,333,03.  Of  this  sum,  833,359.49  was  derived  from 
the  school  fund  and  $53,485.08  was  raised  by  con- 
tribution, and  (jf  this,  837,731.80  (more  than  two- 
thirds)  was  raised  by  New  Castle  County.  The 
income  of  the  general  school  fund  is  distributed  to 
the  counties  according  to  tlieir  population  in  1830, 
and  the  income  of  the  United  States  surplus  fund 
equally  to  each  county.  By  this  arrangement,  in 
1SG2,  New  Castle  County,  which  had  54.7;'G  inhabit- 
ants, received  812,Si>7.3G,  and  Su.ssex  County,  which 
had  only  2'.i,G15  inhabitants,  received  812.nll,22. 

The  aggregate  manufactures  of  the  State  in  1802 
were  $9,920,000,  and  consisted  princijially  of  shipjiing 
flour  and  meal,  steam-engines  and  machinery,  railroad 
cars,  carriages,  lumber,  cotton  ami  wouIimi  gnod^.  and 
boots  and  sli'.ts.  The  ca^h  value  of  the  farms  of  the 
Stale  at  that  time  was  s:;i,42i;,:;.')7,  which,  taking  intr) 
account  the  small  amount  of  trrrit.iry  in  the  State, 
was  as  hiL'Ii  as  most  rif  the  other  States. 


la  l"Ot;  the  reo;.ieof  th(  St.ae  were  much  cx.^t, 
over  tiie  rcii.iicr  l,ot-.>eea  Gn\ernor  Cannon  and  \\,. 
"opposition,''  r,:  D.-mocraiic  K.jircsentativcs  in  t:.. 
Legislauire.  It  '.vas  brought  about  by  the  la-t  m.- 
snge  of  Govenv);-  B't;o.i  :■.:  the  Lcgi>Liture  belorc  h. 


r.preo-.loiitf-d  interferen 


dj  ,>„k 


The  persons  who  were  appointed  the  Governor  goes 
on  to  say,  were  mostly  of  low  character,  aud  unfit  for 
any  such  purpose.  The  message  also  condemned  the 
sending  of  the  troops  and  says  there  was  no  necessity 
for  it,  as  their  presence  was  to  preserve  the  peace,  and 
he  recommended  the  passage  of  an  act  to  prevent  the 
occurrsnce  of  such  things  in  the  future. 

The  first  of  these  two  subjects  acted  upon  by  the 
Senate  was  the  one  in  relation  to  troops  at  the  polls. 
On  the  7th  of  January  Dr.  Gove  Sauisbury  intro- 
duced the  following  joint  resolution  in  the  Senate  and 
moved  its  adoption: 

"  Re.i,ylte'l  ly  the  SenaU  and  Rome  kJ ReprneiitaUecs  in  General  Afsnu- 


This  resolution  wont  over  one  day  under  the  rule- 
The  resolution  came  up  the  next  day  and  the  blank  lo 
the  Senate  was  filled  liy  "three"  and  that  oftl; 
Plouseby  five.  The  House  the  same  day  concurred  ii 
theSenatcresolution,  as  did  the  Senatein  asimilarrts 
olution  passed  by  the  House.  Gove  Saulslmry,  Thonia 
C'ahall  and  AVilliam  Hitch  were  appointed  on  th 
part  of  the  Senate  and  James  Williams,  John  Slay 
William  B.  Stubbs,  William  D.  Waples  and  G.  W 
Horsey  on  the  [iTirtof  the  House. 

The  committee  met  <in  the  evening  of  the  adojitioi 
of  the  resolution  and  organized  by  electim:  Dr.  Sauls 
bury  chairiiiaii,  and  Mr.  Williams,  secretary  y;cf)  tr  in 
John  O.  Slay  was  -ub.-rqiiently  appointed  clerk  of  tin 
committee.     This  committte  was   in  sc^.iion  until  iln 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


ir.ih  of  Maruh,  .ina  cxaniiiir.l  one  liun.lre.l  and 
twenty  witJR-se.s,  an.l  Mil.i.,i;i,.l  a  n'iM.rt  f.  tlie  G>ii- 
cral  Assemlily,  comlermiini;  llo'  u-u  ni'  troops  aii.l 
:ioverely  arraifjiiiog  Goverridr  William  I'aniiou  and 
Gcortre  P.  Fi-ilier. 

In  the  mean  time.  Imwever.  Gov  mio,- Cannon  liad 
been  inaugurated  and  in  iiis  addre-s  ju-tilied  the 
presence  ot' the  troops.  ][c,-<aiil,  amou^' ntlier  tliinL-;, 
"that  there  were  apprehrii,i,.ii,s  ni  \iol,iu;i',"  and 
"  the  troops  were  phiced  uiuhT  llie  ccinu-id  of  i  iti/.en.s 
of  prudence  and  discretion  ;  "  that.  "  in  nocasodid  they 
interfere  with  tlie  exercise  of  the  right  of  sutlrage 
by  any  voter,  and  in  all  respects  their  presence  was 
salutary  in  securing  good  order  and  preventing  prob- 
able collision  among  our  own  people."  He  also  jus- 
tified the  arrest  of  citizens  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
for  disloyalty,  and  that  no  undue  violence  was  used. 

The  committee  reported  a  bill  on  the  10th  of  Feb- 
ruary, entitled  an  "  Act  to  Prevent  Illegal  Arrests." 
This  bill  made  it  unlawlul  to  arrest  any  white  person 
in  the  State  unless  upon  legal  proce^s  issued  by  some 
othcer  authorized  to  is-ue  process  by  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  or  this  State,  and  it  must  be  for  or  to 
prevent  a  breach  of  the  peace  or  commission  of  a 
crime  against  the  State  of  Delaware  or  the  United 
States;  such  person  was  to  be  taken  before  a  judicial 
office  and  to  be  released  unless  charged  upon  oath 
and  in  that  case  bailed,  if  the  case  be  bailable,  and 
no  such  person  was  to  be  taken  from  the  State  except 
upon  the  requisition  of  the  executive  of  some  other 
State,  unless  they  shall  belong  to  the  land  or  naval 
Service  of  the  Unitcil  States  ;  it  further  made  it  un- 
lawful to  make  an  affidavit  to  procure  the  arrest  of 
any  white  person  in  the  State  before  any  one  not 
authorized  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  .State 
of  Delaware  to  take  such  atTidavit,  or  to  procure  the  re- 
moval of  such  per-on  out  of  the  Slate.  This  bill 
passed  the  Senate  February  12th,  by  the  following 
vote: 

Yeas— Messrs.    Caliall, 
man  and  Mr.  Speaker. 

Nays— -Messrs.  BelviUe 
liamson — four. 

And  the  House,  February  21th,  by  the  vote  an- 
nexed : 

Yeas— Messrs.  Allen.  Daily,  P„-wIey,  Fisher.  Gootee, 
Horsey,  Raughley,  .^.ribner,  Siay,  .-tubbs,  Waples, 
Watson,  Williams  and  Mr.  Speaki  r — fourteen. 

Nays— Messrs.  Curtis,  Duncan,  Gemmill.  Hayes, 
liattomus  and  Paxson — six. 

The  same  day  Mr.  Williams  olTered  in  the  House 
the  following  joint  resolution  : 

■•  lF/.?r,<i,=,  The   Rovornnirnt  v{  tiK'  UnitM  aii.l  of  the  s.venil  Stitcs. 


Tiie  resolution  uas  adopted  by  the  House  by  the 
fnllowin-  Vnt<': 

Yeas— Mc-M-s.  Allen.  Bailev.  P.ewley,  Fisher,Gootee, 
Horsey,  Puiu-hlev,  .^.ril.ner,  .<lay,  Stubbs,  Waples, 
Watson,  Williams  and  Mr.  .-^iiijaker- fourteen. 

Nays — Messrs.  Curtis,  Duncan,  Gemmill,  Hayes, 
Lattomus  and  Paxson. 

On  February  2(;th  the  resolution  passed  the  Senate 
by  the  following  vote: 

Y'eas — Jlessrs.  (''aball.  Hitch,  Hickman.  Saulshury 
and  Mr.  Speaker — live. 

Xays— M.ssrs.  P.cllville,  Hooper  and  Tatum— 
three. 

The  Governor  had  no  veto  under  the  Constitution 
of  the  State  over  bills  passed  by  the  Legislature,  and 
therefore,  on  March  .'hI,  sent  the  following  special 
message  to  that  bodv  : 


'■  Tn  the  Hamlf  and  llouv  of  R'yreseiitatices  of  the  SI. 
"Til"  pnssrtge  by  the  GpnernI  Assembly  of  the 


irc/iS,  ISM.     / 
enf  Belamare  in  Gen- 


"The  pre,iinbl<>  of  the 


ilers  It  prnper  that  I  should 


Hitch.    Saulsbur^ 

.-,    Hick- 

ailh 

■  ilt.'J,       Tiirit    It 

erci 

.  tlio  power  to 
se.      Being    i„ci 

Tooper,  Tatum  a 

nd  Wil- 

the 

lawa.  ai.a    now 

e    of  1/ela 

uare.  or  any 

the  1 

^xig 

eDcy  ha.s  1 

liappened,  re- 

snspen,iol 

1,  i3  a  qn 

estionofccn- 

That 

ary  po«er  13 

no  do 

ubt. 

W  hwv, 

j.idB< 

■of 

the  neea. 

>ral  di 

itty 

of  the  en 

f.rcenient   of 

e  for 

the 

supi.re-si 

on  of   aini.-d 

r,.perl 

V  L. 

elong..  to 

the  naiiunal 

l;ar, 

J    it   as  vested   iu   the 

n.i. 

the 

hl„-hest   . 

luty  of  those 

•cLip.' 

>.     That 

■  odieial 


350                                                      IirSTOMY  OF  DRLAWABH. 

n..vr.rnm^nt  in  the  n,«inle™.n.-^  ..f    :t.  Ruthoritv.  I  «.ll.  V.   tb-  i«m«  mitte-  «Vrt  r"'-?Cn;/cl  to  bo'l,    Iloiic-..       In   tllO  11, ,1].,. 

tim...  t..  ll,e  ext-iil  ..,-  nu-  |,o«,.r   pT^.L.t    |..M,c|nl  ai,.|   k.^,,l  c.t,/..  :„.  ,;,,„,,,  |,, -|t^."     ,.,,,,    ....  ^      ,..  ,1      |,,        ,1,         ■     ,     ■     , 

">•  l;'"'! n  i.-i«,..Mj..  tiM,.,,  It  ,H  ,.1...  M.y  ,]Miy  to  i.,u..  cnr,  ,1...'.  ^ot.     In   lb"  S  fl  .1 1-  U.  it  li   •,•.■.■10  ica'l.     TliL"  in;ij..rrv 

OM  urZ,^u-Jir'r^"^,,'!t^"<"'''  '"'  "'"'"  ""'  """■'"  "'  '""''"  "^"'"  report  cmsui  '<i  ,l-  i  ;,,vt  rii-.r,  ;;;i.i  ,!cc!arL-.l  liim  Hal,;,. 

"Timt  ti„^n.  has  be,-,,  fr„„i  rb..  b.-i;„„,i„„-  ,,f  tb..  r.-i , iM.m  n  to,,-  ,r,  iinpeathinoiit  ;  tl  j  minority   rt-p.irt   r.MlHriiie,l  In- 

nnc- t.,  tb.;  bi«i,ii  a.i[i,nr,i;.v  uh,  i,.v.r  ;i  i,,i- .,ii|...riiu,i:..  sh,.,.;j<-c-  pn^i-ion.     O'Le  subj'j,;  t  lliRii   feused   to  interlL-re  with 

ciir.  I  h.iv,;  no  ib.iibt.    .<>i„|.,,ciiy  u,ti,  tb..  ,-..i,ihe,„  Mi^i-s  :„  .n~,ir-  th<'  (U'libenUions  <:i  ti;e  Li'gi.sbiturc. 

tliat  •■„  n,:,l.nry   .'t  ..n'r  cit,/.ii-,   il    l,.>t   In  all  .,.'ir  .•■anit,.'- .  at  ba.t  in  t'lCir  I'i.U;!!:    (if  «lll!Va;e,    V;.'»  bro:iLrllt     to    tllC    Illteiltidll 

Ihecorr'ctni'.s'7rin~"'-l','','','.'^r''!,,!bMvs*r!b^^  -^f  Uis   Uiiio-l  Stat.s   >..,..ite  l.\    benaiors  .Tallies   A. 

Ur^'of''»i^^'-i.,'".|  "'i'-"i'  '''n Ti',u  tlKr,.Xl  "wJn"  M^o^.  Havum  ai;d  <^'ir  u,l  .~:.;rs;,ury.     (Jii  the  Sth  of  D»- 

J-"^  cember,   Jlr.    --a  ill,ury  i.tlireil  tiie  following  resolu- 

t  th»  Ssrret^ry  cf  Wn.r  h^,  an.l  he  is  hereby  dire.-tej  tn 


j!  J!3-         !Mr.  !^,ii;lsl)ury,  in  calling  for  the  consiilerati 
t;i3  resolution,  sai,l  : 


nion.  the  .lib- r 

-William  Cannon."  a],v,     ■   , 

On  the  nth  of  March   he  issued  the  following  pro-     cr"ei"    !i,' 


fianiatioQ: 

Mr.  NVilson,  of  Massachusetts,  opposed  the  adop- 

' To  the  people  of  Uie  Stale  of  Ddmonre  : 

be  tl,inl  day  of  M,,rch  Tastant  I  inf.iiine.l  t 

,    the  General  A-sembly  on 

tion  of  the  resoluti,)n,  and  in  his  reply  in  urging  the 
rtso'.ution,  Mr.  Uayard  -said  : 

ssue   n,y  |,rudamati,.n  in  relation  t,)  the  : 

tct  entitled  <An  net  to  pre. 
Eiu  brielly  .et  turth  the  rea- 

"  I  alway.)  supp,is...l  that  the  great  i  aliie  of  this  Goyernment  consisted 
in  the  fact  that  it  aiTuMed,  beyond  all  other  (ioyernnients,  the  best  guar- 
dianship to  the  liberty  of  the  in,bvi,l,ial  citizen.  Sir.  what  is  the  slate 
of  tl.ili?.^  n.>wy  The  honorable  senator  f,-or,i  .Ma*-.i.  b„.,.ns  tells  us 
that,  -In  hi-;  opinion,  the  lioi.-niM.-nl  bale  lorb.a:,.-  ;  tb  a  -.un.'  n,i-t;,ke., 
mayhavj  been  made   in  niak,!,^-  aru-is   b,u  that    ib.-i  o„^.|,t  b.  Iu,vu 

':.:u.:^[uJ:..z.:JZ 

The.lo..t,..a   li--    :n    r  l"      ^:          .„:  .     ;...,■    ,t  i,,.    :,■•    :■     .,i    ,i,,.   ,,,i,,n 

nre  of  the  fctate  of  Delaware,  or  any  other  hunian  authority  \s  hat- 
Mr.  Suilsbiiry,   in  liirtluT  uiLMiig  the  a.lo[)tion  of 


I  further  enjoin  that  they  be  vigilant  in  detecting  any  conspiracy       ^i       ,.r,  ,. 


-t  him  tor       c^^m  Marylan,l.     When  I  w. 


On  the  same  day  the  House  adopted  a  joint  resolu-  "jjl^tunce  to°i'edBrai'authoi'iu^^       '  '^'  "" '"  '"'  '  '   '■''^■^'■''  "'i''  = 
tioii  relcrriii'' the  Governor's  iiie.-saLre  to  a  eoiiiniittee  ,,     ,-.  i  »■      i  11    i 

...  °  .  e    u      II  ,  ■    ,  Mr.  Bavard  hirther  added, — 

ot    three   on  the  part  ot  the   llou.se,  auil  two  ot  the 

J^cnate.     Messrs.  Williams,- Curtis  and  ^\■a[,le3  were  ^  "^'\'^Z'i^T-tJ-%.^-uw^\T!'iu7'u^'n    ^ 

a[ipuinted  on  the  part  of  the  Hou.se,  and  on  the  fol-  ri.-bt  t-.  .li-pense  «nb"tio   1  m  «i,i,  1,  r.  .iiu,  ,  tb.- f. -',.  .  t. .,-;..»  t.) 

lowin.icday  the  .Senate  concurred  111  the  i!,, use  resolu-  i'-'j-i'  '"  ."iv --a-.,  oi  j,,,!,.  ,ai  an.-i,    ii-  bi-  t  ano-d  iiiat  ri.;i,i : 

tioii  and  appointed  Messrs.  .-^aulsliury  ami  Tatlim  the  i,sih-a  a  1  r -.l.naation  wm.  1,  vim, ally  -oi.>..it,  ibis  i.m.  r„ii,.-Mt.  ,f  e 

coniiiiittee  on  the  part  of  the  Senate.     1)11  the  18th  of  "'•''"'"'"  praai.e;  b.,.,,,.e  .i,.-^  ^"^"■■''^■'  ^'\^''''[  "  •"'"' "'•'-'■'i  '"^ 

March  the  majority  and  minority  reports  of  the  com-  mai^iiais.  who  are  t..  ba»e  ib,.Tigbi,'in  .a.i.biion  to  tb.-ir  r,,,iiiaiy  .lun 


THE  CIVIL  WAI!. 


Proi.lcnt  t< 
iiii[iuNL>    tin: 


rre.iiU-[it  ol  th.; 


authurity  uf  the  F«<lt;r;il  Goveruuien[.'' 

The  resolution  was  finally  laid  on  the  table  by  a 
vote  of  twenty-nine  yeas  and  thirteen  nays. 

At  the  session  of  1862-63  of  the  Legislature, 
James  A.  Bayard  was  re-elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  for  the  term  of  six  years  from  March  4,  1863. 
The  vote  was  Bayard,  nineteen  ;  Bradford,  ten. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1S63,  President  Lincoln 
issued  a  proclamation  declaring  freedom  to  all  the 
slaves  in  the  insurrectionary  States,  exceplinj;  Ten- 
nessee, some  counties  in  Virginia  and  some  pari>hes 
in  Louisiana.  The  extent  nt'  the  "prratidii  uf  the 
proclamation  as  regards  the  institution  was  as  fol- 
lows: All  the  slaves  in  the  border  Slates  of  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  Kentucky,  Missouri  and  Tennessee 
were  exempted  from  its  scope,  and  remained  in  bond- 
age, as  before  under  the  State  laws.  The  gro>-s  num- 
ber which  the  proclamation  recognized  as  slaves 
was  832,259.  Gradual  emancipation  with  compensa- 
tion was  proposed  by  the  President,  and  rejected  in 
Delaware,  Maryland  and  Kentucky,  and  held  in  su.s- 
pense  in  Missouri  in  order  to  ascertain  the  action  of 
Congress  relative  to  an  appropriation  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  app'opriation  failed  to  pass  Congii.^-,  and 
the  subject  was  dropped. 

The  first  movement  to  secure  the  advantages  of 
the  proclamation  was  to  bring  the  colored  men  into 
the  field  as  soldiers.  For  this  purpose  the  Secretary 
of  War  is.sued  an  order  authorizing  the  Governor  of 
Massachusetts  to  raise  volunteer  coni[)auies  of  .-inil- 
lery  and  cmps  of  infantry  which  might  inclnde  per- 
sons of  African  descent.  Jn  .March,  1*^63,  ffLiieral 
Thoma.s'   was  sent  to  the  Jli.ssis'sippi    Valh-y  to  or- 


I'n 


lid     give 
tl  that    if 


the  enemy  should  srljor  enslave  any  miil- hecausi-  of 
his  color,'the  olleiis.^ -Imuld  1..  punished  by  retalia- 
tion Ujirm  the  enemy's  prisoiu  rs. 

On  October  26,  ISilo,  an  order  was  issued  by  the 
War  Deiiartmont  extending  the  enli-tmiiit  of  rolored 
troops  to  Delaware.  In  conformity  with  the  order, 
and  to  carry  the  same  into  ell'ect,  recruiting  stations 
Were  established  by  (governor  (!'annon  at  the  follow- 
ini:  places:  Wilmington,  in  New  Castle  County; 
Smyrna,  in  Kent  County  ;  Milf(;rd,  in  Kent  County; 
and  Georgetown,  in  Sussex  County.  Major  Lorin 
Barritt  was  designated  as  the  recruiting  officer  to 
conduct  the  enlistments. 

To  itispire  the  colored  men  to  enlist,  three  colored 
companies  were  sent  from  Philadelphia,  and  distri- 
buted throughout  the  State. 

In  the  latter  part  of  June.  isr,3,  the  people  were 
again  thrown  into  a  feverish  state  of  excitement  by  the 
news  that  the  Confederate  movement  north  would  be 
through  Delaware,  and  that  Philadelphia  was  the  ob- 
jective point  of  the  enemy.  Wilmingt(m  was  especi- 
ally concerned  in  this  movement,  and  Mayor  Gilpin, 
realizing  the  situation,  issued  the  following  stirring 
appeal  on  the  30ch  of  June,  1863  : 


Gov.  Cannon  was  equally  jirompt  in  comprehend- 
ing the  situation  and  in  urging  every  etlbrt  to  main- 
lain  the  honor  of  the  State  and  to  repel  the  invading 
foe,  if  he  should  enter  upon  the  soil  of  Delaware. 
July  1,  1863,  he  issued  the  following  proclamation  : 

"  A  dcsiit-rate  enemy  lias  invadoJ  the  in-i;:hburiie,'  States  ,.f  Marvland 
and  I'enusylvania.  The  Philadflphia,  Wiliiiingtun  and  llaltimure 
llailroa.l,  tlie  main  reliance  of  the  Covi-rnnient  f..r  the  transport^itiou 
Ironi  the  North  uf  men  aud  munitions  of  war,  is  menaced,  not  only  by 


352 


iiis70i;y  of  Dl:la^\ 


serve   tl 
ma,ic  at 

an,i   :e.„ 
Ivirlvoi 


•s   tlie  1'. 


till  the  flfl.tj  sH'.-i.r  thfir  l,in,i 
"May  Gu.lliuve   tln-iii  in  l,,8 
acta  of  charit.v  aud  Jtity." 

On  the  3(1  of  July  G. 
ing   proclauuition,  phic 


Mick  issue.l  ihe  ful, 
;   .State    under  mai 


s!>eLii;l  Ir 
Harr;,;gLr, 
Sr:;tei,oar 
diitv  ;u  th 
lit  much  iv 
brin'ijiii;^  u]i 
of  wilOLl  w;v 
mington  a  w 


li'jJ    to  the: 

N'..llsi.;U.lu. 


Jli'ort 


ou. 


proiluu 


'  HEiDiH'iEIEBS    3Il 


jiuniitteeot  one  liuudred 


At  the  same  time  the  following  order  was  promul 
gated  : 

"  UE.vcQi-.uiTEr.s  Middle  D.■p^RI^,E^T 

'•KlGlirH  AEJIVl-.iRRs.   ( 
"  BALTIMoaE,  Md.,  July  J,  1,,,, 

n,:„^l,!J'IL':"   .     ',''  ,^\?;^'-''  ■■<'''''™'  ''°'»  th«,on. 


lis  Uuadiiuarters  will  be  establislied  a 
■"By  Corrimiind 


;tbec 


FWi 


Mate  from 


"W.  H.Ci.E.EtKoinr.  A.  A.  G'  

On  the  11th  of  July,  lSi;4,  the  Govern, 
constrained  to  issue  a  call  to  relieve  tht 
an  emergency  in  which  it  wa.s  placed  bv  the  threatou- 
mg  movements  of  the  enemy.  It  was  feared  that  the 
railway  communication  to  Baltimore  would  be  cut  olf 
either  by  external  foes  or  bv  those  who  sou.^ht 
secretly  to  abet  the  enemy.     The  call  was  for  men'to 


v:,rd;.ot  three  huiidred  men.  at  the  h.;ui 
i  Govovnor   Cannon    himself       At    Wii- 
:ir-n;eeting  was  called  after  the  religious 
Ibe  forenoon,   Mayor  Turner  presidins. 
itizens   was   appointed 
to  raise  a  fund  to  pay   volunteers,  which  committee 
.     agieed  to  hoi.l  itself  responsible  for  the  pay  of  five 
_     hundred  nieo  ii.r  the  term  of  one  month.     It  was  de- 
.      cided  that  ea.-h  man  should  receive  thirty-four  dollars 
esclusive  of  che  government  pay  and  rations.      Ee- 
cnut:ug  oflices  were  opened  and  the  work  of  enrolling 
men   immediately  begun.     In   the    evening   Captain 
Hugh  Stirling's  company  arrived   from    Du   Pout's, 
which  was  equipped  and  mustered  into  the  servicJ 
and  by  nine  o'clock  was  awaiting  transportation.    On 
Monday  night  Captain  Crossh-y's,  Captain  Gawthrops 
and  Captain    Henry's   companies  were  conveved  to 
Pevryville,  Captain  Rice's  and  Captain  Perry's  com- 
panies remaining  at  Wilmington.      The  excitement 
continued   and   remained   unabated,   so    that  Mayor 
Tuuier  felt  called  on  to  issue  a  proclamation,   on  the 
13ch,  urging  the  citizens  "  to  suspend  their  ordinary 
avocations,  close  their  places  of  business  and  oraauize 
in  the  most  effective  manner  for  the  defense  of  the 
government  and  the  homes  threatened   by  rebel   in- 
vaders."    Fortunately,  the  presence  of  a  large  bodv  of 
armed  men  assured  the  people,  and  before  the  close  of 
the  week  the   ferment   of  excitement  had  subsided, 
business   was   resumed   and    the   recruiting   stations 
were   closed.       Thenceforth    most  of  the  periods  of 
excitement  were  those  of  joy  occasioned  bv  the  suc- 
cess of  the   Union  forces. 

When  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Gettvaburg  was 
known,  on  July  ,3th,  the  Ladies'  Aid  Society  of°L)eIa- 
ware  sent  a  de[mtation  of  twent.v-one  men  to  the 
battle-field  with  bandages,  lint,  d'othing  and  other 
supplies  for  the  wounded  soldiers  of  the  Delaware 
regiments.  The  remains  of  Lieutenant  William 
Smith,  of  the  First  Delaware  Regiment,  who  w,,- 
kilied  at  Gettysburg,  arrived  at  ^ViImington  on  the 
loth  of  July,  and  after  layinj  in  state'at  the  City 
Hall  wereburietl  with  military  hnnnrs.  The  remiin's 
of  Captain  M.  \v'  B.  i;ili_',„,d;  of  the  -'luie  reL-ini"ent^ 

interment  in  Geor-etMun,  Delaware,  on  Julv  17tli. 

On  the  17th  and  l.Sch  of  Xovember  the  Fir-t, 
Second,   Third    and  ^-'ourth   Regiments  of  lufantrv. 


THE  CIVIL  WAR.  353 

First  Dehuvari- BattcTv  and    Fir^t  D>4awar.>   Cavalry  "I.  Thrit  all  ,.rnro,t  mr^r,l,.al,  .m  oth^  mint  ,ry  om.-r,  .1.  pr..«nt 

arrived    in    WihuiriLj-ton    a.i.l   wre   .11,!kuw,m1,    their  !!!  u  p'^^ra^"!!,!;',;' X^'-nJ^rlrby'lL 

leriii  ofeiilislment  liaviii'i  ex|.ireil.'  "'■'•  ll"  Ti,','t  >ii    r  .v  .  t  ,„  .r.i,->i-  in  I  oih^.r  nnht  .rr  ..m-  ■■■■.  c.m.nuvl- 

Durinjr  the  perilous  ami  uiisettle'l    periiMl  throUL'h  ,,  ,■  m  i>  '  lu  ,r..  ah  iii  Miip  .u  Hm  ,„  i^  ..  ,,t  ,.|.  ,1,,, , ,.(,  th..  1  i-.ii  ,.r 

]>o>ilion  to  enter  the  serviee  of  tiie  euuiiiry  vol  mi  tar-  ',,, .  j.r,„,,iii  tii-u  i,.'  h'ii..i  i.v  ii  ..r  .1 ...r  ■,.iii,it  his  ;-.ii^;;iaiic-''t.,  the 

ily  than   the   preceding  year,  and    it     soun     lieranie  la.i.i  m,,!,,.  «ii„h.Mth  -ii  .;i  i,- m  n,..  r.ii,.uui-  i..rm  ^im.i  tfrmsi: 

up  tlle  quota.     T!li-  ailll^'Unreinoilt  inlellsjlied  the  ex-  w1i-iIht  cLim^slK- ..r  f..rri_'iK  tli.it  I  li.n-l.>  i.l-l_-  mv  ;,n.-_-i;ui.  ..^I,,i[li 

eitenieiit   whieli     prevailed     in    .Inly,    1>'-;.   and   the  c"',,vi^|/,V,ll  nr  s'liui'l"'K"l'.?nuT  t!!'\TM''cwm',^ 

State  was  in  a  condition  (d' ternieiit  greater   tlian  at  i>mI1  utali  lim.^  .m.i.  a  ii.-arty  .iiri  «,iinu' "!.■  a-i"-.- 1„  ti,..^M.:.j 

any   other    period    during  the  war.     The  draft  was  any'^^,  (!f  |,',js,,iily  ,,, ',ir-  .iinw,  .-nh.r  i.y  t.ikin-  up  ;uin^  .-.uamst 

ordered    10    take    place    at    .'^niyrna.    .VoL'U^t     12,   1M13,  them,  ur  :ii.liii-  or   iilictliir,-,  ,.r  (■..■mlenan.-inir  tlu.-e  i.i  anm  :i'.;.i:n^c 

and  iti  proceedinirs  were  watched  with  anxious  in-  „',  i.'.mmmiii  ..li.'h  .ii...  t!ir  inii:rrt.  wiiii  tijo  Vt.nvf  in  inaiirreL-th>n 

terest.       The    ipiota    demanded    one    thousand    six  .i_  mim  i!i.  i  r.n.  a -lu. -,   r  wni,  .  iiii^r -.t  Oi-m.  ..r  wuii  any  piT-on 

hundred  and  thirty -six   men,  and   as  filty  percent.  ','i'^i,'jr,i'.'p,.,Vni'>-''ir,!- .i'""l''r.ui'i'b^^^^^^^^^ 

more  were  drawn,  there  was  a  total  draft  of  two  thou-  'i in-"  i  .1h  m  ^„n.\  r.uth,  « .tu  mil  afternmiati -n,  pie  11-.;  aiui  pnri.us^  w 

sand  four  hundred  and  fifty-four  men.     These   were  e.|-.',I'j.'iMti"lHue\°"'''  ' ''"'^"'"'''" "'    ""  '"'•''""■"'' 

allowed  to  commute  at  the  rate  of  three  humlred    dol-  ••  111    I'rovnst  marsliah  an.l  otU<T   military  olliccrs   are   dircctwl  to 

lars  per  man.     At  this  time  Edwin 'Wilmer   was  the  "n'.^'^rVvTi^'unt'^thu'Mr^'/' ^ 

provost-marshal;   Leonard  E.  Wales,  commissioner;  ma.i.' on  the  jrnuind  . 

and  Lawrence  JI.  Cahall.  surgeon.  Drafted  men  were  rf"=« 'o  "aiare  t  .e 

warned    not    to  leave    the    State    under  penalty  of  '-M^joE-GEN-ERiLFi-HEv.-i;. 

arrest  andconfinement  in  Fort  Delaware  as  deserters,  Cc'mTai"'  ^"''"'"""■'■"'  i-i«"t._.nant-Ooloi,oi  ana.^,sistant  Adj.uant- 

aiid  both   the  civil    and   military    authorities    were  -k.  l.  Ti-lee.  Aiiic-ie-Carop" 

charged  with  the  execution  of  General  Order  Xo.  O,  Governor  Cannon,  at  the  same  time,  issued  the  fol- 

issued    by  General  Tyler,  August  13,   1863.     Relief  lowing  appeal  to  the  people  ; 

was  afforded  to  some  of  the  drafted  men  by  means  of  "Stat^  -i  r  ■>■.■-.•  r- -  r-:  ~  n^^vp.TMFNT,  1 

the  bonus   raised   lor  this  jjurpo^e,   but   its   exaction  ^                                     ,     '          ^'      '            "  , ,.    .iti   L 

was  severely  felt  and  gave  the  [leople  a  keen    taste  of  the  ai.ovo  niilitari- r.r.i  1-  1        ;  :,     .        ;  ,1.1  ..  ,   ^  _.iierai  of  tho 

the  merciless  deinan.ls  of  \^ar.  'li'Wi"  Dopartmem.  a:,.i  r .  ,.».  ....  i.....i.a  ...  ■ ;  :  ;:.-  p.  .per  «turce- 

William  Temple,  who  hail  been  elected  to  Congress  ""'"  "     "  ^"'"°'          "  Willi.- >iC.vs.voy,  Governor  of  D.huvare." 

in   November,   ISGl',    died  at  Smyrna,  Delaware,  on  q^  ^^^  „g,.j  ,),,.^,  jjjg  loHowiiig  order  was  issued  by 

J[ay  28,  18G3,  aged  tifty-two  years.^     On  October  7th,  jj^^,  ge,j,,ral  iu  command  of  the   Delaware  District  or 

Nathaniel  B.  Smithei^,  Secretary  of  State,  w.as  nomi-  Department : 

nated  to  fill    the  vacancy  by  the  friends  of  the  ad-  "iyfuemi  o.f.T!  .v..  14. 

ministration.      The    opposition     nominated    Charles  •■  in  st  ,1  . 1 -i  :,  ,  !■  ■  ■  - -m  rii    .^  1  i-nt,  ^ 

Brown.  •  Tho  enforcement  of  o  .,    ;      .m..     N          -i          ,■        .     ::    ,     niir- 

The  day  of  election   was    November  19th.   On  the  t.-r,  .Mi.i.ile  Hep.irtn.ent.  n      ■,.'-,■..  .■          m                 >  -   ..i.i;, 

13th  of  November,  General  S.lienck.  in  command  of  ^^InH'l^h"  ^■o,.;';;';iu:.4,;«n::;:''"'''^  """ '  ' " '"' " 

the  Middle  Depanment  of  the    United   States,  issued  .   '^The  objects  of  this  onLar,  as  construe.!  by  tl,o  General  coD.man.l- 

the  following  general  order  :  '"^L 't.',  ..--nre  t..  .^v.^rv  loyal  citizen  the  riglit  to  vote  as  he  pleases. 

"  Geuernl  Or,ier,So.M.                         '  '•  1  I      1       ;:    ■      i 

"nEADQllRTF.KS  JIlDPLE  Df.P.IRT.MEXT,  Kl,;..mi  AllMV  CoUPl,  \  J'.".',     '  .    _  '  "  '     - ^    "'    "'," 

*^^^^'^'"^^"         ■  '  "\',"' "^                                       '  ■  -i     I   1  i.    ,1  I  I;     1^  will  lie  issued  to  the  officers  in  cnmmanti  of  de- 

"'''*■''■            ,-■=,.    I     ..   _.  t.i  l.i'.' i.i'  «1,;>  1.  \v  iIM'.' ilnpiicirly  obeyed,  an.l  for  the  eulurceineut  ol 

'"     ''                                                                .1.1,                         in-  uhi' ll  .-very  o  lii.er  will  le  belli  stricllv  responsible. 

,""■'/'                         '      '            -..■■•        -   ...■■lit  "Byorilerof 

jV'                        ■""'      ',    ''       I              ',     '                i'      "'-'"'        "  '•BRICADIER-GESEitAL   TVLEE. 

.i.HhMmTi'  l."Virt.jl"ril'.l'  til  ir'ln  '''•.'■'■  io'  eV  rn'.t   to't  ito  ".Vr-  In'or  ''  ^"  '"  '''■'"■■^''>  -*<:''n"  -^sai-taot  .^.tjiitaut-Ucn- rat." 

eniiirnss  the. "peciai  election  in  thiit  Slate.    It  is  thereiore  or.i  red :  On  the  next  day   the  following  Order  Containing 

Tn,„,ni.ers Iprivafsof  the  Riurth    D..laware  Volunteers  be^.re  i'l^tn'^^tion^  "•='«  '--•-"e'^  ■ 

di-'.indin-  presenlc.l  i:..l.  r.rii!i>lia\v.  tli.-ir  c..iiiin.iii.ler.  witli  ii  -pl.iidii  ■'  111  :i  i>  ;i  .MiTFKS  DtsTr.i.  T  or  DruvrtRr,                         } 

8W..P1.     A  number  of  the  I.. .ii.s. ml   i;eiiil..ni -n  of  Wil,iiii,_-t..n    -ive  .i  "  MinoLF  Df  pm;I-.'!:mt.  W.L>n\.-.Tov,  Del  .  N.iv.-nib.-r  1.7.  Iff.:'..       I 


from    that  ontsi.le   violenee   ^vliich    hag 
lio   State,  prevented  loyal  and  peaceable 


35-i  iii.-;touy  of  pklam: 


On  the  17th  of  NmcnihtT  a  publii;  meeting  of  the  'm 

oppositiim  wiis  held  .it  New  Castle,  at  whirli  ■^.  roso-  ''' 

lution  was  passed,   "  that  the  following  addrees  be  is-  jir 
sued  to  the  Democrats  of  the  countv." 


"  New  C<6TI  r,  PELnvARE.  Ncnvnil.er  IV.  l?o3. 

uiy  StaC...  „o.|  -u:y_.\  Mo  r..  o.,l,l    ,, If  rl're  election.      I   believe.  ,„  la 

"  To  the  Democrat  of  .V.  i.™.;;.-  0;„,ty.  btUir.re: 

"Thf  UTi.l,r-i-neJ,  tiHi,".  .M!i.-  v„t.  I.  ,  f  \.»ca«ll.- Countv,  r.  mi-:,-a: 

lh.it  pla.-e,  tl,.r..  «,<-    ■;  ImM     ,.  r,  nr  ■!    nv-n-lhiii.- fuith.-r  IhaiM 

"  Tlmt  »l  III.  li-.ir.  r.i  .  M  ,P  C..nvfMli..n  liulJ  at  Duve'.  tHpt<nih-r  iS, 

1863.  tu  -.u  ii,,„,,i..  ,,  >  ,„.,,.,  >i.    r.,  till  the  Mlicc  of  Iiel.rr6.M.t,it.vi.  in  C-.D- 

imirr.lltli   P     "hl',',"|l      „',',,!„,  ,|'"|     v   ;l!'  -Ill,'    :'l|.,''that'wll'.Te''| 

grt.-8.  ni;.J.   >    .  11  I   U   ;l  .      ,  ,ih  uf  thu  Iln.i.  WJlliHin  Ten.pls.  the  Coii- 

Mire  ,>.^u;.n    -  .|.|:r.i ..  u,i,  ,  ■    ,.,li,    ,,,,1     l,.u  ptfr.  I  ln-ie  "  in  not  SI 

Tei,ti..u    iHii.ni.i,.  u-l>    .,   n.K.t.J    the    lien.   Clwrks   !Jro«n,  of  C,.\3r 

era  ly  s  ■  liir  -ii  «i.  :.;:    In...   a,  .,1  ..|h.T  |  l.i.  e-.     Hot.  sir,  where  M 

since  tljc'a.lji.iirnniMit  of  llw  ..id  Ooiiv.-ntiun  the  CHiiv.isa  La's  duly  udiS 

cniniitted  op  .n  otu  ciii/  n>     I  ».'iTit  i..  know-auo  that  is  rheohje 

quietly  prrceeilfd  with  evpry  r.iifoniible  iivospvct  for  tho  success  of  our 

this  resolution— '.vhl.i  u.  i  >  tio-    i.m.ois  for  the  seliUiiig  of  these 

candidate,  all  of  «l,klj  Ian,  ai.-  uf  |.iiMk  "kim  iv  l^.l.--. 

in.'o  the  Stat.)  of  Del  lual.-,  what  :  •  pi  ■  teut.itlons  have  heen  made  tt 

-Tooor:,-'    ,.,    i  :n    ,  t    .:    ':■  .       ;.  ;,          ■■■  ;    v       .;.    !■  ."   :  ,:     .' I  y  ;1  r  Cblic 

Icneral  Uoterunent." 

military    ,  •:                             '   '-    .   :       ■  ■-    ■        i         ,    ■.,  ,«.,  to 

VIS   on    tL..    1:         :    :  , 1      ■„;   l.oul 

Jilr.  Bayard,  of  DelawarL-,  said  : 

riKlit»  c'f  II 1.     1.     .  .1..    -■        .      !■                :     :          ,1     th.irowa 

eleciioiia.  a;/.!    io.,kv  ,io.J  j.i.  -   ,   '                            ■     i  -    i  .[■  \,.t,i^  at  ihe 

'•:  '■ope  the  r.-soliition  will  he  a  Inpt-.I.     I  do  not  desire  to  Jelnt 

en:*liinj;  special  .Ili-iioii  on  111                                         .  :  ■  ii  .;tti.-rly  sulivcrted. 

bu:  I  djsir'  the  inlonnation.     I  think  we  are  enlilhd  toil.    That 

and  n^-w  qualilicaiions  au.l  t^    -.  .,       ,                   >   the  Cnstituliou  of 

" 'lit  of  the  United  States  hdvin-  sent  into  the  f  tate  of  Pelaw 

the  Cnited  Slater,  and  couii.iiv  !     i:          .                 i  ;.vd  laws  of  the  S'ato 

un.;cr  the  com  maud  of  a  ULijor-genenil  of  the  army  of  the  United  .-li 

of  Delaware,  llupo„>d  upon  linr  ,1,  „.  1  ..   :,       •,->   ,    w.-r. 
'•\Mlhll.e»evrralau.l  collp.-li>.-  kmoi;.            n  ;   :    1  .  ;    :   the  n^dor- 

some  th}ee  th„usaud  troops,  nn  the  day  before  the  election,  and 

triLu'.ed  them  throu^ihout  the  State— a  state  which  has  at  no  time  w 

Bigned.lliey  utterly  deny  the  exi-f-iice«;:                 ■                ■   .  r  .u  any 

eier.  either  hy  her  position,  her  rourse  of  conduct,  or  the  action  of 

past  time,  of  a--<cialions  or  iiid.vi-la.l.    ;.             ■              .,M,Hof:h. 

people,  oflered  any  resislaiice  to  the  authoritv  of  the  Uuited  State- 

govenm.ent  of  th..  V,y.\,.\  Slali  s  ai.dot  ii-  r    ,.;    ,  •  ,  ,,     ,,  i  1  ,w,;  and 

h.ivt  a  riKht  to  know  the  rea.-Miis    f.i   -iirh  acti"ns.      It  may  he. 

COUHderni-  Up    -,.,:,:     ,,,.,,,.,,r     :   .  V,  !,  ,',   tl..-unanthoi,/ed   n-cot'hi- 

prohiihly  it  will  he  shown,  lliit  -   i  ,    .r  .  !,■  -.v.  „  ,  ,-i,,.ns.  in  the  hei 

tho  polls— tlo 


held,  and -I     .                   i-i.    ■:      ;,.:■,,      -    , l  ti,.laware  in  that  "•'■■■':  I  W'"'  '"  l;n""-»"i"d  -iiahlei  any  exl^lillt-  .\dniinisliation  to              | 

behalf  and  controlled  l,y  a  p,  weriiukimw,,  o,  the  L.oi-tiliition  and  l.iws  i^t,  ^ll'it  haVXTo '■'■  o  ,  '•",  '■''•"'  l'  '-'''''xhrwo    I'l'trhe  ell'-t  ^f             I 

The  address  was  signed  by  a  consideraljle  number  tosee  wheiheitioi-  u  i- mv  j,:. in..,,;,, .n  for  tins  action,    itisuoi.as           \ 

of  citizens.     The  rer.ult  of  this  address  was  that  the  |n^,!lry'i^du-r."div'd.r!Niio.r.''-3m^                                                   \ 

opposition  or  Democrats  declined  to  vote,  and  on    the  evidence  for  the  purpo-e  of  suhjectm';  them  to  judicial  imiulry."                          I 

day  of  election  Mr.  Sniitheis  received  S220  votes,  and  The  resolution  was  finally  referred  to  the  Commit-           ? 

Mr.  Brown,  13.                                                 •  tee  on    Military   Allairs,   which   w.as    the   last  he.ird            t 

In  the  United  States  Senate,  on  the  i!ilil  of  Decern-  of  it.                                                                                                | 

ber,  1863,  Mr.  Saulsbury  ottered  the  following  reso-  On  the  ISth  of  December,  1SG3,  the  resolution  in-           ^ 

lution:  troduced   in   the   United   States   Senate   by   Charles           \ 

rwariie.nndisi,ereindirecti.dtoin-  Sumner,  requiring  the  "iron-clad  oath"  to  be  taken            •, 

Idler,  »,re  ...-nt  int..  th-M.ite.f  11,1;,-  ,([,,]  subscribed  by  every  Senator  in  the  Senate  lietV'te 

"of  t'he':en'et'ai\'u-rii!',n  in  ^at"  jtat.;  ani'''if ',.."  irvwi,' -  .^^^^^  entering  Upon  his  duties,  was   taken    lip.      When   ibis 

u  11,  .  %'  A  r    -  It.  how  maiiy  to  ■  ach  ..r,uch  places,  tin- names  of  the  '''  '''='  Country's  Service,  he  fi.'lt  it  as  an  in-ult  and  an 

-I"'               I  .iM.s6.ut.  ihenaniesofihe.,iiicer.  couiman.iiugsuch  outrage.     At  the  previous  se.-.sion  of  CoiiLTess  he  ap- 

-:        I-              ;:  ;  .ni.s;  and  whetlor  anv,  and,  if  fo,  h..w  manvpro-  ,     .          ,         .,                          ,        ,                      .'.,            . 

,.,;,,.,.!,,,,. r  have  heeti  app-.inted'.  and  at  what  places  in  said  PCtTCd    in    the    beiiatC,    tOOk    the    constitutional    Oath 

ate.  with  ii..,rn,.n..s.  ti.ei».,-in.,f.,„y,  furtiieirapp..iiitni.iit.  an.i  ami  entered  up.ju   liis  ilutifS  as  a  Senator.     On   t!ie 

rp:"Kr"and'orT,Vi'!i''i".'  ii.'p'.r'iii'.eVt'Jeiairg  irthe'lecdmg  ,  f^  1'"''  " ''  Jantiiirv?  in  a  s|,cecli  of  -ixat  force  and  pow.r, 

ildiers  into  said  Sta  e.-  this   eminmt   ,.t.ite.-mau    proved    that    t!ie    oath    u.is 

In  support  of  his  resolution,  Mr.  Saulsbury  said  :  unconstitutional.     lie  .-aid:                                                         \