IS* ^
HISTORY OF EUROPE
FROM THE
COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
IN M.DCC.LXXXIX.
TO THE RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS
IN M.DCCC.XV.
BY ARCHIBALD ALISON, F.R.S.
ADVOCATE.
VOLUME THE TWENTIETH.
SEVENTH EDITION.
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS,
EDINBURGH AND LONDON.
M.DCCC.XLVIIL
30?
V/.20
miNTBD BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBURGH.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XX.
CHAPTER XCV.
SKCOND RESTORATION OF LOUIS, AND DEATH OP NAPOLEON.
Page
§ 1. Flight of Napoleon, and his arrival at Paris, 1
2. Consternation in the Chambers, ---...--2
3. Vehemence of Lafayette and the Republicans against the Emperor, - 3
4. Measures to force the Emperor to abdicate, ib.
5. Vigorous efforts of Wellington to prevent pillage, ----- 5
6. Rapid advance of the English and Prussians towards Paris, ... 6
7. Energetic announcement of the public danger by Ney to the Chambers, ib.
8. Stormy scene in the Chamber of Peers, -------7
9. Attempts to defend Paris. Their failure, ...... 8
10. Movements of the Allies which lead to its capitulation, - ib.
11. Universal transports at those events in Great Britain, .... 9
12. Entry of the English and Prussians into the French capital, 11
13. And of Louis XVIII., 12
14. Melancholy condition of Paris after the Restoration, 13
15. The bridge of Jena is saved by Wellington, ------ ib.
16'. Journey of Napoleon to Rochefort. He delivers himself up to the Eng-
lish, 14
17. Removal of Napoleon to St Helena, --...-.15
18. Restoration of the works of art from the museum of the Louvre, - - 17
19. Good effect of this breaking up of the museum, and dignified abstinence
from pillage by the Allied sovereigns, ib.
20. Immense extent of French pillage of objects of art under Napoleon, - 18
21. Enormous extent of their requisitions in money and kind, 19
22. Immense forces of the Allies, which poured into France in July and
August, 20
23. Excessive demands of the Allied powers, 21
24. Terms of the treaty, 22
25. Review of the British troops in the plain of St Denis, - ... 23
11 CONTENTS.
Page
§ 26. Great review of the Russians on the plains of Vertus, ... - 23
27. Trial and execution of Labedoyere and Ney, and condemnation and escape
ofLavalette, 24
28. Particulars of Ney's arrest, ........ 25
29. Preliminary proceedings before he is brought to trial, .... 26
30. Unsuccessful application to the Duke of Wellington, - "w - * *'&•
31. His heroic death, --' 27
32. Reflections on this event, 28
33. It was unjustifiable on the part of the French government, 29
34. Reflections on the Duke of Wellington's conduct in this affair, > - to.
35. Opinion of the Author on the subject, ..--.--30
36. Seizure and execution of Murat, ib.
37. Extraordinary difficulties which beset the government of the Restoration, 31
38. Great increase in them from the victory of Waterloo, .... 33
39. Extraordinary losses of France under the Empire, ----- 34
40. And material prosperity during the Restoration, which yet failed to save it, t'6.
41. Character of Louis XVIII., 36
42. His weaknesses and qualities of heart, ------- ib.
43. Cause of the final ascendancy of Fouch£, ----- - 38
44. Character of Fouche, ..--»&•
45. Secret of Fouche's long-continued influence, 39
46. Vast moral, political, and social effects of the French Revolution, - - 40
47. Vast effects of the confiscation of the church property in France, - - 42
48. Dangers to which this exposes France, ------- ib.
49. Total destruction of the old landed aristocracy, 43
50. Vast effect of this circumstance, --------45
61. Its fatal effect on the Chamber of Peers, ------ 46
52. Immense subdivision of the land of France, ------ 47
53. Deterioration of French agriculture in consequence, 48
51 Proofs of this from the state of France, 49
55. Deterioration in the condition of the French people, and their agriculture,
in consequence, -----------51
56. Diminished morality among the people of France, .... - 53
57. Diminished material comforts of the French people, .... 54
58. General social and domestic results of the Revolution in France, - - 56
59." It has changed European for Asiatic civilisation, 57
60. Marked change in the opinions of great men on religion since the Revolu-
tion in France, -.------..-58
61. Astonishing successes of England in the war, ------ 59
62. Prodigious maritime successes of Great Britain during the war, 60
63. Great colonial conquests of England during the same period, 62
64. Internal growth and prosperity of England during the same period, - 63
65. Extraordinary growth of the British empire since the peace, 65
66. Growth of its colonial power, .--- 66
67. Historical sketch of London, -- 67
68. Statistics of London at the close of the war, and for thirty years after, - 68
69. Its general appearance, and architectural character, ... 69
70. Its perishable materials and want of lasting structures, 70
71. How has this vast dominion arisen, -------71
72. First cause, — the energy and perseverance of the British people, 72
73. Physical advantages of Britain, which aided the progress of its inhabitants, 73
74. The riches and resources of its territory, ---.---74
75. Policy of the British government to support the navy, ... - ib.
76. The British colonial system. Its great effects, ----- 76
77! Extraordinary loyalty of the British colonies during the war, 78
78. Which arose from the protective system, ib.
CONTENTS. HI
P»ge
§ 79. Expansive system of paper currency in Great Britain, .... 79
80. Wonderful effects of this towards the close of the war, - 80
81. The establishment of the Protestant religion in Britain, 82
82. Difference in the Romish and Protestant faith which produces this, - 83
83. The noble principles on which the war was conducted by Great Britain, - 84
84. Which in the end gained for them the general concurrence of mankind, - 85
85. Excessive length to which this generous spirit was carried, 86
86. Principles of decay implanted in the British empire by its success in the
strife, 87
87. Present evils which threaten the British empire, 88
88. Symptoms of decay in the British empire since the peace, 89
89. Vast changes in our social policy since the peace. The currency system, - 90
90. The reciprocity system, --«------- 91
91. Passing of the Reform Bill, 93
92. Its tendency to break up the empire, .--.---94
93. The reform movement is turned into the desire for free trade, which is
carried, ------------ t'6.
94 These changes arose from the commercial interest having got possession of
power, -------------95
95. Way in which this change arose out of the triumphs of the war, - - 96
96. Striking analogy between the social condition of Great Britain and that of
the Roman empire, .....-.---97
97. Which arises from both having reached the limit set by nature to the
growth of empires, --..---.--98
98. Way in which this effect takes place, 99
99. Rome and England have reached the same limit imposed by nature, - 100
100. Napoleon at St Helena, -....-#.
101. Conduct of the British government towards him, - - - - - 101
102. His last illness and death, 102
103. His interment at St Helena, 103
104. Removal of Napoleon's remains from St Helena, - - - - - to.
105. And their final interment in the church of the Invalides, ... 104
Appendix, *107
Index, 107
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAPTER XCV.
SECOND RESTORATION OF LOUIS, AND DEATH OF
NAPOLEON.
With such rapidity did Napoleon continue his flight, chap.
that he was himself the first man who brought to the xcv-
French capital authentic accounts of his own defeat. The 1815.
telegraph had announced in exaggerated terms the victory H^J,f|W,
of Ligny, and the imperial partisans immediately expected poieon, and
the total overthrow of the English army. Their exulta- pl^"lva
tion was already great, when, on the morning of the 19th,
sinister rumours began to circulate in the capital, that a
terrible battle had been fought near Mont St Jean, and
that the army had been destroyed. These reports increased
in strength and minuteness during the remainder of the
day; and while the friends of Napoleon, and the work-
men in the suburbs, were thrown into despair, the shop-
keepers and wealthier classes of the citizens recovered
confidence, and the public funds of all descriptions rose
with surprising rapidity. The opinion soon became
universal that the cause of the Emperor was desperate ;
that he had staked his last throw on victory at Waterloo,
and that overthrow there was irrecoverable ruin. From
Charleroi, he had written in the most encouraging terms
to the government, adding, that courage and firmness
VOL. xx. A
HISTORY OP EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
1 Hist. Pari,
xl. 201. Cap
210, 217.
Montg. viii.
218, 219.
Fouche\ ii.
343, 345.
Thib. 392,
2.
Consterna-
tion in the
Chambers.
2 Hist. Pari.
xL 207. Cap
ii. 223, 224.
Thib. x. 398
alone were necessary to re-establish affairs. He was far,
however, from feeling the confidence which he expressed
in his letter ; Labedoyere and the officers round him were
in the deepest dejection, and already began to anticipate
that punishment for their treachery to the royal govern-
ment, which they were well aware they richly deserved.
Meanwhile Fouche, who had got the earliest intelligence
of the disaster, was straining every nerve to secure his
own interest in the approaching revolution, when Napo-
leon, at four o'clock in the morning of the 21st, arrived
at Paris, and alighted at the Elysee Bourbon.1
His first step, on his arrival, was to send for Caulaincourt :
his agitation was such, that he could hardly articulate.
" The army," said he, " has performed prodigies ; but a
sudden panic seized it, and all has been lost. Ney con-
ducted himself like a madman ; he caused my cavalry to
be massacred. I can do no more. I must have two hours
of repose, and a warm bath, before I can attend to busi-
ness." After he had taken the bath he became more
collected, and spoke with anxiety of the Chambers, insist-
ing that a dictatorship alone could save the country —
that he would not seize it, but he hoped the Chambers
would offer it. " I have no longer an army," added he :
" they are but a set of fugitives. I may find men, but
how shall I arm them ? I have no muskets. Nothing
but a dictatorship can save the country." He had alto-
gether miscalculated, however, the temper of the Chambers.
The utmost agitation prevailed among the Deputies, to
whom the Emperor's bulletin, giving an account of the
fatal battle of Waterloo, had just been read ; and the Cham-
ber was inundated with officers from the army, who even
exaggerated the extent of the calamity, great as it was.
Already the parties were formed : Carnot and Lucien
strongly supported a dictatorship being conferred on
Napoleon ; but Fouche, Lafayette, Dupin, and the leaders
of the popular party there, had entered into a coalition,
the object of which was to erect, as in 1789, the National
Assembly into absolute sovereignty, and, amidst the
wreck of the national fortunes, attempt to establish the
vain dogma of the sovereignty of the people.2
" The House of Representatives," said Lafayette, " de-
clares that the independence of the nation is menaced.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 3
The Chamber declares its sittings permanent. Every chap.
attempt to dissolve it is declared high-treason. The xcv>
troops of the line and the national guards, who have 1815-
combated, and do combat, to defend the liberty and the vehemence
independence of France, have deserved well of their of Lafayette
country ; the minister of the interior is invited to unite repubifcans
to the general staff the commanders of the national against the
■n • -ii n • .hmperor.
guard at Paris, and to consider the means of augmenting
to the greatest amount that civil force, which during six-
and-twenty years has been the only protection of the
tranquillity of the country, and the inviolability of the
representatives of the nation." This resolution, which
at once destroyed the Emperor's power, was carried by
acclamation. Prince Lucien accused Lafayette of ingra-
titude to Napoleon. '•' You accuse me of wanting gratitude
towards Napoleon ! " replied Lafayette : " have you for-
gotten what we have done for him 1 Have you forgotten
that the bones of our children, of our brothers, every
where attest our fidelity — in the sands of Africa, on the
shores of the Guadalquivir and the Tagus, on the banks » Hist. Pari,
of the Vistula, and in the frozen deserts of Muscovy 1 Thib°7x.S,
During more than ten years, three millions of Frenchmen *g||- £ap. u.
have perished for a man who wishes still to struggle 229.'
against all Europe. We have done enough for him. Our
duty now is to save the country." J
It was evident, from the profound sensation which
these sentiments made upon the Deputies, that the cause
of the Emperor was lost. Already the fatal words — " Let Measures
him abdicate ! let him abdicate ! " were heard on the Emprecre0thto
benches ; and, what was still more alarming, the national abdicate.
guards mustered in strength and ranged themselves
round the Hall of Assembly, and there was scarcely any
armed force in the capital to support his cause. The
Chamber appointed a commission of five persons, includ-
ing Lafayette, Lanjuinais, Dupont de L'Eure, Grenier,
all decided enemies of Napoleon, who were to confer with
two other committees, appointed by the Council of State
and the peers, on the measures necessary to save the
country. Meanwhile the deputies resumed their sittings
in the evening, and the cry for the abdication of the
Emperor became universal. " I demand," said General
Solignac, " that a deputation of five persons shall wait
4 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, upon the Emperor, and inform him of the necessity of an
xcv' immediate decision." "Let us wait an hour," cried
1815. Lucien. " An hour, but no more," replied Solignac. " If
the answer is not then returned," added Lafayette, " I
will move his dethronement." When Lucien went with
this commission to Napoleon, he found him in the utmost
agitation ; sometimes proposing to dissolve the Chambers
by military force, at others to blow out his brains. Lucien
openly told him that there was no choice between dismiss-
ing the Chambers, and seizing the supreme power, or
abdicating ; and, with his usual boldness, he strongly
advised him to adopt the former alternative. Maret and
Caulaincourt, on the other hand, counselled an abdica-
tion, insisting that the times were very different from the
18th Brumaire, and that the national representatives
were now strongly founded in the opinion of the people.
" The Chambers," said Napoleon, " is composed of Jaco-
bins, of madmen, who wish power and disorder: I should
have denounced them to the nation, and chased them
from their places. Dethrone me ! they would not dare."
"In an hour," replied Regnaud de St Angely, "your
dethronement, on the motion of Lafayette, will be
irrevocably pronounced : they have given you only an
hour's grace. Do you hear ? only an hour." Napoleon
then turned with a bitter smile to Fouche, and said,
" Write to these gentlemen to keep themselves quiet —
they shall be satisfied." Fouche immediately wrote to
the Chamber that the Emperor was about to abdicate.
403h405X" ^^e mtelhgence diffused universal joy among the Depu-
iiist.Pari. ties, who exclaimed, "The Emperor has abdicated; no
capfn! 234', Bourbons — no imperial prince ! " They flattered them-
235- selves that the days of the Revolution had returned, and
they had only to proclaim the sovereignty of the people.1 *
While these decisive measures were going on at Paris,
* Napoleon's abdication was in these terms :— ** In commencing the war to
sustain the national independence, I counted on the union of all efforts, of all
inclinations, and of all the national authorities. I had good reason to hope for
success, and I had braved all the declarations of the powers against me. Cir-
cumstances appear to be changed, and I offer myself as a sacrifice to the hatred of
the enemies of France. May they be sincere in their declarations, and direct
their hostility only against my person. My political life is ended, and I pro-
claim my son, under the title of Napoleon the Second, emperor of the French.
The existing ministers will form the council of government. The interest which
I feel in my son induces me to invite the Chambers to organise, without delay,
the regency by law. Let all unite for the public safety, and the maintenance of
the national independence."— Capkfigub, ii. 236.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 5
Wellington and Blucher were advancing with the chap.
utmost expedition through the French territory. The XCN"
former marched by Quesnoi and Valenciennes, the latter i*15-
by Landrecy and Maubeuge. In conformity with his vigorous
former conduct on crossing the Pyrenees, the English ffiggj*^
general issued the most peremptory orders to his troops to prevent
to abstain from pillage of every description, and to P""**
observe the strictest discipline,* reminding the soldiers
that the people of France were the subjects of a friendly
sovereign, and that no pillage or contributions of any
kind were to be permitted.t In spite of all his efforts,
however, many disorders occurred, especially among the
Belgian regiments ; for the soldiers had only recently
begun to act together, and long habits of discipline are
necessary to prevent a victorious army from indulging
in depredation. He wrote, in consequence, in the sternest
language to the Belgian generals, declaring that he would ^"STborne.
hold the officers of corps personally responsible for any »• 3P>
pillage by the men under their command.1 X Blucher, on
* Wellington's conduct and principles on this occasion, and indeed throughout
his whole career, were identical with those of Relisarius when he invaded Africa,
with the comparatively inconsiderable forces of Justinian, in order to expel the
Vandal military government: — " The next morning some of the gardens were
pillaged, and Belisarius, after chastising the offenders, embraced the slight
occasion, at the decisive moment, of inculcating the maxims of justice, mode-
ration, and genuine policy. ' When I first accepted,' said he, ' the commission
of subduing Africa, I depended mucli less on the numbers, or even the bravery
of my troops, than on the friendly disposition of the inhabitants, and their
immortal hatred of the Vandals. You alone can deprive me of this hope, if you
continue to extort by violence what might be purchased for a little money.
Such acts of violence will reconcile these implacable enemies, and unite them in
a just and holy league against the invaders of their country.' These exhorta-
tions were enforced by a rigid discipline, of which the soldiers themselves soon
felt and praised the salutary effects. The inhabitants, instead of deserting their
homes or hiding their corn, supplied the Romans with a fair and liberal mar-
ket ; the civil officers of the province continued to exercise their functions
in the name of Justinian, and the clergy, from motives of conscience and interest,
assiduously laboured to promote the cause of a Catholic emperor." — Gibbon,
Chap. xli. vol. iv. 11, 12, Milman's Edit. There is no reason to suppose that,
when Wellington entered France, he had ever thought of Belisarius's policy on
invading Africa ; but justice and moderation produce the same effects in all
ages and countries of the world. The identity of the policy and language of the
Roman and English generals, in two such remote and opposite ages, and the
entire similarity of the effects produced by them, is one of the most curious and
interesting facts recorded in history.
t " As the army is about to enter the French territory, the troops of the
nations at present under the command of Field-Marshal theDuke of Wellington
are desired to recollect that their respective sovereigns are in alliance with his
Majesty the King of France, and that France, therefore, should be treated as a
friendly country. It is therefore required that nothing should be taken, either
by officers or soldiers, for which payment is not made. The commissaries of the
army will provide for the wants of the troops in the usual manner ; and it is not
permitted, either to officers or soldiers, to extort contributions."— Sibobne,
ii. 818.
I " Jene veuxpas commander de tels officiers. J'ai ete assez longtemps soldat
6 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, the other hand, took hardly any pains to prevent plun-
xcv> dering, but pushed on with the utmost energy direct
1815. towards Paris.
The important fortress of Cambray was surprised and
taken by escalade by Sir Neil Campbell and Colonel
Rapid ad- Mitchell, under the direction of Sir Charles Colville, on
EanngHshfand the ni°ht °f the 24th °f June> with the loSS °f 0nl7
Prussians thirty-five men. Peronne, styled La Pucelle from its
Par?srds never having been captured, was carried by storm in the
June 26. most gallant manner by the Guards on the evening of the
26th. Excepting in these instances, no opposition what-
ever was experienced on the march; and with such
June 28. expedition did both armies move, that on the 28th
Blucher's advauced guard defeated the rearguard of
Grouchy, with the loss of six pieces of cannon and a
thousand prisoners, on the road from Soissons at Villars
Cotteret. On the 29th the advanced guard of the British
i Welling- crossed the Oise, and on the day following occupied the
ornder?,ejunewood of Bondy> close to Paris ; while Blucher moved to
20, 1815. the right, crossed the Seine at St Germain, and estab-
493!WibS'i2.1ished his right at Plessis, his left at St Cloud, and his
and Weiiin reserve a* Versailles. The object of these movements
ton to Lord was to turn the strong line of fortifications, erected by
GulwUrxii'. Napoleon to the north of Paris, by the south and left
124' 136th0' ^ank °f tne Seine, where no field-works had yet been
Jom. iv.W raised for its protection. With such expedition were
ChronTv6 tney con(iucted that, in ten days after the Allies had
440,449.' fought at Waterloo, they were grouped in appalling
strength round the walls of Paris.1
Meanwhile, the imperial party in the Chamber of Peers,
7 headed by Lucien, Labedoyere, and Count Flahault, made
Energetic the most energetic efforts, after Napoleon had abdicated,
mmtofthe t° sustain the imperial dynasty in the person of the
b"bNe dtoger y°un£ Napoleon. Davoust had just read a report of the
theChambers. military resources that yet remained to France in the
June 24. most favourable point of view, and Carnot was com-
mencing a commentary in the same strain, when Ney,
who had just arrived, vehemently interrupting him, said,
" That is false ! That is false ! They are deceiving you :
they are deceiving you in every respect. The enemy are
pour savoir que les pillards, et ceux qui les encouragent, ne valent rien devant
l'ennemi : et je n'en veux pas." — Gcbwood, xii. 489.
HISTORY OP EUROPE.
victorious at all points. I have seen the disorder, since I chap.
commanded under the eyes of the Emperor. It is a mere xcv-
illusion to suppose that sixty thousand men can be isi5.
collected. It is well if Marshal Grouchy can rally ten
or fifteen thousand men ; and we have been beaten too
thoroughly for them to make any resistance to the 1 Hist. Pari.
enemy. Here is our true state. Wellington is at Nivelles Thi^x.^o
with eighty thousand men. The Prussians are far from 411. '
being beaten. In six or seven days the enemy will be at
the gates of the capital."1
Vehement agitation followed this announcement, and
soon after, Lucien, Joseph, Labedoyere, and the whole g
imperial party, entered with plumed hats and in full stormy scene
dress, and Lucien exclaimed with a loud voice, " The JJ^ JJ Peer"
Emperor is politically dead. Long live the Emperor
Napoleon the Second !" Many voices opposed this propo-
sition. " Who dares resist it ? " said Labedoyere. " A few
base individuals, constant in the worship of power, and
who show themselves as skilful in detaching themselves
from it in misfortune as in flattering it in prosperity. I
have seen them around the throne — at the foot of the
sovereign, in the days of his greatness : they fly from it
at the approach of danger ; they reject Napoleon the
Second because they wish to receive the laws of the
strangers, whom they already call their allies, possibly
their friends. Is it then, great God ! decided that nothing
is ever to be heard in this Chamber but the voice of
baseness ? What other voice has been heard here for ten
years ?" And with these words, seeing the great majority
decidedly against him, he rushed out of the assembly.
But these violent sallies determined nothing ; and at
length the peers adopted unanimously a middle course,
and appointed a commission of five persons to carry on ^^ J-
the government, consisting of Caulaincourt and Quenett, Hist. Pari,
with Fouche, Carnot, and Grenier. Such was the address Thf^.^io
of Fouche that he contrived to get himself named the 412.
president of the commission, and soon obtained its entire
direction.2
It was not, however, by any debates in the Chamber
of Peers or Deputies that the government of France was
to be decided ; an overwhelming foreign force was ad-
vancing with rapid strides, and every thing depended on
8 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, the negotiations with the Allied generals, and the means
xcv' that could be taken to defend the capital. Carnot exerted
1815. himself to the utmost to strengthen it on the left bank of
Attempts to *ne Seine, where it was obviously to be attacked ; and in
defend Paris, a, laboured speech, on the 2d July, to the councils of
July's. ure government, endeavoured to show that resistance was yet
practicable. Soult, however, expressed a decided opinion
that Paris was so weak on that side of the river,
that it was in vain to think of prolonging its defence ;
that there were not at the utmost more than forty-five
thousand men in the capital, and that he could not answer
for the result of a combat. Massena supported this
opinion, and after referring to his defence of Genoa, as a
proof that he was not disposed lightly to surrender a
fortified place, declared that he would not engage to
defend Paris an hour. The matter was ultimately referred
to a commission of all the marshals and military men in
the capital, and they unanimously declared that the city
j .. could not be defended. It was determined, therefore, to
296*320!' enter into a capitulation ; and, in fact, Wellington had
Si^TWb. Deen m c^ose communication with commissioners of the
x. 416, 428. government ever since his arrival in the vicinity of Paris,
on the 29th June.1
Meanwhile Ziethen, after a short conflict, succeeded in
10 establishing himself on the heights of Meudon, and in
Movements the village of Issy. On the following day the French
which telT' attacked him in the latter village in considerable force,
to its capi- kut they were repulsed with the loss of a thousand men.
July 2 and 3. A bridge was begun to be erected at Argenteuil, to esta-
blish the communication between the British and Prussian
armies, and an English corps moved to the left bank of
the Seine by the bridge of Neuilly. Davoust, upon this,
sent to propose an armistice for the conclusion of a con-
vention ; but some difficulty was at first experienced from
Blucher positively insisting upon the whole French army
laying down their arms, to which the French marshals
declared they never would be brought to submit. At
length Fouche, who was doing every thing to pave the
way for the return of the Bourbons, persuaded them that
the restoration of Louis XVIII. would be much facili-
tated, both with the populace and the army, if a capitu-
lation were granted to the troops ; and the terms were at
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 9
length agreed upon on the evening of the 3d July. It chap.
was stipulated that the French army should, on the xcv'
following day, commence the evacuation of the capital, 1815.
with their arms, artillery, caissons, and whole personal
property : that within eight days they should be entirely toLoVXth-
established to the south of the Loire : that private gJfc^cSrJ;
property of every description should be respected, as well xn. Ml. con-
as public, except in so far as it was of a warlike character. 3® "S' fblS
The twelfth article, which acquired a melancholy interest 542» 544.
,,.,/. 11 1 .1 , Plotho, iv.
from the tragedy which followed, was in these terms : 153, 170.
" Individual persons and property shall be respected ; and, J^cap5!!.
in general, all the individuals who are at present in the 296, 354.
capital shall continue to enjoy their rights and liberties, h.'h™" 151™'
without being disquieted -or prosecuted in any respect, in J/J^-J*
regard to the functions which they occupy, or may have 453,473."
occupied, or to their political conduct or opinions."1*
It is impossible for any language to convey an idea of
the universal interest excited in the British empire by universal
the brief but stirring campaign of Waterloo, or the j£?S£u'
unbounded transports which were felt at the glorious in Great
victory which terminated it. Although the official
accounts of the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo
were received together, yet intelligence had been received
two days before of Napoleon having crossed the frontier
and attacked the Prussian troops, and the utmost anxiety
pervaded all classes as to the result of the impending con-
flict. No one who was then of an age to understand what
was going on, can ever forget the entrancing joy which
thrilled the British heart when the thunder of artillery pro-
claimed the joyous news, and when Wellington's letter was
read aloud to crowds with beating hearts, in every street,
by whoever was fortunate enough to have obtained first a
copy of the London Gazetted Even those who had lost
sons or brothers in the conflict, and they were many,
* The total loss of the Allied armies under Blucher and Wellington, from the
15th June to the 3d J
uly,
was as follows
:—
OFFICERS.
SOLDIERS.
Killed.
Wounded.
Missing.
Killed.
Wounded.
Missing.
Total.
Prussians,
106
606
41
5,664
15,744
10,959
33,120
Brit, and Han.
, 148
670
28
2,288
8,856
1,847"!
Belgians,
23
115
6
446
1,936
1,612 J-
19,476
Brunswickers,
12
47
251
935
260)
289 1,438 75 8,649 27,471 14,678 52,596
—Die Grosse Chron. iv. 472.
t It is singular how frequently a rumour of a great and decisive victory
prevails at a great distance in an inconceivably short space of time after its
10 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, shared in the general exultation : grief was almost over-
xcv- whelmed amidst the universal joy : it was felt that life
1815. could not have been so well sacrificed as for the advance-
ment of such a cause. The lover left his mistress, the
mother her child. Spontaneous illuminations were seen
in every city ; exultation beamed in every eye ; all work,
alike in the streets and the fields, was suspended * A
general thanksgiving, appointed by government, met with
a responsive echo in every heart ; both houses of parlia-
ment unanimously voted their thanks to the Duke of
Wellington and the soldiers who had fought at Waterloo ;
and a medal was struck, by orders from the commander-
in-chief, which was given to every officer and man who
l Courier June actual occurrence. In the London papers of Tuesday the 20th June,* a rumour
SO, 1815. ' was mentioned of Napoleon " having been defeated in a great battle near Brus-
sels, on Sunday evening, in which he lost all his heavy artillery." The official
despatches did not arrive in London till midnight on Wednesday. It was the
same with the battle of the Metaurus in the second Punic war, which determined
its issue. •' A doubtful rumour," says Arnold, "at first arose, that a great
battle had been fought only two days before : two horsemen of Narnia had
ridden off from the field to carry the news to their home : it had been heard and
published in the camp of the reserve army of Nami. But how could a battle
fought in the extremity of Umbria be heard of only two days after at Rome ? "
— Livy, xxvii. 50 ; Arnold's Rome, iii. 377. A similar incident is recounted
of the battle of Plataea, under circumstances still more extraordinary: —
" Eodem forte die quo Mardonii copiae deletae sunt, etiam navali proelio in
Asia sub monte Mycale adversus Persas dimicatum est. Ibi ante congressionem
quum classes ex adverso starent, fama ad utrumque exercitum venit, vicisse
Graecos, et Mardonii copias occidione occidisse. Tanta famae velocitas fuit, ut
quum matutino tempore proelium in Boeotia commissum sit, meridianis horis
in Asiam, per tot maria, et tantum spatii tam brevi horarum momento de
victoria nuntiatum sit." It is a singular circumstance, that a similar and almost
miraculous rapidity should have occurred in the transmission of the intelligence
of the battles of Platasa, the Metaurus, and Waterloo, the most decisive in
their consequences, and influential of the fate of future ages, in ancient and
modern times. It would seem that an unerring instinct tells mankind when
actions of vast moment have been fought, and leads them to make almost super-
natural efforts in the transmission of the accounts of them. The same paper
{Courier, June 20, 1815) mentions that ** Rothschild had made great purchase
of stock, which raised the three-per-cents from 56 to 58." Perhaps, in the
latter instance, this may explain the prodigy.
* " Oh se vedessi
In quai teneri eccessi
D'insolito piacer prorompe ogni alma !
Chi batte palma a palma,
Chi sparge fior, chi se ne adorna ; i Numi
Chi ringrazia piangendo. Altri il compagno
Corre a sveller dall'opra ; altri I" amico
Va dal sonno destar. Riman 1' aratro
Qui nel solco imperfetto : ivi I* armento
Resta senza pastor. Le madri ascolti,
Di gioia insane, a' pargoletti ignari
Narrar di Ciro i casi. I tardi vecchi
Vedi ad onta degli anni
Se stessi invigorir. Sino i fanciulli,
I fanciulli innocenti,
Non san perche, ma sul comune esempio
Van festivi esclamando : al tempio, al tempio."
Metastasio, Ciro, Act iii. scene 11.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 11
had borne arms on the eventful day. In almost all cases chap.
it was preserved by them and their descendants with xcv'
religious care to the latest hour of their lives. Yet was the 1815.,
most touching proof of the universal sympathy of the
nation afforded by the general subscription, spontaneously
entered into in every chapel and parish in the kingdom,
for the widows and orphans of those who had fallen at
Waterloo, or the relief of those who had been maimed in
the fight, and which soon amounted to the immense sum
of five hundred thousand pounds sterling.
The 7th of July was the proudest day in the annals of
England. On that day her victorious army, headed by 12
Wellington, made their public entry, along with the Prus- Entry of the
sians, into Paris, where an English drum had not been pSians11
heard for nearly four hundred years. They approached pj£ "Jf
by the imposing entrance of the barrier of Neuilly, defiled capital,
through the Champs Elysees, and, dividing in the Place
Louis XV., spread on either side round the Boulevards, and
took military possession of all the principal points in the
capital. The troops had not the splendid appearance of
the Russian and Prussian guards on the former entry :
the brief but dreadful campaign of Waterloo had soiled
their dress and torn their accoutrements. But their
aspect was not on that account the less striking. It had
less of the pomp of the melodrama, but more of the
reality of war. With inexpressible feelings the French
beheld the standards riddled with shot and blackened by
fire ; the proud but grave air of the men ; the soiled coats
but clear and burnished arms ; the splendid bearing and
magnificent horses of the cavalry, by whom the last
remains of the Old Guard had been destroyed. The *
Highland regiments in particular, arrayed in their full
and beautiful national costume, attracted universal admira-
tion. But it was a very different spectacle from the former
entry of the Allies, on the 31st of March 1814. Joy then
beamed in every eye, hope was buoyant in every heart ;
all felt as if rescued from death. The reality of subjuga-
tion was now experienced : the crime of the nation had
been unpardonable ; its punishment was unknown, but all
felt it could not but be great. With a proud step and
beating hearts, to the triumphant sound of military music,
with looks erect and banners flying, the British troops
defiled through the capital. But the French regarded
12 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, them with melancholy hearts and anxious looks. Few
persons were to be seen in the streets ; hardly any sound
1815- but the clang of the horses' hoofs was heard when they
kn^wSge. marched through the city. The English established them-
Thib. x. 485. selves in the Bois de Boulogne, in a regular camp ; the
34L ' ' Prussians bivouacked in the churches, on the quays, and
in the principal streets.1
On the following day Louis XVIII., who had followed
13. in the rear of the English army from Ghent, made his public
And of entrance, escorted by the national guard. But his entry
xviii. was attended by still more melancholy circumstances, and
July 8. 0£ smjster augury to the future stability of his dynasty.
Even the royalists were downcast ; their patriotic feelings
were deeply wounded by the defeat of France ; they
augured ill of the return of the king in the rear of the
English bayonets. There was something in the restoration
of the monarch, by the arms of the old rivals and enemies
of France, which added inexpressibly to its bitterness. It
was no longer "Europe in arms before her walls," in the
words of Alexander, which sought for amity as the reward
of pardon ; it was England and Prussia which made their
single and triumphant entry, and from whom nothing
could be expected on this second overthrow but the stern
maxim of war, " Woe to the vanquished ! " The recollec-
tion of our Edwards and Henrys, of Cressy and Poitiers,
mingled with the bitterness of present subjugation.
Louis appeared another Charles, led by another Henry,
after a second Azincour, destined in mock royalty to
sign a second treaty of Troyes* Hereditary animosities,
old injuries, joined with present mortification to render
the feelings of all insupportable. Melancholy appeared
in every visage ; a load was felt on every heart ; peace
itself seemed dearly purchased at the price of such humi-
S4i.a Thib. x. liation. The future was yet more disheartening than the
Moniteur Present : tne partition of France, possibly its destruction,
July 8, 1815. might be approaching ; even hope, the last consolation of
the unfortunate, was gone.2
Paris exhibited a melancholy aspect after the second
restoration of Louis XVIII. On the same day on which
it took place, Fouche announced the dissolution of the
* It is a very curious coincidence that the battle of Waterloo was fought just
four hundred years after that of Azincour"; the former took place on 18th June
1815 ; the latter on Oct. 25th 1415.— Blatr's Chrcmology.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 13
provisional government. The share he had had in recent chap.
events soon appeared in his appointment as minister of xcv'
police to the restored monarch. But with him were not 1815.
restored the visions which, to a considerable part of the Mela*ci,oiy
nation, had obscured the bitterness of the former capture condition of
l^nris Alter
of Paris. The whole charm of the restoration, in the eyes the Restora-
even of the royalists, was gone ; its hopes to the nation tion-
were at an end. The bridges, and all the principal points
of the town, were occupied by strong bodies of infantry
and artillery ; patrols of cavalry were to be seen at every
step ; the reality of subjugation was before their eyes.
Blucher kept aloof from all intercourse with the court,
and haughtily demanded a contribution of a hundred
millions of francs (£4,000,000 sterling) for the pay of his
troops, as Napoleon had done from the Prussians at
Berlin. Already the Prussian soldiers insisted with loud
cries that the pillar of Austerlitz should be pulled down, i Gurw, xiL
as Napoleon had destroyed the pillar of Rosbach ; and gs, 553.
Blucher was so resolute to destroy the bridge of Jena, 366.'
that he had actually begun operations by running mines
under the arches for blowing it up.1
A negotiation ensued on the subject between him
and Wellington, in which the stern Prussian haughtily 15
demanded this sacrifice to the injured genius of his The bridge
country. Wellington as steadily resisted the ruthless act, ivedby8
but he had great difficulty in maintaining his point ; Wellington.
and it was only by his placing a sentinel on the bridge,*
* " Several reports have been brought to me during the night, and some from
the government, in consequence of the work carrying on by your highness on
one of the bridges over the Seine, which it is supposed to be the intention of
your highness to destroy.
" As this measure will certainly create a good deal of disturbance in the town,
and as the sovereigns, when they were here before, left all these bridges, &c,
standing, I take the liberty of suggesting to you to delay the destruction of the
bridge till they arrive, or till I have the pleasure of seeing you to-morrow morn-
ing."— Wellington to Blucher, SthJuly 1815, midnight ; Gurwood, xh. 549. ,
Blucher, however, was not to be diverted from his project even by this judicious
remonstrance ; the preparations for blowing up the bridge still continued, and in
consequence Wellington again addressed him in the following terms, on the fol-
lowing day : —
" The destruction of the bridge of Jena is highly disagreeable to the king and to
the people, and may occasion disturbance in the city. It is not merely a military
measure, but it is one likely to attach to the character of our operations, and is
of political importance. It is adopted solely because the bridge is considered a
monument of the battle of Jena, notwithstanding that the government are willing
to change the name of the bridge. Considering the bridge as a monument, I beg
leave to observe, that its immediate destruction is inconsistent with the promise
made to the commissioners on the part of the French army, that the monu-
ments, museums, &c, should be left to the decision of the Allied sovereigns. All
that I ask is, that the execution of the orders given for the destruction of the
bridge, may be suspended till the sovereigns arrive here, when, if it should be
agreed by common accord that the bridge ought to be destroyed, I shall have no
14
niSTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
i Cap. ii.
362, 366.
Wellington
to Blucher,
July 8, 1815.
Gurw. xii.
549,553,558.
16.
Journey of
Napoleon to
Rochefort.
He delivers
himself up
to the Eng-
lish.
and repeated and earnest remonstrances, that the destruc-
tion of that beautiful monument was prevented. The man-
ner of the Prussian officers and soldiers was often rude and
harsh, and beyond the limits of Paris their troops indulged
in every species of pillage. It was not that they were
naturally fierce, or wanted generosity of feeling ; but that
they were profoundly wounded by the injuries of their
country, and determined, now that they had the power,
to avenge them. But very different was the conduct of
the English army to their ancient rivals. So strict were
the orders of their chief, so admirably were they seconded
by his officers, that on the admission even of their enemies,
disorders of every kind were prevented, and property was
as effectually guarded as in London or Vienna. So
strongly impressed was Louis XVIII. with the discipline
preserved by the British army since they entered France,
that he requested Wellington to present the principal
officers to him at the Tuileries, and, forming them in a
circle round him, he said, " Gentlemen, I am happy to
see you around me : I have to thank you, gentlemen, not
for your valour — I leave that to others — but for your
humanity to my poor people. I thank you, gentlemen,
as a father in the name of his children." The history of
the world has not so glorious a tribute to record from the
sovereign of the vanquished to a conquering army.1*
After his abdication of the imperial authority, Napo-
leon had retired to Malmaison, the scene of his early
happiness with Josephine. It had been, irrevocably
determined by the Allied sovereigns, that they would
no longer either recognise Napoleon as a crowned
head, or suffer him to remain in Europe ; and that his
residence, wherever it was, should be under such restric-
tions as should effectually prevent his again breaking
loose to desolate the world. Napoleon himself, however,
was anxious to embark for America, and the provisional
government did every thing in their power to facilitate
that object. During his residence at Malmaison he
offered, if the government would give him the command
objection."— Wellington to Blucher, 9th July 1815 ; Gurwood, xii. 553.
By this letter time was gained, and when the sovereigns arrived, the project was
not resumed.
* lhad this interesting fact from Colonel Sir Digby Mackworth, aide-de-
camp to the late Lord Hill, who was present on the occasion, to whose kindness
I am much indebted.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 15
of the army, even for a single day, to attack the Prussians, chap.
who had incautiously thrown themselves to the south of xcv
the Seine without any proper communication with the 1815.
English on the north, and assured them that there could
be no doubt of the success of the enterprise ; but they
deemed this, probably justly, too hazardous, and likely to
injure the negotiations in which they were engaged with
the Allied generals. After a melancholy sojourn of six
days at Malmaison, Napoleon set out for Rochefort, with juiy 2.
an immense number of carriages laden with all the most
precious articles which he could collect from palaces
within his reach, and travelled with all the pomp and
circumstance of an emperor to that harbour, where he
arrived on the morning of the 3d of July. His resolution,
however, finally to quit the scene of his greatness, was
not yet taken ; for during the course of his journey, and
after his arrival at Rochefort, he had various communica-
tions with the troops at Paris, and on their march to the juiyi3.
Loire, which continued down to the moment of his
embarking on the 14th. But he found that the blockade
of the English cruisers was so vigilant, that there was no
possible chance of avoiding them ; and after ten days'
vacillation, and having considered every possible project
of escape, he at length adopted the resolution of throwing
himself on the generosity of the British government ; and
sent to Captain Maitland of the Bellerophon the following
letter, addressed to the Prince-Regent : — " Exposed to the
factions which divide my country, and to the hostility of
the great powers of Europe, I have terminated my poli-
tical career, and I come, like Themistocles, to seat myself
by the hearth of the British people. I put myself under
the protection of its laws, and claim it from your Royal . 14
Highness as the most powerful, the most constant, and 1 cap. a. 545,
the most generous of my enemies." On the following 495] 49& ' x*
day he embarked on board the Bellerophon, and was j^'j^Jf0,
received with the honours due to his rank as a general, 72. '
by Captain Maitland, who immediately set sail with his
noble prisoner for the British shores.1
Had the British government been acting alone in this
transaction, they might have had some difficulty how to 17.
conduct themselves on the occasion ; for certainly never Sgjgyfc
was a more touching appeal made to the humanity of a st Helena,
hostile nation, and never was there an occasion on which a
16 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, generous heart would have felt a more ardent desire to
xcv' act in a manner worthy of the splendid testimony to
1815. their character thus borne by their great antagonist.*
But England was but a single power in the alliance ; her
whole measures were taken in concert ; the power of
Napoleon over his troops had recently been evinced in a
manner so striking, and his disregard of the obligation
of treaties was so universally known, and had been so
recently exemplified by his return from Elba, that it was
obviously altogether impossible to think of keeping him
in Europe. It was therefore politely, but firmly, inti-
mated to him by tjie British government, that the deter-
Aug. 3. mination of the Allied sovereigns was irrevocably taken,
and that he must be removed to St Helena. Napoleon
vehemently protested against this measure, which he
alleged was a breach of the understanding on which he
had delivered himself up to Captain Maitland ; although
nothing could be clearer than that he had made no terms
with that officer, and that, if he had any claim at all, it was
only on the generosity of the British government. After
remaining a fortnight in Plymouth Roads, during which
time he was the object of the most flattering curiosity and
attention, from all who could get a glimpse of him from
the neighbouring towns, he was removed on board the
Northumberland, and set sail for St Helena, which he
Oct. 16. reached on the 16th of October. Both during the voyage
i Maitiand's outJ an<* wmle on board the Bellerophon, the charm of
Narrative, t his conversation, and fascination of his manner, won the
Napoieorf, * hearts of the sailors, as the acuteness of his remarks and
Ca75i355 depth of his reflections excited the admiration of the
364." ' officers. With his accustomed mental activity,1 he inquired
into the minutest particulars — into the discipline of the
* Would that the character of Napoleon had enabled the British government
to act up to the noble feelings ascribed by the poet to Xerxes on the occasion
referred to by Napoleon : —
" Serse. E ti par poco
Credermi generoso ?
Fidarmi una tal vita ? Aprirmi un campo,
Onde illustrar la mia memoria ? E tutto
Rendere a* regni miei
In Temistocle sol quanto perdei ?
Temistocle. Male ruine, il sangue,
Le stragi, onde son reo.
Serse. Tutto compensa
La gloria di poter nel mio nemico
Onorar la virtu. L'onta di pria
Fu della sorte; e questa gloria 6 mia."
Mbtastasio, Temistocle, Act ii. scene 2.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 17
ships, and was particularly struck with the silence and chap.
order which always prevailed. " What could you not do xcv-
with a hundred thousand such men !" said he; "I now 1815.
cease to wonder that the English were always victorious
at sea. There was more noise on board the Epervier
schooner, which conveyed me from Isle d'Aix to Basque
Roads, than on board the Bellerophon, with a crew of six
hundred men, between Rochefort and Plymouth."
A still more melancholy humiliation than they had
yet experienced ere long befell the French nation.
The Allied sovereigns now arrived in Paris, and in- Restoration
sisted upon the restoration of the objects of art in the °fth® fworks
museum of the Louvre, which had been pillaged from the Museum
their respective states bj the orders of Napoleon. The oftheLouvre-
justice of this demand could not be contested : it was only
wresting the prey from the robber. Talleyrand, who had
now resumed his functions as minister of foreign affairs,
appealed to the article in the capitulation of Paris, which
provided for the preservation of public and private pro-
perty, if not of a military description. But to this it was
replied with justice, that these objects of art, seized con-
trary to the law of nations by Napoleon, could not be
regarded as rightly the property of the French nation ;
and that, even if they were so, it was beyond the powers
of the Allied generals to tie up the hands of absent and
independent sovereigns, who took no benefit by the
capitulation, by any stipulations of their own. The
restitution of the objects of art, accordingly, was resolved
on, and forthwith commenced, under the care of British
and Prussian soldiers, who occupied the Place de Carrousel
during the time the removal was going forward. Nothing * Cap. n.
wounded the French so profoundly as this breaking up of teuVfji^Tsi
the trophies of the war. It told them, in language not to 24> 1816-
be misunderstood, that conquest had now reached their
doors : the iron went into the soul of the nation.1
A memorial from all the artists of Europe at Rome,
claimed for the Eternal City the entire restoration of the Good effect
immortal works of art which had once adorned it. The jjj^p |J5*"
Allied sovereigns acceded to the just demand ; and Canova, museum, and
impassioned for the arts and the city of his choice, aKSnence
hastened to Paris to superintend the removal. It was Jj^J1 A;}^d
most effectually done. The bronze horses brought from sovereigns.
Corinth to Rome, from thence transported to Constan-
VOL. XX. B
18 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, tinople by the great founder of that city, and from its
xcv- hippodrome to Venice by the Doge Dandolo, were restored
1815. to their old station in front of the church of St Mark. The
Transfiguration, and the Last Communion of St Jerome,
resumed their place in the halls of the Vatican ; the Apollo,
and the Laocoon, again adorned the precincts of St Peter's ;
the Venus was enshrined anew amidst beauty in the
Tribune of Florence ; and the Descent from the Cross,
by Rubens, was restored to the devout worship of the
Flemings in the cathedral of Antwerp. Whoever has
witnessed the magnificent gallery of the Louvre, when
yet untouched in 1814, and again visited the paintings it
contained in their native seats, will rejoice that this
restoration took place. The accumulation of beauty in
that great museum fatigued the mind ; its enchanting
objects had been transplanted among a nation who could
little appreciate them, though infinitely proud of their
possession ; they had been withdrawn from the people
to whom they formed the proudest inheritance, and had
become the trophy of angry strife and vehement passion,
» Cap. Hist, which " to party gave up what was meant for mankind."
ation ^ifS ImPartial justice must admire the dignified restraint
89. Cent ' which confined the restitution to the removal of objects
S^scott6'!' illegally seized by Napoleon during his conquests, and
rite? ^4?" at>stained, when it had the power, from following his bad
256. ' ' example, by the seizure of any which belonged to the
French nation.1
The claims preferred by the different Allied powers for
restitution not merely of celebrated objects of art, but of
immense curiosities and valuable articles of all kinds, which had
FrSh^ii- keen carrie(* on° by tne French during their occupation
lageofob- of the different countries of Europe, especially under
SeSpo- Napoleon, were immense, and demonstrated at once the
leon- almost incredible length to which the system of spoliation
and robbery had been carried by the republican and
imperial authorities. Their amount may be estimated by
one instance from an official list, prepared by the Prussian
authorities in 1815. It appears that, during the years 1806
and 1807, there had been violently taken from the Prussian
states, on the requisition of M. Donore, and brought to
Paris, — statues, paintings, antiquities, cameos, manuscripts,
maps, gems, antiques, rarities, and other valuable articles,
the catalogue of which occupies fifty-three closely printed
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 19
pages of M. Schoell's valuable Recueil. Among them are chap.
a hundred and twenty-seven paintings, many of them of xcv-
the very highest value, taken from the palaces of Berlin 1815.
and Potsdam alone ; a hundred and eighty-seven statues,
chiefly antique, taken from the same palaces during the
same period ; and eighty-six valuable manuscripts and
documents seized in the city of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the
occupation of that city, then a neutral power, in 1803, by
the armies of the First Consul on the invasion of Hanover.
The total articles reclaimed by the Prussians exceeded two
thousand. If such was the amount of spoliation officially
ascertained in a northern state, during two years of con-
quest, where such objects of art were rarities of foreign f
growth, it may be conceived what must have been its catalogue in
magnitude in the case of Italy and Spain, where the fine i^SJ6^.1^
arts were the natural produce of the soil, and their treasures 289. '
had been ransacked during long years of hostile occupation.1
The claims of states and cities for indemnity on account
of the enormous exactions made from them by the French
generals, under the authority of the Convention and the Enormous
Emperor, were still more extraordinary, and demonstrated JJ^requisi-
the prodigious, and, if not proved by official instruments, tions in
incredible extent to which the system of spoliation had ££57 m
been carried by the French military authorities. Their
amount may be judged of by one instance. From an official
list preserved in Schoell's Recueil, prepared by the mayor
and magistrates of Hamburg, of the amount of French
spoliation on their unhappy city, it appears that, from
the 1st June 1813 to the 23d April 1814,— that is, during a
period of somewhat less than eleven months, — Marshal
Davoust had levied on Hamburg alone contributions in
money to the amount of 2,805,684 francs, or .£112,300 ;
besides furnishings in kind to the value of 708,905 francs,
or £28,036 ! The weight of these prodigious contribu-
tions will not be duly estimated, unless it is kept in mind
that Hamburg was a city not containing at that period
above 80,000 inhabitants ; that though possessed at one
period of great commercial wealth, its trade had been
ruined by a blockade for ten years, and its riches exhausted 2 seeSchoeii,
by many years' previous occupation by the French armies ; J>gCUfj# "'
and that, from the difference in the value of money, these n. k, 35.
sums were equal to at least £250,000 in Great Britain.2
.
20 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap. When such was the amount coming from a single city in
xcv- less than a single year, it may be conceived what was the
1815. exasperation produced in the states occupied by the French
armies, and how immense the amount of indemnities
claimed by the suffering nations, now that the day of
reckoning had come to their oppressors.
The vast amount of these claims for indemnities in
22 money or territories, and the angry feelings with which
immense they were urged, were of sinister augury to the French
aiE which nation, and augmented, in a most serious degree, the
poured into difficulties experienced bv those who were intrusted with
Jr runes in *
July and the conduct of the negotiations. But, be they what they
August. may, the French had no means of resisting them ; all they
could trust to was the moderation or jealousies of their
conquerors. The force which, during the months of
July and August, advanced from all quarters into their
devoted territory, was immense, and such as demonstrated
that, if Napoleon had not succeeded in dissolving the
alliance by an early victory in the Netherlands, the contest,
even without the battle of Waterloo, would have been hope-
less. The united armies of Russians and Austrian s, three
hundred and fifty thousand strong, under Schwartzenberg
and Barclay de Tolly, crossed the Rhine in various places
from Bale to Coblentz, and, pressing rapidly forward,
soon occupied the whole eastern provinces of France.
The Austrians and Piedmontese, a hundred thousand
more, passed Mont Cenis, or descended the Rhone from
Geneva to Lyons. The Spaniards made their appearance
in Beam or Roussillon. The armies of Blucher and
Wellington, now reinforced to two hundred thousand
effective men, occupied Paris, its environs, Normandy,
and Picardy. Eighty thousand Prussians and Germans,
in addition, were advancing through the Rhenish pro-
vinces and Belgium. Before the Allied sovereigns returned
to Paris, in the middle of July, the French territory was
occupied by eight hundred thousand men, to oppose
which no considerable force remained but the army
Jours H 370 ,beyond the Loire, which mustered sixty-five thousand
374. Jom. 'combatants. Huningen made a glorious defence under
1815^256, General Barbanogre ; and Colonel Bugeaud sustained a
258* heroic resistance with a single regiment, in Savoy, against
a whole Austrian division.1 But these isolated deeds of
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 21
valour had no sensible effect in retarding the progress of chap.
the Allied powers. The march of their columns continued xcv-
without intermission ; and the rapid advance of Blucher 1815.
and Wellington to Paris, before the campaign had well
commenced, converted it into a mere military promenade
and pacific occupation.
The breaking up of the museum was an ominous event
to the French nation, for the neighbouring powers had 23
territories as well as paintings to reclaim, spoliation as Excessive
well as insult to retaliate ; and the spirit of conquest as SwAmed*
well as revenge loudly demanded the cession of many of powers.
the most important provinces, which had been added by
the Bourbon princes to the monarchy of Clovis. Austria
insisted upon getting back Lorraine and Alsace ; Spain
put in a claim to the Basque provinces ; Prussia alleged
that her security would be incomplete unless Mayence,
Luxembourg, and all the frontier provinces of France
adjoining her territory, were ceded to her ; and the King
of the Netherlands claimed the whole of the French
fortresses of the Flemish barrier. The monarchy of Louis
seemed on the eve of dissolution ; and so complete was the
prostration of the vanquished, that there appeared no
power capable of preventing it. It was with no small
difficulty, and more from the mutual jealousies of the
different powers than any other cause, that these
natural reprisals for French rapacity were prevented from
taking place. The negotiation was protracted at Paris
till late in autumn ; Russia, which had nothing to gain
by the proposed partition, took part with France through-
out its whole continuance ; and the different powers, to
support their pretensions in this debate, maintained their
armies, who had entered on all sides, on the French soil ;
so that above eight hundred thousand foreign troops were 1815. '
quartered on its inhabitants for several months. At L^jjog*
length, however, by the persevering efforts of Lord Martens',
Castlereagh, M. Nesselrode, and M. Talleyrand, all diflfi- HaV'^xif '
culties were adjusted, and the second treaty of Paris was 540,544
concluded in November 1815, between France and the
whole Allied powers.1
By this treaty, and the relative conventions which were
signed the same day, conditions of a very onerous kind
were imposed upon the restored government. The French
22 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, frontier was restored to the state in which it stood in
xcv- 1790, by which means the whole of the territory, far from
1815. inconsiderable, gained by the treaty of 1814, was resumed
Temwof the ky tne Allies. In consequence of this, France lost the
treaty. fortresses of Landau, Sarre-Louis, Philipville, and Marien-
1815! 2°' Durg> with the adjacent territory of each. Versoix, with
a small district round it, was ceded to the canton of
Geneva ; the fortress of Huningen was to be demolished ; but
the little country of the Venaisin, the first conquest of the
Revolution, was preserved to France. Seven hundred mil-
lions of francs (,£28,000,000 sterling) were to be paid to the
Allied powers for the expenses of the war ; in addition to
which it was stipulated that an army of 150,000 men,
composed of 30,000 from each of the great powers of
England, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and the lesser
powers of Germany, was to occupy, for a period not less
than three, or more than five years, the whole frontier
fortresses of France, from Cambray to Fort Louis, includ-
ing Valenciennes and Quesnoi, Maubeuge and Landrecy ;
and this large force was to be maintained entirely at the
expense of the French government. In addition to this,
the different powers obtained indemnities for the spolia-
tions inflicted on them by France during the Revolution,
which amounted to the enormous sum of seven hundred
and thirty-five millions of francs more, (£29,400,000
sterling.) A hundred millions of francs were also provided
to the smaller powers as an indemnity for the expenses of
the war ; so that the total sums which France had to pay,
besides maintaining the army of occupation, amounted to no
less than fifteen hundred and thirty-five millions of francs,
or £61,400,000 sterling. Truly France now underwent the
severe but just law of retaliation ; she was made to feel
what she had formerly inflicted on Germany, Italy, and
Spain. Great Britain, in a worthy spirit, surrendered the
i^Marten? wno^e sum falling to her out of the indemnity for the
i. 682 ; and war, amounting to nearly £5,000,000 sterling, to the King
fiOifSk °f tne Netherlands, to restore the famous barrier against
King of Ne- France which Joseph II. had so insanely demolished ;
tliGiiinus to
Wellington, and the Allied powers unanimously gave the highest proof
1815. J Gurw. °f ^ie^r sense °f Wellington being the first of European
xii. 572. generals, by conferring upon him the command of the
Army of occupation.1 The King of the Netherlands
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 23
created him Prince of Waterloo, and declared his inten- chap.
tion of " perpetuating by that title the recollection of my xcv-
country delivered, and Europe saved." 1815.
Two magnificent events followed the long occupation of
the French territory by the Allied armies, previous to the
signature of this treaty. The first was a review of all Review'of
the British forces in the presence of the whole Allied J^p^the
powers, which took place in the plain of St Denis. The p'ain of st
British army before this had been greatly strengthened sept.S5.
by the arrival of the troops from Canada, great part of
them Peninsular veterans, and by the recovery of a large
part of the wounded who had suffered at Waterloo ; and
it now mustered sixty thousand red-coats. Never had
such an array of native British troops been seen, and
probably never will such be seen again. The soldiers, as
if by enchantment, went through with admirable precision,
under the orders of their chief, the whole manoeuvres that
had won the battle of Salamanca. The rapid advance of
Pakenham's division athwart the line of Thomiere's
march ; the onset of D'Urban's Portuguese horse ; the
splendid charge of Le Marchant's heavy dragoons, and
Anson's light cavalry, on Clausel's division ; the desperate
struggle on the rock of the Arapeiles ; the momentary
success of the French in the centre ; and the decisive
attack of Clinton's division, which restored the day and
won the victory, were all displayed in mimic warfare, but
with most imposing effect* The pageant rivalled in pre-
cision, and exceeded in magnificence and interest, as well as
proud circumstance, the representation by Napoleon of the
battle of Marengo on its memorable field, the year he was
made emperor.t The rapidity of the British movements, x p rgonal
the quick fire of their artillery, the terrible vehemence of knowledge.
their charge with the bayonet, were the subject of uni-
versal admiration.1
The other was a great review of all the Russian troops
that were in France, on the plains of Vertus, on 10th
September 1815. This review conveyed an awful impres- Great review
sion of the strength of the Russian empire when fairly J^e0J^fe
roused : for a hundred and sixty thousand men, including plains of ver-
eight-and-twenty thousand cavalry, were under arms on tus' ep "
the field, with five hundred and forty pieces of cannon.
* Ante, Chap, lxviii. § 71. t ^nte, Chap, xxxix. § 37.
24
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
i London-
derry's War
in Germany,
334, 335.
27.
Trial and
execution of
Labedoyere,
Key, and
condemna-
tion and
escape of
Lavalette.
The day was sultry, but clear ; and from a small hill in the
centre of a large plain, at a short distance from Chalons,
the whole immense lines were visible. The eye had
scarcely time to comprehend so vast a spectacle, when a
single gun, fired from a height, was the signal for three
cheers from the troops. Even at this distance of time,
those cheers sound as it were fresh in the ears of all who
heard them ; their sublimity, like the roar of the ocean
when near, and gradually melting away in the distance,
was altogether overpowering. A general salute was then
given by a rolling fire along the line from right to left ;
the Russians then broke from their lines into grand
columns of regiments, and marched past the sovereigns in
splendid array. " Well, Charles," said the Duke of Wel-
lington to Sir Charles Stuart, now Marquis of Londonderry,
after the review was over, " you and I never saw such a
sight before, and never shall again : the precision of the
movements of these troops was more like the arrange-
ments of a theatre than those of such an army ; but still
I think my little army would move round them in any
direction, while they were effecting a single change." x
But the pomp and splendour of military display did not
alone terminate the war in France. The Allied powers,
irritated beyond endurance by the treachery and defection
of the whole French army, and the perfidy with which the
partisans of Napoleon had revolted to his side, insisted per-
emptorily upon measures of severity being adopted by the
French government. The universal voice of Europe de-
manded that France should be made to feel what she had
inflicted on others ; that since undeserved lenity had been
received only with ingratitude, the stern law of retribution
should have its course. A very long list of proscriptions
was at first rendered by the European powers ; and it was
with the utmost difficulty that they were reduced, by the
efforts of Talleyrand, supported by Lord Castlereagh and
the Duke of Wellington, to fifty-eight, of persons to be
banished. But banishment was not enough ; the flagrant
treason of the Hundred Days demanded the blood of some
of the principal offenders ; and Ney, Labedoyere, and
Lavalette were selected to bear the penalty. The first
was fixed on as being the most flagrant and guilty of the
military delinquents; the second as the first who gf^e the
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 25
example of treason in the army ; the third of treachery chap.
in the civil department of government. They were xcv'
brought to trial accordingly, and all three convicted, upon 1815.
the clearest evidence,* of high treason. The life of Lava-
lette was saved by the heroic devotion of his wife, who
visited him in prison, changed dresses with her hus-
band, and thus enabled him to effect his escape : but J^rS?*
Ney and Labedoyere were both executed, and met their in. 320, 327.
fate with that heroic courage which never fails deeply to
impress mankind.1
After the capitulation of Paris, Talleyrand and Fouch^
had delivered passports to Marshal Ney, who was at its
date in Paris. They were in duplicate, and under a Particulars of
feigned name. He left Paris in disguise, and went j^'""**"
to Lyons, where Count Bubna, the Austrian governor,
agreed to sign other passports for Switzerland, whither
Fouche strongly recommended him to retire, at least
for a time. He had actually reached Nantua, on
the road to Geneva, and in a few hours would have
been over the frontier, when, seized with a feeling of
shame at the thought of thus leaving his native country
with the brand of treason affixed to his forehead, he
resolved to remain and brave his fate, whatever it might
be. He returned accordingly to the chateau of Bessonis,
which belonged to his family. When there, he made no
attempt at concealment, publicly wore his decorations,
and on the sabre which he constantly had by his side was
engraved his name. He was arrested in an inn of Cantal
by M. Locard, the prefect of the department, who had no
orders from government to that effect. Brought to Paris,
he underwent two long examinations before M. Decazes, 2 Cap. Hist,
the prefect of police, in which he spoke fully of the dis- Jt 341^343.
aster of Waterloo, which seemed entirely to absorb his Mem. of
thoughts. He mentioned also his "fatal day" as he 19th Nov. '
termed the 13th March, when he signed his proclamation J^egJ^JSJ.
in favour of Napoleon. " I had lost my head, " said he ;
" I was carried away." 2
How glad soever the government of France might have
* Two hours before Napoleon's arrival in Paris, Lavalette addressed the fol-
lowing circular to the post-office authorities of France : — " L' Empereur sera a
Paris dans deux heures, et peut-etre avant La capitale est dans le plus grand
enthousiasme, etquoiqu'on puisse faire, la guerre civile n'aura lieu nulle parte.
Vive rEmpereur !"— Le Conseiller d'Etat et Directeur General des Postes, Comte
Lavalette ; Capefigue, Histoire de la Restaur ation, ill. 325.
26
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
I
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
29.
Preliminary
proceedings
before he is
brought to
trial.
i Moniteur,
7th Dec.
1815, p. 1356.
Cap. Hist, de
la Rest. iii.
350, 394.
Unsuccessful
application to
the Duke of
Wellington.
been to be freed from so embarrassing an affair as the trial
of Marshal Ney, it was impossible, after he had been
taken, to avoid bringing him to justice. His guilt was
self-evident ; he admitted it in the most explicit terms to
M. Becazes.* Such, however, was the glory which sur-
rounded the heroic veteran, that it was no easy matter to
get a court to try him. The French government, in the
first instance, determined on a council of war, and the
duty fell on Marshal Moncey, as the senior marshal, to
preside over it. But he declined the painful task, for
which he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment,
and deprived of his rank. Jourdan was next chosen
president ; but the council of war, among whom were
Massena, Augereau, and Mortier, evaded the difficulty by
declaring itself incompetent to the trial, on the ground of
its involving a charge of high treason, which could only
be conducted before a chamber of peers. This second
declinature irritated the government in the highest degree,
who considered it, not without reason, as the proof of a
preconcerted conspiracy of the imperial party to hold back,
at all hazards, the greatest state criminal from justice.
It was finally determined to send him to the Chamber of
Peers, before whom he was indicted, on the 21st Novem-
ber. He was found guilty, after a long trial, of high
treason, by a majority of one hundred and fifty-seven to
one, and sentenced to death by a majority of one hundred
and thirty-nine to seventeen. In this there was nothing
wrong. His guilt was demonstrated beyond the possi-
bility of doubt, and a French court could pay no regard
to a capitulation signed only by Blucher and Wellington.1
But the real difficulty remained behind. In the middle
of the process, the counsel of Marshal Ney betook them-
selves to the twelfth article of the capitulation of Paris,
which stipulated that " Individuals who are at present
* " • J'ai en effet,' dit-il, • baise" la main du roi, sa majeste* me l'ayant pre-
sentee en me souhaitant un bon voyage. Le debarquement de Buonaparte me
paraissait si extravagant que j' en parlai§ avec indignation, et que je me servis en
effet de cette expression de Cage-de-fer. Dans la nuit du 13me ou 14me Mars,
epoque a laquelle je proteste de ma fid&ite" au roi, je recus une proclamation
toute faite par Buonaparte. Je la signal. Avant de lire cette proclamation
aux troupes, je la communiquai aux G£ne>al de Bourmont et Lecourbe. De
Bourmont fut d'avis qu'ilfallait de joindre a Buonaparte — que les Bourbons
avaient fait trop de sottises, qu' il fallait les abandonner. C £tait le 14me a midi
que je fis la lecture de cette proclamation a Lons-le-Saulnier, mais elle etait
deja connue."— Capefxguje, Hist, de la Restaur ation, iii. 343. Proces de Ney,
30, 31.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 27
in the capital shall continue to enjoy their rights and chap.
liberties, without being disquieted or prosecuted in any xcv-
respect in regard to the functions which they occupy, or 1815.
may have occupied, or to their political conduct or opinions."
The idea of doing so came from a third party ; it had not
occurred to any of his counsel, able as they were*
Notes were addressed to all the foreign ambassadors
at Paris, praying their interposition ; and Madame Ney
requested and obtained an interview with the Duke of
Wellington on the subject. With all a woman's fervour
she insisted on the twelfth article of the capitulation on
behalf of her unhappy husband ; but the Duke replied
that he was not a member of the government of France,
and had no title to interfere with its functions ; that the
capitulation was purely a military act, intended to protect
the inhabitants of Paris against the vengeance of the vic-
torious armies ; that it was obligatory only on the Allied
sovereigns who had ratified it, but that Louis XVIII. had
not done so. " My lord," replied Madame Ney, " was not
the taking possession of Paris by Louis XVIII., in virtue
of the capitulation, equivalent to a ratification 1 "— " That de^Res?'
is the affair of the King of France," replied the Duke : "i- 374, 375.
" apply to him." She did so, and threw herself at the
monarch's feet, but without effect.1 1
At half-past eleven on the night of the 5th December
the sentence was expected by Marshal Ney. He supped 31
calmly, with his usual appetite, smoked a cigar, as was ^heroic
his custom, and fell asleep. Some hours after, he was
wakened with the intelligence of his condemnation. " I
have a melancholy duty to discharge," said M. Comley,
* MM. Berryer and Dupin.
t The following letter was addressed by the Duke of Wellington to Marshal
Ney, in answer to a note from Marshal Ney, claiming exemption from being
tried by Louis XVIII. , in consequence of the 12th article of the capitulation of
Paris:—" I have had the honour of receiving the note which you addressed to
me on the 13th of November, relating to the operation of the capitulation of
Paris on your case. The capitulation of Paris of the 3d of July was made
between the commander-in-chief of the allied British and Prussian armies on the
one part, and the Prince d'Echmuhl, commander-in-chief of the French army,
on the other, and related exclusively to the military occupation of Paris.
" The object of the 12th article was to prevent the adoption of any measures
of severity, under the military authority of those who made it, towards any per-
sons in Paris, on account of offices which they had filled, or their conduct, or
their political opinions. But it never was intended, and could not be intended,
to prevent either the existing French government, under whose authority the
French commander-in-chief must have acted, or any French government which
should succeed it, from acting in this respect as it might deem fit." — Welling-
ton to Marshal Ney, 19th Nov. 1815; Gurwood, xii. 694.
28 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, who brought it to the marshal. — " Do your duty," replied
xcv- he, calmly ; " every one has his own to discharge in this
1815. world." When the preamble was read out, which con-
tained an enumeration of the titles he had won during
his glorious career, he said hastily — " To the point ; what
is the use of all that % Say simply, Michel Ney, soon a little
dust ; that is all." He requested the assistance of a
minister of religion, which was granted ; and the Cure of
St Sulpice attended him in his last moments. The
sentence was executed at nine in the following morning.
Being brought in a carriage to the place selected in the
gardens of the Luxembourg, near a wall, the marshal
i Biog.Univ. stood erect, with his hat in his left hand, and his right
?Ney.?9Cap. on ms heart, and facing the soldiers, exclaimed!, "My
Hist, de la comrades, fire on me ! " He fell, pierced by ten balls.
484. ' Moni- The place of his execution is still to be seen in the
Dec' ms. gardens of the Luxembourg ; and few spots in Europe
p. 1359. will excite more melancholy emotions in the mind of the
traveller.1
The death of Ney is a subject which the English his-
32 torian cannot dismiss without painful feelings. His guilt
Reflections was self-evident ; and never perhaps was the penalty of
ont is even ^e ]aw inflicted upon one for a political offence who
more richly deserved his fate. But the question of diffi-
culty is, Whether or not he was protected by the capitula-
tion of Paris. The clause in that treaty has been already
given, which expressly declares that no person should be
molested for his political opinions or conduct during the
Hundred Days ; and it is very difficult to see how this
clause could be held as not protecting Ney, who was
within the city at the time of the treaty. Wellington
and Blucher concluded the capitulation : their sovereigns
ratified it : Louis XVIII. took benefit from it. He entered
Paris the very day after the English army, and established
himself in the Tuileries, under the protection of their
guns. How, then, can it be said that he, as well as the
Allied sovereigns, were not bound by the treaty, especially
in so vital and irreparable a matter as human life — and
that the life of such a man as Marshal Ney ? It is very
true a great example was required ; true, Ney's treason
was beyond that of any other man ; true, the Revolu-
tionists required to be shown that the government could
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 29
venture to punish. But all that will not justify the chap.
breach of a capitulation. xcv'
The very time when justice requires to interpose is, isi5.
when great interests or state necessity are urgent on the 33
one hand, and an unprotected criminal exists on the other, it wasunjus-
To say that Louis XVIII. was not bound by the capitular f^partof
tion, that it was made by the English general without the French
his authority, and that no foreign officer could tie up the s°
hands of an independent sovereign, is a quibble unworthy
of a generous mind, and which it is the duty of the histo-
rian invariably to condemn. True, the French peers could
not pay attention to a capitulation signed by Wellington
and Blucher ; but were Louis XVIII. and his ministers
not bound by it, when they entered Paris the day after
the English army, without firing a shot, in virtue of its
provisions 1 It is impossible for a sovereign power, any
more than for a private individual, to approbate and repro-
bate, as lawyers say, the same deed ; to take benefit by it
so far as it advances their interests, and discard it so far
as it ties up their hands. This was what Nelson said at
Naples, and what Schwartzenberg said at Dresden ; and
subsequent times have unanimously condemned the vio-
lation of these two capitulations. Banished from France,
with his double treason affixed to his forehead, Ney's
character was irrecoverably withered ; but to the end of
the world his guilt will be forgotten in the tragic interest
and noble heroism of his death.
These observations apply to the French government,
and the part which it took in this melancholy transac-
tion. But Great Britain was also more remotely impli- Reflections
cated in it : and to the Duke of Wellington, as the °P *he„Puke
, <. of Welhng-
commander of the army of occupation, possessed of great ton's conduct
influence with the French government, and actually at m thlsaffau%
the moment at Paris, a certain share of the responsibility
undoubtedly attaches. He was bound in honour, it is
said by the imperial party, to have interfered to vindi-
cate his own capitulation ; and, situated as the King of
France was, just restored by his arms, and supported by
his troops, his interposition could not have failed to prove
successful. The friends of the Duke answer that the
capitulation was entirely a military convention, and as
such religiously observed by him : that it gave him no
30
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
Opinion of
the author
on the sub-
ject
ent,
Seizure and
execution of
Murat.
title to interfere with the acts of the French government,
an independent power ; and that, placed at the head of
the European army by the unanimous appointment of
its sovereigns, it was impossible for him to take any
public step in a matter of this description, contrary to
the united voice of the diplomatic body in Paris, which
was strongly pronounced against Marshal Ney. In private,
it is added, and there is reason to believe it is true, he
made the greatest exertions to save him ; but, from the
exasperated state of the royalist party in the Trench
cabinet, without success.
It is evident, from this statement of the question,
that what is charged against the Duke of Wellington is
a fault of omission, not commission : not what he did,
but what he left undone. Opinion will probably for ever
remain divided upon this point, according as men incline
to the strict observance of military duty, or to those warmer
feelings which prompt, in whatever rank, and at what-
ever hazard, to the generous side. Probably time may
show that the statement made as to the private inter-
cession is well founded. But, if it should not do so, still,
while history may lament that the opportunity of doing
a generous deed was lost, it must do justice to the motives
on which it was abstained from. It has been, from first
to last, a ruling principle of the Duke of Wellington's con-
duct to confine himself to his own department, and avoid
all interference with the duties or actions of other men or
authorities. Obedience and fidelity to government, even
when he deems it wrong, has ever been with him the
first of obligations ; and it has been founded not on any
desire of individual elevation, but on a strong sense of
military and patriotic duty. No doubt can exist that
it was this feeling which made Wellington abstain from
any public interposition in favour of Marshal Ney, for
never was there a conqueror whose whole career was so
distinguished by moderation and clemency in the use of
victory.
Another of the paladins of the French empire perished
shortly before, under circumstances to which the most
fastidious sense of justice can take no exception. Tor-
mented with the thirst for power, and the desire to regain
his dominions, Murat was foolhardy enough to make a
niSTORY OF EUROPE. 31
descent on the coast of Naples with a few followers, in chap.
order to excite a revolt among his former subjects against xcv'
the Bourbon government. It entirely failed, and he was 1815.
made prisoner on the beach, within a few minutes after
he landed. He was tried by a military commission,
under a law which he himself had introduced, condemned,
and executed. None could deny the justice, however
much they might lament the tragic issue of his fate. So
ignorant was he of the real state of the public mind
regarding him, and so much deluded by the extraordinary
confidence he had in his good fortune, that on the evening
before his execution, he was speaking of negotiating as an
independent power with the King of the Two Sicilies ;
and said, " I shall only preserve my kingdom of Naples,
and my cousin will gain that of Sicily." When informed
that sentence of death had been pronounced against him,
he for a moment lost his firmness, and burst into tears.
The religious assistance, however, which he received from
the Canon Masdea, soon induced him to submit with
resignation to his fate. On the following morning, the
13th October, after having written an affectionate letter Oct. 13.
to his wife, he was brought into a hall of the castle of
Pizzo for execution, where twelve grenadiers were drawn
up. He would not permit his eyes to be bandaged,
but himself gave the word of command, saying, " Spare
the face : straight to the heart !" With these words he
fell dead, still holding in his hands the miniatures of his
wife and children, with which he went to death. He was
privately buried in the church of Pizzo. However human-
ity may mourn his doom, reason must admit its justice ;
for he suffered the penalty which, seven years before, in the
square of Madrid, he had inflicted on so many noble
patriots, striving to rescue their country from foreign ^^^"7'
thraldom, by a law which he himself had introduced to xxx.431. '
protect his ill-gotten throne, and in attempting to regain §67.'°
that very royalty which he sacrificed these noble men to
attain.1 *
These alternate scenes of triumph and mourning — of
exultation to their enemies, and humiliation to them-
selves— were little calculated to confirm the Bourbon
* "— Infelix imbuit auctor opus.
Justus uterque fuit : neque enim lex aequior ulla
Quam necis artifices arte perire sua."
32 HISTORY OP EUROPE.
chap, family in their possession of the throne of France, or
xcv- smooth down the difficulties with which the Restoration
1815. was attended. In truth, these difficulties had now become
Extraor'di sucn' ^^ ** was beyond the power of the greatest human
nary difficui- ability to surmount them ; and probably no efforts of
beseuh? wisdom would have given the restored family a durable
government tenure of the throne. " The house of Bourbon," it has
ation. eS °r" been eloquently and truly said, " was placed in Paris, at
the Restoration, as a trophy of the European confedera-
tion. The return of the ancient princes was inseparably
associated in the public mind with the cession of exten-
sive provinces — with the payment of an immense tribute
— with the occupation of the kingdom by hostile armies
— with the emptiness of those niches in which the gods
of Athens and Rome had been the objects of a new
idolatry — with the nakedness of those walls on which
the Transfiguration had shone with light as glorious as
that which overhung Mount Tabor. They came back to
a land in which they could recognise nothing. The seven
sleepers of the legend, who closed their eyes when the
Pagans were persecuting the Christians, and woke when
the Christians were persecuting the Pagans, did not find
themselves in a world more completely new to them.
Twenty years had done the work of twenty generations.
Events had come thick — men had lived fast. The old
institutions and the old feelings had been torn up by the
roots. There was a new church founded and endowed by
the usurper ; a new nobility, whose titles were taken
from the fields of battle disastrous to the ancient line ; a
new chivalry, whose crosses had been won by exploits
which seemed likely to make the banishment of the
emigrants perpetual ; a new code was administered by a
new magistracy ; a new body of proprietors held the soil
by a new tenure ; the most ancient local distinctions had
been effaced ; the most familiar names had become obso-
lete. There was no longer a Normandy, a Brittany, or a
Guienne. The France of Louis XVI. had passed away as
completely as one of the preadamite worlds. Its fossil
remains might now and then excite curiosity ; but it was
as impossible to put life into the old institutions, as to
animate the skeletons which are imbedded in the depths
of primeval strata. The revolution in the laws and in
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 33
the form of government was but an outward sign of that chap.
mightier revolution which had taken place in the minds xcv.
and hearts of men, and which affected every transaction 1815.
and feeling of life. It was as absurd to think that France
could again be placed under the feudal system, as that
our globe could be overrun by mammoths. The French,
whom the emigrant prince returned to govern, were no
more like the French of his youth, than the French of his
youth were like the French of the Jacquerie. He might
substitute the white flag for the tricolor — he might efface
the initials of the Emperor — but he could not turn his ^JJjJJ"^'"
eyes without seeing some object which reminded him 230.
he was a stranger in the palace of his fathers."1
In addition to these difficulties, which attached to the
government of the Restoration from the very outset, and ^
which would have existed although Napoleon had never Grea* in-
returned from Elba, and the disaster of Waterloo had them from
never been incurred, there were other embarrassments of ^JJjJJJJ? °f
a peculiar kind which arose from that disaster itself, and
never, in general feeling, could be separated from it.
More passionately desirous than any people in Europe of
military glory, the French never could be brought to
separate, in their views of it, the Restoration from the
humiliations which had preceded or accompanied it. By
an illusion not unnatural, though perfectly unjust, they
associated Napoleon, who had brought on all the disas-
ters, with the days of their glory, and Louis, though he
had come only to stay the uplifted hand of conquest,
with those of their mourning. Had the great conqueror
remained on the throne, and the payment of the tribute,
the evacuation of the fortresses, the occupation of the
territory, taken place under his government, the lustre of
the triumphs of the earlier parts of his reign would have
been dimmed, perhaps extinguished, by the mortifications
of its close ; for it is by the last impressions that the
permanent opinion of mankind is always formed. But,
fortunately for his fame — unfortunately for the Bourbons
—the course of events caused nearly all the glory to be
won under the guidance of the former, and all the humi-
liation to be experienced under the sway of the latter.
Hence the difficulties of their government, their unpo-
pularity, their fall. Coincidence in point of time is
vol. xx. c
34 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, invariably considered by the great body of mankind as
xcv* indicative of cause and effect. It belongs to a few only
1815. to perceive that, in the political world, seeds sown gene-
rally do not produce their destined fruits during the
lifetime of those who planted them : it was from Mount
Sinai alone that it was announced that God will visit the
sins of the fathers upon the children to the third and
fourth generation.
France prospered to an extraordinary and unprece-
39 dented degree during the fifteen years which followed the
Extraordi- battle of Waterloo, under the mild and pacific rule of
France^nder the Bourbons. Without any remarkable ability on the
the Empire. part 0f the administrations which during that period
were called to the head of affairs — of which those of the
Due de Richelieu, M. Villete, and M. Martignac were the
most remarkable — the simple cessation from war, the
termination of revolution, the establishment of a regular
government, brought unheard-of prosperity to all the
industrious classes. The tranquillity and rest of that
brief period almost concealed the effects, so far as mate-
rial resources are concerned, as in the rising generation
they wellnigh obliterated the recollection, of the disasters
which had preceded it. From 1803 to 1815, a sum equal
to £240,000,000 sterling had been expended by France
from its own resources on foreign wars, besides a much
larger amount extracted by military execution from
conquered states. .£60,000,000 sterling had been lost to its
inhabitants by the two invasions of 1814 and 1815, and
.£65,000,000 had been paid as the contribution for the last
peace. From 1793 to 1815, a million and a half of its
people had perished in war, besides half a million who
Force com- were in captivity in foreign states at its close. The com-
merciaie de merce of France was ruined ; its capital, in all but a few
3, n, intr'od. wealthy bankers, wellnigh gone; and its navy reduced
from eighty-three to thirty-five ships of the line.1
Yet, such was the effect of peace and repose, that in the
^ next fifteen years not only were all these losses repaired,
And material but the industrious classes had attained an unparalleled
duriEglife degree of comfort and prosperity. In 1827, the popula-
^storauon, tjon ha(j increased two millions and a half above what it
failed to save had been in 1815 ; and yet, such had been the simulta-
lU neous growth of productive industry, that the common
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 35
complaint was that subsistence was too abundant. Com- chap.
merce and manufactures in every branch had revived, , 1
and made unprecedented progress ; the revenue derived ms.
from the land taxes had greatly increased, exports had
advanced forty per cent, and imports had more than
doubled * But all this was as nothing while Mordecai
the Jew sat at the king's gate. The white flag floated over
the Tuileries, the recollection of Waterloo weighed upon
the people. The Restoration gave them prosperity, tranquil-
lity, liberty, unknown alike during the Revolution and the
Empire, but it did not give them glory ; it did not efface
the recollection of former defeat : and thence its fall. Other
causes of lesser moment may have contributed, but this
was the principal one, and without any other would have
produced the same result. It engendered such a feeling
of discontent and soreness among the people, as made
them ungovernable save by force. The Polignac ministry
were driven to the latter alternative, but they set about it
without either foresight or ability. They were at once
rash and improvident, headstrong and inconsiderate ; and
they overturned the elder branch of the Bourbons in con-
sequence.
Louis XVIII., who was called to the onerous duty of
governing France during the ten years of discontent and
* Table showing the exports and imports of France in the undermentioned
years : —
Import!. Exports.
Francs. Francs.
1787 551,051,100 or £22,000,000 nearly. 440,124,200 or £17,200,000
1788 517,073,800 — 20,700,000 465,761,000 — 18,600,000
1789 576,589,000 — 23,100,000 440,975,000 — 17,600,000
1808 320,118,895 — 12,850,000 331,330,832 — 13,300,000
1809 288,495,200 — 11,340,000 332,312,200 — 13,400,000
1810 339,140,300 — 13,200,000 365,647,200 — 14,400,000
1815 199,467,601— 8,000,000 422,147,776— 17,000,000 nearly
1816 242,698,753 — 16,300,000 547,706,317 — 21,700,000
1817 332,374,523 — 13,200,000 464,649,389 — 22,220,000
1828 453,769,337 — 18,120,000 511,215,992 — 20,410,000
1829 483,353,139 — 19,280,000 504,247,629 — 20,200,000
1830 489,242,685— 19,500,000 452,901,341— 18,100,000
1834 503,933,048 — 20,120,000 509,992,377 — 20,360,000
1835 520,270,553 — 21,000,000 577,413,633 — 22,900,000
1836 564,391,353 — 22,400,000 628,957,480 — 25,380,000
— Stat, de la France {Commerce Exterieure) , pp. 8,9.
Thus, in 1836, fifty years after the Revolution had begun, the imports of
France had not come to equal what they had been in 1789, though the popula-
tion during the same period had advanced from 25,400,000 to 33,540,000. See
StaL de la France (Population), pp. 155, 199.
36 HISTORY OP EUROPE.
chap, mortification which followed the Restoration, was a
xcv.
sovereign in many respects well adapted for the difficult
1815» duties he was called on to perform. He was not the man
Character of wno ^r Burke said could alone close the gulf of the
Louis Revolution ; possibly, if he had been so, his descendants
might still have been on the throne. Most certainly he
could not be ten hours a-day on horseback, which that
great statesman deemed essential to the task. But he
possessed in a remarkable degree the qualities requisite to
preserve from shipwreck a weak and unpopular govern-
ment, in a nation whose warlike propensities, for the time
at least, had been damped or worn out. He understood
his time ; he was a man of the age. Had he not been
so, he never would have died King of France. He had
no great natural talents and little genius. But he pos-
sessed in a very high degree the power of observation,
and the capacity of taking lessons from what was passing
around him. He had great knowledge, especially in
modern history and the course of recent events, and a
rare faculty of deducing from them their just conclusions.
He had not lived twenty years on the bounty of strangers
in vain. Surrounded, when restored to the throne, by the
prejudices and passions of the restored nobility, most of
whom, in Napoleon's words, "had learned nothing, forgot
nothing," he, almost alone, coolly surveyed the realities of
his situation, and succeeded in avoiding those shoals which
were likely to prove fatal to his newly-acquired power.
Amidst the rest and obscurity of peace, he repaired the
losses incurred during the whirl and glories of war. He
restored the finances, recruited the army, almost re-estab-
b lisne(* tne navy. He enabled France, after all the contri-
Mdanges ' butions had been paid, to fit out the expedition which in
JeSS3°S' 1823 marcned in triumph to Cadiz, and effected a counter-
208. revolution in Spain. He was no common man who in
such circumstances could accomplish such a task.1
He had, however, some qualities which, though not of
42 themselves material as a set-off to these valuable disposi-
Hisweak- tions, were, for the time at least, calculated to render men
quamiesof insensible to them. His mind was set on little things as
heart. we]j ^ great . he had a remarkable felicity in the turning
of expressions, which sometimes led him into faults. He
prided himself as much on complimentary notes addressed
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 37
to ladies, as on the charter by which he hoped to close the chap.
convulsions of the Revolution. Like most of the princes xcv'
of his family, he was much addicted to the pleasures of 1815.
the table ; and, though comparatively temperate in wine,
the extraordinary quantity which he had come to eat
induced an excessive corpulency, which both impeded his
bodily activity, and diminished the respect with which he
would otherwise have been regarded. Yet did these
peculiarities, which for the time, and to those who were
personally acquainted with him, were so injurious to his
influence, spring in some degree from dispositions of an
amiable kind, and which in a remarkable manner fitted
him for the difficult task of ruling France after the Revo-
lution. He had one admirable quality — he knew how to
forgive. Patient and courteous, he listened attentively to
every representation made to him ; indulgent and gene-
rous, he remembered faults only to overlook them. It
was his bonhomie and kindness of heart which induced his
frailties as well as his virtues. Prudent and observant,
his reign was remarkable rather for the skill with which
danger was avoided, than the ability with which good
was induced. But perhaps no qualities could have been
so valuable as these in the circumstances in which he was
placed. More brilliant ones would probably have led
him into hazards which might have proved fatal to his
power, as they afterwards did to that of his bold, but
inconsiderate, ill-judging successor. History must record
of him with gratitude that though he had suffered much
from his subjects, he gave way, when restored to power,
neither to hatred nor revenge ; that, bereaved as he had
been of all, he abolished the confiscation of estates ; that,
having the means of reascending the throne without con-
ditions, he voluntarily imposed on himself the restraints
of a constitutional monarchy, and gave France, in the Me? fi5E!b*
train of unprecedented misfortunes, what it had sought <Euv- »• 210-
in vain in the blood of the Revolution and the glories of
the Empire.1
The man who mainly contributed in France itself to
the second Restoration was Fouche ; and the history of
the Revolution would be imperfect, its chief moral untold,
if it did not portray him wielding its destinies in its
last stages. Revolutions are made by the great and the
38 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, bold: the selfish and the astute profit by them. "In
xcv* such convulsions," says Chateaubriand, " the talent which
1815- stands on either side in the front rank is soon crushed ;
Cause of the *nat which follows alone obtains their direction. It
final ascen- obtains the ascendancy when, having exhausted their
Fouche. energies, the generous and brave have no longer the sup-
port of the masses, or the energy of early fervour. But
this species of talent belongs only to those whose head is
more powerful than their heart ; who conceal themselves
i Mel. Hist. ^or a season m crime in order finally to obtain possession
CEuv. ii. 364. of power." 1 Never was the truth of these words more
clearly evinced than in the career of this remarkable man.
The great and the good, the aspiring and the generous,
the brave and the victorious, who had successively
appeared in the course of the Revolution, had all perished
from its effects. A premature death alone had preserved
Mirabeau from the disgrace of a fall ; Vergniaud and
Brissot, Roland and Camille Desmoulins, Danton and
Robespierre, had all been executed ; Ney was about to
suffer the death of a traitor ; Napoleon, conquered and
discrowned, was a prisoner in the hands of his enemies.
Two only of the veterans of the Revolution were still
erect, and had increased in power and importance with
every change that had occurred. These were Talleyrand
and Fouche ; not the least able, perhaps the most astute,
certainly the most selfish of all the characters which it
produced. To the former, who was the less depraved of
the two, the merit of the Restoration in 1814, to the latter
that of 1815, chiefly belongs. Providence had consigned
the ultimate direction of the convulsion to the one who
had proved himself the basest of its supporters.
Fouche's early biography has been already given ;*
.. but his character could not be appreciated till the multi-
Character of plied changes of his extraordinary life had been recounted.
Fouch . gQ numerous haci they been that one would be tempted
to apply to him the line of Virgil : —
" Quomodo teneam mutantem Protea vultum ?"\
were it not that, in one respect, he was throughout per-
fectly consistent. He had one polar star which ever
guided his course, and that was selfishness. Though
* Ante, Chap. xiii. § 96, note.
t " How can I catch Proteus's ever-changing visage?"
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 39
deeply steeped in the horrors of the Revolution — a regicide, chap.
and stained, like Collot d'Herbois, with the worst atro- xcv'
cities of the executions at Lyons* — he does not appear t*1^
from his subsequent conduct to have had any remarkable
thirst for blood for its own sake. He was only utterly
indifferent to it, when required for the purposes of popu-
larity, or likely to conduce to those of ambition. He
carefully watched the signs of the times, and invariably,
in every instance, fell in with the passions, or coincided
with the policy of the ruling power, whether republican
or monarchical, in the state. With equal readiness he
presided over the demolition of noble edifices, or the
shedding of torrents of innocent blood on the banks 01
the Rhone, and advocated in the council of state of
Napoleon, when the reaction had set in, a return to more
humane measures. He made no attempt to rescue from
the horrors of transportation to Guiana, a hundred and
thirty of his Jacobin associates, whom he knew to be
innocent of the conspiracy against Napoleon laid to their
charge, however deeply stained with other atrocities.
He betrayed successively every government by whom he
was trusted. Napoleon said to him in the council of
state in 1809, on discovering his intrigue with Austria and
England, " that his head should fall on the scaffold :" but
yet he survived the Emperor's ruin ; and after playing
the double traitor with him and the Bourbons, before
the crisis of Waterloo, he was mainly instrumental in
driving him into exile and captivity at the close of the
Hundred Bays.
The secret of this extraordinary ascendancy of Fouche*
for so long a period, and of his succeeding ultimately in 45
obtaining the direction of affairs, when all others who Secret of
had attempted it had perished, is to be found in the un- iong-conSti-
paralleled knowledge which he had acquired of the selfish *inued J*
and wicked in the state. He had belonged to so many
parties, had been leagued with so many depraved men,
had been privy to so many plots, and accessary to so much
iniquity, that he knew more than any man in France of
its most desperate characters. It was the extent of this
knowledge which recommended him to the First Consul
as minister of police, and it was the same qualification
* Ante, Chap. xiii. §§ 96-99.
40 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, which rendered him, in every important crisis which
xcv> subsequently occurred, indispensable to whatever govern-
1815. ment rose to the head of affairs. All distrusted, all hated,
yet nearly all employed him. When Napoleon set out
for Waterloo, he showed by the language he used that he
was prepared for the double part he designed to play ;
but he left him vested with the almost uncontrolled
direction of internal affairs. When the Duke of Welling-
ton approached Paris with his victorious army, after the
contest was decided in the field, the first thing he did was
to enter into communication with Fouche. Both these
great leaders were perfectly aware of the treacherous
character of the man with whom they were dealing ; but
still they could not dispense with his services, in the state
into which society had sunk in the close of the Revolu-
tion. His great art consisted in the sagacity with which
he discerned, in the complicated maze of events, which
party was likely to prove victorious, and the dexterity
with which he rendered himself so useful to its leaders,
that they were in a manner compelled to take him into
their employment. True, his reign after the second resto-
ration was not of long duration : in a few months he was
supplanted by the Due de Richelieu, and never again
was restored to influence. But that was not because the
revolution of its own free will had chosen another leader,
but because its faculty of self-direction was gone, and a
government had, by force of arms, been imposed on it
by the European powers. The last phase of the great
convulsion, when under its own direction, be it ever
remembered, exhibited all the patriotic leaders destroyed,
France conquered, Napoleon in captivity, and Fouche in
possession of the whole power which the nation could
bestow.
It would require volumes to portray the whole effects
46 of the French Revolution, and the wars arising out of it,
Vast moral, on the moral, social, and political state of France and the
aociaUffects adjoining nations. The time has not yet come when
^ ^e French they can be designated with perfect certainty of this
designation of them being free from error. The ultimate
effects of all great changes in human affairs do not appear
for a considerable time after they occur ; and it is from
mistaking the first consequences for the last results, that not
HISTORY OP EUROPE. 41
the least errors in the deductions from history have arisen, chap.
Some of the effects are evident on the mere surface of affairs. 1
The power of Russia had been immensely increased dur- 1815-
ing the struggle. A dangerous supremacy had been given
to the northern nations in the arbitrament of the affairs
of Europe : the Cossacks had learnt the road to Paris ; the
Germans had come again, as in the days of Caesar, in
multitudes to cross the Rhine. Poland had disappeared
from among the nations ; Prussia had risen from a
second to a first-rate power, and contained within itself
the elements of more rapid increase than any state in
Europe. Spain and Portugal, exhausted, and not regene-
rated, by a terrific contest which had consumed their
vitals without restoring their spirit, had sunk into a
state of political nullity. France in point of territory
was equal, and in a few years was superior in population,
to what she had been before the Revolution broke out.
But her relative strength had declined, as she had not
advanced in proportion to the adjoining states ; and the
double capture of Paris and dreadful defeats of her
armies had seriously impaired her influence. Austria
had survived all her disasters, and received a great acces-
sion of territory and influence as the reward of her
perseverance in the cause. England had emerged great,
glorious, and unconquered from the strife. Alone of all
the great kingdoms of Europe, her capital had never seen
the fires of an enemy's camp. Her colonial empire was
quadrupled, and now encircled the earth. Her revenue had
risen from iJl 6,000,000 annually to £72,000,000. Her com-
merce had tripled, her resources doubled, compared with
what they had been at the commencement of the war.
Her navy had acquired the undisputed command of the
seas. But she had a debt of eight hundred millions
depressing the energies of her inhabitants, and the seeds
of more than one serious, perhaps mortal, distemper im-
planted in her bosom. But it was in France that the
effects of the convulsion were most conspicuous ; and
of these, three are so prominent and important as to
throw all the others into the shade.
The first of these was the total confiscation of the pro-
perty of the church, and the conversion of the ecclesias-
tical members, from a powerful body maintained on its
42 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, own estates, to a needy set of salaried functionaries paid by
xcv* the state, and occupying a very subordinate place in its
1815. establishment. It has been already mentioned, that the.
vast effects ProPerty of the church was estimated, when it was con-
of the confis- fiscated by the Constituent Assembly, at 2,000,000,000
chureVpro-6 francs, (£80,000,000,) and that its annual revenue was
pertyin somewhat under 75,000,000 francs, (£3,000,000,) a-year;1
i Ante/ciiap. but, when the Restoration took place, a very different
* § 22* state of things had ensued. Under the Consulate, the
sums paid to the whole clergy of France only amounted
to 12,000,000 francs (£480,000) a-year; and, with all
Napoleon's anxiety to augment that part of the national
establishment, it had reached only 18,000,000 francs
(£720,000) annually, at the Restoration. The Constituent
Assembly had estimated the number of parochial clergy
necessary for France at forty-eight thousand, and the
annual cost of the religious establishment at 65,000,000
francs, (£2,600,000;) but in 1832, with a population
augmented by six millions, there were only thirty-six
thousand parish priests, the cost of whose maintenance
was annually 33,81 5,000 francs, (£1,550,000,) yielding only
on an average 900 francs, or £36, annually to each incum-
bent. In the same year, the cost of the army was
339,000,000 francs, or £13,560,000. Nor were the dignified
clergy in a different situation, as to worldly advantages,
from the parish priests. Few of the bishops now have more
France, e * than £300 or £400 a-year ; and the archbishop of Paris
Ann' His?5' mmse^j tne highest ecclesiastical functionary in France,
xii.2'01. enjoys an income of only £640, less than a respectable
rector of a country parish in England.2
In such a state of matters, there can be no doubt that
48 the French clergy are in no danger of falling into the
Dangers' to vices or frailties which impaired the credit and lessened
Sr*Jeshi8 the usefulness of the Established Church of France
France. anterior to the Revolution. There is no risk of pampered
prelates dazzling the crowd by their trains of liveried
servants, or dubious abbes scandalising society by their
- ill-disguised vices. But is there no danger of evils still
greater arising on the other side 1 How is talent to be
attracted to an establishment where the great body of the
functionaries receive less than the wages of a family
butler or parish schoolmaster ; and the very highest has
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 43
hardly the emoluments of a well-employed village at- chap.
torney ? How is its respectability even to be maintained,
in the midst of a luxurious and selfish generation, which 1815.
considers wealth as the chief passport to worldly dis-
tinction ? Is it likely that persons of sense and informa-
tion will attach any weight to the instructions, or even
attend the religious services, of men not elevated in point
of station and education above their menial servants ?
And if they continue openly irreligious, or lukewarm in
the support of Christianity, is there a hope that the
public morals can be preserved in any other way 1 This
result, accordingly, has already ensued in France. The
rural population is, for the most part, inclined to devotion,
and attached to their parish priests, taken from their own
class, and with whom they live on terms of familiarity.
The female part of the old nobility are religious, for to be
so is a mark of ancient descent : it is fashionable among
them, because it distinguishes them from the free-thinking
crowd who have been elevated by the Revolution. A few
eminent men — such as Chateaubriand, Guizot, Villemain,
Amadee Thierry — have brought to the defence of the
ancient faith genius of the highest, philosophy of the
most exalted kind. But the great mass of the educated
citizens in towns, and especially in Paris, are either openly
infidel, or utterly indifferent to religion, as a trouble-
some restraint on their passions. This appears in the
most decisive manner from the licentious style of the
dramas and romances which have attained, and still
enjoy, the highest popularity. It is that body, however,
which now rules the state, and will ultimately obtain
the general direction of its opinions. Neither rural
peasants, nor women of fashion, can long withstand the
influence of the cultivated and intellectual men of a
nation.
The second circumstance of paramount importance
which distinguishes France since the Revolution, is the 49
almost total destruction of the aristocracy of rank and Total des-
landed property, and the concentration even of com- £!Sj10f
mercial wealth in comparatively few hands. That this landed
is the case is universally known, and has been abundantly ans ocracy"
shown in various parts of this work ; but few are aware
of the extraordinary and almost incredible extent to
44 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, which the devastation has gone. It is sufficient to observe,
xcv- therefore, that when France had regained a tranquil and
1815. prosperous state under the Restoration, by the cessation of
the scourge of foreign wars, the annihilation of consider-
able fortunes, both in land and money, had been so com-
plete, that out of 10,414,000 properties taxed in France,
only 17,745 were rated at an assessment of one thousand
francs and upwards (£40) annually, while 7,897,110 were
rated at a tax below 21 francs, (16s. lOd.) The Due de Gaeta,
Napoleon's finance minister, whose authority is uncon-
tested on these points, states a tax of 171,579,000 francs
(£6,860,000) as corresponding to a revenue in the persons
taxed of 1,323,567,000 francs, (£52,940,000)— indicating
that, on an average, and taking into view the inequalities
of the cadastre, which in some departments render the
tax a fifth, in others only a thirteenth of the proprietor's
income, the direct tax is about thirteen per cent. In
1815 there were, therefore, on this authority, only 17,745
persons in France, whose income from real property of
every description reached 9000 francs, or £360 a-year;
a fact, in a country of such extent and resources, which
would be incredible, if not stated on such indisputable
authority. Nay, there is reason to believe that the con-
tribution fonciere is on an average twenty per cent over
286^287! ' the whole kingdom of the net revenue of proprietors ; *
in which case, the persons enjoying 5000 francs, or £200,
a-year in France, would be only 17,745! The great
families which have survived the Revolution, and pre-
served their properties entire, are very few in number ;
and so rapid is the division of estates, both in land
and money, by the present law of succession in France,
that the fortunes made during the convulsion are rapidly
melting away. The consequence is, that though there is
a Chamber of Peers invested with important legislative
and judicial powers, it is for the most part destitute of
realised property ; its members hold their seats in it for
life only, and on the appointment of the crown ; and
2 Due de nine- tenths of them are indebted to its pensions or
^ta,ii'327' appointments for the means of maintaining even the
moderate establishments which they are able to uphold.2
It is impossible to over-estimate the effects of such a
state of matters in a monarchy erected on the foundation,
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 45
if not with the materials, of the feudal institutions, chap.
Whether society can exist in another form, and a lasting XCVj
security be afforded to freedom without the element of *8i5.
a body of considerable proprietors existing in the country, Vast effect of
cannot yet be affirmed with certainty from the expe- this circum-
rience of mankind. It can only be said that there is no 8 ^
example of its having continued for any length of time
without such a counterpoise in society, in any opulent
and highly-civilised state; and that all the institutions of
modern Europe are directly adverse to its establishment.
A powerful sovereign ; influence depending on employ-
ment ; all office flowing from the crown ; the land divided
among the peasants ; and the monarch, by the weight of
direct taxation, the real landholder of the whole ter-
ritory — these are the institutions of Asia, not of
Europe ; and freedom has ever been unknown in the
Oriental dynasties. The effect of the total destruction of
the class of considerable proprietors has, since the Restora-
tion, been conspicuous in the choice which the sovereign
has been obliged to make of ministers to carry on the
government. Louis XVIII. and Charles X. tried to infuse
into it a considerable portion of the old noblesse, but this
was ere long found to be impracticable ; and on the acces-
sion of Louis Philippe, the reins of power fell at once into
the hands of journalists and lecturers, of bankers and
reviewers. The aristocracy of intellect came in place
of that of property. This is not surprising : it was the
only power, save that of the sovereign, which remained
in the state. The physical force of numbers is entirely
directed by the mental power of their leaders. That
greater ability may in some cases be brought to the
direction of affairs in this way, than when rank and
possessions are the chief recommendations to power, is
undoubtedly true. It will be no easy matter to find
parallels to Guizot and Villemain in aristocratic states.
But is there an equal security that this ability will
permanently be exerted in the right direction 1 Can able
journalists and reviewers, with little property of their
own, and no fortune to expect from the people, be
expected, in the long run, to resist the seductions of an
executive armed with .£40,000,000 a-year, and with a
hundred and forty thousand civil offices, besides all the
46 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, military ones, in its gift 1 That is the point on which it
xcv' behoves the friends of freedom to ponder, in other coun-
1815. tries which have not yet broken down the aristocracy ;
for in France it is too late.
One thing is clear, that, in such a state of matters, the
51. upper house, or Chamber of Peers, affords no security
its fatal whatever against the encroachments either of regal or of
chamber of popular power. Destitute of possessions, it has not the
Peers. weight of property ; without ancestors, it wants the
lustre of history ; nominated by the executive, it lacks
■ the respectability of independence. It is an assembly of
titled pashas and agas of provinces, and nothing more.
It can only be expected to imitate the conduct of the
Roman senate under the emperors, and become a conve-
nient veil to shroud from the public eye the reality of
despotism, or take on itself the odium of its most ob-
noxious measures. If any doubt could remain on this
subject, it would be removed by the base conduct, on
almost all occasions, of the conservative senate of France
since the Revolution. It is hard to say whether it fawned
with most servility on the First Consul, the Emperor,
the government of the Restoration, or that of the Barri-
cades. It was the same in former days. " Constantine,"
says Chateaubriand, " formed in his second Rome a patri-
cian body, after the model of the one which so many
great citizens had immortalised ; but that resuscitated
nobility acquired so little consideration, that men were
ashamed to belong to it. In vain it was attempted, by
means of pensions, to supply its poverty — to disguise by
respectful titles, dress, and observance, its origin of yester-
day. Privileges are not ancestors : man can neither take
from himself the descent which he has, nor gain that
Etudes6aU * which he has not. The senators of Constantine remained
Hist. ii. 3ii. crushed under the ancient and venerable name of ' Con-
Chuvres, in.
311. script Fathers, which their recent obscurity only ren-
dered more overwhelming." 1
This danger is rendered the more pressing, when it is
recollected, in the third place, what a prodigious and
unexampled division the Revolution has made in the
landed property of France. A considerable part of its
territory, estimated by Arthur Young at a fourth of its
extent, chiefly in the southern provinces, was always
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 47
in the hands of the cultivators, and divided according to chap.
the allodial custom derived from the Roman law, into xcv'
equal portions, or nearly so, on the holder's death. But, 1815.
by the effects of the Revolution, and the general confisca- imme5n2s'e
tion of property, lay as well as ecclesiastical, with which it subdivision
was attended, this state of matters has become all but uni- of France. °
versal. The immense statistical researches of the French
government since 1830, and the admirable digests of them
which have been published by the different ministers in
that magnificent work, the "Statistique de la France," have
now afforded the most ample and authentic information
on this all-important subject — a subject so important,
indeed, that all other effects of the Revolution sink into
the shade in comparison. From its details, it appears
that there were, in 1815, 10,083,751 separate landed pro-
perties rated in the government books in France, and
that this number had increased in 1835 to 10,893,526.
There are several of these separate properties, however,
which belong to the same person ; but, taking that into
view, the government calculate that there are 5,446,763
separate landed proprietors in France. Nor is this all : so
minute are the portions into which the territory is
divided, that there are 2,602,705 families, the revenue
of which from land is only fifty francs, or £2 a-year, i stat. de
while only 6,684 have an income of above 10,000 francs J* France;
(,£400) annually* The division of land into such v A^icui-8
miserably minute portions, without any considerable JJJJ^ L
properties interspersed, is a sufficiently dangerous element 101.
in society under any circumstances j1 but what must it be
The separate properties
were in
1815,
-
.
10,083,751
1826,
-
-
10,296,693
1835,
-
-
10,893,526
2 ,602 ,705 families have an income of 50 francs
or £2
875,997
.
.
of 100
or 4
757,126
.
.
of 200
or 8
369,603
.
.
of 300
or 12
342,082
.
.
of 500
or 20
276,615
.
.
of 1,000
or 40
170,579
.
.
of 2,000
or 80
23,777
.
-
of 5,000
or 200
16,598
.
.
of 10,000
or 400
6,684
-
-
above 10,000
or 400
5,446,763
Counter, i. 101.
48
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
53.
in conse-
quence
in a country where commercial capital has been in a great
measure destroyed by preceding convulsions, and the class
of considerable proprietors, who might have given employ-
ment or wages to these little landowners by whom the
country is overspread, have disappeared from the land ?
It need scarcely be observed that, in a country situated
as this is, an effective or enlightened system of agriculture
Deterioration is impossible. Capital and enterprise are indispensable
agriculture to such a blessing ; and where are they to be found
among a body of peasants barely maintaining life on an
income of from £2 to .£10 a-year each ? Garden cultiva-
tion, it is true, is the perfection of the management of
the soil — all other is but a transition state to it; but
there is a wide difference between garden and cottar culti-
vation ; the former is the last, the latter the first stage of
agriculture. To have the garden system in perfection, an
ample market for the choice and costly produce of horti-
culture or the orchard is indispensable. It is that which
makes it appear in so delightful a form in Tuscany and
the valley of the Arno. But such a market cannot exist
without a large body of opulent proprietors, diffused not
only through the towns, but over the country ; because
they alone can afford to purchase the choicer productions
of the soil. The confiscations of the Revolution have
destroyed such a body in France ; the Revolutionary law
of succession has rendered its reconstruction impossible,
because it continually induces the division of estates.
The inhabitants of thirty-nine of the principal towns of
France, including Paris, amount now only to four millions
of inhabitants, out of thirty-four million, which the coun-
try in all contains. Twenty-three millions of this body
are engaged in the cultivation of the soil, and derive
their chief if not sole subsistence from that source.1
The element is awanting in Erance, therefore, which can
alone make the equal division of land consist with general
prosperity. This grievous chasm in society has rendered
the distribution of the land among the cultivators, which
under other circumstances might have been the greatest
of alt blessings, the greatest of all curses in France : like
the Amreeta cup in Kehama, it is the one or the other,
according to the circumstances of the people which receive
it, and the amount of public virtue by which their pro-
1 Mouuier,
Agric. de
France, ii.
81.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 49
ceedings have previously been regulated. It has covered chap.
the country, not with Tuscan freeholds, but with Irish x v'
crofts : it has induced, not the efflorescence of European 1815-
freedom, but the decay of Oriental depotism.
Clearly as this must appear to be the case, to all who
without prejudice or interest consider the subject, it was ^
hardly to have been expected that the proofs of it were Proofs of this
to have been so numerous and decisive, as they have state of"
become during the period, short in the lifetime of a nation, France-
which has already elapsed since the Revolution. The
immense statistical researches of the French government,
especially since 1830, have brought them to light ; their
admirable powers of arrangement have exhibited them,
perhaps unconsciously, with overwhelming force. From
the reports of the minister of finance in 1839 and 1840,
it appears that the number of sales judicially recorded of
landed property in France, chiefly to pay taxes or credi-
tors, amounts annually to above a million, and that, great
as this number is, it is rapidly on the increase, while the
successions are less than half the number* The produce
of the tax levied on these sales constitutes a considerable
portion of the public revenue ; it amounts to from four
to five millions sterling a-year ; and the value of the real
property thus annually brought to sale from the distress of
the owners and the parcelling out of land, is so great, that in
the ten years which elapsed from 1825 to 1835, it amounted
to above twenty-three thousand millions of francs, or
£930,000,000 — being fifty-nine per cent on the whole value
of land in France. Upwards of a half of this immense sum
was realised by sales, chiefly judicial, and not by gifts or
descent.t It may be conceived what a mass of litigation
and law expenses so prodigious a transference of landed
* Number of Judicial Sale* of Land.
Produce of tax.
In 1837, . 1,163,626 . . 79,348,552 fr. or £3,200,000
In 1838, . 1,176,563 . . 85,622,449 fr. — 3,420,000
In 1837, . 522,221 . . 30,764,124 fr. — 1,230,000
In 1838, . 502,389 . . 32,738,013 fr. — 1,309,000
-Rapport du Minittre det Finances, 1839 and 1840 ; Moonier, i. 130, 131.
t Value of Lands alienated from 1825 to 1835 by inheritance, gift, and sale.
Inheritance, . . . 9,317,287,867 fr. or £372,000,000 nearly.
Gift, .... 2,145,199,412 fr. — 85,800,000
Sale 11,885,799,262 fr. — 475,000,000
Total, . . 23,348,286,541 fr. —£932,800,000
■Tableau du Ministre det Finances, par M. Martin, 1837 ; Mounier, i. iii.
VOL. XX. D
50 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, property in so short a time in such minute portions must
xcv' have occasioned, and how it must have contributed to enrich
1815. the army of eighty thousand notaries, attorneys, and other
legal men by whom these proceedings were conducted.
There are in France 43,000,000 of hectares, (108,000,000
acres,) cultivated by 4,800,000 families — being on an aver-
age 5£ hectares, or 13 acres, to each ; but of these,
3,000,000 cultivate 10,000,000 hectares, or 22,500,000 acres
— being 7£ acres to each family .* It is among this nume-
rous class of little proprietors that the voluntary and
judicial sales are most frequent, from their extreme
poverty, which keeps them constantly on the verge of
pauperism. So wretched is the system of cultivation
which they pursue, that their little domains do not on
an average furnish them with food for more thanffty days
in the year : while, being surrounded by other families
as necessitous as themselves, they find the utmost
difficulty in getting employment to pay for the subsist-
ence of the remainder, and generally are obliged to travel
far for that purpose. The mass of mortgages or debts
heritably secured in France on the land is eleven milliards
of francs, or £440,000,000, the annual charges of which are
600,000,000 francs, or £24,000,000. The land tax is about
300,000,000 francs, (£12,000,000,) and the law expenses
and taxes connected with transfers of heritable property
about 200,000,000, or £8,000,000 more— leaving only
480,000,000 francs, or £19,200,000, of clear revenue to the
roSsM* whole landholders of the country, although the net pro-
296. Porter's duce of the land is 1,580,000,000 francs, or £63,000,000 a-
Progressof . \ ' ' ' 5 >
the nation, i. year. This gives on an average of clear income to each of
72, 73. ^he £ve millions and a half of proprietors, less than four
POUNDS ANNUALLY.1
Proofs, equally convincing, crowd on all sides to show
* The 43,000,000 hectares of cultivahle land in France are thus distributed :—
Hectares. Acres.
3,200,000 families with 3 hectares or 7£ acres each, . 10,000,000 or 25,000,000
800,000 — 13 — 32 — . 10,000,000 or 25,000^000
One million families cultivating the soil as follows, viz. :
Metayers paying half the fruits, .... 15,000,000 or 37,500,000
By middlemen with power to sub-let, . . . 3,000,000 or 7,500,900
By middlemen without power to sub-let, . . . 5,000,000 or 12,500,000
5,000,000 families cultivating 43,000,000 107,500,000
The remaining 446,000 owners of real property in France to make up the total
amount of 5,446,763, are owners of houses in towns or villages.— Mounikr, 1 295.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 51
how much the condition of the people of France, and the chap.
cultivation of their soil, has been deteriorated by this extra-
ordinary, and, in Europe at least, unprecedented state of 1815-
things. From the reports of the minister of the interior, Deterioration
it appears that the total produce of grain crops in France in the con-
in 1836 was 181,000,000 hectolitres, equivalent to French
60,000,000 quarters ; of which about 70,000,000 hectolitres ififf"**-
(23,300,000 quarters) are wheat.* The total area of France ture in conse-
being 51,893,000 hectares, or 126,000,000 acres, of which quecce'
13,831,000 hectares, or 31,000,000 acres, are under grain
crops, t it follows that the average produce of an acre is
under two quarters, while the average produce in England
is two quarters and five bushels, and in Scotland, with a
much inferior climate, three quarters. The entire pro-
fits of cultivation in France from 124,000,000 acres, aro
.£63,000,000, or not quite ten shillings an acre ; while in
England, 32,332,000 acres yield an annual rental of
.£45,753,000, or about .£1, 8s. an acre, besides the profit of
the farmer, probably 12s. an acre more : in all 40s. an ^M'Cuiioch's
/. . , -^ i\l» lfm . British em-
acre, or four times that in France.1 The difference in pire.i.476.
the productive power of agricultural industry in the two
countries is still more striking : for while in France
* The quantities of the several kinds of grain annually raised in France are
as follows :—
Hectolitres.
Qw.
Wheat, .
.
69,154,463
or
23,051,484
Barley, .
16,444,030
—
5,481,316
Oats,
48,899,652
—
16,277,884
Meslin, .
11,824,914
—
3,941,304
Maize,
.
7,610,280
—
2,543,423
Spelt,
.
132,055
—
44,015
Rye, . .
27,772,613
181,842,079
9,257,534
60,597,954
Potatoes,
.
96,180,714
—
32,060,240
atistique de la France,
art. Agt
Area of France under
Hectares.
Acre*.
Wheat, .
6,546,869
or
14,000,000
Spelt,
,
4,733
—
9,781
Barley,
.
1,164,632
—
3,032,000
Oats, .
.
3,000,623
—
7,514,262
Rye, .
.
2,573,100
—
7,560,000
Maize,
631,194
—
1,534,231
Meslin,
•
910,426
—
2,342,000
In grain, .
.
. 13,831,877
—
32,800,000
Potatoes, .
920,689
2,280,000
Buck wheat,
,
651,235
—
1,564,000
— Mounibr, i. 309, 313.
Pari. Papers, 1845, Commons, Moved for by Mr Newdegate.
52
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
Census
5,000,000 families engaged in agriculture furnish subsist-
ence, and less than 2,500,000 families are engaged in other
pursuits — in other words, two cultivators feed themselves
and one other person not occupied with the production of
subsistence ; in Great Britain, by the last census (1841,) the
number of persons above twenty engaged in agricu 1 ture, was
only 1,138,563, and they furnished subsistence to 3,492,336
1841. Occu- above twenty engaged in other pursuits— in other words,
Btracts ab 14 one agricu^urist fed himself and three other male persons
15, 21.' " ' not engaged in raising subsistence.1* The produce of agri-
cultural labour, therefore, measured per head of agricul-
tural labourers, is six times greater in Great Britain than
in France : an astonishing fact, when it is recollected that
the two nations are about the same age, and that the supe-
riorityof climate ison the part of the latter country. And such
has been the deterioration in the breed of horses in conse-
quence of the diminished size of farms, and swarms of
indigent cultivators with which the country has been
overspread, that the great military monarchy of France,
which in 1812 sent an hundred thousand horses into
Russia, and in 1815, from its own resources alone, pro-
duced thesplendid cavalry, eighteen thousand strong, which
all but replaced Napoleon at Waterloo on the imperial
throne, is now obliged to import sometimes as many as
40,000 horses from foreign states in a single year, and the
\baSsl* l Purcnases abroad for the cavalry alone are seldom under
388'; u. 'no. thirty-seven thousand, which cost the state commonly from
half a million to a million sterling.2 1
* The proportion of agricultural families to the other classes is rapidly de-
creasing in Great Britain ; but still the national produce was, down to the repeal
of the Corn Laws, save in bad seasons, equal or nearly so to the national subsist-
ence. They have stood for the last forty years as follows :
1811
1821
1831
1841
Agricultural.
Commercial.
Miscellaneous.
Total
not agricultural.
35 per cent.
33 —
28 —
22 —
44 per cent.
46 —
42 —
46 —
21 per cent.
21 —
30 —
32 —
65
67
72
78
—Census, p. 14; Pre/ace to Occupation Abstracts.
t In ten years from 1831 to 1840, there have been imported into France
346,181 horses ; on an average a-year, 38,164
Exported 71 ,973, or annually, 7,997
Cavalry horses bought in 1831, 37,038 which cost 17,808,342 fr. or £712,000
— — 1848, 37,643 — 23,138,253 or 920,000
— Mounikr, ii. 110. From Statistique de la France, voce Agriculture.
HISTORY OP EUROPE.
53
HAP.
XCV.
1815.
56.
It would be some consolation, amidst so many dis-
heartening facts, if it appeared that the moral and intel-
lectual character had been raised, and the material
comforts of the French people ameliorated by the Revolu- Din
tion ; but so far is this from being the case, that they morality
appear both to have undergone a decided change for the JSpieof6
worse from its effects. Many sources of corruption among Fran<*.
thegreat have beenclosed,manycausesof oppression among
the poor removed, by that convulsion ; but human wicked-
ness has opened others still more pernicious in their conse-
quences, because more widespread in their effects. In the
year 1815, out of 25,601 births in the metropolitan depart-
ment of the Seine, no less than 5,080 were admitted into
the foundling hospital in the course of the year ; and the
total number in that establishment at the end of the
year was 11,391. In the year 1841 the total births in
the same department were 37,951, and those in the found-
ling hospital at the end of the year 13,768. In the de-
partment of the Rhone, embracing Lyons, the number of
foundlings at the end of the same year was 9,846, while
the total births were only 16,015. The total foundlings
over France from 1831 to 1835 were 618,849, and the
total births during the same period 4,874,778 ; giving an
average of about 103,000 for the former and 774,955 for 1
the total births, or about 1 to 7J. Since that period the France,'
number has diminished: out of 4,794,703 births from Aqdum; £pu%
1836 to 1840, the foundlings are 486,950, or nearly a tenth.1 to 143.
These are the numbers of the foundlings in France : the
births of natural children are much more considerable, and
in the chief cities of the country are about half the legiti-
mate ones* The increase of natural births over all France
Stat, de la
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
Legitimate Births.
Natural Births.
Total.
Paris.
Lyons.
Bor-
deaux.
Paris.
Lyons.
Bor-
deaux.
Paris.
Lyons.
Bor-
deaux.
19,214
19,468
19,414
19J26
18,568
18,580
19,152
17,046
18,113
19,119
19,361
3,354
3,637
3,547
3,712
3,548
3,361
3,550
4,470
4,821
5,014
5,233
2,375
2,563
2,508
2,520
2,488
2,594
2,4a
2,364
'2,489
2,484
2,967
10>2
10,392
10,475
9,953
10,007
10,378
9,237
9,347
9,985
9,959
1,965
2,022
2,093
1,966
1,980
1,836
1,940
1,814
1,925
1,849
1,952
1,170
1,214
1,164
•1,283
1,156
1,239
1,270
1,215
1,228
1,236
947
29,253
29,970
29,806
29,601
28,521
28,587
28,930
26,283
27,460
29,104
29,320
5,319
5,659
5,640
5,678
6,438
5,197
5,490
6,384
6,746
6,863
7,185
3,545
3,777
3,673
3,803
3,644
3,678
3,479
3,717
3,780
3,854
— Stat, de la France— Territoire, Population, 421, 460.
54 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, is greatly more rapid than that of legitimate ones* In
xcy- 1841 the number of persons admitted into the hospitals of
1815. Paris was 105,087, and the deaths in the hospitals 15,583,
i stat. de la while the total number of deaths in the metropolis in the
Admin.' Pub. same year was only 24,524. In other words, nearly two-
w' thirds of the population die in public hospitals. The stage,
that faithful mirror of the public taste, as well as the
novels generally popular, sufficiently explain the state of
the national mind which has produced these deplorable
results. There is a lamentable change from the works of
Corneille and Racine to the suicides, incests, and adul-
teries dramatised by Victor Hugo and Dumas. It is cus-
tomary to lament in France that, notwithstanding all the
efforts made to extend public instruction, two-thirds of
the people can still neither read nor write ; but, judging
from the demoralising tendency of the popular works in
the capital, it is perhaps happy for them that they are
unable to inhale the intoxicating poison. It is probably
to that cause that the superior morality of the provinces,
compared with the capital and other great towns, is to be
ascribed. Certain it is that in all the eighty-three de-
partments of France, without exception, the amount of con-
victed crime is just in proportion to the diffusion of education ;
and that the great majority of the ladies of pleasure in
Paris come from the northern departments, which are in-
comparably the best instructed in the whole kingdom.t
The material comforts of the French people have not
gained by the Revolution, any more than their moral
Diminished character has been elevated. In his report on the average
SmfoSsof consumption of meat in France, the minister of the
the French interior confesses, that the ration of each inhabitant in
peope* animal food is not a third of what it is in Great
Britain ; in France it is twenty kilogrammes a-year ; in
England sixty-eight.$ Each Frenchman consumes on an
* Births over France —
Legitimate. Natural. Total.
In 1800, 862,053 41,635 903,608
1810, 879,632 52,783 931,799
1820, 893,727 66,254 959,981
1830, 899,015 68,985 968,000
1835, 919,106 74,727 993,833
—Stat, dela France— Territoire, Population, 367, 371, 380.
f See the curious tables of M. Guerry, Paris 1834, where this extraordinary
fact is fully demonstrated. They may be found also in Bulwer's France, i.
180, 181.
$ Even in the towns of the departments containing 10,000 inhabitants and
upwards, which of course embrace the part of the population where the con-
HISTORY OP EUROPE. 55
average sixteen ounces of wheaten bread a-day ; each chap.
Englishman thirty-two : the former one ounce and two- xcv-
thirds of meat, the latter six ounces.1 The statistical isi5.
tables from which these interesting results are obtained, ^gj^jj' "'
are among the most extraordinary monuments of human
industry and skilful arrangement that ever were made :
they speak volumes as to the effects of the Revolution on
the comforts of the middle and working classes. No
abridgement of them is practicable ; they must be judged
of for themselves in the magnificent statistical archives
published by government, which do so much honour to
the administration of France. Even in the great cities,
where, if any where, the fruits of the Revolution may be
supposed to have been reaped, since it was they which
proved victorious in the strife, the same result is observ-
able. Paris itself — though it has become in every -sense
the heart and centre of France, and obtained the entire
direction of its government — has shared in the general
reverse ; it has increased in population, but declined in
the comforts of the inhabitants.- The desperate competi-
tion of industry, the destruction of the great fortunes
which consumed its fruits, have induced a deplorable
equality in indigence among its inhabitants. The annual
consumption of beef by each inhabitant of Paris is now
little more than half of what it was in 1789 before the
Revolution broke out ; at present it is only twenty-four
kilogrammes, it was then forty-seven. From the year 1801
to 1829 eighty-five thousand oxen and cows on an average
were annually killed in Paris; the average from 1829 to 1839
was only sixty-nine thousand, although in the intervening
period the population had increased by two hundred and
eighty-four thousand souls. From a report on the supply of
animal food in the metropolis, prepared by a royal com-
mission in 1841, and presented to government, it appears
that while the population of Paris has increased from
sumption of animal food per head is greatest, the average consumption of
butcher meat in France in 1816 was 50.53 kilogrammes per head ; while in
England the average of the whole country is 68. Such as it is, the consumption
per head has declined in the last thirty years. That of the northern depart-
ments, embracing Paris witha population of 1,193,000 souls, was in
Population. Kil. consumed. Average per head, Ml.
1816, 1,193,000 74,896,871 62.78
1820, 1,184,000 77,630,907 60.284
1833, 1,532,783 85,630,686 55.86
Statistique de la France, (Archives Statist,) 203, 219.
56
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
i Mounier,
ii. 153, 165,
201. Stat.
de la France,
(Archives
Stat.) 190,
201.
58.
General
social and
domestic re-
sults of the
Revolution
in France.
five hundred thousand to one million between 1789 and
1840, the supply of animal food to its inhabitants has not
materially increased ; in other words, the share falling to
each individual has been reduced to little more than a
half.* The difference has been made up by the increased
use of potatoes, rye, and inferior food. This process of
deterioration is still rapidly advancing, alike in the
quantity, weight, and quality of the animals consumed
in Paris. Such have been the results of the Revolution
to the people of the victorious metropolis.1
France, then, after having gone through the ordeal of a
Revolution, presents a spectacle of the most extraordinary
and instructive kind : she stands forth as a beacon and a
warning to all the other states of the world ; for herself
the warning is past. She has listened to the tempter ;
she has eaten of the forbidden fruit, and she is receiving
the appropriate punishment. The king has been guillo-
tined, the dynasty changed, the church property confis-
cated, the aristocracy destroyed, commercial wealth ruined,
two-thirds of the national debt repudiated, the land
divided, monopoly and exclusive privilege of every kind
annihilated. All the objects of the promoters of the
Revolution have been gained ; all the supposed evils of
European civilisation have been removed. And what
has been the result ? Not an increase, but a diminution
to general felicity ; not an augmentation of rural industry,
but a falling off; not the purification of morals, but their
deterioration ; not the extension of general liberty, but
its contraction ; not a decrease of the public burdens, but
their duplication. After half a century of turmoil,
confusion, and bloodshed, France finds its permanent
taxes doubled, while its population has advanced only a
• Table showing the consumption of animal food in Paris in the following
years: —
Tears.
Population.
Oxen.
Cows.
Oalres.
Sheep.
1637
67,800
368,000
1688
115,000
1722
500,000
70,000
1779
600,000
77,000
120,000
1789
524,186
70,000
18,000
120,000
350,000
1812
622,636
72,268
6,929
76,154
347,568
1835
885,558
71,634
16,439
73,947
364,875
1840
1,000,000
71,718
20,684
73,113
437,359
— Rapport par la Commission Royale, 13th August 1841— given in Mounikr,
ii. 175-201.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 57
third ;* real property is crushed by a land tax varying from chap.
a tenth to a fifth of the net produce of the soil, and the xcv'
legislative assembly is chosen by less than two hundred 1815.
thousand out of thirty-four millions — that is, by one out
of one hundred and seventy of the people, and that privi-
leged class composed entirely of the richest persons in
the community, who pay two hundred francs direct
taxes. The government is really centred in the execu-
tive, though the name by which that executive is called,
or the family which holds it, may be liable to frequent
change.
European has been exchanged for Asiatic civilisation :
there has emerged from the strife, not the freedom of 5g
America, but the institutions of the Byzantine empire, it has
France is now cultivated ostensibly by European land- European for
owners, really by the Ryots of Hindostan. Under the A*iatic civi"
name of prefects, it is ruled by the mandarins of China ;
in its titled and paid Upper House, it has the patricians
and senate of Constantine. But hitherto, at least, it has
not obtained in exchange even the tranquillity and repose
which men usually seek under the shelter of despotism.
The authority of the ruling power at the Tuileries has
become irresistible ; but it has been discovered that, by
an urban tumult, the depositories of that power may be
changed ; and revolutions of the palace have succeeded, as
they did in Rome, those in the state. The description
given by a great orientalist and philosophic observer of
China, may pass for that of France since the Revolution :
— " There is no nobility — no hereditary class with here-
ditary rights. Education, and employment in the service
of the state, form the only marks of distinction. The
men of letters and government functionaries are blended
* Population of France in 1784, 24,800,000
do. do. in 1845, 34,200,000
Francs.
Taxes of France in 1784, . . . 500,000,000 or £20,000,000
do. do. in 1845, . . . 1,415,779,706— 56,120,000
Land taxes in 1784, viz : —
Vingtiemes, . . . 55,000,000
Troisieme, . . . 21,500,000
Taille, . ... 91,000,000
184,500,000 — 7,400,000
Land and income tax in 1845, . . 400,029,566 — 16,000,000
Interest of debt in 1784, . . . 207,000,000 — 8,280,000
Interest of debt in 1845, . . . 347,641,702— 13,900,000
Annuaire Historique, xxvii. 169 ; Stat, de la France (Population), 155 ; and
IS'eckkr, Sur les Finances, i. 35, 91.
58 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, together in the single class of mandarins, hut the state is
xcv' all in all. But this absolute and monarchical system has
1815. not conduced to the peace, stability, and permanent
prosperity of the state ; for the whole history of China,
i Schiegei's from beginning to end, displays one continued series of
ofhffiSy^ seditions, usurpations, anarchy, changes of dynasty, and other
i. 102, 103. violent revolutions and catastrophes. But the final triumph
has ever been to the monarchical principle." x
Amidst so many disheartening circumstances in the
60 present social condition of France, the natural result and
Marked just punishment of the crimes the nation has committed,
theopinTons there is one consolatory feature arising from the excess of
onfdM^en those crimes themselves. This is the marked change
since the which has taken place in the opinions of writers of the
inFranc£n highest class of thought in that country on religious sub-
jects. There is not an intellect which now rises to a
certain level in that country — not a name which will be
known a hundred years hence — which is not thoroughly
Christian in its principle. That, at least, is one blessing
which has resulted from the Revolution. Chateaubriand,
Guizot, Lamartine, Villemain, De Tocqueville, Michelet,
Sismondi, Amadee Thierry, Barante, belong to this bright
band. When such men, differing from each other so
widely in every other respect, are leagued together in
defence of Christianity, we may regard as a passing evil
the licentiousness or dangerous tendency of the writings
of Victor Hugo, Sue, Balzac, or other popular French
novelists. They no doubt indicate clearly enough the
state of general opinion at this time; but what then?
Their great compeers, the giants of thought, foreshadow
what it will be. The profligate novels, licentious dramas,
and irreligious opinions of the writers which form the
ideas of a large part of the middle classes now in France,
are the result of the infidelity and wickedness which
produced the Revolution. The opinions of the great men
who have succeeded the school of the Encyclopedists, who
have been taught wisdom by the suffering it produced,
will form, it is to be hoped, the character of a future
generation. Public opinion at any time is nothing but
the re-echo of the thoughts of a few great men half a
century before. It takes that time for ideas to flow down
from the elevated to the inferior level. The great men
HISTORY OP EUROPE. 59
never adopt, they only originate. Their chief efforts chap.
are in general made in opposition to the prevailing 1
opinions by which they are surrounded, but they deter- li-
mine that by which they are succeeded.
Perhaps no nation, ancient or modern, achieved in the
end such extraordinary and unlooked-for success as fell 61
to the lot of England in the close of this great contest. Astonishing
Not only had the capital of her enemy been twice cap- England in
tured by the alliance of which she formed the head, but the war-
on the second occasion this had been done by her own
army, headed by her own general. Again, as in the days
which followed the battle of Cressy, the English horse
had marched from Bayonne to Calais. Enormous war
contributions had been levied by indignant Europe on
the conquered realm : if it was not partitioned, and swept
from the book of nations, this was entirely to be ascribed
to the moderation or jealousies of the conquerors. An
army of occupation strong enough to bridle the fiercest
passions, and tame the strongest indignation, had been
put in possession of its frontier fortresses, and placed
under the command of an English general. Paris did not,
like Carthage, burn seventeen days in the sight of the
victor ; but it did more : it twice owed its existence to his
generosity. Seven hundred thousand captives did not, as
in the time of Scipio Africanus, bewail the sword of
conquest ; but three hundred thousand prisoners emerged
from confinement, to evince in their freedom the clemency
of their enemies, and bless the religion they formerly
reviled, which had so wonderfully softened the usages of
war. The whole conquests of the Revolution had been
reft from the Great Nation faster than they had been
won ; the works of art, the monuments of genius, un-
worthily carried off by the French in the days of their
triumph, had been restored ; and if the productions of
their own country yet remained to them, it was only
because they did not undergo the stern but just law of
retaliation, and their victorious enemies declined to follow
their bad example.
Great and glorious as were the triumphs of England at
the termination of this memorable struggle, the maritime
and colonial successes gained during its continuance had
60 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, been still more remarkable. Though the united navies of
xcv' France, Spain, and Holland, with which Great Britain
1815- had to contend before the war had lasted three years, out-
Prodigfous numbered her own by sixty effective ships of the line ;*
maritime yet such had been the superiority of her seamanship, the
Great Britain valour of her sailors, and the ability of her admirals, that
during the before its termination the fleets of these powers were
almost totally destroyed, and those of England rode trium-
phant in every quarter of the globe. From the renewal
of the war in May 1803, to its conclusion in July 1815,
the number of ships of the line and frigates lost to the
enemies of Great Britain in battle, was no less than one
hundred and seventy-nine, of which fifty-five of the
former class and seventy-nine of the latter had been taken
in battle. Of these one hundred and one had been added
to that of this country. The losses sustained by England
during the same period, were only thirteen of the line,
not one of which had been captured by the enemy, but
all accidentally perished, — and nine frigates taken in battle.
The total losses of the navy during this period of unex-
ampled activity ac sea, however, by accident or the fury
of the elements, were very great : they amounted in all to
three hundred and seventeen vessels bearing the royal
flag. The total number of ships of the line and frigates
captured from the enemy, from the commencement of
the war in 1793 to its close in 1815, was one hundred and
thirteen of the former class and one hundred and ninety-
five of the latter, of which eighty-three of the line and one
hundred and sixty-two frigates were added to the British
navy.f The British navy, at the commencement of the
year 181 5, consisted of seven hundred and ninety-two vessels,
of which two hundred and fourteen were of the line, and
* Viz., at the commencement of war in 1793—
' Line. Frigates.
England had - - 153 89
France — 86 79
Spain — 76 68
Holland — 28 27
190 174
Balance against England, 37 84
but only one hundred and fifteen ships of the English line were fit for service, so
that the real balance against her at the commencement of the war was seventy-
five ships of the line and eighty-four frigates, which implied probably a balance
of sixty line-of-battle ships fit for service, taking into view the worn out ones on
the other side.— See Ante, Chap. ix. § 26, note ; and Chap. ii. § 8, note.
\ Table showing the French, Spanish, Dutch, Russian, Danish, Turkish,
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
61
one hundred and ninety-two frigates ; being an increase, chap.
since the commencement of the war in 1793, of ninety- xcv'
nine of the former class, and one hundred and eight of the 181&-
latter. The navy, however, had not been kept up at this
immense amount without proportional efforts on the part
of the state ; and in the years 1813 and 1814, the total
sums voted by parliament for the sea service reached
to the enormous amount of above nineteen millions ster-
ling in each year, and the actual charge to above twenty-
one millions* The magnitude of this effort will not be
duly appreciated, unless it is recollected that in those two
years Great Britain expended annually ten and eleven
millions on subsidies to foreign powers ; that she had all i James's
the armies of Europe in her pay in France or Germany ;x Vi. ApP No's.
that the total national expenditure was above £120,000,000 l£2'll' Ante
yearly, of which no less than £72,000,000 was raised by c ku. § 67.
taxes within the year, on a population not exceeding, at
and American ships of the line and frigates taken or destroyed during the war,
and the number of each added to the British navy : —
I. From 1793 to 1801.
LINK.
i
i S
I I
t
A
1
E
1
French,
34 11
5
4
1
Dutch,
18
Spanish,
4 5
Danish,
2
Total line,
68 16
5
4
1
II
ST
French,
Dutch,
Spanish,
Danish,
£ p £ £ 53
82 14 4 2 1 157
French,
Dutch,
Spanish,
Danish,
Russian,
Turkish,
American,
Grand)
total,*
T±!fri*) 126 M
gates, J
II. From 1801 to 1815.
French, 55 15
Dutch, 5 1
Spanish, 6 1
Danish, 9 1
Russian, 1 4
Turkish, 3 1
American,
55 14 2 0 0
Grand \
total,/
31
90
51 42
25 11
2 1
4 2 1 234 144
Whole\ 113 30 7 4 1
war, )
—James, ii. App. No. 17 ; and vi. 506 ; App. No. 15.
Voted. Real Cott.
* Viz: For the year 1813, in all £19,312,270 £21,996,624
1814, — 19,032,700 21,961,567
—James's Naval History, vi. 500, 505, and ante, Chap. xli. § 67.
79 23 6 0 0 179 199
Whole war, 205 41 10 2 1 413 343
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, that period, eighteen millions of souls that she had
xcv' above a million of men in arms at once ; and that,
1815. during successive periods of the strife, she had to
combat the whole fleets of the civilised world combined
against her !
It is an old observation, that he who is master of the
gg sea of necessity must gain possession of the land also ; and
Great coio- the result of this war proved that, in so far as colonial or
ofaEngiandt8 distant possessions are concerned, the remark is well
during the founded. The whole colonies of the world, in the course
of the war, fell into the hands of the English or their
allies. When the British flag was hoisted on Fort Cornelius,
in the island of Java, in the year 1807, the last of the
French and Dutch colonies had fallen. The Danish were
taken as soon as the war with that power broke out in
the same year ; the Spanish, by the effects of the invasion
of the Peninsula, were converted into allies of Great
Britain, and in the end became independent. Not a
colony remained to an enemy of England at the close of
the war. The Americans had entered into it in the hope
of wresting Canada from her in the hour of her distress ;
but they gained no other lasting result from mingling in
the strife, but to see their capital taken, their commerce
ruined, their harbours sealed, their flag swept from the
ocean. The whole colonial commerce of the world had
centred in the merchants of Great Britain. Her dominions
in the West Indies embraced every one of those rich and
flourishing settlements yet producing sugar,* formerly
divided among so many nations ; and the planters of which,
from the long monopoly of colonial trade which they had
enjoyed under shelter of the naval supremacy of England,
were in a state of extraordinary prosperity. In North
America, England possessed the vast and almost boundless
realms of Canada, the cradle of empires yet to be, to which
the St Lawrence, and chain of mighty lakes from which it
flows, opened an interior communication, similar to what
the Mediterranean afforded to ancient Rome. These splendid
possessions had shown themselves as impregnable to the
arms of their republican neighbours as they were proof
against the seduction of their principles. In the East,
the whole peninsula of Hindostan, from Cape Comorin to
* St Domingo had ceased to produce any.
niSTORY OF EUROPE. 63
the Himalaya snows, formed her gigantic dominion, and chap.
eighty millions of men inhabited her territories, while
forty millions more acknowledged her influence, or were 1815.
tributary to her arms. The noble island of Java, and all
the European settlements in the Indian archipelago, had
fallen into her hands, and their original owners owed their
restitution solely to her perhaps misplaced generosity ;
while, in New Holland, a fifth quarter of the globe was
added to her dominions, and those infant settlements were
already planted which are destined to spread, in the
very antipodes of the mother country, the powers of
European art, and the blessings of Christian civilisation.
When successes so marvellous, in every part of the
world — and which may safely be pronounced without a
parallel in the whole history of mankind — were achieved intemai
by a people in a small island of the Atlantic, and with a jjjj^^f
comparatively inconsiderable population, it may readily England
. .* . ,', , ■ f. ,' / ,. ./ during the
be imagined that a most extraordinary degree of activity same period.
and prosperity must have prevailed in the parent state,
from which the whole of these efforts emanated. This,
accordingly, was in a most striking manner the case.
Great as had been the increase in the external dependen-
cies of the British empire during the period embraced in
this history, they were outdone by the advances made
during the same time in its internal resources. These, so
far from having been exhausted, had multiplied to an
extraordinary degree during the war ; and the empire was
stronger in men, money, and resources of all kinds, at
its termination, than it had been at its commencement.
The population of Great Britain and Ireland, so far from
having declined during the struggle, had increased beyond
all former precedent. In 1793, it scarcely reached fourteen,
in 1815 it exceeded eighteen, millions of souls. The
national revenue, which in the former period was not
quite seventeen millions sterling, in the latter exceeded
seventy-two millions : the national expenditure had risen,
during the same time, from twenty to a hundred and
twenty millions sterling. No less than ^574,000,000 had
been added, since 1793, to the national debt, after deducting
all that had been paid off by the sinking fund ; but so
far had this prodigious expenditure been from absorbing
the capital of the nation, that agriculture, commerce, and
64
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
manufactures, during the same exhausting conflict, had
made unprecedented progress. The exports had doubled,
the imports increased fifty per cent ; the commercial
shipping nearly tripled during the strife ; agriculture,
flourishing beyond all former precedent, had more than
kept pace with the growth of the population ; and the
nation had, for the first time for half a century, become
independent of foreign supplies. Still the unemployed
capital of the country was so abundant that, in the last
of twenty years of hostilities, the loan of above fifty mil-
lions was contracted on more favourable terms than one
of four millions and a half at their commencement.*
And what is most extraordinary of all, during the whole
of this period of anxious effort, when the nation was
straining every nerve to maintain its existence, and taxa-
tion, to an enormous amount, weighed upon its energies,
not only was the public faith kept inviolate, but the pro-
vident system of Mr Pitt, for the redemption of the debt,
was preserved entire ; the sinking fund had risen, during
the war, from a million and a half to fifteen millions ster-
ling ; and not a shilling had been taken from the annual
sum devoted to the relief of the poor, amounting though it
did, at the close of the period, to six millions sterling.t
d
Home and , T„,™_+„
Col. exports.'*™^8;
Off. value. Off- value.
Shipping.
Tons.-
Revenue.
Great
Britain.
Terms on
which loans
contracted. I
National |
debt. |
1792
1793
1794
1814
1815
1816
L.
24,904,850
20,390,179
26,748,082
19,659,358 1,068,302
19,459,357 ' 719,268
22,294,893 1,879,581
L.
16,382,435
17,674,395
17,440,806
13,400,000
13,900,000
14,220,000
5 per cent.
H -
S —
51,358,398 32,622,771 2,616,965 171,134,503
57,420,457 31,822,053 2,601,276 72,210,512
48,216,166 26,374,921 2,648.593 62,264,546
18,100,000 41 —
18,520,000 5* —
18,740,000 M —
L.
231,537,865
229,614,446
234,034,718
752,857,236
816,311,940
796,200,196
— See Table A, in Appendix, Chap. xcv.
Porter's Pari. Tables, i. 1.
and Ante, Chap. xli. § 64 ; and
t
Years.
Money applied
yearly to
redemption of
debt.
Poor's rates
annually,
England.
Annual loans,
besides floating
debt.
Taxes raised on
Great Britain.
Total
Expenditure.
1792
1793
1794
1795
1813
1814
1815
1816
£ 1,458,504
1,634,972
1,872,957
2,143,697
16,064,057
14,830,957
14,241,397
13,945,117
£6,117,241
6,294,581
5,418,846
5,724,839
£ 4,500,000
12,907,451
42,090,646
42,736,196
58,763,100
18,500,000
45,135,589
9,256,092
£16,382,435
17,674,395
17,440,806
19,883,520
68,748,363
71,134,503
72,210,512
62,264,546
£ 16,382,435
22,754,366
29,305,477
39,751,091
107,644,085
122,235,660
129,742,390
71,612,219
<— See Appendix A, Chap. xcv. ; and Porter's Pari. Tables, i. 1.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 65
It is not, however, during a contest, but after it is over, citap.
that its lasting effects for good or for evil upon the
national fortunes are to be discerned : it was in the half wis.
century 'immed\ate\y following the second Punic war, that Extraordi-
the Roman dominion was extended over the greater partof ""jy k™*1.'1
the civilised world. Judging by this standard, the impulse empire since
•riven to tin- wraith, resources, and power of England, by the peace,
the revolutionary conflict, is proved to have been immense.
There is, perhaps, no example in the annals of mankind
of a nation having made such advances in industry,
wealth, and numbers, as Great Britain has made since the
peace, In the thirty years that have elapsed since the
battle of Waterloo, during which it has enjoyed, in
Europe at least, almost uninterrupted peace, its popula-
tion has increased more than a half, having advanced
from 18,500,000 to 28,000,000: its imports have doubled,
having risen from £32,000,000 to £70,000,000 : its exports
have more than tripled, having swelled from £42,000,000
to £130,000,000, exclusive of colonial produce : its shipping
lias doubled, having grown up from 2,500,000 tons, to
5,000,000. During the same period, the agricultural
industry of the country has been so far from falling short
of this prodigious increase in its commercial transactions,
that it has signally prospered : the dependence of the
nation on foreign supplies has steadily diminished, until
the grain annually imported had come on an average of
five years ending with 1835, to be no more than a two-hun-
dredth part, in average years, of the annual consumption ;
and the prodigy was exhibited of the rural industry in an
old state, possessing a narrow and long cultivated terri-
tory, not only keeping pace with, but outstripping, an
increase of numbers, and augmentation of food required
for the purposes of luxury, unparalleled in any age.*
Nor have the external power and warlike achieve-
Exports.
Official Value.
Imports.
Declared Value.
Shipping.
Tons.
Population.
1816
1817
1818
£35,717,070
40,111.427
42,700,521
£26,374,921
29,910,502
35,845,340
2,648,593
2,664,986
2,674,468
18,640,000
18,930,000
19,180,000
1843
1844
1845
-Appendix A,
117,877,278
131.564,503
132,444,503
Chap. xcv.
70,093,353
75,441,555
85,281,958
4,847.296
5,049,601
6,045,718
27,430,000
27,660,000
27,900,000
VOL. XX.
E
66
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
66.
Growth of
its colonial
power.
ments of England been weakened by this long direc-
tion of its energies to pacific pursuits. Though com-
paratively seldom called into action, the prowess of
her soldiers and sailors has shone forth with lustre, if
possible increasing on every successive occasion. Her
colonial empire has greatly increased : New Zealand, a
large part of Hindostan, a valuable settlement in China,
liave been added to her dominions, already vast, in the
Indian and southern seas : Acre, impregnable to Napo-
leon, has yielded to her arms: the ambition of Russia,
the encroachments of France, have been alike checked in
the East: the Mahrattas, the -Pindarries, the Goorkhas,
the Burmese, the Afghans, the Sikhs, have been succes-
sively conquered in Asia : the British flag has been
planted on the ramparts of Bhurtpore ; it has waved at
Ghuznee, the cradle of the Mahometan power in the
heart of Asia ; a disaster which recalls the destruction of
the legions of Varus has been surmounted ; and while the
Continental nations were speculating on the approaching
fall of the British empire in India from its effects, the vigour
of the nation recovered the shock. China was vanquished,
the ground lost in Affghanistaun regained in a single cam-
paign, and the world was lost in amazement at beholding
the same Delhi Gazette announce a glorious peace dictated
to the Celestial Empire under the walls of Nankin, and
the second capture of Cabul in the centre of Asia. Such
were the national riches during this extension of its
dominions, that Great Britain could afford at one period
to give twenty millions sterling for the perilous experi-
ment of negro emancipation ; and at another ten millions
to assuage the poignant sufferings of Irish poverty.
When England sheathed her victorious sword within the
walls of Lahore in 1846, her sway was paramount, not
only over the whole peninsula of Hindostan, but the
entire extent of Eastern Asia ; and a hundred and fifty
millions of men, in the four quarters of the globe, obeyed
the sceptre of Queen Victoria.*
♦ Viz:
Population.
Territory.
Square Miles
Great Britain and Ireland,
25,500,000
122,823
Dependencies in Europe,
158,729
124
Do. Ceylon and Hong Kong,
1,242,000
24,664
Do. Asia, ...
85,300,000
642,000
Do. Africa, ...
288,613
200,723
Carry forward,
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 67
London, the capital and heart of this immense domin- chap.
ion, is a city so great from its riches and populousness, xcv-
so extensive in its influence, so renowned from the deeds 1815.
of which it has been the theatre, that any description of nig^^i
the British empire at the close of the war might justly be sketch of
deemed incomplete which did not contain some notice of its ondon*
principal features. Situated on both banks of the Thames,
at the distance of thirty-five miles from the sea, but
in so level a district that the tide flows through its centre,
in the midst of a rich champaign country, and com-
municating readily by land and water with its richest
provinces, it is equally well adapted for carrying on an
extensive foreign commerce, and becoming the emporium
of internal opulence. So early as the time of the Romans,
those favourable circumstances led to its growing into a
considerable city ; part of the Tower is said to have been
originally constructed by the hands of the Legions — cer-
tainly its walls stand on the foundations excavated by
their labour ; and, so early as the time of Queen Boadicea,
it had become a place of such note, that a large proportion
of the Italian colonists who fell by her arms, were settled
within its bounds. Since that period, it has steadily
advanced in wealth, population, and importance. The
Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and Normans have successively
made it the seat of their government and the centre of
their dominion ; its strength has generally cast the balance
in favour of which ever party, in the civil wars that fol-
lowed, was fortunate enough to obtain its aid. But for
its support, the star of York would have paled before the
rising fortunes of the House of Lancaster in the time of
Edward IV. ; but for the fidelity of the city trained-bands,
the arms of the Long Parliament would have sunk before
Population.
Territory.
Square Miles.
Brought forward,
Dependencies in North America,
1,720,000
750,000
Do. South America,
.
100,000
52,400
Do. West Indies,
.
800,000
77,000
Do. Australia,
.
240,000
474,000
Army and Navy,
199,460
Total British Empire, -
118,548,802
2,343,734
Protected States in Europe,
Ionian
Islands,
.
231,000
1,041
Do. in India,
"
40,000,000
542,000
Total British Empire and Dependencies, 158,779,802 2,886,775
— Qensus 1841 ; and Malte Brun, iv. 15, 257.
63 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, the cavaliers of Charles I. It is chiefly in later times,
x ' however, and since the colonial empire of Great Britain
1815. nas been so widely extended, and its naval supremacy
been determined, that it has risen to such immense and
universally-felt importance ; and it may now safely be
affirmed that it exceeds in wealth and influence, and
probably also in population, any city of which history
has preserved a record, either in ancient or modern
times.
Its inhabitants, which did not much exceed a million
at the close of the war, have now (1847) swelled to the
statistics of enormous amount of two millions two hundred thou-
i£t!£mot san(* — a numDer probably equal to those contained in
the war, and Rome at the highest period of its elevation .* So prodi-
year» after, gious is the commerce which centres in its harbour, that
out of £20,000,000 custom-house duties which Great
Britain yields to government, no less than £12,000,000,
on an average of years, come from the port of London. In
its principal bank, that of England, an accumulated
treasure of £15,000,000 sterling is generally lying ; besides
what is in the hands of inferior establishments or in
general circulation, of at least equal amount. In its
arsenal, that of Woolwich, are contained stores of artillery
and ammunition equal to a war on the greatest scale
with the whole civilised world. Yet, so salubrious is its
situation, owing to the dry gravelly bed on which it
stands, the gentle declivity which generally conducts its
impurities to the river, and the extensive system of sub-
terraneous drainage by which these advantages are
skilfully made the most of, that the chance of life in its
numerous inhabitants is on an average not greatly less than
that of all England.t Noble parks, studded with ancestral
trees, furnish at once recreation and health to the citizens :
* Population of London in
1801 1811 1821 1831 1841
864,845 | 1,009,54(5 | 1,225,694 | 1,471,941 | 1,873,676
At this rate of increase, which certainly has not diminished during the last
seven years, its present inhabitants must he nearly 2,200,000 (1847 ;) and by the
census of 1851 , will probably be 2,400,000.— Census o/1841, p. 10, Enumeration
Abstract, Preface. Rome, according to the best authorities, contained, in the
time of the Antonines, 2,265,000 inhabitants. See the Chevalier Bunsev,
Beschreibung von Rom, i. 184, which estimate is approved by Zumpt, Uber die
Bevolkerung in Allerthum Berlin Trans, for 1846, p. 59; and Professor Hoeck,
ii. 383.
\ The annual mortality of all England was in 1830, 1 in 58 : in London it was
HISTORY OF EUROPE. VJ
they are emphatically called the "the lungs of London." cn.\y.
So vast are its commercial transactions, that they fre- J_ 1
quently amount to fifty and even a hundred millions, m5-
which pass the clearing house of the bankers in a single
week, sometimes in a single day ; and any stoppage in the
wonted supplies of its credit is felt like the shock of an
earthquake over the whole mercantile world — in Europe,
Asia, and America. The great commercial catastrophe
which in 1838 and 1839 prostrated so large a part of the
commercial establishments of America, arose entirely, as
Mr Biddle, the chairman of the United States' Bank, stated,
from the contraction of credit in London, owing to the
great exportation of the precious metals to purchase
grain to supply the deficient harvests of those years in the
British islands. Many hundreds of vessels, of all sizes and
nations, daily go up and down the Thames ; its East and
West India docks are, taken singly, greater than first-rate
harbours in other states ; its port, seven miles in length,
presents a forest of shipping unequalled in any part of
the world ; and whoever has not approached London by
water, and beheld the commerce of the world centred in
its heart, can have formed no adequate conception of the
grandeur and importance of the British empire.
It can scarcely be affirmed that the architectural splen-
dour of the English metropolis is equal to this lofty 69
destiny ; and certainly its ruins will convey to future its general
ages no adequate conception either of its present magnifi- nnTSitec-
cence or beauty. Many sovereigns, as Augustus with Rome, [Jjj| c,mr~
have found it of brick, but none have left it of marble.
The general use of that inferior and perishable material
in the construction of the greater part even of public
edifices, and its universal adoption in that of private
houses, has given to the greater part of the city a mono-
tonous and mean appearance, which strangely contrasts
with the unexampled magnificence displayed in its equi-
pages, and the boundless wealth accumulated in its shops.
in 1836, 1 in 46. The deaths of persons under 20 years of age have decreased in
the metropolis to a half of their amount in the last half century.
They were in 1780 1 in 76*
— 1801 . . 96
— 1830 . . 124
— 1833 . . 137
—Porter's Progress of the Nation, i. 24.
70 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap. So much, indeed, of the overwhelming impression of Lon-
xcv- don is produced by the latter circumstances, that it is
1815. difficult to separate from them the effect of its edifices,
considered merely as architectural structures. At the
close of the war, with the exception of St Paul's, West-
minster Abbey, St Martin's Church, and a few other
public buildings, most of which were of ancient date,
there was scarcely a street or edifice in London worthy
of the metropolis of a great empire. During nearly two
centuries which had since elapsed, the national taste had
never recovered the shock given to the fine arts by the
triumph of the Puritans in the time of Charles I. White-
hall, which formed a small part only of the palace pro-
jected by the refined taste of that patriotic monarch, was
then, and perhaps is still, the most perfect building of the
kind in the metropolis. Since that time, however, great
exertions have been made for its embellishment — the
frequency of foreign travelling having awakened the
inhabitants of this country to a just and painful sense of
the inferiority of their capital in this respect. Long lines
of pillared scenery, rows of buildings resembling palaces,
statues, triumphal arches, monumental columns, and
other public structures, now adorn the metropolis in pro-
fusion, and convey at once a vivid impression of its
riches, and the recently awakened desire of its inhabi-
tants for architectural decoration. Its numerous bridges
of granite and iron, which span the Thames, are
beyond all question the finest in the world, and will con-
vey to the remotest ages some idea of its present
grandeur. St Paul's bears the second honours of sacred
structures in the Grecian style of architecture ; West-
minster Abbey the first in Gothic, if the richness of the
decorations is taken in connexion with the sacred associa-
tions by which it is hallowed.
If London could be perpetuated to future times as it
70 now is, few capitals would exceed it in the gorgeous
its perishable magnificence of its structures. But unfortunately they
wanfof last- are f°r the most part of brick, with a coating merely of
tufestruc* stucco> which, however carefully prepared and richly
ornamented, seldom long survives the generation which
produced it. The facility with which forms are varied
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 71
in that flexible material, joined to the desire of wealth to chap.
display its treasures, and of artists to show their originality, xcv-
has led to an unhappy departure from the models of pure 1815.
taste, and general adoption of meretricious designs. No
one can visit London without regretting how much
beauty in its edifices has been lost in the search of
variety ; how much simplicity has been sacrificed for
ornament. But most of all, the perishable nature of the
materials of which it is almost all constructed, never cal-
culated for a century's duration, seldom surviving half
the time,* affords subject for regret. If a decline in the
present sources of its opulence were to occur, and the
restoration of their expensive fronts in consequence
become impossible, London, like Vicenza at this time,
would come ere long to resemble a skeleton, from which
the once beautiful form of the flesh had fallen. It can
never, in consequence, unless a change should take place
in the materials of which it is constructed, present that
most striking of all features in an ancient city, the union
of the monuments of past with the creations of present
times : a circumstance the more to be regretted, from the
long period during which it has maintained an important
place in human affairs, and the many illustrious names
which have immortalised its annals, and of whom the
enduring fane of Westminster covers the remains.
It will be a matter of never-failing astonishment to
future ages, how a nation possessing the limited territory, n
and comparatively scanty population of Great Britain, How has
ever succeeded in amassing such riches, and acquiring so domSn of
mighty a dominion ; and this history would indeed be S^?ritain
imperfect, if some attempt at least were not made to
explain the phenomenon. Probably we are too near the
time of its occurrence to be able to assign the causes
with perfect correctness ; and possibly the attempt now
made may only add another to the many examples which
experience furnishes of the extent to which contempo-
rary writers may be misled as to the real sources of their
country's prosperity or decline. Whether it be so or not,
* Witness the modern ruins in the Quadrant. If a change in the direction
of fashion, or a decay in the national fortunes, were to cause the shops in Regent
Street, or the houses in Regent Park to be neglected, how long would their
brilliant fronts survive amidst the humid atmosphere and frequent fogs of
London ?
arisen .
72 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
oes not
chap, however, the attempt should be made ; and if it does
xcv> instruct future times by its wisdom, it may warn them
1815. by its errors.
I. The first circumstance which seems to have con-
tributed to the astonishing extension of the British
First cause : empire, is the energetic and persevering character of the
and JS? greater part of its inhabitants. It is the more material
verance of to insist on this circumstance, because general opinion, for
people. " nearly a century past, has inclined to its oblivion, and
tended to assign as causes of the difference of national
character and fortunes, what in reality is their effect.
When it is said that it is the free constitution and
liberal institutions of England which have been the
cause of its greatness, men forget that these institutions
themselves were the work of the people, and that, but
for the resolute and persevering character which they
evinced from the first dawn of English history, they would
have been torn to pieces by the senseless dissensions, or
sunk in the debasing slavery, which have proved fatal to
so many other nations. No people ever was more rudely
assailed by the sword of conquest, than those of this
country : none had its chains to appearance more firmly
riveted round their necks. The Romans, the Saxons, the
Danes, the Normans, have successively overrun its plains :
the settlement of the last was the most violent, and
attended with a transfer of property the most complete
of any which modern Europe has witnessed. Yet from
all these disasters the British nation has recovered : nay,
it has derived from them all the means of additional
advances in industry, power, and greatness. Incorpo-
rating, as it were, with the dispositions of the native
inhabitants, the most valuable qualities of all the races
by which they have been subsequently conquered, they
have come in the end to form a character which has
produced the wonders that now fill the world with
astonishment, f If we would see what the aborigines of
this country originally were, what, but for foreign inter-
mixture, they would still have been, we have only to
look to the inhabitants of the south and west of Ireland,
or of the highlands and islands of Scotland. But with the
bravery and tenacity of custom, joined to the indolence
and carelessness of the Celtic character, have been sue-
HISTORY OP EUROPE. 73
cessively incorporated the wisdom and perseverance of chap.
the Romans, the industry and honesty of the Germans, xcv-
the roving disposition and adventurous spirit of the isi5.
Danes, the chivalrous soul and high aspirations of the
Normans. It is the blending of the whole which has
formed the British character : had any been awanting, an
essential element in the formation would have been
deficient, and the national fortunes probably different.
It would appear that, in the moral not less than the
natural world, it is by the combination of different ma-
terials that the richest soil is formed, and from its varied j
qualities that the choicest fruits may be expected. J
II. Vain, however, would have been the preparations in
the intermingling of races for the ultimate development
of the British mind, had not physical advantages existed physical ad-
in the circumstances in which their descendants were vantages of
• Britain,
placed, adequate to enable them to perform their appro- which aided
priate mission. But when Providence destined the Anglo- onEKS-
Saxon race to mighty achievements, it was not unmindful tJint:J-
of the external aid requisite to their accomplishment.
Long anterior to the birth of man, in the first ages of
physical creation, the strata were formed by the superin-
cumbent deluge, the islands were formed by its receding
waves, which thereafter, stirred by the persevering hand
of industry, were destined to provide the asylum, to fur-
nish the powers, from which was to emanate the civilisa-
tion and peopling of half the globe. Securely cradled
in the waves, placed in the centre of the commercial
highway of Europe, the nearest land to the mariner who
approaches from another hemisphere, the British islands
are protected from all save the aggression of mari-
time power, and secured in advantages the most favour-
able for the acquisition of naval superiority, and the
growth of a universal commerce. An extensive sea-coast,
studded with islands, and deeply indented by bays or
natural havens, at once invited the inhabitants of the
shores to maritime adventure, and furnished retreats in
case of disaster ; a tempestuous ocean incessantly trained
the seamen to hardihood and nautical skill.
A territory in some places level and fertile, in others
rugged and mountainous, afforded the fairest prospect of
reward to the varied branches of rural industry, and pro-
74 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, vided the means of maintaining triple the population
xc>> which has as yet been maintained upon it ; a climate
1815. alternately rigorous and genial, bracing, but not enervat-
The riches m& at once compelled exertion and rewarded industry,
and resources Nor were mineral riches, or the means of putting in
em ory' motion manufacturing industry, awanting: on the con-
trary, they were furnished with a profusion unknown in
any other state. A zone a hundred miles broad runs
across England, fraught with the richest coal and iron-
stone ; alternate seams of both are to be found in profu-
sion in many parts of the lowlands of Scotland. In the
forests of Britain, her inhabitants have at hand the best
materials ever yet discovered for the construction of a
navy ; beneath their feet, the means of raising and bringing
to perfection the greatest commercial undertakings ever
set on foot among men. Coal for steam navigation, iron
for railways, are to be found in abundance. Ireland pos-
sesses similar mineral treasures : if they have not yet
been taken advantage of, it is only because the indolent
and unforeseeing disposition of its inhabitants has allowed
them to remain unnoticed — as if to demonstrate how
vain are the choicest gifts of nature, if not seconded by
the vigour and perseverance of man.
III. The policy of the British government has for a
long series of ages seconded the obvious intentions of
Policy of the nature, and given ihat decided direction of the national
ernmenf to enterprise to commercial and nautical pursuits, which the
support the advantages the people enjoyed so clearly pointed out as
their appropriate destination. So marked indeed were
these advantages, that from a very remote period they
gave England a preponderance in maritime affairs.
Gibbon tells us that so early as the revolt of Carausius,
England, detached from the Roman empire in the reign
j Gibhon, of Maximilian, by whom it was in vain assailed, took its
c. xiiL u. 126. pr0per place as an independent maritime power.1 In the
time of Edward III., the victory of Sluys, the greatest in
Europe until that of Lepanto, cost the French marine
thirty thousand men, and exposed the territory of France
for above a century to the fatal ravages of English invasion.
But it was in the time of Charles I. and the Protector
Cromwell, that the importance of attending to commercial
interests became for the first time generally understood, and
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
75
the upholding of the navy a fixed object of national policy.
The first of these monarchs, whose patriotic spirit and
provident wisdom have been too much overlooked or con-
cealed, from the vehement national divisions of which he
became the victim, was so set upon increasing the navy,
in order to afford proper protection to the commerce of his
subjects, that he lost his crown and his head in conse-
quence. The significant name of the impost concerning
which the contest with the people commenced — ship-
money — remains a lasting proof that the monarch lost
all, because he strove of his own authority to levy a tax
for the protection of commerce, which the parsimony of
the parliament had denied to his entreaties. His repub-
lican successor continued the same wise and enlightened
policy, which the prostration of the nation by military
power gave it no longer the means of thwarting ; and we
owe to him the navigation laws, the wisdom of which has
won the praise even of the great apostle of free-trade,
Adam Smith ;* and which, for above a century and a half,
secured to the merchant vessels of Great Britain a per-
manent and decisive superiority over those of foreign
nations, in carrying on its vast and growing commerce
with all parts of the world. During the war,t and until
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
* "Though some of the regulations of this famous act may have proceeded
from national animosity, they are all as wise as if dictated by the most deliberate
wisdom. As defence is of much more importance than opulence, the Act of
Navigation is perhaps the wisest of the commercial regulations of England. The
defence of Great Britain depends very much upon the numbers of its sailors and
shipping. The Act of Navigation, therefore, very properly endeavours to give the
sailors and shipping of Great Britain the monopoly of the trade of their own
country, in some cases by absolute prohibitions, in others by heavy burdens upon
the shipping of foreign countries. This is one of the cases in which it is advan-
tageous to lay some burden upon foreign, for the encouragement of domestic in-
dustry."— Wealth of Nations , B. iv. chap, ii., vol. ii. p. 192.
1801
British Shipping.
Foreign Shipping.
1
Total.
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
4,987
922,594
5,497
780,115
10,484
1,702,749
1802
7,806
1,333,005
3,728
480,251
11,534
1,813,256
1803
6,264
1,115,702
4,254
638,104
10,518
1,753,806
1804
4,865
904.932
4,271
607,299
9,136
1,512,231
1814
8,975
1,290,248
5,286
599,287
14,261
1,889,535
1815
8,880
1,372,108
5,314
746,985
14,194
2,119,093
1819
11,974
1,809,128
4,215
542,684
16,189
2,351,812
1820
11,285
1,668,060
3,472
447,611
14,757
2,115,671
1821
10,810
1,599,274
3,261
396,256
14,071
1,995,530
1822
11,087
1,664,186
3,389
469,151
14,476
2,133,337
—Porter's Progress of the Nation, iii. 174
76
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
76.
the change of policy by the introduction of the reciprocity
system in 1823, this superiority on the part of British
shipping increased, until at length it became to the foreign
nearly as four to one. It was this superiority, beyond all
question, which was the chief means of bringing the nation
through the perils and burdens of the Revolutionary war.
Xenophon observes, that if Attica had been an island, the
naval superiority of the Athenians would have rendered
them victorious over the Lacedaemonians in the Pelo-
ponnesian war* That advantage which Athens wanted,
England enjoyed.
IV. Great and decisive, however, as was the superiority
which the industry and enterprise of its inhabitants,
The British joined to the protective policy of its government, secured
tem.maitsys *° the shipping of this country during the war over those
great effects. 0f other countries, the nation must have sunk in the
struggle, if it had had no commercial resources to rely on
but such as arose from intercourse with foreign nations.
So complete had been the land conquests of France during
the war, that, for the last half of it, nearly the whole
harbours of Europe were closed against British shipping,
and the mandates of Napoleon for the proscription of
English merchandise were obeyed from the North Cape
to the rock of Gibraltar. The commerce of the nation
with the continental states during that period had in
consequence signally declined, but that with the other
countries of the world had proportionally increased.t
Had Great Britain depended upon its European trade, it
would inevitably have been ruined when the continental
system was in full activity : it was to that result that
Napoleon constantly looked as the reward of his labour,
and the consummation of his desires. But what he could
*" Eva? $i tvditts et AOrivetiet luriv' u x<x.% vr,o-6v eixevtrt; S«.Xxrrax^Kr6f-;
yictolv A$r,vce.ioi vnviZX-* «► ctvrotf wtttn (ttv mtuuts u vi^ouXaiyro, na.<Txu* ^ V-rfct
tens Tr,f QtcKurr/is rftx0*" — a.enophon, Atneit. iUpt, c. ii.
t Exports from Britain to —
Europe. United States. Best of America. To all countries.
1806, £11,363,635
1807, 9,002,237
1808, 9,016,033
£12,389,488
11,846,513
5,241,739
£10,877,968 £38,732,730
10,439,423 35,412,867
16,591,871 35,007,591
-Porter's Prog, of the Nation, iii. 102.
HISTORY OP EUROPE. 77
not have conceived, what thwarted all his hopes, 'and in chap.
the end ruined all his designs, was the vast extension xcv"
which at the same time took place in the commerce of 181&-
Great Britain with distant quarters, to which his power
did not reach. England had planted her colonies in
every part of the world : her offspring, emancipated and
not emancipated, opened markets for her manufacturing
industry, which much more than compensated all she had
lost from the ascendancy of France on continental Europe.
Two-thirds of the exports of Britain in 1810 were to Ame-
rica and India.* Notwithstanding the astonishing success
of the French Emperor in the fields of European warfare,
and the indefatigable efforts he made to exclude English
merchandise from the harbours of the Continent, the ex-
ports of the country went on continually increasing till the
year 1811, when they experienced a great and alarming
diminution. They sank sixteen millions in a single year.
That, however, was almost entirely the consequence of the
loss of the North American market, occasioned, not by the
measures of the French Emperor, but by our own injudi-
cious and ill-timed Orders in Council. As it was, however,
they reduced the nation to greater straits than it had been in
since the commencement of the war, and in truth brought
it to the brink of ruin : — a decisive proof that it was from
the commercial intercourse she maintained with her own
descendants, that Great Britain derived the principal part
of the resources with which she maintained the contest,
and that no misfortunes were to be regarded as irrepar-
able, but such as severed them from each other.
V. The great danger, however, of a nation's depending to
a great extent on its colonial dependencies is, that they ff»
i ••■,-, /•! ii i\li-jt. Extraordi-
desert it in the hour of danger, and thus, what had been nary loyalty
the main source of its strength, becomes the principal coiSSesdur?
cause of its weakness. The dissolution of the Lacede- ing the war.
* Exports to —
Europe.
Asia.
United States,
America.
Rest of
America.
Africa.
Total.
1810, L.15,627,806
L.2,977,366
L.10,920,752
L. 15,640,166
L.595,031
L.45,761,121
1811, 12,834,680
2,941,194
1.841,253
11,929,680
336,742
29,893,549
It was the license trade which made the exports to Europe so much greater in
this, than the preceding years, — an extraordinary proof of the cupidity for
money which characterised Napoleon, or of the straits to which he was
reduced in carrying out his continental system.— See Porter's Prog, of the
Nation, iii. 102.
78 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, monian confederacy after the battle 'of Leuctra, the
■ * defection of the Athenian colonies after the disaster of
1815. Aigospotamos, of the Carthaginian on the invasion of
Scipio, of the Roman after the slaughter of Cannae, prove
on how insecure a foundation the prosperity of a state in
general rests which depends on the allegiance of its distant
possessions. In all parts of the British empire, however,
the most perfect unanimity prevailedj for carrying on the
contest during the whole of its continuance ; and the
flame of loyalty burnt as steadily on the shores of the St
Lawrence, or the banks of the Ganges, as on those of
the Thames, or the plains of Yorkshire. It was this
unanimity, beyond all question, which brought England
triumphant through the perils of the contest : her only
vulnerable point was Ireland, where unfortunately
different feelings prevailed with a large part of the
people. The secret of this extraordinary loyalty in all
parts of the widely scattered British dominions, so differ-
ent from what had hitherto been experienced among men,
so bright a contrast to what had so recently been exhibited
in its own North American colonies, is to be found in the
protective policy which had so long been pursued by its
government.
The inhabitants of the British colonies were not by
78 nature different from other men ; but circumstances had
Which arose rendered the policy of their rulers different. They were
protective not the representatives of a part of the empire, but of the
system. whole : they pursued a policy for the general good, not
merely of the dominant island ; hence it was for the
advantage of the whole colonies to remain constant to
the parent state. The great and varied interests of the
British empire, in all parts of the globe, had silently
worked their way into the legislature: purchase of seats
in parliament had opened its gates on the footing of
nominal corruption and real independence ; the East and
West Indies were as effectually represented through the me-
dium of Gatton and Old Sarum, as Westminster or York-
shire were by the voice of their numerous constituents.
Talent, readily enlisted under the banner of one or other
party, found an easy entrance into the legislature under
the same system ; and not being constrained to bend to
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 79
the wishes of an interested body of home electors, sup- chap.
ported the policy which appeared conducive to the general xcv-
interests of the empire. Nothing, it was evident, could 1815.
secure the allegiance of distant possessions but attention
to their interests, and the command of the sea. Hence
the protective policy, which for a century and a half
formed the ruling principle of British legislation, and of
which the navigation laws, so vital in their effects to our
maritime interests, were but a part. Similar enactments,
multiplied to an incredible extent, secured to the parent
state and all its colonies the benefits of mutual intercourse.
Heavy discriminating duties restrained the competition
of rival states. Protection to native industry at home
and abroad, was the unseen but powerful chain which,
through all the chances of wa/, retained the whole
in firm and willing allegiance to the government of Great
Britain. The navy of England gave that security to their
commercial intercourse without which it could not have
been carried on. The ocean became the highway for
their mutual communication. No state could hope to
obtain a share in this lucrative commerce but such as
was either neutral or protected by the British flag. So
strongly was this felt by the planters in the French and
Dutch colonies towards the end of the war, that they
desired nothing so much as to be incorporated with the
British dominions ; and when an English expedition
appeared off their coasts, they in secret prayed for its
success, and no real resistance was made except by the
regular forces.
VI. Vain, however, would have been the numerous
advantages, physical and political, which Great Britain
enjoyed during the contest, if a fortunate combination of Expansive
circumstances, joined to uncommon wisdom on the part of pa^cur-
its government, had not established a system of currency jency in
in the heart of the empire, adequate to the wants of its Britain,
immense dependencies, and capable of expansion at will,
according to the necessities of the times. No amount of
metallic treasures could have been adequate to the wants
of such an empire during such a contest ; if the whole
gold and silver of the world had been brought together,
it would have proved unequal to the combined necessities
of the government and the people. The vast and imperious
80 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, demand for the precious metals, and especially gold, for
XCVj the use and maintenance of the vast armies contending
1815. on the Continent, of necessity and frequently drained
away nearly the whole specie from the country, at the
very time when it was most required for the support of
domestic credit, or the cost of warlike establishments.
"When such a drain for specie set in from foreign parts,
certain ruin must have ensued, if the empire had possessed
no resources within itself to supply the place of the pre-
cious metals which were taken away. But such resources
did exist, and were managed with a combined liberality
and caution, which gave the country the whole benefits
of a paper currency, without any of the danger with
which it is attended. In February ] 797, when the vast
abstraction of specie from the British islands, owing to
the campaigns of the preceding year in Italy and Ger-
many, joined to an extraordinary run upon the banks,
arising from a panic at home, had brought matters to extre-
mities, the Bank of England was on the verge of bank-
ruptcy, and the nation within a hairbreadth of ruin.
But Mr Pitt was at the helm, and his firmness and fore-
sight not only surmounted the crisis, but drew from it
the means of establishing the currency of the country on
such a footing as enabled it to bid defiance, throughout
the whole remainder of the war, alike to foreign disaster
and internal embarrassment. To the suspension of cash
payments by the act of 1797, and the power in conse-
quence vested in the Bank of England of expanding its
paper circulation in proportion to the abstraction of the
metallic currency and the wants of the country, and resting
the national industry on a basis not liable to be taken away,
either by the mutations of commerce or the necessities of
war, the salvation of the empire is beyond all question
to be ascribed.
A similar crisis, and from a similar cause, occurred in
-0 1810, but it led to no injurious results ; on the contrary,
Wonderful it was contemporary with the greatest exertions of the
towSfthe13 nation. The prodigious absorption of specie for the use
close of the of the French and Austrian armies during the campaign
of 1809, joined to the immense cost' of the campaign in
Portugal, and the importation of one million five hundred
thousand quarters of wheat, to supply the deficiences of a
\v;ir
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
81
bad harvest in 1810, had occasioned so great a dearth of
specie in Great Britain, in the latter year, that gold and
silver had almost entirely disappeared from the circula-
tion, and a light guinea was worth twenty-five, and some-
times as much as twenty-seven shillings. But what then ?
The banks increased their issues in a similar proportion :
that of the Bank of England was raised to £28,000,000 ;
its discounts reached £20,000,000 in a single year. All
other banks did the same ; and, by this means, not only
was the crisis surmounted without difficulty, but a
hundred and thirty thousand combatants, with forty
ships of the line, were assembled around Lisbon, which
hurled back the French legions from the lines of Torres
Vedras. A commercial and monetary crisis which, be-
yond all question, under our present system, would have
involved the nation and all the commercial interests in a
general public and private bankruptcy, was not only
surmounted without distress, but the property of the
industrious classes was unimpaired during its whole
continuance ; and the nation commenced in the middle
of it those gigantic efforts which at length turned the
tide against France, and brought the contest to a glorious
termination * It is remarkable that this admirable
system, which may truly be called the moving power of
the nation during the war, became towards its close the
object of the most determined hostility on the part both
of the great capitalists and chief writers on political
economy in the country. Here, however, as every
CHAP.
xcv.
1815.
* Table showing the notes in circulation, price of gold the ounce, commercial
paper under discount at the Bank, exports and imports of Great Britain, from
1810 to 1815.
Bank of )
Price of cial
Years. England I ^^ i Total, 'gold the
Exports, I Imports,
official | declared
value I value.
Revenue
yearly.
1810
1811
1813
1813
1814
1815
L. L. L. iL. s. d.
21,019,609 No return I 4 10 0
33,360,2901 4 17 6
23,480,330; 4 15 0
23,210,930;
24,801,080 22,700,000 47,501,000 5 8 0
27,261,650 19,011,000 46,272,690; 4 9 0
27,013,630 15,096,000 43,291 ,900 j 3 19 0
L.
20,070,600!
14,355,490
14,291,600
12,280,200
13,285,800
14,217,000
11,416,400
L. L.
34,061,9011 37,613,294
22,684,400! 25,340,704
29,508,508 24,923,922
Recs. des.!
34,207,253 32,622,771
42,875,996 31,822,053
35,717,071' 26,374,921
L.
67,144,542
65,173,545
65,037
68,748,363
71,134,503
72,210,512
62,264,546
See Appendix A, Chap. xcv. The table in the Appendix A, chap. xcv. con-
tains, the author believes, the most complete picture of the statistics of Great
Britain, during and for thirty years after the war, which is any where to be met
with in a similar space ; and he may say this without vanity, as there is not a
single word or figure in it his own composition.
VOL. XX. P
82 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
ctiap. where else, experience, the great test of truth, has deter-
xcv- mined the question. The adoption of the opposite system
1815. of contracting the paper in proportion to the abstraction
of the metallic currency, by the acts of 1819 and 1844,
(followed as it was necessarily by the monetary crises of
1825, 1839, and 1847,) has demonstrated beyond a doubt
that it was in the system of an expansive currency that
Great Britain during the war found the sole means of
its salvation. And if any doubt could exist on this sub-
ject, it would be removed by the experience of the disas-
trous year 1847, during which, without any external
calamity, and when at peace with all the world, the mere
abstraction of eighteen millions of sovereigns to purchase
foreign grain under the free-trade system, produced
universal and unexampled distress, and induced such a
convulsion in the country as reduced the revenue, drawn
with difficulty from twenty-eight millions of souls, to
.£51,250,000 ; while in 1810, under a far greater abstrac-
tion of the precious metals, universal prosperity prevailed,
and .£67,144,000 was without any effort raised from
eighteen millions of inhabitants*
VII. The preceding causes refer chiefly to the physical
advantages, external circumstances, and political policy
The estab- of the British empire during the war. But, in addition
!Lsh ™en< of to these, there were two circumstances of a moral nature
tlic 1. rotes *■
tant religion of paramount importance, which combined to produce
m Bntam. g^ same result. The first of these was the establishment
of the Protestant, as the established religion of Great
Britain. It would ill become, indeed, the historian of
these eventful times,, whose pleasing duty it has been to
record the many deeds of heroism and virtue which have
been displayed by the adherents of the Roman Catholic
faith, to dispute that it is capable of producing the
most elevated and ennobling dispositions. As little will
any one impressed with the principles of true religion
arrogate to his own persuasion any exclusive profession
of the doctrines requisite to salvation, or imagine that
the gates of Heaven will not be thrown open as wide
to those equally obedient to the precepts of Christianity,
in whatever tenets circumstances or parentage may
have brought them up. But, looking to the peculiar
* Appendix A, Chap. xcv.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 83
situation in which Great Britain was placed during the crap.
Revolutionary war, and the necessity which existed for xcv"
strenuous exertion in all classes, it appears equally 1815.
certain that, but for the establishment of the Reformed
faith in the majority and most energetic part of its
inhabitants, it must have sunk in the conflict. Spain
exhibits a memorable instance of the manner in which
a faith which paralyses the intellectual freedom of the
human soul, may depress and in the end ruin the national
resources even of the greatest state, though founded on
the most unbounded natural advantages ; — France, of the
way in which the attempt to force sacerdotal supremacy
upon an age of intellectual activity, may tear up the
whole foundations of society, and involve the best in-
terests of mankind in ruin ; — Ireland, of the melancholy
retention of a people in a state of barbarity, when its
neighbours are far advanced in industry and civilisation,
from the adherence to religious observances fit only for
the rudest ages.
The Roman Catholic is the transition faith from hea-
thenism to Christianity, retaining enough of forms to g2
attract the illiterate multitude, embracing as much of Difference in
reality as may sway more enlightened minds, and produce and Protes-
innumerable blessings. As such, it has done, in the earlier tan* faith,
stages of society, and in many places is still doing, duces this.
immense service to mankind ; but is it the religion fitted
to unite together the high and the low, the learned and
the ignorant, the industrious and the affluent, in an age
of the highest intellectual activity, and to call out in the
utmost degree the physical and mental energies of all
classes of the community ? There is no candid and atten-
tive observer of human affairs who will assert that it is.
The submission to authority in matters of faith, so
valuable as an element of social tranquillity, is eminently
prejudicial, and generally in the end proves fatal to inde-
pendence and activity of thought. Mind cannot long
remain- active if uncontrolled speculation on the subjects
most momentous and interesting to man is forbidden.
The superior mental achievements and political energy of
the Protestant states of Europe to the Roman Catholic,
admitted by all candid historians of whatever creed, is a
sufficient proof of this. A Roman Catholic population
84 HISTORY OP EUROPE.
chap, could never have spread as the Protestant has done in the
XCV< wilds of America ; witness the stationary Canadian habi-
1815. tans or corrupted Mexican grandees, beside the sturdy
Anglo-Saxons, with the Bible in their pockets and the
axe in their hands. The spirit of Protestantism is essen-
tially allied with great exertions of industry and commerce;
that of the ancient faith is more akin to the stateliness of
territorial aristocracy and the fervour of unlettered devo-
tion. It was this difference which gave the Dutch the
advantage over all the forces of the Spanish monarchy, and
in the end established the independence of the United
Provinces. The latter produced the glorious but short-
lived and flickering blaze ofVendean andTyrolese heroism ;
but it is to the former we must look for the mainspring
of the steady and continuous efforts of English perse-
verance and patriotism which were alone equal to the
successful maintenance of the conflict.
VIII. Akin to this circumstance of its religion having
been that of the Protestant faith, is another feature in
The noble the conduct of Great Britain, perhaps arising from it,
EhPthe°n wnicn beyond all question had a most material influence
war was con- upon the issue of the contest, especially in its later stages.
Great ' This is the lofty spirit and noble principles maintained
Britain. both ^v ^he government and people during its contin-
uance. It would be going, indeed, too far to assert that
all the measures of Great Britain during the war were
dictated by the purest motives, or executed in the most
honourable manner. The English are men, and in their
conduct, nationally and individually, is to be found the
usual proportion of the frailties and vices of the sons of
Adam. Selfishness sometimes swayed their intentions ;
inexperience frequently paralysed their counsels ; igno-
rance often rendered nugatory their valour. But that
their conduct upon the whole was less open to reproach
than that of their antagonists — that they contended
throughout for the best interests of humanity and free-
dom— and that their sway has generally speaking proved
a blessing to the countries subdued by their power or
liberated by their arms, is decisively proved by two
circumstances. The first of these is the unanimous resur-
rection of all the nations of Europe against the French
domination, and their cordial union with the arms of
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 85
Great Britain, after the effects of the opposite principles chap.
on which those powers had maintained the conflict had xcv-
been ascertained by experience. The second, the asto- 1815.
nishing fact that the immense colonial empire of England,
in every part of the world, ' maintained an unshaken
loyalty to the mother country during all the vicissitudes
of the war ; and that, since its termination, a hundred
millions of men in India, embracing the bravest and
most warlike states of Asia, have been kept in willing
subjection to the British government, situated at fourteen
thousand miles' distance, and which never had a Euro-
pean force of thirty thousand men in the East at its
disposal. The extreme difficulty which the French have
experienced, with the aid of seventy thousand soldiers,
in retaining possession of a strip of land on the coast of
Africa, within four days' sail of Toulon, proves that the
main reliance of such distant settlements, in old states,
must be on the attachment of the native population,
founded on the experienced protection of their interests.
It is not surprising that the English government,
during the war, should in so remarkable a manner have
succeeded in winning the respect and securing the co-ope- which in the
ration of men. The principles on which it maintained fordCftiie
the contest, the objects for which throughout it contended, general con-
were of the most elevated kind. The British people mankind.0
fought from first to last for the defence of religion and
order — for the preservation of the liberty of mankind,
and for no selfish or ambitious objects of their own. The
proof of this is decisive. They were in the end victorious
in the strife ; and, when they had the power, they appro-
priated none of the spoils of the conquered to themselves.
Not one acre of France was taken ; almost all her colonies
were restored. Java was given back, with perhaps impru-
dent generosity ; and Great Britain had the magnanimity
to exact no severer terms from her vanquished enemy,
with her capital taken, and her emperor a prisoner, than
she had announced at the outset, as the grounds on which
she had taken up arms,* and the conditions on which, at
* Compare the Note of the English government to the cabinet of St Peters-
burg, 29th January 1792, Chap. ix. § 123 ; the Note of Mr Pitt to the same
cabinet, January 11, 1805, Chap, xxxix. § 9; and Appendix to same Chap., A ;
and the treaties of Paris, 1814 and 1815, Chap, lxxxix. § 47, and Chap. xciv.
{ 22.
86
HISTORY OP EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
85.
Excessive
length to
which this
generous
spirit was
carried.
the darkest period of the conflict, she had declared she
would alone lay them down. Even after she had been
provoked by the return of Napoleon from Elba, and heated
by the fearful chances of the Waterloo campaign, she
exacted for herself none of the spoils of the conquered :
no statues or pictures from Paris graced the return of
Wellington to London, as those from Italy and Germany
had done the triumphs of Napoleon ; and the whole of
the share falling to England from the war contributions
then for the first time exacted from France, was given up
to the ally who owed its existence to her generosity* So
far was this generous disposition carried, that Napoleon
made it a matter of serious reproach against Lord Castle-
reagh at St Helena, that he forgot altogether the interests
of his own country in the peace, and gained for England
no other benefit from the sacrifices which had preceded it,
but the stars and ribbons bestowed on himself by the
Allied powers.f Nor was the conduct of England during
the contest unworthy of the principles on which it had
been undertaken and maintained. Whatever faults she
committed, and they were many, were to her own loss
* The King of the Netherlands, who received it to reconstruct the harrier
against France in the Low Countries.
t M If," said Napoleon, " your ministers had paid attention to the interests of
your country, instead of intriguing, they would have rendered you the most happy
and flourishing nation in the world. At the conclusion of the war, they should
have said to the Spanish and Portuguese governments, — ' we have saved your
country; we alone have supported you, and prevented your falling a prey to
France ; we have made many campaigns, and our best blood has been shed in
your defence ; we have expended many millions of money, and consequently, the
nation is overburdened with debt on your account, which we must pay; you have
the means of repaying us. We demand, therefore, that we shall be the only
nation allowed to trade with South America during twenty years, and that our
ships shall have the same privileges with Spanish vessels. Who could say no to
this ? It would only have been a just demand, and none of the Allied powers
could deny your right to exact it ; for it was through you alone, and the energy
you displayed, that both Spain and Portugal did not fall. You might have
asked, who saved Portugal? who alone assisted you with men and money,
besides having saved your existence as a nation. As it now is, France will soon
have the trade to the Brazils. Another piece of folly in your ministers was, in
allowing any other nation but yourselves to trade with India. If you had made
these demands, they must have been granted ; and the powers of Europe would
not have been more jealous of you than they now are, and always will be as long as
you have the dominion of the seas, and insist on the right of search. You would
then have had the means of keeping up your maritime empire, which must
decay, if you have not more commerce than the rest of the world. England has
played for every thing or nothing : she has gained all, effected impossibilities, yet
has nothing; and her people are starving, and worse than they were during the
midst of the war."— O'Meara, i. 261, 264. Without asserting that all these
strictures of Napoleon are well founded, it may at least be confidently asserted,
that they demonstrate on the best of all evidence, that of an able and unwilling
witness, the disinterested principles on which England maintained the contest,
and concluded the peace.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 87
and the oppression of herself alone. No war contribu- chap.
tions or confiscations attended her armies when they
landed in Europe ; no authorised and organised system 1815.
of plunder relieved her of the burdens of the contest, at
the expense of the inhabitants of the conquered territories.
Her immense expenditure and unexampled war con-
tributions were levied upon her own inhabitants alone.
No neutral or allied powers had to rue the day when
she made peace. She concluded it without exacting ces-
sions either from her enemies or friends. So strict was
the discipline maintained by her chiefs even in the ene-
my's territory, that their own generals confessed that
"every peasant wished to be placed under his protection j"1 Jx"x "vfu °s 34"
and the first act of Louis XVIII., on his second resto-
ration to the throne, was to thank the Duke of Welling- s
ton and his officers, in presence of his whole court, for xcv"§e'i5.iap'
the protection they had bestowed on his unhappy
subjects.2
Such, so far as at present can be discerned, were the
principal causes which gave Great Britain the final
victory in this protracted and memorable contest. But principles of
immortality is not the destiny of communities any more JjJSJpijL
than of single men ; and sin has brought death to nations the British
not less than individuals. Out of the triumph of the SSJ* its
conquerors have arisen evils as great, selfishness as intense, the strife,
dangers as pressing, as have attached to the vanquished
from the entire overthrow of society. The victory of
property has been attended with a great destruction of
property, a disregard of the rights of others, in some
respects as complete as that of numbers in the sister
kingdom. It is in the selfishness of the dominant
class, the growth of their desires, and the dereliction of
their principles from the very effects of their success,
that the causes of these disastrous results are to be found.
Prosperity, both in France and England, has produced its
usual effect of developing the seeds of evil, by increasing
the sway of selfish desires in the classes in these respec-
tive countries which have obtained the mastery. In the
former have been exemplified the disasters which would
have resulted from the triumph of Gracchus in the
Roman republic : in the latter, the principles of ruin
88 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
cttap. which, from the continued ascendant of the patricians, a
xcv' length overturned the vast and splendid fabric of the
.
1815. empire. It will be the duty of a future historian to
unfold the causes which have in this manner prepared the
decline and fall of the British empire : it has been the
more agreeable province of him whose labours are con-
cluding, to trace the progress of its rise and greatness.
Yet a few observations will not be misplaced on the social
results which have in this country attended its magnifi-
cent triumphs ; for subsequent experience has unfolded
many of the causes of past prosperity, and the difficulties
with which we are now surrounded throw the clearest
light on the wisdom of the measures by which those of
former times have been surmounted.
It need be told to none of this generation — it will be
87 painfully evident to posterity — in what serious embar-
Present evils rassments Great Britain has been involved since the
threaten peace. In truth, they have been so great and pressing,
the British that it is hard to say whether they have not exceeded all
the dangers and difficulties of the war. Barely concealed
beneath the splendid surface of highly advanced civilisa-
tion, lie smouldering the sparks of a conflagration which
may, at no distant period, involve the empire in ruin. If
its fall is not sudden from a maritime disaster, like that
at Aigospotamos, which at once destroyed the Athenian
republic, it will assuredly dwindle away under the causes
which undermined the vast fabric of Roman power.
Already they are to be seen in full and portentous acti-
vity amongst us. The wealth of individuals, and poverty
of the state, the luxury of the rich, and misery of the
poor, the progressive and oppressive weight of direct
taxation, the impossibility of maintaining an establish-
ment of land and sea forces equal to the necessities of a
wide-spread dominion, the indifference of the affluent to
the sufferings of the destitute, the exasperation of the
many at the fortunes of the few, the increasing depen-
dence of the nation on foreign supplies of food, the constant
drain thence resulting upon its metallic resources ; the
ceaseless growth of debt, the progressive diminution in
the remuneration of labour, the prostration of the inter-
ests of rural before the ascendant of urban activity, the
continued growth of crime, and failure of all efforts j
niSTORY OF EUROPE. 89
either to deter or check it, the appalling increase of chap.
pauperism, and extension of the reckless habits among xcv
the working classes which produce it, so often and feel- 1815.
ingly complained of by the historians of antiquity, are
precisely applicable to the British empire at this time*
If we are not threatened by a hostile girdle of barba-
rous nations thirsting for the spoils of the empire, our g8
dangers are not less real from the ill-disguised jealousy of Symptoms
civilised ambition : if half our population are not slaves, «ie Stis"
a seventh of them are already paupers,t in still more Jjjyjj^06
deplorable circumstances : if we are not reduced to look
to the harvests of Egypt and Lybia for our daily bread,
free-trade is preparing a similar dependence on those of
Poland and America. t Serious crime during the last
forty years has advanced in the British islands ten times
as fast as the numbers of the people ; all the efforts of
philanthropy and instruction seem unable to restrain it.§
Population in the manufacturing districts has not only
outgrown the means, but extinguished in a large class
the desire of religious instruction ; the sinking fund, after
* " Pro his noshabemus luxuriam atque avaritiam : publice egestatem,priva-
Urn opulentiam ,• laudamus divitias, sequimur inertiam ; inter bonos et malos
nullum discrimen ; omnia virtutis praemia ambitio possidet." — Sallust, Bell.
Cat.
Paupers relieved in England. Paupers in United Kingdom,
■f 1843 - 1,307,899 - P^ngland, 1,250.000
1844 - 1,249,682 - Ireland, 2,300,000
Scotland, 200,000
3,750,000
or a seventh of the whole population nearly, which was in 1844 27,500,000.—
Pouter's Progress of the Nation, 82, 91, 2d edition; and Alison's England
in 1815 and 1845, p. 12.
% In fifteen months; from August 1846, when free-trade was introduced, to
November 1847, Great Britain imported 14,200,000 quarters of foreign grain,
though the harvest of 1847 was uncommonly fine ; and the money sent abroad
for this prodigious supply, nearly a fourth of the annual consumption of the
nation, was £33,560,000 sterling.— Chancellor of Exchequer's Speech, 30th No-
vember 1847.
Committals in England.
Committals
in England.
Population of England
1805,
4,605
1840,
27,187
8,900,000 in 1805
1806,
4,346
1841,
27,760
1807,
4,446
1842,
31,309
1809,
5,330
1843,
29,591
1810,
5,146
1844,
26,542
1811,
5.337
1845.
24,303
15,500,000 in 1845
This shows an increase of crime above six-fold in forty years ; while during
the same time the population has only advanced from eighty-nine to one hun-
dred and fifty-five, or as nine to fifteen — that is, about sixty per cent. Crime,
therefore, has increased ten times as fast as the numbers of the people. In
Scotland, the growth of crime has been still more rapid. — Porter's Progress of
the Nation, 2d edition, pp. 8 and 642.
90
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.-
XCV.
1815.
of
thirty years' cessation of hostilities, has, on an average
years, disappeared ; recourse has been found to be una-
voidable, even during profound peace, to the ultimum
remedium of direct taxation ; the proportion of foreign
vessels which carry on our commerce is steadily and
rapidly increasing ; and with a population twice as nume-
rous, and resources four times as great as they were in
1792, and a colonial empire of triple the magnitude to
defend, we have not half the effective navy at our disposal
which we had when the war broke out*
Various changes of the most important kind in our
89 internal and external policy since the peace have coex-
yast changes isted with these remarkable features in our social condition,
policy since First and most important in its consequences has been
the peace, the great alteration in the monetary system of the empire
by the act of 1819, compelling the bank of England to
resume payments in cash, followed by those of 1826, prohi-
biting the issue of one-pound notes by all English banks,
and of 1844, restricting the issue of paper by the bank of
England, on any other security but an equal amount of
specie in its coffers, to ,£14,000,000 sterling, with similar
acts for Scotland and Ireland. Without pronouncing an
opinion on abstract grounds in this work on the expedi-
ence of these changes, the effects of which have not yet
been fully ascertained by experience, it may be observed,
that it has already been decisively proved that they have
added forty per cent to the weight of all debts, and taken
as much from the remuneration of productive labour
The currency
system.
* Table showing the comparative growth of British and foreign shipping from
1816 to 1844.
British
Tons.
1,415,723
1,625,121
1,886,394
1,809,128
1,668,060
1,599,274
1,664,186
1,740,859
1,797,320
2,144,598
1,950,630
2,086,898
2,094,357
2,184,525
2,180,042
445,011
762,457
542,6,84
447,611
396,256
469,151
582,996
759,441
958,132
694,116
751,864
63-MUO
710,303
758,828
L.812
5,671
5,530
1,837
S,855
3,761
2,730
1,746
3,762
3,977
2,185,980
2,183,814
2,298,263
2,442,734
2,505,473
2,617,166
2,785,387
2,101,650
3,197,501
3,361,211
3,294,725
3,546,346
3,647,463
4,310,639
"St
874,605
639,979
762,085
833,905
1,005,940
1,211,666
1,331,365
1,460,294
1,291,165
1,205,303
1,301,958
1,402,138
1,735,079
3,2-11,927
2,825,959
2,945,899
3,132,168
3,309,724
3,494,372
3,623,106
3,997,053
4,433,015
4,657,795
4,612,376
4,500,098
4,847,296
5,049,601
6,045,718
em introduced.
—Porter's Progress of the Nation, 406, 2d edition.
HISTORY OP EUROPE. 91
throughout the empire: that they have extinguished, chap.
practically speaking, the sinking fund, and rendered xcv-
indirect taxes so unproductive, that a recurrence to 1815.
direct taxation, even in a period of profound peace, has
become unavoidable : that they have compelled govern-
ment to starve down the military and naval establish-
ments of the empire to a degree inconsistent with its
security, and which may ere long endanger its inde-
pendence ; and have rendered it more difficult now to
raise fifty millions a-year from twenty-eight millions of
men, than in the latter years of the war it was to raise
seventy millions a-year from eighteen millions. And if it
be said that these evils were unavoidable, and the price
which the nation pays for shunning the dangers of an
unrestricted issue of paper, the South American madness
of 1824 and 1825, followed by the dreadful monetary
crisis in the close of the latter year ; the joint stock
mania of 1835 and 1836, succeeded by the severe and
protracted depression from 1838 to 1843 ; and the railway
mania of 1845, terminating in the monetary crisis of
1847, sufficiently demonstrate that the metallic system
affords no security against these dangers, but, on the con-
trary, by rendering commercial credit dependent on the
plenty or scarcity of that most shifting and evanescent of
earthly things, a gold currency, in the highest degree
aggravates them*
This great change was followed, four years afterwards,
by one equally important to our maritime interests. In
February 1823 Mr Huskisson introduced the reciprocity The recipro.
system, by which Great Britain announced its determi- Clty system-
nation to admit the ships of all nations, which would
agree to the proposal, into her harbours, on the same
terms on which they admitted hers. Experience has in
like manner already demonstrated the effect of this
system. The foreign tonnage employed in carrying on
the trade of Great Britain — which, as already shown,
rapidly declined, while the British as rapidly increased
throughout the whole war, and for eight years after its
termination,1 — at once began to gain the ascendency upon 1 Ante, Chap,
that change being introduced ; until now, instead of the ^Ic.
British shipping employed in carrying on the commerce
* See Appendix A, Chap. xcv. for the proof of these observations.
92
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XCV.
1815.
of the empire being quadruple of the foreign, it is barely
double of it* In fifteen years more, at the same rate of
progress, the foreign shipping employed in carrying on
the trade of Great Britain will be equal to its own, and
in fifteen more it will greatly exceed it. The moment that
occurs, the independence of the empire will be a mere
name ; for what reliance can a maritime state place on its
means of defence, if it has reared up, in conducting its
own traffic, a body of foreign seamen superior to its own,
who may at any moment be ranged in hostility against
it ? Vain, worse than vain, in such an event would be
the magnitude of its exports, and the vast extent of its
manufacturing industry. Of what avail would be the
hundred and thirty millions of foreign exports if hostile
fleets blockaded the Thames, the Mersey, and the Clyde ?
Like a beleaguered city encumbered with useless mouths,
it would only find in the multitude who produced them
a burden which would compel its speedy surrender. Less
conspicuous to the unthinking many, because less preju-
dicial to general interests, this great change in our policy
is even more formidable in its consequences than the
alteration in our monetary system, from which such wide-
spread financial distress has followed ; for it strikes at
the national independence, on which all our other bless-
ings depend. Yet, such is the disregard of remote conse-
quences in the great majority of men, when their interests
or supposed interests are concerned, that nothing seems
more certain than that this main security of our inde-
pendence will ere long be swept away, and the navigation
Years.
1819
1820
1821
1822
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
Ships.
11,974
11,285
10,810
11,087
17,833
18,525
18,987
19,500
19,687
21,001
1,668,060
1,599,274
1,664,186
3,197,501
3,361,211
3,294,725
3,545,346
3,647,463
4,310,639
Foreign.
Ships.
4,215
3,472
3.261
3,389
10,198
9,527
8,654
8.541
9,608
11,651
Tons.
542,684
447.611
396,256
469,151
1,460,294
1.291,165
1,205,303
1,301,950
1,402,138
1,735,079
Ships.
16,189
14,757
14,071
14,476
28,081
28,052
27,041
28,041
29,295
32,652
2,351,812
2,115,671 .
1,995,630
2,133,337
4,657,795
4,652,376
4,500,028
4,847,296
5.049,601
6,045,718
— Porter's Process of the Nation, ii. 174; and Pari. Tables, 1840-44, pp. 52
and 53 each year ; and Porter's Progress of the Nation, 406, 2d edit.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 93
laws, the bulwark of our navy, be numbered among the chap.
things that have been. J_ 1
So many alterations in the political and religious im-
policy of the empire could not have been adopted without 91
inducing a change, gradual or violent, in its government. Fass™z of
The misery produced was so general, that a large bui.
portion of the people became not only indifferent to,
but desirous of change — the shock given to established
feelings, perhaps prejudices, so violent, that the main
bulwark against innovation was cast down. So many of
the commercial classes in particular, who earned their
livelihood by buying and selling, had been involved in diffi-
culties or insolvency by the constant fall in the price of
commodities which followed the contraction of the cur-
rency, that the desire for an extension of political power
became universal amongst them, from the belief that it
would enable them to ward off these effects : so profound
were the feelings of indignation which pervaded a large
part of those who were strongly impressed with religious
feelings, from the manner in which Catholic emancipa-
tion had been carried, that they too had come to think
some change had become indispensable, or, from resent-
ment at its authors, resolved not to oppose it. Amidst a
"chaos of unanimity," as it has been well styled, pro-
duced by these causes, the Reform Bill was carried : the
close boroughs, the channel of colonial representation,
were closed ; and the government of the empire was
vested, with scarcely any control, in a million electors of
Great Britain and Ireland.
It was foreseen and predicted at the time,* what sub-
* " This consideration points to the fundamental and irremediable defect of
the proposed constitution, that it vests an overwhelming majority in the popu-
lace of these islands, to the exclusion of the other great and weighty interests of
the British empire. By vesting the right of returning members to parliament
in forty-shilling freeholders in the counties, and ten-pound tenants in towns, the
command of the legislature will be placed in hands inaccessible, save by actual
bribery, to the approach of the colonial or shipping interests. If such a change
does not produce a revolution, it must in the end lead to the dismemberment of
the empire. The East and West Indian and Canadian dependencies will not
long submit to the rule of the populace in the dominant island, indifferent to
their interests, ignorant of their circumstances, careless of their welfare. This
evil is inherent in any system of uniform representation, and must, to the end of
time, render it unfit for the legislature of a great and varied empire. Being
based mainly upon one class of society, which under the proposed system will
be that of shopkeepers, it contains no provision for the interests of the other
classes, and still less for the welfare of the remote but important parts of the
empire. These remote possessions being unrepresented , can have no influence
on the electors but by the corrupt channel of actual bribery. The most valu-
94 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, sequent events have abundantly verified, that the effect
. L of this great change would be to break up the bond of
1815. union which had hitherto in so wonderful a manner
GO
its tendency held together the British empire, and by impelling the
thbl*mkirUp national policy into measures dictated by the selfish
desires of the majority in the dominant island, without
any regard to the interests of the unrepresented colonies,
render probable, if not certain, at no distant period, their
separation from the parent state, and consequent ruin of
its maritime superiority. Such an effect has already
taken place, or is in the course of being realised : Canada
has broken into open revolt, and still remains attached
to the parent state by a slender bond ; the West Indies
have been prevented from following the example only
by the prostration of their resources, under the effects of
negro emancipation ; and the discontent produced by the
abolition of the benefit of colonial protection from the
consequences of free-trade render it a matter of certainty
that, on the first serious reverse to the state, they will,
like the colonies of Athens or Carthage on a similar
crisis, and from a similar cause, declare themselves inde-
pendent, or openly range themselves under the banner of
our enemies.
So vast was the power enjoyed by the leaders of the
93 reform movement under the first parliament returned
The reform by the new constitution, so vehemently was a large part
Cturn^d^nto °f the nation set upon revolutionary measures, that if
freedtrade ** ^G? ^ad chosen to have gone on in the career, the
which is ' British constitution was at an end. Beyond all question
earned. ^ej might have abolished the house of peers, confiscated
the church property, annihilated the national debt,
dethroned the sovereign. The besom of destruction was
as firmly placed in their hands as ever it had been in
those of Mirabeau and the Constituent Assembly. But
able feature of the British constitution, that of affording- an inlet through the
close boroughs to all the great and varied interests of the empire, will be de-
stroyed. The Reform Bill in this view should be entitled ' a bill for disfran-
chising the colonial and shipping interests, and vesting the exclusive right of
returning members to parliament in the populace of Great Britain and Ireland.' "
On Parliamentary Reform and the French Revolution, No. V. ; Blackivood's
Magazine, May 1, 1831. The author, at the distance of seventeen years, can
reflect with satisfaction that he has nothing to unsay or. regret in a prediction
made during the heat of the first discussions on the Reform Bill ; and that sub-
sequent events have tended only to demonstrate that his first anticipations of
the effects of the measure were too true.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 95
in that eventful crisis the indelible influence of race chap.
appeared. The English character was not awanting to xcv'
itself. With a temperance in the exercise of power, 1815.
which is as worthy of praise as their conduct in the
struggle for it had been of censure, government remained
neutral, and suffered the period of national madness to
pass over without attempting any further subversion of
our fundamental institutions. By degrees the national
mind recovered its equilibrium. The national character,
essentially practical save in moments of delirium,
reappeared. Discarding all theoretical plans of remodel-
ling the state, the people set' themselves to procure the
removal of those restrictions which impeded, or were
thought to impede, the free exercise of 'industry. Like
their Saxon ancestors six centuries before, when political
power was for the first time extended to the boroughs by
Earl Leicester, the urban population of Great Britain
bent their whole efforts to the abolition of the custom-
house burdens, which interfered with the liberty of buy-
ing and selling — and the import duties, which gave protec-
tion to the produce of rural industry *
Changes so great in the policy of the empire, deviations
so marked from the system to which its former greatness
had been owing, would appear inexplicable, if we did not These
reflect that they have arisen from a different class in changes
. • £ t arose from
society having, from that very greatness, been elevated to the com-
power. Powerful as was the influence which the territorial Shaving3"
aristocracy had for so long enjoy ed„ and which, save in got possession
moments of extraordinary excitement, had given them ° pow
for centuries the direction of the empire, it had now come
to be supplanted by another interest in the state, which had
grown up under the shelter which the former had afforded
to general industry. The commercial and manufacturing
* "La convocation des deputes bourgeois au parl^ment de 1264, fut une
combinaison politique suggere'e a Leicester par sa situation > plutotqu'une neces-
sity que l'etat sociale imposat deja au pouvoir. N'agueres aristocrate contre 16
royaute\ il sefit democrate contre Varistocratie le jour ou les villes par leur propre
force auraient pris place dans le gouvernement central. Cette tentative fit faire
un grand pas aux liberty du pays, mais sonauteuren tirapeu d'avantage. Lea
bourgeois, presque aussi ^tonnes que charmds de 1' importance que leur accordait
Leicester, se servirent de leur cordit pour qffranchir leur commerce et se refuser
au paiement des droits de douane, non pour fonder de concert avec lui un gou-
vernement durable." — Guizot, Essais sur V Histoire de Franee, 475, 476. Is
this the history of 1264 or 1832 ? of Earl Leicester's revolution or Earl Grey's
reform? So identical is the same national spirit in its effects in similar circum-
stances in the most distant ages !
96 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, interests, which had so long prospered under the protec-
xcv' tive system established by the wisdom of former times,
1815. had received such an extraordinary development during
the war with the French Revolution, and its effects on the
colonial empire of Great Britain during the peace which
followed it, that it had become irresistible. Strong as was
the grasp which the Norman barons had laid upon the
state, and which eight centuries had scarcely loosened, it
was at length relaxed by the conquests won by the firm-
ness of their descendants, which gave Great Britain the
command of the commerce of the world. The act of 1819,
compelling the bank of England to resume its cash pay-
ments, completed the victory of the mercantile interest :
for it at once added nearly a half to the effective amount
of urban capital, and took nearly as much from the re-
muneration of rural industry.
Wealth was overflowing in towns ; debt became uni-
95 versal in the country : ready money in the one party
Way in became abundant ; the pressure of mortgages upon the
Sangearow other overwhelming. Twenty years of unprecedented
out of the prosperity, which had preceded the change, had only
triumphs of V A... '! A« , l . , , ? . ,. ./
the war. diminished the rural proprietors means of resisting its
effects ; for they had spread habits of expense among them
which could not now be relinquished, and led to the con-
traction of debts which could not be discharged. The
landholders, like all other classes who depended on the
returns of labour, felt in their full intensity the pressure
of these circumstances, but they had not practical acquain-
tance with monetary affairs to perceive from what cause
their difficulties proceeded. They thought any change
would improve their condition, and that an extended
representation would increase their influence ; forgetting
that wealth in a commercial state is the real source of
power, and that their embarrassed fortunes would speedily
yield to the skilfully directed assaults of combined urban
capital. The great body of the people were readily carried
away by the prospect of cheap bread ; they forgot its effect,
if realised, on the wages of labour: the cry Panem et
Circenses proved as powerful with the British as ever it
had been with the Roman populace. To cheapen every
thing became the great object of policy, because it was
thus that the trading class, in whom political power was
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 97
substantially vested, hoped to be benefited. The capitalists chap.
joined in the measures, because they tended to magnify X€V>
the real amount of their fortunes : the people were seduced 1815.
into them, because they held out the delusive prospect of
cheap provisions and greater value to their wages. Thus
was the combination effected by which the constitution
and social policy of Great Britain have been entirely
changed ; and that too at the very time when the bene-
ticial effects of the former system in both had been most
strongly experienced, and from the effects of the very
triumphs which they had induced. Nations, like indi-
viduals, were not destined to eternal duration ; in their
greatness equally as their misfortunes they find the seeds
of mortality; when their destined part is performed,
they yield to the common fate of earthly things.
The slightest acquaintance with history must suggest to
every candid observer the close, and to us ominous, resem-
blance between the failures which have now been described striking
in our social condition, springing out of the magnitude JJJSe^ftiie0"
and extent of our successes, and those which characterised social oondf-
the greatest elevation, and undoubtedly occasioned the Kainfand
fall, of the Roman empire. So close indeed is this analogy, *Jat of the
so striking this resemblance, that a description of the one empire.
might pass for a picture of the other. It is in recent
times, in an especial manner, that it has become con-
spicuous, because it is then that the causes have come into
operation which, at such distant periods, have produced
effects so identical in the two states. Under different
names the same evils have reappeared. The gradual
extinction of the old landed aristocracy, and substitution
of a new race of moneyed magnates in their stead ; the
continual growth of wealth in the rich, and of pauperism
in the poor ; the eating in of usury into the vitals of the
state ; the increasing encouragement of urban, and depres-
sion of rural industry; the perilous dependence of the
nation on foreign supplies for food ; the conversion of
agriculture into pasturage, in the central provinces of the
empire ; the difficulty of recruiting the legions from the
country population ; the impossibility of doing so in
towns ; the continual drain of the precious metals to
distant countries, in the purchase of luxuries : the necessity
of sending them abroad for that of necessaries ; the conse-
VOL. XX. G
98 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, quent increase in the weight of direct taxes ; the failure
xcv> in the produce of the indirect ; the difficulty in maintaining
1815. a land and sea force adequate to the defence of the widely
extended frontiers of the empire, so often and strongly
portrayed in the historians of antiquity, as the pecu-
liarities which preceded the fall of Rome — have all their
exact counterpart in the social features by which we are
surrounded. The difficulty of recruiting the imperial
legions is equalled by the embarrassment experienced by
Great Britain in the manning of the navy, or finding
funds for the support of a sufficient army ; the drain of
gold and silver to Egypt and Arabia, is identified with
that we now suffer under to America and the Ukraine ;
and if we are not as yet dependent on the harvests of
Libya and Sicily for our daily bread, it is already evident
that the time is not far distant when we shall be reduced
to a similar dependence on those of America and Poland ;
and. the lives of the English, as of the Roman people, will
be committed to the winds and the waves.*
It is not surprising that the same political features
should characterise the Roman and British empires at the
97
Which arises periods of their highest exaltation ; for both have run
haJir1b()th tne same coursej and have come to be restrained by the
reached the same law of nature. To both a great and noble destiny
nSureto the was given; both have worthily discharged it. The
growth of Roman legions bequeathed to the world the empires
and laws of modern Europe ; the English navy has
left to it the still more glorious inheritance of Trans-
atlantic and Australian civilisation. But for neither
was immortal duration intended. Other nations are to
succeed in the same path, and forward yet further the
designs of Providence. It is not to be wished that civili-
sation and power should be for ever centred round their
ancient seats : their spread with the dispersion of man-
kind over the globe, forms an essential part of social ad-
vancement and the Divine administration. The provision
made for this consists in two laws of permanant opera-
tion and eternal endurance, which impose a never-failing
restraint on the growth of aged communities, and provide
* " Nunquam secura futuri,
Semper inops, ventique fidem poscebat et anni."
— Claudian Be Bello Gildonico,, lines 64, 65
niSTORY OF EUROPE. 99
in their very greatness and extension, the causes of their chap.
decline, and the transference of their dominion to other xcv
states. These laws are, that capital and knowledge, while 1815.
they add indefinitely to manufacturing power, make no
corresponding addition to the powers of rural labour ;
and that whatever is plentiful and brought in large quan-
tities to one spot declines in value, and exposes the persons
possessing it to disadvantage in exchange. "We see this
strongly exemplified at the present time ; for England,
which can easily undersell India in cotton manufacture,
applied to an article which grew on the banks of the
Ganges, finds its cultivators undersold by Poland and
America with grain raised on the Vistula and the Missis-
sippi. It is the silent but ceaseless operation of these
two laws that induces the old age of great nations, and
ensures that dispersion in civilised times of mankind,
which is provided for in rude ages by the lust of con-
quest and roving habits of pastoral tribes.
When a nation becomes great and powerful, like Rome
in ancient, or Great Britain in modern times, it neces-
sarily draws the wealth of the world to itself. Money, wray in'
being plentiful in its capital and chief places of business eirec^takli
or pleasure, declines like every other plentiful thing in place,
value. Money prices in consequence rise ; and this after a
time is felt as an insupportable grievance by its inhabi-
tants. The rich purchase their luxuries from foreign
states, where they are raised cheaper, because money is
less plentiful : the poor clamour incessantly for the unre-
stricted admission of foreign grain, that they may have
bread on as moderate terms as foreign labourers. Manu-
facturers and capitalists swell the cry and second their
efforts, because, by introducing foreign produce raised at a
small cost, they hope to augment the real value of their
fortunes, and extend by cheapening the sale of their
manufactures in foreign states. The richest and most
numerous classes of the community being thus combined
for one object, it soon becomes impossible to resist its con-
cession. Free-trade in grain was imposed upon the
Roman Emperors, as soon as their empire became exten-
sive, not less by the clamours of their subjects in the
centre, than by a sense of justice to those in the extremities
of their empire.
100 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap. Thence the- dependence of Rome on the harvests of
xcv- Egvpt and Libya, the ruin of Italian agriculture, the
1815. disappearance of Italian soldiers from the legions, the
99. ruinous burden of direct taxes, the fall of the empire.
SSandimve England has reached the same limit; the same passions
reached the jiave fr0m similar causes appeared among its inhabi-
same limit _ . \ * ■,.-,-,
imposed by tants, the same measures have been adoptedby government,
nature. an(j t^e game ejfects wm follow. In the incessant effort
to cheapen every thing, in order to obviate the effects of
the very wealth which its greatness has produced, industry
will be crushed, and the strength of the heart of the
empire destroyed. All the great operations of nature are
conducted by the laws which we see in daily operation
around us. Would we see the formation of a continent,
we have only to look at the deposit of a few inconsider-
able rills : the same law which makes a stone fall to the
ground, restrains the planets in their course. The simple
law that whatever is plentiful becomes cheap, and that
when a state grows rich, its money prices rise, points to
a law of nature which restrains the growth of empires,
and has for ever rendered universal dominion impossible.
Napoleon did not long survive the most distinguished
of his old companions in arms. Although he was sub-
Napoieoii at jected to no restraint at St Helena, was permitted to ride
st Helena. oyer nearly the whole island, and enjoyed a degree of
luxury and comfort, both in his habitation and in the
society with which he was surrounded, which bore a strik-
ing contrast to the stern, severity with which he had treated
state prisoners, yet his proud spirit chafed against the
coercion of being confined at all to an island. The British
government had given the most express instructions that
he should be treated with all the respect due to his rank
as a general, and with all the indulgence consistent with
security against his escape ; but Sir Hudson Lowe, who
was appointed to the military command of the island,
proved an unhappy selection. His manner was rigid and
unaccommodating, and his temper of mind not such as
to soften the distress which the Emperor endured during
his detention. A great impression, accordingly, was
made upon the world by the publication of the St Helena
memoirs, in which were interwoven exaggerated state-
1815.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 101
ments of the indignities to which he was said to have cJ?£y'
been subjected, with the interesting disquisitions and
profound reflections, which will perhaps add as much to
his fame with the thinking portion of. mankind, as his
great military achievements always must with the enthu-
siastic and enterprising.
But while all must regret that it should have been
necessary, under any circumstances, to act with even 101
seeming harshness towards so great a man ; yet justice Conduct of
can see nothing to condemn in the conduct of the British government
government in this particular, whatever it may do as to towards him.
want of courtesy in the governor of the island. It was
indispensable to the peace of the world to prevent his
escape : and the expedition from Elba had shown, that
no reliance could be placed either on his professions or
his treaties. Detention and secure custody, therefore,
were unavoidable ; and every comfort consistent with
these objects was afforded him by the British govern-
ment. He was allowed the society of the friends who
had accompanied him in his exile ; he had books in
abundance to amuse his leisure hours ; saddle-horses in
profusion were at his command ; he was permitted to
ride several miles in one direction ; Champagne and
Burgundy were his daily beverage ; and the bill of fare
of his table, which is given by Las Cases as a proof of
the severity of the British government, would be thought j^aB **■
the height of luxury by most persons in a state of liberty.1 447.
If the English government had acted towards Napoleon
as he did to others who opposed him, they would have
shot him in the first ditch, as he did the Due d'Enghien
or Hofer, or shut him up in an Alpine fortress, as he did
the Cardinal Pacca. Napoleon himself, when his better
spirit returned, had greatness of mind enough to see
how much his thoughts recorded during his exile would
in the end add to his fame. " If I thought only," said
he, "of myself, perhaps I would rejoice that I am here.
Misfortune has its heroism and its glory. Adversity was
wanting to my career. If I had died upon the throne, f
amidst the clouds of my power, I should have remained a i. 40J
problem to many ; now, thanks to adversity, they can
judge me as I am."2
But his mortal career in the scene of his exile and
102 HISTORY OF EUROPE.
chap, suffering was not destined to be of long duration. The
xcv- vexation which he experienced at finding all the plans
1815. frustrated which had been formed for his escape, the
102. fretting which he suffered from the sight of the English
ness anV11" sentries round his dwelling, the recollection of his lost
M&th5 1821 Srea^ness) tne prospect of endless detention, combined
' with a hereditary malady to produce severe complaints.
He suffered much from these ; but it was at first
hoped that they would yield to the skill of his medical
attendants. Gradually, however, the affections became
more severe : and they at length assumed the decided
symptoms of cancer in the stomach, to which his father
had fallen a victim at a still earlier age. In February
1821, he became so rapidly worse, that, by the special
directions of the Prince Regent, Lord Bathurst wrote to
Sir Hudson Lowe to express his Royal Highness's sym-
pathy with his sufferings, and his wish, if possible, to
relieve them. This mark of regard, however, came too
late : towards the end of March his strength sank rapidly :
he dictated his will, with a great variety of minute
bequests; but obstinately refused to take medicine, to
which he had a great aversion. " All that is to happen,"
said he, "is written down : our hour is marked : we can-
not prolong it a minute beyond what fate has predestined."
He directed that his heart should be sent to the Empress
Marie Louise at Parma, and his stomach examined, to see
if he had died of his hereditary malady. At two o'clock
on the 3d May he received extreme unction, declared that
he died in the Roman Catholic faith, which had been that
of his fathers, and gave minute directions for his body
being laid in state in a chapelle ardente, according to the
form of the Catholic worship. " Can you not," said he
to Antomarchi, his physician, "believe in God, whose
existence every thing proclaims, and in whom the greatest
minds have believed V* On the 5th, a violent storm of
wind and rain arose : the last struggles of Napoleon took
place during its fury ; and the last words he was heard
tSwSX!'" to utter were, " Tete d' armee" He breathed his last at
(JfJSJ'eJg1' eleven minutes before six in the evening. In his will,
312. s'cott/ which contained a vast number of bequests, were two very
«. 296, 301. remarkable ones •} the one was, a request "that his body
might repose on the banks of the Seine, among the people
'he
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 103
whom he had loved so well ;" the other, a legacy of chap.
ten thousand francs to the assassin Cantillon, who had xcv-
attempted recently before to murder the Duke of Wei- 1815.
lington.
Napoleon had himself indicated the place in St Helena
where he wished his remains to be interred, if they were m
not allowed to be removed to France. It was in a small His inter.
hollow called Slane's Valley, where a fountain, shaded Selena! ^
with weeping willows, had long been a favourite spot
for his meditations. The body, after lying in state as
he had directed, was carried to the place of interment
on the 8th of May. The whole members of his household, May 8.
including the noble-hearted Bertrand, Count Montholon,
and the other faithful friends who had shared his exile,
and all the officers, naval and military, in the island,
attended on the occasion. He was laid in the coffin in his
three-cornered hat, military surtout, leather under- dress,
and boots, as he appeared on the field of battle. As the
hearse could not get up to the place of sepulture, a
detachment of British grenadiers of the 66th and 20th
regiments, then on duty in the island, bore him to the
spot. The coffin was lowered amidst the speechless emo-
tion and tears of all present ; three successive volleys of
musketry and artillery announced that the mighty con- i Scott's
queror was laid in his grave ; a simple stone of great ^g?" Antonn
size was placed over his remains ; and the solitary willow »• 180, iy2.
wept over the tomb of him for whom the earth itself had
once hardly seemed a fitting mausoleum.1
Time rolled on, and brought its usual changes on its
wings. The dynasty of the Restoration proved unequal 104
to the arduous task of coercing the desires of the Revo- Removal of
lution, weakened, but not extinguished, by the overthrow remaSrom
of Napoleon : a new generation arose, teeming with the st Helena,
passions and forgetful of the sufferings of former times ;
and the revolt of the Barricades restored the tricolor flag,
and established a semi-revolutionary dynasty on the
French throne. England shared in the renewed convul-
sions consequent on these momentous events : a great
organic change in the constitution placed the popular
party for a course of years in power ; a temporary alli-
ance, founded on political passion, not national interest,
for a time united its government with that of France ;
104
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAP.
XC\r.
1815.
Sept. 1840.
and under the auspices of M. Thiers's administration, a
request was made to the British to restore the remains of
their great Emperor to the French people. This request,
received in a worthy spirit by the English administration,
was immediately complied with, in the hope, as it was
eloquently though fallaciously said at the time, " that
these two great nations would henceforth bury their
discord in the tomb of Napoleon."* The solitary grave
in St Helena was disturbed : the lonely willow no longer
wept over the remains of the Emperor : the sepulchre
was opened in presence of all the officers of the island,
and many of his faithful followers : and the winding-
sheet, rolled back with pious care, revealed to the
entranced spectators the well-known features of the
immortal hero, serene, undecayed, in his now canonised
military dress, as when he stood on the fields of Auster-
litz or Jena. The body was removed from its resting-place
with the highest military honours : the British army and
navy in the island, with generous sympathy, vied with
each other in doing honour to their great antagonist ; and
when it was lowered amidst the thunder of artillery into
the French frigate, England felt that she had voluntarily,
but in a right spirit, relinquished the proudest trophy of
her national glory.
The remains of the Emperor were conveyed in safety
105 to Europe on board the Belle Poule frigate, and landed
And their with appropriate honours at Havre de Grace. From
mentTn the thence they were removed to Paris, with a view to their
Church of the Dein or interred, with the other illustrious warriors of
Dec. j 5, 1840. France, in the Church of the Invalides. The reinterment,
which awakened the deepest interest in France and over
Europe, took place on the 15th December 1840. The day
was fine, though piercingly cold ; but such was the inte-
* " lye gouvernement de sa majeste" espere que l'empressement qu'il met a re-
pondre a cette demande sera consider en France comme une preuve du desir de
sa majeste d'effacer jusqu'a la derniere trace de ces animosit^s nationales qui
pendant la vie de l'Empereur avaient pousse" les deux nations a la guerre. Le gou-
vernement de sa majesty espere que de pareils sentimens, s'ils existaient encore,
seraient ensevelis a jamais dans le tombeau destine" a recevoir les restes mortels de
Napoleon."— Lord Palmerston au Comte Granville, 9th May 1840 ; Cape-
figue, Histoire de Louis Philippe, x. 175. These are the words of dignified
generosity, worthy of the chivalrous days of a great nation : but how vain are
the courtesies of statesmen to eradicate the seeds of rivalry'implanted by circum-
stances or history in the breast of nations ! Within a few months after Napoleon
was entombed in the Invalides, France and England were on the verge of a
desperate war from the bombardment of Beyrout and Acre.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. 105
rest excited, that six hundred thousand persons were chap.
assembled to witness the ceremony. The procession xcv-
approached Paris by the road from St Cloud, so often tra- isi5.
versed by the Emperor in the days of his glory ; it passed
through the now finished and stupendous arch erected
to the Grand Army at the barrier of Neuilly ; and slowly
moving through the Champs Elysees, reached the Inva-
lides by the bridge of La Concorde. Louis Philippe and
all his court officiated at the august ceremony, which was
performed with extraordinary pomp in the splendid church
of the edifice ; but nothing awakened such deep feeling as
a band of the mutilated veterans of the Old Guard, who
with mournful visages, but a yet military air, attended
the remains of their beloved chief to his last resting-place.
An aged charger, once ridden by the Emperor on his fields
of fame, survived to follow the colossal hearse to the
grave. The place of interment was worthy of the hero
who was now placed beneath its roof : it contained the
remains of Turenne and Vauban, and the paladins of
France : enchanting music thrilled every heart as the
coffin was lowered into the tomb : the thunders of the
artillery, so often vocal to his triumphs, now gave him
the last honours of mortality : the genius of Marochetti
was selected to erect a fitting monument to his memory ;
and the bones of Napoleon finally reposed on the banks of
the Seine, amidst the "people whom he had loved so well."
Yet will future ages perhaps regret the ocean-girt isle, the
solitary stone, the willow-tree. Napoleon will live when
Paris is in ruins : his deeds will survive the dome of the
Invalides ; — no man can show the tomb of Alexander !
APPENDIX.
TABLE SHOWING FOR EVERY YEAR FROM 1792 TO 1847,
Thk Precious Metals annually raised and coined in the South American and
Mexican Mines — the Bank Notes of the Bank of England in Circulation — the
Aggregate of Bank Notes of Private Bankers — Total of Notes in Circulation — the
Coin annually issued from the Mint — the Annual Price of Gold — the Commercial
Paper under Discount at the Bank of England— the Exports, Official Value, and
Exports, Declared Value — British and Irish Produce, Exports — Total Ex-
ports, Official Value — Imports, Official Value — Tonnage of Shipping— Revenue,
Crime, and Population of the British Empire — Emigrants from the United
Kingdom — Sums levied annually for Poor and County Rates in England and
Wales — Amount of Poor Rate in Quarters of Grain annually — Taxes Imposed,
Net Amount — Taxes Repealed, Net Amount — National Debt in each Year —
National Debt in each Year in Quarters of Wheat at annual Prices— Revenue
Yearly in Quarters of Wheat at annual Prices — Money applied to the Redemption
of Debt — Price of Wheat the Quarter. — Compiled from Porter's Parliamentary
Tables, Marshall's Parliamentary Tables, and other Parliamentary Sources.
108*
TABLE OF CURRENCY, &c. 1792 — 1847.
Money an-
Bank of Eng-
Aggregate of
Gold and
C ommerci al
nually raised
land Notes
Private
Silver Coin
Price of
Paper under
IMscount
Years.
and coined
and Bank
Bank Notes,
Total of
annuallv
Gold
in
Yeara
in South
Post Bills in
England and
Notes.
issued from
each Year,
at Bank of
'
America.
circulation.
Wales.
the Mint.
per Ounce.
England.
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
1792
5,264,672
11,307,380
1,171,863
1,179,641
1792
1793
6,391,471
11,388,919
2,747,439
1,842,781
1793
1794
5,262,391
10,744,020
2,558,895
2,146,671
1794
1795
5,86] ,342
14,017,510
493,416
4 4
0
2,946,500
1795
1796
6,752,591
10,729,520
No return.
464,680
3,505,000
1796
*1797
5,891,611
11,114,120
2,600,297
3 17*
6
5,350,000
1797
1798
6,762,311
13,095,830
2,967,565
3 17 10|
4,490,600
1798
1799
5,981,311
12,959,610
449,962
3 17
9
5,403,900
1799
1800
6,112,411
16,854,809
189,137
4 5
0
6,421,900
1800
1801
5,201,200
16,203,280
450,242
4 4
0
7,905,100
1801
1802
5,175,957
15,186,880
437,019
4 3
6
7,523,300
1802
1803
5,032,227
15,849,980
596,445
10,747,600
1803
1804
5,058,211
17,077,830
718,397
4 6'
0
9,982,400
1804
1805
7,104,436
17,871,170
54,658
4 0
0
11,265,500
1805
1806
6,502,142
17,730,120
45,106
12,380,100
1806
1807
5,356,152
16,950,680
None.
13,484,600 1807
1808
6,169,038
19,183,860
371,714
12,950,100: 1808
1809
6,997,853
18,542,860
298,946
4 l6'
0
15,475,700 1809
1810
5,870,972
21,019,609
316,936
20,070,600
1810
1811
4,718,584
23,360,220
312,263
4 17'
6
14,355,400
1811
1812
3,619,352
23,480,320
None.
4 15
0
14,291,600
1812
1813
3,784,700
23,210,930
519,722
12,380,200
1813
1814
3,687,249
24,801,080
22,700,000
47,501,080
None.
5 8'
0
13,285,800
1814
1815
3,104,565
27,261,650
19,011,000
46,272,650
None.
4 9
0
14,917,000
1815
1816
2,528,008
27,013,620
15,096,000
42,109,620
1,805,251
3 19
0
11,416,400
1816
1817
3,481,475
27,397,900
15,894,000
43,291,900
6,711,635
3 18
6
3,960,600
1817
1818
3,893,925
27,771,070
20,507,000
48,278,070
3,438,652
4,325,200
1818
1-1819
3,838,350
25.227,100
15,701,328 40,928,428
1,270,817
4 i'
0
6,515,000
1819
1820
3,557,236
23,569,150
10,576,245 34,145,395
1,797,233
3 17 10*.
3,8&3,600
1820
1821
2,887,487
22,471,450
8,256,180130,727,630
|
9,954,444
3 17 10£
2,676,700
1821
1822
3,080,403
18,172,170
8,416,430126,588,600
5,388,217
3 17 10J
3,366,700
1822
1823
2,638,267
18,176,470
9,920,074 27,396,544
1,045,026
3 17
6
3,123,809
1823
1824
2,367,426
19,929,800
12,831,352 32,761,152
4,347,145
3 17
6
2,369,800
1824
1825
2,250,829
26,069,130
14,980,168 41,049,298
4,998,454
3 17
9
4,941,500
1825
1826
2,327,861
24,955,040
8,656,101 33,611,141
6,505,067
3 17
6
4,908,300
1826
1827
2,894,007
21,508,550
.9,985,300 31,493,850
2,545,656
3 17
6
1,240,400
1827
1828
2,923,006
22,174,780
10,121,476 32,296,256
1,024,547
3 17
6
1,167,400
1828
1829
2,354,803
20,264,300
8,130,137 128,394,437
2,555,014
3 17
6
2,250,700
1829
1830
2,589,879
20,460,060
7,841,396j 28,501, 456
2,388,032
3 17
9
919,900 1830
1831
837,343
19,050,880
7,914,216126,965,096
621,645
3 17 10|
1,585,600; 1831
1832
938,729
18,485,310
8,221,895' 26,707,205
3,720,902
3 17 10*.
1832
1833
3,587,736
17,531,910
10,152,1041 27,684,014
1,225,414
3 17
9
1833
§ 1834
19,195,000
10,152,000! 29,347,000
499,724
3 17
9
1834
1835
18,085,000
10,659,0001 28,744,000
256,505
3 17
9
1835
1836
18,018,000
11,134,000! 29,152,000
2,285,501
3 17
9
1836
1837
18,887,000
12,012,1961 30,899,196
1,329,112
3 17
9
1837
II 1838
19,488,000
10,225,488 29,713,488
3,056,432
3 17
9
1838
1839
No return
15,317,010
12,259,467 27,576,477
794,295
3 17
9
No return.
1839
1840
in these
15,797,000
10,833,244 26,630,244
216,414
3 17
6
1840
1841
years.
16,397,450
10,251,450 26,648,900
474,640
3 17
9
1841
1842
18,290,790
10,311,211! 28,602,001
6,269,888
3 17
9
1842
f 1843
19,361,410
7,114,458! 26,475,868
6,884,455
3 17 10|
1843
1844
20,796,295
7,487,145 28,283,440
4,190,619
3 17
10*
1844
1845
20.359,495
7,497,711, 27,857,206
4,892,266
3 17 10*
1845
1846
20,971,265
7,234,141 28,205,406
No
3 17- 10*.
1846
tt 1847
!
18,780,038
6,742,789 25,522,827
' return.
3 17 10|
1847
» Bank Restriction Act passed.
§ New Poor Law.
If Income-tax imposed.
SBank obliged to pay in gold at Mint price.
Year after Canadian rebellion.
tt Irish famine.
TABLE OF CURRENCY, &c. 1792 — 1847. continued. *109
Exports,
Exports,
British and
-
Official Value,
Declared
Irish Produce.
Total Exports,
Imports,
Shipping,
Years.
Years.
of Great Britain
Value.
Exports.
Official Value.
Official Value.
Tons.
and Ireland.
£
£
£
£
£
£
1792
19,659,358
1,068,802
1792
1798
16,231,672
27,361,142
19,459,357
719,968
1793
1704
16,467,491
28,169,112
No return.
No return.
22,294,893
1,879,580
1794
1796
17,267,311
29,671,200
23,736,889
1,231,461
1795
1796
17,9(10,041
30,236,671
23,187,309
1,384,311
1796
#1797
18,321,111
31,042,121
21,013,956
1,426,592
1797
1798
18,556,891
31,252,836
8,760,196
27,327,017
25,122,203
1,632,112
1798
1799
22,284,941
35,903,851
7,271,696
29,556,637
24,066,700
1,746,221
1799
1800
22,831,936
36,929,007
11,549,681
32,381,617
28,257,781
1,905,438
1800
1801
24,501,608
39,730,659
10,336,966
34,031,574
30,435,268
2,725,949
1801
1802
25,195,893
45,102,230
12,677,431
38,873,324
28,308,373
2,147,629
1802
1803
20,467,531
36,127,781
8,(132.643
28,499,174
25,104,541
2,167,863
1803
1804
22,687,309
37,135,746
8,938,741
31,616,050
26,454,281
2,268,570
1804
1805
23,376,941
37,234,396
7,643,120
31,020,061
27,344,720
2,283,442
1805
1800
25,861,879
39,746,681
7,717,555
33,579,434
25,501,478
2,263,714
1806
1807
23,391,214
36,&94,443
7,624,312
31 ,015,536
23,326,845
2,281,621
1807
1808
24,611,215
36,306,385
5,776,775
30,387,990
25,660,953
2,324,819
1808
1809
33,542,274
46,049,777
12,750,358
46,292,632
30,170,292
2,368,468
1809
1810
34,061,901
47,000,936
9,357,435
43,419,336
37,613,294
2,429,044
1810
1811
22,684,400
30,850,618
6,117,720
28,801,120
25,240,704
2,474,774
1811
1812
29,508,508
39,854,526
9,533,065
39,042,273
24,923,922
2,278,799
1812
1813
Custom
House
Records
destroyed
by
fire.
1813
1814
34,207,253
43,447,373
19,665,981
53,573.234
32,622,771
2,616,965
1814
1815
42,875,996
49,653,245
15,748,554
58,624,550
31,822,053
2,601,276
1815
1816
35,717,070
40,328,940
13,480,781
49,197,851
26,374,921
2,648,593
1816
1817
40,111,4-27
40,349,235
10,292,684
50,404,111
29,910,502
2,664,986
1817
1818
42,700,521
45,180,150
10,859,817
53,560,338
35,845,340
2,674,468
1818
\ 1819
33,534,176
34,252,251
9,904,813
42.438,989
29,681,640
2,666,396
1819
1820
38,395,625
35,569,077
10,555.912
48,965,537
31,515,222
2,648,593
1820
1821
40,831,744
35,823,127
10,629,689
51,461,423
29,769,122
2,560,203
1821
1822
44,236,533
36,176,897
9,227,589
53,464,122
29,432,376
2,519,044
1822
1823
43 804,372
30,589,410
8,603,904
52,408,276
34,591,260
2,506,760
1823
1824
48,735,551
37,600,021
10,204,785
58,940,336
36,056,551
2,559,587
1824
1825
47,166,020
38,077,330
9,169,494
56,335,514
42,660,954
2,553,682
1825
1826
40,965,785
30,847,528
10,076,286
51,042,071
36,174,350
2,635,644
1826
1827
52,219,280
36,394,817
9,830,728
62,050,008
43,4a9,346
2,614,515
1827
1828
52,797,455
36,150,379
9,946,545
62,744,002
43,536,187
2,793,429
1828
1829
56,213,041
35,212,873
10,622,402
66,835,443
42,311, 609
2,860,515
1829
1830
61,140,864
38,271,597
8,550,437
69,691,301
46,245,241
3,196,782
1830
1831
60,683,933
37,184,372
10,745,071
71,429,004
49,713,889
2,880,492
1831
1832
65,926,702
36,450,594
11,044,869
76,971,571
44,586,741
3,002,875
1832
1833
69,939,389
39,667,347
9,833,753
79,773,142
45,952,551
3,149,152
1833
§ 1834
73,831,550
41,649,191
11,562,036
85,393,686
49,362,811
3,149,168
1834
1835
78 376,731
47,372,270
12,797,724
91,074,455
48,911,542
3,325,211
1835
1836
85,229,837
53,368.572
12,391,711
97,621,548
57,023,867
3,566,697
1836
1837
72,548,047
42,070,744
13,233,622
85,781,669
54,737,301
3,583,965
1837
I 1838
92,459,231
50,060,970
12,711,318 i 105,165,479
61,268,320
4,099,039
1838
1839
97,402,726
53,233,500
12,795,990 110,190,656
62,004,000
4,333,015
1839
1840
102,705,372
51,401,430
13,774,306 1 116,481,015
67,432,964
4,659,376
1840
1841
102,180,517
51,604,430
14,723,151 116,902,887
64,377,962
4,657,376
1841
1842
100,260,101
47,361,043
13,584,158 113,841,802
65,204,729
4,500,028
1842
IT 1843
117,877,278
52,276,449
13,956,113 131,832,947
70,093,353
4,847,296
1843
1844
131.564,503
58,584,292
14,397,246 ! 145,956,654
75,441,555
5,049,601
1844
1845
134;599,116
60,111,081
16,280,870 I 150,379,056
85,281,955
6,045,718
1845
1846
132,288,345
57,786,576
16,296,162 148,584,507
75,958,875
6,091,052
1846
ft 1847
125,907,063
58,971,166
19,999,344 1 146,194,079
90,921,866
7,196,033
1847
* Bank Restriction Act passed.
§ New Poor Law.
'l Income-tax imposed.
\ Bank obliged to pay in gold at Mint price.
I! Year after Canadian rebellion.
ft Irish fami
110*
TABLE OF CURRENCY
MR 1792-
—1847. continued.
Commit-
Sums levied
Amount of
Population,
ments
Emigrants
for Poor and
Poor's Bate
Taxes
Taxes Be-
Years.
Yearly,
Annually
from the
County Bates
in Quarters
Imposed.
Net
pealed.
Years*
of Great
in Eng-
United
Annually in
of Wheat at
Net
Britain.
land and
Wales.
Kingdom.
England and
Wales.
Annual
Prices.
Amount.
Amount.
£
£
£
1792
9,400,000
1792
1793
9,800,000
1793
1794
9,920,000
1794
1795
10,080,000
1795
1796
10,200,000
No return.
1796
*1797
10,320,000
1797
1798
10,440,000
1798
1799
10,560,000
1799
1800
10,680,000
1800
1801
10,880,000
4,017,871
693,234
1,720,000
1801
1802 10,492,646
4,000,000
1802
1803
11,007,000
4,077,891
1,428,751
12,500,000
1803
1804
11,200,000
1,000,000
1804
1805
11,404,000
4,605
1,560,000
1805
1806
11,600,000
4,346
6,000,000
1806
1807
11,850,000
4,446
1807
1808
12,020,000
4,735
1808
1809
12,190,000
5,330
200,000
1809
1810
12,340,000
5,146
1810
1811
12,596,803
5,337
6,656,105
1,440,455
1,617,600
1811
1812
12,800,000
6,576
1,495,000
1812
1813
13,000,000
7,164
980,000
1813
1814
13,200,000
6,390
6,294,581
1,746,474
285,000
932,827
1814
1815
13,420,000
7,818
5,418,846
1,702,255
423,937
222,749
1815
1816
13,640,000
9,091
5,724,839
1,503,240
320,058
17,547,565
1816
1817
13,860,000
13,932
6,910,925
1,470,409
7,991
36,495
1817
1818
14,000,000
13,567
7,870,801
1,881,466
1,336
9,564
1818
t 1819
14,200,000
14,254
7,631,470
1,970,016
3,094,902
705,846
1819
1820
14,300,000
13,710
18,984
7,330,256
2,226,913
119,602
4,000
1820
1821
14,391,631
13,115
13,194
6,959,249
2,557,763
42,642
471,309
1821
1822
14,600,000
12,201
12,349
6,358,702
2,940,440
2,139,101
1822
1823
14,800,000
12,263
8,860
5,772,958
2,231,094
18,596
4,050,250
1823
1824
15,000,000
12,698
8,210
5,736,898
1,850,612
45,605
1,704,724
1824
1825
15,200,000
12,437
14,891
5,786,989
1,740,747
43,000
3,639,551
1825
1826
15,400,000
16,164
20,900
5,928,501
2,083,221
188,000
1,973,812
1826
1827
15,600,000
17,924
28,003
6,441,088
2,269,987
21,402
4,038
1827
1828
15,850,000
16,564
26,092
6,298,000
2,084,855
1,966
51,998
1828
1829
16,140,000
18,675
31,198
6,332,410
1,911,671
126,406
1829
1830
16,240,000
18,107
56,907
6,829,042
2,125,772
696,004
4,093,955
1830
1831
16,539,318
19,647
83,160
6,798,888
2,649,916
627,586
1,598,536
1831
1832
16,800,000
20,821
103,140
8,662,920
2,398,966
44,526
747,264
1832
1833
17,050,000
20,072
62,527
8,279,217
2,566,601
1,526,914
1833
§ 1834
17,270,000
22,451
76,222
8,338,079
2,736,717
198,394
2,091,516
1834
1835
17,480,000
20,731
44,478
7,373,807
2,394,116
75
165,817
1835
1836
17,690,000
20,984
75,417
6,354,538
2,398,796
989,786
1836
1837
17,800.000
23,612
72,034
5,294,566
1,507,357
' 3,991
234
1837
1! 1838
18,000,000
23,094
33,222
5,186,389
1,788,410
10O
289
1838
1839
18,200,000
24,451
62,207
5,613,939
1,651,158
1,733
63,258
1839
1840
18,410,000
27,187
90,743
6,014,605
1,822,607
2,155,673
18,959
1840
1841
18,600,000
27,670
118,592
6,351,828
2,348,825
27,176
1841
1842
18,830,000
31,309
128,344
6,552,800
2,840,347
1,596,366
1842
H1843
19,200,000
29,591
57,212
7,085,595
3,015,147
5,529,989
1843
1844
19,440,000
26,542
70,686
7,066,797
3,093,608
1844
1845
19,600,000
24,303
93,501
6,791,006
2,663,145
23,720
4,535,561
1845
1846
19,850,000
25,107
129,851
6,844,241
2,488,870
1846
ttl847
20,100,000
28,883
240,461
6,986,480
1,996,131
••
1847
* Bank Eestric
tion Act ps
ssed.
t Ba
II Ye
nk obliged to pa
C in gold at W
int price.
« New Poor Lj
w.
ar after Canadia
n rebellion.
1
Income-tax
imposed.
tflri
>h famine.
TABLE OF CURRENCY, &c. 1792 — 1847. continued. *111
National Debt
Revenue
Average
in each Year
Yearly in
Money applied
Price of
Years
National Debt
Revenue
in Quarters of
Quarters of
Yearly to the
Wheat,
Years.
*
in each Year.
Yearly.
Wheat at
Wheat at
Redemption
of Debt.
Winch. Qr.
Annual
Annual
over the
Prices.
Prices.
Year.
£
£
£
s. d.
1792
231,537,865
19,258,814
98,526,751
8,195,240
1,558,504
47 1
1792
1793
229,614,446
19,845,705
93,720,182
8,100,287
1,634,972
49 6
1793
1794
234,034,718
20,193,074
86,679,525
7,478,916
1,872,957
54 0
1794
1795
247,877,237
19,833,520
61,204,256
4,897,165
2,143,697
81 6
1795
1796
301,861,306
21,454,728
75,462,826
5,363,682
2,639,956
80 3
1796
* 1797
355,323,774
23,126,940
114,620,572
7,460,303
3,393,214
62 0
1797
1798
414,936,334
31,035,363
153,680,123
11,494,579
4,093,164
54 0
1798
1799
423,367,547
35,602,444
112,898,012
9,493,985
4,528,568
75 8
1799
1800
447,147,164
34,145,584
70,416,876
5,378,123
4,908,379
127 0
1800
1801
447,043,489
34,113,146
69,850,545
5,330,179
5,528,315
128 6
1801
1802
522,231,786
36,368,149
155,890,085
10,856,163
6,114,033
67 3
1802
1803
528,260,642
38,609,392
176,086,880
12,869,797
6,494,694
60 0
1803
1804
545,803,318
46,176,492
158,203.889
13,384,490
6,436,929
69 6
1804
1805
573,529,932
50,847,706
197,768,942
17.533,691
9,406,865
88 0
1805
1806
593,694,287
55,796,086
134,930,519
12,680,928
9,602,658
88 0
1806
1807
601,733,073
59,339,321
154,290,531
15,215,210
10,125,419
78 2
1807
1808
604,287,474
62,998,191
142,185,288
13,646,633
10,681,579
85 3
1808
1809
614,789,091
63,719,400
115,997,943
12,022,509
11,359,691
106 0
1809
1810
624,301,396
67,144,542
111,482,927
11.990,096
12,095,977
112 0
1810
1811
635,583,448
65,173,545
117,700,638
12,069,175
13,073,577
108 0
1811
1812
661,409,958
65,037,850
112,103,383
11,023,364
14,098,842
118 0
1812
1813
740,023,535
68,748.363
123,837,255
11,458,060
16,064,057
120 0
1813
1814
752,857,236
71,134.503
177,142,879
16,737,530
14,830,957
85 0
1814
1815
816,311,940
72.210,512
214,818,931
19,055,398
14,241,397
76 0
1815
181G
796,200,196
62,264,546
194,195,170
15,188,913
13,945,117
82 0
1816
1817
776,742,403
52,055,913
133,921,104
8,975,157
14,514,457
116 0
1817
1818
791,867,314
53,747,795
161,605,574
10,968,937
15,339,483
98 0
1818
t 1819
794,980,480
52,648,847
203,841,148
13,499,704
16,305,590
78 0
1819
182C
801,565,310
54,282,958
210,938,239
14,284,988
17,499,773
76 0
1820
1821
795,312,767
55,834,192
224,031,765
15,727,941
17,219,957
71 0
1821
1822
796,530,144
55,663,650
300,577,413
21,005,150
18,889,319
53 0
1822
1822
791,701,612
57,972,999
277,790,039
20,341,403
7,482,325
57 0
1823
182-1
781,123,222
59,362,403
216,978,672
16,489,586
10,625,059
72 0
1824
182a
778,128,265
57,273,869
185,268,634
13,636,635
6,093,475
84 0
1825
1826
783,801,739
54,894,989
214,740,202
12,710,955
5,621,231
73 0
1826
1827
777,476,890
54,932,518
310,990,756
21,973,007
5,704,766
50 0
1827
182*
772,322,540
55,187,142
217,555,645
15,545,673
4,667,965
71 8
1828
182S
771,251,932
50,786,602
280,455,248
18,467,855
2,559,485
55 4
1829
183C
757,486,997
56,056,616
236,714,686
17,517,692
4,545,465
64 10
1830
1831
754,100,549
46,424,446
260,034,672
16,008,429
1,663,093
58 3
1831
183S
751,658,883
46,988,755
289,099,570
18,072,598
5,696
52 6
1832
183C
743,675,229
46,271,326
316,457,544
19,279,719
1,023,751
47 10
1833
§ 183,
I 751,658,883
46,425,263
375,829,441
23,807,827
1,776,378
39 8
1834
1831
743,675,299
45,893,369
424,957,313
26,221,925
1,270,050
35 3
1835
183(
! 758,549,866
48,591,180
261,568,919
16,755,580
1,590,727
57 9
1836
1835
' 761,422,570
50,592,653
298,597,086
19,840,256
None.
51 3
1837
1 183*
! 762,275,188
51,278,928
262,860,409
17,854,802
None.
57 11
1838
183£
761,347,690
52,058,349
223,925,791
15,311,279
Deficiency
from 1837
to 1842 of
L. 12,000 ,000,
in six years.
68 7
1839
184C
766,541,680
51,693,510
235,858,978
15,907,233
65 8
1840
1841
766,371,725
52,315,433
283,841,379
19,376,086
54 6
1841
1842
774,319,913
51,120,040
336,660,831
22,226,104
49 0
1842
<fl843
773,068,340
56,935,022
328,865,251
24,227,668
1,433,282
47 4
1843
1844
771,069,858
52,913,028
335,247,764
23,005,664
1,563,361
46 8
1844
1845
766,672,822
52,009,324
300,656,008
.20,395,813
4,143,891
50 10
1845
1846
764,608,284
54,473,762
283,188,253
20,175,467
2,846,307
54 8
1846
ttl847
777,603,818
52,082,757
222,172,519
14,880,787
Deficiency.
2,956,683
69 9
1847
» Bank Restriction Act passed.
§ New Poor Law.
•J Income-tax imposed.
+ Bank obliged to pay in gold at Mint price.
|| Year after Canadian rebellion,
ft Irish famine.
INDEX.
INDEX.
Aa, defeat of the British on the, iv. 366.
Aar river, the, vii. 20.
Abbaye, prison of the, imprisonment of
the Gardes Fran9aises in the, ii. 76 —
massacre at, iii. 18.
Abbe\ general, at the Nivelle, xvii. 356 —
at St Pierre, 373, 374, 376.
AbWs of the French church, the, i. 158.
Abbess of Montmartre, execution of the,
iv. 255.
Abbeville, general d', ix. 74.
Abbeys of Switzerland, influence of the, in
promoting civilisation, vi. 136.
Abdallah Pasha, defeat of, at Naplouse,
vi. 292.
Abelard and Rousseau, identity of doc-
trines held by, i. 147, note.
Abensberg, battle of, xii. 229.
Aber See, the, xii. 253, 255.
Abercrombie, general, operations of,
against Tippoo Sarb, xi. 38, 40 — at
Albuera, xiv. 250, et. seq.
Abercromby, Sir Ralph, parentage, early
history, &c. of, vii. 44 — at the battle
of Famars, iv. 38 — subjugation of St
Lucie by, v. 304 — and of Trinidad,
370 — landing of in Holland in 1799,
vii. 44, 47, 49, 51 — arrival of, at
Genoa, 256 — joins Sir James Pulteney
at Gibraltar, 277 — effects of his being
kept inactive at Port Mahon, 266 —
ordered to Egypt, viii. 14 — resolves not
to wait for the co-operation of Baird,
&c, 15 — arrival off Alexandria, and
preparations for landing, 16 — debarka-
tion and first action, 17 — cautious
advance of, 19 — defeats the French at
Mandora, ib. — position of, at Alex-
andria, 21 — battle of Alexandria, 22 —
mortally wounded there, 24 — his death,
25.
Aberdeen, Lord, xvii. 115, 162 — views of,
1813, xviii. 59 — at Congress of Cha-
tillon, 146 — danger of, at Chaumont,
327. 0
Aberdeen, city of, iii. 98, note.
Abinger, Lord, xiv. 88.
Abisbal, the conde- d", xiv. 349 — ap-
pointed to command in Andalusia, xvi.
303, 310 — storming of Pancorvo by,
344 — retreat of, from Pampeluna, 362—
at the battle of the Bidassoa, xvii. 342
— at the siege of Pampeluna, 350.— See
also O'Donnell.
Abo, capture of, by the Russians, xv. 194
— treaty of, xvi. 5.
Abou el Marck, an Arab, anecdote of,
and his horse, xv. 127.
Aboukir, arrival of Nelson at, vi. 269 —
battle of, (or the Nile,) 271 — landing
of the Turks at, 309 — capture of fort
of, by the Janizzaries, 310 — battle of,
311 — defeat of the French near, by
Abercromby, viii. 17 — investment of
fort of, by the British, 19 — its sur-
render, 22.
Abouville, general, fidelity of, to Louis
XVIII., during the Hundred Days, xix.
269.
Abrantes, duchesse d', account of the
murderer of the Princess Lamballe by,
iii. 24, note — anecdote of Napoleon by,
in his early years, v. 139 — account of the
Theophilanthropists by, vi. 80, viii. 41
— account of the losses at Eylau,
and of the feeling at Paris on, x. 154,
note.
Abrantes, treaty of, between Portugal
and Spain, viii. 47.
Abrial, M., vii. 178.
Absenteeism, effects of, on Ireland, ix. 21.
Academies, general suppression of, in
France, iv. 153.
Academy, the French, foundation of, by
Richelieu, i. 89.
Acerra, surrendered to the French, vi.
194.
Acevedo, general, wounded at Espinosa,
xii. 154.
Achard at Lyons, iv. 88, 90, notes.
Achille man-of-war, the, at the 1st June,
iv. 324 — capture of, 325 — destruction
of the, ix. 89.
Achmednugger, xi. 100, 108.
Achmet Pasha, taken prisoner at Battin,
xv. 170 — advance of, to Roudschouck,
108
INDEX.
Achmet Pasha, continued.
173 — battle of Roudschouck, 174 — in-
activity of, and his plans, 177.
Ackland, general, xii. 110, 111 — at Vi-
raeira, 113.
Ackow, passage of the Elbe by the Allies
at, xvii. 220.
Acqui, the French driven from, vii. 59.
Acre, St Jean d', siege of, vi. 292.
Acte Additionnel, the, embodying the con-
stitution of 1815, xix. 292 — general ac-
ceptance of, 301.
Actium, effects of battle of, ix. 95.
Adair, Mr, ambassador to Austria, x. 15.
Adam, colonel, (General Sir Frederick,)
at Castalla, xvi. 315 — is defeated and
wounded at Ordal, xvii. 336 — at Water-
loo, xix. 358, 360, 361, 362, 367, 368, 369.
Adaulutnaghur, defeat of the Mahrattas
at, xi. 129.
Adda river, the, v. 151 — passage of, by
the bridge of Lodi, 188 — retreat of the
French behind, 1799, vi. 364 — battle
of the, ib.
Addington, Mr, (Lord Sidmouth) be-
comes premier, 1801, vii. 365 — first
measures of, 367 — defence of the peace
of Amiens by, viii. 65 — overthrow of his
ministry, 294, 295 — modification of the
Sinking Fund by, and finance measures
of, 1802, ix. 265, 297— principles of, 324
— becomes Lord privy seal, ib. note —
opposes the Catholic bill, x. 239.
Adelaide, the princess, aunt of Louis
XVI., i. 226 — opposition of, to the
recall of the parliaments, 229 — depar-
ture of, from Paris, ii. 226— is arrested,
but liberated, 228.
Aderklaa, village of, on field of Wagram,
xiii. 31.
Adige, captain, at Elba, xix. 253.
Adige river, the, v. 151 — description of
the course of, 206 — valley of, and its
rapids, xii. 315 — military importance
of, v. 167 — line of the, occupied by
Napoleon, 1796, v. 199— battle of the,
1799, vi. 341— defeat of the French
342 — passage of, by the French,
1801, vii. 316 — forcing of the passage
of, by Massena, 1805, ix. 164 — expul-
sion of the French from the valley of,
1809, xii. 357.
Adlercrantz, baron, part taken by, in
the Swedish revolution, xv. 200 — raised
to the ministry, 201, xvii. 86.
Administration of justice in France, be-
fore the Revolution, i. 174 — edicts for
reforming, 326.
Administrative council of the Allies, 1813,
composition, powers, &c. of the, xvi. 129.
Admiral, attempt of, to assassinate Collot
d'Herbois, iv. 228.
Adoque, colonel, ii. 327.
Adour, Wellington's passage of the, xviii.
237, et seq. — entrance of the British flo-
tilla into, 240.
Adrian, Marie, execution of, iv. 89.
Advocates, preponderance of, in the Con-
stituent Assembly, ii. 17— evils of this,
18.
Affghaunistaun, causes of the English dis-
asters in, iv. 111.
Affghauns, threatening posture of the,
1799, xi. 66.
Affry, Louis d', viii. 234.
Africa, connexion of the slave trade with
the state of, x. 186, 189 — attachment
of the population to their landed posses-
sions, xix. 29.
Africaine frigate, capture of the, viii. 38.
Agamemnon man-of-war, at the battle of
the Baltic, vii. 378.
Agar, Pedro, xvi. 306.
Age, the requisite, for entering the French
army, lowering of, xvi. 160.
Agen, bishop of, ii. 223.
Agoust, marquis d', arrest ofD'Espremenil
by, i. 323.
Agra, the so-called bishop of, and his in-
fluence on the Vendeans, iii. 341.
Agra, battle of, xi. 96 — ceded to the
British, 108.
Agrarian law, advocacy of, by Babceuff,
vi. 83 — seductions of, ii. 270.
Agricola, opinion of, with regard to Ire-
land, iii. 93.
Agricultural classes, proportion of, to others
in Great Britain, as compared with that
in the United States, xix. 27 — and with
that in France, xx. 52.
Agriculture, low estimation in which held
as a profession in America, xix. 31 —
state of, in Austria, ix. 126— variety of
productions of, there, 108 — increasing
estimation in which held in Europe, iii.
144 — varieties of produce in France, i.
102 — classification of the soil in France,
104— comparative numbers employed in ,
in France and England, 105, xx. 52—
maxims of the French economists with
regard to, i. 159 — and their errors, 161 —
weight of the taxes on, in France, 168 —
influence of the French game laws,
172 — depressed condition of those em-
ployed in, in France, 1793, iv. 164 —
measures of Napoleon for improvement
of, viii. 322 — value of French produce
of, 1813, xvi. 391 — deterioration of, in
France, from the great subdivision of
property, xx. 48, 50, et seq. — of Great
Britain and Ireland, iii. 86, et seq. — its
rapid growth, 99 — compared with
American, 100 — great advance of,
1801, vii. 369 — encouragement of, by
George III., xiv. 16— great advance of,
during the war, and reasons for protec-
tion to it, xix. 208 — advantages of this
protective system, 213, 214 — that of
Italy, and especially of the Plain district,
v. 158 — vast population supported by
it, 161 — of the mountain district of
Italy, 154 — of Lombardy, 152 — of
Lithuania and Poland, and condition
of those there engaged in it, v. 4, xv.
277 — of Prussia, its rapid growth, x. 4
— neglect of, in Russia, xv. 237 — value
INDEX.
109
Agriculture, continued.
of produce of, in Spain, xii. 5 — ruin of,
there, by the French exactions, xvi.
306— of Sweden, xv. 189.
Agueda, skirmish on the, 1810, xiii. 323 —
destruction of a French detachment at,
346 — able passage of the, by Welling-
ton, xv. 6 — crossing of, by him, 1812, 46.
Aguesseau, M. d', i. 233.
Aguilar, M. d', ii. 168.
Aguilar, conde" d', xii. 36.
Aicha, advance of Davoust to, 1806, ix. 148.
Aichstedt, cession of, to Austria, 1803,
viii. 213, 214, note.
Aigues Mortes, canal of, viii. 165.
Aiguillon, the due d', measures of, for the
overthrow of the parliaments, i. 197, 198
— speech of, on the feudal rights, ii. 139.
AiguUlon, Madame, d', v. 148, note.
Aire, combat of, xviii. 249 — combats be-
fore, 255.
Airley, colonel, gallant defence of Elba
by, vii. 327.
Airolo, combat at, 1799, vi. 353 — defeat
of the French at, vii. 35.
Airy, residence of Voltaire at, i. 138.
Aisne, St Just chosen deputy for, ii. 290.
Aisne, the river, iii. 203 — passage of,
forced by Blucher, xviii. 318.
Aix, archbishop of, mission of, to the
Tiers Etat, ii. 44, 73, 144, 222, note.
Aix, parliament of, L 324 — its suppres-
sion, 199.
Aix, Mirabeau deputy for, ii. 22 — cruel-
ties perpetrated at, v. 113 — reception
of Napoleon at, on his return from
Egypt, vii. 93 — defeat of the Austrians
at, 1814, xviii. 224 — danger of Napo-
leon at, on his way to Elba, 387.
Aix-la-Chapelle, capture of, by the French
in 1792, iiL 227 — visit of Napoleon to,
1804, viii. 321 — occupied by the Allies,
1814, xviii. 90.
Ajaecio, birth of Napoleon at, i. 201, note ;
v. 133 — his first military service against
it, v. 140 — he lands at it on his return
from Egypt, vi. 315.
Ajax man-of-war, loss of the, x. 223.
Alabama, slavery in, xix. 70.
Alacha, governor of Tortosa, xiv. 162, 163.
Alagon, defeat of Palafox at, xii. 57.
Aland, island of, captured by the Rus-
sians, xv. 195 — recaptured by the
Swedes, 196— ceded to Russia, 203.
Ala va, admiral, at Trafalgar, ix. 80, 83 —
is captured there, 88, 90.
Alava, general, at Salamanca, xv. 59—
wounded at the Carrion, 94.
Alba de Tonnes, rout of the Spaniards at,
xiii. 259 — castle of, xv. 46 — evacuated
by Marmont, 49 — its abandonment by
the Spaniards, 66 — repulse of the
French at, 1812, 95.
Albania offered by Napoleon in exchange
for Naples, ix. 385.
Albaredo, Monte, vii. 233, 234.
Albaro, heights of, assailed by the Aus-
trians, vii. 215.
Albe, M. d', Napoleon's secretary, xvii. 32.
Albeck, defeat of the Austrians at, 1805,
ix. 154.
Albert, the archduke, besieges Lille in
1792, iii. 219— at battle of Jemappes, 222.
Albert, general, xvii. 384.
Albigeois, cruelties exercised against the,
iii. 27.
Albini, baron, dispersion of forces under,
vii. 283.
Albis, mount, position of Massena on, vi.
354.
Albitte, a Jacobin, trial and acquittal of,
v. 104.
Albuega, defeat of Suchet at, 1800, vii.
214.
Albuera, battle of, xiv. 245 — comparison
between it and Culm, xvii. 170, note.
Albufera, battle of, xiv. 198 — Suchet
created duke of, 203.
Albufera, duke of, see Suchet.
Albula, pass of, vi. 134, 135 — defensive
measures of the Austrians at, vii. 309.
Albuquerque, due d', defeated at Ciudad
Real, xiii. 220— at Talavera, 243— suc-
ceeds Cuesta, 251 — on the Guadiana,
308— able march of, to Cadiz, 310.
Alcaniz, defeat of the French at, xiii. 196.
Alcantara occupied by the British, xiii.
229 — Massena driven from, 345 — bridge
of, restored by Wellington, xv. 44.
Alcide man-of-war, destruction of the, v.
51.
Alcobaca, destruction of, by the French,
xiii. 345, 353.
Alcolea, defeat of the Spaniards at, xii. 75.
Aldea del Ponte, combat at, xiv. 279.
Aldesparre, colonel, part taken by, in the
Swedish revolution, xv. 199 — raised to
the ministry, 201.
Alembert, M. d', character of Montes-
quieu by, L 134, note — atheistical
character of his writings, 151, xiv. 7 —
statue to, x. 265.
Alentejo, invasion of the, by the Spanish
troops, xi. 306 — insurrection in, against
the French, xii. 101 — operations and
cruelties of Loison in, 102 — attempt of
Massena to transfer his forces to, xiii.
336 — project of Napoleon for invasion
of, 1811, xiv. 272.
Alessandria or Alexandria, (Italy,) for-
tress of, v. 166 — cession of, to the
French, 183, 185 — great value of, to
Napoleon, 249 — seizure of, by the
French in 1798, vi. 182 — their retreat
toward it, 366— blockaded bv the Allies,
369, 370 — defeat of the Austrians be-
fore, 384 — capture of, 1799, by them,
vii. 10 — armistice of, 256 — its propriety
considered, 265 — ceded to the French,
1800, 256— fortification of it by Napo-
leon, 1803 and 1805, viii. 274, ix. 29—
surrendered by the treaty of Paris, xviii.
403.
Alexander the Great, contrast between
his dominion and that of Rome, ii.
173 — the importance of Egypt appreci-
110
INDEX.
Alexander, continued.
ated by him, vi. 227 — proportion of
Europeans to Asiatics in his armies, xi.
136 — the Scythian campaign of, xvi. 94.
Alexander, emperor of Russia, vii. 72
— privy to the conspiracy against his
father, 389 — accession of, and accom-
modation with Great Britain, 391 — his
character, 392, ix. 132, 135, xviii. 389
— first measures of, vii. 393 — treaties of,
regarding the German indemnities, viii.
209 — proposals of, 1803, regarding
Malta, 251 — rupture of, with France,
1804, 298, et seq. — interview sought by,
with Frederick William, ix. 139 — arrival
of, at Berlin, and treaty with Frederick
William, 172 — their visit to the tomb
of Frederick the Great, 173 — departure
for the army, ib. — forces under, at Wis-
chau, 196 — simulate negotiations before
Austerlitz, 198 — interview with Savary,
ib. et seq. — at Austerlitz, 209 — retreat
of, to Hollitch, 216 — agrees to an armis-
tice, 217 — fresh interview with Savary,
ib. note — places his forces at the dis-
posal of Prussia, 219 — renewed causes
of discord with Napoleon, 377 — refuses
to ratify the treaty entered into by
D'Oubril at Paris, 379, 381 — treaty
with Frederick William, x. 13 — military
preparations of, 91 — strength, disposi-
tion, &c. of his army, ib. note, 92 —
proclamation by, 91 — imprudence of the
invasion of Moldavia and war with
Turkey, when involved with Napoleon,
93 — forces in Poland, 109 — evacuates
Warsaw, 110 — new proclamation to his
troops, ib. — applies for aid to Great
Britain, which is refused, ib. Ill, 162,
247, note — resumes the offensive against
Napoleon, 111 — proposals of peace from
Napoleon to him, 157 — increasing irri-
tation of, against Great Britain, 252—
rejoins the army at Bartenstein, 264,
283 — proposes an armistice after Fried-
land, 312— his reasons for it, 314 — forces
still at his disposal, ib. note — interview
of, with Napoleon at Tilsit, 316 —
the negotiations, 317 — demeanour to-
ward Frederick William, 320 — con-
clusion of the treaty of Tilsit, 322 —
secret articles for the partition of Tur-
key, 326 — his conduct in concluding
this treaty, 339 — ineffectual mediation
of, 1807, between Great Britain and
France, xi. 272— his secret satisfaction
at the Copenhagen expedition, 273,
note — is compelled to declare war against
Great Britain, 273 — conversations with
Savary regarding Turkey, 279, 280, notes
— portion of Europe assigned him by Til-
sit, 285 — concurrence of, in Napoleon's
seizure of the Peninsula, 292 — confer-
ence with Napoleon at Erfurth, xii. 138,
etseq. — anecdotes of him during his
stay there, 141, note — visit with Napo-
leon to the field of Jena, 142 — their
secret views at this time, 143 — tenor of
the conferences between them, 144 —
—he declines to accede to the Austrian
alliance in 1809, 207 — his jealousy of the
grand-duchy of Warsaw, xiii. 99, 105 —
threatened rupture with Napoleon, 100
— joint proposals made by them to Great
Britain from Erfurth, 144, 145 — propo-
sals of Napoleon for alliance to his sister,
and his reception of these, xii. 145, xiii.
278 — his pique, 282 — designs of, on
Constantinople, xv. 135 — attack by, on
Sweden, and his motives for it, 192, 193
— proclamation annexing Finland, 193
— greatness of his conduct in 1812, 196 —
causes of the rupture between him and
Napoleon, viz. his resentment at the
rejection of his sister, 209 •, his jealousy
at the encroachments of Napoleon, 210 ;
his apprehensions regarding Poland,
211 — is further alienated by Napoleon's
disavowal of the convention regarding
it, 213 — protest against the seizure of
Oldenburg, and ukase relaxing his en-
forcement of the Continental System,
214 — last negotiations with Napoleon,
and ultimatum offered, 225 — sets out
for Wilna, 226 — institution of military
colonies, 243 — description of his empire,
227, et seq. — his column at St Peters-
burg, 266 — his energy in punishing de-
linquents, 257 — religious character of his
proclamations, 258— his views and pre-
parations for the contest of 1812, 271,
272 — forces of, and their distribution,
275 — receives intelligence of the passage
of the Niemen by the French, 285 — pro-
clamation issued on it, ib. — letter from
him to the governor of St Petersburg,
286 — plan resolved on of retreating be-
fore the French, ib. — influence of gene-
ral Von Phull with him, 287— procla-
mation issued at Drissa, 296 — sets out
for Moscow, 298 — edicts and proclama-
tions for rousing the nation, 303, 304 —
enthusiastic reception at Moscow, 304,
305 — departs for St Petersburg, 306—
measures for reinforcing Wittgenstein
and covering St Petersburg, 307 — ap-
points Kutusoff commander-in-chief,
331 — determination and proclamation
of, after the burning of Moscow, xvi. 4 —
plans for the prosecution of the cam-
paign, 5 — his resolution not to treat,
and his displeasure with Kutusoff and
Benningsen, 16 — partial completion of
the plan for surrounding Napoleon, 47
— his arrival at Wilna, and humane
exertions there, 81 — amnesty to Poland
and proclamation to his soldiers, 83 —
advances to Plozk and Kalisch, 112 —
compelled to appoint Wittgenstein to the
chief command after the death of Kut-
usoff, 116 — treaty of Kalisch with
Prussia, 124 — interview with Frederick
William, 125— efforts to gain Austria to
the alliance, 172, 182— forces at opening
of campaign of 1813, 189 — entry into
Dresden, 204, 205 — his habits and mode
INDEX.
Ill
Alexander, continued.
of life there, 207 — reasons for giving
battle at LUtzen, 210 — disposition of his
forces there, and battle, 212, et seq. —
secret proposals made to him by Napo-
leon, 231— he declines them, 232— forces
at Bautzen, 233 — position and plan of
battle there, 235, 236 — ability of his
conduct at that battle, 248 — retreats
to Schweidnitz, 255, 25(5 — reasons for
desiring an armistice, 256 — and nego-
tiations for that of Pleswitz, 263 — con-
vention of Dresden and treaty of Reich-
enbach with Prussia and Great Britain,
xvii. 57 — relative treaty with Great
Britain, 58 — convention of Peterswalde,
69 — and of London, ib. — treaty of Abo
with Sweden, 60 — cordiality of the union
between him and Frederick William,
98 — exultation of, on the accession of
Austria to the alliance, 115 — arrival at
Prague, ib. — negotiates Moreau's re-
turn to Europe, 120 — his reception of
that general, 121 — aspires to the chief
command of the Allies, 122 — but aban-
dons his claim in favour of Schwartzen-
berg, 123 — at the battle of Dresden,
152, 155 — his emotion on the death of
Moreau, 153 — and letter from him to
Madame Moreau, 154 — at the battle of
Leipsic, 237, 243, 244— at the assault,
269— entry into the town, 273 — during
the pursuit of the French, 282 — arrival
at Frankfort, 291 — refuses to allow the
capitulation of Dantzic, 308 — views of,
in 1813, regarding peace, xviii. 22 — his
plan for the invasion of France, 52, 53 —
his strong feeling against Napoleon, 58 —
his proclamation on crossing the Rhine,
59— at La Rothiere, 80, 81, 84— at the
bridge of Lesmont, 87 — interview with
the royalist leaders at Troyes, 116 —
generous conduct toward Pahlen, 121 —
efforts to bring Bernadotte forward, 131
— opposes the armistice of Lusigny,
137, 138 — measures urged by him at the
council at Bar-sur-Aube, 142, 143 — and
his immediate execution of the plans
adopted there, 145 — views of, at the
congress of Chatillon, 147 — regarding
the Bourbons and their restoration, 152
— and regarding Poland, ib. 153 — me-
moir by him to the Allies at Chatillon,
162, 163, note — efforts to urge Schwartz-
enberg to vigorous measures, 173, 301 —
at battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 304, 306—
first proposes pursuing Napoleon, 313 —
but afterwards adopts the march on
Paris, 314 — at F6re Champenoise, 321,
322, 323— during the march to Paris,
326— anecdote of him, 327, note ; 330—
his efforts to preserve discipline, 331 —
at the battle of the Barriers, 343 — agrees
to a suspension of arms on condition of
the surrender of Paris, 347 — prepara-
tions for entering it, 352 — terms of the
capitulation, 353 — interview with the
magistrates, 354 — his entry into the
city, 356 — enthusiasm with which re-
ceived, 357 — views regarding the succes-
sion to Napoleon, 360 — at the meeting
of the sovereigns to deliberate on this,
361, 362 — declares his determination
no longer to treat with Napoleon , 363
— his reception of the deputation from
the Senate, and conduct toward the
French prisoners in Russia, 365, 366 —
mission of Caulaincourt on behalf of
Napoleon, 370 — and his decision, 371 —
rejects the abdication of Napoleon in
favour of his son, 375 — preservation of
the Austerlitz column, &c. by him, 376 —
his enthusiastic reception in public, 377
— attention shown to Josephine, 389 —
solemn thanksgiving, 397 — religious feel-
ings by which actuated, 409 — his visit to
Great Britain, 411, 412 — compensation
awarded to the American slaveholders by
him, xix. 150, note — supports the consti-
tutional party in France after the resto-
ration, 216 — at the congress of Vienna,
231 — his views on Poland, 233 — military
preparations for maintaining these, 235
— supports Murat at the congress, 243 —
and opposes the removal of Napoleon
from Elba, 245 — his irritation at the
escape of Napoleon ,* ib. — and prepara-
tions against him, 247 — refuses all nego-
tiation with him, 293 — letter from Wel-
lington to him, containing plan of the
campaign, 313 — great review of his
troops at Vertus, xx. 23 — general sum-
mary of his character, xviii. 389 — effect
of misfortune on him, 390 — his private
character, ib. — his ambition and cha-
racter as a sovereign, 391 — his last years
and death, 392. — See also Russia.
Alexander man-of-war, the, at the Nile,
vi. 272, 273, 274.
Alexandre, Abbe, murder of, iii. 31.
Alexandria, (Egypt,) its early importance,
vi. 227, 251 — capture of, by the French,
247 — Kleberleft in garrison at, 256 —
mills, &c. established by the French at,
283 — position and forces of the British
and French at, viii. 21 — battle of, 22 —
its moral results, 25 — its effects in Great
Britain, xii. 19— operations of Hutchin-
son against the city, viii. 32 — it surren-
ders, 33 — is again captured by the Bri-
tish, 1807, 230— evacuated by them, 231.
Alexandria, (Italy,) see Alessandria.
Alexandria, (United States,) successes of
Captain Gordon at, xix. 155.
Alfieri, error of, in his delineations of vice,
iv. 207 — on democracy, 211.
Alfred the Great, causes which blasted his
improvements, i. 21 — institution of a
militia by, 53.
Alfred man-of-war, the, at the 1st of
June, iv. 325.
Algarves, insurrection in, xii. 101.
Algesiraz, first battle of, viii. 39 — second,
42.
Algesiraz man-of-war, recapture of the,
ix. 90.
112
INDEX.
Algiers, treaty of, with France, 1801,
viii. 60.
Ali Pasha, intrigues of Napoleon with,
vi. 267, xv. 167.
Alicante, attempt of the French on, 1812,
xiv. 203 — siege of, designed by Soult,
xv. 45 — landing of Maitland at, 102 —
operations of the British there, 103
— strength, &c. of the British forces at,
xvi. 310 — landing of Sir John Murray
at, 313 — expedition from it against Tar-
ragona, xvii. 329, 330— return of the
forces, 332.
Alien Bill, re-enactment of the, vi. 120.
Alison, Rev. Archibald, foresight of, with
regard to the fall of Napoleon, xv. 2.
Alkmaer, combats before, vii. 50.
Alle river, defeat of Ney's cavalry on the,
x. 133 — successes of the Cossacks on, 286.
Alleghany mountains, xix. 3, 6 — emi-
gration over the, 20.
Allegre, a Chouan chief, v. 60.
Allemagne, general, at Fombio, v. 187 —
at Lodi, 188 — checks Quasdanovich at
Lonato, 209; vi. 176 — dispersion of
the Roman insurgents by, 177.
Allen, captain, defence of the Argus by,
xix. 118.
Allett Effendi, negotiations of, with Duck-
worth, x. 225.
Allies, agreements of the, by the treaty of
Mantua, iii. 153 — issue the declaration
of Pilnitz, 155 — which is not followed
up, 156— difficulties in 1791, 160— views
on the declaration of war, 171 — conduct
as regards the commencement of the
war, 183 — opening of the campaign of
1792, 189 — their selfish views, 193 —
secret correspondence of Louis XVI.
with, 1792, ii. 320— errors committed by
them, 1792, 357— state of their armies
in 1792, iii. 189 — they decide on the
invasion of Champagne, 194 — em-
barrassment caused them by the corps
of emigrants, 195 — their first procla-
mation, 196 — they enter France: a-
mount, &c. of their forces, 198 — their
line of invasion, 199 — are arrested
at the Argonne, 203 — tardiness
of their advance, 204 — their first
successes, ib. 205 — are defeated
at Valmy, 208 — repulsed at Islettes,
210 — negotiations with Dumourier,
211 — which arrest their movements,
212 — terms offered by them, 213
— they resolve on retreating, 214 —
state of their forces, 215 — operations
of Dumourier on their retreat, 217 —
their losses, 218 — operations in Flan-
ders, 219 — separation of their forces, 221
— amount of these in Flanders, 222—
defeated at Jemappes, 223 — operations
on the Rhine, 234— errors in the cam-
paign, 238— accession of Britain, &c.
to the league, 249— plan of the Jacobins
for resisting them, 251.
Their forces, 1793, iv. 17, 18, note-
separation of these compelled by Prussia,
22 — Coburg appointed generalissimo,
23 — their plans at the opening of
the campaign, 25 — their rapid suc-
cesses, 26 — victory at Nerwinde, 28
— supineness after it, 30 — convention
with Dumourier, 31 — congress at Ant-
werp, and plans, 32 — effects of these, 33
— are joined by the British, ib. — besiege
Mayence, 35 — operations in Flanders,
37 — victory at Famars, 38 — capture
Valenciennes and Conde, 39 — these
taken possession of for Austria, 40 —
effects of this, 41 — their continued suc-
cesses, 42, 43 — increasing coldness of
Prussia, 53 — recognise the maritime
code of Britain, 54 — their ruinous
policy and divisions, 56 — separation
of the British and Austrian forces, ib. —
capture Quesnoy, and besiege Dunkirk,
57 — defeated at Hondschoote, 60 —
snbsequent combats, ib. 61 — besiege
Maubeuge, 62 — their forces, 64 — de-
feated at Wattignies, and raise the siege
of Maubeuge, 65 — go into winter-
quarters, 66 — their operations on the
Rhine, 67 — storm the lines of Weissen-
berg, 68 — divisions among them, and
consequences of these, 70 — are driven
across the Rhine, 71 — the Duke of
Brunswick on their failure, 72, note —
results of the campaign, 104 — their
erroneous judgment with regard to the
force to be combated, 105 — ease with
which France might at first have been
conquered, ib. — effect of their making
the war one of conquest, 106 — errors
in the campaign, 107 — denunciation of
their conduct by Fox, 313 — system of
extending their forces in 1794, 329 — dis-
advantages under which they laboured,
330 — efforts of Pitt to hold them to-
gether, ib. — their plans for 1794, 334
— their forces, 335, note — their first
operations and successes, 335 — are de-
feated at Turcoing, 339 — their opera-
tions on the Sambre, 343 — separation
of the British and Austrians, 344 —
defeated at Fleurus, 346 — abandon
Flanders, 348 — bad faith of Prussia,
349 — divergent retreat of the British
and Austrians, 352 — operations on
the Rhine, and effect of the defection
of Prussia, 354 — operations in Pied-
mont, 355 — in the Maritime Alps, 356
— and in Spain, 358 — hostilities re-
newed in Flanders, 365 — they are driven
beyond the Rhine, 388 — their losses dur-
ing the campaign, 392 — their superiority
at its commencement, 394 — but the
period for success was past, 395.
Their first successes in the Alps, 1795,
v. 50 — their subsequent inactivity, 51 —
and mutual jealousies, 52 — defeated at
Loano, 53 — campaign on the Rhine,
68 — their forces there, 70, 72 — their
improving prospects, 76 — great results
which might have followed vigorous
measures on their part, 78 — forces in
INDEX.
113
Allies, continued.
Italy, 1796, 173 — losses down to
Mondovi, 181 — withdrawal of Sardinia,
18:i — effect of their interference on the
Revolution, 129.
Their losses during the first part of
1799, vii. 2 — separation of their forces,
7 — their great successes during that
year, 65 — causes of the rupture, 67 —
their objects gained by the peace of
Luneville, 332.
In 1813, their preparations during
the armistice of Pleswitz, and plan of
the campaign then resolved on, xvii.
81— adhesion of Austria, 82, 84, 85—
difficulties respecting Bernadotte, 85
— composition and strength of their
armies, 86, et seq. 386 — unanimity
among them, 98 — the negotiations at
Prague, 99 — termination of these, and
views of the parties, 102 — their ultima-
tum, which is rejected by Napoleon, 103
— Austrian manifesto, 104 — rejoicings
on the junction of Austria, 114 — march
of their forces into Bohemia, 115 — they
are joined by Moreau, Jomini, &c, 119,
120, et seq. — dissensions regarding the
appointment of a generalissimo, 122 —
and reasons which led to that of Schwart-
zenberg, 123 — conduct of their leaders
on the occasion, 124 — influence of Wel-
lington's successes on their cause, 125 —
first operations, 131 — (See thereafter, for
military operations, Schwartzenberg,
Blucher, &c.) — division among them
at Dresden, 162 — results of the battles
of Culm, the Katzbach, Gross Beeren,
&c. to them, 187 — comfortable condition
of their troops, 215 — their forces and
plans, 218 — they and Napoleon simul-
taneously intercept each other's commu-
nications, 226 — they are joined by
Bavaria, 231 — proposals made to them
after the first day's battle of Leipsic, 251
— losses sustained there, 272 — entry of
the sovereigns into the town, 273 —
separation of their forces, 275 — funeral
honours paid to Poniatowski, 276 — they
go into winter-quarters, 292 — violation
by them of the capitulation of Dresden ,
301 — they disallow also the capitulation
of Dantzic, 308.
Proposals made from them to Napo-
leon, xviii. 19 — reception of these by
him, 20, 21 — their declaration, 21—
negotiations with Murat, 34, 35 — treaty
with Denmark, 37 — negotiations with
Switzerland, 41 — declaration of that
country in their favour, 43 — completion
of the alliance against France as pro-
jected by Pitt, 44 — statement of their
forces, 45, et seq. — their hesitation at
invading France, 51 — plan of invasion
proposed by Alexander, and agreed to,
52 — enthusiasm among their troops, 57
— but incipient divisions among the
leaders, 58 — proclamation before cross-
ing the Rhine, 59, 60 — coincidence
VOL. XX.
between their passage of the Rhine and
that of the barbarians, 62 — difference
between the two invasions, 63 — their
entrance into France, and first successes,
64, et seq. — advantages and disadvan-
tages of their first movements, 70 — •
troops furnished to them by the con-
federation of the Rhine, 431 — their
forces engaged in the invasion, 432 —
exultation among them after La Ro-
thiere, 86— -dislocation of their forces,
88 — Troyes occupied by them, 107
— propose an armistice, 123 — despon-
dency after Montereau, 136 — the armis-
tice of Lusigny, 137, et seq. — their errors
in the campaign, 141 — council held at
Bar-sur-Aube, 142 — plans resolved on
there, 144 — their views at the congress
of Chatillon, 147 — terms offered there
by Napoleon after La Rothiere, 157 —
— treaty of Chaumont among them, 162,
et seq. — final terms offered at Chatillon,
294) — counter-statement by Napoleon,
291 — and counter-project by him, 292
— their answer to it, 293 — dissolution of
the congress, 296 — council held on
Napoleon's march to St Dizier, 312 —
resolve on the march to Paris, 314
— enthusiasm of their troops during it,
316 — their preparations for entering
Paris, 352 — differences as to the final
settlement of France, 360 — declare that
they will no more treat with Napo-
leon, 363 — treaty between them and Na-
poleon on his abdication, 379 — thanks-
giving at Paris, 397 — conventions with
Louis XVIII. for the cession of the
French conquests, 402 — their gene-
rosity to France, 406 — scene exhibited
by their troops in Paris, 407 — religious
feeling among them, 409 — review of their
forces, 410 — visit of the sovereigns to
Great Britain, 411 — immense forces
which occupied France in 1815, xx. 20 —
demands at first from France, and
second treaty of Paris, 21.
Allighur, battle of, xi. 93.
Allodial tenure, origin of, in Gaul, i. 75.
Allonville, the comte d', v. 45, note.
Alma da, lines of, xiv. 289.
Almanach des Prisons, the, v. 93.
Almanza, defeat of the Spaniardsat, xii. 68.
Almarez, destruction of the bridge of, xiiL
221 — construction of the forts at, xiv.
269— capture of them by Hill, xv. 37,
et seq.
Almeida, surrender of, to the British, xii.
126 — siege and capture of, by Massena,
xiii. 325 — is blockaded by Wellington ,
and Massena's efforts to relieve it, 346
— evacuated by the French, 351 — de-
fensive preparations at, xiv. 273 — is
threatened by Marmont, xv. 31 — fail-
ure of the Portuguese government to
supply it, 32 — and efforts of Welling-
ton to do so, 33.
Almendralejo evacuated by the French,
1812, xv. 6.
H
114
INDEX.
Almonacid, battle of, xiii. 252.
Alois, Prince of Lichtenstein, defeat of the
French by, at Hochheim, xvii. 291.
Alopaeus, M., Russian ambassador to
Sweden, arrest of, xv. 195.
Alps, operations in the, 1795, v. 50 —
gradations of vegetation on them, vi.
130 — those of Switzerland, 127, 129,
134 — magnitude of the operations in,
during 1799, 355 — passage of the,
by Suwarroff, vii. 40 — the various
passes through them, 224 — Napoleon's
passage of the St Bernard, 229 — com-
parison of his, Suwarroff s, Hannibal's,
&c, 70, 231 — Macdonald's passage of
them, 306 — roads over them, begun
by Napoleon, viii. 206 — those of Styria
and the Tyrol, ix. 108, xii. 255, 313—
contrast between their ancient and
modern inhabitants, xii. 322 — heights
of some of them, xiv. 373 — completion
of the roads over them, xi. 104 — and
sums expended on these, xvi. 154.
Alquier, M., French envoy at Rome, xiii.
128, 129 — in 1812, ambassador in
Sweden, xv. 221.
Alsace, German vassals of France in, and
their treatment by the Assembly, iii.
152 — dispossession of the princes of, as
a ground for war, 184 — military opera-
tions in, 1792, 220 — cruelties of the
French, 1793, iv. 69 — negotiations be-
tween Pichegru and Conde" regarding,
v. 71 — way in which acquired by Aus-
tria, ix. 103.
Alta, defeat of Laudon on the, 1801,vii. 317.
Altai mountains, the, xv. 232.
Altdorf, defeat of the Swiss insurgents at,
1799, vi. 349 — defeat of the Austrians
before, vii. 24.
Altemion, the count, xi. 331, note.
Alten, general count Charles, at Albu-
era, xiv. 246, 253 — at El Bodon, 275
— at Trabancos, xv. 53 — at Castrillo,
54 — at Salamanca, 56, 59 — is wounded
there, 68 — at the Bidassoa, xvii. 342,
344— at the Nivelle, 354— at the Nive,
364 — at Tarbes, xviii. 255 — at Tou-
louse, 266, 269— at Q,uatre Bras, xix.
328, 330.
Alten, general Victor, xv. 32 — at the
Nive, xvii. 364.
Altenburg, negotiations for the peace of
Vienna conducted at, xiii. 99 — defeat
of Lefebvre Desnouettes at, xvii. 208
— advance of Wittgenstein toward, 227.
Altenkirchen, combat of, 1796, v. 271 —
battle of, 291.
Altenstein, M., xi. 245.
Alter See, the, xii. 253, 255.
Altobiscar carried by the French, xvi.
358.
Altona, death of Brunswick at, x. 74.
Alva, the duke of, xiii. 71.
Alva, junction of Wellington and Hill at,
xiii. 326.
Alvarez, count, xi. 297.
Alvarez, governor of Gerona, defence of
that city by, xiii. 200 — cruel treatment
and death of, 208— monument to, ib.
Alvensleben, colonel, at battle of Paris,
xviii. 345.
Alvinzi, general, iv. 57 — despatched to
join the duke of York, 370 — in 1796,
commands the army of Italy, v. 221—
advance and first successes of, 222 —
advances to Rivoli, 223 — victory of, at
Caldiero, 224— defeated at Areola, 226
— his timid conduct there, 229 — which
arose from his being fettered by the Aulic
council, 231 — new plans of, for relieving
Mantua, 235 — advances to Rivoli, ib.
■ — is defeated there, 236, et seq. —
generous conduct of the Aulic council
toward him, 240, 241 — successive dis-
asters sustained by him, ib. — tactics by
which Napoleon defeated him, 247.
Amaillou, capture of, iii. 348.
Amak, island of, vii. 376.
Amar, a leading Jacobin, supports the
establishment of the Revolutionary
Tribunal, iii. 263 — presides at the trial
of the Dantonists, iv. 198 — arrest of,
decreed, 264, note — on the 9thThermi-
dor, 279 ; v. 83, 84— denounced by Le-
cointre, 87 ; 95— imprisonment of, 97 —
trial of, vi. 90.
Amarante, the conde* d', xv. 48.
Amarante, capture of, by Silviera, xiii.
223 — capture of the bridge of, by
Loison, 229 — recaptured by the British,
233.
Amarillas , the marquis , defeats the French ,
iv. 75 — is superseded, 359.
Amazons river, xiv. 293, 295 — communi-
cation between it and the La Plata, 301
—its floods, ib.
Amberg, battle of, v. 287.
Ambleteuse, preparations at, for invasion
of England, viii. 276.
Ambly, the chevalier d', ii. 136, note.
Amboyna, captured by the British, xiv.
107.
Ambras, castle of, xii. 317, note — captured
by the Tyrolese, 355.
Ambray, M. d', xix. 217 — becomes chan-
cellor under Louis XVIII. 228.
Amelia, the princess, death of, xiv. 17.
Amelia Queen of Prussia, see Louisa.
Amende, general, xii. 373.
America, influence of the French Revo-
lution on, i. 1 — influence of the absence
of primogeniture in, 20 — attachment
in, to British institutions, 71 — compari-
son between the colonisation of it by
the French and English, 107 — views
of Turgot and Necker as to France
joining in the war between her and
Great Britain, 263, 267, 285 — error of
France in forcing it on, 364 — services of
Lafayette in it, ii. 31 — comparison of
agriculture of, with that of Great Britain ,
iii. 100 — causes of the British disasters
in the first war with, iv. Ill — arrival
of the great provision convoy from, in
France, 326 — recognises the right of
INDEX.
115
America, continued.
search, vii. 346 — violent proceedings of
the French Directory against, 347 —
conciliatory measures of Napoleon, and
maritime treaty with France, 348 —
treaty with France, 1801, viii. 59 —
debt contracted by Great Britain dur-
ing the first war, be 256 — destined
progress of the British race in, 319 —
differences with Great Britain regarding
neutral rights, 362 — violence of Con-
gress, 364 — appointment of commis-
sioners, who adjust the differences, ib.
— destined predominance of Great Bri-
tain in, xi. 144 — alleged injustice of
the Orders in Council toward, 160 —
prostration of the press in, 183, note —
contrast of the struggle for freedom in,
and that of France, xiv. 13 — and con-
trast between it and Great Britain, ib.
— non-intercourse act passed, 48 —
great extent of the British trade with,
81 — residence of Moreau in, xvii. 120 —
outlet for mankind in, xix. 1 — the West
India Isles, their aspect, riches, &c. 2
— character of North America, 3. — See
North and South America, United
States, Canada, &c.
Amey, general, xviii. 435.
Amherstburg, naval action at, xix. 128
— evacuated by the British, 129.
Ami du Peuple, the, ii. 289, note.
Amis des Noirs, society of the, viii.
175.
Amiens, peace of, viii. 54, et seq. — objec-
tions urged against it in Great Britain, 56
— and defence of it, 58 — debates on it in
the British parliament, 61, et seq. — is
signed, 70 — reflections on it, 71 — joy
throughout Europe on its conclusion,
166 — rupture of it, 252 — conduct of
Great Britain with regard to this, 262.
Amnesty, proclamation of a general, by
the National Convention, v. 93, 126—
general, proclaimed by Napoleon, viii.
117 — proclaimed by Alexander to the
Poles, xvi. 83.
Amour river, the, xv. 232, 233.
Ampezzo, defeat of the Tyrolese at, xiii.
117.
Ampfing, retreat of Kray to the camp of,
vii. 202 — defeat of French at, 1800,
285.
Ampurdan, combats in, xiv. 157.
Amsteg, defeat of the Austrians near, vi
353. .
Amsterdam, insurrection in, and entrance
of the French, iv. 385 — their strict
discipline, 386 — danger of the bank
of, in 1794, 387 — pauperism in, from
the continental system, xv. 217, note —
enthusiasm in favour of Napoleon after
1812, xvi. 131 — revolt of, against the
French, xvii. 310.
Amstetten, combat at, ix. 181.
Anaconda, capture of the, xix. 119.
Ananpore, capture of, xi. 23.
Anarchists, party of the, their char-
acter, iii. 310 — estrangement of them
from the party of Robespierre, iv. 175
— their principles, 176 — mutual recri-
minations between them and the Dan-
tonists, 177 — are denounced by Robes-
pierre at the club, 180 — their destruc-
tion is resolved on, 181 — attack on
them by the Dantonists, 185— expulsion
of them from the Jacobins, 186 — pro-
scription, arrest, and execution of them,
190— characteristics of their death, 305.
Anatole, colonel, xviii. 384.
Anca, M. d\ xiv. 338.
Ancenis, rout of the Vendeans at, iii. 373.
Ancients, council of the, constitution,
mode of election, powers, &c. of the,
v. 116 — elections for the, 125, vi. 69
— and their choice of the Directory, ib.
— Barbe Marbois chosen president,
94 — motion for restraining the liberty
of the press rejected by them, 96—
royalist majority in, and conspiracy to
transfer their meetings to Rouen, 98 —
measures of, against the Directory, 102
— arrest of the royalist leaders, 103 —
measures of the minority after the 18th
Fructidor, 104, 105 — measures of,
against the Directory, vii. 80 — ban-
quet on the 15th Brumaire, 101 — pre-
parations for the revolution of the 18th,
102 — their meeting on that day, 103
— are transferred to St Cloud, ib.
105 — speech of Napoleon at their bar,
105 — increasing strength of the opposi-
tion to him, 110 — his speech before
them, ib. — measures of, after his disso-
lution of the Five hundred, 114, 115.
Anclam, surrender of a Prussian brigade
at, x. 58— defeat of the French at, 256.
Ancona, capture of, by the French, 1796,
v. 244 — revolts from Rome, vi. 169,
171 — repulse of the Neapolitans at,
189 — captured by the Austrians, 1799,
vii. 60 — surrendered to the French,
321, 323 — seizure and annexation of, by
France, xi. 283, xiii. 127, 130— captured
by the Allies, xviii. 218.
Andalusia, fertility of province of, xii.
5 — character of its inhabitants, 6
— march of Dupont into, 74 — Napo-
leon's preparations in 1810 for the in-
vasion of it, xiii. 306 — and of the
Spaniards for its defence, 307 — inva-
sion of it by Soult, 308 — is entirely
overrun except Cadiz, 309 — operations
in, during 1811, 341 — error of Napo-
leon in invading it simultaneously with
Portugal, 356 — forces of Soult in,
1810, xiv. 14(5 — resistance still main-
tained by the Spaniards, 153 — Soult's
cruelties in, 228 — operations of Blake
in, 1811, 264 — evacuated by Soult, xv.
76 — his remonstrance against abandon-
ing it, 79 — effects of its loss on the
French cause in Spain, 106 — the conde
d'Abisbal appointed captain-general,
xvi. 303 — contributions levied on it
by the French, 305.
116
INDEX.
Andenarde, general, xvii. 384.
Andermatt, general, vi. 151 — bombard-
ment of Zurich by, viii. 226.
Anderson, colonel, xii. 184.
Andes, the, xiv. 305 — their heights,
373 — district of the, and sketch of the
chain , 292 — rivers which flow from them,
293— passage of, by Bolivar, 353.
Andreossi, general, chief of the staff in
1797, vi. 233 — accompanies Napoleon
to Egypt, 314 — sent as ambassador to
England in 1803, viii. 252— x. 101—
conference of, with the Emperor Fran-
cis, 107 — ambassador to "Vienna, xi. 251.
Andriani, defence of Saguntum by, xiv.
191.
Andujar, capture of, and massacre at,
xii. 77.
Angers, democratic fervour at, 1789, i.
353 — tumults at, 1790, ii. 220 — re-
pulse of the Vendeans at, iii. 370 —
military school of, Napoleon and Wel-
lington educated at, v. 135 — execution
of Stoffiet at, 264.
Angeville, M. d', on the effects of the con-
scription, xvi. 160, 161.
Anghiani, combats at, v. 239.
Anglermont, M d', execution of, iii. 12.
Angles, M., appointed in 1814 to the
ministry of police, xviii. 369.
Anglesea, Lord, defeat of the French
cavalry by, at Sahagun, xii. 171 —
again at Castro Gonzalo, 173 — at
Corunna, 180, 182 — at the passage of
the Douro, xiii. 230 — at Genappe, xix.
333— at Waterloo, 350, 351— is wound-
ed there, 368.
Anglomania, great extent of, in France
before the Revolution, i. 309.
Anglo-Saxons, subjugation of Britain by
the, i. 51 — effect of their struggle with
the aborigines on the character of both,
ib. — their conquest of the country by
successive invasions, 52 — revival of their
courage through means of the Danish
invasions, 53 — causes which began to
corrupt them, 54 — prevalence of serfdom
under them, ib. — aristocratic tendency
of their constitution, 55 — their sub-
jugation by the Normans, and degra-
dation, ib. — and continued degrada-
tion during succeeding reigns, 56 —
give rise to the yeomanry, ib. — effects
of the oppression of the Normans
on them, ib. — their institutions the
serm of English liberty, 58, 59 — consti-
tute the archers of England, 59 — im-
portance which they thus acquire, 60,
61 — effect of their institutions on the
development of freedom, 64, 70 — their
character as influencing that of the
British, iii. 89, et seq. — their rapid in-
crease in North America, xix. 16.
Anglona, prince of, xvi. 302.
Angouleme, Marie Teresa Charlotte,
duchesse d', birth of, i. 295 — during the
flight to Varennes, ii. 239, 243— on the
20th June, 328— during the 10th Au-
gust, iii. 6 — during the imprisonment
the Temple, 54, 55, et seq. — last interview
with her father, 71— iv. 134— liberated
after the 9th Thermidor, v. 115, vi. 71-
xviii. 112, 114— return of, to Paris, U
— efforts of, during the Hundred days
xix. 278 — escapes to England, 279.
Angouleme, the due d', i. 297 — landing
of, in France, 1814, xviii. 112, 114, 116
— his arrival at Wellington's headquar-
ters, 234, et seq. — arrival and reception
at Bordeaux, 251 — proclamation there,
252 — during the Hundred days, xix.
263 — efforts of, to rouse a royalist in-
surrection, 277 — his first successes, 279
— his danger and capitulation, 280.
Anguie, madame, iii. 7.
Anhalt joins the confederation of the
Rhine, xi. 251, note.
Anhalt, prince, attempt of, on Breslau,
x. 125.
Anhalt Bemburg, prince, death of, at
Stockach, vi. 333.
Animal food, decree regarding supply of,
in France, iv. 173 — consumption of, in
France, compared with that in Great
Britain, xx. 54.
Animal magnetism, ready credence given
to, in France, i. 311.
Anjou, district of, iii. 316 — commence-
ment of the Vendean revolt in, 323.
Anker, M., xix. 202.
Anna Paulowna, proposals of Napoleon
for the hand of, xiii. 278, 279.
Anne, income and debt of Great Britain
under, ix. 256, note.
Anneci, residence of Rousseau at, i. 144.
Anselme, general, Nice overrun by, iii.
231, 233.
Anslem, murder of, ii. 100.
Anson, commodore, v. 352.
Anson, general, at Salamanca, xv. 62 —
brilliant charge of, in the subsequent
pursuit, 68, 70 — combats at the Hor-
maza, 92— and the Venta de Pozo, ib.
— at Vitoria, xvi. 332 — at Toulouse,
xviii. 273.
Anson frigate, action of the, ix. 352.
Anspach, administration of, by Harden -
berg, viii. 313 — passage of Bernadotte
through, in 1806, ix. 141 — cession of, to
Bavaria, 221.
Anstett, M. d', xvii. 99, 162.
Anstruther, general, xii. 110, 111 — at
Vimeira, 113.
Antibes, arsenal of, v. 168.
Antioch, council of, the first example of
a representative assembly, i. 18.
Antiquity, limited character of the civili-
sation and freedom of, i. 114 — prevalent
admiration of, in France, 123.
Antomarchi, Napoleon's physician at St
Helena, xx. 102.
Antonelle, a member of the party of
Babceuff, vi! 85.
Antonelli, cardinal, arrest of, xiii. 131.
Antoninus, the emperor, extension of the
right of citizenship by, i. 11.
INDEX.
117
Antonio, Don, uncle of Ferdinand VII.
xi. 339, 342, 344 — sets out from Madrid
to Bayonne, 349 — is there compelled
to renounce his right to the crown, 356,
360— return of, to Spain, xviii. 260.
Antony, the archduke, ix. 173, xiii. 104.
Antony, the invasion of Scythia by, xvi.
94.
Antraigues, the comte d', ix. 149, note,
xviii. 111.
Antraim, battle of, iii. 368.
Antwerp, capture of, by the French in
1792, iii. 226 — congress held by the
Allies at, in 1793, and plans there
adopted, iv. 32 — fatal effects of these,
106— evacuated by the British, 352—
early formation of Napoleon's schemes
regarding, vi. 237 — the works at har-
bour of, begun, viii. 165, 278 — Napo-
leon's estimate of its importance, 278,
note — fete at, in 1804, 319 — his im-
provements at, and views regarding it,
xi. 148, 204 — Bernadotte appointed to
command at it, but superseded by Na-
poleon, xiii. 55 — its former grandeur
and present importance, 71 — Napo-
leon's designs for its amplification, 72 —
efforts made by England to keep it from
France, and its virtual abandonment to
her in 1830, 73 — reasons which deter-
mined the British government on the
expedition against it, 75 — its defence-
less condition, 76 — delay in the sailing
of the expedition, 77, 78 — its vast
amount, 79 — ease with which the city
might at first have been carried, 80 — it
is saved by the time lost in besieging
Flushing, 82 — defensive preparations,
and retreat of the British, 83, 84 — visit
of Napoleon to it in 1810, and defensive
preparations, 286 — expenditure by Na-
poleon on its harbour, xvi. 154 — naval
preparations at, 157 — investment of, by
the Allies in 1814, xviii. 69, 70 — which
is turned into a blockade, 131 — impor-
tance assigned by Napoleon to it, 205
— garrisoned by Maison, 206 — invest-
ment completed by the Allies, 207 —
combats before it, and bombardment of
it, ib. — arrival of Carnot, and his de-
fensive preparations, 208 — the siege is
raised, 209 — Napoleon insists on its
being retained, 293, 296 — is surrendered
by the treaty of Paris, 403— disposal of
the fleet at, 404.
Aosta, repulse of the French at, 1799, vii.
54 — occupied by them, 232 — revolt in,
against them, 322.
Apennine mountains, the, v. 153 — subdi-
vision of land in, 162 — retreat of Moreau
to, vi. 370 — he again retires to them,
after Novi, vii. 18 — sufferings of the
French troops in, 205.
Apollo Belvidere, seizure of the, by Napo-
leon, v. 244.
Appeal to the people, discussion in the
Convention on, as regarded the execu-
tion of the king, iii. 65 — it is rejected, 68.
Appenzel, joins the Forest Cantons, viii.
225 — declares against Napoleon, 1813,
xviii. 43.
Apraxin, count, x. 91, note.
Apriga, the Col, vii. 301 — passage of the,
by Macdonald, 310.
Apulia, royalist insurrection in, vi. 373.
Aquilon man-of-war, captured, xiii. 162.
Arabs, features of slavery among the,
i. 7 — causes of their independence, 8 —
those t)f Egypt, vi. 253— their charac-
ter and influence on Asiatic society, xv.
117 — their horses, and character as
horsemen, 127.
Aragon, agriculture of, xii. 3 — organisa-
tion of the insurrection against the
French, 39 — subjugation of, by them,
xiii. 185 — hostilities resumed, 193 — final
suppression of the insurrection, 199 —
termination of the campaign of 1809,
208 — constituted a military govern-
ment, xiv. 140 — contributions levied on
it, 160, 226, xvii. 334— evacuated, 333.
Aranjuez, treaty of, between Great
Britain and Spain, iv. 20 — tumult at,
on the proposal of the royal family to
flee to Seville, xi. 325 — overthrow of the
Prince of the Peace, 327 — and abdica-
tion of Charles, 328— flight of the cen-
tral Junta from, xii. 162 — occupied by
Venegas, xiii. 249 — flight of Joseph
Buonaparte to, 1812, xv. 75.
Arapeiles, the battle of, see Salamanca —
Wellington again offers battle at, xv. 96.
Arau, meeting of the Swiss diet at, vi.
146, 147.
Araxes, extension of Russia to the, xv.
263.
Arbesau, combat at, xvii. 205, 206.
Arbuthnot, Mr, British ambassador at
Constantinople, 1807, x. 217 — negotia-
tions conducted by, 218, 219— he with-
draws from Constantinople, 222 — his
illness, 225.
Arc, French driven from, iv. 76.
Archangel, forests in province of, xv. 229,
note — the town once the only seaport
of Russia, 261.
Archers of England, origin and impor-
tance of, i. 59— want of a corresponding
force in France and Scotland, 60 — high
pay received by them, 84, note — attempts
to form such a force in France, SI.
Archives of Madrid, capture of the, xvi.
340.
Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of, xviii. 304 —
second day's battle, 307, et seq.
Areola, battle of, v. 226, et seq. — third
day's battle, 230.
Arcot, the Nabob of, xi. 7.
Arcot, capture and subsequent defence
of, by Clive, xi. 10 — destruction of, 23.
Ardente, the Col, defeat of the Sardinians
at, iv. 356.
Areizaga, general, xiii. 197,198 — defeat
of, at Ocana, 256— force rallied by, 307
— state of these troops, and repeated dis-
asters, 308— again routed at Jaen, 309.
118
INDEX.
Aremberg, prince, taken prisoner, xiv. 283.
Arena, a Jacobin leader in 1799, vii. 87 —
attempt by, on Napoleon, viii. 85.
Arentschildt, general, at Talavera, xiii.
244 — at Salamanca, xv. 61— at Toulouse,
xviii. 270 — at Waterloo, xix. 344.
Arezzo, capture of, by the Allies in 1799,
vi. 371 — defeat of the Tuscan insurgents
at, vii. 280 — revolt in, against the
French, 323.
Argaum, battle of, xi. 106.
Argenteau, general, at Loano, v. 53 — at
Montenotte, 175.
Argenteau, count Mercy d', xvii. 112, 113.
Argentiere, Col d', success of the French
at, 1793, iv. 75.
Argonne heights and forest, description of,
iii. 199, 202 — Dumourier occupies them,
201— operations at, 202, et seq. — retreat
of the Allies from before, 216, et seq.
Argovie, revolt in, vi. 149— liberation of,
1813, xviii. 43.
Arguelles, M. d', xiv. 128.
Argus sloop, capture of the, xix. 118.
Ariola, the Neapolitan minister, vi. 186.
Aristocracy, tendency to diminution of
numbers of, i. 54— influence of their
residence on great cities, 194 — those of
England, their political influence, 47 —
restrictions existing on them, 64— sub-
version of their power by the wars of the
Roses, 66 — their servility under the
Tudor princes, 67 — they head the strug-
gle for freedom, 83 — energy infused into
them by the pressure from beneath, 115
— their attachment to the country, field
sports, &c, iii. 102 — their opposition to
the French Revolution, 108— their firm-
ness contrasted with the conduct of the
French, iv. 16 — evils ensuing from their
grasping at office, 110 — their views upon
the war in 1798, vi. 115 — their influence
as regards British India, xi. 142.
Those of France, political poweriess-
ness of, i. 48 — effect of their withdrawal
to Paris, 86 — their privileges, and
effects of these on freedom, 87 — measures
adopted by Richelieu to humble them,
88, 89 — are drawn to the capital, and
their power thus weakened, 90, 91 —
further depression of them under Louis
XIV. 93 — destruction of their power as a
cause of the Revolution, 119 — prevalence
of infidelity among them, 154 — their ex-
clusive system, 162 — rigour with which it
is maintained, 163 — composition of the
body, 164— their divided state, 162, 165,
191 — their comparative exemption from
taxation, 167, 168 — non-residence on
their estates, 170 — feudal services ex-
acted by them, 171 — their resistance to
taxation, 187 — contempt into which
fallen, 189 — their inefficiency as a politi-
cal body, 190 — influence of the character
of Louis XVI. on them, 213 — enmity of,
to Necker, 271 — their preponderance in
the Notables, 285 — their indignation at
Calonne's proposals for the equalisation
of taxation, 288 — increased rigour in
their favour with regard to commissions
in the army, 302 — their alienation from
the queen, 303— spread of liberal opin-
ions among them, 309 — their views with
regard to the States-general, 333, 343—
their selfishness in resisting taxation,
364 — effects of their destruction on free-
dom in France, ii. 356, viii. 85, xx. 43—
re-establishment by Napoleon, xi. 191 —
endowments provided by him, 195 — of
Venice, weakness and debasement of
the, vi. 62. — See also Nobility.
Aristocrats, first use of the name of, in
Paris, ii. 148.
Aristocratic character of the Italian re-
publics, effects of the, i. 29 — principles,
influence of, shown by Austria, xii. 198.
Aristotle on the character of democracy,
iii. 3, iv. 113, vii. 128.
Arkansas, growth of population in, xix.
19, note — repudiation of debt by, 55.
Arkansas river, xix. 12.
Arkwright, Sir Richard, xviii. 16, note.
Arlanza, passage of the, by the British, xv.
92.
Aries, archbishop of, ii. 145 — murder of,
iii. 22.
Aries, canal of, viii. 165.
Armagnac, general d', seizure of Pampe-
luna by, xi. 319— xv. 39— at the Nivelle,
xvii. 356— at the Nive, 365, 366— at St
Pierre, 373, et seq. — at Orthes,xviii. 241,
245, 246— defeated at Bigorre, 255— at
Toulouse, 267, 272, note, 273, 274.
Armed force, want of the, to the Conven-
tion, and its effects, iii. 45 — is proposed,
46 — and again, 47.
Armed mediation, announcement of in-
tention of, by Austria in 1813, xvi. 174.
Armed neutrality, principles of, aban-
doned by the Allies in 1793, iv. 54 —
again revived, vii. 344 — abandoned, 345
— again revived in 1800, 349 — and aban-
doned 1801, 395 — the second, see North-
ern Confederacy.
Armen Instituts and Vaters of Austria,
the, ix. 122.
Armistice of Alessandria, vii. 256, 265.
Armistice of Austerlitz, ix. 218.
Armistice of Foligno, vii. 325.
Armistice of Leoben, vi. 18.
Armistice of Lusigny, xviii. 136.
Armistice of Parsdorf, vii. 204, 281.
Armistice of Pleswitz or Poischwitz, xvi.
256, et seq. xvii. 56, et seq. 102, 131.
Armistice of Steyer, vii. 299.
Armistice of Tilsit, x. 315.
Armistice of Treviso, vii. 321.
Armistice of Znaym, xiii. 61.
Armour, James, xix. 348, note, 405.
Arms, change introduced into, by the
discovery of gunpowder, i. 37 — forced
requisitions and factory of, at Paris,
iv. 163, 330 — splendour of, exhibited at
the Polish diets, v. 16— supplies sent to
Spain by Great Britain , xii. 52 — and to
Germany in 1813, xvi. 194.
INDEX.
119
Armies, standing, influence of, on free-
dom, i. 40.
Army, the Austrian, strength, &c. of,
1792, iii. 127 — character, &c. of it, ix.
107, 113 — various methods of recruiting
it, 115— its strength in 1807, xi. 252,
note — restoration of the, by the arch-
duke Charles, xii. 199.
Army, first institution of a standing, in
France, i. 85 — force and state of, before
the Revolution, 109— exclusion of the
Tiers Etat from its higher grades, 164—
abuses in it, on St Germain's acces-
sion to office, 247 — changes introduced
by him, 248 — increased rigour of aris-
tocratic precedence, 302— its disposition
in 1789, ii. 60, note— increasing disaf-
fection in it, 73 — first actual treason, 75
— its state before the Revolution, and
causes of the disaffection in it, 204 —
extent to which this prevailed, 205 — re-
volt at Nancy, 215 — effects of its trea-
chery, 267 — sides with the Assembly after
the 10th August, iii. 9— state of it in
1792, 188, 190 — improvement during
that year, 240— report by St Just on its
state, iv. 129 — its devotion to the Com-
mittee, 215 — concentration of talent
in it under Carnot, 329— its strength
during 1794, 393— peculiarity of its com-
position in 1796, v. 247— its disorganised
state at the beginning of that year, 251
— acceptance by it of the Constitution
of 1795, 120— its state in 1796, vi. 75—
its aid called in by the Directory on the
18th Fructidor, 98, 101— and is the true
agent of that revolution, 113 — its state in
1798, and introduction of the law of the
conscription , 224 — discontents of it while
in Egypt, 266— after the battle of the
Nile, 280, 308 — state of it in 1799,
322 — its disposition and distribu-
tion, 323 — comparison between it and
that of Great Britain in 1793 and 1801,
viii. 73 — measures for recruiting it
in 1802, 124 — for the invasion of Eng-
land, 249 — its strength, organisation,
&c. 282, ix. 44, 45 — new and peculiar
organisation given to it, 45 — is moved
to the Rhine, and employed in the cam-
paign of Ulm, 73 — its strength &c. dur-
ing the campaign of Austerlitz, ix. 233
— and in 1813, xvi. 155 —diminution of
the age and height requisite for it, 160—
its defection from Napoleon in 1814,
xviii. 369 — remodelling of it by Louis
XVIII. xix. 225 — enthusiasm of, for
Napoleon during the Hundred days, 251.
— See also France, Buonaparte, &c.
That of Great Britain, state, strength,
&c. in 1792, iii. 105 — abuses in it at that
time, 106 — supplies voted for it, 1794,
iv. 317— its strength, &c. 1795, v. 46—
1797, 330 — reforms introduced into it
after the mutiny of the fleet, 339 — its
state, &c. 1799, vi. 321 — total numbers
raised for it, 1793 to 1800, vii. 154— in
1801, 361— total expenditure for it dur-
ing the war, ix. 312, note — Windham's
new system for recruiting it, x. 169, et
seq. — bill for introducing Catholics into
it, 232— strength, &c. of that employed
in India, 345— its composition, strength,
&c. at the opening of the Peninsular
war, xii. 17 — spirit with which regarded
. in the country, 19 — qualities of the sol-
diers, 20 — parallel between it and the
French, 20, 24, note— effect of the
officers being taken from the aristocratic
classes, 21 — general contentment of the
privates, 22 — severity of the discipline,
23 — physical comforts enjoyed by the
men, ib. — strength of it, 1811, xiv. 101 —
1812, 102 — its progress during the
war, xvi. 272 — its amount at the close
of the war, 273 — means adopted for re-
cruiting it, 1813, 283— its strength dur-
ing that year, 284, 395, xviii. 13.
That of Holland, iv. 379.
That of Naples, vi. 184.
That of Portugal, xii. 28.
That of Prussia at the commence-
ment of the Revolution, iii. 131 — cha-
racter and composition of, at the open-
ing of the campaign of Jena, x. 8, 9 —
system introduced by Scharnhorst into
it, xi. 247 — changes in its organisation,
1813, xvi. 121.
That of Russia, iii. 134 — in the cam-
paign of Austerlitz, ix. 134 — in that of
Eylau, x. 91 — general sketch of it, xv.
239 — its small cost, 240 — mode of levying
it, 242.
That of Spain, iii. 143 — character
and composition of it at the opening of
the war, xii. 26 — worthlessness of its
officers, 27 — its miserable condition,
131.
That of the United States, xix. 39,
99.
Arndt, professor, his Spirit of the Age, ix.
390— a member of the Tugendbund, xi.
248— patriotic efforts of, 1813, xvi. 120.
Arnee, defeat of Hyder Ali at, xi. 22.
Arnfeldt, general, taken prisoner, x. 256.
Arnheim, capture of, by the Allies, xvii.
312— passage of the Rhine by them at,
xviii. 69.
Arno, valley of the, v. 161.
Arnold, Dr, on the overthrow of Napo-
leon in Russia, xvi. 97.
Arnoldt, M., successor to Malesherbes, i.
256.
Arnout, mademoiselle, iv. 153.
Arola, occupied by the French, xvi. 361.
Arona ceded to France, 1800, vii. 256.
Aroyo de Molinos, defeat of Gerard at,
xiv. 281.
Arqua, town of, v. 152.
Arquata, stormed by the French, v. 202.
Arras, bishop of, ii. 291.
Arras, prefect of, viii. 321.
Arras, atrocities of Le Bon at, iv. 255,
et seq.
Arrennes, combat at, iv. 96.
Arrighi, general, at "Wagram, xiii. 41, 42,
1-20
INDEX.
Arrighi, continued,
43 — defeat of, at Leipsic, xvi. 260 — at
Gross Beeren, xvii. 183— at Dennewitz,
194— at Mockern, 236, 252, 266— forces
under him, 1813, 385— and at Leipsic,
394.
Arrivereta, French driven from, xviii.
238.
Arsobizbo, skirmish at, xiii. 250, 251.
Art, general taste for, in modern Italy, v.
165 — commencement of the system of
seizing the works of, by the French,
187 — it continued at Modena, 192 —
at Rome, 203, 244, vi. 174— collection
of all these at Paris, viii. 147 — restora-
tion of them in 1815, xx. 17.
Arthaux, commissioner to St Domingo,
viii. 175.
Arthur, a Dantonist, iv. 209.
Artificial wants, effects of the introduction
of, on the power of the feudal nobility,
i. 38.
Artillery, effects of the introduction of,
i. 37.
Artillery, the French, state of, before the
war, i. 109 — sufferings of the, in the Mos-
cow campaign , xv. 281 — rapid losses of,
during the retreat', xvi. 35, 37 — Napo-
leon's deficiency in it during 1813, 199,
200 — and his measures to recruit it, 162
— the Polish, v. 20 — the Prussian, im-
provement of, 1813, xvi.l 21— the Rus-
sian, xv. 239— the Turkish, 140.
Artisan classes in France, sufferings of
the, from the Revolution, iv. 294.
Artois, the comte d', afterwards Charles
X., parentage and early character of, i.
211 — opposes the restoration of the par-
liaments, 231, note— opposition of, to
Necker,'272 — advocates the summoning
of the States-general, 291, 304— his un-
popularity, 315— urges the dismissal of
Brienne, 337 — memoir by, on the dan-
gers from the duplication of the Tiers
Etat, 348 — urges the dissolution of the
States-general, ii. 65 — is denounced by
the Orleanists, 78 — his violent views, 79,
85, 105— emigrates, 137, 231, iii. 153— is
opposed to the king's flight, 154— rash
measures of, as head of the emigrants,
158 — denounced by the Assembly, 163 —
appointed to command the Quiberon
expedition, v. 59 — at fsle Dieu, 68 — viii.
344, note — sketch of his fortunes during
the Revolution, xviii. Ill — residence of,
in Holyrood, 112, 114— landing of, in
France, 116—152, 341— entry of, into
Paris, 399 — heads the absolutists after
the restoration, xix. 216 — during the
Hundred days, 262, 265, 266.
Artois, the archbishop of, i. 291.
Artois, Charles Lameth deputy for, ii. 36,
note.
Arungabad, capture of, xi. 100.
Asanza, embassy of, to Paris, xiv. 141.
Aschaffenburg, combat at, 1796, v. 291
— repulse of the Austrians at, 1800, vii.
203— and again, 283.
Asfeldt, passage of the Aisne by Blucher
at, xviii. 318.
Ashworth, colonel, at St Pierre, xvii. 372,
374— wounded there, 377.
Asia, general influence of the French
Revolution on, i. 1 — rise of indepen-
dence among the pastoral tribes, 8 — dif-
ferent career of northern conquest in it
and in Europe, 33 — causes of its defec-
tive civilisation and freedom, 34 — con-
tests of the Poles with the tribes of, v.
21 — inferiority of, in warlike prowess to
Europe, vi. 316 — probable fate of Na-
poleon's empire in it, had he established
it, 317 — its durable interest, &c. xv.
110 — its present state and prospects, 111
— comparison of, with Europe, 112 —
general submission to authority in, 113
— rapid growth of civilisation, 114 — and
likewise of corruption, 115 — influence
of the nomad tribes upon, 116 — See also
East.
Asiatic governments, influence of the
absence of hereditary succession on their
stability, i. 19.
Asiatics, right proportion of Europeans to,
in a mixed army, xi. 137.
Asiatic Russia, extent, capabilities, &c. of,
xv. 231.
Aspern, Austrian plan of attack at, xii.
283— position of the French, 284— first
day's combats, 287— battle of, 292— its
results, 299 — impression made by it,
throughout Europe, 372— glorious char-
acter of the campaign to Austria, xiii.
64.
Aspre, general, at Wagram, xiii. 38.
Assaye, battle of, xi. 103.
Asseeghur, capture of, by the British, xi.
105.
Assemblies of the church, the, give rise to
representative legislatures, i. 17.
Assemblies, provincial, in France before
the Revolution, i. 269 — proposed by
Necker, and their functions, 270.
Assembly, constituent, see Constituent —
legislative, see Legislative — national,
see National.
Assembly of the clergy, convocation of the,
by Brienne, i. 327 — their resistance to
him, ib. — remonstrance issued by them,
328, note.
Assembly, the general, of Poland, consti-
tution of, v. 14 — the liberum veto in, 15
— description of its meetings, ib. — the
order of procedure in it, 16 — subsequent
change in, 17.
Assessed taxes, increase in the, in Great
Britain, ix. 291.
Assignats, first issue of them, ii. 147, 195
— further issues and depreciation of
them, 208— their rapid fall during 1790,
210 — depreciation of them during 1791,
305— fresh issues, 1792, iii. 37— effects
of their depreciation; 251 — new issues of
them during 1793, and their continued
fall, 280, 281, iv. 23— immense issues
of them, iv. 155, 156, 157 — effects of
INDEX.
121
Assignats continued.
this, 157 — their further depreciation,
158— decree of the Convention designed
to arrest it, ib. — payment of the public
creditors in them, and its effects, 166 —
their continued fall, and measures of
the Convention to arrest it, 167 — state-
ment of the issues to May 1794, and of
their depreciation, 242 — influence of the
system on the Revolution, 296 — strength
given by it in the campaign , 329 — vast
issues in 1794, and their depreciation,
393, 394 — distress occasioned throughout
the country by it, v. 94 — measures of the
Convention regarding them, and diffi-
culty of drawing in the issues, 107 — great
further lowering on the abolition of the
law of the maximum, and new issues,
109 — decree lowering their value to one
fifth, 110 — quantity in circulation, 1796,
t!:eir depreciation, and measures of the
Directory to withdraw them, vi. 72 — ex-
tensive speculations of foreigners in
them, 75— practical abandonment of the
system, 76.
Astapa, siege of, xii. 7.
Astorga, advance of Napoleon to, in pur-
suit of Moore, xii. 175 — retreat of Ney
to, xiii. 248 — evacuated by the French,
xiv. 259 — recaptured by them, 270 — be-
sieged by the Spaniards, xv. 48, 51 —
and captured, 76.
Astronomy, elevated state of, at the date
of the Revolution, ii. 1 — of the Hindoos,
Bailly on, 29, note.
Asturias, prince of, see Ferdinand VII.
Asturias, mountains of, xii. 5 — commence-
ment of the insurrection in, 32, 39 —
evacuation of, by the French, xiii. 248,
xiv. 259 — renewed insurrection in, 1811,
266 — reoccupied by the French, 280 —
operations in, 1812, xv. 103, 104.
Ath, capture of, by the French iii. 225
— conference at, between Dumourier
and the Allies, iv. 31.
Atheism, attacks of Voltaire on, i. 142 —
avowal of it by the philosophers, 151 —
general diffusion of, before the Revolu-
tion, 153, 154 — encouragement given to
it by Frederick the Great and Catherine,
154 — its tendencyand issues foreseen by
the clergy, 157— first open avowal of it,
in the Assembly, ii. 302 — public avowal
by the municipality, iv. 149- — and by the
Convention, 150, 151 — its universal pre-
valence, 152 — article by Robespierre
against, 179— and speech of his, 224 —
reaction against it, 227.
Athens, limited extent of the freedom of,
i. 10— its government not representa-
tive, 15.
Atlas, capture of the, xix. 119.
Aubiers, engagement at, iii. 325.
Aubin, lieutenant, xviii. 358.
Aubreme, general, at Waterloo, xix. 362.
Aubry, transportation of, vi. 107 — escape
and death of, 108.
Auclimuty, Sir Samuel, expedition under,
to South America, x. 209, et seq. — sub-
jugation of Java by, xiv. 107.
Auckland, lord, iv. 32 — commissioner on
the neutral question, ix. 365.
Auckland, general, at Maida, ix. 342.
Audacious, the, at Algesiraz, viii. 40.
Audiencia Real, suppression of the, xiv.
338.
Auersberg, prince, ix. 188.
Auerstadt, the duke of Brunswick moves
on, x. 31, 40— battle of, 41— its results,
and Napoleon's bulletin of it, 47 — dis-
asters of the Prussians during the retreat,
48 — visit of Napoleon to the field, xvi.
208.
Auffenberg, general, vi. 327 — is compelled
to surrender, 328 — operations in the St
Gothard, vii. 36 — defeat of, at Vertiu-
gen, ix. 146.
Auger, M. d', Prussian minister, dis-
missal of, xi. 242.
Augereau, general, marshal and duke of
Castiglione, first appearance of, iv. 362
— his early history, parentage, &c. v.
171 — his character, 172 — victory at
Figueras, iv. 363 — at Loano, v. 53 — at
Bezalu, 55 — at Dego, 177 — defeats tlfe
Sardinians at Zemolo, 179* — advances to
Pavia, 190 — massacre by, at Lugo, 204 —
forces under him, and their position, 207
— his resolute counsels, 208— victory at
Castiglione, 210— at Medola, 212, 213—
at Bassano, 218 — storms Porto Legnago,
219 — successes of, in front of Mantua,
220— at Vicenza, 222 — at Areola, 227,
228— defeats the Austrians at Dolce, 231
— operations against Provera, 239 —
forces under him, 1797, vi. 2 — sent to
support the Directory on the 18th Fruc-
tidor, 100, 101 — and appointed com-
mander of the armed force, 103 — arrests
the royalist leaders, to. — acted as
Napoleon's agent on this occasion, 110,
111, note — in 1799, heads the league
against the government, vii. 79 — joins
Napoleon against the Directory, 95 —
on the 19th Brumaire, 109, 110— forces
under him, 1800, 274 — operations on
the Lower Rhine, 283 — disasters en-
countered by him, 299 — his opposition
to the re-establishment of religion, viii.
Ill— threatens Spain in 1803, 281 —
created marshal, 37(5 — corps under him,
1805, ix. 74, 140, notes — direction of his
march in campaign of Ulm, 141 — move-
ments of, after the capitulation of Ulm,
169 — is moved to overawe Prussia, 179 —
tyrannical proceeding at Frankfort, 391
— commands the 7th corps in the cam-
paign of Jena, x. 18, note — movements
of, 25 — defeats the Prussians at Saal-
field, 27 — further operations, 30 — at
Jena, 33, 36, 37, 38— and in pursuit, 51
— occupies Frankfort, 59 — position of, on
the Vistula, 108— repulses the Russians
at Choczim, 114— at Golymin,115, 118,
119— 137--at Landsberg, 140— at Eylau,
145 — wounded there, 146 — xi. 195,
122
INDEX.
Augereau continued.
note, xii. 217, note — commands against
Gerona, xiii. 206 — its surrender to him,
207 — his cruelties, 208 — repeated defeats
of the Spaniards by him, 209 — defeats
O'Donnell and captures Hostalrich, 313
— his cruelties in Catalonia, 315, xiv.
228 — disasters sustained by him, which
cause his recall, xiii. 316 — in 1812 his
corps brought up to the Niemen, xv.
329 — movements assigned to him, xvi.
7 — 103 — forces under him and their posi-
tion, 1813, xvii. 79, 103— views of, re-
garding Napoleon's fall, 117 — advances
to Leipsic, 221 — defeats the Allies at
Wetlau, and his entrance into Leipsic,
228— at the battle of Leipsic, 235, 241,
245 — during the retreat from it, 268,
280, note — forces under him, 1813, xviii.
51,435 — at Lyons, 66 — operations in
the rear of Schwartzenberg, 130 — first
operations at Lyons, 222— various com-
bats near it, 223 — he resumes the offen-
sive, ib. — his successes against Bubna,
224 — displeasure of Napoleon at the
direction of these movements, ib. — his
inactivity, 225 — reinforcements sent to
him, ib. — renewed operations in the
Jura, 226 — is defeated at Limonet, and
evacuates Lyons, 227 — retires behind the
Isere, 228— proclamation by him against
Napoleon, 385, note — last interview
between them, 386 — on the return from
Elba, xix. 265 — evades acting on the
trial of Ney, xx. 26.
Augereau, general, taken prisoner in
Russia, xvi. 40.
Augsburg, Moreau moves on, 1800, vii.
197, 198— is ceded to Bavaria, 1803, viii.
214, note — advance of the French to,
1805, ix. 145— threatened by the Tyrol-
ese, xii. 357 — recaptured by the French,
xiii. 9.
Augusta, the princess, iii. 192.
Augusta, princess, married to Eugene, ix.
229.
Augustenburg, prince, declared crown-
prince of Sweden, and his death, xv.
203 — a younger brother of his proposed
as crown-prince, 204, 205.
Augustina Zaragoza, heroism of, xiii. 180.
Augustus, prince, of Prussia, defeat and
capture of, x. 56 — at battle of Dresden,
xvii. 145 — and of Leipsic, 260 — at Vau-
champs, xviii. 104, 105.
Aulic council, the, erroneous plans of, for
the campaign of 1796, v. 213, 215, 248
— effects of their interference on the
battle of Areola, 229, 231— their conduct
toward Alvinzi, 240 — their plans for the
campaign of 1796, 269, 297, 298— and of
1797, vi. 4 — send Mack to command in
Naples, 187 — their plans for campaign
of 1799, 335, 351 — arrest Suwaroff in
his career of success, 372, 385, vii. 6—
order the archduke Charles from
Switzerland to the Rhine, 20 — re-
strictions imposed by them on Melas,
54 — injudicious measures in 1800, 275,
281, 282 — Schwartzenberg becomes
vice-president, ix. 38— blame attribu-
table to, for Ulm, 161 — general errors
in the campaign, 162 — and in that of
Austerlitz, 236 — their plans for the
campaign of 1809, xii. 216, 218— influ-
ence exerted by them, during that of
1813, xvii. 95. — See also Austria.
Auray, massacre at, v. 66.
Aurepp, general, x. 109 — death of, 134.
Ausmes, combat at, iii. 223.
Austerlitz, the field of, reconnoitered by
Napoleon, ix. 197 — combat near, ib. —
battle of, 202, et seq. — its results, 214 —
armistice of, and its conditions, 218 —
reflections on the campaign of, 230 —
memoir by the cabinet of Vienna on it,
237 — its results, 320 — proclamation by
Napoleon on the anniversary of it, x. 103.
Austerlitz, bridge of, at Paris, xi. 205.
Austerlitz column, erection of the, ix. 336
— attempt to destroy it, xviii. 376.
Australia, consumption of spirits in, i. 22.
Austria, the alliance with, by the mar-
riage of Marie Antoinette, views with
which regarded in France, i. 215 — ex-
tent of, compared with Great Britain,
iii. 82 — rate of increase of its population,
107, note — its state at the commence-
ment of the Revolution, 125 — its popu-
lation and revenue, ib. — character of its
empress, 126 — accession of Joseph II.
and his new principles of government,
127 — its military strength, ib — accession
of Leopold, 129 — revolt and resubjuga-
tion of the Flemish provinces, 130 — her
power as head of the Germanic empire,
131— war with Turkey in 1788, 149—
views entertained regarding the Revo-
lution, 150, 151 — disposed to neutrality
in 1790, 151— a party to the treaty of
Mantua, 153 — pacific disposition of,
on Louis's acceptance of the constitu-
tion, 157 — recriminations between
her and France in 1792, 168 — war
declared by France, 169 — her views
on engaging in it, 171— accession of
Francis II. 172 — conduct of, as re-
gards the commencement of the war,
183 — her forces at its breaking out, 189.
Treaty between her and Great Britain
in 1793, iv. 21 — jealousy between her
and Prussia, ib. 53 — change of adminis-
tration, 51, 52 — efforts in 1794 to secure
the co-operation of Prussia, 331 —
her own inaction, 332 — exchange of
Flanders first contemplated, 341 — and
definitely resolved on, 342 — her pacific
views, 350 — proposals made by Great
Britain, and correspondence with the
Convention, 369 — terms on which she
continues in the coalition, 370.
Her obligations to Poland, v. 22, 23
— her share in its first partition, 26 —
invasion of Gallicia by, 36 — retribution
which overtook her, 41, 42 — new treaty
with Great Britain in 1795, 45— and
INDEX.
123
Austria, continued.
with Russia, 46 — great efforts after Ar-
eola, 232 — negotiations begun with
France in 1796, 233 — which are broken
off, 234 — patriotic spirit in, 241 — her
losses by the campaign of 1796, 245 —
causes of her disasters, 248— tenacity
and patriotism shown in that campaign,
250, 301 — new treaties with Great
Britain and Russia, Sept. 1795, 252—
her preparations, forces, &c. for the
campaign of 1796 in Germany, 268 —
subsidy from Great Britain, 1797, 329.
Patriotic spirit which actuates her,
1797, vi. 3 — alarm excited by the
French successes, 17 — conditions of
the treaty of Leoben, 19 — peace of
Campo Formio, 53 — her conduct with
regard to Venice, 61 — the Grisons occu-
pied, 163 — secret engagements of Naples
with, 185 — circumstances which induce
the rupture in 1798, 221 — her prepara-
tions for war, 222, 318 — rupture and de-
claration of war, 223 — her forces, and
their distribution in 1799, 324 — principle
on which the war was conducted by her,
325 — treachery of the government, with
regard to the plenipotentiaries at Ras-
tadt, 335, 337— her forces in Italy, 1799,
338— her secret jealousy of Russia, 362—
influence of her seizure of Venice, 390.
Energy shown by her in 1799, vii. 1
— separation between her forces and
those of Russia, 7 — position and condi-
tion of her forces at the close of the
year, 60 — rupture between her and
Russia, 62, 63— causes which led to it,
67 — successes during 1799, 65 — efforts
for the prosecution of the war in 1800,
159 — new treaty with Great Britain, 160
— military preparations, ib. — her forces,
182 — plans for the campaign, 183 — ob-
servance of the armistice of Alessandria,
256— causes of the disasters of 1800, 260
— further treaty with Great Britain, and
fidelity with which it is adhered to, 268
— state of her prospects, 269 — negotia-
tions with France, 270 — renewed armis-
tice, 273 — preparations after the armis-
tice, and spirit of the people, 274 — her
forces, 275 — efforts to engage Russia
and Prussia, 276 — her forces, and their
position in Italy, 311 — treaty of Lune-
ville, 328 — her weakness when assailed
by the Danube, 331.
Satisfaction on the elevation of
Napoleon, viii. 147 — joy on the con-
clusion of the peace of Amiens, 166 —
policy pursued by her in the indemnity
question, 209 — occupies Passau, 211 —
share of the indemnities obtained, 213
— declines interfering on behalf of
Switzerland, 228 — lenity of Napo-
leon toward her, 268 — remonstrates
against the seizure of Hanover in 1803,
273 — pacific system pursued by her in
1804, 309 — conduct of, on the murder
of D'Enghien and the affair of Drake,
310 — recognises Napoleon's assumption
of the imperial crown, ib. — and the king
assumes the title of emperor, 311.
Expected accession of, to the coalition
in 1805, ix. 8 — her disquietude
at the encroachments of Napoleon,
37 — change in the ministry, 38 — hostile
preparations, 69 — rupture and mani-
festo, 71 — efforts to gain Bavaria ib. —
her forces, 72 — survey of the empire,
102 — its steady progress, ib. — union
of races, and way in which its pro-
vinces have been acquired, 103 —
manner in which it has held together,
and reverses this has enabled it to over-
come, 104 — attachment of the provinces,
105 — contrast in this particular to Great
Britain, 106 — its extent, population, and
finances, ib. et seq. — army, &c. 107, 113
— national debt, currency, dec. 108— di-
versity of surface and natural produc-
tions, ib. — aspect of Austria Proper, ib.
— of Bohemia, Hungary, &c. 109 — di-
versity of races, and their several cha-
racters, 111 — her military resources, and
causes of her reverses, 112 — military
efforts in 1814, compared with those of
Great Britain, 113 — the military
colonies, ib. — modes of recruiting the
army, 115 — the breeding establish-
ments for the cavalry, 116 — system of
taxation and finances, 117 — commerce,
ib. — prosperity of the people, 119 — their
peculiarities of character, 120 — causes
of their well-being, 121 — provision for
the poor, ib. — system of education, 122—
religious institutions, 124 — principles of
the government, 125 — capabilities of the
country, 126 — is a confederation of mo-
narchies, ib. — its civil government, 128
— national debt, ib. — paper currency,
and its depreciation, 130 — principles of
foreign policy, ib. — jealousy of Prussia,
and disposition to alliance with Great
Britain and Russia, 131 — leading per-
sons of its cabinet, 132 — commence-
ment of hostilities in 1805, 136 — her
troops advance to the Black Forest :
their strength, &c. 137 — defensive mea-
sures and proclamation by the emperor
after Ulm, 170 — contributions levied
by Napoleon, 194, 195 — armistice
with France after Austerlitz, 218 —
treaty of Presburg, 224— secret articles
of it, contributions, &c. 225 — her gains
and losses by it, ib. note — Napoleon's
views regarding her in this treaty, 226—
importance of the valley of the Danube
to her, 231 — shown to be overmatched
by France, 233 — memoir by the cabinet
on the campaign, 237 — her prostration
by it, 320.
Efforts of Prussia to gain her in 1806,
x. 13 — remains neutral, 14 — Napoleon
offers her Silesia in exchange for Gal-
licia, 101 — overawed byFrance, 10(5 — her
failure to take advantage of the Polish
campaign, 123 — her inactivity after
124
INDEX.
Austria, continued.
Eyjau, 161— offers to mediate in 1808
between Great Britain and France, 251
— retribution on her for the partition of
Poland, 334.
Her state after the peace of Tilsit, and
policy of the government, xi. 250 — joins
the Continental system, 251 — statistics,
ib. note.
Threatening preparations in 1808
against France, xii. 136 — the represen-
tative, of the aristocratic element,
198 — her policy after the peace of
Presburg, 199 — new organisation of
the army, 200 — formation of the Land-
wehr, ib. — other warlike preparations,
and remonstrance of France against
them, 201 — pacific professions of the
government at Erfurth, 202 — but con-
tinues her hostile preparations, 203 —
divided state of the cabinet in 1809 re-
lative to peace or war, 204 — arguments
against it, 205— and for it, 206— efforts
of, to gain Russia, 207 — and Prussia,
208 — effervescence in support of her
throughout Germany, 209 — angry com-
munications between her and France,
211 — hostilities finally resolved on,
212— umbrage taken at the conference
of Erfurth, ib. — preparations and
forces, 213 — spirit animating all classes
214 — last diplomatic communications
with France, 215 — plan of the campaign
of 1809, 216 — change in her political
system as shown in it, 249 — character
of her resistance at Aspern, 308 — advan-
tages had the capital been fortified, 310
— freedom enjoyed by the Tyrol under
her, 327 — preparations in 1809 to take
advantage of the discontents there, 331
— her motives for the Walcheren expedi-
tion, &c. 365 — secret leaning of Russia
toward her, 368 — secret negotiations
with Prussia, 369 — exorbitant demands
of the latter, 370.
Her motives for the armistice of
Znaym, xiii. 59 — contributions levied
by Napoleon on her, 62 — glory of the
campaign to her, 64— proof afforded by
it of the blessings of her government, 65
— great prosperity of the people, and
causes of the virtue shown by her, 66 —
contrast as regards this between her and
France, 67 — elevation of her character
by adversity, 68 — proposals made by her
for a British diversion, 74 — treaty of
Vienna, 99, 100, et seq. — losses by that
treaty, and secret stipulations of it,
104, 361 — Napoleon's alliance with her
by marriage first suggested, 275 — formal
proposals for it, which are accepted, 279
— discontent with the marriage of Marie
Louise, 280 — effect of Torres Vedras on
her, 355.
New treaty with France in 1810, xv.
219 — cost of her army compared with
that of the Russian, 240, note — her
defenceless position against that power,
262 — feelings of her troops in the Russian
expedition, 269.
Negotiations in 1813 with Russia,
Prussia, and France, xvi. 170— feeling
on the Moscow campaign, ib. — negoti-
ations with Great Britain, 171, 172 —
begins hostile preparations, 173 — an-
nouncement by her of an armed media-
tion, 174 — Narbonne sent as ambas-
sador, ib. — she openly inclines to the
coalition, 175 — convention between her
auxiliary corps and the Russians, ib.
— remonstrance by Napoleon against
it, 176 — and answer by the government,
• 177 — negotiations with Murat, 181 —
endeavours of Napoleon to secure her,
198, 199 — state, of the negotiations with
her after Lutzen, 229 — ultimatum offer-
ed by her before Bautzen, 231 — her
growing disposition toward the Allies,
258 — effect upon Napoleon of his al-
liance with her, 268 — subsidy from
Great Britain to her, 286.
Importance of her position, xvii. 61
— views of the cabinet, 62 — which were
not affected by Napoleon's victories,
63 — negotiations with the belligerents,
ib. — agrees to a congress at Prague, 67
— effect on her of Vitoria, 68— deter-
mines to join the alliance, 83 — her ad-
hesion to the treaty of Reichenbach, 84
—her army, 1813, 94 — views with refer-
ence to peace, 102 — ultimatum offered
to France, 103— and Napoleon's answer
to it, 104 — her manifesto, ib. — Napo-
leon's reply to it, 105 — reflections on
these documents, 107 — her formal de-
claration of war, ib. — Metternich's ad-
ministration, 110.
Her secret views, xviii. 58, 70 — effects
of these on the prosecution of hostili-
ties, 87, 88 — attempts of Napoleon to
negotiate separately with her, 123, 124
— a party to the treaty of Chaumont,
163 — her secret desire to save Napoleon,
174 — and views regarding the succes-
sion to him, 360.
Secret treaty, at congress of Vienna,
with France and Great Britain against
Russia and Prussia, xix. 236 — position
assigned to her in the German Con-
federation, 238 — cession of Lombardy
to her, 244 — preparations against Na-
poleon on his return from Elba, 248—
treaty with the other powers, 282 — sub-
sidy from Great Britain, 1815, 286.
Demands of, from France, 1815, xx.
21— second treaty of Paris, 21, 22. See
also Aulic Council, Charles, the arch-
duke, Francis II., Leopold, Schwartz-
enberg, &c.
Austrian Netherlands, the, see Flanders.
Authority, submission to, in the East,
xv. 113— absence of hereditary, there,
119 — its precarious tenure, 120.
Autichamps, Charles Beaumont d', a
Vendean chief, iii. 346— defeat of, 352,
358— at battle of Dol, 367-HSubmission
INDEX.
125
Antichamps, continued.
of, to Napoleon, vii. 164 — outbreak of,
1815, xix. 297, 298.
A ut u n, bishop of, see Talleyrand.
Autun, Talleyrand deputy for, ii. 38,
note.
Auveray, general d', xvi. 105, 108, note.
Auxerre, stormed by the Allies, xviii.
119.
Auxonne, imprisonment of Cardinal
Pietro at, xvi. 150.
Avesnes, capture of, by the Allies, xviii.
131 — arrival of Napoleon at, before
Waterloo, xix. 309.
Avignon, disturbances in, ii. 308 — is an-
nexed to France, 309, iii. 147 — massacre
of, ii. 310 — formal cession to France, v.
244 — reception of Napoleon at, vii. 93 —
irritation of the inhabitants against
Napoleon, 1814, xviii. 386 — retained by
France by treaty of Paris, 404.
Avintas, passage of the Douro by Wel-
lington at, xiii. 230.
Avon, capture of the, xix. 138.
Ayacucho, battle of, xiv. 320, 356.
Ayans of the East, the, xv. 125.
Ayerlee, marquis of, xii. 42, note.
Aylmer, Lord, at the Bidassoa, xvii. 342,
343 — at the siege of Santona, 351 — at
the Nive, 368, 369.
Ayvaile, combat at, iv. 367.
Azanza, Don Miguel, Spanish minister,
xi. 346, xii. 45 — degrading address of,
to Napoleon, 43.
Azara, Spanish minister at Rome, v.
202.
B.
Babceuff, a Jacobin, principles and views
of, vi. 83 — his conspiracy, 85 — his plans,
87 — and ultimate views, 88 — arrest of,
and his demeanour, 89 — his trial and
condemnation, 90 — his execution, 91.
Bachman, baron, execution of, iii. 12.
Bacheluz, general, at Quatre Bras, xix.
327.
Bacon, on the true value of knowledge,
ii. 1 — on the influence of boldness, iii.
242 — on the importance of nobility in a
state, vii. 126 — on irreligion, 128.
Badajos, atrocities at, on the outbreaking
of the insurrection, xii. 32 — retreat of
Wellington to, 1809, xiii. 253, 255—
siege by Soult, 338— its fall, 340— Wel-
lington's preparations for the first siege,
346 — his reasons for undertaking it,
xiv. 212 — the first siege begun, 244 —
and resumed after Albuera, 255, et seq.
— raising of the siege, 261 — entry of
Soult and Marmont into it, 262 — pre-
parations of Wellington for the second
siege, xv. 15 — its commencement, and
first operations, 17, et seq.— its, capture,
27 — outrages of the British troops,
28, 29 — reflections on these atrocities,
29,30.
Baden, violation of the territory of, viii.
349 — gains of, by the peace of Presburg,
ix. 224, 225, note — marriage of the
elector to Stephanie Beauharnais, 229
— the elector a member of the confe-
deration of the Rhine, 372 — contingent
to the Allies, 1813, xviii. 41.
Bagavout, general, at Eylau, x. 149 —
at Smolensko, xv. 317 — at Borodino,
344, 346, 348, 351— his corps, 1812,
370— at Winkowo, xvi. 18 — is wounded
there, 19.
Bagdad, capture of, by Timour, xv. 118.
Bagrathion, prince, first appearance of,
vi. 364— his early history, xv. 289 — his
character, 290 — action of, on the Po,
vL 368 — occupies Cezanna, 375 — re-
called to the Trebbia, 376— at the battle
of the Trebbia, 378, 379, 381— at Novi,
vii. 14, 15, 16, 18 — forces the passage of
the Devil's bridge, 36 — check sustained
at Naefels, 39 — commands the rearguard
during the campaign of Austerlitz, ix.
192 — his defence, 193 — success of, at
Rausnitz, 202— at Austerlitz, 213— de-
feated at Landsberg, x. 140 — at Eylau,
142, 144 — actions during the retreat to
Heilsberg, 287 — gallantry of his retreat,
290 — at Friedland, 299 — evacuates
Tilsit, 312 — commands against the
Turks, and blockades Silistria, xv. 158
— is defeated, but captures Brahilow,
159 — is superseded by Kamenskoi, 160
— army under him, 1812, and its posi-
tion, 277, 370 — advance of Eugene
against him, 285 — movement of Jerome
against him, and his retreat, 293 — after
several actions he falls back to the
Beresina, 294 — check at Mohilow and
his retreat, 295 — joined by Platoffand his
Cossacks, ib. — retreats to Smolensko,
and joins Barclay, 296 — line of his
movement toward that town, 300 —
his arrival there, 315 — opposes re-
treating from it, 316 — again separated
from Barclay, 320 — at the battle of
Valutina, 321 — his reasons for resolving
on battle before abandoning Moscow,
326— at the battle of Borodino, 346—
mortally wounded there, 347 — his death,
353.
Bahar, police force in, x. 354 — cession of,
to the British, xi. 6.
Bahez, capture of, by the British, xiii. 80.
Baigorry, Wellington's measures in, xviii.
235.
Baikal, lake of, xv. 232.
Baillet, Latour, see Latour.
Baillie, captain, defence of Banda by, xi.
113.
Baillie, colonel, defeat of, by Hyder Ali,
xi. 17.
126
INDEX.
Bailly, M. ii. 17 — early career of, 29, note
— his character, 29 — financial state-
ments by, i. 268, 269, note — heads a
deputation of the Tiers Etat to the king,
ii. 46 — is chosen chairman of the Tiers
Etat, 48 — his firmness as president, 55
— heads the Assembly in taking the
Tennis-court oath, 61 — hi3 position on
this occasion, 63 — his demeanour on
the junction of the higher orders, and
reception of them, 74 — elected mayor
of Paris, 108 — receives the king there,
109 — character of Louis XVI. by
him, 118 — efforts of, to relieve the
scarcity, 120 — statement of the expen-
diture of Paris at this time, 122, note
— his efforts to save Foulon and Ber-
thier, 128, 129 — his indignation at the
atrocities of the mob, 131, 183 — pro-
claims martial law on the 17th July,
254 — retirement from the mayoralty,
303 — his examination on the queen's
trial, iv. 137 — his trial and execution,
142.
Bainbridge, captain, capture of the Java
by, xix. 109.
Bairakdar, the, heads the revolution at
Constantinople, xv. 152, 153 — is created
Grand vizier, 153 — his fall and death,
154.
Baird, Sir David, forces under, for the in-
vasion of Egypt from India, viii. 14, xi.
81 — his arrival at Cosseir, viii. 30 — and
march across the desert, 31 — is left in
command in Egypt, 35 — reduction of
the Cape by him, ix. 358 — at Seringa-
patam, xi. 70, 71 — heads the assault
on the town, 71, et seq. — injustice done
to him there, 75— -his early career, cha-
racter, &c. xii. 128, note — is second in
command in Spain under Moore, 128 —
first movements there, 149 — reaches
Astorga in the advance, 150 — junction
with Sir J. Moore, 168 — begins but sus-
pends his retreat, ib. — complete junction
with Moore, 171 — movements during
the retreat, 173 — at battle of Corunna,
180 — is wounded there, 182— his error
in insisting on the withdrawal of the
troops, 192.
Baker, Mr, iii. 117.
Balaguer, capture of, by Suchet, xiv. 164
— by the British, xvii. 330 — attempt of
Sir John Murray at, 332.
Balbeis evacuated by the French, viii. 28.
Balbier, capture of, by the French, viii. 9.
Bale, recall of Necker from, ii. 127 — seizure
of the territories of the bishop of, by
France, iii. 147 — commencement of the
conferences at, iv. 370 — treaty of, v. 43
— Hardenberg's opinion of it, 44, note —
accession of Spain to it, 56— democratic
revolt in, vi. 149 — oppression of Massena
in, vii. 161 — declares against Napoleon
in 1813, xviii. 43— reunited to Berne,
xix. 240.
Balearic isles proposed as an indemnity
for Sicily, ix. 387, xi. 288.
Balkan, the, xv. 148 — state of the inhabi
tants, 126.
Ball, captain Sir Alexander, anecdote of,
v. 349— letters of Nelson to, ix. 57.
Ballard, general, bombards Verona, vi.
30.
Ballard, a cur£, joins the Tiers Etat, ii.
50.
Ballasteros, general, defeat of, on the
Deba, xiii. 218 — junction with the due
del Parque, 256—338, xiv. 153 — his
jealousy of Wellington, 235 — his
conduct at Albuera, 253 — in 1811
threatens Seville, 264 — retreats to Cane-
las, and joins Castanos, 265 — operations
in the south of Andalusia, 284 — defeated
at Bornos, xv. 42 — revolt of, against the
Cortes, and proclamation against "Wel-
lington, 96, xvi. 301 — is deprived of his
command and imprisoned, 302.
Balloons, invention of, i. 310.
Bals des Victimes, the, at Paris, v. 93.
Baltic, battle of the, vii. 378, et seq.
Baltimore, city of, xix. 37 — outrages of
the mob at, 56, note — attempt of the
British on it, 155, et seq.
Baltisch, blockade of the Russian fleet
in, xv. 196.
Bamberg, contributions of the French on,
1796, v. 301, note — cession of, to Bava-
ria in 1803, viii. 214, note — capture of,
by the Austrians, xii. 373.
Bancroft the American historian, xix. 67.
Banda, defence of, xi. 113.
Banda, island of, captured by the British,
xiv. 107.
Bande Noir, speculators in France called
the, vi. 76.
Bandet, cruelties of, in Alsace, iv. 69.
Bangalore, capture of, by the British, xi.
23 — again captured by Cornwallis, 39.
Bangor, capture of, by the British, xix.
157.
Bank of England, crisis of the, in 1796, v.
320 — report of the parliamentary com-
mission on it, 322 — and measures
adopted, 323 — renewal of the charter
in 1800, vii. 154 — its increased issues,
1797 to 1800, 156— building, xx. 68.
Bank notes, issues and circulation of, in
Great Britain, 1792 to 1816, xiv. 367—
and 1800 to 1835, 376.
Bank of France, crisis of the, 1806, ix.
327 — changes introduced by Napoleon
into, 333.
Bank of Vienna, the, ix. 108.
Bankruptcy, national, virtual declaration
of, in France, in 1788, i. 335— declara-
tion of, vi. 78, 122.
Bannas, actions on the, xi. 115.
Bannat, province of the, iii. 128.
Banos, occupied by Soult, xiii. 247 — defeat
of Sir Robert Wilson at, 252 — evacuated
by the French, xv. 76.
Bantry bay, dispersion of the French fleet
in, v. 313.
Bapaume, advance of the Allies to, in
1793, iv. 43.
:
r
INDEX.
127
Baptiste, a valet, at Jemappes, iii. 223.
Bar-sur-Aube, council of the Allies at, in
1814, xviii. 142 — plan of operations
resolved on, 144 — battle of, 168.
Baraguay d' Hilliers, general, devotion of,
to Custine, iv. 132 — is imprisoned, 134
— forces under him in 1797, vi. 2 —
successes of, against Kerpen, 12 — occu-
pies Venice, 58, 59, notes— accompanies
Napoleon to Egypt, 241— passage of the
Tyrolean Alps by, vii. 319 — defeat of
Chastellar by, xii. 348 — invades the
Tvrol, 352— at battle of Raab, xiii. 11,
12— again invades the Tyrol, 118, 119
— captures Hofer, 120— left to defend
the Ampurdan, xiv. 159, 162— invests
Figueras, 168— and defeats Campoverde
before it, 169 — difficulty in maintain-
ing himself at Wiazma, xvi. 15 — disas-
ters of, during the retreat from Moscow,
40.
Baraillan, M., iii. 178.
Barante, character of the works of, xx. 58.
Barba del Puerco, combat at, xiii. 351,
352.
Barbanogre, general, defence of Huningen
by, xx. 20.
Barbarians, the, their irruption into the
Roman empire, i. 12 — characteristics of
their conquests, ib. et seq. — they origi-
nate representative governments, 14 —
invasion of Britain by them, 50 — pecu-
liarities of their settlements in Italy, v.
163 — coincidence between their passage
of the Rhine and that of the Allies
in 1814, xviii. 62.
Barbaroux, character of, ii. 284 — advocates
the accusation of Robespierre, iii. 43, 44
— decrees against the municipality pro-
posed by him, 47 — opposes the establish-
ment of the committee of general defence,
268 — is a member of it, 269, note—
denounced by the sections, 271, 278 — ■
his arrest decreed, 295 — demeanour of,
on the 2d June, 292, 294 — escapes to
Caen, 296 — letter from Charlotte Cor-
day to him, 305— his death, 303.
Barbe Marbois, M., elected president of
the Ancients, vi. 94 — is transported to
Guiana, 107 — recalled by Napoleon,
108 — prepares the act for Napoleon's
dethronement, 1814, xviii. 367.
Barbot, general, xvi. 322.
Barcelona, city of, xii. 6 — invasion of, by
British cruisers, vii. 354 — seizure of, by
the French, xi. 320 — former heroism
displayed by, xii. 7 — attempt of St Cyr
to relieve it in 1809, xiii. 187 — attempt of
the Somatenes on it, 192 — arrival of a
convoy at it, 200 — reception of the new
constitution in, xiv. 134 — operations of
Macdonald for revictualling it, in 1810,
156 — distress of the garrison, and again
relieved by Macdonald, 159 — attempt of
the Spaniards on it, 166 — defence of it
by Habert, xviii. 260 — is held by the
French till the peace, 261 — and sur-
rendered by treaty of Faris, 403.
Barcelona, South America, revolt of,
xiv. 338 — depopulation of, 359, note.
Barclay, captain, flotilla under, in the
American war, xix. 127 — his defeat,
128— is wounded, 129.
Barclay of Towie, family of, xv. 288.
Barclay de Tolly, general, x. 91, note — at
Pultusk, 116, 117, 118— at Eylau, 142,
143 — march of, over the gulf of Bothnia,
and successes against the Swedes, xv.
202 — army under, and its position in
1812, 277— Russian minister at war, 287
— his parentage and early history, 288 —
his character as a general, ib. — his re-
treat before Napoleon in 1812 : evacu-
ates Wilna, 290 — is separated from
Bagrathion, 293 — retreats to Drissa,
and is rejoined by Bagrathion, 296 —
abandons the camp there, and retires
to Polotsk, 298 — position taken up at
Witepsk, where he resolves on giving
battle, 299 — but afterwards he retires
toward Smolensko, 300 — resumes the
offensive, 311 — falls back toward Smo-
lensko, 315 — the main army retreats
from it, 316 — defence of it by the rear-
guard, 317 — his retreat from that city,
319 — his circular inarch to rejoin Bagra-
thion, 320 — battle of Valutina, 321—
resolves on giving battle, and his reasons
for it, 326 — is preparing to do so, when
he is superseded by Kutusoff, 329 —
merits of, in the preceding retreat, 330,
334 — at Borodino, 348 — advocates the
abandonment of Moscow, 357 — state-
ment of his forces, 370 — blockades
Thorn and Modlin, xvi. 114 — anxiety
of Alexander to appoint him to the
chief command after Kutusoff 's death,
116— forces, &c. under him, 1813, 190,
203, note — surrender of Thorn to him,
and his junction with the main army,
233— at Bautzen, 236, 237, 242, 243—
his line of retreat from thence, 254 — xvii.
123 — arrival of, before Dresden, 137 — at
battle of Dresden, 152 — retreat from it,
156 — confusion during it, 159 — at Culm,
167 — forces under, at Leipsic, 394 — at
that battle, 244, 258 — line of invasion of
France for him, xviii. 55 — at La Rothi-
ere, 81— at Arcis-sur-Aube, 304, 305—
proposes pursuing Napoleon to St Dizier,
313 — at battle of the Barriers, 342, et
seq. — proclamation to preserve order,
370 — entrance into France, 1815, xx. 20.
Bard, fort of, check of Napoleon before,
vii. 232, et seq.— it surrenders, 234, 240.
Bardinetto, combats at, v. 50, 53.
Barere, character of Robespierre by, iii.
42, 43 — reception of the king by, on his
appearance for trial, 58 — proposes the
committee of general defence, 268 — is
a member of it, 269, note — and of that
of public salvation, 271, note, iv. 51,
note — proposes the commission of
Twelve, iii. 282 — and subsequently its
dissolution, 291 — on 2d June, 294 —
report on the Vendean war, 353, 363 —
128
INDEX.
Barere, continwd.
on the Allied invasion, iv. 45 — on the
trial of Houchard, 61 — on Lyons, and
the atrocities at it, 83, 94 — motion by
him regarding Toulon, 101 — '116, note,
117 — measures proposed against the
Girondist confederacy, 121 — report on
British commerce, 129 — advocates the
trial of the Queen, 135 — banquet given
by him on the day of her execution, 141
— he there defends it, 142— proposes a
general fast 173 — 210 — opposed to
Robespierre in the committee, 214 —
report on pauperism, 223 — decree for-
bidding quarter to the British, 229, 353
— report on education, 239 — defends Le
Bon, 255 — speech of, against Robes-
pierre, 265 — his destruction resolved on
by the latter, ib. — his conduct on the 8th
Thermidor, 270, 271— on the 9th Ther-
midor, 275 — on the military spirit, 330—
v. 83, 84 — moves the continuation of
the Revolutionary Tribunal, 85 — is de-
nounced by Lecointre, 87 — impeach-
ment of, 94 — condemned to transporta-
tion, 97 — his trial again ordered, 105 —
his subsequent fate, 98 — his position
under Napoleon, xi. 187.
Barfleur, the, at Cape St Vincent, v. 345.
Barinas, revolt of, xiv. 338.
Baring, Mr, against the orders in council,
xiv. 78.
Barnard, general, at Ciudad Rodrigo, xv.
8 — at Badajos, 21 — defeat of Clausel by,
at Ivantelly, xvi. 373 — at Orthes, xviiL
245, 246.
Barnave, Antoine, early career and cha-
racter of, ii. 37 — a member of the club
Breton, 40— seditious efforts of, 78 — de-
fence of the murder of Foulon by him,
130 — advocates church spoliation, 192 —
reconducts the king to Paris, and is won
to his cause, 244, 245, 248 — joins the
constitutionalists, 250, 276, 321 — de-
fence of the king by, 251, 252 — plans
of, for modifying the constitution, 256 —
on St Domingo, viii. 170 — trial and exe-
cution of, iv. 143.
Barnes, general, at the Puerta de Maya,
xvi. 360— at Echalar, 372— at San Mar-
cial, 387— at St Pierre, xvii. 372— is
wounded there, 374, 377 — at Aire, xviii.
249.
Barney, commodore, xix. 150.
Baroach, storming of, xi. 101 — cession of,
to Britain, 108.
Barons, early independence of the, i. 18 —
this fostered by primogeniture, &c. 19 —
their degeneracy, 20 — causes which in-
duced this, 21 — effects of their private
wars on them, 23 — their power under-
mined by opulence, 27 — those of Eng-
land, their dependence upon their yeo-
manry, 60, 61 — they head the struggle
for freedom, 83. — See also Aristocracy,
Nobility.
Barras, the marquis de, murder of, ii.
132, 135, note.
Barras, Paul Jean Frangois Nicholas,
marquis of, at Toulon, iv. 101, et seq.—
marked for destruction by Robespierre,
263 — commands on the 9th Thermidor,
and proceedings then, 280, 282 — a lead-
ing Thermidorian, v. 85 — appointed
to command on the 11th Vendemaire,
123 — conduct on that occasion, 146
— intimacy of Josephine with, 150 —
bribed by Napoleon, 194, note — and
by the Venetian authorities, vi. 32,
note — chosen a Director, and his charac-
ter, v. 125, vi. 69—94 — entertainments
given by him, 92 — heads the republican
majority in the Directory, 95 — measures
of, before the 18th Fructidor, 99— his
enmity to Carnot, ib. — secures the co-
operation of Napoleon, ib. 109 — his
arrest proposed by Pichegru, 102 — cor-
respondence with Napoleon on this
revolution, 110, note — memoir on the
revolutionising of Switzerland, 147 —
measures of, in the Cisalpine republic,
178 — reception of Napoleon by him in
1797, 232 — speech on the invasion of
England, 225— joins Sieyes in the Direc-
tory, vii. 79 — change in his policy, 82—
supports the closing of the Jacobin club,
89— intrigues of, for restoring the Bour-
bons, 94 — interview with Napoleon, 99 —
his resignation, 106, 107 — 347 — his con-
nexion with Malet's conspiracy, xvi.
138.
Barrenhill, Lafayette at the battle of, ii.
31, note.
Barri, Madame du, career and character
of, i. 182 — her extravagance, 180, note
— her enmity to the parliaments, 197
— desertion of Louis XV. on his death-
bed, 201 — her enmity to Marie Antoi-
nette, 219 — is removed from court by
Louis XVI. 226 — her aversion to him,
212 — execution of, iv. 254.
Barrier du Trone, removal of the guillo-
tine to the, iv. 259.
Barrier fortresses, destruction of the, iii.
129.
Barriers, battle of the, xviii. 341, et seq.
Barrois, general, xvi. 233, xvii. 383.
Barrossa, battle of, xiii. 341.
Barry, lieutenant, v. 344.
Bartenstein, treaty of, x. 251 — winter-
quarters of the Russians at, 264 — Alex-
ander and Frederick William at, 283 —
retreat of Benningsen to, 295.
Barter, prevalence of, in France, 1796,
vi. 74.
Barthelemy, Francois, marquis de, chosen
director, vi. 94 — and joins Carnot, 95
— is arrested on the 18th Fructidor, 103
— transported to Guiana, 106, 107 —
but escapes to England, 108—142 — is
recalled from exile, vii. 173.
Basque roads, battle of, xiii. 158, et seq.
Bassano, due de, see Maret.
Bassano, battle of, 1796, v. 218— combats
at, 222, 241 — revolution in, vi. 34 —
capture of, by the Tyrolese, xii. 357—
INDEX.
129
Bassano, continued.
defeat of the Austrians at, 1813, xvii.
318.
Bassecour, general, at Talavera, xiii. 242,
244— defeated at Uldecona, xiv. 161—
occupies Madrid, xv. 105.
Basseiu, the treaty of, xi. 88.
Basseterre, capture of, viii. 194.
Bassignv, regiment of, i. 331.
Bastan, the French in, 1794, iv. 360, 361.
Bastede, the birthplace of Murat, v. 146.
Bastia, capture of, by the British, 1794,
iv. 319 — services of Nelson at it, v. 348.
Bastile, erection of the, i. 83 — imprison-
ment in, 176 — imprisonment of the
deputies from Brittany in it, 331 —
closing of it proposed in the cahiers of
the noblesse, ii. 13 — the mob determine
on attacking it, 94 — description of it,
95 — the siege of it, 96, et scq. — its cap-
ture, 99 — its interior, as found when
captured, 102— is destroyed, 103, 119—
loss at the storming of it, 116 — fete on
the anniversary of its capture, 211 —
that in 1792, 333.
Bastoul, general, at Moeskirch, vii. 192.
Batavia, city of, xiv. 106.
Batavian republic, guaranteed at Lune-
ville, vii. 328 — changes in its constitu-
tion, 1802, viii. 201 — is again guaran-
teed by peace of Presburg, ix. 225. — See
also Holland.
Bath, democratic tendency in, i. 193, note.
Baths of Titus, excavations, &c. by the
French at the, xiii. 140.
Bathurst, earl, x. 237, note — on the war
in 1813, xvi. 281— letter to Napoleon in
his last illness, xx. 102.
Battaglia, governor of Verona, vi. 28.
Batteville, madame de, ii. 135, 136, note.
Battin, battle of, xv. 166, 168.
Baumersdorf, village of, xiii. 30, 32.
Baurot, general, wounded at Toulouse,
xviii. 275— and taken, 277, 278.
Bautzen, retreat of the Allies toward,
xvi. 223— forces at, 233, 394, 395—
battle of, 234 — the Allied retreat from,
247, et seq. — anecdote of Napoleon at,
xvii. 7 — capture of a French convoy
near, 189.
Bavaria, designs of Joseph II. on, iii. 127
— declaration issued by, in 1795, v. 44 —
advance of Moreau into, 1796, 293 — •
withdrawal of the Russian troops to,
1799, vii. 63— treat v with Great Britain
in 1800, 160— invaded by Moreau, 201
—treaty with France, 1801, viii. 59 —
and treaty regarding the indemnities,
208— the elector of, 211 — indemnities
obtained by, 213— threatened collision
with Austria in 1804, 309— efforts of
Austria and France to gain, in 1805,
ix. 71— joins the latter, 72— entrance
of the Austrians into, 136 — accedes
to the French alliance, 137 — proclama-
tion of Napoleon to the troops, 144 —
present from "him to the elector, 161 —
interview of the elector with Napoleon,
VOL. XX.
180 — cession of Anspach to, 221 —
cessions to, by the peace of Presburg,
224, 225, note— elevation of the elector
to the dignity of King, 224, 229 — a mem-
ber of the confederation of the Rhine,
372 — defensive preparations directed in,
1806, x. 83 — overrun by the Austrians,
1809, xii. 222— discontent of the Tyrolese
with her government, 330 — violation of
Presburg regarding the Tyrol, ib. — atro-
cities there, 351 — additions by the peace
of Vienna, xiii. 103, 104 — losses among
her troops during the advance to Smo-
lensko, xv. 325 — forces in, during 1813,
rvii. 97 — joins the Allies, 231 — march
of her troops to Hanau, 282— influence
of her secession from Napoleon, 316" —
at the congress of Vienna, xix. 231,
232 — position given to her in the German
confederacy, 238 — contingent of, 1815,
282.
Bayalitch, general, at Lonato, v. 210 —
operations in 1797, vi. 9 — is compelled
to surrender, 10.
Bayle, Moise, iv. 264, note.
Baylen, retreat of Dupont to, xii. 79 —
—battle of, 82, 83— capitulation of, 85
— sensation caused by it, 86 — Napoleon's
opinion of it, 88 — violation of the capitu-
lation, 89.
Bayonne, the cardinal, xvi. 150.
Bayonne, predominance of the Girondists
at, iv. 119 — journey of Ferdinand VII.
to, xi. 337 — reception of CharlesxIV. by
Napoleon at, 355 — meeting of the
Spanish Notables at, and proclamation
in favour of Napoleon, xii. 41 — its
defenceless state after Vitoria, xvi. 353
— the battles in front of it, xvii. 379—
position of Soult at, xviii. 236 — its in-
vestment by the British, 240 — sally
from it, 280.
Bayreuth, annexation of, to Prussia,
agreed to by Napoleon, Lx. 220 — ceded
by Prussia, 1807, x. 324, note — occupied
by the Austrians, 1809, xii. 373.
Baza, combat at, xiv. 266.
Bazarjik, capture of, by the Russians,
xv. 161.
Bazire, a leader of the Jacobins, ii. 296.
Beam, disturbances in, and support given
by its States-General to the parliament
of Paris, i. 329 — supplies drawn from it
by Wellington in 1814, xvii. 378.
Beauchamps, Alphonse de, xix. 315, note.
Beauge, M. de la Ville de, xviii. 110.
Beauge, panic of the Vendeans at, iii.
371.
Beauharnais, general Alexander, succeeds
Custineon the Rhine, iv. 35 — is defeated,
36 — removed from the command, 42 —
his execution, 253.
Beauharnais, Claude, xi. 295, 332.
Beauharnais, Eugene, first appearance
of, v. 147 — negotiates the capitulation
of Jaffa, vi. 289 — created viceroy of the
kingdom of Italy, ix. 27, 34— his go-
vernment, 35 — his marriage, and is
I
130
INDEX.
Beauharnais, continued.
nominated successor to the throne of
Italy, 229— x. 83 — operations in Italy
during 1809, xii. 246— defeated at Sacile,
247 — depression of his troops, 249 — in-
structions of Napoleon to him, 250 —
victory of, on the Piave, 268 — enters
the Austrian dominions, 271 — capture of
the forts of Carinthia, &c. 272— defeats
Jellachich, 275 — enters into communi-
cation with the Grand army, 276 — vic-
tory at Raab, xiii. 10, 11 — his arrival
at Lobau and junction with Napoleon,
2, 18, 23, 31— at battle of Wagram, 32,
35, 44, 46— and in pursuit, 56 — measures
of, for pacifying the Tyrol, 118, 119—
130— speech of, on Josephine's divorce,
277— corps of, 1812, xv. 277, 369— pas-
sage of the Niemen by him, 285 — dur-
ing the advance to Smolensko, 301, 311
— at the battle of Smolensko, 317 — his
position during the advance, 334 — at
Borodino, 345, et seq. — at Malo-Jaros-
lawitz, xvi. 22, 23— and Wiazma, 31—
disasters during the retreat to Smolensko,
39 — his arrival at that town, 40, 48 —
defeated at Krasnoi, 50 — losses up to his
arrival at Orcha, 57 — and before the
commencement of the cold, 89, note —
defeated at Marienwerder, 113 — com-
mands in place of Murat, and his
measures to reinstate affairs, ib. — falls
back to the Oder, 114 — is compelled to
fall back to the Elbe, 115 — his position
there, 117 — preparations in 1813, 165 —
defeated at Mockern, 196 — retreats to
the Saale, 197— forces and position there,
202 — and between the Saale and the
Elbe, 208— junction with Napoleon, 209
— at Liitzen, 214, 219 — movements after
it, 223— passage of the Elbe, 227— forces
under him, 1813, xvii. 97 — campaign of
that year in Italy, 312 — dispositions for
its defence, 313, 314 — first losses 'and
disasters, ib. — his resistance and further
successes, 315 — retires to the Taglia-
mento, 316 — and toward the Adige, 317
— at last falls back behind it, 318 —
statement of his forces, 385 — incipient
defection from Napoleon in 1813, xviii.
36, 37 — forces under him, 50, 435 —
ordered to abandon Italy, and the order
countermanded, 160, 161 — operations
during 1814, 216— battle of the Mincio,
217 — subsequent movements, 218 —
evacuates Tuscany, ib. — successes on
the Po, 221 — evacuates Italy, 287 —
friendship of the emperor Alexander to
him, 389.
Beauharnais, the countess Josephine, see
Josephine.
Beauharnais, Stephanie, marriage of, ix.
229.
Beaujolais, comte de, adventures of, v. 113
— his death, 114.
Beaujolais, destruction of the chateaux
in, ii. 134.
Beaulieu, general, defeat of Biron by,
hi. 190— defeats Houchard, iv. 61— at
Fleurus, 347— forces under him, 1796,
v. 173— defeated at Montenotte, 175 —
attempt by him on Alessandria, 185 —
reinforcements received by him, and
his operations, 186 — is defeated at Lodi,
189— and compelled to abandon Milan,
190 — disasters sustained by him, 196 —
retreats toward the Tyrol, 205.
Beaumont, general, at Lodi, v. 188 — inva-
sion of the Tyrol by, xiii. 109.
Beaupreau, atrocities of the republicans
at, iii. 359.
Beaupuy, general, defeat of the Vendeans
by, iii. 356.
Beauregard, father, prophecy of, ii. 42 —
its fulfilment, iv. 150.
Beauregard, general, xix. 268.
Beaurepaire, a Vendean leader, iii. 355.
Beausset, M. de, murder of, ii. 220.
Beauvais, bishop of, murder of, iii. 22.
Beavers* Dams, defeat of the Americans
at, xix. 125.
Becker, general, xi. 196, note.
Beckier or Aboukir, see Aboukir.
Beckwith, Sir Simon, capture of Hamp-
ton by, xix. 119.
Bed of Justice, nature of the, in France,
i. 129.
Bednore, siege of, by Hyder Ali, xi. 13 —
capture of, by the British, 23 — defeat
of them before it, 24.
Bedoin, destruction of the town of, and
massacre of its inhabitants, iv. 289, 290,
notes.
Bedon , a member of Babceuff' s committee,
vi. 85.
Beeren, battle of, xvii. 184.
Beet-root sugar, manufacture of, in
France, xi. 202.
Befort, investment of, by the Allies, xviii.
66.
Beija, cruelties of the French at, xii. 101.
Beira, retreat of the British to, xiii. 260 —
invasion of, by Marmont, xv. 31.
Bekcagsog, convention of, ix. 41.
Belair, Charles, death of, viii. 195.
Belair, general, xii. 77, 79.
Belair, fort, capture of, viii. 196.
Belchite, defeats of the Spaniards at, xiL
59, xiii. 198.
Belem, arrival of Junot at, xi. 309 —
occupied by the English, xii. 125.
Belgium incorporated with Holland, xix.
232, 239.— See also Netherlands.
Belgrade, fortress of, xv. 142 — capture of,
by Laudohn, iii. 149.
Belisarius, coincidence of his policy and
Wellington's, xx. 5, note.
Bellarini, M. vi. 216, note, 217.
Belle Poule, capture of the, ix. 353 — em-
barkation of the remains of Napoleon on
board the, xx. 104.
Bellegarde, general, armistice of Leoben
agreed to by, vi. 18— forces under, 1799,
324 — defensive measures in Switzerland,
329 — operations against Lecourbe, 330
—is defeated at Ramis, 348 — defeats
INDEX.
131
Bellegarde, continued.
Lecourbe at Suss, ib. — is withdrawn
from Switzerland, 351, 352 — forces
under, 375— defeated by Moreau, 384 —
captures Alessandria, vii. 10 — at Novi,
12, et seq. — defeated on the Col de
Braus, 243 — and again at Foscoire, &c.
244 — appointed commander in Italy, and
forces under him, 276 — defeated on the
Mincio, 314, 315 — and again on the
Adige, 316— retires to Caldiero, 317 —
takes post at Calliano, ib. — is there
joined by Wukassovich and Laudon,
320— armistice concluded by him, 321 —
operations in 1809, xii. 232, 234— junc-
tion of the archduke with, 251 — at
Aspern, 285, 287, 288, 293 — posi-
tion before Wagram, xiii. 25, 31 —
at Wagram, 33, 36, 37, 38, 45 — forces
under him, 1813, xviii. 48, 434— opera-
tions in Italy, 1814, 216— battle of the
Mincio, 217 — his subsequent move-
ments, 218 — operations concerted with
Murat there, 286— defeat of Murat
by, during the Hundred days, xix.
295.
Bellegarde, fortress of, captured by the
Spaniards, 1793, iv. 73 — siege of, by
the French, 1794, 360, 361— defeat of
the Spaniards before it, and its surren-
der, 362.
Belleisle, naval action of, v. 59 — attack
of Sir James Pulteney on, vii. 277.
Bellerophon man-of-war at the Nile, vi.
272, 273 — embarkation of Napoleon on
board the, and his voyage to England,
xx. 15.
Bellevue, defence of, by Berthier, v. 169.
Belliard, general, defeat of Kerpen by, vi.
13 — accompanies Napoleon to Egypt,
241 — captures Damietta, viii. 10 — is de-
feated at El Hanka, 29— capitulates at
Cairo, 30 — xi. 196, note — at Laon,
xviii. 193 — communicates to Napoleon
the fall of Paris, 351, 352— his fidelity
to Napoleon, 384.
Bellingham, murder of Perceval by, xiv.
28 — his trial and execution, 29.
Bellona, the, at the Baltic, vii. 378.
Bellpuig, skirmish at, xiv. 193.
Belluno, due de, see Victor.
Belluno, capture of, by the Tyrolese, xii.
358.
Belon, M. ii. 95, 96.
Belotti, general, xvii. 315.
Belson, colonel Sir Philip, xix. 327.
Belvidere frigate, action of the, with the
President, xix. 104.
Belvidere, conde de, xii. 153 — defeat of, at
Burgos, 155.
Belzunce, M. de, murder of, ii. 132.
Bemburg, prince, death of, vi. 333.
Benares, rajah of, fine imposed by Warren
Hastings on, xi. 28.
Benares, death of Lord Cornwallis at, xi.
131.
Benasque, capture of, by the French,
xiii. 185.
Bench, state of the, in America, xix. 63,
et seq.
Benckendorf, governor of Spandau, x.
69, note.
Bender, marshal, suppression of the in-
surrection in Flanders by, iii. 130, 163
— is shut up in Luxembourg, iv. 388 —
surrenders, v. 70.
Bender, capture of, by the Russians, iii
149.
Benevente, the British at, xii. 173.
Benevento, Talleyrand created prince of,
ix. 339.
Benevento, fortress of, surrendered to the
French, vi. 194.
Benezech, M., vi. 99.
Bengal, long prevalence of slavery in, i. 8
— extent and population of, x. 345, note
— police force in, 354 — prevalence of
the Zemindar system, 355 — the village
system, 360 — cession of, to the British,
xi. 6.
Bengal and Bahar, rajah of, xi. 1.
Benita, Donna, heroism of, at Saragossa,
xiii. 180.
Benjossky, regiment of, at Aspern, xii.
293.
Benkendorf, general, march of, to Lune-
burg, xvi. 193 — arrival of, at Amster-
dam, xvii. 311 — operations in Holland,
312— defeat of a French detachment at
St Tron, xviii. 69— at battle of Craone,
186— at Bar le Due, 328.
Benningsen, general, a leader in the con-
spiracy against the emperor Paul, vii.
389, 390— forces under, in 1805, ix. 171
— approaches to the scene of contest,
196— forces under, 1806, x. 109— his first
movements during the campaign of
Eylau, 111 — saves the artillery, 114 —
takes post at Pultusk, 115 — victory of,
there, 117 — goes into winter-quarters,
121 — proclamation-, claiming the victory
at Pultusk, 122 — succeeds Kamenskoi,
131 — his plan of operations, and advance
against Konigsberg, 132 — surprises Ney,
133— defeats Bernadotte at Mohrungen,
134 — Napoleon threatens his rear, 137
— on which he falls back, 138 — resolves
to give battle, 139 — combat at Lands-
berg, 140 — his forces at Eylau, 141 —
their disposition, and his plan of the
action, 144— battle of Eylau, 146— he
retreats after it, 152 — his position after
that battle, 155— opposes any accommo-
dation, 156 — he advances on Napoleon's
retreating, 158 — proclamation in which
he claims the victory, ib. note — his real
object had been foiled, 159 — reflections
on his movements, 167 — winter-quarters
of his army, 263 — measures of, for rais-
ing the siege of Dantzic, 277 — forces
under him, at the opening of the
campaign of Friedland, 281— defensive
measures of, 283 — attack by him on
Ney's corps, 284 — its first success, 285
— he falls back to Heilsberg, 287 —
battle of Heilsberg, 291 — evacuates that
132
INDEX.
Benningsen. continued.
position, 295 — resolves on attacking
Lannes, 296 — position, forces, &c. of,
at Friedland, 299— battle of Fried-
land, 302 — his retreat to the
Niemen, 308, 311 — attends Alexander
at Tilsit, 316 — xv. 285 — advocates de-
fending Moscow, 357 — interview with
Murat, and pretended negotiations car-
ried on, xvi. 8— Alexander's displeasure
on account of these, 16 — defeats Murat
at Winkowo, 18 — 233 — Russian army of
reserve under him, xvii. 96 — his advance
with it from the Oder, 199, 205 — reaches
the Elbe, 215, 218, 220— at battle of
Leipsic, 395, 237, 252, 258, 261— at the
assault of Leipsic, 269, 271 — his junc-
tion with Bernadotte, 294 — his forces
in the beginning of the campaign, 386,
387— his forces in 1813, xviii. 48, 434—
blockades Davoust in Hamburg, 131 —
operations there, 1814, 288.
Bentinck, lord Frederick, xvii. 337.
Bentinck, lord William, failure of, to co-
operate with "Wellington, diversion of
his force to Italy, and absorption of
specie by him, xv. 52 — recalls Roche
from Spain to Sicily, xvi. 315, 317— suc-
ceeds Murray at Alicante, xvii. 332—
enters Valencia, 333 — forces under him,
and operations against Suchet, ib. — be-
sieges Tarragona, but compelled to re-
tire, 335 — defeat of his advanced guard
at Ordal, 336— retreat of, to Tarragona,
337 — operations on the coast of Tus-
cany, xviii. 220, 221 — measures there
concerted with Murat, 217 — operations
against Genoa, 285 — its capitulation to
him, and declaration there made, 286 —
xix. 244.
Benyhaddy, defeat of the Arabs at, vi. 307.
Bequart, murder of, ii. 100.
Berandiere, M. de, xix. 297.
Berar, rajah of, xi. 2 — his territories and
resources, 84 — operations of Wellington
against him, 100 — treaty between him
and the British, 108.
Berbice, capture of, by the British, vii.
281 — and again in 1804, viii. 290—
ceded to Great Britain, xix. 240.
Berchtesgaden, the, xii. 253 — cession of, to
. Bavaria, xiii. 104.
Beresford, marshal lord, capture of
Buenos Ayres by, ix. 359 — xii. 126,
186 — organisation of the Portuguese
levies by, xiii. 172 — operations against
Soult, 229 — recaptures Amarante, 233
— forces under him, 1809, 238— and
1810, 322 — sent to succour Badajos,
340 — first siege of Badajos, 346, xiv.
244 — forces under him at Albuera,
245— battle of Albuera, 247— his firm-
ness after it, 255 — sent to aid in re-
storing the Portuguese army, ib. —
wounded at Salamanca, xv. 64, 68 —
efforts to reorganise the Portuguese
troops, xvi. 308 — at the Nivelle, xvii.
853, 355, 358— and the Nive, 364, 365
— at the passage of the Adour, xviii. 238
— passage of the Gave d'Oleron by, 241
—at Orthes, 242, 243, 244, 246— de-
tached to support the royalists at Bor-
deaux, 250— at Toulouse, 265, 266, 269,
272, 273, 275 — is created a peer, and
grant voted to him, xix. 193.
Beresina, retreat of Bagrathion to the,
xv. 294 — Tchichagoffs movement on it,
concerted, xvi. 5, 6, note — the passage
of it occupied by him, 46 — forces of the
parties at, 58, 59 — Napoleon's plan for
effecting the passage, 59— battle of, 61,
et seq.
Berg, general, forces under, 1813, xvi.
202, 203, note— at Bautzen, 236.
Berg, Murat created grand-duke of, ix.
339, 370 — a member of the confederation
of the Rhine, 372 — annexation of part
of, to France, xv. 210 — overrun by
the Allies, xvii. 294.
Bergamasque, the, vi. 20.
Bergamo, revolt at, vi. 25, 34 — ceded to
Cisalpine republic, 53.
Bergen, general, xvi. 260.
Bergen, combat at, vii. 47.
Bergen -op-zoom, occupation of, by the
French, xviii. 205 — is garrisoned by
Maison, 206— description of it, 209 —
Graham's plan of attack on it, 210 — the
assault, 211, et seq. — reflections on it,
213 — causes of the failure, 214 — is
surrendered by the treaty of Paris,
403.
Bergfried, combat at, x. 137, 138.
Bergoing, arrest of, decreed, iii. 295.
Berkhaim, general, xvii. 385.
Berlier, M. viii. 372.
Berlin, city of, its population, x. 4, note
— residence of Voltaire at, i. 138 — re-
ception of Lafayette, ii. 32, note — mili-
tary schools, iii. 132 — indignation at, on
the violation of the territory by Napo-
leon, ix. 142 — arrival of the emperor
Alexander at, 1805, 172 — indignation
excited in, by the treaty concluded by
Haugwitz, 222 — its manners and court,
x. 11 — abandoned by Hohenlohe, and
advance of Davoust on it, 54 — entry of
the French into it, 69 — their rapacity,
76 — constituted a department under
them, 77 — return of the king and queen
to it, xii. 146 — the revolt of Schill at it,
361 — Durutte appointed governor, xv.
219 — evacuated by the French, xvi. 115
— entrance of the Russians into, 116 —
departure of Frederick William for, 117
— enthusiasm in, during 1813, 119— ad-
vance of the Allies from, 194 — conduct
of the volunteers at Ltttzen, 217, 218—
is threatened by Ney, 223 — reception of
Moreau in, xvii. 121 — project of Napo-
leon for marching on, 170, 171, 182 —
which is rendered abortive by the battle
of Gross Beeren, 184 — rejoicings in, on
that battle, 185 — advance of Davoust
toward it, 210 — renewed scheme of Na-
poleon for attacking it, 223.
INDEX.
133
Berlin, convention of, iii. 148.
Berlin decree, issuing of the, x. 80, xi. 147,
151 — its provisions, 152 — Napoleon's
orders for its rigorous execution, and its
evasion in Holland, 153 — its execution in
Germany, 154 — evasion of it by the
license system, 172 — measures of Napo-
leon for enforcing it in 1810, xv. 216 —
its effect on the United States, xLx. 88.
Berlin iron, origin of, xvi. 182.
Bernadotte, Charles Jean, marshal,
prince of Pontecorvo, and king of
Sweden, first appearance of, at Fleurus,
iv. 346 — at Ruremonde, 367 — de-
feated at Teining, v. 287 — joins Napo-
leon with reinforcements, 1797, vi. 2
— at the Tagliamento, 8 — passage of the
Isonzo by him, 9 — insult to him at
Vienna, 221 — he leaves the city, 222 —
forces under him, 1799, 323, — com-
mences hostilities, 326 — retreat of,
across the Rhine, 335 — his measures for
reorganising the army, vii. 5, 83, 86 —
is dismissed from the ministry, 90 —
efforts of Napoleon to gain him to his
cause, 99, 104 — opposition to Napoleon
in 1804, viii. 336— is created marshal,
376 — corps under him during the cam-
paign of Ulm, ix. 74, note, 140 — direc-
tion of his march, 141 — he violates the
Prussian territory, ib. — passage of the
Danube by him, 145 — occupies Munich,
148 — and continued advance of, 169,
182 — his movements in pursuit of Kut-
usoff, 191 — is moved against the Arch-
duke Ferdinand, 194 — advance of, to
Austerlitz, 202— at Austerlitz, 205, 209,
210, 211, 213— created prince of Ponte-
corvo, 339 — commands the first corps
during the campaign of Jena, x. 18,
note, — movements of, 25 — defeats Tau-
enzein at Schleitz, 26 — further opera-
tions, 30 — Napoleon's instructions to
him at Jena, 33, 40 — indignation of the
emperor with him, 46 — his movements
in pursuit, 50 — defeats the prince of
Wurtemberg at Halle, 52 — his increased
alienation from Napoleon, 54 — opera-
tions of, against Blucher, 60 — origin of
the Swedish predilection for him, 61— at
the storming of Lubeck, 62 — disposition
of his corps in Poland, 108 — and opera-
tions there, 113 — movements against
Lestocq, 121 — position of his winter-
quarters, 123 — his situation, and march
of Benningsen to surprise him, 132 — is
defeated at Mohrungen, 134 — capture
of his baggage, and rapacity on his part
thus made known, ib. — his retreat from
thence, 135, 136— fails to execute the
movements prescribed to him, 138 — after
Eylau, 156— -capture of Braunsberg, 263
— 282 — is repulsed and wounded at
Spanden, 284 — xi. 195, note — in 1807, is
moved toward Denmark, xi. 255 — xii.
212, 217, 250, 252, 265— Napoleon's dis-
pleasure with him, 265, note — 277 —
check of Kollowrath by, at Lintz, 281—
xiii. 3, 4] — arrival of, at the island of
Lobau, 22, 31 — at the battle of Wagram,
35, 44 — his proclamation to the Saxons,
and disgrace by Napoleon, 54 — is ap-
pointed to command at Antwerp, and
again superseded and disgraced, 55
— his defensive preparations there, 84 — ■
alienation of, from Napoleon , 55 — inva-
sion of Zealand by him, xv. 197 — is
elected crown-prince of Sweden, 205 — ■
his early history, parentage, &c, 206 —
his character as a general, 208 — and as
king of Sweden, 209 — language of Na-
poleon to him as crown-prince, 217 —
and Napoleon's assurance of gaining
him, 279 — declares war against Great
Britain, 221 — but reverts to the British
and Russian alliance, 222 — and con-
cludes treaties with them, 223 — negoti-
ations of the Allies with him, in 1813,
xvi. 178 — letter to Napoleon from him,
ib. note — the treaty of Orebro with the
Allies, 179 — position and forces of, 1813,
xvii. 79— operations assigned tp him, 82
doubts of the Allies regarding him, 85 —
his army, 86 — reception of Moreau by
him, 120 — 124 — urges the advance on
Dresden, 136 — operations before Gross
Beeren, 182 — forces under him there,
183 — movements of Oudinot against
him, ib. — battle of Gross Beeren, 184 — ■
his tardy advance after it, 187 — move-
ments of Ney against him, 190, 191 —
battle of Dennewitz, 192 — errors at that
battle, 196 — operations in Northern
Germany, 208— passage of the Elbe by
him, 220 — junction of Blucher with
him, 225 — his subsequent operations,
226 — false movement of, 227 — his ap-
proach to Leipsic, 252 — his backward-
ness, 253 — at last advances, 255 — at
battle of Leipsic," 258, 263 — entry into
the town, 273 — is moved toward Ham-
burg, and the reasons for this, 275 —
operations in Northern Germany and
against Davoust, 294 — capture of Fried-
richsort by him, 296 — his equivocal con-
duct regarding the capitulation of Ham-
burg, 303, 304 — is prevented granting
it, 304 — statement of his forces at the
commencement of this campaign, 386* —
and at Leipsic, 395 — his army, and ope-
rations assigned to it in the invasion of
France, xviii. 47, 56 — his first move-
ments, 68 — overruns Flanders, and
advances toward Laon, 69, 70, 131 —
Lord Castlereagh removes Bulow and
Winzingerode from under him, 143
— movements assigned to him by the
Allied council, 145 — his forces during
this campaign, 433 — conquest of Nor-
way by him, xix. 203.
Berne, the senate of, and its government,
vi. 141 — is the seat of the aristo-
cratic party, 143 — spoliations of the
French in, 155 — battle before it, and
its capture by the French, 153 — seizure
of the treasure, 154— exactions of the
134
INDEX.
Berne, continued.
French in it, 161, note — employment of
the treasure by Napoleon, 240 — Mas-
sena's oppressive measures, 1800, vii. 161
— occupied, 1802, by the insurgents, viii.
226— recaptured by the French, 229.
Bernhardin, pass of, vi. 134, 135.
Bernier, theabb£, vii. 164 — is made bishop
of Orleans, 165.
Bernier, a Vendean leader, exploit of, iii.
353— in the Chouan war, iv. 392.
Bernstoff, count, iv. 54, note, 55 — nego-
tiations by, with Great Britain in 1807,
27, note, 32— at Dresden, 141— 171, 172,
267, xviii. 72 — terms stated by, for ar-
mistice of Lusigny, 138 — accompanies
Napoleon toward Paris from St Dizier,
351 — 373 — his desertion of Napoleon,
after career, and death, xvii. 55, xviii.
379.
Berthier, Caesar, x. 260, 261.
Berthier, M. xvi. 143, note.
Berthold, Napoleon's intimacy with, vi.
231.
Berthollet, accompanies Napoleon to
Egypt, vi. 241, 245, 314.
xi. 258 — sent to Kalisch to negotiate Bertin, M., revenue and expenditure of
France under, i. 286, note.
Bertin, madame, i. 305.
Berton, general, at Toulouse, xviii. 268,
269, 273, 274.
Bertrand, arrest of, decreed, iii. 295.
Bertrand, general, viii. 18, note — at Jena,
x. 37— at Eylau, 147, note — sent with
proposals of accommodation, 156 — xL
196, note — forces under him, 1813, xvi.
188, 201, note, 202, 384— movement of,
to Lutzen, 212— at Liitzen, 215, 216,
218 — movements after it, 223 — passage
of the Elbe by him, 227 — at Bautzen,
235, 240, 243, 245— operations against
Bernadotte, xvii. 183 — at Gross Beeren,
184— at Dennewitz, 192, 194— defeated
at Wartenburg, 220— 224— recalled to-
ward Leipsic, 232 — at battle of Leipsic,
394, 235, 246, 257, 266— meeting of,
with Napoleon after it, 277 — check of
theAustrians by, 278, 280— xviii. 74,
373, 381— his fidelity to Napoleon, 384
— accompanies him from Elba, xix. 254,
259 — at Waterloo, 369 — accompanies
him to St Helena, and present at his
interment, xx. 103.
Bertrand de Moleville, M., on the charac-
ter of Louis XVI. i. 214, note — charge
against the Girondists by him, ii. 278 —
his opinion of the constitution, 297 —
report on the state of the navy, 306 —
his energetic views, 311 — opposes the
disbanding of the royal guard, 316 —
urges the king to retire to Normandy,
333 — proofs given by him of Dan ton's
corruptibility, iv. 209, note — his estimate
of Napoleon, viii. 156 — on St Domingo,
170.
Bertsheim, the due d' Enghien at, viii. 344.
Berwick, marshal, xvi. 347.
Berwick, capture of the, v. 49.
with the Allies, xvi. 179.
Berri, the due de, afterwards Louis XVI.
which see.
Berri, the due de, son of the Comte
d'Artois, i. 297, xviii. 114 — landing of,
in Jersey, 116 — operations during the
Hundred days, xix. 262, 263 — defection
of his troops, 270.
Berri, the provincial assembly of, i. 271.
Berry, captain, at Aboukir, vi. 271,
274.
Berryer, M. , counsel for Ney, xx. 27.
Berthier, M., murder of, ii. 128, 131.
Berthier, Alexandre, marshal and prince
of Neufchatel, early history, paren-
tage, &c. of, v. 168 — his character,
169, xvii. 54— chief of the staff to Kel-
lermann in 1795, v. 51 — spoliation of
Venice by him, vi. 36, note — his march
to Rome, 171 — subsequent measures
there, 172 — mutiny of the troops under
him, 176 — commands the forces of the
Cisalpine republic, 229 — Napoleon's in-
timacy with him in 1797, 231 — accom-
panies Napoleon to Egypt, 241 — his
anxiety to leave it, 308 — accompanies
Napoleon back to Europe, 314 — and
supports him against the Directory, vii.
95, 100, 104: — succeeds Brune as com-
mander of the army of reserve, 182 —
his measures for its organisation, 224 —
heads the assault on Bard, 233 —
on the passage of the Spliigen by Mac-
donald, 308 — viii. 85 — created marshal,
376 — and prince of Neufchatel, ix. 339 — ■
occupation of Braunau by him, 378 — ■
during the campaign of Jena, x. 23, 29,
note — efforts of, to save prince Hatz-
feld, 70 — at Eylau, 147, note — statement
regarding Friedland, 308, note — attends
Napoleon at Tilsit, 316— xi. 155, 195,
note — receives Charles IV. of Spain in Bery au Bac, the Aisne forced byBlucher
at, xviii. 318.
Berzelius the chemist, xv. 188.
Besancon, the parliament of, trial of
Mirabeau before, ii. 21 — its suppression,
i. 199 — investment of, by the Allies,
xviii. 66.
Besenval, the baron, i. 313 — suppression
of the riot at Reyeillon's by, 358 — his
reception by the court, 359— ii. 88, 93 —
his inactivity during the storming of
the Bastile, 98 — interposition of Necker
on his behalf, 129— trial of, 184.
France, 355 — opens the campaign of
Landshut, xii. 217, 218 — injudicious
movements, 220, 221 — Napoleon's dis-
pleasure with these measures, 222 —
advocates retreating after the battle
of Aspern, 302 — opposes the armis-
tice of Znaym, xiii. 60 — represents
Napoleon in the marriage by proxy of
Marie Louise, 280 — xv. 366— his corps
on entering Russia, 369— movements,
&c. during the retreat, xvi. 15, 24, 50,
56, 71— at LUtzen, 217—252, xvii. 24,
INDEX.
135
Bessan, M., xi. 195, note.
Bessarabia, cession of, to Russia, xv. 182.
Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, is created mar-
shal, viii. 37(5 — commands the guard dur-
ing the campaign of Ulm, ix. 140, note —
direction of his march, 141 — at Auster-
litz, 205, 211 — commands the guard in
the campaign of Jena, x. 18, note —
disposition of his troops in Poland,
108— 136— at Eylau, 142, note— 282—
attends Napoleon at Tilsit, 316 — xi.
195, note — entry of, into Spain, 325,
329— forces under him there, 1808, xii.
29 — his first operations, 54 — successes
in Castile, 55 — 69 — movements of,
against Cuesta, 71 — at Rio Seco, 72 —
joins Joseph at Burgos, 91 — corps under
him, 147, note — at the battle of Burgos,
156— 212— defeated at St Verti, 246—252
— advance of, 1809, on Vienna, 261 —
277— at Aspern, 284, 286, 289, 290— at
Wagram, xiii. 35, 44 — is wounded
there, 46 — movements in pursuit,
56— 193— forces under him, 1810, xiii.
322, xiv. 146 — and 1811, 214, 372
— plans regarding the war in Spain,
224 — decrees issued in Navarre, 228 —
effects of these cruelties on himself,
230 — movements of, during 1811, 259
— is succeeded fh Spain by Dorsenne,
268 — xvi. 24 — opposes giving battle at
Malo-Jaroslawitz, 26 — ■ death of, at
Poserna, 211 — letter from Napoleon to
his widow, 212, note.
Bessonis, Ney's chateau, his arrest near,
xx. 25.
Bethencourt, general, vii. 236.
Beugnot, M., xviii. 369.
Beveland, occupation of, by the British,
xiii. 80— incorporated with France, 291.
Beverwick, combat at, vii. 51.
Beys, office, power, &c. of the, in Egypt,
vi. 242, 243 — murder of several, viii. 35.
Beysser, general, at Montaigut, iii. 352.
Bezalu, combat at, v. 55.
Bhurtpore, treaty of the British with the
rajah of, xi. 97 — he joins Holkar against
them, 117 — its siege bv the British, 124
—treaty with the rajah, 1805, 127, 128
— force engaged in the siege, x. 346 —
and heroism displayed by the sepoys at
it, 369.
Biala, defeat of the Poles at, v. 34 — junc-
tion of the Russian armies at, 1806, x.
132.
Bialswege, combat at, xvi. 46.
Bialystock annexed to Russia, x. 322.
Bianchi, general, at Abensberg, xii. 229 —
at Landshut, 230— at Aspern, 293—
check of Davoust by, at Presburg, xiii.
9— at Dresden, xvii. 149— at Culm, 167
— at Leipsic, 245, 259— entrance of, into
France, xviii. 65 — succeeds Colloredo,
118— at Montereau, 122, 125, 126—
movements assigned to him, 145 — rein-
forces Bubna at Lyons, 226 — at
Limonet, 226, 227 — overthrow of
Murat by, xix. 295.
Bianchini, at Tarragona, xiv. 183, note.
Biasson, a Haytian leader, viii. 171 —
attempt by him on Cape Town, 175.
Biberach, battle of, 1796, v. 295— combat
of, 1800, vii. 193— advance of Soult to,
1805, ix. 150.
Bicetre prison, massacre at the, iii. 26.
Bicoque, combat at, v. 181.
Bidarray, measures of Wellington in,
xviii. 235.
Bidassoa river, defeats of the French on
the, 1793, iv. 72 — of the Spaniards,
1794, 361 — crossing of the, by the
French in 1809, xi. 294 — defensive pre-
parations of Napoleon on the, 1811,
xiv. 259 — first battle of the, (Sau
Marcial,) xvi. 386— second battle, xvii.
341 — reflections on it, 345.
Bidet, massacre of, with others, v. 87.
Bidouz, passage of the, by the British,
xviii. 238.
Bidwell, John, xviii. 358, note.
Bienne, reunion of, to Berne, xix. 240 —
lake of, vi. 132.
Biestro, struggle at, v. 177.
Bignon, the historian, defence of the first
invasion of Portugal by, viii. 45 — de-
fence of Hardenberg by, ix. 221, note —
on the conduct of Prussia in 1806, 366,
369 — efforts of, on behalf of the prince
of Hesse Cassel, x. 75 — on the secret
articles of Tilsit, 327, 329, note— on the
suppression of the Tribunate, xi. 181,
note.
Bigorre, combat at, xviii. 255.
Bigot, M. xi. 196, note.
Bilboa, revolt at, and its suppression, xii.
99 — captured by the Spaniards, 151 —
recaptured by the French, 153, 155
— evacuated and again occupied, xv.
104.
Billaud Varennes, a leader of the Jaco-
bins, ii. 286, 296— on August 10th, 335,
352 — and at the massacres of the prisons,
iii. 18, 20 — a member of the Convention,
35 — advocates insurrection against the
Girondists, 291 — elected a member of
the committee of Public Salvation, iv.
116 — department committed to him,
117 — advocates the queen's being
brought to trial, 135— denounces Ega-
lite-, 143 — moves an increase of powers
to the committee, 184 — party there of
which he is the head, 214 — rupture
between him and Robespierre, 237 —
implicated in the atrocities of Le Bon,
256, note — 260 — his destruction resolved
on by Robespierre, 265 — he denounces
the latter, 270 — is expelled from the
Jacobins, 271 — speech of, on the 9th
Thermidor, 274, 277, 280— v. 83, 84—
is denounced by Lecointre, 87 — speech
of, in the Convention, 88 — his impeach-
ment, 94, 105 — is sentenced to transpor-
tation, 97 — his fate at Cayenne, 98.
Bingen, passage of the Rhine by the
Allies at, xviii. 67.
Bingham, captain, xix. 95.
13G
INDEX.
Birmah, force engaged in the war with,
x. 346.
Birmingham, population of, iii. 98, note.
Biron, marshal, i. 239 — defeat of, in 1792,
iii. 190 — forces under him, 199 — opera-
tions in Alsace, 219 — invasion of La Ven-
dee by, 348 — his execution, iv. 253.
Birotteau denounced by the Sections, iii.
278 — his arrest decreed, 295.
Births, statistics of legitimate and illegi-
timate, in France, xx. 53.
Bis, general, xvii. 383.
Bisbal, skirmish at, xiv. 158.
Biscay, cruelties of the French in, 1794, iv.
364 — operations in, 1795, v. 55— -de-
scription of the province, its physical
features, &c, xii. 5 — constituted by
Napoleon a military government, xiv.
140 — insurrection and operations in,
1813, xvi. 318.
Bischofswerda, capture of a convoy at,
1813, xvii. 189.
Bischofswerder, M. iii. 155, 191.
Bishop, colonel, defeat of the Americans
by, xix. 104 — victory and death of, 126.
Bisson, general, xii. 341 — atrocities of, in
the Tyrol, 342 — capitulation of, at Inns-
pruck, 344 — trial of Hofer before, xiii.
120.
Bistrom, colonel, xvi. 40.
Bitsch, fortress of, ii. 217, iii." 199— de-
fence of, by Oudinot, vi. 327, note.
Bizanet, general, defence of Bergen -op-
Zoom by, xviii. 210, ei seq.
Blacas, M.j heads the absolutists after the
Restoration, xix. 216 — minister of Louis
XVIII., 228 — preparations against Na-
poleon, 261— withdraws to Ghent, 296.
Black forest, advance of Moreau to, 1796,
v. 279— retreat of the archduke Charles
through it, 284 — and of Moreau, 294,
et seq. — retreat of the French through
it, 1799, vi. 335 — is occupied by Mack
in 1805, ix. 138.
Black hole of Calcutta, the, xi. 3.
Black Rock, destruction of American post
at, xix. 126 — defeat of the Americans at,
134.
Black sea, Russian fleet on the, xv. 251.
Blackwood, captain, ix. 77, note — at Tra-
falgar, 80.
Bladensberg, battle of, xix. 151, 152.
Blair, rev. Dr, xviii. 421, 422.
Blaizot, M. ii. 162, note.
Blake, general, movements of, on the
French communications, xii. 69 — op-
poses giving battle, 71 — defeated at Rio
Seco, 72— forces under him, 148 — cap-
tures Bilboa, 151 — danger of his situa-
tion, 152 — is defeated at Tornosa, 153
— again at Espinosa, 154 — and again at
Reynosa, 155 — forces in 1809, xiii. 169
— resumes offensive operations in
Aragon, 193 — at Alcaniz, 196— routed
at Belchite, 198 — measures of, for the
relief of Gerona, 203 — is defeated at
Sespina, 209— is recalled from Cata-
lonia to Murcia, 307 — xiv. 153— pre-
parations for defence of Valencia, 190—
and for relieving Saguntum, 194 — his
defeat there, 195 — retreats to Valencia,
196 — his position there, 197 — defeated
and thrown back into the town, 199—
attempts to cut his way through to Ali-
cante, 200— but capitulates, 201— at
Albuera, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250— con-
dition of his troops, 255 — is detached
toward Seville, 263 — operations in
Andalusia, 264 — retreat of, before Soult,
265.
Blakely, captain, xix. 138.
Blakeney, colonel, xiv. 252.
Blanc, Mont, vi. 127, 134.
Blanchelande, Louis Philippe, execution
of, iii. 279.
Blankenburg, defeat of prince Louis at,
x. 27— residence of Louis XVIII. at,
xviii. 112.
Blaye, loyalty of the garrison of, xix. 278.
Blenheim, the, at Cape St Vincent, v.
343.
Bligh, captain, at Basque Roads, xiii.
162.
Blindheim, passage of the Danube by
Moreau at, vii. 199.
Blockaded ports, principles of the Nor-
thern confederacy regarding, vii. 355.
Blois, bishop of, firmness of, iv. 154.
Blois, desertion of Marie Louise at, xviii.
382.
Bloxen, capture of, by the British, xvi.
192.
Blucher, field-marshal prince, forces
under, during the campaign of Jena, x.
18, note, 24— at Auerstadt, 41, 42, 45
— his corps after that battle, 57 — is
joined by General Winning, 58— strata-
gem by which he eludes Klein, 59 note
— is pursued to Lubeck, 59 — where he
is shut up, 60— and defeated, 61 — re-
treats to Rat Kau and surrenders, 63 —
opinion of, as to the resurrection of
Germany, 87 — a member of the Tugend-
bund, xi. 249 — xii. 370 — forces under
him, and their position, 1813, xvi. 189,
202, 203, note — advance of, toward
Dresden, 195— at Ltitzen, 213, 217— at
Bautzen, 236, 241, 245, 246— retreat
from Bautzen, 254 — 'army of Silesia
under him, its strength, composition,
&c. xvii. 87, 88, 386— his parentage and
early history, 88 — his first exploits in
arms, 89 — his character and military
qualities, 90 — concord between him and
Gneisenau, 93 — 124 — his first operations
after Pleswitz, 132 — operations in
Silesia, and successes there, 134 — re-
treats before Napoleon, 135 — instruc-
tions to him, and ability with which he
fulfilled them, 136 — Napoleon abandons
the pursuit of him, 140 — movements
against Macdonald, 175 — whom he
defeats at the Katzbach, 176— his con-
duct there, 181 — Napoleon again ad-
vances against him, 189— and he falls
back, 190 — operations against Mac-
INDEX.
137
Blucher, continued.
donald on Napoleon's retiring, 206 —
again retires on the latter advancing,
207— crosses the Elbe, 219— and defeats
Bertrand, 220 — advance of Napoleon
against him, and his junction with
Bernadotte, 225 — subsequent opera-
tions, 226— false movement of Berna-
dotte, and danger in which it places
both, 227 — his forces at Leipsic, 395 —
his position, forces, &c. at Mockern,
238— battle of Mockern, 247 — his dan-
ger on the second day, 252— at battle of
Leipsic, 258, 263, 266— movements of,
after the battle, 275— overthrows the
French rearguard, 278 — and again
defeats them at Gotha, 281 — advance
of, to the Rhine, 291 — his winter-quar-
ters, 292— his army, 1814, xviii. 46, 433
— line of invasion appointed to him, 47,
55 — feelings of, on crossing the Rhine,
57 — his passage of it, 64 — his first oper-
ations and successes, 67 — result of his
movements, 68, 70 — his continued ad-
vance, 74 — operations of Napoleon
against him, and state of his corps, 75
— battle of Brienne, 77 — narrow escape
of, there, 78 — disposition at La Rothiere,
81 — the command intrusted to him
there, and battle, 82 — his conduct at
it, 86 — separation of his army from
Schwartzenberg's, and operations as-
signed to him, 88— occupies Chalons, 90
— his progress towards Paris, 91 — his
movements in Champagne, 92 — plans
against Macdonald, ib. 93 — his instruc-
tions to Sacken, 98— his anxiety during
the battles of Champaubert and Mont-
mirail, 101 — is joined by Kleist and his
detached corps, ib. — advances to join
Sacken, 102 — battle of Vauchamps, ib. et
seq. — ordered to rejoin Schwartzenberg,
123 — reorganisation of his army, 134
— enters into communication with
Schwartzenberg, 135 — opposes the ar-
mistice of Lusigny, 138— plan proposed
for marching on Paris, ib. 139 — move-
ments assigned to him, 144, 145 — his
advance toward the capital, 146 — reaches
Meaux, 167 — moves toward Soissons, ib.
175 — his danger there, and capitulation
of that town, 176— joined by Bulow
and Winzingerode, and resolves on
battle, 178 — moves to Craone, 180— his
position there, 181 — battle of Craone,
183 — takes post at Laon, and disposi-
tion there, 190— battle of Laon, 192—
his inactivity after it, 198 — review of
his troops there, 203— joins the grand
army, 312 — line of advance on Paris
assigned to him, 315 — operations against
Marmont and Mortier, 318 — his ad-
vance on the capital, 325, 326— passes
the Marne, 330 — visit of, to Great
Britain, 411 — forces under him, 1815, on
the return from Elba, xix. 283, 307, 308,
404 — his position and views, 308, 310,
314 — his reception of Bourmont, 314,
note — Napoleon's advance against him,
315 — position of Ligny, and his disposi-
tions there, 317 — battle of Ligny, 319/ —
his personal danger, 322 — his losses, 323
— retreats towards Wavres, 331 — advan-
tages gained by the direction of his re-
treat, 335 — measures concerted with
Wellington regarding Waterloo, 340 — ■
during the advance to it, 354, 355 — his
operations there, 363, 370, et seq. —
meeting with Wellington during the
battle, 371 — his losses during these bat-
tles, 372 — on his conduct during the
campaign : he was taken unawares at
its commencement, 376— was misled by
false information, 377 — effect of earlier
concentration of his forces, 379 — his
conduct at Ligny, 382, 383 — his ad-
vance towards Paris, xx. 5 — successes
on the route, 6 — terms at first insisted
on by him for its capitulation, 8 — his
total losses during the Waterloo cam-
paign, 9 — his entry into Paris, 11 — at-
tempt to destroy the bridge of Jena, 13
— forces of, at Paris, 20.
Blucher, colonel, taken prisoner, xvii.
204.
Board of control for India, the, xi. 35
■ — Lord Melville's presidency of, 61.
Bober river, retreat of the French behind
the, xvii. 132 — passage of, by the Allies,
134 — they are again driven across it,
135.
Bobrinsk, retreat of Bagrathion to, xv.
293, 294.
Bocage, description of the, iii. 317.
Bocca Romana, the duke of, vi. 197, 198.
Bochetta, combats at the, vii. 59, 60, 209,
211.
Bock, general, before Salamanca, xv. 48,
at Trabancos, 53 — charge of, after Sala-
manca, 68 — at Vitoria, xvi. 332.
Bodiskoff, admiral, xv. 196.
Bodon, combat of, xiv. 275.
Boehmer, the court jeweller, i. 305.
Boemenkirch, check of Moreau at, v.
285.
Bogaz, defeat of the Turks at, viii. 4.
Boggiero, Don Pedro, murder of, xiii.
184.
Bogota, government of, xiv. 332 — dimi-
nution of its population, 359, note.
Bogue, captain, death of, xvii. 265, note.
Bohemia, state of, on the accession of
Leopold, iii. 130 — formerly a province
of Poland, v. 1, 22 — way in which ac-
quired by Austria, ix. 103 — extent and
population of it, 107 — attachment of
the inhabitants to Austria, 105 — gene-
ral features, population, &c. of, 109—
character of the inhabitants, 111 — civil
government of, 127 — preparations of
the archduke Charles in , 1800, vii. 275
— designs of Mack for reaching, ix. 149
— escape of the archduke Ferdinand
to, 155— retreat of the archduke Charles
to, xiii. 56 — mission of St Cyr to, in
1813, xvii. 69— army of, 1813, 94, et seq.
138
INDEX.
Bohemia, continued.
— march of the Allies into, 115, 131—
entry of Napoleon into, 132 — he again
advances into it, 202.
Boileau, arrest of, decreed, iii. 295.
Boildeau, general, xviii. 434.
Bois, M. du, i. 339.
Bois de Boulogne, encampment of the
British in, xx. 11.
Bois le Due, capture of, by the French,
1794, iv. 368— defeat of them near it,
372 — occupation of it by them, xviii.
205 — its capture by the Allies, 131,
207.
Boisgelin, M. i. 331.
Boishue, M. de, death of, i. 353.
Boissy d'Anglas, a leading Thermidorian,
v. 85 — heroism of, 101 — measures pro-
posed by him relative to subsistence, 108
— report by him on a constitution, 112
— transported, vi. 106 — recalled, vii.
173.
Bolingbroke, intimacy of Voltaire with,
i. 138.
Bolivar, capitulation of, at Gerona, xiii.
207.
Bolivar, Don Simon, early career and cha-
racter of, xiv. 343 — his first successes
and cruelties, 344, 345 — is driven to
Jamaica, 347 — joined by the British
auxiliary force, 348 — victory of, at
Carabobo, 350 — submission of the coun-
try to him, 351 — his passage of the
Andes, and invasion of Peru, 353.
Bologna, excitement in, 1796, v. 201 —
occupied by the French, 202 — and re-
volutionised, 221 — cession of, to France,
244 — cession of, to Venice, vi. 20 — and
to the Cisalpine republic, 50, 53.
Bolsano, capture of, by the French, 1797,
vi. 12 — defeat of Loison at, 1805, ix.
178 — defeat and capture of Lemoine at,
1809, xii. 341.
Bolton, captain, at "Waterloo, xix. 358.
Bombay, extent and population of, x. 345,
note — the village system in, 360 — in-
vasion of the Mysore from, xi. 23.
Bon, Le, see Le Bon.
Bon, general, at Figueras, 1794, iv. 363 —
accompanies Napoleon to Egypt, vi.
241 — at the Pyramids, 261, 262 —
storming of Jaffa by him, 289 — at
Mount Thabor, 297, 298— at the assault
of Acre, 299— his death there, 301.
Bons des Trois Quarts, issuing of, in
France, vi. 78.
Bonami, general, xv. 348.
Bonaparte, see Buonaparte.
Bonchamps, M. de, a Vendean leader,
iii. 325 — character of, 333 — forces under
him, 338— at Thouars, 340— at Fon-
tenay, 341, 342 — plans proposed by him
after Saumur, 346 — at Chantonnay,
349 — plans of, subsequently, 350 — at
Torfou, 351 — defeated at Erigny and
at Torfou, ib. — successes of, against
Kleber, 352 — at Chatillon, 355 — at
Cholet, 356, 357— is mortally wounded
there, 358 — his humanity, and death, ib.
359.
Bonchamps, madame de, escape of, iii.
374, 386.
Bondy, combat in the forest of, 1814,
xviii. 332 — advance of the British to,
1815, xx. 6.
Bonn, advance of the French to, iv. 367.
Bonnemere, Aubin, ii. 96, 97.
Bonnernain, general, xviii. 221.
Bonnet, general, at Burgos, xii. 156 — ope-
rations of, in Galicia, xiii. 217 — defeats
Ballasteros, 218 — operations in Asturias,
248 — evacuation of that province, 1811,
xiv. 259 — reoccupies it, 280 — xv. 6, 14
— junction of, with Marmont, 49, 50 —
at Salamanca, 63 — is wounded there, 68
— at Bautzen, xvL 240 — forces under,
1813, xvii. 384.
Bonnet d' Or, regiment of, at Culm, xvii.
166.
Bonnier, M. , demands of, in the negotia-
tions between France and England, vi.
49— murder of, 336.
Bonnier, general, xi. 196, note.
Bontains, general, vii. 33.
Boondee, cession of, to the British, xi.
132— restored to Holkar, 133.
Bordeaux, archbishop of, ii. 62, 86.
Bordeaux, the parliament of, suppressed,
L 199— Vergniaud deputy for, ii. 282—
royalist reaction at, in 1793, iv. 119 — ■
Girondist movement in, 120— atrocities
of Le Bon in, 258 — royalist committee
at, 1814, xviii. 110 — proceedings of the
royalists, 249 — arrival of the due de
AngoulSme and proclamation of Louis
XVIII. 251 — military operations in
1814, 281— embarkation of the British
army at, 282 — royalist movements in,
during the Hundred days, xix. 277 —
legitimate and illegitimate births, &c
in, xx. 53.
Bordesoult, count, forces under, 1813,
xvii. 385— at Leipsic, 244 — appointed to
command of a cavalry corps, xviii. 91 —
at Vauchamps, 104 — at Valjouan, 122 —
319.
Borghese, prince, marriage of, to Pauline
Buonaparte, ix. 339 — reinforces Auge-
reau at Lyons in 1814, xviii. 225.
Borghetto, defeat of the Neapolitans at,
1799, vi. 189— defeat of Suchet at, 1800,
vii. 214 — check of the French at, in
1814, xviii. 217 — and of the Austrians,
218.
Borgo san Dalmazzo, defeat of the French
at, vii. 58.
Boringdon, lord, xiv. 28.
Borissow, preparations of the Russians at,
xv. 273— movement of their forces on,
xvi. 5, 6 — captured by Tchichagoff, 46—
check sustained by him at it, 57— battle
of, 62.
Borki, combats at, x.- 313, note.
Bormida, valley of, occupied by the
French, 1795, v. 54 — revolt in, vi. 180
—combats on the, 1799, vii. 57.
INDEX.
139
Bornos, skirmish at, xv. 42.
Borodino, description of field of, and the
Russian position on it, xv. 337 — battle
of, 345 — its magnitude, 352 — want of
vigour displayed by Napoleon at it, 353,
354— distressed condition of the French
after it, 355 — appearance of the field,
356 — repassed during the retreat, xvi.
29.
Borosdin, general, the corps of, 1812, xv.
370— at Borodino, 344.
Boroughs of Flanders, democratic spirit
of the, i. 82 — their overthrow at the
battle of Resebecque, 83.
Boroughs of France, rise of the, and its
effect on the development of freedom,
i. 79 — their privileges, ib. — democratic
spirit of, 83.
Borowsk, destruction of, by the French,
xvi. 28.
Borstel, general, blockade of Magdeburg
by, xvi. 195— joins Bulow, 260 — at
Gross Beeren, xvii. 184, 185— at Denne-
witz, 193— operations of, 1814, in Flan-
ders, xviii. 209— blockade of Wesel by,
289.
Borstell, combats at, viii. 271.
Borysthenes, passage of the, by Bagra-
thion, xv. 296.
Bosnia overrun by the Russians, xv. 158.
Bosniak Aga, the, see Hassan.
Bosphorus, scenery of the, xv. 137 — clos-
ing of it against Russian vessels, x.
217.
Bossuet on ecclesiastical spoliation, xiii.
138.
Bostandji Bashi, murder of the, xv. 151.
Boston, city of, xix. 37.
Bothnia, expulsion of the Russians from,
xv. 196 — cession of, to Russia, 203.
Bothnia, gulf of, passed by Barclay on the
ice, xv. 202, 288, 289.
Bott, a demagogue, v. 339.
Boucerf on the feudal services, i. 250.
Boucher, R£ne\ ii. 325.
Boudet, M. ii. 238.
Boudet, general, at Marengo, vii. 251—
in St Domingo, viii. 186 — defeat of
Dessalines by, 189 — brought up to the
Elbe, x. 259— at Wagram, xiii. 35, 40.
Boufflers, the countess, i. 147.
Bougainville, M., vi. 231.
Bouille\ the comte de, i. 266 — firmness of,
ii. 127 — state of the troops under him,
205 — his character, 215— difficulties of
his situation during the revolt at Nancy,
216 — marches against that town, 217 —
and puts down the revolt, 218 — thanks
voted to him, 219— 231— the royal family
resolve to flee to him, 237 — his prepara-
tions, 238 — measures at Varennes, 243 —
retires from France, 251.
Boulak, storming and massacre of, viii. 10.
Boulatoff, general, xv. 176.
Bwulay de la Meurthe, xviii. 334, xix. 304.
Boulogne, preparations at, 1801, for the
invasion of England, viii. 49 — attack
oa the flotilla by Nelson, 50 — works at
the harbour of, 165 — preparations for
invasion, 1803, 276, et seq. — various
attacks on the flotilla, 291 — military
f£te at, 317 — dispersion of the flotilla on
that occasion, 319 — statement of the
armament, ix. 44 — the camps at, 47 —
and organisation of the flotilla, 50 —
breaking up of the armament, 75.
Boulon, defeat of the French at, iv. 74.
Bourbon, the archbishop, xiv. 126.
Bourbon, the due de, opposes the dupli-
cation of the Tiers Etat, i. 348, note-
denounced by the mob, ii. 78 — emi-
grates, 137 — during the Hundred days,
xix. 263— ^abortive efforts in La Vendue,
281.
Bourbons, restoration of the, views of the
Allies regarding, in 1801, vil 332, 333
— movement in their favour, 1814, xviii.
108— views of the Allies at Chatillon
regarding their restoration, 151, 152 —
proclamation of the, at Bordeaux, 250,
251— first efforts of their partisans on
the capture of Paris, 356 — fervour in
their favour, 376, 377.— See also Louis
XVIII.
Bourbon, isle of, subjugation of, by the
British, xiii. 166.
Bourbotte, a Jacobin, report on La Ven-
dee by, iii. 359 — preservation of general
Marceau by, v. 292, note— trial and
execution of, 104.
Bourcard, marshal, defeat of, by the
French, vi. 189, 190.
Bourcier, general, xiii. 9.
Bourdon de 1'Oise, a leading Jacobin,
character of, iv. 237, note — urges an
insurrection against the Girondists, iii.
291 — opposes Couthon's motion regard-
ing the Revolutionary tribunal, iv. 235
— his destruction resolved on by Robes-
pierre, 263 — opposes the printing of
Robespierre's last speech, 270 — on the
9th Thermidor, 280— aids in arresting
Robespierre, 284 — a leading Thermido-
rian, v. 85 — transportation of, to
Guiana, vi. 107 — his death there, 108.
Bourdon, Leonard, iii. 30 — character of,
iv. 237, note — his arrest decreed, 264,
note— on the 9th Thermidor, 280.
Bourg, recapture of, by the French, xviii.
224.
Bourg Eberach, defeat of the Austrians
at, vii. 283.
Bourges, proposed meeting of the Giron-
dist deputies at, iii. 281— exactions of
Laplanche in, iv. 127.
Bourgoin, mademoiselle, xii. 141.
Bourlier, bishop of Evreux, xvi. 150.
Bourmont, general, heads the insurgent
Bretons, iv. 391 — victory of, at Mans,
vii. 86 — submission of, to Napoleon,
165 — forces under, 1813, xvii. 384 —
at Nogent, xviii. 118— defection from
the Bourbons, xix. 268 — desertion to the
Allies, and his reception by Blucher, 314.
Bournonville, general, forces under, 1792,
iii. 198 — at the defence of the Argonne
140
INDEX.
Bournonville, continued.
forest, 203— joins Dumourier, 207— at
Valmy, 208 — at Jemappes, 223 — plans
of, on the Rhine, 234— condition of his
army, 236 — becomes minister at war,
261 — is arrested by Dumourier, iv. 31
— joins Napoleon against the Directory,
vii. 95 — at the council for deliberating
on the settlement of France, xviii. 361
— a member of the provisional govern-
ment, 365.
Bourrienne, M. de, Napoleon's early in-
timacy with, v. 137 — secret views of the
latter in 1797 as stated to him, vi. 234
— accompanies Napoleon to the coast,
1797, 237 — communications of Napoleon
to him, regarding the Egyptian expedi-
tion, 241, 242 — and relative to the siege
of Acre, 302 — accompanies Napoleon
back to Europe, 314 — conversation with
him before the 18th Brumaire, vii. 99
— efforts of, to save count de Frotte, 165
— exculpation of Spencer Smith by him,
viii. 303 — opinion of, as to the death of
Pichegru, 360 — conversation with Na-
poleon on Ouvrard and the contractors,
ix. 333 — conversation of Blucher with
him on the resurrection of Germany,
x. 87 — contributions exacted by him
from Hamburg, 164 — account by him
of the pillage under the Berlin and
Milan decrees, xi. 154 — his oppressive
government of Hamburg, 173, 238 —
at the council for deliberating on the
settlement of France, xviii. 361 — minis-
ter under Louis XVIII. xix. 228.
Bourrienne, madame de, v. 144.
Bourse of Paris, state of the, in 1793, iv.
160 — construction of the new, x. 105.
Boussard, general, xiii. 314.
Boutot, secretary to Barras, vii. 106.
Boutourlin, colonel, xvii. 228 — statement
of the French losses in Russia by him,
xvi. 84.
Bouvet, admiral, disasters sustained by,
in the invasion of Ireland, v. 313 —
invasion of Guadaloupe under, viii. 194.
Bouvet de Lozier. condemnation of, viii.
364— is pardoned, 366.
Bouvion, general, xiv. 178.
Bow, effects of their superiority in, in the
wars of the English, i. 59, 60 — its want
in the Scottish and French armies, 60 —
attempts to introduce into the latter, 81.
Bower, general, at Vimeira, xii. 113.
Bowes, general, death of, at Salamanca,
xv. 47.
Boxer, capture of, by the Enterprise, xix.
118.
Boxtel, skirmish at, xi. 51.
Boyeldieu, general, xvii. 383.
Boyer de Rebeval, general, xviii. 91 —
wounded at Craone, 188— at battle of
Paris, 342.
Boyer-Fonfrede, M. iii. 278.
Boyer, fort, capture of, by the British,
xix. 171.
Bozest, combats at, xvi. 46.
Brabant, early freedom of, and its decline,
i. 31.
Bracco, check of the Austrians at, vii. 55.
Bradford, general, at Vitoria, xvi. 336—
at the Nive, xvii. 369.
Braga, combat at, xiii. 214.
Brahilow, fortress of, xv. 142, 148 — repulse
of the Russians before it, 158 — captured
by them, 159.
Braine la Leude, combat at, iv. 348.
Braithwaite, colonel, xi. 22.
Brandenburg, electorate of, x. 2 — popula-
tion of it, 7, note — originally a province
of Poland, v. 22.
Brandy wine, Lafayette at battle of, ii. 31,
note.
Braschart, skirmish at, xviii. 207.
Braschi, cardinal, vi. 175.
Braunau, investment of, by the French,
1805, ix. 169— capture of, 179 — con-
tinued occupation of it by them, 374,
378, xi. 250— evacuated, 251.
Braunsberg, capture of, by the French,
x. 263.
Braus, defeat of the Austrians at the, vii.
243.
Bray sur Seine, position and forces of
Oudinot at, xviii. 93.
Brazil, plateau of, xiv. 294 — empire of,
314— its agricultural riches, 315— popu-
lation, 1810, 324 — statistics of commerce,
1808 to 1836, 374— importation of slaves
into, x. 193 — departure of the royal family
of Portugal for, xi. 307.
Bread, regulations regarding, in Paris, iv.
159, 170.
Bread-fruit, the, xiv. 309.
Breaking on the wheel, i. 178, 179, note.
Breaking the line, the controversy regard-
ing, iv. 320 — advantages of it, as shown
on the 1st June, 327 — its application
as shown at Trafalgar, ix. 96.
Breard, a member of the committee of
general defence, iii. 269, note — and of
that of public salvation, 271, note.
Breda, capture of, by Dumourier in 1793,
iii. 257, iv. 25 — besieged by the Dutch,
29— by the French, 1794, 371.
Bregentz, check of the French at, xii. 357.
Breglio, defeat of the Austrians at, 1800,
vii. 244.
Bremen occupied by Prussia, 1801, vii. 385
—by the French, 1803, viii. 272— their
exactions in, ix. 370, xi. 155, 238 — in-
surrectionary movements in, xvi. 185 —
position of Vandamme at, 1813, 188 —
cruelties of the French in, 194.
Bremerlehe, capture of, by the British,
xvi. 192.
Bremner, M., on Russia, xv. 236, note.
Brenner, pass of the, vi. 134, xii. 313, 315
—its importance, 332, 333— battle of
the, xiii. 112.
Brennier, general, at Vimeira, xii. 113,
115 — taken prisoner, 115 — evacuation of
Almeida by, xiii. 351 — xv. 14 — at Sala-
manca, 58, 60, 64 — at Liitzen, xvi. 215
— wounded there, 217.
INDEX.
141
Brenta, importance of the, v. 167 — valley
of the, xii. 316.
Brescia occupied, 1796, by Napoleon, v.
196 — excitement and revolt in, 201 — re-
captured by the French, 209 — revolt of,
against Venice, vi. 25— defeat of the
insurgents, 28 — finally revolutionised,
34 — ceded to the Cisalpine republic, 53
— captured by the Allies, 363.
Breslau, population of, x. 4, note — be-
sieged by Jerome, 82 — captured, 125 —
departure of Frederick William to, 1813,
xvi. 117 — interview between him and
Alexander there, 125— capture of, by
the Allies, xvii. 132.
Bressuire, the Vendeans at, iii. 332 —
massacre at, 338.
Brest, tumults at, 1790, ii. 220— squadron,
strength of, and arrangements regard-
ing it, 1805, ix. 53 — naval action near, 68
— improvements of the harbour, &c.
xi. 148 — naval preparations at, xvi. 157.
Bretagne, power of the dukes of, i. 80.
Bretueil, M. de, violent views of, ii. 79 —
becomes prime-minister, 85 — emigrates,
137— negotiates in 1789 between Louis
XVI. and the Allies, iii. 151, 154—
arranges the king's flight, ii. 237.
Breton club, the, the germ of the Jacobins,
ii. 39— its origin, 40, 184, 284.
Breton nobles, conduct of the, 1788, i.
331 — dissensions between them and the
Tiers Etat, 352.
Bretons, abandonment of their privileges
by the, ii. 139.
Br6ze\ M. de, ii. 67.
Bribery, prevalence of, in Russia, xv. 253.
Briche, general, xviii. 435.
Bridges, sums expended by Napoleon on,
xvi. 153, 154, note — those prepared by
him for passing the Danube, xiii. 7.
Bridport, lord, defeats the French fleet
off Belleisle, v. 59 — commands the
channel fleet in 1797, 330— mutiny of it
under him, 332 — vi. 387.
Brie, disturbances in, during 1789, ii. 49
— advance of the Allies to, 1814, xviii.
119.
Brieg, occupation of, by the French, 1799,
vi. 353 — defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
24 — capture of, by the French, x. 126.
Brienne, Etienne Charles Lomenie de,
archbishop of Toulouse, heads the oppo-
sition against Calonne in the Notables,
i. 291 — succeeds him in the direction of
the finances, 292 — his previous career
and character, 293 — his speech on dis-
missing the Notables, 294 — first finan-
cial measures proposed, and resistance
of the parliament, 312, etseq. — banishes
the parliament, 315 — compromise be-
tween them, 316 — loans proposed by
him, 317 — promises the convocation of
the states-general, ib. — made archbishop
of Sens, 319 — amount of his prefer-
ments, 320 — his proposed Cour Pleniere,
ib.— his Six Edicts, 325— difficulties of
his situation, 327 — convokes an assem-
bly of the clergy, ib. — deficit in the
finances under him, 186, note — edict
for the convocation of the states-gene-
ral, 332 — edict respecting payment of
the public creditors, 335 — which causes
his fall, 336, 337— his retirement, 337—
and death, 293, note.
Brienne, the comte de, i. 293, note — at-
tack on him, 338.
Brienne, military school of, iv. 66, note
— Napoleon's education at it, v. 135.
Brienne, advance of Blucher to, 1814,
xviii. 67— battle of, 77.
Brienz, lake of, vi. 132.
Brigandage, first outbreak of, in France,
ii. 49.
Brighton, democratic tendency in, i. 193,
note.
Brignole, the marquis, xviii. 34.
Brindisi, occupation of, by the French,
vii. 326.
Brisbane, captain, capture of Curacoa by,
x. 214.
Brisbane, general, at Plattsburg, xix.
162.
Brisgau, the, ceded to Modena, vii. 328 —
viii. 213— in 1805, ceded partly to
Baden and partly to Wurtemberg, ix.
224.
Brissac, marshal de, i. 217, ii. 298.
Brissac, due de, murder of, iii. 30.
Brissot, Jean Pierre, parentage, early his-
tory, and character of, ii. 282 — his first
appearance, 253 — a leader of the revolt
in the Champs de Mars, 254 — heads the
Girondists, 277, 278 — denunciation of
the emigrants by, 299 — advocates slave
emancipation, 307, 308, viii. 171, 175 —
denunciation of the king by him, ii. 332
— iii. 14 — is in favour of a federal re-
public, 36 — heads the war party in the
legislature, 164, 165 — speeches on the
subject, 165, 166 — his efforts to force it
on, 167 — advocates foreign propagan-
dism, 175 — his opinion of the propagan-
dist decree issued by the Convention,
176 — language of, toward the Belgians,
229— is denounced, 271, 278— his arrest
decreed, 295 — his trial and condemna-
tion, 296— his death, 299.
Bristol, population of, iii. 98, note.
Britain, see Great Britain.
British North America, see Canada.
British India, see India.
Britons, prostration of the, under the
Romans, i. 50 — their subjugation by the
Anglo-Saxons, 51 — restoration of their
national character, ib. — contests with
the Danes, 53.
Brittany, loyalty of the peasantry of, i.
195 — suppression of the parliament of,
199 — the states-general of, and their
powers, 269— disturbances in 1788, 330
—and again in 1789, 352, ii. 49 — enrol-
ment of volunteers in, 50 — disturbances
on the division into departments, 187 —
royalist insurrection in, 1792, iii. 322 —
its suppression, 323 — arrival of the
142
INDEX.
Brittany, continued.
Vendeans in, and their reception, 360
— Girondist insurrection in, iv. 120 —
commencement of the Chouan war in,
391 — renewed insurrection, 1799, vii. 85
— final suppression of the civil war in,
165.
Briviesca, retreat of the French to, xv.
84.
Brivio, forcing of the passage of the Adda
at, vi. 364.
Brixen, cession of, to Austria, 1803, viii.
213 — defeat of the Bavarians near,
1809, xii. 340 — occupation of it by them,
xiii. 118 — capture of, by the French,
1813, xvii. 317.
Brock, general, capitulation of general
Hull to, xix. 101— death of, at Queens-
town, 103.
Broglie, marshal the due de, i. 246— ap-
pointed commander-in-chief, ii. 76, 80 —
and subsequently minister at war, 85 —
inaction of, during the storming of the
Bastile, 98 — denounced by Mirabeau,
110— emigrates, 137.
Broglio, measures of the Austrians at, vii.
309.
Broke, captain, capture of the Chesapeake
by, xix. 114.
Bron, general, taken prisoner at Aroyo
de Molinos, xiv. 283.
Bronykowski, general, defeat of, at Minsk,
xvi. 46.
Brooke, colonel, at Bladensberg, xix. 152
— commands after Ross's death, and
victory before Baltimore, 155 — retreats,
156.
Brottier, a royalist, heads the conspiracy
of 1796, vi. 91— transported, 107— his
death, 108 — his object the re-establish-
ment of the throne, 112.
Brougham, lord, parentage and early life
of, xiv. 87 — his character as a states-
man, 88 — his failings in that capacity,
89 — as an orator, 90, 91 — and as a
writer, 92 — arguments of, on the neutral
rights question, vii. 341 — in the debate
on the orders in council, xiv. 77 — his
arguments against them, 78.
Broussard, general, at Albufera, xiv. 198.
Broussier, general, operations ofj in Car-
inthia, xii. 274 — combat of, at Gratz,
xiii. 17 — reaches the grand army at
Lobau, 23 — at Malo Jaroslawitz, xvi. 22.
Brown, general, captures Queenstown,
and is defeated at Chippewa, xix. 146 —
taken prisoner, 148.
Browne, colonel, murder of, viii. 289.
Browne, colonel, at Burgos, xv. 89.
Bruch, combats in the pass of, xii. 93.
Brueys, admiral, vi. 36, 239, 246 — position
of, at Aboukir, 270— battle of Aboukir
or the Nile, 272 — his death there, 275
— correspondence with Napoleon rela-
tive to the removal of the fleet, and
defence of him against Napoleon's
charges, 278, note.
Brueys, madame, vi. 275, note.
Bruges, occupation of, by the French in
1792, iii. 225— camp formed at, ix. 44.
Bruhl, palace of, xvi. 207.
Bruill6, defeat of the French near, iii. 219.
Bruix, M., minister of marine, vi. 387.
Brun, M. le, iii. 179.
Brunck, general, viii. 193.
Brune, general, succeeds Menard in
Switzerland, vi. 151 — capture of Berne,
153 — correspondence with Napoleon
relative to Switzerland, ib. note — com-
mands in Holland, 1799, 323, vii. 4,
43 — is defeated by the British, 46 — at-
tacked by the combined forces, 47 — and
again defeated at Schorl, 50 — conven-
tion entered into for the evacuation
of Holland, 52 — pacification of La.
Vendue by, 165 — forces under him in
1800, 182 — operations concerted with
Macdonald, 310 — first operations in
Italy, 1800, 312— passage of the Mincio,
313 — and of the Adige, 316 — further
successes, 317 — armistice of Treviso,
321 — is created marshal, viii. 376 — and
sent as ambassador to Turkey in 1804,
316 — reserve under him at Boulogne,
ix. 75— conversation of, with the King
of Sweden, x. 258, note — capture of
Stralsund by, xi. 252 — captures Danholm
and Rugen, 254 — disgraced, ib.
Brunet, general, vii. 243.
Brunn, advance of Napoleon to, ix. 196.
Brunswick, the duke of, appointed com-
mander-in-chief of the Allies in 1792,
and his character, iii. 192 — his secret
views, ib. 193 — his sense of the dangers
of the invasion, 194 — advance and first
proclamation, ii. 338, iii. 196 — its
effects on the cause of the monarchy,
ii. 339 — tardiness of his advance, iii.
200, 201 — captures Verdun, Longwy,
&c. 200 — anticipated by Dumourier at
the Argonne, 201 — his inefficient move-
ments, 204 — interposes between Du-
mourier and Paris, 208 — is repulsed at
Valmy, 209 — secret negotiations be-
tween him and Dumourier, 210 — terms
insisted on by him, 211 — effect of these
negotiations upon the campaign, 212 —
convention for the retreat of the Prus-
sians, 215 — his retreat, 217 — losses sus-
tained by him, 218' — repassage of the
Rhine, 221 — operations on that river,
235 — his conduct of the campaign, 238
■ — operations of, on the Rhine, in 1793,
iv. 35, 36 — his inactivity after the fall
of Mayence, 67 — victory of, at Per-
masin, ib. — and again at Weissenberg,
68 — continued inactivity of, 70 — his
opinion as to the failure of the Allies,
72 — effect of his advance into France
on the Revolution, v. 129 — views of
Sieyes regarding him, vii. 94 — forces
under him in 1805, ix. 143— council of
war held, and his irresolution, 174 —
army under him, on the opening of the
campaign of Jena, x. 18, note — his
character as a general, 19 — preparatory
INDEX.
143
Brunswick, continued.
movements of, 24— renounces the offen-
sive, which he had at first assumed, 26—
council of war called by him, 27, note —
his forces, 31 — the army again divided,
and he moves on Auerstadt, 31, 40 — is
defeated there, 41 — and mortally
wounded, 43 — severity of Napoleon to-
ward him, 73, 74, note — his death at
Altona, 74.
Brunswick, Frederick William, duke of,
son of the above, insurrectionary move-
ment of, in 1809, xii. 3(54, 373— procla-
mation, 373 — his character, 374 — is
driven into Bohemia, xiii. 9 — opera-
tions of, in 1813, xviii. 47 — death of, at
Quatre Bras, xix. 331.
Brunswick, government of, by the French,
x. 77.
Brunswick man-of-war, the, at the 1st
of June, iv. 323, 324, 325.
Brussels, capture of, by the Flemish in-
surgents, iii. 130 — assemblage of emi-
grants at, 159 — occupied by the French
in 1792, 225— by the Allies in 1793, iv.
37— evacuated by them, 1794, 348— and
occupied by the French, 350 — evacua-
tion of, by the French in 1814, xviii.
90, 209— festivities at, before Waterloo,
xix. 317— march of the British from, 323.
Bruyeres, general, death of, xvi. 253.
Bruyset, M., death of, iv. 89.
Bubna, M. de, xiii. 106, note — envoy
to Napoleon in 1813, xvi. 230, 231, xvii.
63.
Bubna, general, forces under, 1813, xvii.
94— at battle of Leipsic, 262, 264, 265—
forces under, during campaign in
France, xviii. 46, 432 — line of invasion
assigned to him, 54 — entrance of, into
France, 65 — and his first operations,
66 — retreats toward Geneva, 130 — ope-
rations near Lyons, 222 — captures
Chambery, 223 — again retires toward
Geneva, 224— defeated in front of it,
226 — efforts of, to secure Ney's escape,
xx. 25.
Bucentaure, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 85, 87.
Buchan, general, at St Pierre, xvii. 376.
Bucharest, capture of, iii. 149 — captured
by the Russians, x. 220 — gains of Rus-
sia by the treaty of, xv. 262 — it is com-
municated to Napoleon, 308.
Budberg, baron, becomes Russian minis-
ter, ix. 381 — applications for aid made
by him in 1806 to England, x. 247, note
— correspondence with the British am-
bassador, 252, note — negotiations with
Great Britain in 1807, xi. 272.
Buenos Ayres, capture of, by the British,
ix. 359— is recaptured, 361— again at-
tacked, 1807, x. 210, et seq. — descrip-
tion of the Pampas of, xiv. 303— its
population in 1810, 324— cattle in, 328
— revolt of, against Spain, 339 — defeat
of the royalists before, 340 — its com-
merce, 374.
Buffalo, burning of, xix. 134.
Buffalona, passage of the Tessino by Murat
at, vii. 238.
Buffon, madame de, i. 319.
Buffon, execution of the son of, iv. 248.
Bug river, the, v. 3 — passage of the, forced
by Napoleon, x. 113 — passage of the,
by the French, 1812, xv. 285 — the
Austrians driven across, xvi. 45.
Bugeaud, colonel, xx. 20.
Bulgaria, province of, allotted to Russia
by Tilsit, x. 328, 330— state of the in-
habitants, xv. 126 — its unhealthiness,
and advantages of this to Turkey, xv.
147.
Bullion, circulation of, again permitted in
France, v. 107 — amount coined in Great
Britain, 1792 to 1816, xiv. 367— pro-
duce of the South American mines,
376, 377.— See also Cash, Specie, &c.
Bullion committee, the, xiv. 59 — debates
iu parliament on its report, 60, et seq.
— error of the, 70 — results which would
have followed the adoption of its reso-
lutions, 113.
Bulow, general, xvi. 119, 127 — forces
under, 1813, 189 — advance of, to
Dessau, 194 — blockades Magdeburg,
197— capture of Halle by, 223— partisan
successes, 259 — defeat of Oudinot by,
260— forces under him, 1813, xvii. 87,
124, 389— check of, at Thyrow, 183—
at Gross Beeren, 184, 185— at Denne-
witz, 192, 193, 194— his conduct there,
197 — begins the siege of Wittenberg,
208, 220— at battle of Leipsic, 265, 266
—and at the assault, 269, 271 — ad-
vances toward Holland, 294, 310 —
operations there, 312 — forces under,
1814, xviii. 47, 433 — commences the in-
vestment of Antwerp, 69, 70, 207 — cap-
ture of Bois-le-Duc by him, 131, 207—
advance of, into France, 209 — is placed
under the orders of Blucher, 144 —
junction of, with Winzingerode, 176 —
and with Blucher, 178 — is detached
from Craone to defend Laon, 181— at
the battle of Laon, 191, 193, 196 —
forces under him in 1815, xix. 404— his
arrival at Waterloo, and operations
there, 354, 364, 368, 369, 370.
Bulwer, Sir E. L., i. 311— error of, in his
delineations of vice, iv. 207.
Bunbury, colonel, xviii. 229.
Bundelcund, invasion of, by Holkar, xi.
113 — operations in, 1805, 129 — cession
of, to the British, 132.
Bunker's hill, Collingwood at the battle of,
v. 354.
Bunny, madame de, ix. 183, note.
Buntzlau, advance of Kutusoff to, and
his death there, xvi. 115 — destruction
of a French division near, xvii. 179.
Buol, general, xii. 352, 353 — evacuates
Innspruck, xiii. 109.
Buonaparte, Eliza, viii. 356 — created
Duchess of Lucca Piombino, ix. 27, 37,
339 — defection of from her brother in
1814, xviii. 37.
144
INDEX.
Buonaparte, Jerome, cowardice and nar-
row escape of, ix. 352 — operations under,
in Silesia, 1806, x. 82' — appointed
governor of that province, 126— defeat
of Kleist by him, 272 — capture of Glatz,
273 — is created king of Westphalia,
323, xi. 237 — xii. 217, note — insurrec-
tionary attempt in his dominions, 1809,
360 — successes of, in Westphalia, 1809,
xiii. 9 — Hanover severed from his domi-
nions, xv. 214 — army of, during the
campaign of Moscow, 277 — passage of
the Niemen by, 285 — operations against
Bagrathion, 293— defeats of, and Na-
poleon's displeasure against him, 294 —
is removed from his command, ib. —
flight of, from Westphalia on Cherni-
cheff's invasion of it, xvii. 209 — final de-
thronement of, 293 — departure of, from
France in 1814, xviii. 383 — at (Juatre
Bras, xix. 327— and Waterloo, 345.
Buonaparte, Joseph, v. 142, vi. 93 — revo-
lutionary proceedings at Rome, 167 —
instructions of his brother to him re-
garding these, 168 — and of Talleyrand,
169 — retires to Florence, 170 — vii. 91 —
intrigues of, for overthrowing the Direc-
tory, 94, 95, 100— refuses the crown of
Italy, ix. 26 — overruns the Neapolitan
dominions, 337— is created king of the
Two Sicilies, 339 — amnesty published
by him, 345— -reforms introduced, 346—
his sovereignty at Naples recognised by
Tilsit, x. 323— is called to the throne of
Spain, and compelled to accept it, xi.
361 — arrives at Bayonne, and is there
proclaimed king, 363 — declaration of
the notables in his favour, xii. 41 — pro-
clamation to the Spaniards, and consti-
tution, 42 — his reception by the nota-
bles, 43 — his journey to Madrid, and
reception, 44 — his first ministry, 45 —
retreats from Madrid on the battle of
Baylen, 91 — measures for suppressing
the insurrection in Bilboa, 99 — his re-
turn to Madrid, 165— submission of the
higher classes to, xiii. 170 — reception at
Madrid on his return to it in 1809, 211
— measures of, for meeting Wellington.
238— battle of Talavera, 239, et seq.-~
moves against Venegas, 251 — victory at
Almonacid, 253 — and at Ocana, 257 —
intercepted letters of his, 293— intercep-
tion of his revenue by the generals, 307
— invasion of Andalusia by him, 308 —
enters Seville, 309— visit to Cordova, Se-
ville, &c. xiv. 140 — efforts of, to prevent
the dismemberment of Spain, 141 — his
poverty, &c. 142 — he resigns the crown,
but is induced to resume it, 143— jea-
lousy between him and the marshals,
222— pecuniary necessities to which re-
duced, 223— intrigues of the Cortes with
him, 236— 289— advances to join Mar-
mont, xv. 49, 51 — but falls back to
Madrid on the battle of Salamanca, 70
letter to his brother on the conduct of
the marshals, 71 — evacuates the capital
on Wellington's advance, 72 — condition
of, on retiring to Aranjuez, 75 — resolves
on falling back upon Valencia and
Suchet's army there, 80 — charges
brought against Soult, 81, xvi. 309 —
contributions levied under him in Spain,
305 — forces under, opening of 1813, 311
— interruption of his communications,
318 — Napoleon's instructions relative to
the defence of the country, 319/ — de-
tachments he is obliged to make before
"Vitoria, 322 — his retreat to that place,
325 — amount of baggage, &c. encum-
bering his army, 329 — spoliation of
Madrid by him, ib. — battle of Vitoria,
334 — narrow escape of, from capture,
340 — abandonment of, by his brother
in 1813, xviii. 31 — in 1814 is associated
with Marie Louise in the regency, 72—
induces the empress to write secretly to
her father, 300 — removes her and the
King of Rome from Paris on the ap-
proach of the Allies, 335 — left in com-
mand at Paris on the march to St
Dizier, and forces for its defence, 339 —
at the defence of Paris, 347 — departure
of, from France, 383 — is president of
the provisional government in 1815,
xix. 304 — xx. 7.
Buonaparte, madame Letitia, v. 133, xviii.
383.
Buonaparte, Louis, indignation of, at the
treatment of Georges, viii. 343 — ix. 175
— army of reserve under, in 1805, 180 —
is raised to the throne of Holland, 347
— his brother's instructions to him re-
lative to the administration of it, 348 —
capture of Hameln and Neuburg by
him, 1806, x. 65 — formation of army of
reserve under, 82, 259— recognition of
his title by Tilsit, 323 — evasion of the
Berlin decree by him, xi. 153 — his opin-
ion of it, 154 — compelled to cede Flush-
ing to France, 282 — offered the crown
of Spain, and refuses it, 332 — his arrival
at Antwerp, and preparations for its
defence, xiii. 83 — displeasure of Napo-
leon with his government of Holland,
290 — is compelled to cede part of his
dominions io France, 291 — resigns the
crown and flees, 292, xv. 209/ — depar-
ture in 1814 from France, xviii. 383.
Buonaparte, Louis, son of the preceding,
xiii. 292.
Buonaparte, Lucien, v. 142, 144 — indig-
nation of, at the despotic changes intro-
duced into Lombardy in 1798, vi. 179 — ■
vii. 91 — intrigues of, for overturning
the Directory, 94, 95, 100, 101— is pre-
sident of the Five Hundred on the 18th
Brumaire, 106, 109, 112— his intrepid
conduct on that occasion, 113, 114, 115
■ — pamphlet by, to prepare for his bro-
ther's assuming the supreme power, viii.
93 — is sent as ambassador into Spain,
ib. 94 — efforts of, on his brother's be-
half, 137 — proposal of, to Josephine,
148— -rupture of, with his brother, and
INDEX.
145
Buonaparte, Lucien, continued.
his flight, xiii. 293— xix. 304 — mea-
sures proposed by, after Waterloo, xx.
2, 3, 4, 6.
Buonaparte, Napoleon, his parentage,
birthplace, &c. i. 201, v. 133— his early
character, 134 — his residence and habits
in Corsica, 135 — at military school at
Brienne, ib. et seq. — at the Ecole Mili-
taire, and enters the army, 138 — his
personal appearance, 139 — espouses the
cause of the Revolution, ib. — his opi-
nion as to tlie volunteers of 1792, i. 110
— his opinion of Necker and the inno-
vations introduced by him, 366 — ii. 148,
249 — witnesses the outrages at the Tuil-
eries on the 20th June, and his indig-
nation at them, 328 — the erection of the
Madeleine by him, designed as a monu-
ment to Louis XVI. &c. iii. 74 — on the
character of the king, and the defection
of the Girondists, 76 — his opinion of
the Poles, 137— and of Carnot, iv. 49—
on frontier fortresses, 107 — his opinion of
Robespierre, 136, 266,notes, and of Nero,
204 — his first military services, iv. 96,
319, v. 140 — on the cruelties at Toulon,
iv. 102 — commencement of his intimacy
with Junot and Duroc, v. 140, 141 —
Junot's and Dugommier's opinions of
him, 141 — is appointed to command the
artillery in Italy, ib. — his first services
there, iv. 356, 358, 389, v. 142— refuses
the command of the national guard
under Robespierre, ib. — danger of, from
his connexion with the latter, 143 — is
arrested, but liberated, and his life at
Paris, ib. — his poverty at this time, 144 —
commands on the 11th Vendemiaire, 123,
145 — humanity after his victory, 125 —
his ready popular wit, 146 — character of
Murat by him, 147 — his first acquain-
tance with Josephine, ib. — their mar-
riage, and he receives command of the
army of Italy, 150 — its state, 167 — his
first proclamation and plan, 174 — vic-
tory at Montenotte, 175— at Millesimo,
176— atDego, 177— first notices Lannes,
178 — and his character of that general,
179 — enters Italy, and his danger, 180
— battle of Mondovi, 181 — treaty with
Sardinia, 182, 183 — its importance to
him, 184 — proclamation, ib. — his de-
signs, 185 — crosses the Po, and opera-
tions against Beaulieu, 186, 187 — terms
imposed on the duke of Parma, and
begins the seizure of works of art,
187— at the bridge of Lodi, 188— effects
of his victory there, 189 — enters Milan,
and proclamation there, 190 — com-
mencement of his system of making war
support itself, 192 — the Directory's
jealousy of him, 193 — suppression of the
insurrection of Paris, 195 — movements
in pursuit of Beaulieu, 196 — language
toward Venice, 197 — his conduct to-
1 ward it, 199 — conditions imposed by
him on it, 200 — blockade of Mantua, ib.
VOL. XX.
— resolves on operations against south-
ern Italy, 201 — operations against
Rome, and its submission, 202 — views
on Genoa, 203 — overruns Tuscany,
views regarding it, 203, 204 — measures
to bring on a rupture with Venice, 204
— preparations to meet Wurmser 205 —
position, &c. of his forces, 207 — his
danger, 208 — arrests Quasdanovich at
Lonato, 209 — defeats Wurmser there,
210 — narrow escape at Castiglione, 211 —
victory at Medola, 212 — causes of his suc-
cesses, 213 — resumes the siege of Mantua,
214 — is joined by Kellermann, 215 — re-
sumes the offensive, 216 — advances
against Wurmser, 217 — victory at Prim-
olano, 218 — narrow escape at Cerra, 219
— shuts up Wurmser in Mantua, ib. 220
— amount of his successes, ib. — succours
received by him, 221 — first operations,
222— letter from the Directory to him,
ib. note — advances to Rivoli, 223 —
defeated at Caldiero, 224 — his situation,
and new plans, 225— victory at Areola,
226 — his danger there, 228— ruse prac-
tised on Alvinzi, 229 — repels David-
ovich, ib. — opposes Clarke's negotia-
tions for peace, 233 — reinforcements re-
ceived by him, 234 — again advances to
Rivoli, 235 — victorious there, 236 — ope-
rations against Provera, 239 — results
of the previous movements, 240 — his
measures in pursuit, 241 — continues to
oppose Clarke's negotiations, 242 — sur-
render of Mantua, 243 — marches on
Rome, and treaty of Tolentino, ib. —
his ultimate views in it, 244 — retrospect
of the campaign, 245 — causes of its suc-
cesses, 246 — his system of war, 247— com-
parison ofthiscampaigH and that of 1796,
300— he is the incarnation of the Revo-
lution as to its internal passions, iv. 299
— efforts made to gain Kosciusko, v. 31
—his opinion of Charette, 266 — compari-
son of Moreau as a general with him,
275 — his characters of Desaix and Kle-
ber, ib. note.
Preparations for 1797, vi. 1 — his
forces, 2— and plans for it, 3 — dangers
incurred in these, 4 — his first opera-
tions, 5 — proclamation, 6 — comparison
between him and the Archduke Charles,
7 — crosses the Tagliamento, 8 — suc-
cesses in Carinthia, 9 — enters Germany,
II — is joined by Joubert, and danger
of his situation, 14 — letter proposing
peace, 15 — successes against the re-
treating Austrians, 16 — agrees to armis-
tice of Leoben, 18 — negotiations at
Judemberg, 19 — his treachery toward
Venice, 24, 32, note — his objects re-
garding that state, 25 — subsidies, &c.
insisted on from it, 26 — language used
by him toward its government, 29, 30 —
declares war against it, 33 — retrospect
of his last successes, 43 — his residence
at Montebello, 44 — measures for revo-
lutionising Genoa, 45 — conclusion of
146
INDEX.
Buonaparte, continued.
the negotiations with Austria, 50, 51 —
his pretended security and real fears,
51 — the spoliation of Venice his act,
52, et seq. — correspondence with the
Directory on that subject, 52, note —
contributions levied by him, 54 — his
motives for the treaty of Campo Formio,
55 — review of his conduct toward
Venice, and its perfidy, 57 — his cor-
respondence regarding it, proclamation,
&c. ib. et seq. notes — light thus thrown
on his moral character, 59 — and influ-
ence of the Revolution upon this last,
61 — his opinion of the Theophilanthro-
pists, 80 — 93 — his views before the 18th
Fructidor, and resolves to support the
Directory, 99 — proclamation in their
favour, 100 — he is the real author of
that revolution, 109 — his correspon-
dence with them on the subject, 110,
note — disapproved of their after severity,
110, 111 — measures for revolutionising
Switzerland, 144 — his journey through
it, 145 — his share in the revolutionising
and subjugation of it, 146, 147, note —
correspondence with the democratic
party there, 147, note — and with Brune
regarding it, 153, note — resolves on the
Bubjugation of the Roman states, 165,
166, 167 — compels the dismissal of Pro-
vera, 168 — correspondence with Ber-
thier, 171 — offer made to him by the
Austrian government, 219 — first reveals
his intention of overturning the Direc-
tory, ib. — his early appreciation of the
importance of Egypt, and maturing of
his ideas on it, 228— his last proclama-
tion to the Italians, and departure for
France, 229 — commencement of his
friendship with Desaix, 230 — his mode
of life at Paris, ib. — his reception by
the Directory, 231 — and speech on that
occasion, 232 — fetes in honour of him,
233 — his private views at this period,
234 — secret views of the Directory re-
garding him, 235 — his growing aver-
sion to Jacobinism, 236 — tour to the
coast, 237 — persuades the Directory to
undertake the expedition to Egypt, 239
— preparations for it, ib. — his share in
the spoliation of Switzerland, ib. note — ■
his objects in this expedition, 240 — and
companions in it, ib. — is impelled by
necessity to it, 241 — proclamation and
last act before sailing, 242 — during the
voyage, 243, 245, et seq. — surrender of
Malta, 244 — narrow escape from Nel-
son, 246 — landing in Egypt and cap-
ture of Alexandria, 247 — proclamation
there, ib. — his policy, and proclama-
tion to the inhabitants, 255 — perfidy
toward Turkey of this invasion, 257 — ■
advances towards Cairo, ib. — passage of
the desert, 258 — at Chebreiss, 259 —
battle of the Pyramids, 261 — arrival at
Cairo, and his proceedings there, 263 —
proclamation of the scheiks in his
favour, 264 — his civil administration,
265 — affects the Mussulman faith,
discontent among his troops, 266 —
repulsed at Salahieh, 267 — intrigues
with Ali Pasha, ib. — his treachery to-
ward Turkey, 268— battle of the Nile,
271 — letter to madame Brueys, 275,
note — incorporates the prisoners libe-
rated by Nelson with his troops, 277 —
his correspondence with Brueys before
the engagement, 278, note — effects of the
destruction of the fleet on his schemes,
279 — his firmness, 282 — measures for
maintaining Egypt, 283 — narrow escape
at the Red Sea, 285 — proclamation to the
Egyptians, 286 — executions of Mame-
lukes and others, ib. 308, note — the
invasion of Syria, and his ultimate de-
signs in it, 286" — his forces for it, 287 —
passage of the desert, ib. — storming and
massacre of Jaffa, 289 — arrives before
Acre, 292 — capture of his battering
train, 294 — commences the siege, 295 —
advances to meet the Turks, 296-— then-
defeat at Mount Thabor, 297 — resumes
the siege of Acre, 299 — compelled to
raise it and retreat, 302 — designs this
failure frustrated, and his adherence
through life to these views, ib. 303 —
proclamation on raising the siege, and
disasters of his retreat, 304 — the poison-
ing of the sick at Jaffa, 305 — state of
Egypt during his absence, 307 — his re-
turn to Cairo, and discontent in the
army, 308 — is recalled to Aboukir by
the landing of the Turks, 309 — his vic-
tory there, 311, et seq. — learns the dis-
asters which had occurred in Europe,
and abandons Egypt, 313 — his voyage,
314 — lands in Corsica, and reaches
France, 315 — probable fate of his East-
ern empire, 316 — effects of his absence
on the campaign of 1799, 325, 326 —
defence by him of Nelson, 390.
Character of the archduke Charles
by him, vii. 69 — circumstances which
induced his return from Egypt, 91 — his
arrival at Frejus, 92 — and journey to
Paris, 93 — his reception by the Direc-
tory, ib. 94 — junction of all parties to
support him, 95 — their views, and his
dissimulation, 96 — his efforts to gain
Gohier and Moulins, 97 — resolves on
joining Sieyes, 98 — measures resolved
on, 99 — tries in vain to gain Berna-
dotte, ib. — but is joined by Moreau and
others, 100 — measures finally arranged,
101 — his efforts to gain all parties, 102
— his demeanour and proceedings on
the 18th Brumaire, 104 — his speech at
the bar of the Ancients, 105 — pamphlet
in favour of him, ib. — directs the ar-
rest of Goher and Moulins, 107 — danger
of his position, and speech before the
Ancients, 110 — enters the Five Hun-
dred, and scene there, 112 — dissolves
them by force, 113 — is appointed First
Consul, and his proclamation upon the
INDEX.
147
Buonaparte, continued.
Revolution, 108, 115 — his clemency,
116 — formation of the constitution,
117 — rupture between him and Sieves
on it, ib. — supreme power vested by
it in him, 119, 121 — appointments in
administration made by him, 122 — in-
terview between him and Sieyes, 123 —
his views on the destruction of the
clergy, 125 — letter from him to the
British government proposing peace,
and reply to it, 134, 135 — his views on
the necessity of conquest to him, 149 —
his resolution to overthrow England,
151 — measures adopted to revive credit
in France, 162 — effects of his govern-
ment, 163— pacification of La Vendee,
ib. — execution of Count Louis de
Frotte, 164 — his efforts to detach Russia
from the alliance, 165 — military pre-
parations, 166 — measures for extin-
guishing the Revolutionary fervour, 168
— suppresses the liberty of the press,
169/ — fixes his residence at the Tuileries,
170 — pageant on this occasion, 171 — re-
sumption of court etiquette there, 172—
recall of the emigrants, 173 — his in-
veteracy against the Jacobins, ib. —
organisation of the secret police, ib. —
comparison of his system of government
and that of Constantine, 174, 175 —
eulogy by him on Washington, 176 —
his designs of architectural embellish-
ment, ib. — suppresses the fete com-
memorating the execution of the king,
178 — elevation of Tronchet by him, ib.
— correspondence between him and
Louis XVIII. ib. — formation of the
army of reserve at Dijon, 181 — and
measures for reinforcing the army of
Italy, 62— his plans, 183, 204— jealousy
of him entertained by the army of the
Rhine, 184 — appoints Massena to com-
mand before Genoa, 205 — organisation
of the army of reserve, and prepara-
tions for passing the Alps, 224 — de-
vices employed to conceal its strength,
225 — resolves on attempting the St
Bernard, 227 — interview between him
and Necker, 228 — measures for the
passage and proclamation on it, ib. —
description of it, 229 — comparison be-
tween it, and those of Hannibal, &c. vi.
70, vii. 231 — is arrested by the fort of
Bard, 232— device by which it is passed,
234 — passage of the Alps by the re-
mainder of the army, and advance of
Melas, 236 — various plans, ib. — re-
solves on advancing to Milan, 237 —
entrance into that city, 238 — is joined
by Moncey, and his outposts move to
the Po, ib. — proclamation, 239 — disper-
sion of his forces, and plans for inter-
cepting the Austrians' retreat, 240 —
victory at Montebello, 242 — his posi-
tion at Stradella, 245 — preparatory
movements, 246 — battle of Marengo,
247 — his conduct toward Kellermann,
254 — armistice of Alessandria, 255,
256 — returns to Milan, and from thence
to Paris, 257 — resurrection of France
under him, 259 — causes of this, 260 —
his conduct in this campaign, 263 —
circumstances which led him to receive
battle at Marengo in Echelon, 266 —
consolidation of his power by these suc-
cesses, 268 — negotiations with Austria,
270 — proposes a naval armistice to
Great Britain, 271— this last negotia-
tion is broken off, 272, 273 — plot of
the Jacobins, and its detection, 273 —
military preparations, ib. — alliance of
Pius VII. with him, 279 — confiscates
the English merchandise at Leghorn,
280 — overthrow of the independence of
Switzerland by him, 281— recommences
hostilities, ib. — on the battle of Hohen-
linden, 292, note — plans of, for the
campaign in the Grisons, 300 — views
regarding Macdonald, 301 — instruc-
tions to that general, 302 — depreciation
by him of Macdonald's achievements,
308, 309, notes — his indignation at the
armistice of Treviso, 321 — terms granted
by him to Naples, 324 — introduction of
the continental system, 325 — his in-
structions to Soult regarding Naples,
326 — the treaty of Luneville, 328, et
seq. — proclamation issued on it, 330 —
character of his conquests and their re-
sults, 332 — his hostility to Great Britain,
333 — introduction of his system of ex-
torting supplies, 334 — measures toward
the United States, 348 — alliance with
the emperor Paul, 351 — warm advances
of the latter to him, 354 — schemes con-
certed between them against India, 385,
386, note — his indignation against the
Baltic powers, 397.
State of the army in Egypt, and his
instructions to Kleber, viii. 1 — letter of
the latter to the Directory regarding
him, 2, 3 — letter from him to the Grand
Vizier, 2, note — his conduct on receiv-
ing intelligence of the battle of Alex-
andria, 26 — characters of Reynier and
Menou by him, 27, note — naval exer-
tions for the relief of Egypt, 38 — his joy
at the first battle of Algesiraz, 41 —
attack by him on Portugal, and treaty
with Spain, 45" — his object in this at-
tack, 46 — invasion of Portugal, and
conditions imposed on it, 48 — proposes
to Prussia the appropriation of Hanover,
49 — his preparations for the invasion of
England, ib. — Fulton offers to him his
invention of steam vessels, 52 — the peace
of Amiens, 54, et seq. — treaties conclud-
ed with Turkey, Bavaria, the United
States, <fec. 59 — internal state of France
on his accession , 82 — means at his dis-
posal for the reconstruction of society,
83 — he resolves on attempting it, 84 —
explosion of the infernal machine, 85 —
which he ascribes to the Jacobins, 86,
et seq. — measures against that body, 90,
148
INDEX.
Buonaparte, continued,
et seq. — creates the duke of Parma king
of Etruria, 92 — measures to prepare the
public mind for his assumption of the
crown, 93 — his views on the lists of
eligibility, 94 — his arguments in favour
of the Legion of Honour, 96, 100 — its
institution, 102, 103 — he is created First
Consul for ten years, 104 — his views
regarding religion, 105, 106 — arguments
in the Council of State in favour of
a church establishment, 107 — passes the
Concordat with the Pope, 108 — his de-
meanour, &c. at the ceremony on that
occasion, 110 — his difficulties with the
high church party, 112 — his speech on
the conclusion of the Concordat, 113 —
and subsequent opinions on the subject,
115 — his views for the restoration of
their property to the emigrants, 116—
and his policy toward them, 117 —
partial restoration of their property, 118
— his original designs regarding this, ib.
— and his subsequent opinion on it, 120
— measures for public instruction, 122,
et seq. — principles of his system of it, 123
— rewards to science instituted, 124 —
measures for recruiting the army and
navy, 125 — the Ecole Militaire, 126,
note — views on colonial government,
126 — changes introduced into the Ca-
dastre, 130— -his indignation at the lan-
guage of the Tribunate, 132 — municipal
changes, 133 — his scheme for modifying
the Tribunate, 134 — resolves on assum-
ing the consulate for life, 136 — majority
in favour of it, 140 — on Lafayette's
letter regarding it, 141 — his answer to
the message of the Senate, 142 — his
speech on the lists of eligibility, &c. ib.
— formation of the new constitution,
144 — powers conferred on him by it,
145 — his court at this time, 146 — sup-
presses the ministry of police, 149 — and
removes Fouche" from its head, 150 —
correspondence of Louis XVIII. , and
offers of the latter to him, 152 — forma-
tion of the Code Napoleon, 153, et seq.
— ability displayed by him i?i the discus-
sions on it, 156 — his opinions with
regard to women, 161 — effect of his
measures, 162 — difficulties of his task,
163 — public works set on foot by him,
164 — he resolves on the invasion of St
Domingo, 167 — confirms Toussaint in
his authority there, 179 — but determines
on the subjugation of the island, 180 —
his preparations for the enterprise, 182,
183 — his treacherous views, 192 — seizure
and treatment of Toussaint, 193 — the
island lost by his treachery, 197 — his
encroachments at this time in Europe,
200 — revolutionises Holland, 201 — re-
models the Cisalpine republic, 202 —
annexation of Piedmont to France, 205
— commences the Simplon and other
roads, ib. 206 — annexation of Parma,
Placentia, &c. 206 — negotiations re-
garding the German idemnities, 207, et
seq. — instructions regarding them, 212—
his conquests recognised by Austria, ib.
— injustice of these arrangements, 214,
215 — his projects against Switzerland,
216 — views regarding that country, 222
— changes the government there, 223 —
withdrawal of his troops from it, 224 —
again orders the invasion of it, 227, 229
— new constitution, 230, et seq. — his
final act of mediation, 233 — his admi-
nistration of it, 234 — speech by him,
detailing his views, ib. note — indigna-
tion excited by his interference, 235 —
causes of irritation against Great Britain ,
240 — attacks of the English press on
him, ib. — demands made by him, 241
— violent language toward Lord
Whitworth, 245, 248 — preparations on
his part, 249 — last negotiations and
demands of the parties, 250 — declaration
of war, 251 — he orders the arrest of the
British travellers in France, 252 — his
statement with regard to this measure, ib.
— was resolved on war, 262 — his account
of his views regarding England, 263 —
advance of his power during peace, 264
— increase of his military strength, 265
— his severity to the more submissive
states, 266, et seq. — his lenity toward
those which resisted him, 268 — his mili-
tary preparations, 270 — first develop-
ment of the continental system, 272—
overruns Southern Italy, 273 — declara-
tions against British commerce, 274 —
preparations for the invasion of England,
ib. et seq. — strength, organisation, &c.
of the flotilla of invasion, 277 — his
naval designs, 279 — estimation in which
he held Antwerp, 278, note — land forces
for the invasion, and their organisation,
280 — foreign treaties, 281 — his opinion
on the fortifying of Paris, 287 — dissen-
sions between him and Alexander, 298
— proposals to Prussia regarding Han-
over, 300 — effect of the murder of the
due d'Enghien, 301 — use made of the
affair of Drake, 302 — demands of Russia
to him, 305 — and his answer, 306 —
rupture between them, 308 — his disposi-
tion toward Austria, 309 — his imperial
title recognised by that power, 310 —
efforts made to secure the alliance of
Prussia, 311, 313 — seizure of Sir George
Rumboldt, 314 — rupture with Sweden,
315 — animosity of the Porte against
him, 316 — extension of his power in
Italy, ib. — preparations at Genoa, 317 —
internal measures of administration, ib.
— fete at Boulogne, ib. — anecdotes of
him at this time, 320 — tour round the
coast, and adulation by which he is
surrounded, 321 — measures for the ad-
vancement of agriculture, 323 — prospects
of his government, 335 — opposition to
him of the republican officers, 336 — •
conspiracy of Georges, &c. 337 — abortive
attempts to seduce Georges, ib. note —
INDEX.
149
Buonaparte, continued.
Fouche reveals the plot to him, 340 — first
examination of Georges before him, 343
— resolves on the deatli of the due d'Eng-
hien, ib. 345 — his inveteracy against
him and the Bourbons, 346, 347 — directs
the trial of the duke, 348 — his feeling
after the execution, 352 — and vindica-
tion of himself at St Helena, 353 — his
indignation with Chateaubriand, 356 —
probabilities as to his being accessory to
the death of Pichegru, 359 — his defence
of himself on the subject at St Helena,
360, note— letter from Moreau to him,
362 — his anxiety for Moreau 's convic-
tion, 363 — his clemency toward the con-
spirators, .%5 — his lenity to Moreau, 366
— his efforts to win over Georges, 367 —
death of Captain Wright, id.— resolves
on assuming the crown, 368 — his reasons
for the murder of d'Enghien, ib. — his
assumption of the crown first broached
to the Senate, 369 — adulation by which
he is surrounded, 373 — his answer to
the Senate, ib. — and key it affords to
his policy, 374 — is declared emperor of
the French, ib. — general concurrence
in this change, 375 — rank conferred on
the members of his family, and creation
of the marshals of the empire, ib. —
progress of etiquette under him, 376 —
protest by Louis XVIII. ib. — his coro-
nation by the Pope resolved on, 377 —
his reception of that potentate, 379 —
result of the appeal to the people on his
assumption of the crown, 380— crowned
with Josephine, ib. — presentation of
eagles to the army, 382 — fetes and
splendour of his court, 383 — refuses
any accession of territory to the Pope,
ib.
Necessity to him of constant war, ix.
1 — proposes peace to Great Britain, 2 —
influence of the press in his favour, 4 —
speech to the senate on peace, ib. — in-
troduction of the system of indirect
taxation, 5 — measures against Great
Britain, 25 — change of government in
Holland, 26 — he resolves to assume the
Iron crown, ib. — his first designs re-
garding the Italian republic, ib. — change
in these, and appointment of Eugene
as viceroy of the kingdom of Italy, 27,
34 — journey to Italy, 28 — pageant at
Marengo, 29 — entry into Milan, 30—
his coronation with the Iron crown, 31
— addresses to him from Naples and
Genoa, ib. 32 — his reply to the latter,
32 — incorporation of Genoa with
France, 33 — instalment of Eugene, and
constitution, 34 — popularity of his go-
vernment, and great works in it, 35 —
his progress through the Italian cities,
entry into Genoa, and fetes there, 36 —
manifesto issued by him, 42 — negotia-
tions with Hanover, 43 — continued pre-
parations for the invasion of England,
44, et seq. — new organisation of the
army, 45 — powers given by him to his
marshals, 48 — but watch kept over them,
49 — his correspondence with his officers,
50, note — organisation of the flotilla,
50 — his projects for the passage of the
Channel, 51 — convention with Spain,
and his naval preparations, 53 — orders
the squadrons to sea, 54 — his views on
the West Indies, 55 — instructions given
for the capture of St Helena, 56 — his
uncertainty relative to the movements
of Nelson, 57 — his instructions to Vil-
leneuve, 58 — success as yet of his
scheme, 59 — which is penetrated by
Nelson and Collingwood, 60 — further
instructions to Villeneuve, 61 — his
schemes are disconcerted by Sir Robert
Calder's action, 63, 64 — abandons the
project against England, and dictates
the plan of the campaign of Ulm, 64—
account by him of the action , 65 — again
orders Villeneuve to sea, and his plans
again disconcerted, 67 — final abandon-
ment of his projects of invasion, and
preparations for attacking Austria, 68 —
measures for concealing his designs
against Austria, 69 — preparations of
that power against him, ib. — corre-
spondence between them, 70, note — his
efforts to gain Bavaria, 71 — joined by
the hitter, 72 — his preparations, ib. —
movements to the Rhine, 73 — further
preparations, 74 — address to the Senate,
75 — instructs Villeneuve to leave Cadiz,
76— battle of Trafalgar, 83— and final
shock given by it to his naval power,
95 — his opinions regarding victories at
spa, ib. — probable issue had he suc-
ceeded in landing, 99 — his designs if he
had, ib. — and the probabilities of their
success, 100 — measures to induce Aus-
tria to commence hostilities, 136 —
efforts to gain Prussia, 138 — conditions
offered her by him, 139 — instructions
for the march of the army of England
toward Germany, ib. — composition of
it, and routes of the various corps, 140 —
directs the violation of the Prussian
territory, ib. — effect of these movements,
ib. — hostile measures of Prussia, 143 —
negotiations with Naples and Rome,
and proclamations, 144 — movements to
surround Mack, 145 — recompences to
the combatants at Vertingen, 147 — con-
tinues to envelop Mack, 148 — and
completes the investment of Ulm, 150
— address by him to the troops at the
Lech, 151 — preparations for a general
attack, 152 — the heights around Ulm
are carried, 155 — negotiations for
Mack's surrender, 156 — who capitulates
at first conditionally, 157 — afterwards
unconditionally, 158 — defiling of the
troops before him, ib. — his address to
the officers, and demeanour toward the
captives, 159 — message to the Senate,
160 — proclamation to the troops, 161,
— pursuit of the Austrians, and his
150
INDEX.
Buonaparte, continued.
arrival at Munich, 169— increasing irri-
tation of Prussia, 171 — advances into
Upper Austria, and retreat of the
enemy, 179 — his arrival at Lintz, and
reorganisation of the army there, 180 —
proposals of peace made to him, ib. —
measures against Kutusoff, 182— con-
tinues his march upon Vienna, ib. —
disaster sustained by Mortier, 183 —
anecdote of him, ib. note — his vexation
on Mortier's defeat, 185 — presses on to-
ward Vienna, and his instructions rela-
tive to the bridge of the Danube, 186 —
negotiations carrying on with Austria,
187 — seizure of the bridge, 189 — he
passes through the city and occupies
Schcenbrunn, 190 — his subsequent
movements, 191 — his critical situation,
and measures to meet it, 194 — contribu-
tions levied by him, 195— his forces, 196
— advances to Brunn, ib. — reconnoitres
the field of Austerlitz, 197 — danger of
his situation at this time, ib. — pre-
tended negotiations, and letter from
him to Alexander, 198 — hostile mea-
sures of Prussia, and interview of Haug-
witz with him, 200 — the Allies advance
against him, 201 — and he concentrates
his troops, 202 — his arrangements for
the battle of Austerlitz, 203, 205— night
illumination before the battle, 206 — pro-
clamation to the army, ib. note — the
battle of Austerlitz, 207, et seq. — dan-
gers of his situation after it, 214 — ar-
mistice proposed, 215 — interview with
the emperor Francis, 216 — peace with
Austria, and armistice withRussia, 217 —
conditions of the armistice, 218 — procla-
mation to the army, ib. note — his re-
turn to Schcenbrunn, 219 — his recep-
tion of Haugwitz, and treaty on behalf
of Prussia, 220, 221, note — his enmity
to Hardenberg, ib. — peace of Presburg
with Austria, 224 — his objects in this
treaty, 22(5 — he announces the dethrone-
ment of the king of Naples, ib. — his
motives for this step, 227, 228 — procla-
mation on the peace, 228, note — his
journey homeward, 229 — reflections on
the campaign, and rapidity of his suc-
cesses in it, 230 — risks which he en-
countered during it, 231 — growth of his
military power during peace, 232 — forces
he had under arms, 233 — this growth
during peace characterised his whole
reign, ib. — justification hence afforded
of the policy of Great Britain, 234 —
abilities displayed by him, and magni-
tude of his resources, 235— his opinion
of Pitt's military combinations, 247 —
consolidation of his power, 320— his re-
turn to Paris, and measures with re-
gard to the financial crisis there, 326—
letter during the campaign on the sub-
ject, 327, note — the absorption of specie
the cause of the crisis, 329, 332 —
danger to him from it, 331 — his mea-
sures to arrest it, 330— he threatens the
arrest of Ouvrard, 333 — financial
changes, ib. — report on his public works,
335 — exposition of his triumphs, and
silence as to Trafalgar, 336— his policy
as shown in this report, ib.— the Aus-
terlitz column erected to him and the
grand army, 336, 337 — statue of him
there, 337— dethronement of the house
of Naples, ib. — and elevation of his
brother Joseph to the throne, 339 —
his feelings on the battle of Maida,
343 — makes his brother Louis king
of Holland, 347 — his instructions to
the latter, 348— creation of fiefs for his
marshals, &c. ib. — his views in these
measures, ib.— audience to the Turkish
ambassador, 349 — naval operations at
this time, 350 — his change of system in
the naval war, 355— injustice done to his
admirals, 357 — his encroachments on
the continent, 365 — increasing coldness
between him and Prussia, 366— his con-
tempt for that power, 369— further mea-
sures of aggression in Germany, 370—
formation of the Confederation of the
Rhine, 371 — address on announcing it,
374 — measures to avoid an immediate
rupture with Prussia, 375— fresh um-
brage given to that power, 376— which
commences preparations for war, ib. —
renewed differences with Russia, 377
— disputes regarding the mouths of
the Cattaro, 378 — treaty concluded by
d'Oubril, which is afterwards disavowed,
379— negotiations with Great Britain,
and basis proposed, 382 — which he de-
parts from, 384 — increasing estrange-
ment between the parties, 385 — his de-
mands rise, and the negotiation broken
off, 386, 387 — his views in these negoti-
ations, 387 — commences preparations
against Prussia, 389— ultimatum offered
by that power, ib. — he sets out for the
army, ib. — effect on his fortunes of the
murder of Palm, 391.
First appearance of hostility on the
part of Spain, x. 16— he is supported by
the lesser Germanic states, 17 — forces for
the campaign of Jena, 18 — the generals
opposed to him, 19— proclamation by
him, 20 — contrast between his and the
Prussian one, 23 — language used by
him toward the Queen of Prussia, ib.
— his movements to surround the Prus-
sians, 25 — his first successes, 26 — his
expectations of a desperate resistance,
29 — movements preparatory to a gene-
ral battle, ib. — elusory proposals of
peace, 30 — his dispositions for the battle,
32 — proclamation to the troops, 33 —
battle of Jena, 35 — battle of Auerstadt,
41 — his indignation at Bernadotte, 46
— his bulletin of Jena and Auerstadt,
47 — measures to follow up his success,
50 — Leipsic decree against English com-
merce, 53 — further operations in pursuit
of the Prussians, 54— alienation of Ber-
INDEX.
151
Buonaparte, continued.
nadotte from him, ib. note — capture of
Magdeburg, 55 — detaches Saxony from
the coalition, 66 — refuses to treat with
Prussia, 67 — visits the field of Rosbach,
Potsdam, and the tomb of Frederick,
ib. — his ungenerous conduct, 68 — entry
into Berlin, 69, 70 — the affair of prince
Hatzfeld, 70 — proclamations and ad-
dresses, 72 — his severity toward the
duke of Brunswick, 73 — toward the
queen, the elector of Hesse-Cassel,
Gentz, &c. 74 — and toward the prince
of Orange, 75 — contributions on the
conquered districts, ib. — and military
organisation of them, 77 — negotiations
with Prussia, 78 — convention signed on
the part of Prussia, 79— which Frederick
William refuses to ratify, 80 -the Ber-
lin decree, ib. — operations directed in
Silesia, &c. 82 — new conscription de-
manded, ib. — other measures for
strengthening himself, 83— treaty con-
cluded with Saxony, ib.— his successes
in this campaign, ib.— talents displayed
in it, and errors committed, 84 — his
sense of his danger from Russia, 90 —
embarrassment occasioned by the Polish
question, 94 — arguments urged for the
restoration of Poland, 95 — and counter
statements against it, 97 — course adopt-
ed by him, 99 — forged proclamations
issued by him, ib. — bulletin on the sub-
ject of that country, 101— he proposes
to Austria the exchange of Gallicia for
Silesia, ib. — declarations in favour of
Turkey, 102 — proclamation on the an-
niversary of Austerlitz, 103 — directs the
formation of the Temple of Glory at
Paris, 104 — his plans for its construction,
105 — his secret design in it, 106 — efforts
to recruit his forces, ib. — contributions
levied on Prussia, 107 — disposition of
his forces, 108 — advances to Warsaw,
112— measures to repel the enemy, ib.
— forces the passage of the Ukra, 113 —
his designs in these first movements, 115
—battle of Pultusk, 117— battle of Goly-
min, 118— puts his army into winter
quarters, 121 — results of this part of the
campaign, 122 — position of his winter
quarters, 123 — measures for the main-
tenance and employment of his troops,
124 — and for completing the reduction
of Silesia, 125— his efforts to engage
Turkey in the contest, 128— his resi-
dence at Warsaw, 130 — danger of his
situation after the irruption of Benning-
sen, 135 — vigour in assembling his army,
136 — he marches for Benningsen's rear,
137 — the latter retreats, and his pursuit,
138, 139— his forces at Eylau, 141— dis-
position of them, and plan for the battle,
145 — battle of Eylau, 146 — his losses in
it, 153— his bulletin of it, 154, note-
losses subsequent to the battle, 155 —
calls in all his detachments and proposes
peace, 156, 157— falls back to the Pas-
sarge, 158— his real object at Eylau was
foiled, 159 — proclamation , ib. note —
danger of his position from Austria, &c.
161, note — new conscription, 163— ac-
tivity displayed in repairing his losses,
and further exactions in Germany, 164
— his preparations on the Rhine, 165—
his danger, ib. — his conduct of the
campaign, 167 — measures to induce
a rupture between Turkey and Russia,
215 — measures to aid the former, 228
— effects on his success of the inac-
tivity of Great Britain, 246 — attempt
of Austria to mediate, 251 — negotia-
tions with Spain, &c. and succours
obtained from thence, 254 — his
views regarding Sweden, 255 — negotia-
tions with Turkey and Persia, 259 —
measures for aiding them, and vie\\3
against India in these, 260— -commence-
ment of jealousies between him and
Turkey, 261— measures for organising
the strength of Poland, ib. — position,
&c. of his winter quarters, 262 — mea-
sures of internal administration, 265 — >
correspondence regarding the liberty of
the press, 266— design selected for the
Madeleine, 267, note — operations in
Silesia, 271 — measures for the reduction
of Dantzic, 273, 275 — position of his
forces, 281 — incursion of Benningsen,
and preparations for repelling it, 286 — ■
compels the Russians to fall back to
Heilsberg, 287 — plans he might have
followed, 288 — advances on Heilsberg,
289 — battle of Heilsberg, 291 — scene
with Lannes, &c. after it, 293, note —
he turns that position, 294 — move-
ments before Friedland, 296— battle of
Friedland, 301 — his subsequent inac-
tivity, 308, 309 — capture of Konigs-
berg, 310 — subsequent measures, 311 — <
reasons which made him agree to an
armistice, 313 — conclusion of the armis-
tice, 315— proclamation, ib. note — his
interview with Alexander on the raft
at Tilsit, 316, et seq. — the negotiations,
317 — interview between him and the
queen of Prussia, 319 — his character
of her, 320 — his demeanour toward
Frederick William, ib. note — his admi-
ration of the Russian guard, 321 —
the treaty of Tilsit, 322, et seq. — con-
tributions on Prussia, 325 — secret
articles of the treaty relative to Tur-
key, 326— and to Portugal, Spain, <&c.
327— share of Turkey allotted to him,
328 — his measures for taking possession
of these cessions, 329 — convention with
Prussia regarding the contributions,
330— losses during the campaign, 332 —
consequences of this treaty to him in
the end, 335 — useless allies he secured
by it, 336 — perfidy of his conduct to-
ward Turkey, 337 — examination of his
conduct toward Poland, 339, note — his
general conduct in the treaty, 339 — his
true object in it, 340.
152
INDEX. *
Buonaparte, continued.
Negotiations with Tippoo Saib, xi.
48 — his empire and that of Great
Britain in India, 138 — change in his
mode of hostility against Great Britain
after Trafalgar, 146 — his plan of uniting
Europe against her in the continental
system, 147 — and of employing against
her the whole continental fleets, ib. —
his Berlin decree, its terms, objects, &c.
149, 151 — issuing of the orders in
council in retaliation, 155 — issuing of
his Milan decree, 158 — not the aggres-
sor in this commercial war, 167 — ulti-
mate effects of the continental system,
170 — introduction of the system of
licenses, 171 — his return to Paris, and
excitement occasioned by it, 175 —
adulation with which he was sur-
rounded, 176 — fete in honour of the
army, 177 — suppression of the Tribu-
nate, ib. — his reasons for it, 178 — and
submission with which it was received,
179 — establishes the censorship of the
press, 181 — banishment of madame de
Stael and madame Recamier, 184 —
changes in the judicial system, 185 —
decree against connivance at British
commerce, 186 — rapid progress of cen-
tralisation, 188 — principles of his sys-
tem of government, 190 — re-establish-
ment of titles of honour, 191 — endow-
ments on his marshals, ministers, &c.
195 — system of fusion of the old and
new noblesse, 196 — general adherence
of the old to him, 197 — discontent of
the republican party at the re-establish-
ment of titles of honour, 198, 199 —
reasons which made him disregard
these, 199 — description of his court,
and progress of etiquette, 200 — advan-
tages of his government, 201 — his
revenue, and effect of the foreign con-
tributions on it, 202 — report on his
public works, 203 — statement of his
finances, 206 — his attachment to the
system of indirect taxation, 207 — new
law of high treason, ib. — state of the
prisons and their inmates under him,
208, 209 — trivial grounds of committal
to them, 210 — extent of his power, 212
— slavish obedience rendered to him,
213 — conscriptions levied by him, ib.
note — system of national education,
215, et seq. — its subservience to him,
218— ability with which he established
his power, 229 — constitution for the
grand-duchy of Warsaw, 236 — and the
kingdom of Westphalia, 237 — severity
of his treatment of Prussia, 239 — fresh
requisitions made on her, 240— his jea-
lousy of Hardenberg, 242 — demands
the banishment of Stein, 245 — acces-
sion of Austria to his continental sys-
tem, 251 — convention with Sweden,
and his displeasure with Brune for it,
254 — his determination to seize the
Danish fleet, 255 — Jomini's statement
as to his naval designs at this time, 256
— his indignation at the Copenhagen
expedition, 262 — justification of it
afforded by his after conduct, 263 —
compels Alexander to declare war
against Great Britain, 274 — alliance
between him and Denmark, 278 — op-
poses Alexander's advances in Turkey,
ib. — alienation of the latter power from
him, 279 — his journey into Italy, and
changes in its constitution, 280 — en-
croachments upon it, and on Holland,
&c. 282 — portion of Europe assigned
to him by Tilsit, 285 — his designs against
Spain and Portugal, 287 — proclamation
of Godoy against him, 290 — his dis-
simulation on this occasion, 291 — he
resolves on dethroning the sovereigns of
these countries,. 292 — stipulations re-
garding them at Tilsit, ib. — demands
made by him on Portugal, 293 — com-
mencement of his intrigues with Charles
IV., Ferdinand, &c. 297 — treaty of
Fontainbleau, 298 — his perfidy in this
treaty, 301 — his instructions to Junot
relative to the invasion of Portugal,
302, 303 — • proclamation declaring the
dethronement of the Braganza family,
306— letter of Charles IV. to him, 315—
refuses to interfere in the dissensions
among the Spanish royal family, 316 —
entrance of his troops into Spain, 317 — ■
seizure of its principal fortresses, 319—.
further preparations relative to that
country, 322 — proposes exchange of
Portugal for North Spain, 323 — hypo-
crisy toward the Spanish princes, &c.
325 — offers the crown of Spain to Louis,
332— mission of Savary to Madrid, 333
— letter to Ferdinand, urging the jour-
ney to Bayonne, 338 — arrival of the
royal family of Spain there, and his
embarrassment, 340 — letter to Murat at
Madrid, 341 — his reception of Ferdi-
nand, 349 — arguments by which he
urges the abdication of the latter, 351,
352 — interview between him and
Escoiquiz, 353 — his reception of Charles
IV. 355 — obtains the abdication of the
latter, 358 — and at last that of Ferdi-
nand, 360 — offers the throne to his
brother Joseph, 361 — his account of the
transactions at Bayonne, ib. note — pro-
clamation to the Spaniards, 363, note —
perfidy of his whole proceedings, 363, et
seq. — its ultimate consequences toward
him, 366 — apparent wisdom of his pro-
ceedings, 367 — but ultimate retribution
they brought, 368 — he was impelled to
them by his position, 369.
His army at the commencement of the
Peninsular war, xii. 15 — its state of
discipline, equipment, &c. 16 — amount
of it in Spain, 29 — breaking out of the
insurrection, 30, et seq. — proclamation
of the Junta of Seville against him, 37,
note — his measures for suppressing the
insurrection, 40 — meeting of the Spanish
INDEX.
153
Buonaparte, continued.
Notables, 41 — constitution framed for
Spain, 42 — further proceedings at Bay-
onne, 43 — he returns to Paris, 44 —
violent language toward the due del
Infantado, 45 — first measures against
the insurrection, 54 — directions given
to Savary for its suppression, 40, 69, 70,
notes — his exultation on the battle of
Rio Seco, 73 — reinforcements sent by
him to Spain, 74 — his opinion of the
capitulation of Baylen, 88 — directions
to Junot regarding Portugal, 100 — his
views of the convention of Cintra, 123
— impression made on him by the dis-
asters in Spain, 135 — threatening posi-
tion and preparations of Austria, 136* —
preparations on his part, new conscrip-
tion, &c. 137 — new treaty with Prussia,
ib. — journey to Erfurth to meet the
emperor Alexander, 138, et seq. — anec-
dotes of them during their stay there,
141, note — they visit Weimar and the
field of Jena, 142 — their secret views,
143 — tenor of these conferences, and
mutual concessions, 144 — he proposes
alliance by marriage to the Czarina,
145 — differences between them regard-
ing Constantinople, ib. — new treaty
with Prussia, 146 — returns to Paris,
and sets out for Spain, ib. — forces there,
147 — operations there previous to his
arrival, 151 — position of the opposite
forces at the time of his arrival, 153—
defeats Blake at Espinosa, Reynosa,
<fec. 154, et seq. — battle of Burgos, 155
— operations against Castanos and Pala-
fox, 156— battle of Tudela, 157— result
of these successes, and his displeasure
with Ney, 159 — movements in pursuit
of the Spaniards, and toward Madrid,
160 — forcing of the Somo-Sierra pass,
161 — capture of the Retiro, 163 — and of
Madrid, 164— measures for tranquillising
the country, 165 — proclamation to the
Spaniards, 166 — disposition and amount
of his forces, 167 — operations against
Sir John Moore, 171 — passage of the
Guadarrama pass, and retreat of the
British, 172 — he continues the pursuit in
person to Astorga, 175 — and thence re-
turns to Paris to prepare for the Austrian
war, 176 — rapidity of his journey , ib. note
— character of this campaign, 189 — re-
monstrance against the preparations of
Austria, 201 — his correspondence at Er-
furth with the emperor Francis, 202 — his
forces in Germany, 207 — general effer-
vescence throughout Germany against
him, 209 — his manifesto against Austria,
210, note — angry notes between the two
cabinets, 211 — he resolves on war, and
measures for concentrating his forces,
212 — last diplomatic communications,
215 — his plans for the campaign, 217 —
his instructions to Berthier regarding
it, 220 — joins the army, and measures
for concentrating it, 223— proclamation
issued by him, 224 — his plans, and
dangers with which they were attended,
225 — position of his troops, and his
address to the German confederates,
227— battle of Abensberg, 229— and of
Landshut, 230, 231 — his movements
preparatory to Echmuhl, 234 — battle of
Echmuhl, 236 — operations against
Ratisbon, and wound received by him
there, 241 — advantages gained by these
operations, 242 — which were due to the
rapidity of his movements, 243 — con-
ferring of military honours and rewards
at Ratisbon, 244 — proclamation, 245 —
disasters of his lieutenants and allies,
ib. — chequered character of the cam-
paign, 249 — measures for a concentric
attack on Vienna, 250 — terms of accom-
modation proposed by the archduke,
251, note — advances to the Traun, 252
— arrival at Ebersberg, 260 — and con-
tinues his advance on Vienna, 261 —
curious observations on Richard Coeur
de Lion, ib. — measures for the reduction
of Vienna, 263 — its surrender, 264—
position of his forces, 265 — his dis-
pleasure with Bernadotte, and procla-
mation on the capture of Vienna, ib.
note — chances as regards the approach-
ing conflict, 276 — he resolves on crossing
the Danube, and attacking the enemy,
277 — preparations for the passage, 279
— the archduke resolves to attack him
during it, and his danger, 282 — position
of his troops, 284 — he resolves on giving
battle, 285 — battle of Aspern or Essling,
287 — his last interview with Lannes,
298 — retreats to Lobau, 299 — council of
war held in the island, 300 — situation
of his forces in it, 301 — he resolves on
maintaining himself there, 302 — and
himself sets off for Vienna, 303 — his
conduct in this battle, ib. 304 — on his
mode of attacking in column, 305 — ■
reasons for his rashness, 307 — measures
for the suppression of the revolt in the
Tyrol, 347 — excitement against him in
Northern Germany, and outbreak of
the insurrection there, 358 — his measures
against it, 364 — his views regarding the
former campaign in Poland, 366 —
distrust on discovering the leaning of
Russia toward Austria, 368 — increased
difficulties of his situation, 371, 373 —
his forces at the commencement of this
campaign, 376.
His views after Aspern, and danger
of his situation, xiii. 1 — forces collected
in Lobau, 2 — his preparations for cross-
ing the Danube, 4 — field-works, &c.
constructed in Lobau, 5 — his real de-
signs as to the point of passage, and
measures for deceiving the enemy, 6 —
preparation of the bridges, 7 — measures
for clearing his flanks, 8 — is checked in
attempting the passage at Presburg, 9
— is joined by Marmont and Eugene,
18— amount of the forces now concen-
154
INDEX.
Buonaparte, continued.
trated, 22, 23, note— his measures for
restoring the tone of the army, 23 —
feigned preparations, 26 — the passage
effected, 27 — advantages gained by these
manoeuvres, 28 — advance over the
Marchfield, 31— battle of Wagram, 32
— his victory, 47 — nocturnal alarm, and
his danger, 48 — visits the field, 52— -and
creates Macdonald, Oudinot, and Mar-
mont marshals, 53, 54 — Bernadotte is
disgraced, 54 — movements in pursuit,
56— his arrival at Znaym, 58— armis-
tice with the Austrians, 59 — contribu-
tions levied by him, 62— his designs for
the amplification of Antwerp, 72 — his
opinion of the Walcheren expedition, 81
— returns to Vienna during the nego-
tiations, 99 — terms imposed by him, 100
— his causes for disquietude, 101 — at-
tempt of Stabs to assassinate him, and
its influence on the negotiation, 102 — ■
his views relative to a division of the
Austrian crown, 105 — he returns to
Paris, 106 — destruction of the ramparts
of Vienna, 107 — preparations for the
sujugation of the Tyrol, 116 — cruelty of
his execution of Hofer, 122 — his confis-
cation of the ecclesiastical states, 125, et
seq. — letter from him to the pope, 127 —
and reply of the latter, 128 — terms pro-
posed by him to the pope, ib. — orders
the occupation of Rome, &c. 129 — and
assumes the government of the Roman
states, 130 — annexation of the whole
ecclesiastical dominions to the kingdom
of Italy, 131 — bull of excommunication
against him, 132 — his views for the
transference of the pope to France, 132,
133 — which are hastened by the arrest .
of the latter, 133, 134— of which he
subsequently approves, 136 — adminis-
tration of the Roman states by him,
137 — great works in them, 139 —
effects of his spoliation of Rome on his
fate, 142 — rejection by Great Britain
of his proposals from.Erfurth, 144 —
effects on his continental system of the
alliance between Great Britain and
Turkey, 147 — his opinion of the enter-
prise at Basque Roads, 163 — his forces
at this time in Spain, 170 — measures
directed for the reduction of Saragossa,
172 — his instructions relative to the
campaign in Catalonia, 186 — character
of Suchet by him, 195 — arrangements
for the siege of Gerona, 199 — directs the
invasion of Portugal, 211 — his erroneous
opinion of the English forces, 212— his
displeasure with the conduct of Jour-
dan, 251 — his system of making war
support war ; its immediate advantages,
263— and ultimate results, 264 — great-
ness of his position, 272 — want expe-
rienced by him of heirs, 273 — different
alliances proposed by his ministers, &c.
274 — disclosure of the intended divorce
to Josephine, 275 — his speech on the
occasion before the senate, 276 — pass-
ing of the act of divorce, 278 — negotia-
tion for an alliance with the sister of
the Czar, ib. — proposition for the hand
of the archduchess Marie Louise, 279 —
celebration of the marriage by proxy,
280— their first meeting, 281— breach of
etiquette which took place, ib. — pique
of the emperor Alexander on the occa-
sion, 282 — his continued friendship for
Josephine, 285 — his journey with Marie
Louise to Belgium, 286— preparations
at Antwerp, Flushing, &c, and works
carried on there, ib. — catastrophe on
the occasion of his marriage, 287 — in-
trigue of Fouch6 at this time, and fall
of that minister, 288 — rupture with his
brother Louis, and incorporation of
Holland with France, 290 — proclama-
tion, and reception of his nephew, 293 —
rupture between him and Lucien, ib. —
effect upon him of the gloomy views
prevalent in Great Britain, 304 — his
preparations for the campaign of 1810 in
Spain, 305 — the whole supplies of these
armies thrown on Spain, 306 — his forces
for the subjugation of Portugal, 322 —
his instructions to Massena, 326, 327,
note — orders the attack at Fuentes
d'Onore, 346 — his error in invading at
once Portugal and Andalusia, 356.
Negotiations with Great Britain in
1811 for the exchange of prisoners, xiv.
103, 104 — his statement as to the
value of French and English prisoners,
105 — his account of the negotia-
tions regarding them, 106— extinction
of his colonial empire, 110 — his forces
in Spain, 1810, 139— his designs for the
dismemberment of Spain, 140, 141 —
negotiations relative to it, 142 — decree
organising various military governments
there, ib. — Joseph resigns the crown,
but is induced to resume it, and nego-
tiations between them, 144 — supersedes
Augereau in Spain, xiii. 316, xiv. 154—
orders the confiscation of all English
goods there, 159 — his system of military
government, 160 — instructions for the
siege of Tarragona, 165 — creates Suchet
marshal, 185 — honours conferred on
that general and his troops after the
conquest of Valencia, 204 — the successes
of this campaign in Spain, 210 — his
opinion of the importance of fortresses,
213, note — forces at this time in Spain,
214 — causes of his failure there, 215, et
seq. — dispersed condition of his armies,
217 — difficulty of their finding subsist-
ence, 218 — his difficulties constantly in-
creasing, 243 — measures directed for
raising the siege of Badajos, and defen-
sive preparations, 259 — measures for
suppressing the guerillas, 267 — new dis-
position of his forces, 268 — his project
for invading the Alentejo, 272 — the dis-
position of his forces again changed,
281 — his losses during the campaign,
INDEX.
155
Buonaparte, continued.
286, 287— his views with regard to the
war at this time, 289— his designs on
the Spanish colonies, 336.
Extent of his power in 1812, xv. 1 —
destruction of all the hostile powers, 2 —
prediction regarding him at this time, 3
— commencement of his fall, 4, 5 — his
indignation at the loss of Ciudad Rod-
rigo, 14, 15— he is deceived by Welling-
ton's measures regarding Badajos, 16 —
his indignation on its capture, 33 — which
was due to his own arrangements and
orders, ib. — letters from him to Soult
and Marmont, 34, note — incorporation
of Catalonia with France, 34— reduction
of his troops in Spain, 35— reaction there
against him of his system of making war,
108— his designs on Constantinople, 135
— surrender of Turkey to Russia by him,
156 — evasion at the Danube of his con-
tinental system, 160, 161— his designs
against her revealed to Turkey, 181 —
hangs back from aiding Russia against
Sweden, 197, — he declines the crown of
Sweden, 199 — and refuses to interfere
in the struggle between her and Russia,
202 — refuses alliance by marriage with
her, 203 — his views regarding the elec-
tion of a crown-prince, 204 — supports
the claims of the king of Denmark,
205 — but coincides in the election of
Bernadotte, 206 — his encroachments in
central and northern Europe, 209 —
annexation of the Valais, the Hanse
towns, and the duchy of Oldenburg, 210
— irritation of Russia against him, 211 —
new levy ordered by him in France, ib.
— disavows Champagny's convention
regarding Poland, 212 — and refuses to
bind himself never to restore that king-
dom, 213 — angry communications on
this subject, ib. — takes possession of
Hanover, 214 — birth of the King of
Rome, 215 — his severity toward Prus-
sia and Sweden regarding the conti-
nental system, 216 — new treaty with
Prussia, 218 — and with Austria, 219 —
his perfidy in these treaties, 220 — com-
pels Sweden to declare war against
Great Britain, 221 — his imperious lan-
guage toward that power, 222, 223 —
overruns Pomerania, 223 — his efforts to
win back Sweden, 224 — his military
preparations, and proposals of peace to
Great Britain, ib. — last negotiations
with Russia, 225 — rupture between
them, 226 — his opinion of the power of
Russia, 263 — his secret motives for the
war with her, 266 — extent of his do-
minions, 267 — enthusiasm with which
the expedition was regarded, 268 —
repugnance of the old marshals to the
war, 270 — details of his forces for the
Russian campaign, 274, 275, 369— and
of those in Spain, 369 — extraordinary
levy in France, 274 — distribution and
organisation of the army for the inva-
sion of Russia, 276 — and intended
operations of the different corps, 277 — >
his departure from France, arrival at
Dresden, and residence there, 278 — his
anticipations of success, ib. — his arrival in
Poland, measures for providing supplies,
&c. 279 — arrangements for the latter
purpose, 280 — measures to raise the
enthusiasm of the troops, 281 — his ap-
proach to the Niemen, ib. — arrival at
that river, preparations for passing it,
and proclamation to the troops, 282 —
crossing of it, 284 — losses sustained
during the advance to Wilna, 286, 287
— his arrival, and delay at that town,
290 — measures toward Poland, 291 — •
address of the Polish diet to him, 292 —
his answer, 293 — his plans disarranged
by the movements of Jerome, 294 —
compels the Russians to evacuate the
camp of Drissa, 298 — his advance to-
ward Witepsk, and concentration of
his forces there, ib. — circumstances
which made a halt again necessary;
great losses during the advance, 301 —
difficulties in providing subsistence for
the troops, 302 — condition of the corps
in the rear, 303 — his feelings with re-
gard to the proclamations of Alexander,
306 — displeasure with Oudinot, and
measures to reinforce him, 307 — he
receives intelligence of the treaty of
Bucharest, 308 — his arguments in fa-
vour of a further advance, 309, 310 —
crosses the Dniester, and moves toward
Smolensko, 312 — preparations for the
assault of that town, 315, 316— battle of
Smolensko, 317 — his entrance into the
city, 319 — his subsequent inactivity, 320
— battle of Valutina, 321 — his inactiv-
ity there, 323— his visit to the field, and
rewards, &c. bestowed, 323, 324— un-
easiness among the troops, 324 — losses
sustained during the advance to this
point, 325 — his reasons for further
advance, 326 — measures for securing
his rear, 328 — orders up Augereau to
the Niemen, and the national guard to
the Elbe, 329 — new levy ordered in
France, ib. — continues his forward
movement, ib. — order of the march,
334 — difficulties encountered in it, 335
— losses sustained between Valutina
and the Moskwa, 336 — his arrival at
Borodino, 338 — receives intelligence of
the battle of Salamanca, and night be-
fore the battle, 339 — proclamation to the
troops, 341 — his plan of attack, &c. 345
— battle of Borodino, ib. et seq. — want of
vigour exhibited by him during it, 353
— reasons which prevented his engaging
his reserves, 354 — distressed condition
of his troops at its close, 355 — he enters
Mojaisk, 357 — want of supplies and
ammunition, 358 — his arrival in view
of Moscow, 360 — and entry into it,
361 — burning of it, 363, et scq. — com-
pelled to leave the Kremlin, 365.
156
INDEX.
Buonaparte, continued.
The era in his wars now come when
the tide of conquest turned, xvi. 2 —
plans of the Russian generals, 5 — mea-
sures adopted by him to secure his
communications, 7 — attempt at nego-
tiation, 8 — ruin of the discipline of the
army, 9 — his reasons for the prolonged
stay at Moscow, ib. — losses begun to be
inflicted on him by the Cossacks, 12—
effects on the army of the plunder of
Moscow, 13 — increasing danger of his
position, and uneasiness in the army,
14 — first preparations for retreating, ib.
— difficulty of keeping open his com-
munications, 15 — he is duped by the
appearance of negotiations, 16 — the
first appearance of snow, and his pre-
parations to withdraw, ib. — marches
toward Kalouga, -19 — he orders the
destruction of the Kremlin, 21 — march
to Malo Jaroslawitz, ib. — battle there,
22 — embarrassment occasioned to him
by its result, 24 — narrow escape from
capture by the Cossacks, 25 — line of
retreat determined on, 2(5 — the retreat
from thence ; general depression of the
troops, and simultaneous retreat of
Kutusoff, 27 — continuation of his re-
treat ; his reception of general Win-
zingerode, 28 — repasses the field of
Borodino, 29 — his efforts to succour
the wounded, 30 — battle of Wiazma,
ib. — entire losses up to this time, 32 —
abandonment of the trophies of Mos-
cow ; setting in of the frosts, 33 —
increasing distress of the troops, 34 —
effects of their sufferings on them, 35 —
want of provisions, 37 — general indig-
nation against him, 38 — his arrival at
Dorogobouge, 39— receives intelligence
of Malet's conspiracy, 40 — apparent
stoicism which he displayed, 41 — his
arrival at Smolensko, ib. — efforts made
there to provide supplies, 42 — disasters
sustained on his flank, ib. — partial com-
pletion of the plan for enveloping his
army, 47 — continuation of the retreat
from Smolensko, ib. — and order of the
march, 48 — battles of Krasnoi, 49 —
terror with which his name inspired
Kutusoff, 50 — increasing disorganisa-
tion of the troops, 56 — arrival at
Orcha, losses sustained, and present
strength of the army, 57 — Kutusoff
suspends further pursuit, ib. — passage
of the Beresina, 58, et seq. — its results,
65 — issues the bulletin of the campaign,
and departs for Paris, 66, 389 — increas-
ing disorganisation of the army, 67 —
losses of the detachments which joined,
70 — his journey through Poland, and
escape from the Cossacks, 76— his ar-
rival at Warsaw, and conversation
there with the Abb<* de Pradt, 78, et
seq. — selfishness shown toward the
wounded and prisoners at Wilna, 83 —
his entire losses during the campaign,
84 — reflections on it, and on the
causes of his failure, 85, et seq. —
his delay at Moscow, and its influence
on the campaign, 91 — he had reason to
expect the submission of Russia, 92 —
military causes of his failure, 93, et seq.
— moral causes which wrought his down-
fall, 96, 97 — Prussian statement of his
losses, 110, note — sensation throughout
Europe caused by his disaster, 99 — ex-
actions on Prussia, 101 — state of the
relations of that power with him, 103 —
propositions made by its government to
him, 108 — great levy ordered in France,
109— -his indignation at Murat's deser-
tion of the army, 113 — final terms offered
by Prussia, 117, 122, 123— and alliance
of Prussia and Russia against him, 124
— his opinion of Frederick William, 125,
note — his answer to the Prussian de-
claration of war, 128 — his journey to
Paris, and arrival there, 129, 130 — con-
sternation there produced by it, 130 —
restoration of confidence, and addresses
of the capital, &c. 131 — his candid ad-
mission of his losses, ib. — the conspiracy
of Malet during his absence, 132, et seq.
— impression which it made on him,
138 — his speech upon the subject in the
council of state, 139 — arrangements
made for a regency, 141 — conscription
ordered, ib. — prepares to arrange his
differences with the pope, 142 — his ob-
ject in removing him to Fontainbleau,
143 — and his secret designs regarding the
church, 144 — his scheme of making
Paris the seat of the papal government,
145 — conferences with the pope at Fon-
tainbleau, 146— conclusion of the con-
cordat, 147 — his joy at its conclusion,
and concessions made by it, 148 — his
moderation on its being retracted, 149
— his reasons for this, 151 — his speech to
the legislative body, ib. — report on the
state of the empire which accompanied
it, 152 — sums expended on public works
under him, 153— constant efforts mak-
ing to recruit the navy, 156— losses of
military stores in Prussia and Russia,
161 — his measures to repair these, 162 —
new levy ordered, ib. — levy of the
gardes d'honneur, and maritime con-
scription, 163, 164 — entire force thus
collected, 165— seizure of the property
of the communes, ib. — progress of the
cadastre, 166 — failure of all these finan-
cial measures, and arbitrary exactions,
167 — adherence of the king of Saxony
to him, 168, 169— state of his relations
with Austria, 170, et seq. — efforts of
Metternich to allay his apprehensions,
173 — sends Narbonne as his ambassador
to Vienna, 174 — his remonstrance
against the convention of Kalisch, 176
— and answer made to this, 177— Swe-
den declares against him, 178, 179 — but
he is joined by Denmark, 180 — his
correspondence with and alienation
INDEX.
157
Buonaparte, continued.
from Murat, 181 — strength and disposi-
tion of his forces on the Elbe, 187 —
absorption of troops in the fortresses on
the Vistula and the Oder, 188— his
measures of internal administration, &c.
appointment of the empress as regent,
197 — departs for the army, 198 — efforts
to augment his forces, 199 — his defi-
ciency in cavalry and artillery, ib. 200
— leaves Mayence for Erfurth ; his
forces, and their disposition, 201 — mea-
sures there for completing the organisa-
tion of the army, 208 — his departure
from Erfurth, ib. — disorders, pillage,
&c. of tbe troops, 209 — his junction
with Eugene, ib. — passes the Saale, 210
— combat of Poserna, 211 — letter from
him to madame Bessieres on her hus-
band's death, 212, note — position and
movements of his troops, 212 — battle of
Lutzen, 213 — his danger during the
following night, 220 — his conduct in the
battle, 221 — retreat of the Allies, and
his pursuit, 223 — his arrival at Dresden,
and reception of the authorities, 224 —
his preparations for passing the Elbe,
225 — language toward Frederick Augus-
tus, ib.— passage of the Elbe, 226, 227
— return of the king of Saxony, and
his adhesion to the emperor, 228, 229 —
state of the negotiations with Austria,
ib. — ultimatum on either side, 230, 231
— secret proposals made to Russia, 231 —
treachery in these, 232 — his forces at
Bautzen, 233, 394— his plan of attack
there, 235, 237— battle of Bautzen, 237,
et seq. — combat of Reichenbach, 250 —
death of Duroc, and his anguish on the
occasion, 252 — general despondency
among his marshals, 253 — continuation
of the pursuit of the Allies, 254 — advan-
tages of his position at this time, 257 —
his reasons for desiring an armistice, 258
negotiations regarding it, 263— conclu-
sion of the armistice of Pleswitz, 265 —
talent displayed by him in this cam-
paign, 267 — error committed by him in
the armistice, 268 — his forces in Spain,
311 — his instructions to Joseph regard-
ing that country, 1813, 319— instruc-
tions to Clausel regarding the northern
insurrection there, 320 — capture of his
secret correspondence at the battle of
Vitoria, 340 — sends Soult as his lieu-
tenant to Spain, 353 — detailed state-
ments of the cost of his public works,
392.
Materials for illustrating by anecdote,
&c. his personal character, xvii. 2 —
general character of his mind, and com-
bination of good and bad qualities, 3 —
clue which his bad qualities afford to
his entire character, 4 — his great and
good ones, 5 — sketch of his general cha-
racter, 6 — mixed good and bad features
of it, 7 — mixture of generosity and sel-
fishness in it, 8 — which arose partly from
the vices of the Revolution, 9, 10 —
peculiarities and inconsistencies of his
character, 10 — his insensibility to his
faults, 11— despotic system of his govern-
ment, ib. — which was a necessary con-
sequence of the Revolution, 12 — his
policy was often contracted, 13 — effect
of this upon his own fortunes, ib. — and
way in which he frequently marred his
designs, 14 — his personal littlenesses,
15 — great military errors which he com-
mitted, 16 — especially in Germany in
1813, 17 — character of his campaign of
1814 in France, 18 — his conduct in re-
fusing peace at Chatillon, 19 — his in-
fluence over his soldiers, ib. — examples
of this power, 20 — ceremonial of deliver-
ing eagles, 20, 21 — frankness in which
he indulged the soldiers, 22— his violent
temper, but frequent forgiveness, 23 —
his power of judging of his enemies in the
field, ib. — his habits at the bivouac, 24
— consequences which resulted from his
obstinacy of opinion, 25 — bad effects of
his imperious temper, 26 — intensity with
which he clung to ideas, 27 — early de-
velopment of this character, 28 — early
tending of his views toward the East,
ib. — his low opinion both of men and
women, 29 — his amours, 30 — his powers
of mental exertion, ib. — his habits dur-
ing a campaign, 31 — his travelling
carriage, 32 — his habits on horseback,
33 — his habits in travelling and during
a campaign, 34 — custom in passing
through the troops, ib. — receipt of
despatches, and his perusal, &c. of them,
35— his antechamber during a campaign,
36 — his habits in the cabinet, 37 — and
in writing and dictation, 38 — the mili-
tary portfolio, 39 — his uniform health,
40 — his command over himself with
regard to sleep, 41 — his occasional acts
of generosity and humanity, ib. 42 — his
habits at Paris and St Cloud, 43 — his
habits at meals and in the evening,. 44
— his domestic character, ib. — his affec-
tion for his son, 45 — his conduct while
at St Helena, 46 — importance of these
details regarding his character, 47 — his
opinion with regard to the superiority
of cavalry over infantry, 48, note — his
opinion of Murat, 49 — contrast between
them in appearance and dress, ib. —
estimation in which he held Ney, 52 —
his opinion of Berthier, 54 — inferiority
of the marshals and generals to him,
55 — treaty with Denmark, 61 — negotia-
tions with Austria, 63 — interview be-
tween him and Metternich, 64 — reply
of the latter to his first statements, 65 — ■
and his rejoinder, 66 — furious attack
by him on Metternich, 67 — agrees to
the congress of Prague, ib. — effect on
the negotiations of the battle of "Vitoria,
68 — his measures to arrest Wellington
in Spain, 69 — preparations for the re-
sumption of hostilities in Germany, ib.
158
INDEX.
Buonaparte, continued.
70 — his plan of the campaign, and
measures for the defence of Dresden, 70
— defensive measures at Hamburg, 72 —
strength of the line chosen by him, 73 —
murmurs in the army against these
plans, ib. — and his answer to these, 74
importance of the position of Dresden,
75— -his forces at the conclusion of the
armistice, 76 — measures for hastening
up the conscripts, 77 — disposition of his
forces, 79 — condition of his garrisons on
the Oder, Vistula, &c. 80 — his last
reserves now in the field, 96 — total
forces at his command, 98— the nego-
tiations at Prague, 99 — preliminary
objections and delay regarding their
form, 101 — their termination, and his
views, 102 — journey to Mayence, inter-
view there with the empress, and mili-
tary preparations, ib. — the ultimatum
of Austria, 103 — and his answer to it,
104 — her manifesto, ib. — and his reply,
105 — Austria joins the alliance, 84 — his
enmity to Stadion, 113 — his last review
at Dresden, 116 — his forebodings at this
time, 117 — interview with Fouche, and
instructions to him, ib. — letter of Junot
to him, and death of that marshal, 118
— example of moral reaction afforded by
his career, 129 — causes of the retribution
which overtook him, 130 — is joined by
Murat, and advances into Bohemia,
132 — moves aside into Silesia, 133 — his
instructions to St Cyr at Dresden, 134,
note — retreat of Blucher before him, 135
— receives notice of the Allied advance a-
gainst Dresden , 139 — and returns toward
that town, 140, 141 — his instructions
to Vandamme, 142 — entrance into the
town, 143 — first day's battle, 144 — battle
of Dresden, 148, 149, et seq.— visit to
the field, and pursuit, 157 — ability dis-
played by him in this engagement, 158
— its results 159 — importance of the
part assigned to Vandamme, 164 —
battles of Culm, 165 — his project for
marching on Berlin, 171 — way in which
he received the intelligence of Culm, ib.
—he himself to blame for it, 172, 173—
battle of theKatzbach, 176 — his anxiety
for the advance on Berlin, 182 — battle
of Gross Beeren, 184 — overthrow of his
projects by these defeats, 187 — he throws
on his marshals the blame of them, 188,
note — defensive measures, 188 — posi-
tions of his troops at Dresden, 189 — he
moves against Blucher, ib. — who falls
back before him, and he returns to
Dresden, 190— his instructions to Ney,
ib. note — battle of Dennewitz, 192—
effect of these defeats upon his mind,
197 — he again resumes the offensive,
200 — and compels the Allies to fall
back, 201 — his conduct on receiving
intelligence of Dennewitz, ib. note — he
reaches the summit of the mountains,
but declines to attack the enemy, 202 —
and returns to Dresden, 203 — again
moves to the frontier and repels the
enemy, 204, 205 — once more moves
against Blucher, 206 — returns to
Dresden, 207 — partisan successes of
the Allies in his rear, 208 — reason
which compelled him to change the seat
of war, 212 — condition of his forces, ib.
et seq. — and especially in Dresden, Tor-
gau, and the other garrisons, 213 — state-
ment of his forces, 217, 383 — his views,
221, 222— leaves St Cyr in Dresden, 223
— advances against Blucher and Berna-
dotte, 225 — he and the Allies mutually
intercept each other's communications,
225 — his first successes and hopes from
them, 226— his project for transferring
the war into Prussia, 229 — arguments
of the marshals, &c. against the scheme,
229, 230— and his answer to these, 231
— the defection of Bavaria, which com-
pels him to abandon the project, 231, et
seq. — commencement of the retreat to
Leipsic, 232 — joy with which this move-
ment was regarded by the army, 233—
his arrival at Leipsic, ib. — position of
his forces, and their strength, 235, 394
— position of Ney at Mockern, 236— the
first day's battle, 240— its results, 249—
interview with Meerfeldt, whom he
sends to propose terms to the Allies, 250
— night at his headquarters, 251 —
changes made in the disposition of his
forces, 256— battle of the 18th, 259,
et seq. — night council after it, and he
resolves to retreat, 267 — his arrange-
ments for the retreat, 268 — his last in-
terview with Frederick Augustus, and
departure from Leipsic, 269 — his narrow
escape from being made prisoner: as-
sault and capture of the city, 270 — his
losses in these battles, 272— commence-
ment of his retreat, 274 — the retreat to
Weissenfels, 276 — defection of his allies,
and pursuit of the enemy, 277 — arrival
at Eckartsberg, 278 — and at Erfurth,
279 — his efforts there to reorganise the
army, 280 — continuation of the retreat,
and losses during it, 281 — sufferings
of the troops from hunger, cold, &c.
282 — march of the Bavarians to his rear,
and forces at Hanau, 283 — battle of
Hanau, 285 — his position and danger
during it, 287 — arrival at Mayence, 289
— re-passage of the Rhine, 290— goes into
winter-quarters, 292 — general overthrow
of his dynasties, 294 — deliverance of
Holland, 309, et seq. — reflections on
this campaign, 319 — ability displayed
by him in it, 320, 321 — and errors com-
mitted 321, 324 — results of his system
of making war maintain war, 323 — his
losses from this cause, 324 — hazardous
character of his warfare, 325 — causes of
its early success and" ultimate disaster,
326 — example of retribution afforded by
this campaign, 327 — error committed in
his retention of the fortresses, 337, 351
INDEX.
159
Buonaparte, continued.
discontent created against him in south-
ern France by the exactions for the
armies, 349 — notes by him on various
plans of campaign which offered them-
selves at Dresden , 392.
Results of the campaign of 1813 to
him, xviii. 1 — his return to Paris, and
first measures there, 3 — new taxes
levied by him on his own authority, ib.
— great discontent against him, 4 — and
indications of it at Paris in the tone of
the public press, &c. 5 — state of the
army on the Rhine, ib. et seq. — great
levies ordered by him, 8, 9 — his speech
to the council of state, 9 — he resolves
to abandon the line of the Rhine, 10 —
increasing severity of the conscription
laws, 11 — proposals made from Frank-
fort for peace, 19 — his answer to these,
20, et seq. — opening of the legislative
body, 22 — his speech on that occasion,
23 — unexpected opposition which breaks
out, LaineY report, and its adoption by
the chamber, 24, 25 — his speech to the
council of state, 26 — decree dissolving
the legislature, 27 — speech at the Tuil-
eries, 28 — defensive preparations, and
state of the finances, 30 — treaty of
Valencay with Ferdinand VII. ib. et
seq. — negotiations with the pope, and
his liberation from Fontainbleau, 33,
34 — negotiations with Murat, 34 — who
at last joins the Allies, 36 — general
defection from him of the members of
his family, 37 — his treatment of Switz-
erland, 41 — that country declares
against him, 43 — completion of the
European alliance against him, 44 —
forces of his opponents, 45 — and his
own, 49, 434 — their distribution, leaders,
&c. 50 — the Allied plan of invasion, 52,
et seq. — passage of the Rhine by them,
and his first measures of defence, 64, et
seq. — advantages of his position, 70 — his
preparations to repel the invasion, 71
— his devices to conceal his weakness,
ib. — his final dispositions for admini-
stration, &c. 72 — speech to the national
guard, and presentation of the King of
Rome to them, 73 — last interview with
the empress and his son ; his arrival at
Chalons, and first measures there, 74 — •
marches against Blucher, 75 — move-
ments before Brienne, 76 — battle of
Brienne, 77, et seq.— narrow escape of,
there, 79 — order of battle at La Rothi-
ere, 81— battle of La Rothiere, 82— his
apparently desperate condition, 85 —
dangers, losses, &c. during the retreat,
86 — he halts at Troyes, 87 — depressed
condition of his army, 88 — dislocation
of the Allied forces, and advantage
this gave to him, ib. — evacuates Troyes
and retires to Nogent, 89 — great dis-
satisfaction this excited in the army,
90 — new organisation of his cavalry, 91
— he resolves on attacking Blucher, ib. —
difficulties of his march across the coun-
try, 93 — excesses of the troops, 94 —
combat of Champaubert, 95 — its re-
sults, and effect in restoring the spirit
of his troops, 96 — his subsequent move-
ments, 97 — movement to Montmirail,
98 — defeats the Prussians there, 99 —
battle of Vauchamps, 102 — crosses to
the valley of the Seine, 107 — and joins
Victor there, 119 — defeats the grand
army at Nangis, 120 — armistice (pro-
posed, and increased demands by him
at the congress, 123 — endeavours to
engage Austria in a separate negotia-
tion, 124 — battle of Montereau, ib. et
seq.— discontent with the conduct of his
subordinates, 127 — disgrace of Victor,
128 — of Dejean, L' Heritier, &c. 129
— steps for following up his successes,
130 — advances to Nogent, and mea-
sures there, 135 — spirit now animating
his troops, 136 — the armistice of Lu-
signy, &c. 137, et seq. — reoccupation
of Troyes, and execution of M. Goualt,
139 — general result of these successes,
140 — he moves against Blucher, 146 —
opening of the congress of Chatillon,
and negotiations at it, ib. — his views at
it, 147 — his instructions to Caulain-
court, 153 — gives him carte blanche
immediately after the battle of La
Rothiere, but resumes it subsequently,
156 — resolution shown at this time, 157
— terms offered by the Allies, and re-
jected by him, 158 — his increased
demands, 159 — orders Eugene to aban-
don Italy, and subsequently counter-
mands the order, 160 — treaty of Chau-
mont against him, 162 — still refuses the
terms of the Allies, 166 — his movements
against Blucher, 167 — combat of Bar-
sur-Aube, 168 — his pursuit of Blucher,
175 — who escapes, 177 — decrees calling
on the people to rise en masse, 178 —
movement to Craone, and description
of the field, 180 — attempts to turn the
Allied position bv Soissons, and is there
repulsed, 182— battle of Craone, 183,
et seq. — the night after the battle,
189 — refuses the ultimatum offered
at this time at Chatillon, ib. — takes
post at Laon, 190 — battle of Laon,
192, et seq. — his stay at Soissons,
198 — advances to Rheims, 200 —
battle of Rheims, 200, 201 — his stay
there, 202 — and last review of his
forces at it, 203 — measures of civil
administration, 205 — great importance
attached by him to Antwerp, ib. —
appoints Carnot governor of that for-
tress, 208 — his instructions to Auger-
eau at Lyons, and displeasure with that
marshal, 224— -evacuation of Italy, and
surrender of the Prussian and German
fortresses, 287 — impolicy of his clinging
so obstinately to these, 289 — effects of
this upon his" fortunes, 290— final terms
proposed by the Allies, ib. — arguments
160
INDEX.
Buonaparte, continued.
by him against these, 291 — counter
project presented by his envoy, 292—
answer of the Allies to it, 293 — efforts
of Metternich to induce him to accede
to the Allied terms, 295 — final rupture
of the negotiations, 296 — obstinacy
shown at this period, 297 — situation of
Paris, 299 — moves against Schwartz-
enberg, 300 — falls unawares on that
general, 301 — but turns aside to join
Macdonald, 302 — marches upon Arcis
simultaneously with Schwartzenberg,
303 — battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 304 —
reasons which prompted him to the
march to St Dizier, 309 — his move-
ment upon it, 310 — discouragement
among the troops at it, 311 — the
Allies discover his designs, and his
letter to the empress detailing them, ib.
312 — they resolve on the march to Paris,
313 — but lead him to suppose he is pur-
sued by them, 317 — defeat of Winzin-
gerode by him, 327 — by which he learns
the advance of the Allies, and returns,
329 — directions from him for the removal
of the empress and King of Rome from
the capital, 335— his return toward it,
350 — receives the intelligence of its fall,
351 — conversation on his doing so, 352 —
difficulties of the Allies as to his successor,
360 — council held by them on this sub-
ject, 361 — declaration of the Allies
against him, 363 — his virtual dethrone-
ment, 365— and his formal dethrone-
ment, 366 — general defection from him,
368 — defection of Marmont and the
army, 369 — mission of Caulaincourt
from him to Alexander, 370 — he at first
refuses to abdicate, 371 — but at last does
so in favour of his son, 372 — proclama-
tion against Marmont and the Senate,
373 — his conditional abdication rejected,
375 — he abdicates unconditionally, 378
— desertion of him at Fontainbleau, and
fidelity of a few, ib. 384 — formal treaty
of abdication, 379 — retreat, revenue,
&c. assigned to him by it, 380 — at-
tempt to poison himself, 381 — is aban-
doned by the empress, 383 — the last
scene at Fontainbleau, 385 — his jour-
ney to Frejus, and danger from the
populace, 386 — reception on board the
Undaunted, 387 — his landing at Elba,
388 — reflections on his march to St
Dizier, 413 — the desertion of him con-
trasted with the fidelity of the royalists,
416 — misfortune made him unpopular,
417 — peace was impossible for him, 418
— his own views regarding the compul-
sion under which he acted, 419.
His negotiations with the United
States regarding Florida, xix. 90 — and
regarding the Berlin decrees, 94 — dis-
cussions regarding him at the congress
of Vienna, and Alexander's opposition
to his removal from Elba, 244 — intelli-
gence of his escape from Elba, 245 — first
measures and declaration of the Con-
gress against him, 246 — their military
preparations, 247 — details of his escape :
his situation at Elba, and commence-
ment of conspiracies in his favour, 250
• — ramifications of these in the army,
251 — his correspondence with Murat,
2^2 — his dissimulation , ib. — preparations
for embarkation, 253 — his escape, 254 —
the voyage, and his landing, 255 — his
advance toward Grenoble, 256 — procla-
mations and addresses, 257 — is joined
by Labedoyere, ib. 258 — his meeting
with the troops, 259 — his entry into
Grenoble, ib. — decrees from thence, 260
— preparations of the government, 261
— state of feeling regarding him, 263 —
his progress toward the capital, 265 — his
arrival at Lyons, and decrees issued
from thence, 266 — treason of Ney,
267 — general defection of the , army
to him, 268 — his arrival at Fon-
tainbleau, and journey from thence
to Paris, 272, 273 — his entry into
the Tuileries, and reception there, 273
—his great difficulties, 274, 286— diffi-
culty experienced by him in filling up
his appointments, 275 — civil and mili-
tary appointments, 276 — stupor over
the country, ib. 277 — measures against
the royalist movements, 278 — and sup-
pression of these, 280 — treaties and
measures of the Allies against him, 281
— his military preparations, efforts to
obtain arms, horses, &c. 287 — influence
of Fouche, Carnot, and the republican
party, 288— conversation with Benjamin
Constant, 289— financial difficulties and
measures, 290 — formation of a constitu-
tion, 291— the Acte Additionnel, 292—
attempts to negotiate with the Allies,
who refuse all communication, 293 —
letter from him to them, 294 — his mea-
sures for suppressing the Vendean revolt,
297 — meeting of the Chamber of De-
puties, 299 — meeting of the Champ de
Mai, 300 — his speech on the occasion,
301 — sets out for the army, and views
relative to the state of affairs, 303 —
formation of a government for his
absence, 304 — discovers Fouche"'s trea-
chery, but dissembles, 305 — plans
formed by him, ib. 308 — strength and
disposition of his forces, 306, 307, 399
proclamation to them, 309 — he crosses
the frontier, 315 — and advances with
his main body against Blucher, 317 —
his forces and plan of attack at
Ligny, 319, 404 — battle of Ligny,
319, et seq. — movements previous to
Quatre Bras, 323 — battle ot Quatre
Bras, 325 — directs the bulk of his forces
against Wellington, 332— the general
result of these operations in his favour,
334 — the night before Waterloo, and
feelings of his soldiers, 337 — description
of his position there, 339— appearance
of his army, 341, 342 — disposition and
INDEX.
161
Buonaparte, continued.
amount of them, 343, 404 — battle of
Waterloo, 345, et seq. — his flight from
the tield, 368, 369— his losses in the
battle, 372— his instructions to Grouchy,
372, 373 — reflections on the campaign :
he gained the advantage in the outset
of it, 380 — his error in attacking Blucher
and Wellington simultaneously, 381 —
effect of D'Erlon's movements, for which
he is responsible, 382 — was out-generaled
in the end, 384 — effects of Grouchy 's
conduct, 387 — his peculiar tactics at
Ligny, 388 — his tactics at Waterloo,
389 — parallel between him and Wel-
lington, 390 — their points of difference,
391 — contrast of their moral characters,
392 — of their intellectual characters, and
their principles of action, 393.
Rapidity of his flight from Waterloo,
xx. 1 — his first measures, 2 — measures of
the Chamber of Deputies to compel him
to abdicate, 3 — which he at last does,
4 — retires to Malmaison, 14 — his
journey to Rochfort, surrender to the
British, and voyage to England, 15
— his voyage to St Helena, 16 — his
opinion relative to the conduct of Great
Britain in the treaty of Paris, 86 — his
conduct and mode of life at St Helena,
100 — the conduct of the British govern-
ment toward him, 101 — his last illness
and death, 102 — his interment at St
Helena, 103 — removal of his remains
from thence, and their reinterment at
Paris, 104.
Buonaparte, the princess Pauline, vi. 44,
93, viii. 183 — is created duchess of Gua-
stalla, Lx. 339 — Last interview between
her and Napoleon, xviii. 387.
Buonarrotti, a Jacobin, exposition of the
principles of Babceuff by, vi. 82 — is a
member of Baboeuffs committee, 85.
Burdett, Sir Francis, opposes the bill for
suppressing the mutiny of the fleet, v.
335— his character, xiv. 43 — his libel on
the House of Commons, 44 — his com-
mittal to the Tower, and riots, 45 — his
subsequent proceedings, and reflections
on this subject, 46.
Bureau du Pucy, M. iii. 9.
Burgau, retreat of Mack to, ix. 149.
Burgesses of France, contempt in which
held by the nobles, L 80 — of Sweden,
representation of, xv. 190.
Burghs, abolition of the privileges of the,
in France, ii. 145 — number of, in Prus-
sia, x. 3, 4, note.
Burghers and nobility, estrangement be-
tween the, in France, i. 86 — increasing
wealth of the, 113, 120— entire want of,
in Poland, v. 9.
Burghersh, lord, xii. 118, xviii. 358, note,
xix. 254.
Burgomasters of Holland, the, iv. 380.
Burgos, advance of Murat to, xi. 324 —
journey of Ferdinand to, 335 — evacu-
ated by the French, xii. 151 — battle of,
VOL. XX.
155 — again occupied by the French., 156
— constituted by Napoleon a military
government, xiv. 142 — in 1811 its castle
strengthened by him, 259 — description of
it, xv. 84 — its siege by Wellington, 85, et
seq. — the siege is raised, 90 — the retreat
from, 92 — great losses during it, 97, 99 —
and general depression caused by it, 105
— disorganisation of the army by it, and
Wellington's efforts for its restoration,
xvL 299 — is evacuated by the French,
325.
Burgundians, conquests of the, i. 75.
Burgundy, power of the dukes of, i. 80 —
riots in, during 1755, 239 — the states-
general of, 269 — burning of the cha-
teaux in, ii 134 — surrender of its privi-
leges, 139.
Burke, Edmund, parentage, early history,
&c. of, iii. 115 — his views with regard
to the French revolution, 116 — division
between him and Fox, 117 — his early
arguments against the Revolution, 120
— rupture between him and Fox, 123 —
he retires from parliament, 124 — on the
suppression of the French parliaments,
i. 199 — picture of Marie Antoinette by
him, 220 — on the composition of the
Constituent Assembly, ii. 17 — on the
division of France into departments,
188 — on the English church establish-
ment, 198, note — upon the declaration of
the Rights of Man, 262— on the effects of
untimely concession, 264 — and on the
emigration of the French noblesse, &c.
267 — estimate by him of the strength of
the democratic party in Great Britain,
iii. 108 — on the seizure of Avignon by
France, 147 — constant efforts of, against
the Revolution, 160 — defence by him
of international interference, 184 —
arguments in 1793 for the war, iv. 6 —
and against parliamentary reform, 11 —
picture of the state of France in 1793,
173 — on the true principle of free gov-
ernment, 381 — on the constitution of
Poland, v. 28 — character of Jacobin-
ism by him, vi. 84 — on the part taken
by Great Britain in the war, vii. 73 —
his opinion regarding the revolutionary
confiscation, viii. 120 — warlike policy
early recommended by, ix. 240 — the
first to oppose the Revolution, 243, 244
— letter from Sir James Mackintosh to
him, 393, note — character of Fox by
him, 394 — description by him of Hyder's
irruption into the Carnatic, xi. 17 — he
conducts the prosecution of Hastings,
29 — influence of his resistance to demo-
cracy, 231— his death, v. 371 — his cha-
racter as a writer, ib. — comparison
between him and Johnson, 372 — his
views on the Revolution, 373 — his cha-
racter as a political philosopher, 374.
Burke the murderer, anecdote of, iv. 301,
note.
Burlington, capture of, by the British,
xix. 127.
L
162
INDEX.
Burn, colonel, defence of Delhi by, xL
119— defeat of Meer Khan by, 130.
Burns, Robert, xiv. 3.
Burrard, Sir Harry, succeeds Welling-
ton in Portugal, xii. 104 — his plans,
111 — checks the advance after Vi-
meira, 117 — is succeeded by Sir Hew
Dalrymple, 118 — court of inquiry on
him, 121, 127.
Burschenschaft, influence of the, in Ger-
many, xii. 209, xvi. 120.
Busa, occupation of, by the guerillas, xiv.
193.
Busaco, battle of, xiiL 327 — great effect
of, in Great Britain, 355.
Busingen, check of the French at, vii.
41.
Bussy, general, operations of, against
Genoa, vii. 215.
Bussy, M. de, operations of, in India, xi.
8 — is taken prisoner, ib.
Butrin, fortress of, x. 261.
Buxar, battle of, xi. 6.
Buxhowden, general, advance of, to rein-
force Kutusoff, ix. 182 — at Austerlitz,
208, 212 — operations during campaign
of Eylau, x. 109, 110, 111— jealousy be-
tween him and Benningsen, 131 — junc-
tion between them, 132 — declares war
against Sweden, xv. 193 — and over-
runs Finland, 194— again subjugate
it, 198.
Buxton, Mr, on the slave trade, xiv. 90.
Buyakdere, murder of the Grand Vizier
at, xv. 150.
Buzot,a member of the club Breton, ii. 40
— his character, 284 — seditious efforts of,
78 — opposes the decree of martial law,
180 — proposes a departmental guard, iii.
47 — is a member of the committee of
general defence, 269, note — opposes the
establishment of the committee of pub-
lic salvation, 270 — is denounced by the
sections, 271, note, 278 — and his arrest
decreed, 295 — during the insurrection
of the 2d June, 292.
Byng, general, at the battle of the Pyre-
nees, xvi. 358— at Soraoren, 366, 369—
during the pursuit from thence, 370 — at
the Nivelle, xvii. 356— at St Pierre, 373,
375, 376 — at Aire, xviii. 249 — at
Quatre Bras, xix. 329— at Waterloo, 343.
Bynkerschoch on maritime war, vii. 343,
note.
Byron, lord, xiv. 4.
Byron, captain, naval action of, xix.
104.
Byzantine empire, analogy between, and
France under Napoleon, vii. 175, xvi.
140.
•
Qa Ira, capture of the, v. 49.
Cabakchy Oglou heads the revolution at
Constantinople, 1808, xv. 151, 152—
death of, 152.
Cabecon, defeat of Cuesta at, xii. 55 —
position of Wellington at, xv. 94.
Cabello, capture of, by the Independents,
xiv. 351.
Cacault, M. ambassador at Rome, vi.
166.
Cacuta, defeat of the royalists at, xiv.
344.
Cadastre, mode of fixing the, in France,
and the inequalities and injustice of it,
viii. 129 — change introduced into the
method by Napoleon, 130, et seq. — pro-
gress of the, to 1813, xvi. 166, 167.
Cadebone, capture of, by the Austrians,
vii. 209.
Cadiz, description of the city of, xii. 6 —
mutiny in the British fleet off, v. 339 —
bombardment of it by Nelson, 346 —
threatened by Sir James Pulteney, vii.
277 — blockaded by the British, ix. 54 —
retreat of Villeneuve to, 67 — the British
squadron off, and reception of Nelson
on board it, 76, 78 — sailing of Ville-
neuve from, 79 — atrocities in it at the
commencement of the insurrection, xii.
32 — capture of the French fleet at, 37 —
treatment of the French prisoners taken
at Baylen at, 90 — march of the due
d* Albuquerque on, xiiL 310— defensive
preparations, garrison, &c. 311 — the
blockade of it intrusted to Victor, 337 —
operations before it, 341 — ultimate
effects of its blockade upon the world,
xiv. 117 — meeting of the Cortes in, 118
— influence of the democracy of, upon
Great Britain, ib. — character of the
population and municipality in it, 120 — ■
democratic spirit which prevailed in it,
and character of the press, 121 — recep-
tion of the new constitution in it, 134 —
visit of Wellington to it, and his mea-
sures, 136 — allied forces in it, 146, 147
— description of it, 148, et seq. — the
siege, 150 — arrival of reinforcements,
supplies, &c. 151 — the siege converted
into a blockade, and construction of the
French lines round it, 152, 153 — revolt
in South America against the Junta of,
338 — and revolt of the troops destined
for South America at, 348 — bombard-
ment of it by Soult, 1812, xv. 45 — vacil-
lation among the authorities, 51 — rais-
ing of the siege, 76 — journey of Wel-
lington to it in 1813, xvi. 301, 302—
attacks of the press on him, ib. — intri-
gues of the government with Joseph,
302 — democratic feeling in, 304 — in-
creasing virulence of the democratic
party against Wellington, xviii. 361.
Cadogan, colonel, death of, xvi. 334.
Cadoudhal, Georges, see Georges.
Cadore, due de, see Champagny.
INDEX.
163
Cadsand, island of, capture of, by the
French, 1794, iv. 350 — capture of, by
the British, xiii. 80 — incorporation of,
with France, 291.
Caen, murder of M. de Belzunce at, ii.
132 — escape of the Girondist leaders to,
iii. 296 — predominance of the Girondists
at, iv. 119.
Caesar, camp of, state of the French
army in, iv. 41 — rout of the, 42.
Ca?sar, the, at the 1st of June, iv. 323— at
Algesiraz, viii. 43.
Caffarelll, general, Napoleon's intimacy
with, in 1797, vi. 231 — accompanies
Napoleon to Egypt, 241— at the surren-
der of Malta, 244 — danger of, at Cairo,
284— death of, before Acre, 299.
Caffarelli, general, xi. 196, note — succeeds
Bessieres in Spain, xiv. 214 — removed
to the army of the North, and opera-
tions, 260, xv. 49, 51— joins Clausel after
Salamanca, 70— 104 — is succeeded by
Clausel in Biscay, xvi. 320.
Caffarelli, fort, viii*. 21.
Cagliostro, the count, i. 311.
Cahier de Gerville, M. ii. 311.
Cahiers, the, for the states-general, i. 342,
355 — those of the noblesse, ii. 13 — of the
clergy, 14 — and of the Tiers Etat, ib. —
resume" of the, by Clermont Tonnerre, 34
■ — violation of the, by the Assembly, 157,
262.
Cailly, connexion of, with the 10th
August, ii. 352.
Cairo, city of, its importance and com-
merce, vi. 251 — occupied by the French,
263 — mills, &c. established in it by Na-
poleon, 283 — insurrection in, 284 — in-
surrection in, during the battle of Helio-
polis, viii. 9 — recapture of it by the
French, 10 — investment of it by the
British, 29— it capitulates, 30.
Caisse de Poissv, edict suppressing the, in
France, i. 250, 251.
Caisses de service, institution of, in
France, ix. 333.
Cajazzo, repulse of Mack at, vi. 193.
Cajetano fort, siege of, by Wellington, xv.
47 — captured, 49.
Calabria, province of, its great fertility, v.
154 — royalist insurrection in, 1799, vi.
373 — is overrun by the French, ix.
338.
Calabrosa, depopulation of, xiv. 359,
note.
Calais, preparations at, for the invasion of
England, viii. 276— construction of the
pier of, xi. 204.
Calatayud, siege of, by the guerillas, xiv.
194— capture of, by them, 267.
Calcutta, city of, captured by Surajee
Dowlah, xi. 3 — recaptured by lord
Clive, 4 — addresses from, to Wellesley
and Wellington, 134, 135.
Calcutta man-of-war, capture of, ix. 353
— recaptured at Basque Roads, xiii.
162.
Caldagues, count, xii. 97.
Calder, captain, at Cape St Vincent, v.
343, note.
Calder, admiral Sir Robert, joined by
Admiral Stirling, and his action with
Villeneuve, ix. 61 — its great importance,
63 — injustice to which he is subjected,
65 — CQurt-marshal held on him, 66 — is
joined by Cornwallis, and Villeneuve
again retreats before him, 67 — generosity
of Nelson to, 79.
Caldiero, battle of, 1796, v. 224— Belle-
garde retires to, 1801, vii. 317 — battle
of, 1805, ix. 164— skirmishes at, 1809,
xii. 268.
Calendar, introduction of the revolution-
ary, iii. 37, iv. 128 — restoration of the
old, ix. 76.
Callao, defence of, bv Rodil, xiv. 358.
Calliano, battle of, *1796, v. 216— repulse
of Vaubois at, 223.
Callimachi, prince, x. 217.
Calonne, Charles Alexander de, appointed
minister of finance, i. 277 — his parentage
and previous career, ib. note — his char-
acter, 278 — his system of finance, 279/ —
exposition of the state of the finances,
280— loans contracted by him, 281—
motives of his profuse expenditure, ib.
note — his plan for the convocation of
the Notables, 282— and for the re-estab-
lishment of the finances, 283 — wisdom
of the measures proposed by him, ib. —
exposition of his scheme laid before the
Notables, 285, 286, note — indignation
created among them by his proposed
measures, 288 — opposition of the
Notables to them, 290 — controversy be-
tween him and Necker, ib. et seq. — he
retires, and is succeeded by De Brienne,
292 — deficit in the finances under him,
186, note — is impeached by the parlia-
ment, and retires from France, 313 —
his marriage to madame d' Harvelay,
314, note — statement of the deficit in
1790 by him, ii. 9, note — his connexion
with Mirabeau, 22 — plan proposed for
the deliverance of the royal family, iii.
153 — he opposes the flight of the king,
154 — 191 — the Allied proclamation
drawn up by him, 197.
Calvados, insurrection in, ii. 299.
Calvi, capture of, by the British, iv. 319 —
defeat of the Neapolitans at, vi. 190.
Calvillas, defeat of the Spanish insurgents
at, xii. 65.
Calvo, Padre Balthasar, atrocities of, at
Valencia, xii. 33 — his fate, 35.
Calvo, Lorenzo, xiv. 122.
Calvo de Rozas, xii. 60, 63.
Canibaceres, J. J. Regis, afterwards duke
of Parma, a member of the committee
of general defence, iii. 269, note — his
opinion of Robespierre, iv. 266, note —
joins the Thermidorians, v. 85 — and
moves a general amnesty in the Conven-
tion, 91— joins Napoleon against the
Directory, vii. 95, 107 — and is appointed
Consul, 122 — viii. 152 — aids in the
164
INDEX.
Cambace>es, continued.
compiling of the Code Napoleon, 155 —
opposition of, to the execution of the
due d'Enghien, 345 — on the re-establish-
ment of titles of honour, xi. 193 — i3
created duke of Parma, ix. 339 — minis-
ter of public justice during the Hundred
days, xix. 276— 304.
Cambon, M. financial report by, 1792, iii.
37 — measures regarding Flanders intro-
duced by him, 229 — opposes the re-estab-
lishment of the Revolutionary Tribunal,
263 — is a member of the committee of
public salvation, 271, note, iv. 51, note
— financial report, 1793, 24 — report by
him on the expense of the revolutionary
committees, 125 — financial report, Au-
gust 1793, 157 — statement as to the
losses of the committee of public subsis-
tence, 165 — moves the merging together
of the old and new national debt, 166
— financial report, May 1794, 242 —
his destruction resolved on by Robes-
pierre, 263 — declares against the latter
on the 8th Thermidor, 270 — imprison-
ment of, v. 97.
Cambray, general, taken prisoner at Pla-
centia, vi. 383.
Cambray, siege of, by the Allies, 1793, iv.
42 — defeat of the French near, 1794,
336 — further actions at, 337 — capture of,
by the British in 1815, xx. 6.
Cambridge, duke of, in Hanover, viii. 271.
Cambronne, general, fidelity of, to Napo-
leon, xviii. 384 — accompanies him from
Elba, xix. 254, 258— at Waterloo, 369.
Camden, earl, secretary at war in 1804,
viii. 296 — and president of the council
in 1807, x. 237, note— xiii. 90.
Camel, value of the, to Egypt, vi. 250.
Cameron, colonel, wounded at Fuentes
d'Onore, xiii. 349.
Cameron, colonel, at San Sebastian, xvi.
349, 350, 352— at the Bidassoa, xvii.
344— at St Pierre, 375.
Camerino, annexation of, to the kingdom
of Italy, xi. 283, xiii. 130.
Camerio, at Badajos, xiii. 340.
Camille Desmoulins, first public appear-
ance of, ii. 87— at the revolt in the
Champ de Mars, 255 — influence of, in
the Cordeliers, 296— at the revolt of the
10th August, 340, 352— elected a mem-
ber of the Convention, iii. 35 — a member
of the committee of general defence,
269, note — character of Hebert and the
Anarchists by, iv. 85— joins the Dan-
tonists against Robespierre, 175 — his
Vieux Cordelier, 177 — his destruction
resolved on by Robespierre, 181 — speech
of the latter regarding him, 187 — his
arrest, 194— trial and defence before the
Revolutionary Tribunal, 196 — is con-
demned, 198— his execution, 199— Ms
last letters to his wife, 201— and her
execution, 200 — his last views regarding
the Revolution, 211.
Camille- Jourdan, speech and motion of,
in favour of religion, vi. 97 — measures
proposed by him against the Directory,
102— condemned to transportation, 106.
Camps, nature of the French, at Boulogne,
&c. Lx. 47.
Campagna of Rome, the, v. 157.
Campagna of Naples, the, v. 157.
Campagnarde noblesse of France, the, i.
190.
Campan, madame de, notices of Marie
Antoinette by, i. 222, ii. 245 — attends
the roval family during their captivity,
336, 337— escape of, on the 10th August,
iii. 7.
Campbell, captain, v. 340.
Campbell, colonel, in the Mahratta war,
xi. 93, 111.
Campbell, colonel, at Talavera, xiii. 243—
at the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo, xv.
10 — at Salamanca, 59 — at Soraoren, xvi.
368— at Waterloo, xix. 367.
Campbell, colonel, afterwards Sir Neil,
British commissioner at Elba, xviii.
385, 387 — confidence of Napoleon to
him there, xix. 250, 252 — his suspicions
of the intended escape, 254 — capture of
Cambray by, xx. 6.
Campbell, general, at Alicante, xv. 103.
Campbell, lieutenant, at San Sebastian,
xvi. 352.
Campbell, Thomas, xiv. 4.
Camperdown, battle of, v. 366.
Campiano, state prison of, xi. 209.
Campillo, a guerilla chief, xiv. 197.
Campo Formio, treaty of, between France
and Austria, vi. 51, et seq. — opportunity
given by it for France to pursue a pacific
system, vi. 116 — change introduced into
the British financial system after it, ix.
289.
Campo Mayor, surrender of, to the Spa-
niards, 1801, viii. 47 — siege of, xiii. 346.
Campo Tenese, defeat of the Calabrian
insurgents at, ix. 338.
Campoverde, general, success of, at Santa
Perpetua, xiii. 313 — 'forces of, 1810, in
Catalonia, xiv. 155 — retires to Tarra-
gona, 157, 158— defeated at Vails, 165
— attempt of, on Barcelona, 166 —
attempt of, to relieve Figueras, 168 —
173, 176 — measures for the relief of Tarra-
gona, 177 — his failure, 179 — operations
of Suchet against him, 185 — is removed
from the command, 186.
Campredon, defeat of Claros at, xiii. 209.
Campy, general, at Ebersberg, xii. 257.
Camus, M. ii. 68 — a member of the com-
mittee of general defence, iii. 269, note
— commissioner to Dumourier, and ar-
rested by him, iv. 31.
Canada, the colonisation of, by France,
and its loss by her, i. 107 — the* constitu-
tion of 1791, iii. 117 — disloyalty of, to
Great Britain, ix. 106 — general descrip-
tion of it, xix. 8 — system of inland navi-
gation provided by its lakes, rivers, &c.
9 — its extent and resources, 10 — its
pine forests, ib.— its vegetable produc-
INDEX.
165
Canada, continued.
tions, climate, &c. 11— attachment of
the population to their possessions, 30 —
its political state and population, 74 —
rate of increase in its population, 75 —
general loyalty of the inhabitants, 76 —
peculiar character of the Habitans, 77 —
effects of the constitution of 1791, 78 —
present state of the elective franchise in
it, 79 — evils from the diversity of race,
ib. — importance of the colony, 80 — in-
vasions of, by the Americans in 1812,
and their defeat, 100, et seq.— again in-
vaded by them in 1813,121 — and again,
and its defeat, 131 — results of the cam-
paign of 1813 in, 135 — its honourable
character to the colonists, 136 — prepar-
ations in, for the campaign of 1814, 143
— its means of defence against the
United States, 185 — the true danger
with regard to it, 188 — and the true
principles of government for it, 189.
Canals of France, value of the, i. 103 —
expenditure by Napoleon upon, xvL 154,
note.
Canals of Holland, the, iv. 374.
Canals of Venice, the, vi. 23.
Canard, defeat of the Americans on the,
xix. 101.
Canch, lieutenant, at storming of Ciudad
Rodrigo, xv. 11 — at storming of Bada-
jos, 25.
Candide of Voltaire, the, i. 143.
Caneau, Marie Josephine, ii. 291.
Cannae, battle of, its features of resem-
blance to Aspern, xii. 306— analogy be-
tween it and Wagram, xiii. 63.
Canning, George, answer by, to the
Spanish manifesto in 1796, v. 307 — in
favour of the war, 1803, viii. 254 —
against Windham's proposed changes
in the military system, x. 176 — against
Lord Henry Petty's system of finance,
202 — becomes secretary for foreign
affairs in 1807, 237— defence of the con-
duct of the king with regard to the
Catholic bill, 238 — measures of, for aid-
ing the Allies in 1806, 250— terms on
which he agrees to the mediation of
Austria, 251 — statement relative to the
transport service, 253 — character of Sir
Thomas Munroe by him, 357 — defence
of the Copenhagen expedition by him,
xi. 268— negotiations with Russia, 1807,
272 — reply to the Russian manifesto,
275 — speech in support of the Spanish
patriots, xii. 48 — and statements rela-
tive to the embarkation at Corunna,
192, note— the rupture between him
and Lord Castlereagh, xiii. 90 — duel
between them, and the resignation of
both, 91 — his previous career, and first
introduction to public life, 92 — his cha-
racter as an orator and a statesman,
93 — his faults and inconsistencies, 94 —
announces the conclusion of the treaty
with Spain, 145 — arguments, 1809, for
the Peninsular war, 151 — and 1810, in
favour of the Regency bill, xiv. 21— a
member of the bullion committee, 59 —
in favour of its report and resolutions,
60 — his intimacy with Huskisson, 74 —
his policy toward South America, 362 —
description by him of the position of
Great Britain in 1813, xvi. 287— in
1807, opposes the reception of Louis
.Will, otherwise than as a private
individual, xviii. 113 — xix. 92 — argu-
ments in 1815 against the corn law,
210.
Canning, Sir Stratford, x. 224.
Canova, intercession of, for the Pope, xiii.
137 — superintends the removal of the
works of art to Italy, xx. 17.
Cantal, arrest of Ney at, xx. 25.
Canterac, general, a royalist leader in
South America, xiv. 353 — defeat of, at
Junin, 355 — and again at Ayacucho,
356 — evacuates Peru, 358.
Cantillon, bequest by Napoleon to, xx.
103.
Cantons, nature of the, in France, ii. 185.
Cantons, the Swiss, various constitutions
of the, vL 138 — inequality of political
rights enjoyed by them, 141.
Capanachuas river, the, xiv. 295.
Cape Bt Vincent, see St Vincent
Cape town, St Domingo, is surrounded
by the insurgent blacks, viii. 172, 173
— attempt by them on it, 174 — civil
war in it, 176 — storming and massacre
of, ib. — burning of, by the blacks, 185 —
again attacked by the negroes, 196 —
and capitulates to them, 197.
Cape of Good Hope, effects of the dis-
covery of, on Venice, vL 21 — subjuga-
tion of, by the British in 1795, v. 76—
restored to Holland by the peace of
Amiens, viii. 55 — preparations to evacu-
ate it, 245 — reduction of, by the British
in 1806, ix. 358 — Napoleon agrees to
its being retained by them, 384 — is
ceded to Great Britain by the congress
of Vienna, xix. 239.
Capefigue, account by, of the interview
between Napoleon and Metternich, xvii.
67, note.
Capital punishments, Robespierre's essay
on, ii. 292 — frequency of, in Great
Britain, 1811, xiv. 52 — effects of the
entire abolition of them, 55.
Capitan Pasha, murder of the Beys by
the, viii. 36.
Capitaineries, districts in France called,
i. 172.
Capitation tax in France, the, i. 168.
Capitation tax, the Russian, ix. 133, xv.
240.
Capitation tax in South America, the,
xiv. 333.
Capo d'Istria, count, xviii. 42.
Caprara, cardinal, coronation of Napo-
leon by, ix. 31.
Capri, capture of, by Sir Sidney Smith,
ix. 340 — recaptured, xii. 146.
Capua, repulse of the French before, vi.
166
INDEX.
Capvia, continued.
192 — delivered up to them, 194 — cap-
ture of it from them, by Troubridge,
387 — surrendered by treaty, 1806, ix.
337.
Capucines, forts of the, xiii. 201.
Carabobo, battle of, xiv. 350.
Caraccas, province of, xiv. 332— its popu-
lation in 1810, 324, note — commence-
ment of the insurrection against Spain,
338— the earthquake of, 341 — capture
of, by the royalists, 343— -recapture of it
by Bolivar, 344 — massacre by the In-
dependents at, 345 — again captured by
the Independents, 351 — diminution of
its population since the revolution, 359,
note.
Carraccas arsenal at Cadiz, the, xiv. 149.
Caraman canal, the, i. 293, note. .
Carausius, navy of Great Britain in the
time of, iii. 95.
Carbon, execution of, viii. 91.
Carbonari at Naples, the, xvi. 181.
Cardaden, battle of, xiii. 188.
Cardona, check of Macdonald at, xiv.
158.
Cardroi, humane exertions of, v. 113.
Carier, general, taken prisoner, xv. 54.
Carinthia, the Alps of, ix. 108.
Carleton, colonel, at Bergen-op-Zoom,
xviii. 211, 212.
Carlisle, the earl of, introduction of Hus-
kisson into parliament by, xiv. 74 — and
of Brougham, 88.
Carlos, Don, brother of Ferdinand VII.
of Spain, xi. 331 — compelled to re-
nounce his rights to the crown, 356,
360— return of, in 1814, to Spain, xviii.
260.
Carlshamm, entrepot ceded to Great
Britain in, xvii. 60.
Carlton house, the Allied sovereigns at,
xviii. 411.
Cannes prison, massacre at the, iii. 22.
Carmichael, general, xiii. 166.
Carmine, fort del, vi. 200.
Carnac, major, xi. 6.
Carnac, repulse of the emigrants at, v.
62.
Carnatic, district of the, xi. 7 — irruption
of Hyder Ali into, 15 — overrun by
Tippoo Saib, 39 — annexation of, to the
British dominions, 83.
Carnier, commissioner to Dumourier, iii.
259, 260.
Carniola, way in which acquired by Aus-
tria, ix. 103 — extent and population of
it, 107 — scenery, 110 — evacuation of it
by the Austrians, 1809, xiii. 10 — ope-
rations of Giulay in, 16 — evacuated by
the French, 19 — ceded to the kingdom
of Italy, 104.
Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, paren-
tage and early history of, iv. 46, note —
his character, 47 — his early connexion
with Robespierre, ii. 292 — his vote for
the death of Louis, iii. 77 — minister of
war, iv. 46, 117— his views regarding the
defence of fortresses, 48, note — his cha-
racter as a statesman , 49 — his principles
for carrying on the war, ib. — instruc-
tions relative to Dunkirk, 57, 59 —
a member of the committee of public
salvation, 116, note — party in it headed
by him, 214 — report on pauperism, 239
— implication of, in the atrocities of
Le Bon, 256, note — his destruction de-
termined on by Robespierre, 264, note
— effect of his military system, 329 —
evasion of the decree refusing quarter,
353 — measures directed upon the Rhine,
1794, 387, 388— report on the Chouan
war, 391 — proclamation to the Ven-
deans, v. 56 — urges the relieving of
Manheim, 75 — after the 9th Thermidor,
84 — is excluded from the act of im-
peachment of the Jacobin leaders, 95
— elected a Director, 125, vi. 69 — early
takes notice of Napoleon, v. 145 — his
instructions to Napoleon on the de-
parture of the latter for Italy, and
correspondence between them, 193 —
his appreciation of Hoche, 264 — cha-
racter of Moreau by him, 274 — advance-
ment of Marceau by him, 292, note —
his plan for the campaign of 1796, 300
— and of 1797, vi. 2 — opposed to the
spoliation of Venice, 52 — he joins
Barth&emy in the Directory, 95 —
enmity of Barras to him, 99— on the
18th Fructidor, 104 — condemned to
transportation, 106 — escapes to Geneva,
107 — recalled by Napoleon after the 18th
Brumaire, and made minister at war,
vii. 173, 182 — interview of, with Napo-
leon at Lausanne, 228 — his adminis-
tration, 273 — he opposes Napoleon's
assumption of the crown, viii. 372 — ap-
pointed governor of Antwerp, and his
preparations there, xviii. 208, 215 — bis
fidelity, 383 — minister of the interior
during the Hundred days, xix. 276, 288
— opposes the Acte Additionnel, 293 —
304, 305 — animosity between him and
Fouche\ 304 — measures proposed after
"Waterloo, xx. 2, 6 — a member of the
commission of government, 7 — advo-
cates defending Paris, 8.
Caro, general, at Saguntum, xiv. 196.
Carolina, atrocities in, xii. 32.
Carolina, (United States,) slavery in, xix.
70.
Caroline, the princess, xiv. 39.
Caroline, queen of Naples, journey of, to
St Petersburg, vii. 324 — duplicity of,
ix. 31 — preparations of, before Auster-
litz, 223 — efforts of, to rouse her sub-
jects, 337.
Caroline, the princess, wife of Murat, x.
163 — escape of, from Naples in 1814,
xix. 295.
Carona, repulse of Massena at, v. 207.
Caroor, capture of, xi. 39.
Carpathian mountains, the, v. 2, 3, 5.
Carraccioli, prince, execution of, vi. 389,
et seq.
INDEX.
167
Carrier, marshal de, ii. 137.
Carrier, influence of, in the Cordeliers,
ii. 296 — proceedings of, in Flanders, hi.
229— atrocities of, at Nantes, 379, et
scq. 381, iv. 257, et seq. — number who
perished under him, 290, note — his trial,
v. 90 — his execution, 91.
Carrion, combats on the, xv. 93.
Carrosio, combat at, vi. 181.
Carrousel, description of the, ii. 342 — con-
test in the, 348.
Cartaojal, general, xiii. 219 — defeat of,
at Ciudad Heal, 220.
Carte de Surety, origin of the, iv. 159.
Carteaux, general, at Marseilles, iv. 77—
operations against Toulon, 78, 95.
Carthage, effects on civilisation, &c. of
her struggle with Rome, i. 2 — rapid fall
of, 11 — subversion of its empire with
the fall of the capital, xiii. 64.
Carthagena, (Spain,) blockade of, by the
British, 1805, ix. 54— atrocities, xii. 32
— the siege of, designed by Soult, xv.
45.
Carthagena, (South America,) capture of,
by the royalists, xiv. 346 — recaptured
by the independents, 351.
Cartua, cession of, to kingdom of Italy,
xiii. 104.
Carvajal, Don Josef de, xvi. 301, note.
Carysfort, lord, ambassador at Berlin,
vii. 354 — arguments against the mari-
time confederacy, 357.
Casa Bianca, admiral, death of, with his
son, vi. 275.
Casa Bianca, general, vi. 188.
Casa Mansana, defeat of the French at,
xii. 93.
Casa Tenia, combat at, vi. 367.
Casa] Maggiore, defeat of the Neapolitans
at, xviii. 221.
Casala, capture of, by the Allies, vi. 369.
Casemir, passage of the Danube at, xv.
161.
Cash payments, suspension of, in 1796, v.
320— debates on it in parliament, 321 —
is made permanent, 322 — influence of it
upon Pitt's financial system, ix. 312 —
causes which led to its adoption, 313.
Cash payments, resumption of, urged by
the bullion committee, xiv. 60 — dangers
attending it then, 69 — carried in 1819,
76, xx. 90.
Casiquari river, xiv. 301.
Cassan, governor of Pampeluna, xvii.
350.
Cassano, defeat of the French at, vi.
365.
Cassation, court of, established, ii. 199.
Cassel, blockade of, by the French in 1796,
v. 282 — cession of, demanded by France
in 1798, vi. 223 — is given up by her by
Luneville, vii. 328 — annexation of, in
1807, xi. 283 — excitement in, against
the French, 1809, xii. 209— defeat of
Dornberg before, 360 — capture of, by
Chernicheff, xvii. 209 — captured by the
Allies, 293, xviii. 67.
Cassel, duchy of, see Hesse Cassel.
Castalla, defeat of O'Donnell at, 1812, xv.
102 — Murray takes post at, xvi. 313 —
battle of, 316.
Castanos, general, xii. 36— forces under
him, 1808, 78, 79— his plan of attack on
Dupont, 80 — preparatory movements,
82— battle of Baylen, 83— and capitula-
tion, 85 — advocates the adhering to the
capitulation, 89 — advance of, to Ma-
drid, 98 — measures for procuring the
return of Romana, 132— forces under
him, 148 — check at Logrono, 152 — de-
feated at Tudela, 157— retreats toward
Calatayud, 160 — monument raised to
Alvarez by him, xiii. 208 — forces under
him, 1809, 169— at Albuera, xiv. 245,
246, 248 — besieges Astorga, xv. 48,
51 — commands the 4th army in 1813,
xvi. 303, 311.
Casteggio, defeat of the French at, vi.
383.
Castelbranco, movement of Wellington to,
xiv. 269.
Castel Franco, the prince, xii. 45.
Castel Franco, capture of the prince de
Rohan at, ix. 178.
Castel Grandolfo, defeat of the Roman
insurgents at, vi. 177.
Castellans of Poland, the, v. 13.
Castellas, the marquis, xii. 165.
Castelluccia, victory of Ruffo at, vL
373.
Castex, general, xvii. 384.
Castiglione, battle of, v. 210.
Castiglione, duke of, see Augereau.
Castille, old and new, agriculture of, xii.
3 — operations in, during 1808, 55 — sub-
jugation of, by the French, 259 — in-
crease of guerillas in, xiv. 221 — eva-
cuation of, by the French, xvi. 341.
Castillon, destruction of the French flo-
tilla in, xviii. 282.
Castlereagh, lord viscount, measures of,
for the union of Ireland, vii. 154 — presi-
dent of the board of control in 1804,
viii. 296 — attempts to maintain the in-
come-tax after the peace, ix. 285 —
against Windham's military system, x.
176 — and against lord Henry Petty's
financial scheme, 202— scheme proposed
by himself, 205, 207 — becomes secretary
at war in 1807, 207 — his views regard-
ing the war, 250 — defence of the Copen-
hagen expedition, xi. 268 — his instruc-
tions for the Walcheren expedition, xiii.
89 — rupture between him and Canning,
90 — duel between them, and the resig-
nation of both, 91 — he returns to office,
ib. — his early career and character, 95 —
arguments of, 1809, in favour of the
Peninsular war, 151 — bill for increasing
the army, 156 — for the Peninsular war,
1810, 300— and for the regency bill, xiv.
21 — succeeds Wellesley as secretary at
war, 28 — moves the grant to the family
of Mr Perceval, 29 — against the adop-
tion of the bullion report, 64 — and ou
168
INDEX.
Castlereagh, continued. Cateau, review of the Allied forces at,
the orders in council, 83— treaty with 1794, iv. 335.
Sweden in 1812, xv. 223 — his reply to Catechisme du Parlement, the, i. 348.
Napoleon's proposals of peace, 224 — Catherine, the empress of Russia, encou-
communications, 1813, relative to the ragement given by, to French infidelity,
mediation of Austria, xvi. 172 — on the
conduct of the war in 1813, 281 — con-
trast between him and Metternich, xvii.
109 — his views in 1813 regarding Napo-
leon, xviii. 59 — joins the Allied sove-
reigns, &c. and present at the council
of Bar-sur-Aube, 142 — decisive inter-
position of, there, 143 — its effect on the
ultimate issue of the struggle, 144 — sent
as envoy to Chatillon, 148— instructions
to him, 150 — his views with regard to
the Bourbons, 151 — and with reference
to Poland, 152, 153 — at the congress of
Chatillon , 155, 162 — his efforts to urge on
Schwartzenberg, 173 — his qualified ac-
ceptance of the treaty with Napoleon, 380
— his reasons of dissent from it, 381 , note
— motion by, on the vote of thanks to
Wellington, xix. 194 — for the annexa-
tion of Norway to Sweden, 199 — at the
congress of Vienna, 231 — there opposes
the views of Russia and Prussia, 234 —
efforts to secure the abolition of the slave
trade, 242 — and on behalf of Poland,
249 — and representations regarding Na-
poleon at Elba, 250 — his instructions to
sir Neil Campbell, 253 — on the war of
1815, 284 — signs the second treaty of
Paris, xx. 21, 23.
Castries, M. de, i. 272, 301.
Castries, marshal, iii. 195.
154— offers Necker the direction of
her finances, 273— iii. 127 — state of her
dominions, &c. at the commencement
of the Revolution, 133 — measures of,
against Poland, 137 — war with Sweden,
138 — her supremacy in Northern Europe,
147 — alliance with the emperor Joseph,
148 — their designs against Turkey, 149
—treaty with Sweden in 1790," 150—
measures urged against the Revolution-
ists, 151— her warlike views in 1791, 158
— letter to the emigrants, 159 — views
of, on Poland, 160— selfishness of her
policy in 1792, 193 — her measures for
the appropriation of Poland, 195 — fore-
sees the warlike tendency of the Revo-
lution, iv. 8 — measures on the execution
of Louis, 19 — her designs in Poland
in 1793, 21 — and combination with
Prussia against that country, 53 — aban-
dons the principles of the armed neu-
trality, 54 — her aid invoked by the Poles,
and the first partition, v. 27 — final con-
quest and partition of the country, 29,
et seq. — aid given by her to the Allies
in 1795, 46 — her intimacy with Suwar-
roff, vi. 361 — character of her reign, xiv.
2— her designs on Constantinople, xv.
134, 135 — public edifices raised by her,
266— favour shown by her to D'Artois,
xviii. Ill — her death and character, v.
315 — effects of her death on the alliancs,
Castrillo, actions at, xv. 54.
Castro, M. at Bayonne, xi. 359.
Castro, preparations of Clausel for besieg- Cathcart, lord, landing of, in Pomerania
ing, xvi. 320 — storming of, 321.
Castro Gonzalo, action at, xiL 173.
Castro Urdiales, capture of, xv. 104.
Castros, general, at Igualada, xiii. 190.
Catalonia, the province of, its agriculture,
xii. 3 — its mountains, 5 — campaign of
1795 in, v. 55— insurrection in, 1808,
xii. 32— and its organisation, 39 — cam-
paign of 1808 in, 92 — spread of the in-
surrection, 94 — campaign of 1809, xiii.
185— and of 1810, 312— is constituted a
military government, xiv. 140 — forces
of the Spaniards, 1810, 147 — campaign
ix. 223 — withdrawal of, from Stralsund,
xi. 252, 253 — commands the expedition
against Copenhagen, 258 — proclamation
issued to the Danes, 259, note — first
operations and successes, 259 — summons
the city, 260— bombardment of it, 261
— is ambassador to Russia in 1812, xvi.
4 — conducts the negotiations for the
treaty of Reichenbach, xvii. 57 — 115 —
urges the attack of Dresden, 139 — views
of, 1813, regarding Napoleon, xviii. 59
— one of the envoys at the congress of
Chatillon, 146 — at Fere Champenoise,
322— attends Alexander into Paris, 357.
xviii. 358,
of that year, 154 — difficulties of Suchet,
and strength of the native armies, 155 Cathcart, major Frederick
— vigour of the insurgents, 166, 167 — note,
conduct of Suchet, 1811, 204— conduct Cathcart, lieutenant George, xviii. 358,
of Great Britain with regard to it, 205 note.
— effects of the subjugation of it on Cathelineau, Jacques, first appearance of,
Napoleon's ultimate fate, 210 — cruelties iii. 324 — his character 334 — at Fontenoy ,
of Augereau in, 228 — its incorporation 341 — further successes of, 343 — at Sau-
with France, xv. 34 — operations oft' the mur, 344 — appointed commander-in-
coast of, in 1812, 102— and campaign of chief, 325, 346— his death, 346.
1812 in, 103 — the Spanish army in, xvi. Catherine Paulowna, the princess, xii. 145.
303 — forces under Suchet in, 354 — he Catholic church, difference between, and
retreats to it, xvii. 333 — campaign of the Greek, xv. 258, 259 — its immuta-
1814 in, and its evacuation, xviii. 258, bility, xiii. 142.
et seq. Catholics of Great Britain ; effects of the
Catanio, M. v. 203. removal of the disabilities on Ireland, vi.
INDEX.
Catholics, continued.
203— their claims advanced in 1801, and
resignation of Pitt in consequence,
vii. 365 — debate on their claims in 1805,
ix. 11 — their alleged subordination to a
foreign power, 16— failure of their eman-
cipation to pacify Ireland, 19, 20 — mea-
sures proposed for their relief in 1807,
x. 232— repugnance of the king to these,
235 — discussions on his conduct regard-
ing them, 237 — opposition of Perceval
to their claims, xiii. 98 — disunion in the
ministry with regard to their claims in
1812, xiv. 27,28.
Catholic missions, influence of the, in South
America, xiv. 320.
Catholicism, contrast between, and Pro-
testantism, xx. 83 — establishment of it
in Austria, ix. 124 — causes which main-
tained it in France, i. 94 — re-establish-
ment of it in France, viii. 108 — it3
predominance in Spain, hi. 142 — its
purity in the Tyrol, xii. 321.
Cattaro, differences regarding the, be-
tween France and Russia, ix. 377 — is
occupied by the Russians, 378 — surren-
dered to the French, 379— views of the
parties regarding, 388 — ceded to France
by Tilsit, x. 328— capture of the forts of,
by the Austrians in 1813, xvii. 319.
Cattle, numbers of, in Austria and France,
ix. 120— supply of, for Paris, regulated
by the municipality, iv. 173— consump-
tion of, in Paris, xx. 54,55 — numbers of,
in the Pampas of South America, xiv. 328.
Caube", passage of the Rhine by the Allies
at, 1813, xviii. 64, 65.
Caucasus, heights of the, xiv. 373.
Caulaincotirt, Armand Auguste Louis de,
duke of Vicenza, communications
by, from Alexander to Napoleon viii.
210 — attends the latter at Tilsit, x.
316— xi. 195, note— defeat of the Span-
iards by, at Cuenca, xii. 68 — xiii. 105 —
conducts the negotiations for an alliance
between Napoleon and the sister of the
•■ Czar, 278 — interview with the latter
after Napoleon's marriage, 282 — conven-
tion by him regarding Poland, xv. 212 —
accompanies Napoleon from Russia to
Paris, xvi. 67 — his arrival at Warsaw,
78— and at Paris, 130— at Liitzen, 217—
at Dresden, 225 — secret negotiation with
Alexander before Bautzen, 231 — narrow
escape of, 252—253, 254 — his account of
Napoleon's fits of passion, xvii. 23 — ■
notices of him in connexion with the
emperor, 32, 35, 36 — his familiarity with
Napoleon, 48 — envoy to the congress of
Prague, 99, et seq., 104, 106 — account of
Napoleon's plan for carrying the cam-
paign into Prussia, 231 — at Leipsic, 267
— at Hanau, 286— envoy at the congress
of Chatillon, xviii. 90 — instructions given
to him at its opening, 155 — correspon-
dence with Metternich there, ib — new
instructions after La Rothiere, 156 —
terms offered by the Allies, 157 — which
are rejected, 158 — new instructions after
Champaubert, 98 — and after Vau-
champs, &c. 123, 124, 160— urges the
acceptance of the Allied terms, 165, 189 — i
final terms offered to him, 290 — counter
statement by him, 291 — counter project
given in , 292 — answer of the Allies, 293
— interview with Metternich, 295— the
congress is dissolved, 296 — be joins Na-
poleon at St Dizier, 310 — accompanies
him back toward Paris, 351 — mission of,
to Alexander on behalf of Napoleon,
370 — mission with the emperor's abdica-
tion in favour of his son, 373, 375 —
account by him of the desertion of
Napoleon at Fontainbleau, xiii. 67, note,
xviii. 378— his own fidelitv, 379, 384—
signs the final treaty, 380, 381, 382—
minister of foreign affairs during the
Hundred days, xix. 276 — attempts to
negotiate with the Allies, 293, 304—
interview with Napoleon after Waterloo,
xx. 2 — a member of the commission of
government, 7.
Caulaincourt, Augustus, at Borodino, xv.
339, 349— death of, there, 350.
Cavalchini, arrest of, xiii. 130.
Cavallo palace, spoliation of the, vii. 74.
Cavalry, Napoleon's opinion of, as regards
its ability to break infantry, xvii. 48,
note — the Austrian, ix. 112, 113 — breed-
ing stations for it, 116 — the British,
comparison between and the French,
xii. 20, 21 — the French, state of, before
the Revolution, i. 109 — sufferings of
Napoleon's, from the commencement of
the Russian campaign, xv. 281— destruc-
tion of it, during the retreat, xvi. 13,
14, 20, 35, 37, 47— measures of Napo-
leon in 1813 to recruit it, 162 — his defi-
ciency in it during that campaign, 199,
200 — new organisation of it in 1814,
xviii. 91 — annual importation of horses
for it, xx. 52, note — the Mamluke, vi. 252
the Russian, xv. 228— the Turkish, 137.
Caviare, exports of, from the country of
the Cossacks, xv. 245.
Caya, position of Wellington on the, xiv.
263.
Cayenne, transportation of the Jacobin
leaders to, v. 97 — subjugation of, by the
British, xiii. 166.
Cayes, the mulattoes of St Domingo shut
up in, viii. 179.
Cazates, M. de, parentage and early
career of, ii. 28 — his character as an
orator, ib. — opposes the union of the
orders, 74 — emigrates, but is arrested,
137 — on the impeachment of Mirabeau,
&c. 213 — and in defence of the clergy,
222.
Cazan , church of, at St Petersburg, xv. 266.
Cazotte, marquis de, during the massacres
at the prisons, iii. 21 — his death, 22.
Cazotte, mademoiselle de, on the 2d Sept..
iii. 21.
Celibacy, priestly, forbidden, in Russia,
xv. 258.
170
INDEX.
Celerico, defeat of the Portuguese at, xii.
101— retreat of Massena to, xiii. 345 —
is occupied by Marmont, xv. 32.
Celtic race, peculiarities of the, iii. 89.
Cembra, defeat of the Austrians at, vL 12.
Cenese, defeat of Loison at, vi. 353.
Cenis, mont, combats at, 1794, iv. 356 —
is occupied by the French, 1795, v. 54
—ascent of, by them, 1797, vi. 2 — passage
of the, in 1800, vii. 236— the road over
it commenced, viii. 206 — Napoleon's
design for a monument on it, xvi. 248.
Censeur, capture of the, v. 49.
Censeur European, the, xix. 292.
Censorship of the press, the removal of,
designed by Malesherbes, i. 242 — esta-
blished by Napoleon, xi. 181.
Centaur, mutiny on board the, v. 339.
Central fortifications, advantages of, vii.
261— the kind of, required, 262— their
advantages shown by Aspern, xii.
310.
Central Junta, the Portuguese, xii. 129.
Central Junta, the Spanish, formation of,
xii. 129, 130 — ' its composition and
character, 130 — flight from Madrid,
162 — treaty with Great Britain, xiii.
145 — degradation of the, 307— transfer
their power to a regency, and regula-
tions for the meeting of the Cortes,
xiv. 119— persecution of the members,
122.
Centralisation, effects of, in Paris, ii. 189
— influence of the Revolution in accom-
plishing, vii. 129 — its rapid progress
under Napoleon, xi. 189 — circumstances
which aid its progress, 226 — its effects,
227.
Centurion, action of the, against Linois,
ix. 353.
Cephalonia, subjugation of, by the British,
xiii. 166.
Cerachi, execution of, vii. 273, viii. 85.
Ceret, battle of, iv. 359.
Ceriola, combats at, vii. 250.
Cerra, repulse of the French at, v. 219.
Cervellon, the conde de, xii. 33 — defeats
of, on the Xucar, 68.
Cervellon, mademoiselle de, xii. 35.
Cervera, destruction of a French detach-
ment at, xiv. 193.
Cervoni, general, at Montenotte, v. 176.
Cesiar, Gabriel, xvi. 306.
Cesina, interview between Murat and the
pope at, xviii. 407.
Ceva, combat at, 1796, v. 180— surrender
of, to the French, 183 — captured
in 1799 by the peasantry, vi. 368— re-
pulse of the French before it, 369 — sur-
rendered to France in 1800, vii. 256.
Cevallos, Don Pedro, Spanish minister, xi.
335, note — opposes the journey to Bay-
onne, 336 — at Bayonne, 351 — subser-
vience to Joseph Buonaparte, xii. 41 —
45 — joins the patriots, 87.
Ceylon, subjugation of, by the British in
1796, v. 304— formally ceded to Great
Britain, viii. 55, 70— attachment of the
inhabitants to their landed possessions,
xix. 30.
Chabot, a leader of the Jacobins, ii. 296
— evidence against the Girondists, iii.
298 — on the constitution of 1793, iv.
124.
Chabot, general, at Igualada, xiii. 191.
Chabran, general, subjugation of Verona
by, vi. 31 — successes of, in the Alps,
vii. 25 — surrender of the fort of Bard to
him, 240 — in Spain during 1808, xii. 65
— operations in Catalonia, 92 — at Igua-
lada, xiii. 191.
Chabroud, M. ii. 190.
Chacabuco, battle of, xiv. 352.
Chads, lieutenant, xix. 108.
Chalade, pass of, iii. 202.
Chalier heads the Jacobins at Lyons, iv.
118 — proceeding of , there, 119 — his trial,
121 — and death, 77 — fete in honour of
him, 88.
Chalmers, Dr, xiv. 5.
Chalons, comparison of the battle of, with
Borodino, xv. 352 — commencement of
the Vendean revolt at, iii. 323 — panic
of the French at, 207 — arrival of Napo-
leon at, in 1814, xviii. 74 — occupation
of, by the Allies, 90 — again by Blucher,
92 — reorganisation of the army of Silesia
at, 134— recaptured by Ney, 203.
Chamartin, Napoleon at, xii. 165.
Chamber of Deputies, the French, forma-
tion and composition of the, in 1815,
xix. 299 — opening of the, 303 — conster-
nation in, on Waterloo, xx. 2 — mea-
sures by them, to compel Napoleon's
abdication, 3.
Chamber of Deputies, the Polish, v. 18.
Chamber of Peers, formation of the, in
France, xix. 218 — measures of, after
Waterloo and the abdication of Napo-
leon, xx. 6 — scene in, 7 — trial of Ney
by, 26.
Chambers, Mr, xiv. 72, note.
Chambery, occupation of, by the French
in 1792, iii. 231 — Jacobin club and con-
vention at, 174, 234— repulse of the
Sardinians at, 1793, iv. 76— capture of,
by the Austrians, 1814, xviii. 223 — they
are expelled from it, 224.
Chambon announces to Louis XVI. the
decree for his trial, iii. 57 — is denounced,
278— and his arrest decreed, 295.
Chambonnas, Scipion, ii. 319.
Chameroi, mademoiselle, viii. 112.
Champs de Mai, the assemblies of, i. 17 —
and their origin, 76.
Champ de Mai, the, 1815, xix. 300— Na-
poleon's speech at it, 301.
Champ -de Mars, fete in, 1790, ii. 211—
revolt in, and its suppression, 253 — f§te
in, 1792, 333.
Champs Elysees, meeting of the hair-
dressers at, ii. 150.
Champagne, invasion of, by the Allies in
1793, iii. 194 — overrun by them in 1814,
xviii. 68.
Champagny, M. financial report by, 1805,
INDEX.
171
Champagny, continued.
ix. 6 — report by, on the public works,
334 — xi. 196, note — negotiations with
lord Lauderdale, 288, note — commu-
nications from him to Godoy, 316 — re-
port by, relative to Spain, 319, note —
at Bayonne, 351, 352— communications
of Mettemich with him, xii. 212— fresh
requisitions levied on Prussia by him,
xi. 240 — terms conveyed to the papal
government by him, xiii. 130 — proposed
basis of treaty with Great Britain, 1808,
361 — announces the intention to dis-
member Spain, xiv. 141 — and negotia-
tions relative to it, 143 — convention re-
garding Poland, xv. 212 — his statement
of the grounds of complaint against Rus-
sia, 225.
Champaubert, Napoleon's march to, xviii.
94— battle of, 95.
Champeaux, general, at Marengo, vii.
248.
Champfort, the friend of Mirabeau, ii. 43
— his execution, iv. 249.
Championnet, general, at Fleurus, iv. 347
— appointed to command against Naples,
vi. 187 — defensive measures of, 188 —
rapid successes of, 189 — reoccupies
Rome, 190 — advances into the Neapo-
litan territories, 191 — repeated defeats
of the Neapolitan troops, 192 — his criti-
cal situation, and armistice, 193 — he
advances agairist Naples, and desperate
resistance, 198, et seq. — capture of the
city, 200 — he attempts to arrest the
exactions of the French commissaries in
it, 201— removed from the command, ib.
— reappointed to command in the Alps,
vii. 6— -and his successes there, 18 — com-
mands in Italy after Novi, 53, 83 — forces
at his disposal, ib. — his plans for the
campaign, 54 — measures of, for relieving
Coni, 55 — is defeated at Genola, 57 — his
death, 61.
Champlain, fort, capture of, by the British,
xix. 127.
Champlain, lake, successes of the British
on, xix. 126, 127.
Chandernagore, capture of, by Lord Clive,
xi. 4.
Channel, Napoleon's scheme for the pass-
age of the, ix. 51.
Channel fleet, mutiny of the, v. 331, 332,
333 — subsequent patriotism of, 335.
Channing, Dr, xix. 48, 67.
Chantonnay, battle of, iii. 349 — extermin-
ation of the inhabitants of, iv. 390.
Chapelier, M. , a member of the Constituent
Assembly, opposes its dissolution, ii. 200
—a member of the club of 1789, 226—
law against the emigrants introduced
by him, 229 — endeavours to secure the
revision of the constitution, 256.
Chaptal, M., educational scheme of, viii.
123—203.
Character, importance of personal anec-
dote for the delineation of, xvii. 1 —
varieties of, during the Revolution , i. 3.
Character, national, exhibition of, during
the Revolution, L 4 — effects of suffering
on it, 99.
Charenton, meeting of the revolutionists
at, ii. 335.
Charette, Francois, a Vendean leader, cha-
racter of, iii. 337, v. 266— at Machecoult,
iii. 333 — forces under him, 338 — captures
the island of Noirmoutiers, 343 — defeat
of, at Nantes, 347 — is again defeated at
Lucon, 349 — successful defence in Lower
Vendue, 350 — repeated defeats of, 351 —
at Torfou, ib.— at St Fulgent, 352 —
withdraws toward Noirmoutiers, 355 —
and effects of this, 356 — operations in
the neighbourhood of Noirmoutiers, 376
— defeat of Haxo by him, 379 — con-
tinued resistance of, iv. 390 — defeat of
Thurreau by him, 391 — treaty of La-
jaunais in 1795, v. 56 — his entry into
Nantes, ib. — remains inactive during the
Quiberon expedition, 61 — again in arms,
and defeated by Hoche, 68 — is again
defeated at La Vie, 263— and taken
prisoner, 264 — his trial and execution,
265.
Charlemagne, obstacles which marred all
his schemes for improvement, i. 20, 21 —
dissolution of his empire, 77 — the iron
crown of, assumed by Napoleon, ix. 31.
Charleroi, occupation of, by the French in
1792, iii. 225— invested by them in 1794,
and defeat before it, iv. 343 — again be-
sieged, and they again defeated, 344 —
movements of the Allies to succour it,
and its capitulation, 345 — passage of the
Sambre by Napoleon at it, 1815, xix.
315 — combat at, 317 — arrival of Napo-
leon at, after Waterloo, 371.
Charles I., comparison of the era of, with
that of Louis XVI. i. 43 — outbreak of
religious zeal during his reign, 68 — in-
come of Great Britain under him, ix.
252 — his efforts for the support of the
navy, xx. 73.
Charles II., fidelity of the English to, ii.
244 — income of Great Britain under
him, ix. 253.
Charles V., the emperor, extinction of the
feudal liberties of Spain under, i. 24.
Charles V., king of France, violation of
the tomb of, iv. 145.
Charles VI., rise of the democratic spirit
in France under, i. 83.
Charles VII., standing army first insti-
tuted by, i. 85.
Charles V1IL, state of Italy in the time
of, i. 28 — effect of his conquests upon
freedom, 87.
Charles X., character" of the ministries of,
xx. 45 — See Artois, comte d'.
Charles III., king of Spain, his opinion of
Lafayette, ii. 32, note.
Charles IV., king of Spain, character of,
xi. 295, 369, note — treaty with Napo-
leon, for the partition of Portugal, 299
— the disunion between him and Ferdi-
nand, 314 — his proclamation on the
172
INDEX.
Charles IV., continued.
occasion, and letter to Napoleon, 315 —
prepares to flee to Seville, 324 — abdi-
cates in favour of his son, 328 — pro-
clamation by him, ib. note — secret
protest against the abdication, 329,
note — urges the interference of Murat
on behalf of Godoy, 331 — is sent by
Murat to Bayonne, 339, 340 — his recep-
tion by the emperor, 354 — efforts of, to
induce Ferdinand to resign, 356, 357,
note — he himself abdicates, 358 — pro-
clamation from him in support of Napo-
leon, 362 — removed to Marseilles, and
his residence there, xii. 44.
Charles XII., king of Sweden, character,
&c. of, xv. 187— Voltaire's Life of, i.
138.
Charles XIII., accession of, to the throne
of Sweden, xv. 201, 202 — his views
relative to the crown-prince, 204 — his
adoption of Bernadotte, 206 — compelled
to declare war against Britain, 221 —
but reverts to the Russian and British
alliance, 222, et seq.
Charles, the archduke, first public appear-
ance of, iv. 25 — his early history, &c.
26, note — defeats the French at
Tongres, 26 — at Nerwinde, 28 — occu-
pies Brussels, 37 — 339 — on the advan-
tages of frontier fortresses, 396.
In 1796, commands on the Rhine, v.
268 — weakening of his forces there,
269— repulse of Jourdan by him, 272—
assumes the chief command, 277 — ope-
rations to arrest Moreau, 279 — his
retreat through the Black Forest, 281 —
converging direction of the retreat of
his corps, 283 — ability displayed, and
various operations during it, 284 —
action at Neresheim, 285 — junction
with Wartensleben, 286 — and defeats
Jourdan at Amberg, 287 — and again
at Wurtzburg, 288 — his subsequent
operations, 290 — again victorious at
Aschaffenburg, and drives Jourdan
over the Rhine, 291 — his generous treat-
ment of Marceau, ib. — operations to
drive back Moreau, 293 — retreat of
that general before him, 294, et seq. —
defeats him atEmmendingen, 296 — and
again at Hohenblau, and compels him
to recross the Rhine, 297— subsequent
measures proposed, ib. — refuses an
armistice, 298 — capture of Kehl by
him, ib. 299--and of Huningen, 299—
parallel between his conduct and that
of Napoleon in Italy, 300.
In 1797 is brought from Germany to
Italy, forces, &c. vl. 3 — plans forced by
the Aulic council upon him, 4 — compari-
son between him and Napoleon, 7 — is de-
feated at the Tagliamento, 8— and com-
pelled to retreat, 9— again defeated at
the Col di Tarwis, 10 — his answer to
Napoleon's letter, proposing peace, 15
— disasters and retreat of, 16, 17 —
armistice agreed to, 18— forces under
him in 1799, 324— his first movemen
in that campaign, 326 — at Ostrach
331 — again defeats Jourdan at Stock'
ach, 333 — his schemes after the battle,
ib. — connexion of, with the murder of
the plenipotentiaries at Rastadt, 335,
336— operations in Germany, 346— suc-
cesses in the Grisons against Massena,
350 — proclamation to the Swiss by him,
352 — junction with Hotze, ib. — repulsed
in a first attack on Massena at Zurich,
353 — prepares for a second attack on
him, when Massena retreats, 354 — plans
concerted between him and Suwarroff,
363.
Forces under him after the Trebbia,
vii. 3 — his plans, 4 — position of his
forces, 19, 20, note — he is ordered to-
ward the Rhine, 20 — his plans, 21, et
seq.— his first operations, 23— attempt
to cross the Limmat, 26 — his departure
for the Upper Rhine, 27 — capture of
Manheim by him, 28— advances to the
aid of Korsakoff near Zurich, 42 —
rupture between him and Suwarroff,
62 — operations against Lecourbe, 64,
65 — on the rupture between Austria
and Russia, 67 — value of his military
writings compared with those of Napo-
leon, 68 — his character, 69— parallel
between him and Suwarroff, to. — on
the inefficiency of maritime invasion,
74 — deprived of the command in 1800,
159 — construction of the intrenched
camp at Ulm by him, 161, 194 — anec-
dote of him, 202 — jealousy of him
entertained by the Aulic council, 275 —
takes the command after Hohenlinden,
298 — proposes an armistice, 299— his
estimation of the importance of the
valley of the Danube, 331, 332.
Forces under him in 1805, ix. 73 — his
marriage to a Protestant princess, 124
— the cabinet's jealousy of him, 132—
heroism of his regiment at Elchingen,
153 — forces under him, 1805, in Italy,
162 — is compelled to remain on the de-
fensive there, 163 — repulsed at Verona,
164 — actions at Caldiero, to. — compels
Massena to retreat, 166 — but himself
resolves to retire in order to cover
Vienna, 167 — able retreat of, from
Italy, 168— arrival at Laybach, 169—
joined by the archduke John, 178 —
change of movements made necessary
by the capture of Vienna, 190 — ap-
proaches and threatens Vienna, 197,
215 — errors of the government with re-
gard to him, 231, 236.
Report by him in 1806 on the army,
x. 14.
Reorganisation of the army by him,
xii. 136 — his superintendence of the
war department, 199— in 1809 heads the
peace party in Austria, 204 — forces
under him at the opening of the cam-
paign of Echmuhl, 213— his reception
at Vienna, 214 — proclamation to his
INDEX.
173
Charles, the archduke, continued.
troops, 215, note — his first offensive
movements, 218 — delay in these imposed
by the Aulic council, 219 — crosses the
Iser, 221 — subsequent movements, 222
— moves on Ratisbon, 224 — faulty di-
rection of these operations, 225 — posi-
tion and distribution of his troops, 227
— battle of Abensberg, 229 — and of
Landshut, 231 — operations of Davoust
against him, 232— attack and capture
of Ratisbon, 233 — movements prepara-
tory to Echmuhl, 234 — battle of
Echmuhl, 236 — retreats on Ratisbon,
238 — and recrosses the Danube there,
239 — losses in these actions, 242 — his
position and defensive measures, 251 —
slowness of his movements, 266 — ad-
vances on Vienna, 267 — instructions to
his brother John, 271 — chances of the
approaching conflict to him, 276 — ope-
rations on the Upper Danube, 280 — he
resolves on attacking the corps which
first crossed at Aspern, 282 — his plan,
283, 286— battle of Aspern, 287, et seq.
—losses in it, 299, 300— effects of his
brother's disobedience of orders, 309.
His forces before Wagram, xiii. 3, 24
— defensive preparations, 8 — dispersed
condition of his forces, 25 — spirit which
animated them, 26 — he is deceived by
Napoleon as to the passage, ib. — and
his intrenchments are rendered useless,
29 — he retires to Wagram, and his dis-
positions there, 30, et seq. — battle of
Wagram, 32 — is wounded at it, 33 — he
resolves on resuming the offensive, 35 —
his plan of attack, 36 — is again wound-
ed, 38 — his retreat, 47 — results of the
battle to him, 49 — its loss due to his
brother's disobedience, 50, 52— he re-
tires toward Bohemia, 56 — his position
at Znaym, and action there, 57 — armis-
tice of Znaym, 59, 61 — he represents the
emperor in the marriage by proxy of
Marie Louise, 280.
The jealousy of the government pre-
vents his being called to the command
in 1813, xvii. 123.
Charles Edward, fidelity of the Highland-
ers to, ii. 244.
Charles Emmanuel, king of Sardinia,
humiliation to which subjected by the
French, vi. 180, 181 — compelled to
abdicate, and retires to Sardinia, 182. —
See also Sardinia.
Chariot, general, v. 226, note.
Charlotte, queen, powers conferred by the
regency bill on, xiv. 24.
Charlotte, the princess, xviii. 413.
Charlottenberg occupied by Napoleon, x.
69 — the convention of, 79.
Charpentier, general, forces under, 1813,
xvii. 384— at Leipsic, 241, 242— forces
under, 1814, xviii. 435 — at battle of
Paris, 346.
Charter, the French, of 1814, xix. 216, et
seq.
Charters, the successive, granted by the
Norman kings of England, i. 58.
Chartres, the bishop of, joins the Tiers
Etat, ii. 62 — humanity of, 122 — motion
by, on the chase, 139, 146.
Chartres, the due de, afterwards due d'Or-
leans and Egalit£, see Orleans.
Chartres, the due de, (Louis Philippe,) at
Jemappes, iii. 223, 224 — and at Ner-
winde, iv. 28, 29— during the Hundred
days, xix. 262, 265.
Chartres, town of, opposition of, to the
constitution of 1795, v. 120.
Chase, motion in the Assembly on the,
ii. 139 — abolition of all rights of, 147.
Chass<*, general, at Waterloo, xix. 344,
351, 358.
Chasseloup, general, at the siege of Dant-
zic, x. 275 — siege of Stralsund by, xi.
253.
Chasseurs of the guard, the Prussian, xvi.
205.
Chastellar, general, chief of the Austrian
staff in 1799, vi. 357— at the Trebbia,
377, 381 — is wounded at Alessandria,
vii. 11 — organisation of the peasantry
of the Tyrol by him, in 1805, ix. 70—
forces under him at the opening of the
campaign of 1809, xii. 213 — at Sacile,
247 — takes the command of the insur-
gent Tyrolese, 339 — and his successes
in that country, 340 — outlawed by Na-
poleon, 347 — operations in the southern
Tyrol, 348— is defeated at La Pietra, ib.—
again defeated at Worgl, 349, 350 — and
again at Feuer Singer, 350 — his retreat
from thence, 351 — repulse of the French
at Sachsenberg, 357 — able retreat of,
from the Tyrol, xiii. 15, 16 — forces
under him in 1813, xvii. 94 — approach
of, to Dresden, 137— at battle of Dres-
den, 149.
Chastelet, marchioness of, i. 138.
Chataignerie, victory of the Vendeans at,
iii. 340.
Chateau, general, death of, xviii. 125.
Chateaux, burning of the, by the peasan-
ts, ii. 134 — destruction of, decreed, iv.
128.
Chateau Cambrensis, occupation of, by
the Allies, iv. 42.
Chateau d'Eu, the, viii. 165.
Chateau Gonthier, battle of, iii. 362.
Chateau Trompette, loyalty of garrison
of, xix. 278.
Chateaux Vieux, revolt of regiment of,
ii. 217, 218.
Chateaubriand, Francois, vicomte de,
first appearance of, iii. 200, note — apo-
logy for the emigrants by, ii. 228, note
— conduct of, on the death of the due
d'Engliien , viii. 356 — eulogy on Pitt by
him, ix. 245 — character of Fox by him,
394 — a cotemporary of Wellington's,
xi. 50 — character of the works of, xiv. 7,
xx. 43, 58 — account of Napoleon's
treatment of the pope; xvi. 146 — his
pamphlet on Napoleon and the Bour-
174
INDEX.
Chateaubriand, continued.
bons, xviii. 377 — writings of, in favour
of the Bourbons at Ghent, xix. 296 —
account by him of the senate of Con-
stantine, xx. 46.
Chateaubriand, madame de, execution of,
iv. 250.
Chateauguay, defeat of the Americans on
the, xix. 131.
Chateauneuf, the abbe" de, i. 136, 137.
Chateauneuf, the marquis de, i. 137.
Chateauroux, the duchesse de, i. 182, note.
Chateauvieux, M., statistics of France
from, i. 104, note.
Chatel, M., murder of, ii. 133.
Chatelet, the due de, ii. 139.
Chatelet, mademoiselle du, death of, iv.
248.
Chatelet, high court of, opposition of, to
Brienne, i. 327 — trial of Besenval and
Favras before, ii. 184 — inquiry before,
into the insurrection of the 5th October,
190.
Chatelet, passage of the Sambre by Napo-
leon at, xix. 315.
Chatham, the first lord, iii. 109 — educa-
tion of his son William by him, 111 —
and last letter to him, 112 — the adminis-
tration of, 107 — maintenance of the
maritime code by him, vii. 343 —
xiv. 2.
Chatham, the earl of, master-general of
the ordnance in 1804, viii. 296, note —
and again in 1807, x. 237, note — com-
mands the Walcheren expedition, and
operations in it, xiii. 80 — the instruc-
tions given by the cabinet to him, 81 —
siege of Flushing, 82 — its capture, and
subsequent inefficiency of his move-
ments, 83 — he resolves on retreating, 84
— his appointment to the command the
cause of the expedition failing, 89.
Chatillon,aVendean chief, submission of,
to Napoleon, vii. 164.
Chatillon, combats at, iii. 348, 355.
Chatillon, congress of, see Congress.
Chatillon, (Italy) defeat of an' Austrian
detachment at, vii. 232.
Chaudon Rousseau, general, at Barrossa,
xiii. 342.
Chaulieu, the abbe" de, i. 136.
Chaumette, a member of the municipality
and leader of the Anarchists, opposes
the law of the maximum, iii. 254—
organises the revolt of the 31st May,
288 — evidence offered against the Giron-
dists by, 297 — character of him and of
his party, 310— sketch of his early life,
311, note — as public accuser of the
municipality, iv. 117 — denunciation of
the moderates by him, 129— blasphemous
declaration of, 149 — conducts the fete of
the goddess of Reason, 150 — orders the
defacement of Notre Dame, 151 — on the
law of the maximum, 169 — his destruc-
tion resolved on by Robespierre, 181 —
his execution^ 200.
Chaumont, treaty of, between the Allies,
xviii. 162 — danger of the Austrian
magazines at, 317.
Chauncey, commodore, capture of York
by, xix. 122— ^,nd of fort George, 124—
132— is blockaded by the British fleet,
166.
Chaussee d' Antin, manners of the, in
1794, v. 92.
Chauvelin, M. de, ambassador to Great
Britain in 1792, iii. 181— is ordered to
leave Britain, 183, 249.
Chaves, capture of, by the French, xiii.
213— recaptured by Silviera, 223.
Chazot, general, defeat of, by Clairfait,
iii- 204— and again at Vaux, 205— at
Valmy, 209.
Chebreiss, combat at, vi. 259.
Chelne, defeat of the Poles at, v. 33.
Chemistry, state of, at the date of the
Revolution, ii. 1.
Chemnitz, the Austrians driven from,
1813, xvii. 201— combats at, 221.
Chene Populeux, pass of, iii. 202— capture
of, by the Allies, 205.
Chenier, Andre\ execution of, iv. 249.
Chenier, Joseph, connexion of, with the
revolt of the 10th August, ii. 352—
moves the interment of Marat in the
Pantheon, iv. 155— refusal of, to inter-
fere on behalf of his brother, 249/ — joins
the Thermidorians, v. 85— speech of, in
the Tribunate, viii. 133.
Cher, department of, proceedings of La-
planche in, iv. 127.
Cherasco, capture of, by the French, v.
181.
Cherbourg docks, commencement of the,
by Calonne, i. 279— arrival of British
succours for the Vendeans at, iii. 375 —
works at harbour of, viii. 165— -prepara-
tions at, for the invasion of England,
276— rejoicings at, on the great fete at
Boulogne, 319— the works at, xi. 148,
204 — and expenditure on them, xvL
154 — imprisonment of SchilPs com-
patriots at, 101— naval preparations of
Napoleon at, 157 — completion of the
works at, and their opening, xviii. 8.
Chernicheff, general count, xii. 368 — aide-
de-camp to the emperor Alexander, xv.
271 — liberation of Winzingerode by,
xvi. 47 — reception of, in Neustettin, 119,
note— forces under him, 1813, 190, 202,
note — victory of, at Luneburg, 193— at
Halberstadt, 259 — surprise of the French
depot at Leipsic, 260 — defeat of Gerard,
xvii. 186, 7 — invasion of Westphalia,
209 — during the pursuit from Leipsic,
282— at Hanau, 284, 286 — defeat of
Maison near Liege, and passage of the
Rhine, in 1814, xviii. 69 — captures -
Avesnes, 131 — captures Soissons by a
coup-de-main, 132, et seq. — again eva-
cuates it, 134— at Laon, 190, 196—
enters into communication with the
grand army, 312— urges the advance on
Paris, 315— is detached after Napoleon,
316.
INDEX.
175
Cherub brig, aids in the capture of the
Essex, xix. 136.
Chesapeake, affair of the, with the Leo-
pard, xix. 91 — capture of the, by the
Shannon, 114, et seq.
Chesapeake bay, operations of the British
squadron in, xix. 113, 119, 149.
Chesterfield, lord, on the state and pro-
spects of France before the Revolution,
i. 195.
Chevalier, origin of the name of, i. 53.
Chevigny, M. de, i. 276, note.
Chevres, defeat of the Vendeans at, iii.
355.
Cheyne, lieutenant, xviii. 240.
Chiaramonte, cardinal, elected pope, vii.
279.
Chiaveco del Christo, contest at, ix. 166.
Chief-Justice of Ireland, murder of the,
viii. 289.
Chili, province of, its population in 1810,
xiv. 324, note— revolt of, 340— estab-
lishment of the independence of, 352 —
its commerce, before and after the Re-
volution, 374.
Chillingching, landing of the expedition
against Java at, xiv. 107.
Chillon, imprisonment of Reding in, viii.
230.
China, the march of Timour to, xv. 118 —
army maintained by, xvi. 156.
China fleet, defeat of Linois by the, viii.
291.
Chinchilla, capture of, by Soult, xv. 90.
Chingleput, siege of, by Hyder Ali, xi. 18.
Chinsella, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
235.
Chippewa, battle of, xix. 145 — second
battle, 146.
Chirivilla, escape of Suchet at, xiv. 199.
Chitore, capture of, by Sir Eyre Coote,
xi. 22.
Chiusa, pass of, forced by the Austrians,
v. 208.
Chiusa, fort of, vL 22— massacre of the
garrison of, 30.
Chlopiki, general, xv. 35.
Choczym, combats at, x. 114, 119.
Chofre hills at San Sebastian, the, xvi.
347— batteries, 349.
Choiseul, due de, enmity of, to the Jesuits,
i. 130 — on the new philosophy, 143, note
— his influence with Louis XV. over-
thrown by Madame du Barri, 183 — en-
deavours of, to attach the parliaments
to the crown, 197 — the conquest of Cor-
sica due to him, 200 — the alliance
between the Dauphin and Marie
Antoinette negotiated by him, 215 —
attachment of Marie Antoinette to him,
227.
Choiseul, the due de, during the flight to
Varennes, ii. 238, 242.
Cholet, battles of, iii. 324, 356, 357—
atrocities of the republicans at, 358 —
victory of the Vendeans at, in 1799, vii.
86.
Chouans, seat of the war of the, iii. 317—
their origin, 374 — increasing power and
numbers of the, 378, 379 — commence-
ment of the war in Brittany, iv. 391 —
they accede to the treaty of Lajaunais, v.
57 — their inactivity during the Quiberon
expedition, 61 — renewed outbreak in
1799, vii. 85 — suppression of the war,
164, 165.
Choudien, transportation of, viii. 91.
Choumara, his attempt to prove the French
victorious at Toulouse, xviii. 284.
Christian, prince of Denmark, xix. 202,
203.
Christian councils, origin of the repre-
sentative system with, v. 8.
Christians and Mahommedans, influence
of the struggle between, L 2.
Christiani, general, xviii. 434— -at Craone,
183.
Christianity, effect of, in promoting civil
freedom, i. 32 — influence of, in Europe,
as compared with Asia, 34 — enmity of
Voltaire to, 142 — oration of Turgot on,
234 — ignorance of the French soldiery
with regard to, iii. 315 — abjuration of,
by the municipality and Convention,
iv. 149 — its influence as shown in the
death-scene of Louis, 305 — repeal of the
decrees prohibiting its worship, v. 93 —
impulse given to its diffusion by the
Revolution, vii. 132 — influence of Great
Britain and Russia in diffusing, ix. 358
— contrast between it and Mahomme-
danism, xv. 130, 131 — general indiffer-
ence to it in France, xx. 43.
Christophe, Henri, burning of Cape Town
by, viii. 185 — defeats Hardy at Dondon,
190 — enters the French service, 191 —
revolts from them, 195 — attack on Cape
Town by him, 196.
Christoval fort, (Badajos,) assaults on, xiv.
257, 258.
Chrystler's point, defeat of the Americans
at, xix. 132.
Chubb, capture of the, xix. 161.
Church establishment, necessity of a, ii.
194 — its property to be regarded as in-
alienable, ii. 197 — effects of spoliation
on it, xiii. 138.
Church, confiscation of the property of the,
in Austria, ix. 124.
Church, insurrection in Flanders in favour
of the, iii. 130.
Church, weakening of the, in France, by
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, i.
98, 125 — its state, before the revolution,
124, 156— Voltaire's attacks on the, 143
— assaults of the Encyclopedists on it,
150, 151 — prediction by it, regarding
the issues of that infidelity, 157 — cor-
ruptions in it, 158 — its revenues, ib.
note — unequal distribution of these, 159
— exclusion of the middle classes from
its higher grades, 165 — new establish-
ment of it, by the Constituent Assembly,
ii. 193, 198— re-establishment of it, by
Napoleon , viii. 108 — his views regarding
it, xiii. 132, 133, xvi. 144— the conditions
176
INDEX.
Church, continued.
of the concordat of 1813 regarding it,
147 — its present state and dangers, xx.
42.
Church property in France, views of Tur-
got regarding it, i. 243 — commencement
of its spoliation, ii. 143 — causes which in-
duced it, 146 — its general confiscation
192 — effects of it on the Revolution, and
on freedom in France, 194, 260, iv. 296.
xx. 42.
Churches, general spoliation of the, by
the municipality, iv. 149 — decree order-
ing them to be closed, 151, 152— their
general destruction throughout the
country, viii. 105 — are restored to- the
Catholics, v. 106, 110.
Church, the Polish, peculiar character of,
v. 11.
Church, the Russian, character and utility
of, xv. 258, 259.
Church, character and influence of the,
in Spain, xii. 12, et seq.
Church, state of the, in the United States,
xix. 45, et seq. — its general subservience,
48.
Cinca, capture of a French detachment at
the, xiii. 193.
Cincinnatus, the order of, i. 266.
Cinque ports, wardenship of, appropriated
by Lord Hawkesbury, ix. 321.
Cintra, convention of, xii. 119 — its provi-
sions, 120, note — indignation with it in
Great Britain, 120 — court of inquiry on
the generals, 121 — its expedience, and
advantages, 122 — fidelity with which it
is executed, 127.
Circassia, the present state of, xii. 323.
Cisalpine republic, the, recognised by the
treaty of Campo Formio, vi. 20, 53 —
annexation of the Valteline to it in
1797, 144 — changes introduced into it,
1798, 178 — contributions levied on it,
1798, 187 — organisation of it by Napo-
leon before his departure for Egypt,
229— state of it, 1799, 322— annexation
of Vercelli to it, vii. 322 — its indepen-
dence guaranteed by Luneville, 328 —
cession of Modena to it, ib. — again
remodelled in 1802, viii. 202 — name
changed to Italian, and its constitution
entirely changed, 204. — See thereafter
Italy, kingdom of.
Cisneros, admiral, ix. 88, 90.
Cispadane republic, the, vi. 25, 26.
Cities, influence of fortified, on freedom,
i. 9.
Cities of France, rapid rise of the, i. 166.
Cities of Holland, energy and enterprise
of the, iv. 378 — circumstances which
led to their being fortified, 379.
Cities, want of great, in Poland, v. 6.
Citizenship, limited extent of, in the
republics of Greece, i. 10 — extension of
that of Rome to all the conquered
states, 11 — restrictions imposed on this
extension, 15 — restricted extent of, in
the Italian republics, 29 — among the
Anglo-Saxons, 54 — and in ancient
Gaul, 74.
Ciudad Real, defeat of the Spaniards at,
xiii. 220 — contributions levied on, xvi.
306.
Ciudad Rodrigo, advance of Sir Robert
Wilson to, in 1809, xiii. 211 — prepara-
tions for the siege of, by the French,
248 — siege and capture of it by Mas-
sena, 323 — "Wellington's preparations
for besieging it, xiv. 271— the siege is
converted into a blockade, 273, 279 — is
repeatedly relieved and provisioned,
283 — Wellington secretly prepares for
its actire prosecution, xv. 5 — siege of
it, 7, et seq. — storming of it, 10, et seq.
— is threatened by Marmont, 31 — fail-
ure of the Spanish government to pro-
vision it, 32 — and efforts of Wellington
to do so, 33 — retreat of the British to,
98.
Civic virtues, fete of the, iv. 323.
Civil list of Austria, the, ix. 130.
Civil list of France, secrecy maintained
with regard to the, i. 176.
Civil list of Great Britain, total expendi-
ture for the, ix. 312, note.
Civil service of Russia, corruption in the,
xv. 255.
Civil wars, influence of political grievance
in inducing, i. 208.
Civil wars of England, character of the,
i. 45, 73 — the early, among the Anglo-
Saxons, 51.
Civil wars of Ireland and Scotland, savage
character of the, i. 71, 72.
Civilisation of antiquity, characteristics of,
i. 114.
Civilisation, impulse given to, by the
Revolution, vii. 132 — its growth in the
East, xv. 114, 122— and in Europe, 121
— influence of northern invasion on it,
xvi. 2.
Civita Vecchia, democratic outbreak at,
vi. 169 — evacution of, by the French,
1814, xviii. 219.
Clairfait, general, operations of, during
the Allied invasion of France, 1793, iii.
202 — at the Argonne forest, 204 — is
removed to the defence of Flanders,
221 — forces under him there, 222— at
Jemappes, 223 — is superseded by prince
Coburg, iv. 23 — at Nerwinde, 28 — de-
feat of Lamarche by him, 30— defeated
near Tom-nay, 336 — offensive move-
ments of, 337— at Turcoing, 339— is
again defeated at Thielt, 344, 345 —
repeated defeats of, in Flanders by
Pichegru, 350 — forces under him, 366—-
at Ruremonde, and driven across the
Rhine, 367 — appointed commander-in-
chief, and orders to him, 369 — forces on
the Rhine in 1795, v. 72— retreats from
that river, ib. — movements of, 73 —
defeats the French before Mayence, 74
— defeats Pichegru on the Pfrim, 75 —
and compels Jourdan to fall back, 76 —
is superseded, 268.
INDEX.
177
Clamart, death of Condorcet at, iv. 143.
Claparede, general, at Bbersberg, xii. 258
— joins Massena at Celerico, xiii. 345 —
forces under him, 1813, xvii. 384.
Clarence, the duke of, xviii. 400.
Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, gene-
ral, and due de Feltre, negotiations
with Austria in 1796, v. 229, 233 —
urged by the Directory to conclude
peace, 241 — and thwarted by Napoleon,
242 — report in 1796 on the condition of
France, 245 — is appointed governor of
Vienna, he. 195 — negotiations with
Great Britain in 1806, 386— appointed
governor of Berlin, and his rapacity, x.
76 — governor-general of the conquered
provinces, 77 — xi. 196, note — instruc-
tions to Junot relative to the invasion
of Portugal, 302— report on Spain, 319,
note — advocates the removal of Marie
Louise and the King of Rome from
Paris, xviii. 334, 335— minister at war
under the Bourbons, xix. 265 — ac-
companies Louis XVIII. to Ghent,
296.
Clarke, Mrs, xiii. 87, 88, note.
Claros, a Somatene chief, operations of,
xiii. 203 — is defeated at Campredou,
209.
Clausel, general, vi. 183— at Salamanca,
xv. 57, 61 — is wounded there, 65 — state-
ment of the French losses at that battle,
67— retreat of, to Valladolid, 70— Wel-
lington moves against him, 83 — losses
after Salamanca, 84 — is joined by
Souham and advances to Burgos, ib.
89 — succeeds Caffarelli in Biscay, xvi.
320 — Napoleon's instructions for sup-
pressing the guerillas, ib. — successes of,
in that district, 321— at Vitoria, 333—
his escape after it, and retreat to Sara-
gossa, 342 — retreats toward France,
343 — commands the left wing in the
Pyrenees, 356 — forcing of the Ronces-
valles pass by him, 358 — at Soraoren,
363, 365— at the Puerto d' Echalar, 372
— at the Ivantelly rock, 373 — at San
Marcial, 386, 387 — forces under him,
1813, 401— at the Bidassoa, xvii. 344,
345— at the Nivelle, 353, 356, 357— at the
Nive, 363, 368, 369— xviii. 237— at the
Adour, 238— at Tarbes, 256— during
the Hundred days, xix. 278.
Clausen, action at, vi. 12.
Clausewitz, general, xv. 276 — conducts
the negotiations between Diebitch and
York, xvi. 105, 108, note — his state-
-ment of the forces in the Waterloo
campaign, xLx. 309, note.
Clavel, colonel, vii. 162.
Clavieres, M. connexion of, with Mira-
beau, ii. 24, note — becomes minister of
finance, 311 — resigns, 317 — restored to
office, iii. 5 — disinclination of, to the
war in 1792, 168, 170— urges the inva-
sion of Switzerland, 233.
Clay, general, at Miami, xix. 123.
Clerc, Jeanne, execution of, iii. 279.
VOL. XX.
Clergy of England, emancipation of the
serfs due to the, i. 65.
Clergy of France, support given by, to the
Revolution, i. 112 — deficiency of talent
among them, 156 — their comparative
exemption from taxation, 167, 168 — and
their resistance to it, 187 — their dis-
tracted state, 192 — their jealousy of
Turgot, 244 — their resistance to his
measures, 251 — their enmity to Necker,
271— and to Calonne's projects, 288 —
convocation of them by Brienne, 327 —
their remonstrance against his measures,
328, note — their views regarding the
States-general, 333 — their selfishness,
364 — their costume at the opening of the
States-general, ii. 3 — in the hall of as-
sembly, 4, 6 — in favour of the separate
verification, 10 — resist the demand for a
single assembly, 11 — leaning of the ma-
jority to the Tiers Etat, 12— their views
in the cahiers, 14 — their composition in
the assembly, 18, note— deputation to the
Tiers Etat, 44 — still resist the union of the
orders, 45 — answer to the decree of the
Tiers Etat constituting themselves the
States-general, 48 — first defection from
their ranks, 50 — measures adopted by
them, 58 — the majority join the Tiers
Etat, 59, 62, 67 — the minority hold out
against the union, 73 — but at last give
in, ib. — commencement of the spoliation
of them, 143 — their conduct at this time,
144 — their repentance, 146 — new estab-
lishment of them by the Assembly ;
stipends, ranks, &c. assigned to them, 193
— their resistance to this confiscation,
196 — they now oppose the Revolution,
197 — efforts made to procure the dissolu-
tion of the Assembly, 200 — oppose the
abolition of titles of honour, 203 — new
oath tendered to them, 221 — generally
refuse to take it, 223— and are ejected
from their cures, &c, 224 — their efforts
against the Legislative Assembly, 299 —
discussions on them in it, 301 — and de-
cree against them, 302— to which the
king refuses his assent, 317, 323 — decree
for the disarming of them, iii. 269 — effects
in La Vendue, of the measures against
them, 321 — destruction of them by the
Revolution, iv. 293 — alleviation of the
laws against them, vi. 96 — return of
many of them from exile, 97 — severities
of the Directory against them, vi. 106,
108 — the destruction of them rendered
freedom impossible, vii. 125 — their pre-
sent state, xx. 42.
Clergy of Great Britain, opposition of the,
to the Revolution, iii. 108.
Clergy of Poland, character of the, v 11.
Clergy of Russia, the, xv. 258.
Clergy of Spain, the, xii. 12, et seq. — part
which they took in the contest, 13 —
contests between them and the Cortes,
xvi. 305.
Clergy of Sweden, the, xv. 190 — represen-
tation of them in the States-general, 1V0.
M
178
INDEX.
Clergy of Switzerland, spirit of the, vi.
157.
Clergy of the United States, dependence
of the, xix. 46, et seq.— their subservient
spirit, &c. 48
Clerk of Eldin and breaking the line, iv.
320, note.
Clermont, the bishop of, hi. 50.
Clermont Tonnerre, Stanislaus comte
de, early career and character of, ii. 33 —
a leader in the liberal noblesse, 17—
joins the Tiers Etat, 69 — on the taking
of the Bastile, 107— in St Domingo, viii.
170 — denounced, ii. 165.
Clervaux, a negro chief, viii. 195.
Clery, Jean Baptiste, valet of Louis XVI.
devotion of, iii. 55, 57 — account by him
of the parting of the royal family, 71 —
his own last interview with the king,
72.
Cleves, cession of it to France, ix. 221 — is
bestowed on Murat, 370.
Clichy, the club of, vi. 95, 98 — is denoun-
ced by the army, 102 — its republican
character, 112.
Climate of Canada, the, xix. 11 — varieties
of, in France, i. 102 — influence of,
upon the characters of the races in
India, x. 366 — of Ireland, iii. 85 — of
Russia, xv. 229 — of South America,
xiv. 306.
Clinton, general sir William Henry, at
Salamanca, xv. 59, 64, 65, 66— during
the pursuit, 70 — takes the command at
Alicante, 103— at Castalla, 315— at the
Nivelle, xvii. 353, 356 — forces under
him at Tarragona, 1813, 395— at Orthes,
xviii. 242— at Tarbes, 255, 256— at Tou-
louse, 269, 274, 275 — operations in
Catalonia, 1814, 258— at Molinos del
Rey, ib. — cessation of hostilities, 260 — ■
is knighted, xix. 193 — during the
Waterloo campaign, 307— at Waterloo,
344.
Clisson, chateau of, destroyed, iii. 348.
Clitumnus, plain of the, v. 157.
Clive, general, afterwards lord, parentage,
early history, &c. of, xi. 9 — his intro-
duction into active life, ib. — his charac-
ter, 10 — his first appearance, 4 — his lirst
action, 7 — overthrow of Surajee Dowlah
by him, 5 — alliance entered into with
the Nizam, 13.
Clive, the second lord, occupation of the
Carnatic by, xi. 83.
Clootz, Anacharsis, member for the con-
vention, iii. 35 — expelled from the Jaco-
bins, iv. 186 — arrest and execution of,
190, 191.
Close boroughs of Great Britain, advan-
tage of the, iii. 101.
Closter Fahr, combat at, 1799, vii. 31.
Clovis, conquest of Gaul by, i. 74, 75.
" Club of 1789," the, ii. 226.
Club Breton, the, the origin of the Jaco-
bins, ii. 39 — its origin, 40 — removes
to the Jacobins* convent, 184.
Club Montrouge, the, ii. 39.
Clubs, the first revolutionary, established,
ii. 38 — their increasing influence, 225 —
are denounced by the king, 248, note —
and by Lafayette, 321 — extinction of all
excepting the Jacobins, iv. 212 — inter-
diction of them by the constitution of
1795, v. 117 — the principal during 1797,
vi. 95 — reopening of the, in 1797, vii.
83. — See also Cordeliers, Jacobins, &c.
Clugny, M. de, appointed comptroller
general of the finances, i. 256 — revenue,
&c. under him, 286, note.
Clyde river, the, iii. 84.
Coa river, action on the, 1810, xiii. 324 —
Massena driven back to it, 345 — move-
ment of Wellington to, 1811, xiv.
269.
Coal, deficiency of, in France, i. 103 — its
abundance in Great Britain, iii. 97
— want of it in Russia, xv. 252.
Coasting trade of Great Britain, value of
the, iii. 95.
Cobentzell, count, Austrian envoy at
Rastadt, vi. 219 — language of Napoleon
toward him, viii. 347 — on the death of
the due d'Enghien, 355 — retirement of,
from the ministry, ix. 38 — again be-
comes vice-chancellor, 132.
Coblentz, assembly of the emigrants at,
ii. 227, 274, iii. 159 — passage of the
Rhine by the Allies at, xviii. 64, 65 —
the monument at it commemorative of
the Russian campaign, 65.
Cobourg, prince, in 1793, generalissimo of
the Allies, his character, iv. 23 — his first
operations, 26 — at Nerwinde, 28 — sub-
sequent operations, and convention
with Dumourier, 30 — proclamations by
him, 32, note — forces under him, 33—
operations in Flanders, 37 — at Famars,
38 — proclamation on the capture of
Valenciennes, &c. 40 — capture of
Quesnoy, 56, 57 — defeated at Wat-
tignies, 64 — causes which induced this
defeat, 65 — his proclamation denounced
by Fox, 313— operations of, 332, 337—
again defeated at Turcoing, 339 — on
the Sambrev343 — movements of, pre-
vious to Fleurus, 345 — defeated there,
346 — and abandons Flanders, 347 —
removed from the command, 369 —
secret understanding between him and
the French generals, 351, 352.
Coburg, position of Oudinot at, xvi.
202.
Cochin, subjugation of, by the British,
1796, v. 304.
Cochon, minister of police, dismissal of,
vi. 99 — condemned to transportation,
vi. 106.
Cochrane, admiral Sir Alexander, viii.
326, ix. 55 — pursuit of Villaumez by,
352.
Cochrane, Thomas, lord, anecdote of,
viii. 44, note — operations of, off the
coast of Spain, xii. 96, 98 — at Basque
roads, xiii. 159, et seq. — his character,
163— his withdrawal from the British
INDEX.
179
Cochrane, continued.
service, and his subsequent career, 164
— co-operates in the defence of Rosas,
187— in South America, xiv. 352.
Cockburn, admiral Sir George, attempt
of, to mediate between South America
and Spain, xiv. 341 — operations against
the Americans, xix. 113 — in Chesa-
peake bay in 1814, 149 — his prepara-
tions against Washington, 150 — capture
of it, 152 — expedition against Baltimore,
155.
Cocks, major Somers, at Burgos, xv. 85 —
his death there, 88.
Code Napoleon, formation of the: discus-
sions on it, its leading provisions, &c.
viii. 153, et seq. — founded on the deci-
sions of the parliaments, i. 203 — intro-
duction of it into Portugal, xi. 312 —
and into the Roman states, xiii. 138.
Codrington, admiral, at Tarragona, xiv.
172, 176.
Coercion act, the, in Ireland, vi. 207,
note, ix. 22, note.
Coftinhal, Jean Baptiste, member of the
revolutionary tribunal, iii. 11 — vice-
president of it, iv. 263— capture of, on
the 9th Thermidor, 284 — his execution,
286.
Cogoletto, defeat of the French at, vii.
211.
Cohorn, general, at Ebersberg, xii. 257,
258.
Coimbetore, invasion of, by the British,
xi. 24.
Coimbra, insurrection in, xii. 101 — capture
of French wounded at, xiii. 331 — captur-
ed by Trant, 344.
Coire, occupation of, by the Austrians,
vi. 163 — capture of an Austrian detach-
ment at, 1799, 328— captured by the
French, 1800, vii. 203.
Coisnon, M. viii. 188.
Col di Balaguer, capture of the, by Suchet,
xiv. 164.
Col di Tende, d* Argentiere, &c, see
Tende, Argentiere, &c.
Colberg, blockade of, begun by the French,
x. 124 — siege of, by Mortier, x. 127,
256, 257 — its defence by Gneisenau,
xvii. 92.
Colbert, general, envoy to St Petersburg
in 1803, viii. 249 — defeat of, in 1806, at
Lecberg, x. 134 — is wounded at Villa
Franca, xii. 178 — at Raab, xiii. 13 — at
La Rothiere, xviii. 84—91, 435.
Colbome, colonel, (Sir John,) at the
storming of Ciudad Rodrigo, xv. 10, 11
— at the Bidassoa, xvii. 344, 345 — at the
Nivelle, 357— at Orthes, xviii. 245— at
Waterloo, xix. 363, 366.
Cold, remarkable, in Glasgow, xvi. 35,
note — setting in of it, during the Mos-
cow retreat, 33 — physical effects of it, on
the soldiers, 36, 69 — sufferings of the
Russian troops from it, 48 — its inten-
sity, 67— endurance of it by the Southern
and Northern nations, 71— real influ-
ence of it on the campaign, 86— un-
usually long of setting in, 88— and most
of Napoleon's losses had preceded it, 89.
Cole, general Sir Lowry, at Albuera, xiv.
246, 251 — is wounded there, 252 — at
Salamanca, xv. 59, 62, 63 — again
wounded, 64 — at the Pyrenees, xvi 35$,
361 — at Soraoren, 364, 365— at the
Bidassoa, xvii. 344— at the Nivelle, 353
—at Orthes, xviii. 244, 246— at Toulouse,
269, 274, 275— is knighted, xix. 193—
during the Waterloo campaign, 307.
Cole, defeat of the British on the, xi. 22.
Cole Mill, defeat of the Americans at,
xix. 144.
Coleridge, S. T. xiv. 4 — on the invasion
of Switzerland, vi. 164.
Coliseum, excavations, &c. at the, xiii.
140.
Collagon, Don Bernardo, v. 364, note.
Colleges, suppression of, in France, iv. 153.
Colleges of delegates, the, under the con-
stitution of 1795, v. 117.
Colli, general forces under, 1796, v. 174 —
defeat of, at Dego, 177— various com-
bats of, 180— at Mondovi, 181— taken
prisouer at Novi, vii 17.
Collingwood, admiral lord, parentage,
early history, and character of, v. 353,
et seq.—nt Cape St Vincent, 343, 344 —
penetrates Napoleon's designs for the
passage of the Channel, ix. 51, 60— is
sent to intercept Villeneuve, 60, 67, 76
— second in command at Trafalgar, 79,
80, 82 — assumes the chief command
after Nelson's death, 89— loss of his
prizes by storm, to.— thanksgiving for
the victory, 90 — honours conferred on
him, 92— a schoolfellow of Lord Eldon's,
x. 242 — co-operates in the capture of the
French fleet at Cadiz, xii. 37, 38, 89—
urges the observance of the capitulation
of Baylen, 90, note — operations off the
Spanish coast, 96— in the bay of Rosas,
xiii. 168— 189— co-operates 'in the at-
tack on Barcelona, 192— his blockade
of it eluded by Cosmao, 200.
Collins, colonel, xi. 90.
Collioure, capture of, by the Spaniards,
1793, iv. 75 — captured by the French,
1794, 360.
Colloredo, count Francis de, iii. 173— at
Nerwinde, iv. 28— ix. 132— at Caldiero,
167— wounded at Aspern, xii. 295.
Colloredo, general count Joseph de, ope-
rations of, 1813, xvii. 94— approach of,
to Dresden, 137— at the battle of Dres-
den, 146, 149, 152— at Culm, 167— sub-
sequent movements, 205— at Nollen-
dorf, 206— 220— at Leipsic, 237, 252,
259— line of invasion of France assigned
to him, 1814, xviii. 54 — forces under
him, 432 — his entrance into France,
65— at La Rothiere, 81— is wounded,
118.
Collot d* Herbois, Jean Marie, a leader of
the Jacobins, ii. 286, 296— at the revolt
of the 10th August, 335, 352— and the
180
INDEX.
Collot d' Herbois, continued.
massacres of the prisons, iii. 18 — member
for the Convention, 35— on the 28th
May, 287— cruelties of, at Lyons, iv.
83, et seq. — his early career and cha-
racter, 85, note — a member of the com-
mittee of public salvation, 116 — depart-
ment committed to him, 117 — atrocious
speech of, 126 — speech against the
Dantonists, 193— his political fanati-
cism, 210— opposed to Robespierre in
the committee, 214— attempt of Admiral
to assassinate him, 228 — 259— proposal
made by him, 260 — is denounced by
Robespierre, 264, note, 265 — expelled
from the Jacobins, 271— after the 9th
Thermidor, v. 83, 84— is denounced by
Lecointre, 87 — impeachment and trial
of, 94, 105 — transported, 97 — his after
fate and death, 98.
Colmar, residence of Louis XVIII. at,
xviii. 112.
Cologne, population of, x. 4, note — ad-
vance of the French to, 1794, iv. 367.
Colombel, a Dantonist, iv. 186.
Colomera, count, in Biscay, during 1794,
iv. 361, 364.
Colon, captain, partisan successes of, xvi.
261.
Colonial conquest, errors of Pitt with
regard to, ix. 247, 248— its superiority
to European, xiv. 112 — those of Great
Britain during the war, xx. 62.
Colonial empire of France and England,
i. 107— of Spain, xiv. 291.
Colonial government, Napoleon on, viii.
126 — its superior justice in monarchical
states, 128— the true principles of it,
xix. 189.
Colonial policy, Huskisson's errors in, xiv.
77.
Colonial system of Great Britain, effects
of the, xx. 76.
Colonies of France, the, before the Revo-
lution, i. 107 — reduction of the last,
xiv. 110.
Colonies of Great Britain, loyalty of the,
xx. 77 — caused by the protective sys-
tem, 78.
Colonies, the military, of Russia, xv.
243.
Colonnade, the, the debating place of the
tailors in Paris, ii. 149.
Colorado river, the, xiv. 316.
Columbia, province of, xiv. 309 — procla-
mation of the independence of, 351 — its
commerce before the Revolution, 374.
Columbia river, the, xix. 9.
Column, the French mode of attack in,
xii. 305, et seq.
Colville, general Sir Charles, at El Bodon,
xiv. 275, 276— at the storming of Badajos,
xv. 21— at the Nivelle, xvii. 353 — is de-
tached to Hal] during Waterloo, xix.
340 — capture of Cambray by, xx. 6.
Combermtre, lord, capture of Bhurtpore
by, x. 346— xi. 132, note.
Combination, results of, i. 255.
Comley, M. , xx. 27.
Commerce, American, progress and growth
of, xix. 37, 38 — its destruction during
the war with Great Britain, 113, 175.
Commerce, Austrian, ix. 117.
Commerce of Egypt, the, vi. 251.
Commerce, French, efforts of Richelieu to
foster, i. 89 — maxims of the French
economists regarding it, 159 — its state
before the Revolution, 165 — its freedom
demanded in the cahiers, ii. 15— its ces-
sation during the reign of terror, iv.
172 — naval weakness induced by its
annihilation, 308 — its partial revival in
1796, vi. 74— Napoleon's views toward
its restoration, vii. 331 — internal, under
him, xi. 201 — its progress compared with
that of British, xvi. 274 — its value in
1813, 392— statistics of it, 1787 to 1836,
xx. 35, note.
Commerce, facilities of Great Britain for,
iii. 94, 96— British, its growth, 98— de-
cree of the Convention against it, iv. 129
— Napoleon's hostility to it, vii. 333 —
statistics of it, 1800, 157, note — com-
parison between it and French, 1793
and 1801, viii. 75— state of it, 1802, 238
— Napoleon's decrees against it, 1803,
274 -statistics of it, 1813 to 1838, ix. 218,
note — execution of the decrees against it,
x. 107, 108— extent of it with the West
Indies, 184, 353, 383— decree of Napo-
leon against connivance at it, xi. 186 — ■
advantages to it from the alliance with
Turkey, xiii. 147 — comparison of it with
the military strength of the country, 268
— state of it in 1811, xiv. 48 — measures
of parliament for its relief, 49 — effects
of the reciprocity system on it, 368 — •
comparison of it with currency, &c. 1809
to 1826, 377— and 1814 and 1840, xvi.
297 — its progress during the war and
since, xviii. 17 — that with the Canadas,
xix. 80, 81 — effects of the war with
America on it, 176 — tables of its amount
at various periods, xx. 64 — its growth
since the peace, 65— statistics of that of
London, 68, 69.
Commerce of Holland, extent of, iv. 377.
Commerce of Italy, decline of, v. 160.
Commerce of Poland, the, v. 12.
Commerce of Prussia, the, x. 4.
Commerce, neglect of, in Russia, xv. 237 —
obstacles to its extension there, 253.
Commerce of St Domingo, the, i. 108, viii.
168.
Commerce of South America, restrictions
on the, xiv. 333 — before the Revolution,
335.
Commerce of Spain, the, in 1790, iii. 142,
note.
Commerce of the West Indies, the, x. 196.
Commercial cities, first development of
freedom in the, i. 9.
Commercial classes in France, destruction
of the, iv. 293.
Commercial classes, accession of the, to
power in Great Britain, xx. 95.
INDEX.
181
Commercial classes of the United States,
spoliation of the, xix. 54.
Commercial freedom of Flanders, fall of
the, i. 31.
Commercial law of England, the, i. 203.
Commercial wealth, destruction of, in
France, i. 85.
Commissariat, the Russian, ix. 1.34, x. 139
— the British, xii. 23.
Commissaries, the French, iv. 130.
Commission of Twelve, appointment of,
iii. 2X2— order the arrest of Ilebert, 283
— propose a guard for the Convention,
ib. — struggle between it and the Jaco-
bins, 285 — is suppressed, 286 — and again
enacted, 287 — revolt against it, 289 —
finally suppressed, 291.
Commissions in the British army, abuses
with regard to, iii. 106 — in the French,
increased rigour of the exclusion of the
Tiers Etat from, i. 302.
Commissioners for the reduction of the
National debt, appointment of the, their
functions, &c. ix. 262.
Committee of Eleven, the, v. 118.
Committee of general defence and public
safety, institution of the, in France, iii.
268 — original members of it, 269, note.
Committee of general safety, organisation of
the, iv. 117 — alienation of, from Robes-
pierre, 214 — is vested with the right of
accusation, 233— denounced by Robes-
pierre, and measures against him, 270 —
its rooms forced on the 9th Thermidor,
279 — the Jacobin members denounced,
v. 87— on the 20th May, 102.
Committee of public salvation, establish-
ment of, and powers committed to it,
iii. 270 — its original members, 271, note
— urges the dissolution of the Commis-
sion of Twelve, 291 — measures of, for
arresting the Allies, iv. 43, 44 — Carnot's
conduct as a member of it, 47 — energy
of, against the Allies, 51 — measures of,
after Hondschoote, 62, 63 — appoint
Pichegru to command in Flanders, 66 —
their conduct of the campaign of 1793,
104 — vesting of supreme power in, and
new members, 116 — supremacy of, over
France, 117 — measures proposed against
the Girondist insurrection, 121 — concen-
tration of power in, by the constitution
of 1793, 124— report to, on the state of
the country, 129— further powers, 130
— instructions relative to the Dauphin,
135 — decide on the trial of the queen,
ib. — further increase of powers, 184 —
resolve on destroying both the Danton-
ists and Anarchists, 185 — their measures
for this purpose, 186 — their having at
command the armed force, 193 — princi-
ples of government after the fall of Dan-
ton, 208 — review of their government,
210 — their professed object, ib. 211 —
their absolute supremacy, 212— the lead-
ing triumvirate, 213, et seq.— parties in
it, 214 — its unity and energy, 215 — sup-
ported by the Jacobin clubs, the national
guard, &c. ib. — decline the offered guard,
2.S2 — additional powers vested in, 233 —
opposition of, to the Revolutionary Tri-
bunal, 236 — its estrangement from the
Triumvirate, 237 — its increased violence,
ib. — views and principles of its leaders,
238 — establishment of the Polytechnic
school, and measures for the relief of
pauperism, 239 — execution of the far-
mers-general decreed, 251 — implicated
in the atrocities of Le Bon, 256 — urge
increased severity on Fouquier, 258 —
employ the affair of Catherine Theot
against Robespierre, and increasing
estrangement between them, 261 — mea-
sures of, against him, 264 — their destruc-
tion resolved on by him, 265 — their
increased severity, 267 — on the evening
of the 8th Thermidor, 272— their victory
over him, 280 — consolidation of the
military power of France by them, 307
— their preparations for 1794, 328 — their
plans regarding it, 337 — secret under-
standing with prince Cobourg, 352 —
their directions for the campaign in
Piedmont, 355 — refuse at first to treat
with Spain , 362 — their views in treating
with that country, 365 — preparations for
the siege of Maestricht, 367— resolve on
the winter campaign in Holland, 372 —
reject the offers made by the Dutch,
384 — measures upon the Rhine, 387,
388 — their external administration, 397
— proclamation to the Vendeans, and
treaty with them, v. 56, 57, 58 — their
declining influence, 84, 85 — are defeated
in their attempt to save Fouquier, 85 —
the Jacobin members denounced, 87 —
implicated in the atrocities of Carrier,
91— firmness of, on the 20th May, 102.
Committee of public Subsistence, the, ii.
120 — its proceedings, iii. 252 — is de-
nounced by Marat, 255 — reform of the,
1793, iv. 170— limitation of the powers
of, v. 107.
Committee of Surveillance, the, iii. 32.
Committee of Twelve, the, iii. 13 — report
by, on the trial of the king, 50.
Common Council of London, pray an
inquiry into the conduct of Wellington,
1810, xiii. 295, 296.
Commons of England, rising importance
of the, i. 62 — fostered by the power of
the crown and the insular situation of
the kingdom, 63 — their depression under
the Tudor princes, 67.
Commons, House of, gee Parliament.
Communes, see Municipalities.
Commutation of taxes in France, inequa-
lities caused by, i. 169.
Companies of Jesus and of the Sun, v. 113,
vii. 84.
Companies of Ordonnance, institution of
the, i. 85.
Company of the Indies, dissolution of, iv.
171.
Company of the Indies, Ouvrard's, ix. 329
—its bankruptcy, 330.
182
INDEX.
Compans, general, xi. 196, note — at Boro-
dino, xv. 338 — wounded there, 345 — at
Malo Jaroslawitz, xvi. 23 — at Bautzen,
240 — wounded at Leipsic, xvii. 265 —
forces under him, 1813, 384 — repulse
of, at Trilport, xviii. 330 — • defence of
forest of Bondy by, 332.
Compere, general, made prisoner at Maida,
fab 342.
Compiegne, meeting of Louis XVI. and
Marie Antoinette at, i. 216 — the escape
of the king to, planned by Mirabeau,
ii. 231 — mechanical school founded at,
viii. 164 — meeting of Napoleon and
Marie Louise at, xiii. 281.
Compte Rendu of the French 'finances
for 1781, Necker's, i. 285— that for 1788,
320.
Comptes Rendus, extracts from various, L
268, 286, note.
Conaghur, death of Doondiah Waugh at,
xi. 78.
Concession, proper time for, i. 367, 368, v.
327 — its inadequacy to arrest revolution,
ii. 264— effect of it on Ireland, vi. 203—
its inefficiency to conciliate the Catholics
there, ix. 17, 18.
Conciergerie, the prison of, ii. 90 — mas-
sacre at the, iii. 25 — committal of the
queen to, iv. 136 — arrival of the Dan-
tonists in, 196 — state of the prisoners,
163, note, 216, 218 — departure of the
prisoners from, to execution, 221 — im-
prisonment of Robespierre in, 285.
Concordat, conclusion of, in 1801, viii: 108.
109 — Napoleon's subsequent opinions
on it, 115 — that of Fontainbleau, and
its terms, xvi. 147 — opposition to it
among the pope's advisers, 148 — re-
tracted by him, but adhered to by Napo-
leon, 149.
Concubinage, prevalence of, during the
reign of terror, iv. 153, 160.
Conde\ the great, anecdote of, L 124.
Cond£, the prince de, opposes the dupli-
cation of the Tiers Etat, i. 348 — de-
nounced, ii. 78 — and emigrates, 137 —
227, iii. 163— the first patron of Carnot,
iv. 46, note — negotiations of, with
Pichegru, v. 71— at Hohenblau, 297—
correspondence of Imbert with, vi. 104
• — advances to support Kray, vii. 202,
293 — generous conduct of, viii. 344,
note.
Conde, general, xiii. 203.
Conde, Garcia, xiii. 315.
Conde, capture of, by the Allies, in 1793,
iv. 39 — importance of their delay before
it, 107— recapture of, 353.
Condorcet, the marquis de, intimacy of
Brienne with, i. 293, note— advocates
the proclamation of a republic, ii. 250 —
influence of, in the assembly, 277 —
defence of the emigrants by him, 300 —
measures advocated against the clergy,
302 — is opposed to the war in 1792, iii.
170 — a member of the committee of
general defence, 269, note — system of
education planned by him, iv. 153 — his
death, 143.
Condorkanki, mount, xiv. 356.
Confederation of the Rhine, its origin,
vii. 330 — first planned by Napoleon,
viii. 321 — formation of the, ix. 371 —
powers admitted into it, 372 — strength-
ening of it, x. 17 — accession of Saxony
to it, 83— recognised by Tilsit, 323—
annexation of Westphalia to it, xi. 237
— military government of it, 238 — ac-
cessions to it, in 1807, 251 — Napoleon's
address to its troops in 1809, xii. 228 —
feelings of its troops on the Russian
expedition, xv. 269 — decree by the
Allies dissolving it, xvi. 126— its pre-
parations in 1813, 165 — its dissolution
demanded at the congress of Prague,
xvii. 102, 104 — its dissolution, xviii. 39
— contingent to the Allies by it, 431.
Confiance, capture of the, at Plattsburg,
xix. 160, et seq.
Confiscation in the French, and its ab-
sence in the English revolution, i. 47 —
amount of, on the revocation of the
edict of Nantes, 97 — its commence-
ment with the church property, ii. 192
— continued and extended, iii. 37 —
increased severity of it, 47 — amount of
it to this time, 281 — is extended to the
property of the hospitals, iv. 154 — con-
tinued under Robespierre, 155, 156 —
presumed necessity for it in the Revolu-
tion, 296— its amount to 1794, 393— the
last, vi. 223 — extended to the property
of the Protestant clergy, vii. 77 — sta-
tistics of its entire amount, viii. 119 —
its effects, ii. 260, note, 263, viii. 191—
effects of that of the church, xx. 42.
Confiscation in Ireland, effects of, vi. 204,
ix. 20.
Congress, the American, xix. 43.
Congress of Antwerp, the, iv. 32 — effect*
of the system adopted at, 106.
Congress of Chatillon, the, xviii. 90, 146
— views of the parties, 147, 148, 150 —
difficulties regarding the Bourbons, 151
— and Poland, 152 — the negotiations,
155 — correspondence between Metter-
nich and Caulaincourt, ib. — powers
given by Napoleon after La Rothiere,
156 — terms offered by the Allies, 157 —
which are rejected, 158, 159 — his in-
creasing demands, 98, 123 — the treaty
of Chaumont virtually dissolves it, 164 —
ultimatum by the Allies, 189 — final
terms proposed by them, 290— counter
terms by Napoleon, 291, 292 — answer
of the Allies, 293 — dissolution of the
congress, 296 — Napoleon's reasons for
refusing peace, xvii. 19.
Congress of Prague, the, agreed to by
Napoleon, xvii. 67— the negotiations at,
and the envoys, 99 — disputes with re-
gard to the form, 100— views of the
parties at it, 101 — the negotiations, 102,
et seq. — their termination, 104.
Congress of Vienna, opening of it, xix.
INDEX.
183
Congress of Vienna, continued.
231 — disposal of Belgium, Norway, &c.
232 — views of Alexander on Poland, and
of Prussia on Saxony, 2.'i3 — which are
opposed by the other powers, 234 —
military preparations of the parties, 235
— secret treaties between Britain, &c. 236"
—and effect of these, 237 — the German
confederation, 238 — the kingdom of the
Netherlands, 239 — the affairs of Switzer-
land, 240— and of Saxony, 241 — the
free navigation of the Rhine, &c. the
abolition of the slave-trade, &c. 242 —
the .affairs of Italy, and alarm of Napo-
leon's return, 243 — intelligence of his
escape received, 245 — measures and
declaration against him, 246 — affairs of
Poland and Saxony, 248 — treaties
against Napoleon, 281 — their forces and
plans, 282.
Congreve rocket, at Leipsic, xvii. 265 — in
the south of France, xviii. 239, 240.
Coni, fortress of, v. 166 — surrender of it
to the French in 1796, 183 — its value to
Napoleon, 249 — seizure of it by the
French in 1798, vi. 182 — retreat of
Moreau from it, 370— siege of it by the
Austrians in 1799, vii. 54 — actions
around it, 55 — captured, 58 — cession of
it to the French, 1800, 256.
Conjeveram, battle of, xi. 17 — second, 21.
Conquerant, at the Nile, vi. 271.
Conqueror, at Trafalgar, the, ix. 87.
Conquest, the necessity of, to Napoleon,
ix. 1, x. 166, xv. 267, xvi. 97— neces-
sity of, in India, xi. 45, 138 — thirst for
it in Russia, xv. 233, 234 — direction of
it from the north to the south, xvi. 1.
Conscription, adoption of the law of the,
vi. 224.
Conscriptions of 1799, vii. 84— of 1802,
viii. 124— of 1805, ix. 74—1806, x. 82—
a third for the Prussian war, 163 —
amounts of the, from 1805 to 1813, xi.
213, note — rigour of the laws, 214, et
seq.—of 1807, 319— of 1808, xii. 136—
of 1812, xv. 224— begin to cease to be
productive, 274 — new, in 1812,329—
the maritime, xvi. 157 — its failure in
1813, 158 — the causes of this, ib. 159
— diminution in the age and height
requisite, 160— that of 1813, ib. note-
second, 162 — total for that year, xviii.
8, 9 — its pressure at this time, 11.
Conscription, impracticability of, in Great
Britain, x. 171.
Conscription introduced into the Roman
states, xiii. 138.
Conscription in Russia, the, ix. 134, xv.
142.
Conscripts of 1813, contrasted with the
veterans, xvi. 199 — heroism displayed at
Lutzen, 218 — self-inflicted wounds
found among them after Bautzen, 249
— new measures for organising them,
xvii. 77 — severity of the laws against,
xviii. 12.
Consolidated fund, the, ix. 264.
Conspiracies, pretended, in the prisons,
iv. 259.
Constance, lake of, vi. 122, 133.
Constance, combats at, 1799, vii. 42 —
cession of, to Baden, ix. 224.
Constant, Benjamin, conversation of,
with Napoleon, xix. 289 — is president
of the committee for framing a consti-
tution, 291.
Constant, the valet of Napoleon, xviii.
381— desertion of, 379, note.
Constantine, the emperor, compared with
Napoleon, vii. 174.
Constantine, the grand-duke, of Russia,
at the passage of the Po, vi. 367 — visits
Suwarroff on his deathbed, vii. 72 —
privy to the conspiracy against his
father, 389 — forces and movements of,
during the campaign of Austerlitz, ix.
171, 196 — junction with the grand
army, 197— at Austerlitz, 203, 210, 211
— sent to Berlin with offers of aid, 219
— restoration of Poland proposed under
him, 376 — forces under him in 1806, x.
91 — joins the grand army, 264, 281 — at
Heilsberg, 291 — attends Alexander at
Tilsit, 316, 321 — and at Erfurth, xii.
139 — movement in favour of him in
1825, xv. 234, note — corps under him
in 1812, 370 — humanity at Wilna, xvi.
82, 83— his arrival at" Dresden, 1813,
and review of his troops there, 207 — at
Culm, xvii. 166— 203— at Leipsic, 237—
his forces during this campaign, 387 —
movements, <5tc. of, 1814, xviii. 46— at
Fere Champenoise, 320 — at the battle
of Paris, 345 — 370 — Prince Leopold
aid-de-camp to him, 412 — his forces in
1814, 432 — military preparations of, in
Poland, xix. 236.
Constantinople, rejoicings in, on the ex-
pulsion of the French from Egypt, viii.
37 — threatened by Sir John Duckworth,
x. 224 — defensive preparations, 225—
retreat of the assailants, 227 — diffe-
rences between Alexander and Napo-
leon regarding, xii. 145 — advantages of
it, xv. 134 — designs of Russia and
Napoleon on it, 135— its advantages for
commerce, &c. 136 — description of it,
ib. 137 — revolt and revolution at, 151 —
early direction of Napoleon's views to-
ward it, xvii. 28.
Constituent Assembly of France, rashness
of it, ii. 2 — opening of it under the name
of the States-general, ib. — ceremonial on
the occasion, &c. 3— their first meeting,
4 — their hall of assembly, 5 — speech of
the king at the opening, 6 — incident at
its conclusion, 8 — Necker's statement of
the finances, &c. ib. — disappointment
which it occasions, 9 — second meeting,
and separation of the orders, ib. — the
struggle between the orders, 10 — a single
assembly demanded by the Tiers Etat,
11 — views of the parties in it : of the
nobility, 12 — of the clergy, 14 — of the
Tiers Etat, ib. — and of the king, 15 —
184
INDEX.
Constituent Assembly, continued.
those of the people of Paris, 16— absence
of philosophers, and preponderance of
lawyers, 17 — absence of proprietors, 18 —
statement of its composition , ib. note —
notices of the leading members, then-
characters, views, &c. 19, et seq. — ex-
citement caused by the struggle of
the orders, 40 — first appearance of
Robespierre, 44 — continued struggle
between the orders, ib. et seq. — the Tiers
Etat at last decide on constituting them-
selves the States-general, 47 — answer to
this of the nobility and clergy, 48 — the
Tiers Etat joined by a portion of the
clergy, 50 — debate with regard to the
name they shall assume, 51 — speech of
Mirabeau, 52 — and of Sieves, and discus-
sion regarding it, 54 — assume the title of
National Assembly, and declare all taxes
illegal if they are dissolved, 55 — com-
mencement of persecution of the unpo-
pular deputies, 56 — measures of the
noblesse, 57 — and of the clergy, 58 — the
majority of the latter join the Tiers
Etat, 59 — embarrassment of the king
and of Necker, and measures adopted,
ib. et seq. — closing of the hall, and tak-
ing of the Tennis-court oath, 61 — the
sitting of the 23d June, concessions made
by the king at it, 65 — part of the nobi-
lity join the Tiers Etat, 69 — and the
remainder, with the clergy, 73 — inter-
cede on behalf of the revolted guards,
76 — protest against the presence of the
military, 81 — answer of the king, 83 —
discussions on this subject, 84 — order the
destruction of the Bastile, 103 — state of,
during the insurrection, 106 — visit of the
king, 108 — debate on the municipality
of Paris, 125 — they reverse the amnesty
proclaimed by Necker, 129 — their su-
pineness during the atrocities in the
provinces, 136, 138, 148 — discussion on
the abandonment of feudal rights, 138,
et seq. — and on the abolition of tithes,
143 — financial measures, and declaration
of the rights of man, 150 — debates on
the formation of the constitution, 152 —
first manifestation of the irreligious
spirit, 153 — first formal division of
parties, 154 — haste of its proceedings, ib.
— debates upon the veto, 155 — and on the
property tax, 159 — its condition on the
5th October, 164 — the mob break in on
them, 165 — they accompany the king to
Paris, 171— the changes effected by tnem,
172 — rashness with which these were
made, 173 — their authority annihilated
by this revolt, 174 — effects of their
removal to Paris, 177 — secession of
Mounier and Lally Tollendal, 178 —
apathy shown on the murder of Francois ,
179— passing of the decree of martial
law, 181— hall of assembly at Paris, 183
— division of the kingdom into depart-
ments, 185 — municipal institutions and
elective franchise, 186, et seq. — first
meeting in the Salle du Manege, 189—
they adopt the guillotine, ib- — suppress
inquiry into the revolt at Versailles, 190
— financial measures, 191 — commence
the confiscation of ecclesiastical property,
192 — first issue of assignats, 195— new
constitution of the church, revenues,
&c. 198 — new judicial establishment,
199 — efforts of the clergy to dissolve the
assembly, 200 — discussion on the right
of making peace and war, 201 — which
is vested in the assembly, 203 — settle-
ments on the crown, ib. — abolition of
titles of honour, 203—new organisation
of the military force, 206 — fresh issues
of assignats, 208— Bastile fete of 1790,
211 — quash the accusation against Mi-
rabeau, &c. 213 — their reception of
Necker's resignation, 214 — measures for
suppressing the revolt in the army, 215
— their conduct with regard to the revolt
at Nancy, 218, 219 — new ecclesiastical
oath, 221 — new law of inheritance, 225
— decree regarding the person of the
king, 227 — discussion on the departure
of the princesses, 228 — on the law against
the emigrants, 229 — and on the punish-
ment of death, 235 — proceedings on the
escape of the king, 247 — views of the
parties on his flight, 249 — suspend him
from his functions, 250 — discussion rela-
tive to his flight, 251 — ending in his
acquittal, and restoration to his func-
tions, 253 — measures against the revolt
of the Champs de Mars, 254 — subse-
quent indecision with regard to it, 255
— measures against their German vas-
sals, iii. 152 — and relative to St Do-
mingo, viii. 170 — attempts at concilia-
tion of the parties there, 173 — proposals
for the modification of the constitution,
ii. 256 — passing of the self-denying ordi-
nance, 257 — and closing of its sittings,
258 — its merits, 259 — its errors and
faults, 260 — infraction of the cahiers by
it, 262 — causes of its errors, ib. — number
of revolutionary interests created by it,
263 — number who perished during its
sitting, 265 — the experiment in govern-
ment made by it, 269 — annexation of
Avignon to France by it, 309 — incom-
patibility with freedom of the constitu-
tion established by it, 356— its leaders
compared with those of the Convention,
iii. 2.
Constitution of France, exposition of the,
by the parliament, i. 322— debates upon
it, and settlement of the new, in the
Constituent Assembly, ii. 152, et seq. — ■
acceptance of that of 1790, in the
Champs de Mars, 258— that of 1792, iii.
37— of 1793, iv. 123, et seq.— its aboli-
tion, v. 105— of 1795, 112, 116, 117—
acceptance of it by the army, 120 — de-
fect in it, vi. 112— of 1799, vii. 117, et
seq. — majority bv which it is approved
of, 124— of 1802," viii. 144— of 1815, xix.
291.
INDEX.
185
Constitution of Great Britain, early de-
velopment of, i. 58, 59 — sketch of it, iii.
100.
Constitution, the Directorial, established
in Holland, vi. 125.
Constitution, the Spanish, framed by Na-
poleon, xii. 42 — and that by the Cortes,
1812, xiv. 131— its reception throughout
the country, 134 — Wellington's opinion
of it, 136.
Constitution of Sweden, the, xv. 190.
Constitution of Switzerland, stability of
the, i. fit), 70— new, in 1798, vi. 155.
Constitution of the United States, the, xix.
42, et seq.
Constitution frigate, capture of the
Guerriere by, xix. 105 — of the Java,
107.
Constitutional Guard, establishment of
the, ii. 297, 298 — debates on the disband-
ing of it, 315— effects of its disbanding,
iii. 45.
Constitutionalists, party of, ii. 249, 250—
their objects, 251 — their designs at the
close of the Assembly, 256 — oppose the
decree against the emigrants, 300 — and
the election of Petion as mayor, 303 —
ministry from the, 319 — their efforts in
support of the throne, 321 — fall of the,
331 — their views regarding the war in
1792, iii. 169, 171— effects of the death
of the king upon their power, 250 — their
weakness, 312.
Consulate, establishment of the, vii. 119 —
is recognised by Prussia, 172, note.
Conti, the prince of, i. 136— his connexion
with the riots of 1775, 240, note — heads
the opposition to Calonne, 291 — opposes
the duplication of the Tiers Etat, 348,
note — denounced by the mob, ii. 78—
emigrates, 137.
Continental possessions of England, effects
of the loss of, i. 61.
Continental system of Napoleon, first
appearance of, vii. 325 — developments
of it, viii. 272, ix. 355 — its effects upon
his ultimate fate, xi. 170 — accession of
Austria to it, 251 — introduction of it
into the Roman states, xiii. 138 — effects
of the alliance between Great Britain
and Turkey on it, 147 — accession of
Sweden to it, xv. 203 — relaxation of it
in Russia, 214 — measures of Napoleon
for enforcing it, 1810, 216 — suffering
caused by it, 217 — convention between
France and Prussia regarding it, 219
— Napoleon's inconsistency with respect
to it, xvii. 15.
Contraband of war, principles of the
Northern confederacy regarding, vii.
355 — definition of it by the treaty be-
tween them and Great Britain, 395.
Contrat Social, Rousseau's, i. 147.
Contreras, Don Juan de, defence of Tar-
ragona by, xiv. 17(5 — treatment of him
by Suchet, 183.
Contributions, the French, levied on
foreign states, necessity of the system,
ix. 334 — levied on Prussia and Northern
Germany, x. 75, 107, 164 — disaffection
caused by them, 263 — further, after
Tilsit, 325 — effect of, upon France her-
self, xi. 202— alleviation in 1808 with re-
gard to those from Prussia, xii. 138 —
levied from Austria in 1809, xiii. 62, 104
— in Spain, and various provinces of it,
306, xiv. 202, 203, xvi. 305, 314, xvii.
334— levied on Prussia, 1812, xv. 280—
amount levied in 1813, xvi. 155.
Convents of Spain, the, and their endow-
ments, xii. 13 — suppression of the, 166.
Convents of the Tyrol, suppression of the,
xii. 331.
Convention, the National, see National
Convention.
Convention of Berlin, the, iii. 148.
Convention of Cintra, the, xii. 119.
Convention of Dresden, xvii. 57.
Convention of El-Arish, viii. 4*
Convention of Kalisch, xvi. 176.
Convention of London, 1813, xvii. 57.
Convention of Peterswalde, 1813, xvii.
57.
Convention of Potscherau, xvi. 106.
Convention of the Prussian volunteers,
the, xvi. 206.
Cooke, general, at Bergen -op-Zoom, xviii.
211, 213— at Quatre Bras, xix. 330.
Cooke, colonel II. xviii. 358, note.
Cooper, J. Fenimore, xix. 67 — description
of the American forests by him, 4.
Coorg, pass of, forced by the British, xi.
39.
Coote, general, in Egypt, viii. 33.
Coote, general Sir Eyre, defeat of Lally
and capture of Pondicherry by, xL 8—
defeat of Hyder Ali by, 18 — relieves
Vellore, &c. 22 — again defeats Hyder
Ali, and returns to England, ib.
Copenhagen, threatened by the British in
1800, vii. 350— preparations at, 1801, 375
— naval battle of, 378 — aspect of the city
after it, 384 — reasons for the expedition
against it in 1807, xL 255 — departure of
the expedition, 257 — siege of the city,
259, 260— its capitulation, 261— excite-
ment caused by the expedition, 262 —
justification of it soon afforded, 263 — •
feelings with which regarded in Eng-
land, 264 — debates on it in parliament,
265 — justified by the production of the
secret articles of Tilsit, 271— importance
of the blow struck by it, 286 — compen-
sation for the bombardment demanded
by Denmark, xvi. 179.
Copons, general, is appointed to command
in Catalonia, xvi 303, 310— defeat of,
by Suchet, xvii. 331 — lays siege to
Peniscola, xviii. 258.
Copts of Egypt, the, vi. 254.
Cor, see Le Cor.
Corbineau, general, at the Beresina, xvi.
60 — at Culm, xvii. 169, 171 — forces
under him, 1813, 383— at Brienne, xviii.
80 — operations before Craone, 180.
Corday, Cliarlotte, connexion of, with M.
186
INDEX.
Corday, Charlotte, continued.
de Belzunce, ii. 133 — character and
history of, iii. 303 — assassinates Marat,
304 — her trial and execution, 305, et
seq.
Cordeliers, cluh of the, denunciation of
the Constituent Assembly by, ii. 246 —
demand a republic, 249, 253— character
of it, and its leading members, 296 —
assembling of the insurgents at, on
the 10th August, 343 — for the condem-
nation of the king, iii. 69 — the conspi-
racy against the Girondists organised at
it, 261 — against the Commission of
Twelve, 282 — at first supports the an-
archists, iv. 190 — but subsequently Dan-
ton, 193— is dissolved, 213.
Cordova, admiral, at Cape St Vincent, v.
343.
Cordova, general, at Ayacucho, xiv. 357.
Cordova, town of, capture and sack of,
by Dupont, xii. 75 — again captured by
Soult, 1810, xiii. 309, xiv. 153.
Corfu, blockade of, by the Allied fleet in
1798, vi. 282— surrenders to the Rus-
sians, 346 — measures of Napoleon for
occupying, x. 329 — subjugation of, by
the British, xiii. 166.
Coria, Massena drfven from, xiii. 345.
Corn, the importation of, the cause of the
fall of Rome, i. 11 — free trade through-
out France in, established by Turgot,
238 — and again proposed by Calonne,
283 — decrees of the Convention regard-
ing, iv. 159. — See also Grain.
Corn districts of Poland, the, v. 4.
Corn laws, the British, discussions on, in
1814, xix. 205— sketch of their history,
206— debates in parliament on the sub-
ject, 208— bill carried, 212— reflections
on it, 213.
Corneille, writings of, i. 121 — their influ-
ence on the stage, 123, 124 — Voltaire's
admiration of his Cinna, 140 — his de-
lineations of vice, iv. 207 — Napoleon's
estimation of him, xvii. 4.
Cornelius, fort, battle of, xiv. 108, 109.
Corneloff, general, at Champaubert, xviii.
96.
Corneto, democratic outbreak at, vi. 169.
Cornua, monte, repulse of the Austrians
from, vii. 210.
Cornwallis, admiral Lord, at Belleisle, v.
59 — during the Quiberon expedition,
60, 61— viii. 50, note — retreat of Gan-
theaume before, ix. 56— 67— action be-
tween them, 68, 76.
Cornwallis, lord, iv. 349, note — suspension
of the Prussian subsidy by, 350, 351 —
his administration of Ireland, vi. 211 —
defeat of general Humbert by him, 213
— viii. 326 — governor-general of India,
xL 37 — his first campaign against Tippoo
Saib, 38 — threatens Seringapatam, 40 —
defeats Tippoo there, 41— treaty with
the latter, and returns to England. 44
— changes introduced by him into the
Zemindar system, x. 356 — his second
administration of India, and death, xi.
131.
Corny, Ethys de, ii. 92.
Coron, battles of, iii. 349, 352.
Corona, combat at, vii. 317.
Coronata, repulse of Massena at, vii. 216.
Coronation of Napoleon, the, viii. 380 —
closes the changes of the Revolution, 384.
Corporal punishments in the British army,
the, xii. 23.
Corporations, great value &c. of the, in
the East, xv. 125.
Corporations in France, abolition of, pro-
posed, i. 160 — advantages of them, 161
— seizure of their property, xvi. 166.
Corporations of Holland, the, iv. 380.
Corps, organisation of the Austrian army
into, xii. 200— of the French, viii. 282,
ix. 45 — and of the Russian, x. 91.
Correggio's St Jerome, seizure of, v. 187
— capture of his Christ in the Garden ,
xvL 340.
Correspondence with France, bill against,
iv. 17.
Corresponding society, the, v. 339, 341.
Corruption, progress of, during revolution,
iv. 297.
Corruption, rapid growth of, in the East,
xv. 115— -provision for its arrestment,
116, 117.
Corruption, vigour of principles of, in
Europe, xv. 122.
Corruption of the French church, the, i.
158.
Corruption of the French court, the, i.
179— -contrast to it among the middle
classes, 185 — prevalence of, under the
Directory, vi. 68 — influence of the Re-
volution of 1688 on, ix. 254 — prevalence
of, in Poland, v. 26 — and in Portugal,
xii. 28 — universality of, in Russia, xv.
255 — in the administration of justice,
253 — the restraint on it depends on the
character of the emperors, 257.
Corsica, the conquest of, by France, i. 200
— subjugation of, by the British, iv. 319
— defeat of the French expedition for its
recovery, v. 49 — habits of Napoleon at,
135, 137— history of, by Napoleon, 138
— his first service there, 140 — services of
Nelson at it, 348 — Napoleon visits it on
his return from Egypt, vi. 315 — fortify-
ing of it in 1803, viii. 274 — administra-
of it by Pozzo di Borgo, xvii. 254, note.
Corsin, general, fidelity of,to the Bourbons,
xix. 256.
Cortes, origin and nature of the, i. 18.
Cortes, the Spanish, effects of the meeting
of, at Cadiz, xiv. 117 — regulations for
their election and meeting, 119 — and re-
garding the passingof laws, 120 — circum-
stances preceding the elections, 123 —
election of the supplementary members,
124 — and of the Cortes themselves, 125
— opening of them, 126 — proclaim the
sovereignty of the people, 127 — decree
regarding the press, 128 — appointment
of a committee to frame a constitution,
INDEX.
187
Cortes, continued.
129— their patriotism and resolution,
130 — decree commemorative of the
defences of Saragossa and Gerona, xiii.
208 — their attachment to religion, xiv.
131 — constitution of 1812, ib. — their
own constitution as fixed by it, 133 —
reception of the constitution, 135 —
Wellington's opinions of them, 136 —
secret treachery, and negotiations with
Joseph, 235, 236 — appoint Wellington
generalissimo, xvi. 300, 301 — their re-
ception of him at Cadiz, 302, 303 —
measures by them relative to the army,
303 — violent democratic feeling in, mi
— abolish the Inquisition, 305— and sup-
press the Regency, 306— "Wellington's
efforts with them on behalf of the native
adherents of the French, 341, 342, note
— their opposition to him, xvii. 339, 361
— they refuse to ratify the treaty of
Valencay, xviii. 33, 233.
Corunna, the Spanish troops at, join the
insurgents, xii. 39 — arrival of Welling-
ton at, before Vimeira, 105 — arrival of
Sir John Moore at, 179 — his position,
forces, &c. 180— battle of, 181— em-
barkation of the British after it, 186—
capitulation of the town, 187 — evacua-
tion of it by Ney, xiii. 248.
Corvces, the, in Prance, i. 172, 173— their
abolition proposed by Turgot, 244 — and
his edict for the purpose, 250 — their
abolition again proposed by Calonne,
283 — are suppressed by the assemblies
of Berri and Rovergne, 271, note.
Corvees, abolition of, in Prussia, xi. 244.
Corvisart, Dr, xiii. 276.
Cosraao, admiral, revictuals Barcelona,
xiii. 200.
Cossacks of the Don, character, &c. of
the, iii. 135, x. 92— number of them in
the service of Russia, xv. 239.
Cossacks of the Ukraine, the, xv. 245 —
revolt of the, from Poland, v. 21.
Cossacks, territory, character, and man-
ners of the, xv. 244 — universality of
freedom among, 241, 245 — their origin,
247 — their nomad habits, and influence
of the victories in Germany, &c. upon
them, 248— their pay, ix. 135, xv. 241—
effect upon Turkey of their subjugation
by Russia, 146 — their numbers, appear-
ance, and mode of fighting, 249— their
value as light troops, 250 — successes of
the, after Eylau, x. 155— general levy,
after the burning of Moscow, xvi. 10—
their partisan successes during the re-
treat, 12 — narrow escape of Napoleon
from them, 25 — their influence upon
the campaign, 93, 94 — their entrance
into Dresden , 204 — observance of Easter
by them there, 207.
Cossaria, defence of Provera at, v. 177.
Cosseir, march of the Anglo-Indian army
to Egypt from, viii. 31.
Costa, cardinal, v. 182.
Coster, the Abbe, ii. 51.
Costume a la victime, the, v. 87.
Cotbus, ceded by Prussia at Tilsit, x. 324,
note.
Cote" Droit of the Constituent Assemblv,
the, ii. 19, 154— of the Legislative, 276
— of the Convention, iv. 115.
Cote Gauche of the Constituent Assembly,
ii. 19, note, 154— and of the Legislative,
276.
Cotton, Sir Charles, xii. 106,107, Ill-
insists on the surrender of the Russian
fleet in Portugal, 120.
Cotton, general Sir Stapleton, at Tala-
vera, xiii. 245 — the British cavalry under
him, 322— at Usagre, xv. 30— 39— at
Trabancos, 53 — at Salamanca, 62 —
wounded there, 68 — at Orthes, xviii.
242, 243, 247.
Cotton manufactures of Great Britain,
effects of the invention of steam on,
xviii. 16, note.
Cotton manufactures of Prussia, the, x. 4.
Couleuvre, defeat of the Negroes at, viii.
189.
Council of State, Napoleon's denunciation
of the Jacobins in, viii. 89— discussions
on the lists of eligibility, 94, 95 — and on
the legion of honour, 96 — majority in
favour of the latter, 102 — discussions on
a church establishment, 107 — on the re-
storation of the property of the emi-
grants, 116 — on the recruiting of the
army and navy, 125 — on the Ecole
Militaire, and colonial administration,
126 — on the Cadastre, 130 — on the
Tribunate, 134 — on the appointment of
Napoleon as consul for life, 138, 139 —
on the Code, 155 — the arrest of the due
d' Enghien resolved on, 343, 345 — dis-
cussions on the conspiracy of Malet, xvi.
139 — its meeting after Leipsic, and
speech of Napoleon, xviii. 8, 9 — speech
of Napoleon, Dec. 30th, 23, 26— delibe-
rations on the approach of the Allies
toward Paris, 334.
Council of the Ancients, see Ancients.
Council of the Five Hundred, see Five
Hundred.
Council of the Indies, the Spanish, xiv.
333.
Councils of the Church, the, give origin
to representative governments, i. 17,
v. 8.
Coupigny, general, at Baylen, xii. 80, 82.
Cour des Aides, the, i. 240.
Cour pleniere, Brienne's scheme for the,
i. 320 — its discovery by the parliament,
321 — and their resistance to it, ib. — the
edict for establishing it, 326, note —
suspension of it, 332.
Courage, necessity of it, to the mainte-
nance of freedom, i. 121.
Courland, once a province of Poland, v. 1
— conquest of it by Russia, 315.
Couroux, general, at Bornos, xv. 42 — at
the Nivelle, xvii. 356 — mortally wound-
ed there, 357.
Courrier des departmens, the, iii. 48.
188
INDEX.
Courrier Francis de Londres, attaclcs on
Napoleon by the, viii. 240.
Courrier de Provence, the, ii. 11, note —
authorship of, 24, note.
Court, the Austrian, small expenditure
of, ix. 130.
Court, the French, effects of its seduc-
tions on the rural nobility, i. 27, 86, 90
— prevalence of infidelity at it, 154 — cor-
ruption of it before the Revolution, 179
— views on the convocation of the States-
general, 343 — its inactivity during the
Bastile insurrection, ii. 89 — description
of it under Napoleon, xi. 200.
Court, the Prussian, x. 11.
Court Etiquette of France, repugnance of
Marie Antoinette to, i. 303— resump-
tion of it by Napoleon, vii. 172.
Court of Cassation, establishment of the,
ii. 199.
Courts of Law, advantages of the French
parliaments as, i. 202.
Courten, general, defeat of, in 1792, iii.
231 — again defeated at Peyrestortes,
iv. 73 — victory of, at Truellas, 74 —
defeated at Figueras, 363.
Courtesans of Paris, influence of, on the
Revolution, ii. 71.
Courtins, the abb6, i. 136.
Courtray, defeat of the French at, 1793,
iv. 61— and in 1814, xviii. 209.
Cousin, the works of, xiv. 8.
Coustard, general, at Saumur, iii. 345.
Couthon, Georges, character of, iv. 214
— on the appeal to the people on
behalf of the king, iii. 65 — during the
insurrection of 2d June, 295 — opera-
tions directed by him against Lyons,
iv. 80, 81— his cruelties in that city, 83,
et seq. — a member of the committee of
public salvation, 116 — appointed to
superintend its general measures, 117 —
declines the guard offered, 232 — motion
for increasing the powers of the revolu-
tionary tribunal, 233, 235 — his secret
motives in this, 237 — speech at the
Jacobins on the 8th Thermidor, 271—
his arrest decreed by the Convention,
277— is arrested, but delivered, 279 —
and again captured, 284 — his execu-
tion, 286.
Covenanters, cruelties of the, in Scotland,
i. 73, iii. 27.
Cow, effects of the want of, in South
America, xiv. 303— and of its introduc-
tion, 318.
Cox, general, defence of Almeida by, xiiL
325— at Waterloo, xix. 362.
Cracow, town of, v. 6 — occupation of it
by the Poles, xiii. 21 — convention re-
garding it, xvi. 176 — formation of the
republic of, xix. 249.
Cradock, general, in Portugal, xiii. 169,
235.
Craig, Sir James, reduction of the Cape
of Good Hope by, v. 76— xi. 69, xix.
97.
Crance\ see Dubois Crance\
Craney island, repulse of the British at,
xix. 119.
Craone, battle of, xviii. 180, et seq. — its
results, 187— gallantry displayed at it,
188.
Crassus, the invasion of Scythia by, xvi.
94.
Craufurd, colonel, viii. 286.
Craufurd, general, passage of the Esla by,
xii. 173 — remarkable march of, to
Talavera, xiii. 246— 323— on the Coa,
324 — at Busaco, 328 — at Fuentes
Guinaldo, xiv. 277 — at the storming of
Ciudad Rodrigo, xv. 8 — death of, there,
11.
Craufurd, general, in South America, x.
210.
Crebillon, the marquis de, influence of
the novels of, i. 152 — advocates the
summoning of the States-general, 291.
Credulity, prevalence of, in France, i. 311.
Crema, patriotism of the inhabitants of,
i. 28 — revolt of, against Venice, vL
26 — ceded to the Cisalpine republic,
53.
Cremona, incorporation of, with the Cis-
alpine republic, vi. 20 — the stores at,
abandoned to the Allies in 1799, 362—
capture of, by the French, 1800, vii.
240.
Creoles of South America, the, xiv. 323.
Crescent, capture of La Reunion by, v.
360.
Crespo, general, defeat of, 1795, v. 56.
Cressy, victory of, due to the English
archery, i. 60.
Crete a Pierrot, defence of, by the
Negroes, viii. 189.
Cretel, general, xi. 196, note.
Cretin, fort, viii. 21.
Creto, Monte, defeat of the French at,
vii. 217.
Crevecceur, capture of, by the French,
iv. 368.
Crichton, Sir Alexander, xvi. 83, note.
Crillon, the due de, i. 266.
Crillon, the marquis de, ii. 17, 84-
Crime, necessity which makes it progres-
sive, in revolutions, iii. 1 — errors of
novelists, &c. in their delineations of
it, iv. 206 — its energy as shown in the
Reign of Terror, 290 — its progressive
steps during revolution, 297 — influence
of it on revolution, 304 — statistics of
it in Great Britain and British India
compared, x. 351, 381— increase of it
in Great Britain, xiv. 55, note, xx. 89
—1805 to 1842, xiv. 365— in Ireland, vi.
206, note — its increase there since the
emancipation of the Catholics, ix. 20,
22 — its amount in Prussia, x. 11, note —
in Sweden, xv. 192.
Crimea, fertility of the, xv. 229, 230—
acquisition of it by Russia, 262.
Criminal code, reform of the, demanded
in the Cahiers, ii. 15.
Criminal law, views recommended by ex-
perience on, xiv. 56.
INDEX.
189
Criminal law of England, condition of the,
1811, xiv. 52 — efforts of Romilly, &c.
for the reformation of it, 53, 54 — reflec-
tions on these, 55.
Criminal law of France, edict reforming,
i. 326.
Crispalt, defeat of the Austrians at, 1799,
vii. 25 — and of the French, 35.
Croatia, province of, iii. 128 — revolt in,
against the French, 1797, vi. 18 — cha-
racter of the inhabitants, ix. Ill — their
character as soldiers, 112 — evacuation
of it by the French in 1809, xiii. 19— is
ceded to the kingdom of Italy, 104 —
general revolt in, 1813, xvii. 314.
Croix au Hois, pass of, iii. 202 — seized by
Clairfait, 204.
Croix de Vie, defeat of the Vendeans at,
xix. 298.
Croker, J. W., iv. 14, note.
Croly's Life of Pitt, ix. 262, note.
Crompton, Samuel, xviii. 16, note.
Cromwell, Oliver, comparison of the era
of, with that of the Revolution, i. 43—
the representative of the Puritan party,
68 — severities of, in Ireland, 72 —
absence of confiscation by him in Eng-
land, ii. 264 — confiscation of land by
him in Ireland, vi. 204 — income of Great
Britain under him, ix. 253 — his efforts
for the improvement of the navy, xx.
73.
Cronenberg castle, arrival of the British
fleet off, vii. 371, 372, 375.
Cronstadt, Russian fleet at, xv. 251 —
harbour and fortifications of, 265 —
action near, in 1796, v. 284.
Cronstedt, admiral, xv. 194.
Crosier, general, negotiates the surrender
of Jaffa, vi. 289— is wounded at Acre,
301.
Crosne, domain of, vii. 122, 124.
Cross, constellation of the, xiv. 294.
Cross, the iron, order of, xvi. 182.
Cross of St Ivan, the, carried off from
Moscow, xvi. 20— abandoned, 33.
Crotona, capture of, by the British, ix.
344.
Crown, influence of the, in the East, xv.
121 — and in England, after the Con-
quest, i. 62 — extension of its power by
the wars of the Roses, 67 — its depen-
dence in France upon the great feuda-
tories i. 80 — its early weakness there,
84 — increase of its power after the insti-
tution of standing armies, 86, 87 —
measures of Richelieu to increase it, 88,
et seq. — its contests with the parlia-
ments, 127, 129 — their independence of
it, 204— its absolutism, 175 — first col-
lision with the people, 315 — principles
of the Cahiers regarding it, 356 — of
Poland, causes of its being elective, v.
13, 14 — the Spanish, powers of the, as
defined by the constitution of 1812, xiv.
132 — power of the, in Sweden, xv. 190.
Crown lands of Russia, the, xv. 240 —
abolition of slavery in, 241.
Crusades, general influence of the, i. 2.
Crusaders, contrast between the, and the
French, iii. 315.
Cruz, Don Juan de la, at Baylen, xii. 80.
Cuarte, defeat of the Spaniards at. xii.
66.
Cuba, island of, importation of slaves
into, x. 193 — population of, xiv. 984,
note — supports the regency in 1812,
339.
Cubillas, pass of, forced by the French,
xiv. 280.
Cucoas, marquis las, xiv. 265.
Cuenca, defeat of the Spaniards before,
xii. 68 — contributions levied on, xvL
306.
Cuesta, general, defeat of, at Cabecon, xii.
55 — movements of, upon the French
communications, 69 — insists on giving
battle to Bessieres, 71 — at Rio Seco, 72
—131— at Medellin, xiii. 220, 221— pro-
posed co-operation of, with Wellington,
228 — and movements with a view to
them, 235 — forces under him, 237 — his
inactivity before Talavera, 238 — repulsed
before that battle, 239— at Talavera, 240
— abandons it and the English wounded,
250 — and resigns, 251.
Cuissan. mademoiselle de, death of, iii.
385.
Culloden, the, at the 1st of June, iv. 325 —
at Cape St Vincent, v. 342, 343— at the
Nile, vi. 272.
Culm, battles of, xvii. 165, et seq.— the in-
telligence received by Napoleon, 171.
Cultivation, advance of, in the American
forests, xix. 22 — want of, in Russia, xv.
302.
Cumana, revolt of, against Spain, xiv. 338.
Cumberland Hussars, the, at Waterloo,
xix. 351.
Cumri, the, i. 33.
Cunnersdorf, battle of, iii. 133, 134.
Curacoa, subjugation of, by the British,
x. 214.
Curchod, mademoiselle, afterwards ma-
dame Necker, i. 258.
Cures of the French church, condition of
the, before the Revolution, i. 158 — their
estrangement from the higher orders in
it, 193— their numbers in the first as-
sembly, ib. note — their sympathy with
the Tiers Etat, ii. 14— their secession to
the latter, 58.
Cureau, ML, murder of, ii. 133.
Curee, M., viii. 370.
Curial, general, forces under, 1813, xvii.
383— at Hanau, 286— at the battle of
Paris, xviii. 347.
Curieux brig, extraordinary passage of,
from the West Indies, ix. 61.
Curische\ gulf of, x. 283.
Currency, the Austrian, be. 108.
Currency, the British, review of Pitt's
measures regarding, xiv. 57 — changes
introduced into it, 1809 and 1810, 58 —
the report and resolutions of the Bullion
committee regarding, 59 — the system of
190
INDEX.
Currency, continued.
paper, xx. 79 — its effect toward the close
of the war, 80 — change in the system
since the peace, 90. — See also Finance,
Specie, Paper, &c.
Cursaglia, combats on the, v. 180.
Curtis, admiral Sir Roger, at the 1st of
June, iv. 323 — mutiny in the fleet of, v.
339— vi. 238, viii. 245, note.
Custine, general, forces under, 1792, iii.
199 — operations in Alsace, 220, 221 —
and on the Rhine, 235 — recrosses that
river, ib. — state of his army, 236— oper-
ations on the Rhine in 1793, iv. 34 —
repeatedly defeated there, and is super-
seded, 35 — takes the command in Flan-
ders, 41 — is removed from the command,
42 — connexion of Berthier with him, v.
169 — his trial, iv. 132 — his execution,
133.
Custine the younger, execution of, iv. 253.
Custine, mademoiselle, iv. 133.
Custine, fort, destruction of, xix. 157.
Custrin, surrender of, to the French, x. 58
— military department of, 77 — continued
occupation of the fortress by them, xi.
239, 240, xii. 137, xvi. 188— state of its
garrison, 1813, xvii. 81 — surrendered to
the Allies, 1814, xviii. 287.
Cuttack, conquest of the, xi. 100 — cession
of it to the British, 108 — operations in,
1805, 129.
Cuxhaven, seizure of, by Prussia, vii. 354.
Czarnowo, combats at, x. 113.
Czartorinski, prince, efforts of, on behalf
of Poland, v. 27 — removed from the
Russian ministry, ix. 381 — xvi. 78.
Czenstochau, surrender of, to the Allies,
xvii. 80.
Czerny George, the Servian leader, x. 128
—revolt of, from Turkey, 220, xv. 149—
defeated at Nizza, 157 — operations
against him, 1811, 174.
Czorbatoff, prince, xvii. 180, 219.
D.
Dacoits, extirpation of the, x. 351.
Dacres, captain, defence of the Guerriere
by, xix. 105.
Daendels, general, efforts of, to rouse in-
surrection in Holland, iv. 384 — captures
the Dutch fleet, 385— arrest of the Dutch
deputies by him, vi. 125 — overthrows the
Directory there, 126 — defeated at the
Helder, vii. 44— -again at Pelten, &c.
46, 48.
Dagobert, discovery of the tomb of, iv. 146.
Dagobert, general, defeated at Truellas,
and superseded, iv. 74 — death of, 359.
D'Agoust, see Agoust.
D'Aguilar, see Aguilar.
D'Aiguillon, see Aiguillon.
Dalberg, the grand-duke of, adherence of,
to Napoleon, xviii. 39 — communications
of, with the Allies, 300 — at the council
for deliberating on the settlement of
France, 361 — a member of the provi-
sional government, 365.
Dalecarlia, the mines of, xv. 189.
D'Alembert, see Alembert.
Dalhousie, general the earl of, at the
Pyrenees, xvi. 368, 369 — and during the
pursuit, 370 — at San Marcial, 387 — xvii.
354 — at Bordeaux, xviii. 281.
Dalmatia, due de, see Soult.
Dalmatia, province of, ix. 110 — the Alps
of, 108— cession of it to Austria, vi. 53—
offered by Napoleon in exchange for
Naples, ix. 385 — allotted to France bv
Tilsit, x. 328, 329, 330— is overrun by
the Austrians, xvii. 318.
Dalrymple, colonel, xi. 77.
Dalrymple, general Sir Hew, xii. 36, 89 —
on the capitulation of Baylen, 90, note
— succeeds Sir Harry Burrard in Portu-
gal, 104 — armistice there after Vimeira,
118 — the convention of Cintra, 119 —
court of inquiry on him, 121, 127—
132.
Dal ton, general, xvii. 309.
Damanhour, arrival of the French at,
vi. 257 — capture of, by the Arabs, 307.
Damas, count Charles de, ii. 238, 242— a
leader of the Feuillants, 276.
Damas, count Roger de, convention with
Kellermann, vi. 190 — invades the papal
states, and his defeat, vii. 279, 322.
Damas, capture of, by the French, vi.
288.
Damiens, attempt to assassinate Louis
XV. by, i. 178.
Damietta, outlet of the Nile at, vi. 249 —
harbour of, 252 — is fortified by Napo-
leon, 283 — capture of a detachment of
Turks at, 1800, viii. 10— surrender of,
to the British, 26 — captured by them in
1807, x. 230.
Damitz, Grolman, on "Wellington's inac-
tivity before Waterloo, xix. 315, note.
Dammartin, rout of the French at, iii. 206.
Dampierre, count de, murder of, ii. 245.
Dampierre, general, succeeds Dumourier
on the frontier, iii. 260, iv. 32 — defeat
and death of, 37. •
Dance, commodore, defeat of Linois by,
viii. 291.
Dandoins, M. ii. 238.
Danes, effects on England of the in-
cursions of the, i. 53.
D'Angouleme, see Angouleme.
Danholm, capture of, by the French, xi.
254.
Danican, general, defeats the Vendeans
at Angers, iii. 370 — on the 11th Vende-
miaire, v. 124.
Dannenberg, defeat of the French near,
xvii. 211.
Dannebrog, the, at the Baltic, vii. 381.
INDEX.
191
Danton, Georges Jacques, early life and
character of, ii. 287 — denunciation of
Lafayette by him, 247 — at the revolt of
the Champs de Mars, 254, 255 — charac-
ter of madame Roland by, 280, note —
a leader of the Jacobins, 286 — his influ-
ence in the Cordeliers, 296 — proposes
Westermann as leader on the 10th Au-
gust, 335 — his connexion with that in-
surrection, 340, 343 — and proceedings
on that occasion, 348, 352 — the imper-
sonation of Jacobinism, 359 — minister
of public justice, in. 5 — speech of, before
the Assembly, ib. — sanguinary demands
of, 9 — plans the massacres of the pri-
sons, 13 — his energy, 16 — elected mem-
ber for the Convention, 35 — proceedings
of, at Liege, 226— and in Flanders, BSD
— energetic counsels of, 243 — is sent to
watch Dumourier, 257— denounces him
at the Jacobins, 258 — proposes the re-
establishment of the revolutionary tri-
bunal, 262, 264 — transferred to the com-
mittee of general defence, 269 — proposes
a camp at Paris, 270 — a member of the
committee of public salvation, 271, iv.
51, notes — opposes the trial of Marat,
iii. 277 — and the formation of a conven-
tional guard, 284 — denounces the
Girondists, 285— on the 28th May, 287
— organises the revolt of the 31st May,
288— on the 31st May, 290— and the
2d June, 294 — councils of, against the
Girondist confederacy, 121 — his first
estrangement from Robespierre, 175 —
is urged by him to retire from Paris, ib.
— his principles, ib. — efforts of, to
detach Robespierre from the munici-
pality, 178 — his destruction resolved on
by Robespierre, 181 — his speech on
returning to the Jacobins, 182 — and
speech of Robespierre with regard to
him, 183 — final rupture between them,
192— warned of his danger, but refuses
to flee, 193 — his arrest, 194 — speech of
Robespierre against him, 195 — and of
St Just, 196— his trial, ib. 197— his con-
demnation, 198 — and execution, 199 —
at one time in the pay of the court,
209, note — submission of his party after
his fall, 209.
Dantonists, estrangement of the, from
Robespierre, iv. 175 — their principles, ib.
— recriminations between them and the
Hebertists, 177 — their destruction re-
solved on by Robespierre, 181 — attack
by them on the Anarchists, 185 — their
exultation over the fall of that partv,
192— trial of the, 196— their execu-
tion, 199— reflections on their fall, 201 —
submission of the remnant of the party,
209 — impression made by their fall
throughout Europe, 231 — character-
istics of their death, 305 — the remnant
join Tallien, 272 — and the Thernii-
dorians, v. 85.
Danton, general, at Toulouse, xviii. 272,
note.
Dantzic, views of Prussia on, 1793, iv.
330 — its seizure by that power, 54 — its
population, x. 4, note — Prussian garri-
son of, 1807, 109 — commencement of
the blockade by the French, 124 —
progress of the siege, 127 — the blockade
is raised, 137, 156— and again resumed,
158 — description of it, 273 — first suc-
cesses of the siege, 275 — attempt to
raise it, and further operations, 277 —
its surrender, 280 — provision of Tilsit
regarding it, 322 — its cession to France,
323— government of it by Rapp, xi. 238
— territory around it occupied by the
French, 239 — French garrison of it,
xv. 218, note — supplies in it for the
Russian campaign, 280 — retreat of the
French to, xvi. 81, 111 — is blockaded
by Platoff, 112 — influx of fugitives into
it, 113— their inefficient condition, 114
— French forces in it, 188 — blockaded
by the Allies, 189, 190, 203, note —
forces of Rapp in it, xvii. 79 — immense
stores which it contained, 80 — negotia-
tions between Napoleon and the Allies
regarding it, 104— operations before it,
1813, 306— its capitulation, 308.
Danube, the river, and its basin, ix. 108—
the true line for assailing Austria, vi.
324, vii. 331, ix. 231 — restrictions on
its navigation, 117 — its commercial
value, 119 — passage of it by the arch-
duke Charles in 1796, v. 285 — by the
Austrians in 1800, vii. 192— and by the
French, 199— by the French in 1805,
ix. 145— Napoleon's flotilla on it, 180 —
passage of it by Kutusoff, 182 — seizure
of its bridge by the French, 190 — de-
scription of it at Vienna, xii. 271, 277 —
repulse of Lannes in the attempt to pass
it, 279 — passage by the French before
Aspern, 280 — 'Napoleon's projects for
crossing at Lobau, xiii. 4 — bridges
erected by him, 5 — his real designs
regarding the passage, 6 — attempt to
cross it at Pre3burg, 9 — feigned prepara-
tions for the passage, 26 — the real pas-
sage effected, 27 — unhealthiness of the
plains of it, xv. 147 — importance of the
line of it, 148 — campaign of 1809 be-
tween the Russians and Turks on it, 158
— importation of British goods by it in
1810, 160 — the Russians driven across it,
175— passage of it by the Turks, 176
— and by the Russians, 178 — extension
of the frontier of Russia to it, 263.
Daoiz, death of, at Madrid, xi. 346.
Darbelliere, defeat of the Vendeans at,
iii. 348.
Dardanelles, description of the, x. 221,
xv. 136 — the British expedition to, x.
220— state of the fortifications, 222 —
forcing of the passage, 223 — repassage
by the expedition, 228 — the straits
blockaded, ib. — causes of the failure of
the expedition, 248— value of the castles
of, to Russia, xv. 251 — the command of,
secured by Russia, 263.
192
INDEX.
Daricau, general, at Seville in 1811, xiv.
264— at St Pierre, xvii. 373, 376— at
Orthes, xviii. 241— at Toulouse, 267.
Darius, invasion of Scythia by, xvi. 94.
Darlberg, M. viii. 355.
Darth^, a Jacobin, at Arras, iv. 256,
note — a member of Babceuffs com-
mittee, vi. 85 — trial of, 90 — his execu-
tion, 91.
Dartmoor, the depot for prisoners at, xiv.
103, 104.
D'Artois, the comte, see Artois.
Daru, count, interview of, with Napoleon,
after Caldei-'s action, ix. 63 — admini-
stration of the conquered provinces of
Prussia by, x. 77 — statement by him
of the contributions levied there, 325 —
additional exactions from it, 331 — xi.
196, note, 240 — exactions of, in Austria,
1809, xiii. 105— and in Prussia, xv. 218
—354, 366, xvi. 41.
Darwin, Dr, on the fall of the Bastile,
ii. 117, note.
Dash wood, Sir Charles, on breaking the
line, iv. 322.
Daubigny, a member of the revolutionary
tribunal, hi. 11.
Daultanne, general, x. 47, note.
Dauphin, the, father of Louis XVI. cha-
racter of, i. 210.
Dauphin, the, eldest son of Louis XVI.
birth of, i. 296— his death, ii. 46.
Dauphin, the, afterwards Louis XVII.
ii. 163— anecdotes of him, 183 — at the
Bastile fete, 212— during the flight to
Varennes, 239, 243 — at the closing of
the Constituent Assemblv, 258 — on the
20th June, 328 — at the "Bastile fete of
1792, 333— on the 10th August, 346,
348, iii. 6 — during the imprisonment in
the Temple, 54, 55, et seq. — last inter-
view of, with his father, 71 — is separated
from his mother, and cruel treatment of
him, iv. 135 — his last days and death,
v. 114, 115.
Dauphin^, disturbances in, during 1788,
i. 329 — reception of the deputies from,
ii. 4.
Daurier, general, at Fleurus, iv. 347.
David, the abbe, viii. 338.
David the painter, member of the Conven-
tion, iii. 35 — at the fete of the Supreme
Being, iv. 231 — his devotion to Robes-
pierre, 271 — v. 95.
Davidoff, colonel, partisan successes of,
xvi. 13, 40.
Davidowich, general, movements of, in
Italy, v. 215 — is defeated at Calliano,
216 — retreats to Brenner, 220 — forces
under him, 222— defeats of Vaubois by
him, 223 — his inactivity during Areola,
229, 231— forces under him, 1800, vii.
276— operations under him, 1805, ix.
168.
Davoust, Louis Nicolas, marshal, prince of
Echmuhl, &c. parentage, early life, and
character of, vi. 38, note— attempts to
arrest Dumourier, iii. 260, iv. 31— com-
mands in the Pyrenees, 74 — defeated at
Perpignan, ib. — his situation, 75 — first
distinguishes himself at Diersheim, vi. 38
— defeats the Arabs at Benyhady, 307 —
corps under him in the Army of England,
viii. 282 — is created marshal, 376 — ix.
53 — corps under him in the grand army,
1805, 74, note, 140, note — direction
of his march, 141 — passage of the Dan-
ube by him, 145 — advances to Aicha,
148 — his further movements, 169— in
pursuit of the Austrians, 180 — defeat
of Meerfeldt by him, 182— his corps
moved to Presburg, 194 — advance of,
to Austerlitz, 202 — at Austerlitz, 205,
208, 212, 213— threatens the Russians'
retreat, 217, note — commands the 3d
corps during the campaign of Jena,
x. 18, note — movements before that
battle, 25 — captures Naumburg, 30 —
movements prescribed to him, 33, 40 —
the battle of Auerstadt, 41— Napoleon's
depreciation of his victory there, 47 —
losses sustained by him, 48 — operations
in pursuit, 51 — occupies Leipsic, 53—
is moved toward Berlin, 54 — captures
Custrin, 58 — and enters that city, 69 —
review of his corps, 72 — his rapacity in
Prussia, 7(5 — occupies Warsaw, 108 —
advances to the Bug, 112 — forces the
passage of the Ukra, 113— at Golymin,
118, 119, 120— further movements, 136,
137— at Eylau, 142, note, 145, 149, 151
—282, 286— at Heilsberg, 289— and
subsequent movements, 294 — marches
on Konigsberg, 296 — atrocities of, at
Hamburg, xi. 173 — revenue bestowed
on him, 195, note — threatens Denmark,
255 — forces, operations, &c. at com-
mencement of the campaign of Ech-
muhl, xii. 212, 217, note, 219, 221, 222
— his danger before that battle, 223 — ■
movements of, 224^— combat at Thaun,
228 — junction with Lefebvre, and sub-
sequent movements, ib. 227 — at Land-
shut, 230 — operations against the Arch-
duke, 232— at Dinzling, 233— at Ech-
muhl, 237— is posted at Ratisbon, 252
— his position after the capture of
Vienna, 265, 277 — movements before
Aspern, 281, 282— at Aspern, 285— his
retreat after the battle, 302 — position
in Lobau, xiii. 3— check of, at Presburg,
9— 31— at Wagram, 35, 38, 41, 43, 44—
and movements' in pursuit, 56— oppres-
sive conduct of, in Prussia, xv. 218
— overruns Pomerania, ib. — his
corps crosses the Niemen, 284 —
operations against Bagrathion, 293
— succeeds Jerome, 294 — checks
Bagrathion at Mohilow, 295 — his
subsequent inactivity, 296 — passage
of the Dnieper by him, 312 — at Smo-
lensko, 316, 317 — at Valutina, 321—
order of march during the advance to
Moscow, 334 — plan of attack proposed
at Borodino, 343 — at Borodino, 345,
347 — is wounded there, 346 — details
INDEX.
193
Davoust, continued.
of his corps on its entrance into Russia,
369 — at Malo-Jaroslawitz, xvi. 23, 25 —
line of retreat from Moscow proposed by
him, 26 — at Wiazma, 30, 31 — is suc-
ceeded by Ney in command of the rear-
guard, 33 — retreat of his corps toward
Smolensko, 39, 48 — at Krasnoi, 50— his
marshal's baton taken there, 53 — losses
of his corps up to its arrival at Orcha,
67 — its strength at various times, 89,
note — junction of the Danish troops
with him in 1813, 181 — his position at
the opening of that campaign, 187 —
evacuates Dresden, 195 — forces under
him, 201, note — captures Hamburg, 262
— fortification of that city, and contribu-
tions levied by him on it, xvii. 72 —
forces, position, and operations of, 1813,
76, note, 79, 97— at Hamburg and its
neighbourhood, 210 — advances in the
direction of Berlin, ib. — but again re-
tires, 211 — his dangerous position, 232
— Bernadotte moved against him, 275,
281 — operations against him, 294 — re-
tires into the city, and is separated from
the Danes, 295 — proposed capitulation,
303— details of his forces, 385, xviii. 435
— is blockaded in Hamburg, 131 — ope-
rations there, 288 — capitulates, 289— his
oppressive government of it, 402 — details
of his requisitions on it, xx. 19 — min-
ister at war during the Hundred days,
xix. 276— 304— in the Chamber of Peers
after Waterloo, xx. 6 — concludes the
capitulation of Paris, 8.
Dearborn, general, xix. 101 — invades
Canada, 103— his defeat, 104 — captures
Fort George, 124.
Death, abolition of the punishment of, ii.
235— the means of government after the
fall of Dan ton, iv. 208— form of, during
the retreat from Moscow, xvi. 36, 69.
Deba, defeat of the Spaniards at, xiii. 218.
Debelle, general, defeat of, at Crete a
Pierrot, viii. 189— death of, 196.
Debrez, Jean, a member of the committee
of general defence, iii. 269, note — and
of that of public salvation, 271, note.
De Brienne, see Brienne.
Debry, Jean, a member of the committee of
public salvation, iv. 51, note — is attacked
at Rastadt, and wounded, vi. 336.
Debt, national, see National debt.
Decades, institution of, in France, iv. 128.
Decaen, general, in 1800 occupies Munich, >
vii. 301— at Hohenlinden,291— at Salz-
burg, 295 — occupies that town, 296 —
operations in pursuit, 297 — succeeds
Macdonald in Catalonia, xiv. 193— re-
captures Montserrat, xv. 104 — difficul-
ties of, in 1813, xvii. 333 — raises the
siege of Tarragona, 335 — retires into
Catalonia, 336 — operations during 1814
in La Vendue, xviii. 282.
Decatur, commodore, capture of the
Macedonian by, xix. 106— captured by
the Belvidere, 138.
VOL. XX.
Decazes, M. xx. 25, 26.
Deccan, the French possessions in, xi. 8
— cession of, to the British, 108 — Wel-
lington's administration of it, 110.
Declaration of rights, the English, i. 70.
Decorations, universality of, in Russia,
xv. 238.
Decres, M. minister of marine, viii. 319 —
correspondence of Napoleon with, 1805,
ix. 28— revenue bestowed on him, xi.
196, note— xix. 304.
Dedowich, general, at Aspern, xii. 297.
Dee river, the, iii. 84.
Defence, the, at the 1st of June, iv.
323.
Defeu, M. vii. 165.
Deficit in the French finances, the, at
various times, i. 186, note, 268, 281,
285, 286, 313, 320, it 9, note.
Defrance, general, xvii. 385, xviii. 91.
D'Eglantine, see Fabre D'Eglantine.
Dego, battle of, v. 176 — second, 178.
Deism, Voltaire's, i. 142 — prevalence of,
under the Directory, vi. 79.
Dejean, general, trial of Malet before, xvi.
137 — at Brienne, xviii. 80 — public cen-
sure of, 129—350.
Delacroix, see Lacroix.
Delambis, colonel, xii. 126.
Delarue, transportation of, vL 107.
De la Mothe, see Mothe.
Delaunay, M. governor of the Bastile,
measures of, for its defence, ii. 94, et
seq. — capitulates, 99 — is murdered, 100.
Delaunay, general, vii. 244.
Delaware bay, operations in, xix. 113,
119.
D'Elbee, see Elbee.
Delbrel, a member of the Five Hundred,
vii. 109.
Delegates, origin of the system of, i. 17.
Delegates, college of, in France, v. 117.
Deleitosa, capture of, by the British, xiii.
250, 253.
Delessart, see Lessart.
Delft, revolt of, against the French, xvii,
311.
Delft man of war, loss of the, v. 368.
Delgrasse, a Negro leader, death of, viii.
194.
Delhi, battle of, xi. 94— ceded to the Brit-
ish, 108 — repulse of Holkar before,
119.
Delmas, member of the committees, iii.
269, 271, iv. 51, note.
Delmas, general, joins Napoleon in Italy,
1797, vi. 2— in the Italian Tyrol, 12, 13
— 340 — at Magnano, 344 — at Mceskirch,
vii. 191, 192— -opposes the establishment
of religion, viii. Ill — forces under him,
1813, xvii. 384— at Mockern, 248— at
Leipsic, 264, 265— death of, there, 265.
Del Parque, the due, see Parque.
Delta of Egypt, the, vi. 249.
Delta of the Mississippi, xix. 12. et seq.
Delta of the Rhine, iv. 373.
Delzons, general, at Borodino, xv. 349 —
at Malo Jaroslawitz, xvi. 22.
N
194
INDEX.
Demasis, M. v. 144, note.
Demerara, subjugation of, by the British
in 1796, V. 304— again in 1800, vii. 281
— and again in 1804, viii. 290 — is for-
mally ceded to Great Britain, xix.
239.
Demerville, execution of, vii. 273.
Democracy, tendency of the intellectual
classes to, i. 167 — sanguinary character
of it, iv. 113 — absolute during the Reign
of Terror, 288 — perversion of the jury
system under it, 298 — provision for
arresting its course, 305 — adherence to
its principles in Poland, v. 13 — increased
power given to it there in 1573, 19 — its
inferiority as a sustaining agent, 250 —
progress of it among the Venetian states,
vi. 24 — its instability, ix. 318 — supre-
macy given to the wicked in it, 397— its
influence as regards British India, xi.
142 — its tyranny, 183, note — influence
of the resistance to it in England, 231 —
workings of it in America, xix. 49 — its
aggressive tendency, 179.
D'Enghien, see Enghien.
D'Enguy, foundery of, iv. 365.
Denia, check of the British at, xv. 103 —
holds out till the peace, xviii. 261.
Denis, colonel, xviii. 353.
Denis, madame, i. 139.
Denisoff, general, at Sekoczyre, v. 33 — at
Maccowice, 35.
Denisoff, general Orloff, see Orloff.
Denmark, the navy of, in 1792, iii. 105,
note — in 1793, recognises the maritime
code of Great Britain, iv. 55 — a party
to the armed neutrality of 1780, vii.
344 — abandons its principles, 345 — pro-
clamation with regard to neutrals, 346
— negotiations in 1800, with regard to
the right of search, &c. 349, 350— joins
the northern coalition of 1801, 353, 355
— and attacks Hamburg, 359 — her navy
at this time, 370 — spirit by which ani-
mated, 374 — preparations against Great
Britain, 375— armistice after the battle
of the Baltic, 383 — abandons the mari-
time confederacy, 396— preparations in
1803, viii. 273— articles of Tilsit with
regard to her, x. 327 — reasons which led
to the British expedition against her in
1807, xi. 255— her uniform hostility to
Great Britain, ib. — proceedings of the
expedition, 257, et seq. — surrender of
her fleet, 261 — her cordial junction with
France, 278 — shipping employed in the
British trade with her, xiv. 369— she
declares war against Sweden, xv. 193 —
the king proposes himself as crown-
prince of Sweden , 204 — and is supported
by Napoleon, 205 — her accession to the
continental system, 216 — attempts of
the Allies to gain her in 1813, xvi. 178
— her views and demands, 179— acces-
sion of, to the alliance with Napoleon,
180 — her spoliation agreed to by the
Allies, xvii. 60 — treaty with France, 61
—operations of the Allies against her,
295— joins the Allies after Leipsic, 296
— treaty, xviii. 37— at the congress of
Vienna, xix. 231, 232— abolition of the
slave trade, 242— severance of Norway
from her, 201 — preparations against
Napoleon on his return from Elba,
248.
Dennewitz, movements preparatory to,
xvii. 190— battle of, 192— conduct of the
generals, 196, et seq. — Napoleon's con-
duct on receiving intelligence of it,
201.
Dennissan, mademoiselle, iii. 336.
Denon, M. vi. 241 — his work on Egypt,
283.
Departments, division of France into, ii.
155, note, 185 — its effect on freedom,
188— revolt of the, in favour of the Gir-
ondists, iv. 120— assemblies of the, de-
cree against, 184.
Departmental guard, proposal for, iii. 47.
Deputies, chamber of, adulation of Napo-
leon by the, xi. 176 — opening of, and
Napoleon's speech after Leipsic, xviii.
22, et seq.— opposition to him in it, and
Lain^'s report, 24 — he dissolves it, 27—
meeting of it during the Hundred days,
xix. 299 — opening of it, 303 — con-
sternation in, on the intelligence of
Waterloo, xx. 2 — measures to compel
the emperor to abdicate, 3— and joy on
his abdication, 4.
Derby, disturbances in, xiv. 50.
Derfelden, general, at Novi, vii. 12, 14,
15, 16.
Dernstedt, arrival of Hohenlohe at, x.
49.
Deroy, general, in the Tyrol, 1805, x.
176— -defeated atDingelfingen, xii. 221—
forcing of the passes of the Tyrol by
him, 349 — at Innspruck, 353.
Desaix, Louis Charles, parentage, early
history, and character of, v. 275, note-
forces under him, 1796, 275 — at the pas-
sage of the Rhine, 277— at Malsch, 281
—at Langenberg, 293— at Biberach, 295
—and during the retreat, 296* — at the
siege of Kehl, 298— at the passage of
the Rhine at Diersheim, vi. 38 — the
friendship between him and Napoleon,
230, 231 — accompanies Napoleon to
Egypt, 240— at the surrender of Malta,
244 — passage of the desert by him, 257,
258 — first combat with the Mamelukes,
259— at the battle of the Pyramids, 261,
262 — is despatched toward Upper Egypt,
263 — and his successes there, 283 — his
civil administration of it, 307 — joins
Napoleon in Italy, vii. 245 — at Marengo,
250— his death there, 251 — monument
to him, xi. 205.
Desaix, defeat of Mourad Bey at, viii. 4.
Descloseaux, M. xix. 229.
Desermont, M. xix. 304.
Desert, passage of the Egyptian, by the
French, vi. 257 — and of the Syrian, 287
— repassage of the latter, 306 — passage
of, by the Anglo-Indian forces, viii. 3l.
INDEX.
195
Deseze, M., pleader for Louis XVI. before
the Convention, iii. 61— his peroration,
63 — protests against the condemnation
of the king, 69.
Desgardens, general, wounded at Eylau,
x. 146.
Desgenettes, general, accompanies Napo-
leon to Egypt, vi. 241 — operations there,
283.
Desgraviers, general, death of, xv. 68.
Desgruettes, Pepin, iii. 11.
Desilles, Angelique, death of, iii. 323.
Desilles, M., death of, ii. 218.
Desolation , the valley of, vii. 226.
D'Espagne, see Espagne.
Despard, colonel, conspiracy of, and his
execution, viii. 290.
Despinas Perros, forcing of, by the French,
xiii. 308.
Despinasse, a senator, viii. 138.
Despinois, general, v. 207.
Despotism, influence of the absence of
hereditary succession on , i. 19 — its
establishment in Spain, 24 — circum-
stances which checked it in England,
58 — its establishment in France, 86, 87,
92 — its establishment foreseen by Mira-
beau, ii. 53 — essay on it, .by him, 20 —
its character in Russia, xv. 254.
D'Espremenil, see Espremenil.
Desprez, a French capitalist, ix. 32!).
Despuig, cardinal, xiii. 134.
Dessaix, general, at the Piave, xii. 269,
270 — is wounded at Borodino, xv. 346 —
defeat of Bubna by, xviii. 226.
Dessalines, the Haytian leader, operations
of, viii. 186, 187— defeat of, 189— enters
the French service, 191— again revolts,
195 — attacks Cape Town, 196 — captures
Port-au-Prince, 197.
Dessau, bridge of, captured by Lannes,
x. 54 — position of Davoust at, 1813, xvi.
187— advance of the Allies to, 194, 197
— passage of the Elbe by the Allies at,
204— tete-du-pont of, 210— defeat of the
French at, 256 — is evacuated by the
French, xvii. 220 — abandoned by the
Allies, 226.
Dessault the surgeon, v. 115.
Dessoles, general, operations under, 1799,
vi. 328 — successes of, 329 — further oper-
ations of, 330— monument erected by
him to Latour d'Auvergne, vii. 202 —
moved against Venegas, xiii. 251 — at
Almonacid, 253 — in 1810 is placed under
Soult, 306 — forcing of the Puerto del
Rey by, 308 — in 1814 commands the
national guard, xviii. 369.
Destourville, M., iii. 297.
Destult, M., xviii. 364.
Detroit, fort, capture of, by the Canadians,
xix. 101— defeat of Winchester at, 121—
evacuation of it by the British, 129.
Deux Ponts, cession of, to France, viii.
213, note.
Deux Sevres, department of, iii. 316.
Deva, combat on the, v. 55.
Devaux, general, death of, xix. 352.
Devereux, general, xiv. 348.
Devil's bridge, the, vii. 21 — combats at,
vi. 353, vii. 25, 36.
Devin du Village, Rousseau's, i. 146.
Devins, general, v. 52.
Devonshire, duchess of, ix. 394.
De Winter, see Winter.
Dehargues, a Vendean leader, iii. 362.
D'Harvelay, see Harvelay.
D'llerbois, jet Collot d'Herbois.
D'Hilliers, see Baraguay d'Hilliers.
D'Houdelot, the countess, i. 147.
Diamond fort, Genoa, vii. 208 — attack on,
by the Austrians, 215.
Diamond necklace, affair of the, i. 305.
Diamond rock, capture of the, by Ville-
neuve, ix. 58.
Dichat, general, death of, v. 181.
Dickinson, captain, death of, xix. 140.
Dickson, admiral, vii. 350.
Dickson, colonel, at Albuera, xiv. 250 —
at the lirst siege of Badajos, 257 — at San
Sebastian, xvi. 379.
Didelot, M., i. 320, note.
Diderot, character of the writings of, i. 151
— on the influence of property, 148 —
favour shown by Catherine to him, 155.
Diebitch, general, at Polotsk, xvi. 43—
defeat of Macdonald by, 75 — at the
Beresina, 63 — convention concluded by
him with York, 104 — biography and
character of him, 107 — at Bautzen, 240
—at Culm, xvii. 166 — xviii. 142 — plan
proposed on Napoleon's march to St
Dizier, 313.
Dieg, battle of, xi. 120— capture of the
town, 124 — cession of, to the British, 128.
Diernstein, battle of, ix. 183 — arrival of
Napoleon at, 1809, xii. 261.
Diersheim, passage of the Rhine by Mo-
reau at, vi. 37 — battle of, 38, et seq.
Diet, the Polish, constitution of, v. 14 —
the liberum veto in, 15 — description of
its meetings, ib. 16 — subsequent change
in it, 17 — unanimity requisite in it, 10.
Diet of Ratisbon, addresses of Napoleon
and Francis II. to, ix. 374.
Diet of Warsaw, proceedings of the, 1812,
xv. 291 — address from, to Napoleon, 292
— and his answer, 293.
Diets under the Buckler, the Polish, v. 18.
Dietfurth, colonel, death of, xii. 343.
Dietikon, combat at, vii. 31.
Dietrich, execution of, iv. 253.
Dietz, action at, v. 291.
Dijon, army of reserve at, vii. 181, 224 —
the second, 273.
Dilkes, general, at Barrossa, xiii. 342.
Dillingen, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
200.
Dillon, Arthur, execution of, iv. 200.
Dillon, general, at the Argonne, iii. 206 —
defeat and death of, 190, iv. 47.
Dingelfingen, capture of, by the Austrians,
xii. 221.
Dinzling, combat of, xii. 232.
Diplomatists, the Prussian, superiority of,
x. 12.
196
INDEX.
Diplomatic employment, estimation in
which held in Russia, xv. 237 — her
great ability as regards her diplomacy,
253, 260.
Dippen, skirmish at, x. 141 — repulse of
Ney at, 285.
Dippodiswalde, occupation of, by the
Allies, xvii. 138.
Direct taxation, check given to industry
by, ix. 300 — its oppressive nature, vi.
321 — prevalence of the system of, in
India, x. 355.
Direct taxes of France, the, i. 168 — ex-
emption of the nobility and clergy from
them, 188, note — their pressure and
inequality, xvi. 167 — additions to them,
ib.
Directory, constitution, mode of electing,
powers, &c. of the, v. 117 — their elec-
tion, 125 — their instructions for the
Italian campaign, 150 — secret corre-
spondence with Napoleon regarding
Sardinia, 183, 186 — their jealousy of
him, 193 — correspondence with him re-
garding Venice, 199, 205 — and Genoa
and Tuscany, 203, 204— on his situa-
tion in Italy, 222, 225 — on Clarke's
negotiations, 233 — urge the conclusion
of peace, 241, 242 — their views on the
treaty of Tolentino, 244 — their difficul-
ties on their accession to power, 251 —
reject the overtures of Great Britain,
260 — offers made by them to Charette,
264 — plan of the campaign of 1796 in
Germany, 283, 300— treaty of St Ilde-
fonso with Spain, 306 — negotiations
with Great Britain, 308, 309 — their
designs for the invasion of Ireland,
311.
Their plans for the campaign of 1797,
vi. 2 — refuse to ratify the treaty with
Sardinia, 4, 48— their jealousy of Napo-
leon, 14 — bribery of, by the Venetian
authorities, 32— the spoliation of Venice
ordered by them, 36, note — negotia-
tions with Great Britain, ib. 49 — are
opposed to the entire subversion of
Venice, 52.
Their civil history: election of, and
character of the members, vi. 69 — their
difficulties on entering upon office, ib.
70 — first measures, 70 — liberate the
duchesse d'Angouleme, 71 — financial
measures, 72 — abandon the system of
assignats, 76 — declare a national bank-
ruptcy, 77 — their endeavours to restore
order, 78 — conspiracy of Baboeuff
against them, 85, et seq. — his demeanour
before them, 89— reaction on the elec-
tions of 1797, 94 — Letourneur retires,
and is succeeded by Barthelemy, ib. —
parties in, 95 — motion by them against
the liberty of the press, 96— danger of
their situation, 98— they throw them-
selves upon the army, 99 — proclamation
by Napoleon in their favour, 100 — the
army support them, 101 — they arrest
the leaders of opposition, 103 — mea-
sures to allay the public discontent, 104
— their subsequent proceedings, 105 —
new members appointed, 106 — measures
adopted against the liberty of the press,
ib. — transport the leaders of opposition,
107 — extinguish two-thirds of the
national debt, 109, 122 — correspon-
dence with Napoleon regarding this
revolution, 110, note — alienation of
the Councils from them, 112 — their
external policy, 1798, 123 — their mea-
sures for revolutionising Holland, 124 —
and Switzerland, 127 — first acts of hos-
tility against the latter, 146 — their
designs with regard to it, 150 — impolicy
of their attack on it, 163— and indigna-
tion thereby excited against them, 164 —
resolve on revolutionising the Roman
states, 165 — declare war against them,
171 — their treatment of the pope, 173 —
exactions of their agents at Rome, 174
— new constitution imposed upon the
Roman states, 177 — and changes in
the Cisalpine republic, 178 — measures
against the king of Sardinia, 179, et
seq. — intrigues at Naples, 185 — their
efforts to avoid a collision with that
state, 186 — forces levied in the affiliated
republics, 187 — condition of their
armies, ib. — their exactions in Naples,
201 — measures of, to aid the Irish rebels,
212 — threatened rupture between them
and the United States, 214, vii. 338,
347 — rapacity shown on this occasion,
vi. 215 — contributions levied on the
Hanse towns, 216 — retrospect of their
encroachments, ib. — peace impossible
with them, 217 — Napoleon betrays his
intention of overthrowing them, 219 —
their financial measures, 223 — the law
of the conscription, 224 — reception of
Napoleon on his return from Italy, 231
— their secret views regarding him, 235,
236 — preparations for the expedition
to Egypt, 239 — insist on his departure,
241 — their increasing jealousy of him,
242 — their treachery toward Turkey,
268 — discontent with their government,
1799, 322— their forces for the war with
Austria, 323 — their plans, ib. — effects of
their invasion of Switzerland, 325, vii.
3 — commence hostilities, vi. 326 — sus-
pected of having instigated the outrage
at Rastadt, 337 — their plans in Italy,
339 — contributions levied on Naples,
373 — naval efforts for the return of
Napoleon, 387.
Measures for recruiting the armies,
vii. 4 — preparations in Holland, 43 —
their plans after Novi, 54 — they order
the relieving of Coni, 55 — decree of,
against neutral vessels, 338, 347 —
letter from Kleber to them.viii. 1 —
negotiations with Tippoo Saib, xi. 47,
48, note — measures against British com-
merce, 147, note — difficulties of their
situation, vii. 77 — changes in, and re-
action against them, ib.-~ the disasters
INDEX.
197
Directory, continued.
of the campaign ascribed to them, 78 —
declamations of the press against them,
ib. — formation of a league for their over-
throw, 79 — measures of the Councils
against them, 80 — the revolution of
the 30th Prairial, 82— character of the
new, ib. — new ministry appointed, 83 —
forced loans levied, &c. 84— law of the
hostages, 85 — financial measures, 86 —
and measures to recruit the army, 87 —
appoint Fouch^ minister of police, 88 —
close the Jacobin clubs, 89 — attacks of
the press on them, ib. — their measures
against it and the Jacobins, 90 — their
views regarding Napoleon, 91 — reception
of him on his return from Egypt, 93,
94 — their intrigues with Louis XVIII.
&c. 94 — their jealousy of Napoleon,
97 — their overthrow by him, 106, et
seq.
Directory, established in Holland, vi. 125
— their proceedings, 126 — their submis-
sion to Napoleon, viii. 201— their over-
throw, vi. 126.
Directory, established in Switzerland, vi.
155.
Dirschau, defeat of the Prussians at, x. 275.
Disaster, influence of, on nations, i. 99 —
failure of France before it, xvi. 184.
Discipline, state of, in the French army
before the war, i. 109 — changes intro-
duced into it, 248 — relaxation of it by
the Revolution, iii. 190 — severity of it
in the British army, xii. 23 — its relaxa-
tion in the French, during the advance
to Moscow, xv. 302 — and its ruin by
the stay there, xvi. 9 — change in the
Prussian system, 1813, 121 — Welling-
ton's efforts for its restoration, 299 —
relaxation of it in his army after
Vitoria, 339 — efforts of the Allies for
preserving it, xviii. 331.
Disentis, combats at, vi. 328, 349.
Disinheriting, universality of, among the
barbarians, i. 12.
Dissay, bridge of, defence of, iii. 349.
Distillation in Sweden, xv. 191.
Distillation from grain, prohibition of, in
Great Britain, 1800, vii. 158.
Divisions, organisation of the French
army into, ix. 45.
Divorce, prevalence of, in Paris, 1793, iv.
153, 161— law of, by the Code, viii. 161.
Djezzar Pasha, treachery of Napoleon
toward, vi. 289, note — his preparations
for the defence of Acre, 293 — the siege,
295, et seq.
Dnieper river, the, v. 3, xv. 221 — origin
of the Cossacks in the islands of, 247 —
becomes the boundary of Russia, 262 —
passage of, by Bagrathion, 300— bv the
French, 312, 313, 320, 321 — by*Ney
during the retreat, xvi. 54.
Dniester river, the, v. 3 — extension of
Russia to, xv. 262.
Doab, ceded to Great Britain, xi. 82, 108.
Dobrawa, captain, xii. 355.
Dochakoff, general, at Craone, xviii. 186
— mortally wounded there, 189.
Doctoroff, general, at Diernstein, ix. 184,
185 — at Austerlitz, 202, 213 — during
campaign of Eylau, x. 91, note, 109—
at Golymin, 115, 119 — at Eylau, 144,
14(5 — at Smolensko, xv. 317— at Boro-
dino, 344 — advocates defending Mos-
cow, 357— his corps at the beginning of
this campaign, 370 — at Winkowo, xvi.
18 — at Malo Jaroslawitz, 22 — opera-
tions against Reynier, 112— forces under
him, 1813, xvi. 203, note, xvii. 388—
xviii. 320.
Doernberg, general, at Ltineburg, xvi.
193— forces under him, 1813, 202, note.
D'OfTremont, tee Offremont.
Dohna, M., xi. 245, xvi. 120.
D* Ohra, repulse of the Russians at, xvii.
306.
Dol, battle of, iii. 367.
Dolce, repulse of the Austrians at, v.
231.
Dolder, general, in Switzerland, viii. 222,
223 — convention with the insurgents,
226.
Dolfs, colonel, death of, xvi. 255.
Dolgorucki, prince, interview of, with
Napoleon before Austerlitz, ix. 198 —
sent with offers of assistance to Prussia ,
219 — at Mohrungen, x. 134 — at Kras-
noi, xvi. 50.
Dolgorucki, the princess, viii. 146, note.
Dollart sea, the, iv. 375.
Dom Gerle, iv. 261.
Dombrowski, general, defeat of, at Salo,
vi. 29— at the Trebbia, 377, 378, 379,
381— at Novi, vii. 13 — in Prussian
Poland, x. 100— xii. 366 — operations of,
1809, xiii. 19— pursuit of the archduke
Ferdinand by him, 20, 21 — at Boris-
sow, xvi. 46— joins Napoleon there, 58
— at the Beresina, 60 — at Leipsic, xvii.
266— forces under, in 1813, 384.
Domiciliary visits, system of, in Paris, iii.
11, 267.
Dominica, island of, invaded by the
French, ix. 55.
Dommartin, general, vi. 241.
Don, general, in Pomerania, ix. 223.
Don, colonel, in India, xi. 113 — at siege
of Bhurtpore, 125.
Don river, fisheries of the, xv. 245.
Don Cossacks, see Cossacks.
Donawerth, passage of the Danube by the
French at, 1805, ix. 145 — combat at,
146.
Donay, betrayal of Hofer by, xiii. 120.
Dondon, defeat of the French at, viii. 190.
Donkin. Sir Rufane, at Talavera, xiii.
241, 243— at Denia, xv. 103.
Donna Maria, retreat of Soult through
pass of, xvi. 370.
Donore, M., xx. 18.
Donzelat, general, at Waterloo, xix. 353,
359, 360.
Doondiah Waugh, rise of, xi. 77— his de-
feat and death, 78, 79.
198
INDEX.
Doppet, general, siege of Lyons by, iv. 81,
et seq.
Dordrecht, arsenal of, iv. 385.
Dordrecht, revolt of, against the French,
xvii. 311.
Dorheim, cession of, to Hesse-Darmstadt,
xviii. 40.
Doria, Andrea, destruction of statue of,
vi. 47.
Doria, bishop of, xvi. 143, note, 146.
Dorival, M., iv. 244.
D'Ormesson, see Ormesson.
Dornberg, colonel, xii. 360.
Dornberg, general, evacuation of Hamburg
by, 1813, xvi. 262— at Waterloo, xix.
344, 358.
Dornbourg, capture of, by the Allies, xvii.
312.
Dornetz, passage of the Elbe by Walmoden
at, xvii. 211.
Dorogobouge, arrival of the French at, xvi.
39.
Dorokoff, general, partisan successes of,
xvi. 12— death of, 23.
Dorsenne, general, xi. 196, note — succeeds
Bessieres in Spain, xiv. 268 — position
and movements, 269 — at Foncebudon,
270 — cruelties of, ib. — preparations to
relieve Ciudad Rodrigo, 273 — junction
with Marmont, 274 — reoccupies Astu-
rias, 280 — position at Burgos, 281 — xv.
14: — recalled to France, 35.
Dossonville, transportation of, vi. 107 — his
Doucet, general, in Malet's conspiracy,
xvi. 135 — aids in his seizure, 136.
Dou£, combat at, iii. 343.
Douglas, the marquis of, ambassador to
Russia in 1807, x. 247, note.
Douglas, Sir Andrew, at the 1st of June,
iv. 323.
Douglas, Sir Charles, claims of, regarding
the manoeuvre of breaking the line, iv.
320, note.
Douglas, Sir Howard, on Carnot's theory
of fortifications, iv. 48, note — statements
by him regarding the manoeuvre of
breaking the line, 321.
Douglas, major, viii. 5.
Doukhowtchina, combat at, xvi. 40.
Doumerc, general, xvii. 384.
Douro, valley of the, xii. 5 — battle of, xiii.
229 — value of the river to Wellington,
xiv. 220 — retreat of Marmont behind,
xv. 49 — passage of, on the advance to
Burgos, 83 — occupied by Wellington,
and again abandoned, 94 — improve-
ment of its navigation by him, xvi. 300.
Dover, sailing of Louis XVIII. from, xviii.
400.
Doveton, colonel, xi. 67.
Downie, captain , at Plattsburg, xix. 158 —
defeat and death of, 159, et seq.
Doyle, Dr, on Ireland, iii. 94, note.
Drake, Mr, affair of, viii. 302.
Drama, influence of the, in France, i. 124
— its present state there, xx. 54.
Drave river, passage of the, by the French,
1797, vi. 11 — retreat of the archduke
Charles to, 1805, ix. 169— valley of the,
xii. 116.
Dresden, capture of, by the Austrians,
1809, xii. 373 — Napoleon's residence at,
1812, xv. 278— his arrival at, after the
Moscow retreat, xvi. 129 — departure of
the king of Saxony from, 169— occupied
by the French, 1813, 187— evacuated by
them, and entrance of the Allies, 195 —
entry of Alexander and Frederick Wil-
liam, 204— aspect of the Allied troops in
it, ib. et seq. — habits of the two sove-
reigns, 207 — retreat of the Allies to it,
223 — destruction of its bridge by them,
ib. — evacuated by them, and entrance
of the French, 224 — return of Frederick
Augustus to it, 228, 229 — convention of,
xvii. 57 — Napoleon's measures for the
defence of it, 70, 71 — his views of its
importance, 75 — its aspect during the
French occupancy of it, 78 — Napoleon's
last great review at it, 116 — his advance
from it to attack the Allies, 132 — they
advance on it, 136 — French forces in it,
137 — is environed by the Allies, 139 —
return of Napoleon to it, 140, 143, 144
— the first day's battle, 145 — the night
following, 147— battle of the 27th, 150—
appearance of the field after the battle,
157 — ability displayed by Napoleon in
it, 158 — results of the battle, 159 — return
of Napoleon to it after the pursuit, 190 —
the Allies again threaten it, 199 — he
again returns toward it, 203 — condition
of the French forces in it, 213 — Napoleon
finally resolves on abandoning it, 222 —
St Cyr left to defend it, 223— and sur-
rounded by the Allies, 224 — the French
forces in it, 281 — completion of the in-
vestment by the Allies, 296 — defeat of
the besieging force, ib. — the blockade is
resumed after Leipsic, 275, 297 — condi-
tion and sufferings of the inhabitants
and garrison, 298, 299— capitulates, 300
— violation of the capitulation by the
Allies, 301 — persons quartered in it
during 1813 and 1814, 390.
Dreux, opposition of, to the constitution
of 1795, v. 120.
Drinking in Russia, xv. 259 — and in
Sweden, 191.
Drissa, intrenched camp at, and negotia-
tions to which it gives rise, xv. 213, 273
— concentration of the Russian armies
in it, 296 — edict issued by Alexander
from it, 303— it is evacuated, 298.
Droits de l'Homme, first proclamation of
the, ii. 150 — Dumont on them, ib. — at
first vetoed by the king, 164 — but after-
wards accepted, 167 — Burke on the, 262.
Droits reunis, taxes in France called the,
ix. 6— addition to them, 1813, xvi. 167.
Drontheim, bishopric of, xvi. 180.
Drottingholm, imprisonment of Gustavus
at, xv. 201.
Drouet, arrest of the king by, ii. 240, 241
— heads the Jacobins in 1799, vii. 87.
INDEX.
199
Drouet, general, count d'Erlon, xi. 196,
note — in Spain, xii. 54 — invasion of the
Tyrol by him, xiii. 116— submission of
Hofer to, 118— forces under him, 1810,
in Spain, 332 — joins Massena at San-
tarem. 337— at Fuentes d'Onore, 350—
ordered to join Soult in Spain, xiv. 259
— and effects his junction with that
marshal, 261 — xv. 39 — forces under him
in Estremadura, 42 — declines battle
there, 43 — operations against Hill, 81—
appointed commander of the centre,
xvi. 355 — at the battle of the Pyrenees,
357— forces the Puerta de Maya, 359—
his subsequent inactivity, 361 — at
Soraoren, 366 — forces under him, 1813,
401 — at the Nivelle, xvii. 353, 355,
356— at the Nive, 363— at St Pierre,
373— at Orthes, xviii. 241— at Toulouse,
267 — during the Hundred days, and his
arrest, xix. 269 — forces under him dur-
ing the Waterloo campaign, 399 — ar-
rival of, at Ligny, 321, 322 — orders to
him from Ney at Quatre Bras, and cir-
cumstances which prevented his sharing
in either battle, 329 — forces under him
at Waterloo, 404 — and operations at
that battle, 345, et seq. 352, 355, 357,
359, 363, 368.
Drouot, general, at Wagram, xiii. 44, 45
— at Lutzen, xvi. 219 — at the passage of
the Elbe, 226 — his character and habits,
ib. note — xvii. 202 — at Leipsic, 241 — at
Hanau, 286 — at Craone, xviii. 187 —
fidelity of, to Napoleon, 384 — forces
under him, 1813, 435 — accompanies
Napoleon from Elba, xix. 254, 255— at
Ligny, 322— and at Waterloo, 355, 360.
Drummond, general, defeat of Hull by,
and burning of Buffalo, xix. 134 — cap-
ture of fort Oswego by, 144 — at Chip-
pewa, 146 — siege of fort Erie by him,
148 — successes of, before that place, 166.
Drunkenness, proneness of barbarous na-
tions to, i. 22.
Druses, character, &c. of the, xv. 126 —
alliance of, with Napoleon, vi. 296.
Dubail, a member of the Revolutionary
Tribunal, iii. 11.
Dubarran, a member of the committees,
iv. 267, note.
Dubarri, Madame, see Barri.
Diiben, advance of Blucher to, 1813, xvii.
220— and of Napoleon, 225 — his stay at
it, 229.
Dubienka, Kosciusko at, v. 30, note.
Dublin, attempt of the Irish rebels on,
1798, vi. 211— rebellion in, 1803, viii. 288.
Dubois, the cardinal, i. 181.
Dubois, the abb£, i. 246, note.
Dubois, M., attack on, in 1788, i. 339.
Dubois, general, at Fleurus, iv. 347.
Dubois Crance-, a member of the commit-
tee of general defence, iii. 269, note —
iv. 264, note.
Dubreton, governor of Burgos, xv. 85.
Dubuisson, commissioner to Dumourier,
iii. 258.
Duca, M., xviii. 138.
Duchatel, M., xviii. 139,
Duchesnois, mademoiselle, xii. 141.
Duckworth, colonel, death of, xiv. 251.
Duckworth, admiral Sir John, reduction
of the Danish and Swedish islands by,
vii. 385 — defeat of admiral Leissegues
by, ix. 351 — fleet under him for the
attack on Constantinople, x. 221 — for-
cing of the Dardanelles, 223— is induced
to negotiate, 225 — compelled to retreat,
227 — his subsequent operations, 229.
Ducorneau the poet, death of, iv. 218.
Ducos, Roger, elected a member of the
Directory, vii. 81 — his character, 82 —
supports the closing of the Jacobin club,
89, 95 — his views regarding Napoleon,
96— is proposed as consul, 101— resigns
his place in the Directory, 106— and is
one of the three consuls, 108, 115 — re-
tires from the consulate, 122— duped by
Sieyes, 123 — takes part in the proceed-
ings of the senate, setting aside Napo-
leon, xviii. 364.
Ducondrav, see Troncon Ducondray.
Due Castelle, combat at, 1796, v. 219.
Dueren, capture of, by the French, iv. 367.
Duerne.check of the Prussiansat, xviii. 207.
Dufermier, M., xi. 196, note.
Dufoce, Girey, execution of, iii. 299.
Dufour, general, at Bavlen, xii. 82 — forces
under, 1813, xvii. 383.
Dufresne de St Leon, M., i. 343.
Dugnani, cardinal, xvi. 146.
Dugommier, general, siege of Toulon by,
iv. 95, et seq. — is wounded, 97 — efforts
of, to arrest the cruelties of the soldiers,
101 — his early estimation of Napoleon,
v. 141 — services of Augereau under him,
172 — operations of, in the Pyrenees,
1794, iv. 358— captures Bellegarde, 362
—his death, 363.
Dugua, general, in Egypt, vi. 257 — at the
battle of the Pyramids, 261, 262— expe-
dition to Salahieh, 266— executions by
him, 308, note.
Duguesclin, violation of the tomb of, iv.
145, 146, 147.
Duguigny, Gabriel, execution of, iii. 279.
Duhesme, general, defeat of, on the
Sambre, iv. 343 — in Naples, vi. 192 —
his retreat from thence, 374 — at Genola,
vii. 57 — position of, at the close of 1799,
61 — captures Cremona, 240 — entrance
of, into Spain, xi. 318— seizure of Bar-
celona by him, 320 — forces under him
in Spain, 1808, xii. 29 — operations there,
54— operations in Catalonia, 92 — defeat-
ed at Gerona, 95 — defeats the peasantry
at Molinos, 96 — besieges -Gerona, ib. — ■
operations at Barcelona, xiii. 187 — ar-
bitrary proceedings of, there, 192— at
La Rothiere, xviii. 84— at Montereau,
126 — forces under him at Waterloo, xix.
405 — at that battle, 355 — is taken pri-
soner, 369.
Duhesne, a member of the Convention,
200
INDEX.
Duhoux, the chevalier, at Mans, iii. 373.
Duhoux, general, defeat of, at St Lambert,
iii. 352— heads the insurgents on the
11th Vendemiaire, v. 124.
Dulauloy, general, at Heilsberg, x. 291—
at Leipsic, xvii. 266.
Dulong, colonel, exploit of, xiii. 234.
Dumanoir, admiral, viii. 3& — at Trafalgar,
ix. 80 — escape ?of, from thence, 89 — at
Cape Ortegal, 94.
Dumas, Alexandre, xx. 54.
Dumas, general Mathieu, in the Alps,
1799, iv. 356— on the state of France in
1799, vii. 66— on the war in 1800, 153—
300, 301 — account by him of the pillage
by Moreau's army, 334 — proposition by,
regarding the Legion of Honour, viii.
96—244, note— on the battle of Trafal-
gar, ix. 91 — account of the siege of Gaeta
by him, 344 — account of Napoleon's de-
meanour, &c. at Borodino, xv. 353, 354
— on the burning of Moscow, 359, xvi.
93 — xv. 366, xvi. 74 — report by him on
the wounded at Bautzen, 249, note —
xvii. 27.
Dumas, Rene", president of the revolution-
ary tribunal, iv. 263 — denounced by
Tallien, 274 — his arrest decreed, 277 —
seized, 284 — and executed, 286.
Dummul, capture of, by the British, xi.
78.
Dumolard, condemned to transportation,
vi. 111.
Dumollans, Louis Guizot, iii. 271.
Dumonceau, general, defeat of, at Krab-
benham, vii. 46— and at Schorldam, 48
— besieges Wurtzburg, vii. 283 — defeated
near Nollendorf, xvii. 203 — forces under,
1813, 383.
Dumont, M., ii. 136 — aid afforded Mira-
beau by, 24, 81, notes, 234 — account
by him of the primary assemblies, 123
— on the abandonment of the feu-
dal rights, 141, 142 — on the Droits de
1' Homme, 151.
Dumont, general, operations of, 1799, vi.
327 — forces under, at Waterloo, xix. 404.
Dumont, the Col de, defeat of the Allies
at, v. 50.
Dumorbion, general, in the maritime
Alps, 1794, iv. 356, 357— his inactivity,
358 — services of Napoleon* under him,
v. 141.
Dumourier, general, minister of foreign
affairs, and his character, ii. 311 — re-
signs, 318 — supports the Assembly after
the 10th August, iii. 9 — his efforts to
force on the war in 1792, 167, 168— in-
duces the king to declare it, 169 — his
views on the opening of the campaign,
194 — succeeds Lafayette, 199 — on the
operations of the Allies on their inva-
sion of France, 201, note — he resolves
on occupying the Argonne, 201, 202 —
seizure of its passes by him, 202 — forces
under him, 203 — his situation at this
time, 204 — retreats to St Me'ne'hould,
205— defensive measures there, 206 — is
joined by Kellermann, &c. 207 — at
Valmy, 209— paralyses the movements
of the Allies by simulate negotiations,
210, et seq. — entire success of his mea-
sures, 214 — increasing strength of his
forces, 215 — firmness displayed by him,
216— operations against the retreating
Allies, 217, 218 — his plan for the inva-
sion of Flanders, 221 — forces under him,
222— at Jemappes, 223 — his subsequent
operations, 224 — jealousy of him at
Paris, 225 — opens the Scheldt, captures
Liege, &c. 226— projects the invasion of
Holland, and goes into winter-quarters,
227 — disorganised state of his army, 236
— his conduct of the campaign, 239 — his
plans for the campaign of 1793, iv. 24 —
first operations and successes, 25, 26 —
measures of, to restore confidence, 27 —
scene between him and the commis-
sioners of the Convention, ib. — is de-
feated at Nerwinde, 28— his difficulties
and retreat, 29 — convention with the
Allied general, 30 — his plans for the
restoration of the throne, iii. 256, 257 —
betrays his designs to the commissioners
of the Convention, 258 — arrests them,
259 — failure of his schemes, and his
flight, 260, iv. 31— influence of Davoust
on his overthrow, vi. 38, note — mea-
sures adopted by the government on his
flight, iii. 270— effects of his defection,
v. 129 — secret proclamation issued in
Brussels, iv. 41 — on the early weakness
ef France in 1793, 105 — services of
Moreau under him, v. 273.
Dumoustier, general, wounded at Lutzen,
xvi. 219— forces under, 1813, xvii. 383.
Dumoutier, the jailor, iv. 222, note.
Dunau, M., vi. 91.
Duncan, admiral lord, viscount Camper-
down, &c. parentage and early life of,
v. 356— his character, 357— fleet under,
1795, 46 — daring conduct of, during
the mutiny, 333, 358 — naval forces
under him, 1798, 330— victory of, at
Camperdown, 366 — created viscount
Duncan, 370 — covers the descent in
Holland, 1799, vii. 43.
Duncan, major, at Barossa, xiii. 342.
Dundas, Mr, (lord viscount Melville,) pro-
poses the volunteer system, vi. 119— his
India budget, 1800, vii. 154, 400— his
resignation in 1801, 365— first lord of
the admiralty, 1804, viii. 296, note — his
administration of it, 296 — charges
brought against him, ix. 10 — his im-
peachment and acquittal, 11 — Pitt's
confidence in him, 321 — his administra-
tion as president of the board of control,
xi. 60 — his character as a statesman, 61
— motion by him against Warren Hast-
ings, 28 — intimacy of Huskisson with
him, xiv. 74.
Dundas, general Sir David, commands the
expedition to Holland in 1799, vii. 47,
48, 49 — viii. 245, note — commander-
in-chief of the forces in 1809, xiii. 78.
INDEX.
201
Dundas, Robert, x. 237, note.
Dundee, population of, iii. 98, note.
Dunkirk, siege of, by the Allies in 1793,
iv. 56, 57 — is raised, 60 — preparations
at, for invasion of England, viii. 276 —
works at harbour of, xi. 204.
Dunlop, colonel, at Seringapatam, xi. 73.
Dunois, the lance of, ii. 90.
Dupas, general, xi. 196, note — at Wagram,
xiii. 35.
Dupeloux, prefect of Aix, xviii. 387.
Duphot, general, defeat of the Genoese
by, vi. 48 — intrigues of, at Rome, 167 —
his death there, 170.
Dupin, La Tour, minister at war, ii. 127,
note— denounced by the Jacobins, 219.
Dupin, Antoine, iv. 251.
Dupin, Charles, ix. 66, note.
Dupin, Andre, xx. 2.
Dupin, M., counsel for Ney, xx. 27.
Duplace, on the 10th August, ii. 352.
Duplain, connexion of, with the massacres
of the prisons, iii. 29, note.
Dupleix, M, agent in India, xi. 7, 10.
Dupont, general, suppression of the insur-
rection in Tuscany by, vii. 279 — at the
passage of the Mincio, 313, 314, 315 — at
Hasslach, ix. 149 — at Diernstein, 184,
185 — at Passendorf, x. 52 — repulsed. at
Spandau, 285— at Friedland, 304— xi.
196, note — entrance of, into Spain, and
movements there, 318, 329 — suppresses
the revolt at Toledo, 341— forces under
him there, 1808, xii. 29— ordered to in-
vade Andalusia, 40— operations, 54 —
his march into Andalusia, 74 — capture
and sack of Cordova, 75 — accumulation
of forces round him, 77 — measures of
Savary to relieve him, 70 — retreats to
Andujar and Baylen, 79 — his character, -
81 — movements of the parties, 82 — bat-
tle of Baylen, 83 — his capitulation, 85 —
disgrace and imprisonment by Napo-
leon, 90 — is appointed minister at war
under Louis XVIII. xviii. 369, xix. 228.
Dupont de PEure, Jacques Charles, xix.
303 — a member of the commission of
government after Waterloo, xx. 3.
Dupont de Nemours, i. 293, note — in 1814,
secretary to the provisional government,
xviii. 36a
Duport, Adrian, L 347.
Duport, M., impeaches Calonne in the
parliament, i. 313 — decree introduced
by, for abolishing lettres-de-cachet, 319
— joins the Constitutionalists, ii. 250,
276—321.
Duport du Tertre, If., succeeds Neckeras
prime minister, ii. 214 — his character
and views, ib. — his trial and execution,
iv. 143.
Duportail, M., ii. 214.
Dupuis, commandant at Cairo, death of,
vi. 284.
Duquesnoy, trial and death of, v. 104.
Duran, a guerilla chief, xiv. 194 — defeat
of, bv Suchet 197— 222— operations of,
in Castille, 2t>7
Durand-Maillane, on the 9th Thermidor,
iv. 272, 273.
Durant, negotiations of, with the Giron-
dists, ii. 278, note — and with Dan ton,
288, note.
Duranthon, minister of justice, ii. 311 —
resigns, 317.
Duras, due de, a royalist, xviii. 110.
Durassoff, general, at Zurich, vii. 31, 32.
Durfort, on the 10th August, ii. 352.
Durfort, count Alphonse de, iii. 153.
Durnay, general, iv. 76.
Duroc, general, first intimacy of Napoleon
with, v. 141 — placed at the head of the
secret police, vii. 173 — sent as ambassa-
dor to St Petersburg in 1801, 396— and
to Berlin in 1803, viii. 249 — negotiations
with Prussia in 1805, ix. 43, 138— de-
parture from Berlin , 172 — joins Napoleon
at Lintz, 180 — efforts of, in favour ot
the prince of Hesse-Cassel, x. 75 — con-
ducts the negotiations after Jena, 78,
80 — on the women of Poland, 131, note
— attends Napoleon at Tilsit, 316 —
revenue bestowed on, xi. 195, note — aids
in Napoleon's schemes upon Spain, 295,
323, note— at Bayonne, 356, 358, 360—
accompanies Napoleon home from Rus-
sia, xvi. 67 — his arrival in Paris, 130 —
xvii. 27, note, 32, 35,36— his death, 2o2
— conduct of the Allies regarding his
monument, 253.
Duroverai, connexion of, with Mirabeau,
ii. 24, note, 234.
Duroy, trial and execution of, v. 104.
Durozoi, M., execution of, iii. 12.
Durutte, general, at Raab, xiii. 12 — at
Wagram, 46 — appointed governor of
Berlin, xv. 219/ — corps of, on entering
Russia, 370 — xvi. 110, note — position of,
1813, 187— forces under him, 384— at
Leipsic, 264, 265, 266— during the re-
treat, 268.
Dusseldorf, capture of, by the French in
1795, v. 72 — passage of the Rhine at, by
Kleber, 1796, 271— and by Jourdan,
282— by Chernicheff in 1814, xviii. 69.
Dutaillis, surrender of Torgau by, xvii.
305.
Duval, general, iii. 203, 205.
Duval, Alexandre, iv. 254, 255 — his play,
" Edward in Scotland," viii. 124.
Duvernet, general, xvii. 170, note.
Duvernet, Mouton, see Mouton Duvernet.
Dwina river, advance of Russia to the, xv.
262— retreat of the Russians to, 1812,
296— advance of Napoleon to it, 298—
operations of Wittgenstein and defeat
of Oudinot on it, 306— Victor's corps
brought up to it, 328 — operations on it
during the retreat, xvi. 42.
Dykes of Holland, the, iv. 373.
Dyle, retreat of the Allies behind the,
1794, iv. 348.
D'York or D'Yorck, see York.
Dysentery, prevalence of, during the ad-
vance to Moscow, xv. 325.
Dzadiniki, count, x. 95.
202
INDEX.
E.
Eagles, presentation of, to the army, viii.
382— ceremonial at it, xvii. 20— ^aban-
donment of, in 1814, xix. 225.
East, the, features of slavery in, i. 7 —
rise of independence among its pastoral
tribes, 8 — effects of the absence of here-
ditary nobility, ii. 204 — enduring in-
terest of it, xv. 110 — extremes of refine-
ment and simplicity which meet there,
111 — its present state and prospects, ib.
— combinations beginning to appear in
it, 112 — the structure of society in it,
113 — submission to authority, ib. —
the growth of civilisation, 114 — and
of corruption, 115 — provision exist-
ing for the arrestment of the latter,
ib. et seq. — system of government and
succession to the throne, 119 — precari-
ous nature of authority, 120 — identity
in education, &c. among all classes, ib.
— growth and ephemeral nature of
wealth, 121 — the principles of vigour
more powerful in Europe, ib. — but also
those of corruption, 122 — effects of
polygamy, 123 — the village communi-
ties, 124 — the Ayans and corporations,
125 — the security afforded by mountain
fastnesses, ib. — numbers and skill of
its horsemen, 126 — domestic manners,
127 — early direction of Napoleon's views
toward it, xvii. 28.
East Friesland, cession of, by Prussia, x.
324, note.
East Indies, Dutch colonies in the, iv.
377 — successes of the British in, 1796,
v. 304 — provisions of the treaty of Paris
regarding, xviii. 404. — See also India.
Easter, observance of, by the Allies at
Dresden, xvi. 207.
Eben, general, defeat of, at Braga, xiii. 214.
Eberach, defeat of the Austrians at, 1800,
vii. 288.
Ebersberg, position of Hiller at, xii. 253 —
battle of, 256.
Ebersdorf, character of the Danube at,
xii. 278— -advance of Napoleon to, 1813,
xvii. 202.
Eble, minister at war in Westphalia, xii.
360.
Eble\ general, at the Beresina, xvi. 60.
Ebrington, lord, xix. 252.
Ebro, valley of the, xii. 5 — preparations
of Napoleon on the, xiv. 259 — retreat
of the French to, 325 — passage of, by
the British, 326 — withdrawal of the
French behind, 341.
Ecclesfeld, cession of, by Prussia, x. 324,
note.
Ecclesiastical estates in Spain, condition
of the, xii. 12.
Ecclesiastical oath, new, in France, ii.
221 — its general rejection, 223 — and
effects, 224.
Ecclesiastical property, necessity for re-
garding it as inviolable, ii. 197 — its
appropriation designed by Turgot, i.
243— spoliation of it, by the Assembly,
ii. 143 — causes which led to it, 146 — its
general confiscation, 192 — injustice of
this, &c. 194 — it leads to the system of as-
signats, 195 — and to the subdivision of
land, 196 — effects of it on the Revolu-
tion and in France, 260, xx. 42 —
Bossuet on such spoliation, xiii. 138.
Ecclesiastical schools in France, the, xi.
215.
Ecclesiastical states, rise of freedom in the,
i. 32 — revolutionising of, by the French,
vi. 165 — their confiscation by Napoleon,
xiii. 125, et seq. — incorporation of them
with his dominions, 138. — See also
Rome, Pius VI. and VII.
Echalar, retreat of the French through
the pass of, xvi. 371 — defeat of Clausel
at, 372.
Echaubroigni<5s, parish of, iii. 322 — de-
votion of the peasants of, at Torfou,
352.
Echelles, capture of the defile of, xviii.
223— is recaptured, 224.
Echelon, attack and defence in, vii. 266.
Echevarria, general, defeated at Alcolea,
xii. 75 — in the Sierra Morena, xiii.
308.
Eckartsberg, arrival of Napoleon at, 1813,
xvi. 208 — and after Leipsic, xvii. 278.
Eckaw, defeat of the French at, xv. 328.
Eckmuhl, prince of, see Davoust.
Eckmuhl, battle of, xii. 235, et seq.
Ecleuse, fort, capture of, by the French,
iv. 350.
Ecluse, fort, capture of, by the French,
xviii. 226.
Ecole de Mars, institution of the, iv. 239.
Ecole militaire, re-establishment of the,
iv. 330 — Napoleon at, v. 138 — discussion
on it in the Council of State, viii. 126.
Economists, sect of the, their doctrines, L
159, 160 — their errors, 161 — works
treating of their system, ib. note —
adoption of their principles by Turgot,
235.
Ecorce, Maignan de 1', execution of the
two sons of, iii. 377.
Edgar, captain, at the battle of the Baltic,
vii. 378.
Edgeworth, the abbe\ iii. 72, 73.
Edict of Nantes, revocation of the, i. 94 —
severities attending it, 95, 96 — retribu-
tion to which it led, 97 — its effects
upon the church, 125 — its re-enactment
proposed by Malesherbes, 242.
Edicts of Turgot, the, i. 250 — combination
against them, 251 — are repealed, 252.
Edinburgh, population' of, iii. 98, note —
democratic tendency in, i. 193, note —
Marat a student at, ii. 289, note — the
Comte d'Artois in, xviii. 112, 114.
INDEX.
203
Education, relation of crime to, xiv.
366.
Education in Austria, system of, ix. 122 —
its universality, 119.
Education in the East, uniformity of, xv.
120.
Education in England, defects of the sys-
tem of, jv. 111.
Education in Europe, comparison of, as
in various states, xiii. 67.
Education in France, state of, among the
Tiers Etat, i. 167 — views of Turgot re-
garding it, 243 — report relative to it
by Barere, and measures for furthering
it, iv. 239 — its state on Ntpolw'a
accession, viii. 82 — his measures with
regard to it, 122, et seq. — the system
under him, xi. 215, et teg.
Education, system of, in Prussia, x. 10.
Education, state of, in South America,
xiv. 322.
Edward the confessor, the laws of, i. 58 —
continuation of them by Magna Charta,
70.
Edward in Scotland, Duval's play of, viii.
124.
Eglantine, Fabre d', see Fahre.
Eglofsheim, action at, xii. 238.
Eguilette, fort, iv. 96 — capture of, by the
French, 97.
Egypt, long prevalence of slavery in, i. 8 —
views of Napoleon turned toward, 1797,
vi. 55 — its importance, 226 — its impor-
tance urged by Leibnitz, 227 — appreci-
ated by Alexander the Great and Napo-
leon, ib. — views of the latter regarding it,
228— the expedition is resolved on, 239 —
forces assembled for it, 242 — it sets sail,
243 — landing of the French, 247 —
description of the country, 248 — effects
of the inundation of the Nile, 249 — its
fertility, products, and commerce, 250 —
decay of its population, 251 — the Mame-
lukes, 252 — the Beys, Janizaries, and
Arabs, 253— the Copts, 254 — virtual
rulers of the country, ib. — policy of
Napoleon, and his proclamation, 255 —
operations of the French, 256, et seq.~
Napoleon's administration of it, 265 —
discontents of his army, 266 — measures
of Napoleon after the battle of the
Nile, 283 — its state during his absence
in Syria, 307 — he sets sail for Europe,
314 — the superiority of civilised to
savage arms shown in it, 316 — arrival
of Desaix from it, vii. 245 — views of
Napoleon to save it, 271, 272 — his
anxiety regarding it, 326 — state of the
army in, after his departure, viii. 1 —
designs of Kleber for its administration,
12 — preparations of Great Britain for
the Invasion, 13 — landing of the British
expedition, and its operations, 16, et
seq. — expedition under Sir David Baird
to it, xi. 81 — its evacuation by the
French, viii. 34 — its government reverts
to the Porte, 36 — its evacuation demand-
ed by Great Britain, 54 — is restored to
Turkey by Amiens, 55 — invasion of it
by the British in 1807, x. 230, et seq.
Ehingen, contest at, vii. 1K!».
Ehrenbreitstein, threatened by the French
in 1795, v. 73 — blockaded by them in
1796, 282 — surrendered by "them, vii.
m.
Ehslar Rhin, island of, captured by the
French, v. 277.
Eichelcamp, passage of the Rhine by the
French at, v. 72.
Eichstadt, cession of, to Bavaria, ix.
224.
Eiger, mount, vi. 134.
Eingilden, spoliation of, by the French,
vi. 155.
Einsilden, abbey of, vi. 136.
Eisach, valley of the, xii. 315.
Eisensticken, a Tyrolese leader, xii. 352,
xiii. 115.
El Aft, repulse of the French at, viii. 28.
El Arish, capture of, by the French, vi.
288 — convention of, viii. 4 — which is
disavowed by Lord Keith, 6 — capture
of the fort of, 5.
El Bodon, combat at, xiv. 275.
El Hammed, combat at, x. 2'M).
El Ikinka, battle of, viii. 7 — combat at,
29.
Elba, siege of, by the French, vii. 327 —
surrendered on the peace, 328 — is
annexed to the French dominions, viii.
206— fortification of it by the French,
1803, 274 — is assigned as his residence
to Napoleon, xviii. 379 — his embarka-
tion for it, 387 — his residence at it, xix.
250 — his preparations for escape, 253 —
departure from it, 245, 254.
Elbe river, the, closed against British
commerce, vii. 359, viii. 272 — opened by
Prussia, ix. 376 — value of the line of,
x. 18 — the bridges over it secured by
the French, 1806, 54— formation of the
army of reserve on it, 1807, 259— the
national guard ordered up to it, 1812,
xv. 329 — retreat of Eugene to the line
of, xvi. 115 — transference of the French
forces to its left bank, 117 — general
excitement on, against the French,
185 — position of the French forces on
it, 1813, 187 — insurrection along it,
193— movement of the Allies to it, 194
— destruction of the bridge at Dresden,
195 — the passage of it secured by the
Allies, 197 — their reasons for crossing
it, 203— passage of it by them, 204—
retreat of the Allies across it, 224 —
passage of it by Napoleon after Bautzen,
225, 226, 227— by Ney, 228— course of
it at Dresden, and Napoleon's measures
for the defence of it, xvii. 70, et seq. —
strength of its line, 73 — passage of it
by Blucher, 219— and by the Russians
and Swedes, 220.
Elb<5e, M. d\ iii. 325— character of, 336—
forces under him, 338 — at Fontenoy,
341 — appointed commander-in-chief,
348 — defeated at Lucon, 349 — at
204
INDEX.
Elbee, M. d', continued.
Torfou, 351 — successes against Kleber,
352— at Cholet, 357— execution of, 376.
Elbee, madame d', execution of, iii. 377.
Elbing, convention of, xi. 239.
Elchingen, battle of, ix. 152.
Eldin, lord, iv. 320, note.
Eldon, lord, sketch of the career of, x.
241 — his character, 243 — prosecution of
Home Tooke and others by him, iv.
311, note — a schoolfellow of Colling-
wood's, v. 353 — lord chancellor in 1804,
vhi. 296 — opposes the Catholic claims,
ix. 15 — again lord chancellor in 1807,
x. 237, note — arguments for the Orders
in Council, xi. 162.
Elective franchise, views of Turgot regard-
ing, i. 243 — fixing of the, by the Assem-
bly, ii. 186, 188— its state under the
Consulate, vii. 121.
Elector Palatine, attack on, by France,
iii. 176.
Electors of Paris, first interference of, with
the government, ii. 10 — increasing
weight of, 78.
Electors in the United States, number of
the, xix. 42.
Electoral halls of Paris, the, 1789, i. 357
— constitute the centres of the revolu-
tionary movement, ii. 91.
Elgin, lord, iii. 152 — ambassador to Con-
stantinople, viii. 14.
Elie, M., at the storming of the Bastile,
ii. 99, 100.
Eligibility, lists of, formation of, vii. 121 —
discussions on, viii. 94.
Elio, general, xiv. 153, 341 — occupies Ma-
drid, xv. 105 — appointed to command in
Murcia, xvi. 303, 310, 313— defeated at
Yecla, 315 — occupies Valencia, 341 —
forces, &c. 1813, xvii. 330— defeated by
Habert, 332— state of his forces, 333—
operations before Gerona, 1814. xviii.
258.
Eliza, see Buonaparte, Eliza.
Elizabeth queen of England, servility of
parliament under, i. 25 — restraints im-
posed on the Puritans by her, 68 —
income of Great Britain under, ix. 252
■ — rise of the East India ccmpany under,
xi. 3.
Elizabeth, madame, sister of Louis XVI.
ii. 163 — during the flight to Varennes,
238, 239— on the 20th June, 327— on
the 10th August, 346, 348, iii. 6— during
the imprisonment in the Temple, 54, 55,
et seq. — on being informed of her bro-
ther's trial, 58 — her last interview with
him, 71— iv. 134— last letter from the
queen to her, 138— trial and execution
of, 251 — funeral service to her, 1814,
xix. 229.
Elizabeth, the princess, of Wiirtemberg,
iii. 172.
Elizabeth, the empress, of Russia, ix. 135,
xv. 257, xviii. 392, 393.
Elizondo, defeat of Soult at, xvi. 370.
EUenborough, lord, lord chief justice in
1806, ix. 324, note — his admission to
the cabinet, 325 — opposition of, 1807,
to the Catholic bill, x. 239.
Elliot, captain, death of, xviii. 240.
Ellis, colonel,wounded at Albuera, xiv. 252.
Ellison, captain, v. 340.
Elnitz, general, operations on the Adige,
iv. 342 — vi. 340— commences the block-
ade of Mantua, 345 — operations before
Genoa, vii. 209 — successes of, against
Suchet there, 210, 211, 212, 213— again
defeats Suchet, and drives him over the
Var, 214 — himself defeated on that
river, 223 — his retreat from thence, and
defeats in the course of it, 243 — recalled
by Melas from Ceva, 245.
Elphinstone, admiral, at the Cape, v. 304.
Elsinore, city of, vii. 372, 375.
Elster, passage of the, by the Allies, before
Liitzen, xvi. 213 — scene at the bridge of,
during the retreat from Leipsic, xvii. 271.
Elsterwerda, passage of the Elbe by
Blucher at, xvii. 219.
Elten, abbacy of, seized by France, ix.
370— ceded by Prussia, x. 324, note.
Elvas, capture of, by the Spaniards, viii.
47 — surrender of, to the British, xii.
126 — defenceless condition of, 1811, xiv.
263— action at, 264.
Elvin, success of the Chouans at, v. 62.
Emancipation, Negro, errors committed
in, by the British government, i. 100 —
its effects, x. 193, 195, 197.
Embabeh, battle of, vi. 261.
Embden, principality of, ix. 375.
Embs, capture of an Austrian detachment
at, vi. 328.
Emigrants, law against the, discussion on
it in the Assembly, ii. 229 — discussions
on them in the Legislative Assembly,
299 — decree against them, 301 — procla-
mation by the king to them, 302, note,
303 — increased severity of the laws
against them, iii. 46 — their rash proceed-
ings in 1791, 159 — complaints regarding
them, in 1792, 168 — armed force of
them, 1792, 189— embarrassment caused
to the Allies by their presence, 195 —
strength and disposition of their corps,
198 — advocate advancing to l'aris, 212
— disbanding of their corps, 221 — influ-
ence of the laws against them, iv. 296 —
expedition to Quiberon, v. 58, et seq. —
are blockaded there by Hoche, 61 —
their final overthrow there, 63 — mas-
sacre of the prisoners, 66 — the decree
against them revoked in 1794, 91 —
general return of them in 1797, vi. 97
— renewed severities of the Directory
against them, 109 — general recall of
them in 1800, vii. 173 — Napoleon's
views for the restoration of their pro-
perty, viii. 116 — gradual relaxation of
the laws against them, ib. — and their
general return in consequence, 117 —
partial restitution of their property, 118
— their removal from Great Britain de-
manded by Napoleon, 241.
INDEX.
205
Emigration of the noblesse, commence-
ment of the, ii. 137 — it becomes general,
138, 227, 273— its effects, 175. 207, 274,
v. 128.
Emigration, extent of, from Europe to
America, xix. 19 — amount of it across
the Alleghany mountains, 20 — progress
of its stream, 23.
Emile, Rousseau's, i. 147, 149.
Emmanuel, general, at Rheims, xviii. 201
— forcing of the passage of the Marne
by, 330.
Emmendingen, battle of, v. 296.
Emmett, insurrection in Ireland under,
viii. 288— his execution, 289.
Emparan, governor general of Venezuela,
xiv. 338.
Empecinado, the, a guerilla chief, xiv.
194, 222 — operations of, in Castile,
1811, 267 — captures Calatayud, ib.—
captures Guadalaxara, xv. 76 — occupies
Madrid, 105.
Encyclopedie, the French, origin and
character of, i. 150.
Encyclopedists, doctrines of the, i. 149,
150 — Robespierre's opinion of the, 152,
iv. 225— and Louis XV's., i. 196.
Endymion, capture of the President by,
xLx. 138.
Engadine, defeat of a French detachment
in, 1800, vii. 309— the Austrians expelled
from it, 311 — description of it, xii. 215.
Engelberg, abbey of, vi. 136.
Engen, battle of, vii. 188.
Engestroom, minister of Sweden, xvi. 178.
Enghien, the due d', emigration of, ii. 137
— his arrest and execution resolved on,
viii. 343, 345 — his history and character,
344 — his life at Ettenheim, and his
arrest there, 346 — is brought to Vin-
cennes, 347 — and there delivered over to
a military commission, 348 — his trial be-
fore it, 349, et seq.^his sentence and
execution, 352 — retribution which fol-
lowed, 354 — consternation it excited in
Paris, &c. 355 — sensation caused by it
throughout Europe, 301 — Napoleon's
real motives for it, 368.
England, consumption of spirits in, i. 22 —
restoration of the courage of the inhabi-
tants by the wars of the nobles, 23 —
decline of feudal liberty in it, 24 — its
history previous to the French Revolu-
tion, 49— its state under the Romans,
50 — its subjugation by the Anglo-
Saxons, 51 — effects of the struggles
between these and the aborigines, ib. —
effects of its insular situation, 52 — and
of the incursions of the Danes, 53 — causes
which began the decay of freedom in it,
54 — the Norman conquest, 55 — rise of
the Yeomanry and middle class, 56 —
influence of its situation upon the
Norman rule, 57 — peculiarities of the
struggle for freedom in it, 58— its early
military force and national wars, 59 —
loss of its continental possessions, and
early wars with France, 61— great power
of the crown, 62— protection thus given
to industry, ib. 63— effects of its insular
situation on fostering industry, 63 — the
law of primogeniture, 64 — continued
prostration of the serfs, ib. — outbreaks
of the democratic spirit, 65 — the wars of
the Roses, 66 — decline of the feudal
liberty, 67 — the Reformation, 68 —
tendency of the Puritan party, ib. —
circumstances which modified it, 69 —
influence of the long establishment of
popular institutions, ib. — attachment of
the revolted provinces in America to its
institutions, 71 — its civil wars and Re-
volution contrasted with those of Ireland,
ib. 72 — ferocity of the wars of the Roses,
73 — its wars with France, 81, 84 — its
struggles for freedom and those of
France, 83 — benefits to its industry
through the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes, 98 — effect of suffering on the
national character, 99 — its constitution
taken as their model by Lally Tollendal
and others, ii. 35, 36 — contrast between
its history and that of Poland, v. 40 —
resemblance of the level districts of
Switzerland to its scenery, vi. 127 —
restrictions upon the Catholics in, x. 232
—statistics of crime in, 1805 to 1842,
xiv. 365. — See further Great Britain.
English Revolution, comparison between
it and the French, i. 43 — moderation of
the victorious party, 44, 45— religion
the moving principle in it, 44 — contrast
between them as regards the subsequent
law of the country, 46 — and the distri-
bution of property, 47 — its effect on
political power, ib. — and on the naval
and military power of the nation, 48 —
the causes which gave it its character,
49 — its religious character and demo-
cratic tendency, 68 — circumstances
which modified the latter, 69 — character
of the hostilities during it, 71, 74 —
fanaticism characterising it, 123 — gene-
ral contrast between it and the French,
viii. 384.
English hill at Vitoria, the, xvi. 340.
English, colonel, xiv. 348.
Engravings, curious, at the commencement
of the Revolution, ii. 41.
Enguy, foundery of, destroyed, iv. 365.
Enlistment, alleged inefficiency of the
system of, in Great Britain, x. 172 — .
limited, proposed, 173 — bill for it, 180 —
subsequently in practice abandoned, 183
— vast force raised by, 1813, xviii. 14.
Enniscorthy, victory of the Irish at, vi.
211.
Ens, combat on the, 1805, Lx. 180.
Ensiedlen, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
25.
Entails, effects of, in Spain, xii. 10.
Enterprise brig, capture of the, xix. 118.
Entre Douro e Minho, insurrection in, xii.
101.
Enzersdorf, passage of the Danube by
Napoleon at, xiii. 27 — combat at, 32.
206
INDEX.
Epernay, expulsion of the Allies from,
1814, xviii. 203 — march of Napoleon to,
301— defeat of the French at, 319.
Eperon, fort, vii. 208.
Epervier brig, capture of, xix. 137.
Epila, defeat of Palafox at, xii. 60.
Epinay, madame, i. 146.
Equality, first assertion of, by Wat Tyler,
i. 65.
Equality of savage life, retention of the,
in Poland, v. 6 — adherence to it, there,
13.
Equality, determination of the Tiers Etat
to secure, in France, ii. 14 — public pro-
clamation of it, hi. 38 — practically aban-
doned, v. 112.
Erfurth, cession of, to Prussia, 1802, viii.
209— capture of, by the French, in 1806,
x. 49 — formally ceded by Prussia at Til-
sit, 324, note — conferences at it between
Napoleon and Alexander, xii. 138, et
seq. — fetes, &c in it, 140 — pacific pro-
fessions made by Austria at these con-
ferences, 202 — her umbrage at her ex-
clusion from them, 212 — proposals made
to Great Britain from, xiii. 144 — Na-
poleon's arrival at, in 1813, xvi. 201 —
and efforts for organising his army, 208
— his departure, ib. — fortification of it
by him, xvii. 73 — his arrival and halt
after Leipsic, 279 — the town evacuated
by the French, 309 — and surrendered
to the Allies, xviii. 199 — capture of its
citadels by them, 1814, 287.
Erguel, seizure of, by France, vi. 146.
Erie, fort, capture of, by the Americans,
xix. 145 — siege of it by the British, 148
— is blockaded by them, 149 — the Ame-
ricans are defeated before it, 165 — and
evacuate it, 166.
Erie, lake, xix. 9 — state of the British flo-
tilla on, 127— its defeat, 128.
Erigny, check of the Vendeans at, iii. 351.
Erivain, annexation of, to Russia, xv.
263.
Erlach, general d', in Switzerland, vi. 150,
151 — is defeated before Berne, 153 — and
murdered, 154.
Erlach, general d', viii. 226.
Erlach, the regiment of, at Elchingen, ix.
153 — and at Wagram, xiii. 33.
Erligheim, skirmish at, vii. 64.
Erlon, the comte d', see Drouet, general.
Ermenonville, death of Rousseau at, i.
147.
Ernouf, general, xix. 280.
Ernouf, chief of the staff to Jourdan, vi.
334.
Erolles, general baron d', attempt of, to
relieve Figueras, xiv. 168 — 173 — captures
a French convoy at Falcet, 177 — defeat
of, at Montserrat, 188 — partisan opera-
tions of, in Catalonia, 193 — xv. 104,
xviii. 259.
Ersensticken, see Eisensticken.
Erskine, Lord, arguments- of, 1793, for
parliamentary reform, iv. 9 — defence of
Home Tooke and others, 311, note —
again advocates parliamentary reform
in 1797, v. 325— in 1799, against the
war, vii. 139 — his political views, ix.
323 — lord chancellor in 1806, 324—
arguments against the Orders in Council,
xi. 159— against the Copenhagen expe-
dition, 265.
Erskine, Mr, negotiations with the United
States, 1808, xix. 91— these are dis-
avowed, 92— and he is recalled, 93.
Erskine, Sir William, xv. 41.
Ertell, colonel, at Innspruck, xii. 355.
Ertell, general, xvi. 45 — during the march
to St Dizier, xviii. 317.
Erzgebirge, the, ix. 109— passage of, by
the Allies, xvii. 137.
Escaulas, defeat of the Spaniards at, iv.
363.
Eschefeld, cession of, to Prussia, viii. 209.
Escoiquiz, the canon, on the secret arti-
cles of Tilsit, x. 328, note— xi. 293, note
— nis character, connexion with Ferdi-
nand VII. &c, 297 — his intrigues with
Napoleon, ib. 314 — imprisoned by the
opposite faction, 317 — urges the journey
to Bayonne, 338 — interview with Napo-
leon there, 350 — arguments against Fer-
dinand's abdication, 351 — revelation of
Napoleon's design to him, 353 — pro-
clamation to the Spaniards, 362 — his
subservience to Joseph, xii. 41, 45.
Escurial, pillage of the, xvi. 329.
Esla, actions on the, xii. 173, 174 — retreat
of Soult to the, xiii. 248— defeat of the
Spaniards on the, xiv. 270.
Espagne, general d', death of, xii. 289.
Espana, don Carlos d', operations of, xiiL
211 — at Albuera, xiv. 245 — during cam-
paign of Salamanca, xv. 66 — governor
of Madrid, 75 — placed under the orders
of Castanos, xvi. 303— at the battle of
the Pyrenees, 362.
Esparraguera, check of the French at,
xii. 93.
Espeleta, the conde d', xi. 320.
Espinosa, battle of, xii. 154.
Espionage, system of, during the Reign of
Terror, iv. 222— in the prisons, 246.
Espremenil, James Duval d\ first appear-
ance of, i. 251 — heads the majority of
the parliament in demanding the states-
general, 313 — his popularity, 315 — op-
poses all concession, 316 — opposes an
edif t in favour of the Protestants, 319 —
on the Cour Pleniere, 321 — lettre de
cachet issued against him, 322 — is ar-
rested, 323 — and banished to the Hieres,
324 — opposes the concessions of Necker,
347 — resistance of, to the reversion of
the sentence on count Lally, ii. 35, note
— supports the separation of the orders
in the states-general, 45 — urges their
dissolution, 64 — denounced by the mob,
78 — emigrates, but is arrested, 137 —
attempt of the mob to assassinate him,
340— is executed, iv. 250.
Esprit des Lois, Montesquieu's, i. 132,
13a
INDEX.
207
Esquisse du Progres de PEsprit Humain,
Condorcet's, iv. 143.
Essay on despotism, Mirabeau's, ii. 20.
Essen, general, operations under, in Hol-
land, vii. 147, 148, 149, 151— during the
campaign of Eylau, x. 91, note, 109/ —
his position on the Narew, 132 — rein-
forcements received by him, 135 — at
Eylau, 148 — operations against Savary,
159/ — combat at Ostrolenka, 160 — com-
bats near Stralsund, and armistice, 256
— defeat of Grawert by, xv. 328— joins
Sacken during the Moscow retreat, xvi.
45.
Essen, abbacy of, seized by the French, ix.
370 — ceded by Prussia, x. 324, note.
Essequibo, subjugation of, by Great
Britain in 1796, v. 304— again in 1804,
viii. 290 — formally ceded to her, xix.
239.
Essex, capture of the, xix. 136.
Esseyd, Ali Effendi, ambassador at Paris,
viii. 59.
Essling or Aspern, battle of, xii. 284, et
seq.
Esslingen, actions near, 1796, v. 284.
Estaing, Cailler de 1', iii. 11.
Estaing, comte d\ ii. 162— his indecision
on the 5th October, 165, 167— examined
on the trial of the queen, iv. 137.
Estaing, general d', at Aboukir, vi. 311,
312, 313.
Estevan, valley of, xvi. 359 — escape of
Soult at, 370.
Estrada, general, defence of Hostalrich by,
xiii. 313.
Estrange, colonel 1', at Albuera, xiv.
250.
Estremadura, operations in, 1809, xiii.
220 — Wellington's preparations in, 1809,
235 — campaign of 1811 in, 337— opera-
tions of Hill in, 1812, xv. 6— defen-
sive measures of Wellington in, 1812, 43.
Etaples, preparations for the invasion of
England at, viii. 276.
Etat Major, suppression of the, ix. 48.
Etch or Adige, valley of the, and its
rapids, xii. 315. — See Adige.
Ethys de Corny, M. ii. 92, 97.
Etidorf, skirmish at, xvi. 223.
Etiquette of the French court, and repug-
nance of Marie Antoinette to it, i. 222,
225, 303 — at the opening of the states-
general, ii. 3 — resumption of, in France
under Napoleon, vii. 172 — and its pro-
gress, xi. 200.
Etoges, capture of, by Blucher, xviii. 102
— combat at, 106.
Etre Supreme, fete of the, iv. 230 — speech
of Robespierre on, 223, 224, 227.
Etruria, formation of the kingdom of, viii.
92 — subservience of the king to Napo-
leon, 206 — his deposition, and incor-
poration of his dominions with the king-
dom of Italy, xi. 282— an equivalent pro-
mised to him, 299.
Etruria, the queen of, xi. 344.
Ettenheim, assemblage of emigrants at,
iii. 159 — arrest of the due d'Enghien at,
viii. 346.
Eugene Beauharnais, see Beauharnais.
Eure, department of, insurrection in, iv.
120.
Euripides, justice of his delineations of
vice, iv. 208.
Europe, exhibitions of national character
by, during the Revolution, i. 4 — rise of
representative governments in, 18 — con-
trast between the northern conquests in
it and in Asia, 33 — its state during the
dark ages, 39 — first introduction of
standing armies, 85 — influence of a
hereditary nobility, ii. 204 — excitement
caused by the outbreak of the Revolu-
tion, iii. 81 — survey of its principal king-
doms at that time, 82, et seq. — general
aspect of society in it, 144 — distinctive
peculiarities between northern and
southern, 145 — passion for innovation,
146 — language of France toward its
states in 1792, and their jealousies at
that time, 147 — pacification of it on the
outbreak of the Revolution, 150 — cir-
cumstances which brought on the gene-
ral war, 151 — impression made by the
fall of the Dantonists, the fete of the
Supreme Being, &c. iv. 231 — sensation
excited by the fall of Poland, v. 37 — and
by that of Robespierre, 82 — interest ex-
cited by the campaign of 1797, vi. 7 — in-
dignation on the overthrow of Venice, 56
— and the invasion of Switzerland, 164 —
difference of views in, on the war in
1798, 115 — general coalition in 1798
against France, 218 — its superiority in
war over the East, 316 — effect produced
by the battle of the Nile, 318— excite-
ment caused by Napoleon's return from
Egypt, vii. 97 — advantages of his acces-
sion to power as regards, 332, 333 — com-
mencement of patriotic resistance to
France, 335 — recognition of the English
maritime code down to 1780, 341 — satis-
faction on the re-establishment of reli-
gion in France, viii. 114 — and on the
elevation of Napoleon, 147— joy on the
conclusion of the peace of Amiens, 166
— ambitious designs of Napoleon, 1802,
200 — indignation caused by his attack
on Switzerland, 235 — its independence
secured through the British financial
system, ix. 251 — effects on it of the cam-
paign of Austerlitz, 320 — sensation
caused by the formation of the confede-
ration of the Rhine, 373 — effect on it of
the campaign of Jena, and general de-
spondency, x. 83, 86 — of the Polish
campaign, and the battle of Eylau, 122,
160 — excitement caused by the Copen-
hagen expedition, xi. 262— hazard to,
from Tilsit, 284 — sensation caused by
Baylen, xii. 8(5 — and Aspern, 372— and
Talavera, xiii. 246 — effect of the Torres
Vedras campaign, 354 — influence of the
continuance of the Tories in power, xiv.
113 — slow growth of improvement in, xv.
208
INDEX.
Europe, continued.
120 — principles of vigour more power-
ful in it than in the East, 121 — and
also those of corruption, 123— profligacy
of manners, 128 — suffering caused by
the continental system, 217 — views in,
on the Russian contest of 1812, 22(3 —
danger to its liberties from Russia, 263
— its whole resources at the command
of Napoleon, 1812, 268 — expectation
throughout, of his success against that
power, 279— its renovation by the wars
of the Revolution, xvi. 3 — sensation
caused by the Moscow campaign, 99 —
frost throughout, in 1812-13, 161 —
exultation of, on the campaign of 1813,
xviii. 2 — settlement of, by the treaty of
Paris, 404 — emigration from, to Ame-
rica, xix. 19.
European conquest, inferiority of, to
colonial, xiv. 112.
European Russia, extent, statistics, &c.
of, xv. 228.
Europeans, right proportion of, in a mixed
army, xi. 136.
Euxine sea, dominion of, won by Russia,
xv. 263.
Evans, general, xix. 103.
Evora, defeat of the Portuguese at, xii.
102 — selfish conduct of its inhabitants,
1812, xv. 17, note.
Evreux, the bishop of, xvi. 150.
Evreux, predominance of the Girondists
at, iv. 119 — arrest of the Jacobin muni-
cipality, 120.
Ewart, sergeant, at Waterloo, xix. 348.
Examiners, party in the committee called
the, iv. 214.
Excellent man-of-war at Cape St Vincent,
v. 343.
Ex celmans, general, ix. 147 — forces under,
1813, xvii. 385— and 1814, xviii. 435—
at Craone, 183— forces under during
"Waterloo campaign, xix. 400.
Exchange of Paris, construction of the, x.
105.
Exchange of prisoners, negotiations re-
garding the, between France and Eng-
land, xiv. 103, 370.
Exchanges, the foreign, unfavourable state
of, to Great Britain, 1811, xiv. 61.
Exchequer bills, edict regarding, in
France, 1788, i. 336.
Excise duties of Russia, the, ix. 134.
Exclusive system of the French nobility,
i. 87, 88— recoil against it, 113, 162, et
seq. — that of the Italian republics, 29 —
that of the Normans, 56.
Execution, changes in the place of, in
Paris, iv. 255, 259.
Executions, number of, in Paris and
throughout France, iv. 161, 162 — their
number under Robespierre, 219 — de-
meanour of the victims, 221 — daily
number of, during the Reign of Terror,
244 — horror at their number and descent ,
259.
Executive, necessity for a, as shown in
France, ii. 117 — overthrow of it there
by the Girondists, iii. 45.
Exiles, repulse of the French before, iv.
358.
Expedience and justice, comparative
claims of, iii. 77 — consequence of admit-
ting its principle, iv. 205, 206 — predo-
minance of it with Napoleon, xvii. 4.
Exports of America, the, xix. 38.
Exports of Austria, ix. 118.
Exports of France to St Domingo, i. 108.
Exports, Great Britain, at various times,
iiL 98, note— 1800, vii. 157, note— 1801
369, 402— and France, 1793 and 1801,
viii. 75— Great Britain, 1813 to 1838, ix.
281, note — during the war, 315, note —
great diminution, 1811, xiv. 49 — influ-
ence of the reciprocity system on them,
368— to North America, xix. 80.
Exports, Prussia, x. 4.
Exports, Russia, xv. 237, note.
Exports, South America, xiv. 335.
Eylau, retreat of Benningsen to, x. 139 —
forces of the parties at, 141 — combats
near it, 142 — situation of both parties
during the night, 143— battle, 144, et
seq. — aspect of the field, 154 — the victory
claimed by both parties, 158 — sensation
caused by it, 160— afterwards visited by
the French, 295.
F.
Fabre, count de, adulation of Napoleon
by, xi. 176.
Fabre d' Eglantine, a member of the
Cordeliers, ii. 296— connexion of, with
the 10th August, 340, 352— member for
the Convention, iii. 35— a member of the
committee of general defence, 269, note
— associated with theDantonists, iv. 175.
Fabvier, colonel, at Laon, xviii. 195 —
negotiates the capitulation of Paris, 353.
Faccio, monte, the, vii. 208 — combats at,
209, 210 — carried by the Austrians, 215
— the French again defeated at it, 219.
Fagan, an Irishman, xiii. 289.
Fain, baron, xvi. 129, note— account by
him of the interview between Napoleon
and Metternich, xvii. 67, note — on the
effect of Vitoria upon the negotiations
at Dresden, 68— 172— his fidelity to Na-
poleon, xviii. 384.
Faisanderie, the domain of, conferred on
Sieyes, vii. 122, 124.
Falaise, incorporation of, as a borough, i.
79.
Falcet, destruction of a French convoy at,
xiv. 177.
Famars, retreat of French to, iv. 32—
battle of, 38.
INDEX.
Famine, prevalence of, in France during
1789, ii. 49 — and in Paris, 7* — darfc
cessive vears, and measures of the gov-
ernments for its relief, 119, 160, 305, v.
U'.K 108 — prevalence of, in Great Britain,
1800 and 1801, vii. 157, 158, 360.
Fanaticism, influence of, on the cause of
freedom, i. 35 — its influence on the
English revolution, 123 — extent of the
political, during the MigB of terror, to,
210 — similarity of political and religious,
302.
Fane, general, at Yimeira, xii. 113, 114 —
check of Soult by, at Pau, xviii. 2.'>4.
Fare, the marquis de la, i. 186.
Farmers-general of the revenue, wealth,
&c. of the, i. 166 — execution of the, to.
251.
Faron, mount, iv. 95 — combat at, 97.
Fashion, changes introduced into, by
Marie Antoinette, i. 304.
Fast, general, decreed by the National
Convention, iv. 173.
Fatigue, effects of, during the advance
into Russia, xv. 325.
Faublas, Louvet's memoirs of, i. 152.
Faubourg St Antoine, &c. see St Antoine,
&c.
Faubourgs, disarming of the, v. 105.
Fauchet, the abbe, ii. 119, 278, iiL 27—
in favour of war, 167 — denounced by
the Sections, 278— death of, 299.
Favras, the marquis de, trial and execu-
tion of, ii. 184.
Fawcett, colonel, defeat of, by Ilolkar,
xi. 113.
Fayette, see Lafayette.
Fayole, defeat of the French at, vii. 213.
Faypoult, commissioner at Genoa in 1796,
v. 203 — proceedings of, there, vi. 46
— exactions of, in Naples, 201.
Federal republic, designs of the Girondists
for establishing, hi. 36, 48, iv. 122.
Federal system as established in Switzer-
land, viii. 216 — its adaptation to that
conntry, 217 — arguments of the French
party against it, 220 — and of the fede-
ralists for it, 221.
Feistritz, capture of, by the French, xvii.
315.
Feldkirch, defeat of the Austrians before,
1799, vi. 328— battle of, 330— carried bv
the French, 1800, vii. 203— surrender
of an Austrian detachment at, ix. 178.
Feltre, occupation of, by the Tvrolese,
xii. 358.
Feltre, the due de, see Clarke.
Fenelon's Telemaque, i. 159.
Fenestrelles, siege of, by the Allies, vi.
376 — state prison of, xi. 209- — imprison-
ment of Cardinal Pacca in it, xiii. 136
— and of various ecclesiastics, xvi. 143,
note.
Feraud, a member of the Convention, on
the establishment of the Revolutionary
Tribunal, hi. 264 — murder of, in the
Convention, v. 101 — condemnation of
his murderer, 105.
VOL. XX.
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, character of,
xi. 296 — his correspondence with Napo-
leon, intrigues against his father, &c.
297 — is arrested, and his papers seized,
313 — contents of them, 314 — is par-
doned, 316, 317 — refuses to retire to
Seville, 325, 326 — is proclaimed king on
the abdication of his father, 328 — his
entry into Madrid, 330 — where Murat
declines to recognise him, ib. — acquiesces
in all the demands of the French, 331 —
agrees to go to Burgos, 335 — his jour-
ney to Bayonne, 337 — his arrival there,
339 — and reception by Napoleon, 349 —
is told he must resign the crown, 350 —
and arguments urged to induce him to
do so, 351 — answer of his supporters to
these, ib.— his resistance to Napoleon's
wishes, 352, 353 — agrees to a condi-
tional surrender, 356 — but still resists
an unconditional, 357 — letter from his
father, ib. note — his secret instructions
to the regency, 359 — compelled uncon-
ditionally to resign the crown, 360 — •
removes to Valencay, 361 — his life
there, xii. 44 — attempts for his libera-
tion, xiv. 139 — enthusiasm in his favour
in South America, 337 — treaty of
Valencay with Napoleon, xviii. 31, et
seq. — his arrival in Spain, 260.
Ferdinand IV. king of Naples, vii.
322 — his policy, 1805, ix. 223. — See
Naples.
Ferdinand, the archduke, of Austria,
defeats Ste Suzanne at Erbach, vii. 196
— forces under him, 1805, ix. 73, note
— Mack resolves on detaching him at
Ulm, 152— his retreat from thence, and
disasters during it, 154 — Mack's neces-
sity of providing for his safety, 162 —
forces under him on the Upper Danube,
195 — repulse of the Bavarians by him,
215 — a member of the confederation of
the Rhine, 373, x. 17 — forces under him
in 1809, xii. 213— and in Poland, 364—
victory at Raszyn, and capture of
Warsaw, 367 — discovery of the corre-
spondence of the Russians with him,
368 — disasters in Poland, xiii. 19 — and
his retreat from that country, 20 — forces
under him, 1813, xvii. 387.
Ferdinand, prince, of Prussia, visit of
Napoleon to, x. 72.
Fere Champenoise, march of Napoleon to,
xviii. 301— battle of, 320.
Ferey, general, at Salamanca, xv. 64 — is
mortally wounded there, 65, 68 — death
and burial of, 70.
Ferguson, general, at Rolica, xii. 108 —
at Vimeira, 113, 116.
Fergusson, Mr, on the passion for war,
iii. 187.
Feriuo, general, forces the defiles of the
Black forest, v. 279 — subsequent opera-
tions, 282 — rejoins Moreau, 285 —
actions with Frcelich, 286 — defence of
Huningen by him, 299 — at Ostrach, vL
331— at Stockach, 332, 334.
O
210
INDEX.
Fermo, col di, services of Serrurier at the,
v. 173.
Ferney, residence of Voltaire at, i. 138.
Ferraio, siege of, by the French, vii.
327.
Ferrand, general, defence of Valenciennes
by, iv. 39, 40.
Ferrand, M., minister of Louis XVIII.
xix. 228.
Ferrara, cession of, to France, 1796, v.
202, 244 — establishment of revolution-
ary government in, 1796, 221 — cession
of it to Venice, vi. 20 — afterwards to the
Cisalpine republic, 50, 53 — is besieged
by the Allies, 363— captured by them in
1799, 370 — surrendered to the French,
vii. 321, 323.
Ferrari, general, at Famars, iv. 38.
Ferrol, attack on, by Sir James Pulteney,
vii. 277 — blockaded by the British,
1805, ix. 54 — Villeneuve takes refuge in
it, 63 — Spanish troops at, join the in-
surgents, xii. 39 — surrender of, to Soult,
187 — evacuation of, by Ney, xiii. 248.
Fersen, general, at Maccowice, v. 35.
Ferte" Gaucher, combat at, xviii. 325.
Ferte sous Jouarre, advance of the Allies
to, xviii. 93 — advance of Blucher to,
146— and again, 167.
Fesch, the cardinal, v. 144, xviii. 383.
Festenberg, general, vii. 237 — defeated at
Turbigo, 238.
Fete of the 14th July, celebration of, 1790,
ii. 211.
Fete of the Supreme Being, the, iv. 230,
et seq.
Feuars of Austria, the, ix. 121.
Feudal liberty, decay of the, i. 23 — in
Spain, France, and Germany, 24 — and
in England, 25, 67.
Feudal militia, inferiority of the, to regular
armies, i. 86.
Feudal nobility, rise of the, i. 14 — their
rapid corruption, 20 — causes which in-
duced this, 21 — their private wars, 23 —
their decay in Spain and France, 24 —
in Germany and England, 25 — their
power undermined by opulence, 26 —
influence of the discovery of gunpowder
on their power, 37— and of the growth
of artificial wants, 38 — subversion of
their power in England, 66.
Feudal rights, abolition of, in France,
proposed, ii. 13 — ■ abandoned by the
noblesse, 138 — great effects of this,
141— the decree abolishing them, 145,
note.
Feudal services in France before the Re-
volution, the, i. 171 — their number and
character, 172 — exaggeration with re-
gard to them, 173.
Feudal system, defects of the, i. 20 — fitted
only for a barbarous age, 26 — its modi-
fied character in England, 63, 64 — was
wanting in Poland, v. 9.
Feudatories of France, the great, depen-
dence of the crown on them, i. 80 —
influence of, on the advancement of
freedom, 84 — the destruction of their
power, 119.
Feuer Singer, defeat of the Tvrolese at,
xii. 350.
Feuillants, party of the, see Constitution-
alists.
Feuillants, club of the, closed, ii. 334 —
confinement of the royal family in it,
iii. 7.
Fianceschi, captain, exploit of, vii. 218.
Fichte, patriotic efforts of, 1813, xvi. 120.
Field sports, attachment to, in Great
Britain, iii. 102.
Figaretto, successes of the French at,
1794, iv. 357.
Figueras, battle of, 1794, iv. 363— capture
of, by the French, 364 — seizure of it by
them, 1808, xi. 321 — defeat of the
Spanish insurgents before, xii. 96 —
death and monument of Alvarez at,
xiii. 208 — surprise of it by the Span-
iards, xiv. 167 — capture of it by Mac-
donald, 189 — holds out till the peace,
xviii. 261 — surrendered by the treaty of
Paris, 403.
Filanghieri, general, v. 55 — xii. 69.
Filipe, a member of Baboeuffs committee,
vi. 85.
Filles de St Thomas, loyalty of the section
of, ii. 344 — suppression of the national
guards of, iii. 6.
Finale, capture of, by the Allies, 1795, v.
50 — services of Serrurier at, 173.
Finances of Austria, the, ix. 107, 117 — in
1807, xi. 252, note.
Finances of France, improvement of the,
under Richelieu, i. 90 — their embarrass-
ment, 185 — details relating to them,
186 — attempts in preceding reigns to
re-establish them, 187 — their embarrass-
ment made the convocation of the
States-general necessary, 186 — Turgot's
principles, 237 — their state under him,
238 — measures of Necker with regard to
them, 261 — increased embarrassment
caused by the American war, 267 — and
after Necker's resignation , 275— adminis-
tration of them by Joli de Fleuri and by
D'Ormesson, ib. 277 — appointment of
Calonne, ib.— his system and plans, 279,
283 — exposition of their state by him,
280, 285, 286, note— accession of Bri-
enne to the management of them, 292
• — statements of them by him, 294
measures for their restoration, and resis-
tance of the parliaments, 312 — then-
state in 1787, 313 — loans proposed
by him, 317 — their condition in 1788,
335, 336— statement laid by Necker be-
fore the States-general, ii. 9, note-
their increased embarrassment, 148, 11
— state of them, 1792, and measures of
the Convention regarding them, iii. 37-
1793, iv. 23 — report on them, August
1793, 157— report, May 1794, 242— their
progressive embarrassment, and its in-
fluence on the Revolution , 296 — in 1794,
393— in 1796, v. 251— their exhausted
INDEX.
211
Finances of France, contimwd.
state, 1797, vi. 37— their state on the ac-
cession of the Directory, 69,70, 72 — state-
ment of them, 1796, 77—1798, 122, 223,
vii. 77— in 1799, 87— in 1800, 162— in
1802, viii. 128— in 1803, 164, note, 283
— 1805, ix. 5, 6 — modification of the
system in 1806, 333 — statement of them
then, 334— and in 1807 x. 268, 269, note
— change in the system of the accounts,
267— statements, 1808 to 1813, xi. 202—
in 1808, 206— in 1812, xvi. 393— in 1813,
155, 162, xviii. 30 — contrast between
thein and the British, xvi. 274 — their
state after the Restoration, xix. 224 — in
1814, 230— during thellundred days,290.
Finances of Great Britain, the, 1793, iv.
24—1795, v. 46—1796, 256—1797, 329
—1798, vi. 117—1799, 320—1800, vii.
153, 399—1801, 367, 368, et seq.— 1802
and 1803, viii. 238, 286—1804, 292—
1805, ix. 9, 401 — 1806, 326 — 1807, x.
205—1808, xii. 51, 375—1809, xiii. 157,
362-1810, 305, 363—1811, xiv. 101,
369—1812, 102, 370— their singular pro-
gress, xvi. 272—1813, 285, 396—1814,
xviii. 14, 15, 429—1815, xix. 284—1816,
395— their flourishing state during the
war, xx. 63.
Finances of Holland, the, iv. 378.
Finances of Prussia, the, x. 6, 7.
Finances of Russia, ix. 133, xv. 240.
Finances of Switzerland, vi. 138.
Finances of Spain, xii. 4.
Finances of the United States, xix. 41.
Financial system, the British, under Pitt
and his successors, ix. 251 — details of the
income, debt, &c. of the country, 252
— commencement of the national debt,
254 — its growth, and comparison of it
with income, &c. 256 — the finances on
Pitt's accession, 257 — difficulties which
met him, ib. — principle on which he pro-
posed to proceed, 258 — his sense of the
importance of the subject, 259 — estab-
lishment of the Sinking fund, 260 — fur-
ther provisions regarding it, 264 — modi-
fication of it in 1802, 265— amount of
debt discharged by it, 266, 267 — obloquy
to which it becomes exposed, 267 — its
decline and virtual extinction, 269 — his
speech on the Sinking fund in 1798, 271,
note — value of his system in time of
peace, 271 — its distinctive peculiarity
and merit, 272 — truth of his principles
shown, 273 — foresight of his system, 274
— causes which issued in its abandon-
ment, 276 — amount of taxes repealed
since the peace, 277, note — the war
taxes should immediately have been re-
pealed, 278 — error in repealing the indi-
rect, 279 — errors which caused the
abandonment of the Sinking fund, 284
— the nation responsible for this, 285— the
funding system, 286 — Pitt's views with
regard to it, 288 — loans contracted by
him from 1793 to 1797, ib. note— modi-
fication of his system after Campo
Formio, 289, 290— trebling of the as-
sessed taxes, &c, 291 — these increased
burdens intended to be temporary, 292
— this change of system only partially
adopted, 293 — introduction of the in-
come tax, 294 — system of mortgaging
the taxes, 296 — change upon it after-
wards, 297 — advantages of his system,
ib. — his permanent taxes indirect, 298
— advantages of this, 301 — character of
his measures, 304 — their errors, 305
— his system of borrowing in the three
per cents, 307 — additions thus made to
the debt, 308 — effect of this in prevent-
ing the reduction of the interest, ib. —
tables illustrative of the rate of interest
of various loans, <5zc. 309 — his Sinking
fund designed to remedy these evils,
311 — amount of subsidies under him to
foreign powers, ib. — the suspension of
cash payments, 312 — his system the
mainspring of the country's financial
strength , 3 1 4 — the ascendency of popular
power led to the abandonment of it, 317 —
Lord Henry Petty 's plan, debates on it,
x. 198, et seq. — view of Pitt's measures
at various times, xiv. 57 — the Bullion
committee, 59 — change introduced in
1813, xvi. 288 — debates in parliament
on it, 289— reflections on it, 296.
Fine arts, progress of the, i. 4.
Finisterre, defeat of the Sardinians at, iv.
357.
Finkenstein, negotiations at, 1807, x. 259
— Napoleon's quarters at, 262.
Finland, province of, overrun by Russia,
xi. 275, 277 — its population, extent,
resources, &c. xv. 188— designs of Rus-
sia on, 192 — is annexed by proclama-
tion, 193 — and overrun by her troops,
194 — the Russians again expelled from
it, 196 — is again overrun and surren-
dered by convention, 198 — and ceded by
treaty to Russia, 203 — the army of,
moved toward the French communica-
tions, xvi. 5 — and joins Wittgenstein
on the Dwina, 42.
Fiorilla, general, at Medola, v. 213 — left
to defend Turin, vi. 366.
Fir woods of Canada, the, xix. 10.
Fire-arms, effects of the introduction of,
i. 37.
Firme, capture of the, ix. 62.
First of June, battle of the, iv. 320, et seq.
Fischer, colonel, at Fort Erie, xix. 148.
Fish, exports of, from the country of the
Cossacks, xv. 245.
Fisher, captain, xix. 158.
Fisheries, value of the British, iii. 95.
Fisheries of the Don, the, xv. 248.
Fisheries of Sweden, the, xv. 189.
Fitzgerald, lord Edward, vi. 208, 209 —
capture and death of, 210.
Fitzgibbons, lieutenant, xix. 125.
Fitzherbert, Mrs, xiv. 39.
Fitzjames, the due de, a royalist leader,
xviii. 110 — measures of, on the capture
of Paris, 356.
212
INDEX.
Fitzwilliam, lord, president of the council
in 1806, ix. 324.
Fiume, capture of, by the French in 1797,
vi. 18 — and again in 1809, xiii. 15 —
ceded to the kingdom of Italy, 104 —
capture of, by theAustrians, 1813, xvii.
316 — recaptured by the French, ib.
Five hundred, Council of the, constitu-
tion, &c. of, v. 116 — its election, 125 —
and meeting, vi. 68 — predominance of
the royalists in, 94 — Pichegru chosen
president, ib. — motion on the liberty of
the press, 96 — royalist majority in, 98 —
measures of, against the Directory, 102
— arrest of the royalist leaders, 103 —
measures of the minority after the 18th
Fructidor, 104, 105 — measures of,
against the Directory, vii. 80— proceed-
ings on the 18th Brumaire, 106 — on
the 19th at St Cloud, 108, et seq.— dis-
order on Napoleon's appearance, 112 —
are dissolved by force, 113 — decrees by
the minority, 115.
Flahault, count, xviii. 173, xx. 6.
Flanders, rise and decline of freedom in,
i. 31 — rise of the democratic spirit in,
82 — importance of it to Austria, iii.
125 — designs of Joseph II. regarding it,
127— its state in 1792, 128, 130— insur-
rection against Austria, 130 — invasion
by the French in 1792, 189 — operations
in, during 1792, 219 — plan of Dumou-
rier for the invasion of, 221 — its con-
quest, 224 — changes introduced into, by
the French, 228— and their oppressive
exactions, 229 — reaction against them,
230 — discontent with the republican
rule in it, 1793, 26, et seq. — its aban-
donment contemplated by Austria, iv.
341 — and resolved on, 342, 351 — aban-
doned by the Allies, 348— overrun by
Pichegru, 350 — renewal of hostilities in
it, 365 — evacuated by the Austrians,
367 — formally ceded to France, vi. 19,
53 — again ceded by Luneville, vii. 328
— mode in which acquired by Austria,
ix. 103 — Wellington's services in it,
1794-5, xi. 51 — its prosperity under
Napoleon, 202 — its early prosperity, xiii.
70— journey of Napoleon to, 1810, 286—
overrun by the Allies, 1814, xviii. 69 —
retreat of the French from it, 90, 205,
209 — concluding operations in it, 215 —
Napoleon insists on its retention at
Chatillon, 293 — French garrisons in it,
436 — settlement of it by treaty of Paris,
404, 405 — and by congress of Vienna,
xix. 232, 239.
Fleet, mutiny of the, see Mutiny.
Fleet, the first, of Russia, xv. 26L
Flesselles, M. de, murder of, ii. 101.
Fletcher, colonel Sir Richard, wounded
at Badajos, xv. 18 — mortally wounded
at San Sebastian, xvi. 352.
Fleuri, Joly de, comptroller-general of
the finances, i. 274 — he resigns, 276.
Fleurieu, M., ii. 214.
Fleuriot, M., a Vendean chief, iii. 374.
Fleurus, battle of, iv. 345 — services of
Soult at, v. 271, note.
Fleury, cardinal, i. 233.
Flogging in the British army, xii. 23.
Florence, city of, v. 159, 160 — limited
extent of its freedom and citizenship, i.
29— occupied by the French in 1800,
vii. 280 — entry of Murat into, 1801,
325 — enthusiasm in, in favour of Napo-
leon after 1812, xvi. 131 — evacuated by
the French, 1815, xviii. 219.
Flores, Don Miguel, xi. 345.
Florian, the novelist, death of, iv. 249.
Florida, the forests of, xix. 14 — seizure of,
by the United States, 90.
Florida Blanca, count, xii. 130.
Florisdorf, fortification of, by Napoleon,
xiii. 57.
Flotilla of invasion at Boulogne, organisa-
tion, &c. of it, viii. 276, 277, ix. 50—
breaking up of it, 75.
Floyd, colonel, defeated by Tippoo, xi.
—at Malavelly, 68.
Flue, M. de, ii. 99.
Fluellen, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
23.
Flushing, losses of the French at, 1796,
v. 290 — Napoleon's improvements at,
xi. 148 — annexed to France, 282— siege
and capture of, by the British, xiii. 83 —
visit of Napoleon to, 1810, 286— naval
preparations at, xvi. 157 — surrendered
by the treaty of Paris, xviii. 403.
Fluvia, combats on the, 1795, v. 55 — ser-
vices of Augereau on, 172.
Fochzani, battle of, iii. 149, vi. 359.
Foley, captain, at the battle of the Nile,
vi. 271— at that of the Baltic, vii. 379.
Foligno, armistice and treaty of, vii 325.
Fombio, combat of, v. 186.
Foncebudon, defeat of the Spaniards at,
xiv. 270.
Fondi, capture of, by the insurgent pea-
sants, vi. 193.
Fonfrede, Boyer, generous devotion of,
iii. 278.
Fontainbleau, escape of the king to, de-
signed by Mirabeau, ii. 231 — military
school founded at, viii. 164 — treaty of,
xi. 298 — is set aside by Napoleon, 323 —
return of Napoleon to, after the peace
of Vienna, xiii. 106 — disclosure of the
divorce to Josephine at, 275 — removal
of the pope to, xvi. 142— commencement
of the conferences with the pope at, 146
— the concordat, 147 — release of the
pope from, xviii. 33 — captured by the
Allies, 119 — evacuated by them, 127 —
they again advance to it, 299 — arrival
of Napoleon at it on his return from St
Dizier, 352 — desertion of Napoleon at,
378 — his parting from his guards at, 385
— his arrival at it during the Hundred
days, xix. 272.
Fontainelle, imprisonment of the priest
of, xi. 210.
Fontain Leveque, struggle at, iv. 346.
Fontanelli, general, xvii. 384.
INDEX.
213
Fontanes, M. de, proscribed by the Direc-
tory, vi. 106 — vii. 177 — president of the
Legislative Assembly, xi. 180 — on the
re-establishment of religion in France,
xiii. 125 — speech in the senate after the
Leipsic campaign, xviii. 9 — speech, 1813,
at the opening of the Legislative, 23 —
takes part in the proceedings for restor-
ing the Bourbons, 364 — prepares the
act for Napoleon's dethronement, 367.
Fontarabia, capture of, by the French,
1794, iv. 361.
Fontaria, imprisonment of, at Vincennes,
xvi. 143, note.
Fontenai, madame, (madame Tallien,) iv.
265 — recommends the formation of the
Jeunesse Doree, v. 87 — intimacy of Jo-
sephine with, v. 150.
Fontenoy, battle of, iii. 340 — second, 342.
Foote, captain, vi. 388.
Force, state of the prison of, under Robes-
pierre, iv. 216.
Forced loans, commencement of the sys-
tem of, in France, iii. 267 — notices of
various, 280, iv. 45, 127, 165, vii. 84,
86, 162— their abandonment by Napo-
leon, 163 — attempt to levy them in
Switzerland, 161.
Forced requisitions, system of, iv. 163 —
supply of the armies by them, 1793, 330
— limitation of them, v. 106 — and their
abolition, 107.
Forchheim, combat at, v. 286.
Forest cantons of Switzerland, their con-
stitution, &c. vi. 138 — their revolt from
the central government, viii. 224, et seq.
Forest region of South America, descrip-
tion of the, xiv. 304.
Forest scenery of the Orinoco, the, xiv.
300.
Forests of Brazil, xiv. 315 — of Canada,
xix. 10 — of France, i. 103 — of Lithuania,
xv. 277— of Russia, 228, 229 — of the
West Indies, xix. 2— of North America,
3,4.
Forestalling, decrees against, in France,
iv. 160, 167.
Forestier, M., a Vendean chief, iii. 370 —
trial and acquittal of, v. 104.
Foret, a Vendean chief, iii. 340, 342.
Formidable man-of-war at Algesiraz, viii.
44
Forster, general, at the Trebbia, vi. 381,
382— movements after that battle, 383—
at Novi, vii. 12.
Forster, captain, at Bavonne, xviii. 280.
Forster, M., xvi. 102.
Fort Bourbon, capture of, by the British,
xiii. 165.
Fort Cornelius, battle of, xiv. 108, 109.
Fort Ecleuse, capture of, by the French,
1794, iv. 350.
Fort George, Canada, reduction of, by
the Americans, xix. 124 — they are
blockaded in it, 126 — the siege is raised,
130— its capture by the British, 133.
Fort St David, capture of, by the French,
xi.8. <
Fort Vauban, capture of, by the Allies, iv.
69 — recaptured by the French, 71.
Forth river, the, iii. 84.
Fortification of castles, causes and effects
of the, i. 78.
Fortifications, expenditure by Napoleon
on, xvi. 153, 154, note.
Fortified cities, influence of, in furthering
the development of freedom, i. 9 — im-
portance of, iii. 389.
Fortresses, views of Carnot on the defence
of, iv. 48— importance of, v. 249 — Napo-
leon on them, xiv. 213, note.
Fortresses, central, advantages of, vii.
261, xii.310— the kind required, vii. 262.
Fortresses, frontier, importance of, iv. 107,
vii. 262, 263.
Fortresses of Flanders, destruction of the,
iii. 129.
Fortresses, the French, advantages of the,
iv. 329, 395, 396.
Fortresses of Lombardy, their importance,
v. 166.
Fortresses of the Danube, value of the, xv.
148.
Fortresses, the Prussian, effects of the sur-
render of, in 1806, x. 166.
Fortresses, the Turkish, character of, xv.
142— resolution with which defended,
143.
Forum of Milan, the, xi. 282.
Forum of Rome, the, xiii. 140.
Foscoire, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
244.
Foster, Mr, envoy to the United States,
xix. 96.
Fou, Michel le, a Neapolitan leader, vi.
198, 200.
Foucault, M., ii. 223.
Fouche1, Joseph, duke of Otranto, early
career and character of, iv. 86, note —
atrocities of, at Lyons, 86, et seq. — and
at Nantes, iii. 383 — v. 83 — measures of,
in the Cisalpine republic, vi. 178 — is
appointed minister of police in 1799,
vii. 88— his character and conservative
designs at this time, ib. — closes the
Jacobin club, ib. — joins Napoleon
against the Directory, 94— on the 18th
Brumaire, 104, 107 — continued in the
ministry of police, 122— the secret police
established as a check on him, 173, 174
— his demeanour on the infernal machine
conspiracy, viii. 87 — discovers its origin,
90 — report by him on it, 91 — 93 — re-
moved from the ministry of police, 149 —
again reinstated in it, 317 — projects of,
for inducing the conspiracy under Piche-
gru, 338 — his measures to draw the con-
spirators on, 339 — reveals the plot, and is
restored to power, 340 — his probable im-
plication in the murder of Pichegru, 359
— xi. 187, 196, note — on the Copenhagen
expedition, 272— intrigue of his, in 1810,
xiii. 288 — is disgraced, 289 — made gover-
nor of Rome, but recalled, and settles at
Aix, 290— in 1813 is called to Dresden,
and made governor of Illyria, xvii. 117 —
214
INDEX.
secret advances by him to Metternich,
119 — convention with Murat in 1814,
and his views in it, xviii. 219 — departure
from Italy to France, ib. — on the effects
of Napoleon's escape from Elba, xix. 245
— joins Napoleon during the Hundred
days, 275 — appointed minister of police,
276 — his influence then, 288 — intrigues
of, with the Vendean chiefs, 297 — his
treachery, and its discovery by Napo-
leon, 304, 305 — statements by, regarding
the cause of Wellington's inactivity,
315, note — measures adopted on the
battle of Waterloo, xx. 2 — president of
the commission of government, 7 —
measures for the restoration of the Bour-
bons, 8 — appointed minister of police
under Louis XVIII., 12, 13— efforts to
secure Ney's escape, 25 — causes of his
final ascendency in the Revolution, 37 —
his character, 38 — secret of his long-con-
tinued ascendency, 39.
Fougeres, death of Lescure at, iii. 364.
Fougueux, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 83 — cap-
tured, 86.
Fouli, conflict at, vi. 297.
Foulon, M., murder of, ii. 128.
Foundlings, number of, in France, xx. 53.
Fouquier Tinville, Antoine Quentin,
appointed public accuser, and his
character, iii. 265 — at the trial of the
Dantonists, iv. 198 — his rage at the
firmness of his victims, 229 — measures
for increasing the executions, 245 — his
relentlessness, 249 — measures for further
augmenting the executions, 258 — pro-
poses their taking place in the court-yard
of the Tribunal, 259— trial of, v. 85— his
execution, 86.
Fourier, a savan, vi. 241.
Fournes, M., a priest, ii. 223.
Fournier, a Jacobin leader, iii. 30.
Fournier, general, attack on Lutzow and
Kflrner by, xvi. 266 — forces under, 1813,
xvii. 385.
Fox, Charles James, parentage and early
history of, iii. 109 — his character as a
statesman and orator, 110 — his India
bill, 113, xi. 33 — his opinion of the
French Revolution, hi- 116 — division
between him and Burke, 117 — argu-
ments in favour of the Revolution, 118
— final rupture between him and Burke,
123, 124— on the declaration of Pilnitz,
156, note — against the war in 1793, iv.
4 — against the suspension of the Habeas
Corpus act, 309 — against the war, 1794,
312 — efforts on behalf of Lafayette, v.
115 — against the war, 1795, 254 — and
against the bill for the prevention of
seditious meetings, 257 — • withdraws
from parliament, 258 — his conduct dur-
ing the mutiny of the fleet, 334 — cogni-
sant of the designs of the Irish insur-
gents, vi. 208 — on the invasion of
Switzerland, 165 — against the war,
1799, vii. 139 — reflections on his con-
duct, 152— on Napoleon's abolition of
priestly celibacy, viii. 116, note — his
reception by Napoleon during the peace
of Amiens, 146 — his generous conduct
toward Pitt, 147, note — his opinion of
Napoleon's treatment of Holland and
Switzerland, 236 — supports the war,
1802, 247— arguments against it. 1803,
257 — coalition with Pitt, 295 — argu-
ments against the Spanish war, 327 —
for removal of the Catholic disabilities,
ix. 12 — on the conduct of Prussia, 222
— encomium by him on the Jacobin
constitution, 244 — his early hatred to
France, 246 — opposes the public monu-
ment to Pitt, 250 — supports the Sinking
fund, 262, 265 — formation of a ministry
intrusted to him, 1806, 323 — becomes
foreign secretary, 324 — talents of his
ministry, 325 — remonstrance against
the seizure of Hanover by Prussia, and
measures of retaliation, 367 — denounces
that power, 368 — negotiations with
France, and basis proposed by him,
382 — his firmness on this occasion, 385
— effect upon his mind of the murder of
Palm, 391 — his last views upon the
war, 392— his instructions to Mr Adair
in 1806, x. 15, note — review of his ad-
ministration, 168, et seq. — general
character of his measures, 208 — on the
trial of Warren Hastings, xi. 29 —
orders in council issued by him, 151,
note — his death and character, ix. 393
— his. fame upon the decline, 396— his
character as a political philosopher,
397.
Fox, Henry, first lord Holland, iii. 109.
Fox, general, iv. 340.
Fox cutter, loss of the, v. 363.
Foy, general, at the battle of Zurich, vii.
31 — sent to Constantinople to aid in its
defence, x. 229 — on the massacre of
Madrid, xi. 347, note — xii. 13 — picture
by him of the French and British
armies, 24, note — account of the sack
of Cordova, 76, note — position of, 1812,
xv. 39 — at Salamanca, 65 — passage of
the Carrion by him, 93 — covers the
siege of Castro, xvi. 321 — at Vitoria,
333 — operations of Grahame against
him, 343 — garrisons San Sebastian,
348 — retreat of, after Soraoren, 369
—at the Nivelle, xvii. 353, 358— at the
Nive, 365— at St Pierre, 373, 375, 376
■ — at Orthes, xviii. 241, 245 — wounded
there, 246— at Quatre Bras, xix. 327—
at Waterloo, 345.
Frame-breaking in England, 1811-12,
xiv. 50.
France, contrast between the conquests
of, and those of Rome, i. 3 — decline of
the feudal liberty in, 24 — differences
between the national character and
that of England, 48 — its state under
the Romans, 50, 74 — its prostration
after the fall of Rome, 50 — the early
military force, 59— the want of archery,
60 — effect of her early wars with Eng-
INDEX.
215
France, continued.
land, 61, 81 — character of its inhabi-
tants, and conquest by the Franks, 75
— depression of the aborigines by them,
ib. — their independent spirit, 76 — the
Rois Faineants, ib. — the empire of
Charlemagne, 77 — extent of slavery in,
ib. — ravages of the Northmen and
others, 78 — courage of the inhabitants
restored by the wars of the nobles, ib.
— rise of the boroughs, 79 — the great
feudatories, and dependence of the
crown on them, 80 — want of yeomanry,
ib. — rise of the democratic spirit, 82 —
effect of the battle of Resebecque, 83 —
contrast between its struggles for free-
dom and those of England, ib. — causes
which checked the growth of freedom :
namely, the power of the great feudato-
ries, 84 — the English wars, ib. — the for-
mation of standing armies, 85 — the pas-
sion for military glory, 86 — the privileges
of the nobility, 87 — Richelieu's measures
of government, 88 — the reign of Louis
XIV. 1)1— the failure of the Reforma-
tion, 93 — and the revocation of the
edict of Nantes, 95 — effects of suffering
on the national character, 99 — its physi-
cal resources, 102 — its advantages for
inland trade, 103 — its physical geo-
graphy and statistics, ib. — its capabili-
ties for maintaining population, 104 —
classification of its surface, ib. note —
comparison between it and England as
regards families employed in agriculture
and manufactures, 105 — character of
the people, 106 — of its colonies, 107 —
value of St Domingo, 108 — navy at the
commencement of the war, ib. — mili-
tary forces, 109 — inefficiency of the
volunteers at first, 110 — the household
troops, ib. — causes which induced the
Revolution, 111 — universality of disaf-
fection, 112 — tendency to free institu-
tions, 113 — rising importance of the
middle class, ib. — destruction of the
power of the nobility, 119 — the military
spirit of its people, 120 — its philosophy
and literature, 121 — causes of the gene-
ral delusion, 122 — influence of the
stage, 123 — state of the church, 124,
156 — effects of the revocation of the
edict of Nantes, 125 — contests of the
Jansenists and Jesuits, 127 — the parlia-
ments, 129 — their contests with the
crown, ib. — suppression of the Jesuits,
130 — rise of the philosophic opinions,
131 — the three leaders of these, 134 —
the doctrines of the materialists, 152 —
universality of infidelity, 153 — rise of
the economists, 159 — privileges of the
nobility, 162 — condition of the Tiers
Etat, 165 — its great towns, 166 — in-
equality of taxation, 167 — state of the
poor, 170 — non-residence of proprietors,
ib. — feudal services, 171 — administra-
tion of justice, 174— extent of the royal
prerogative, 175— use of torture, 177 —
corruption of the court, 179 — contrast
to it among the middle classes, 185 —
embarrassment of the finances, ib. —
weakness of the nobility, 189 — their
divided state, 191 — state of the clergy,
192 — preponderance of the capital, 193
— want of rural loyalty, 194 — Lord
Chesterfield upon its state, 195 — advan-
tages of the system of government,
202 — the parliaments as courts of law,
ib. 204 — the system of intendants of
provinces, 205 — the causes which pre-
ceded the Revolution, 206 — accession of
Louis XVI. 210 — arrival and reception
of Marie Antoinette, 216 — change in
the system of government necessary,
233— the finances under Turgot, 238—
state of feeling with regard to the
American war, 263 — declares war
against Great Britain in 1776, 264 —
treaty with the American insurgents,
265 — increasing embarrassment of the
finances, 267 — revenue and expendi-
ture, 1781, 268, 269 — the finances at
various periods, 285, 286 — convocation
of the Notables, 286 — spread of a spirit
of innovation, 308 — extent of the
Anglomania, 309 — edict for the convo-
cation of the states-general, 332 — ex-
citement caused by it, 333 — the finances
in 1788, 335, 336— joy upon Necker's
recall, 340 — elections for the states-
general, 350 — errors of the various
parties up to this stage of the Revolu-
tion, 363, et seq. — failure of the Revolu-
tion to establish freedom, 363. — See also
Louis XVI. Necker, &c.
State of science at the date of the
Revolution, ii. 1— opening of the states-
general, 3— -state of the finances as laid
before them, 9 — disturbances during the
contest between the orders, 48, et seq. —
excitement caused by the first usurpa-
tion of the Tiers Etat, 56— injury done
by the Revolution to freedom, 113 — the
monarchy overthrown by the fall of
the Bastile, 110, 116— establishment of
democratic municipalities, 124 — institu-
tion of the national guard, 126 — general
atrocities throughout, 131 — abandon-
ment of feudal rights, 139 — and conse-
quent rejoicings, 141 — report on its
internal state, 148 — increasing embar-
rassment of the finances, 150 — new
constitution, 152, et seq. — division into
departments, 155, note, 185 — increasing
distress throughout the country, 157 —
errors of the nobility, 175 — and of the
people, 176 — new municipal and
other regulations, 186, et seq. — effects
of these changes, 186, 188— state of the
finances, 191 — new establishment of the
church, 193, 198 — origin of the subdi-
vision of land, 196 — prevalent irreligion,
197 — new judicial establishment, 199 —
new military organisation, 204 — dis-
orders in, during 1790, 220— effects of
the. confiscation of land, 260 — general
216
INDEX.
France, continued.
distraction and misery, 1791, 304— ruin
of the navy, 305 — indignation on the
revolt of the 20th June, 328— fall of the
monarchy, 354 — obstacles to the estab-
lishment of freedom, 35(5 — effects of the
invasion by the Allies, 357. — See also
Constituent and Legislative Assemblies,
Louis XVI., &c.
Deterioration of the ruling power, iii.
1 — finances, 1792, 37 — picture of its
state by Roland, 38— its navy in 1792,
105, note— rate of increase of its popu-
lation, 107, note — its revolution con-
trasted with that in Flanders, 130 —
state of it on the breaking out of hos-
tilities, 146 — language of the govern-
ment toward other states, 147 — com-
mercial treaty with Great Britain, in
1786, ib. — warlike disposition of, in
1791, 160 — recriminations between her
and Austria in 1792, 168 — universal
desire for war, 169 — and rejoicings on
its declaration, 171 — views of the Allies
regarding her, ib. — commencement of
her system of propagandism, 174, et
seq. — answer of the government to the
ultimatum of Great Britain, 181 — war
declared against the latter, 182 — her
conduct with regard to the commence-
ment of war, 183 — grounds for the war,
184 — state of her army, 188, et seq. —
invades Flanders, 189 — insubordina-
tion of the army, 190 — invasion of,
determined on by the Allies, 194 — views
of the government, ib. — effect of the
Allied proclamation, 196 — invasion by
the Allies, and forces, 198, 199— their
retreat, 217 — her great successes in this
campaign, 237 — dangers from the treason
of the troops, 239 — efforts made by
her, 240 — her declaration of war
against Great Britain, &c. 249 — in-
creasing distress during 1793, 251 — state
of her finances during that year, 281. — ■
See also Legislative Assembly, National
Convention, &c.
Vehemence of all her wars with Great
Britain, iv. 1— her forces, 1793, 17, 18,
note — general coalition against her, 20,
21 — disorganisation of her armies, 22 —
efforts made by her, and her finances,
23 — her apparently desperate condition,
43 — exertions put forth to meet it, and
state of the country, 44, 45 — talent de-
veloped by the Revolution, 104 — her
weakness at the commencement of the
campaign, 105 — unanimity induced by
the Allies making the war one of con-
quest, 106 — advantages of her frontier
fortresses, 107 — her state after the fall
of the Girondists, 117 — reaction in their
favour, 119 — suppression of this revolt,
122— constitution of 1793, 124— estab-
lishment of revolutionary committees,
125 — their proceedings, 126 — her inter-
nal state at this time, ib. — report on it
by St Just, 129 — destruction of monu-
ments throughout the country, l>
the churches closed, and atheism esta'
lished, 151, 152 — dissoluteness of man-
ners, 153 — suppression of schools, col-
leges, &c, ib. — her finances, 1793, 157
— number of prisoners and executions,
162 — system of forced requisitions, 163
— new regulations regarding the public
debt, 166 — effects of these measures,
171 — picture of her internal state by
Burke, 173 — and by Camille Desmoulins,
177 — principles of the government after
the fall of Danton, 208— tiie establish-
ment of a pure republic the object of
Robespierre, 210, 211 — report by St
Just, 211 — decree banishing all strangers
and ex-nobles, 212 — suppression of all
clubs except the Jacobins, 212, 213 —
absolute supremacy of the committees,
215 — number of prisoners, and their con-
dition, 216 — report on the finances,
May 1794, 242— atrocities in the pro-
vinces, 255, et seq. — apathy of the pro-
prietors, &c. 258 — her military strength,
arising from the Revolution, 307 — her
naval weakness, 308 — divided state of
the royalists, 313 — her ambition urged
by Pitt as a reason for the war, 315 —
importance of the great American con-
voy, 326 — preparations for the campaign
of 1794, 328— concentration of talent in
the army, 329— her forces, 1794, 335—
efforts made during this campaign 392
— her forces and finances, 393— their
progressive increase, 394 — advantages
of her central position and barrier for-
tresses, 395, 396 — spirit displayed by
her, 397. — See also Committee, National
Convention, Robespierre, &c.
Treaty of Bale with Prussia, v. 43—
her exhausted state, 49 — accession of
Spain to the treaty of Bale, 56 — state of
her armies on the Rhine, 68 — her de-
clining military state at this time, 76,
78 — benefit of suffering as shown in her,
81 — rejoicings on the fall of Robespierre,
82 — and on the closing of the Jacobin
clubs, 89 — manners of the population at
this time, 91 — great distress, and agi-
tation induced by it, 94, 99 — relaxa-
tion of the law of the maximum, 106
— cruelties of the royalists, 112 —
constitution of 1795, (the Directorial,)
11(5 — and agitation against it, 118 — on
the successive revolutions, 127 — retribu-
tion which ultimately befell her, 130 —
calamities brought on Italy by her
invasion of it, 165— treaty with Sardinia,
183 — and with Rome, 244 — negotiations
in 1796 with Austria, 233, 234— her
gains by the campaign of 1796, 245 — her
internal state, ib.— peculiar composition
of the army, 246 — her state on the
accession of the Directory, 251 — im-
proved condition of her external rela-
tions, 252— her forces in Germany, 1796,
268 — contributions levied in Germany,
301— new convention with Prussia, 302
stab-
nan-
INDEX.
217
France, continued.
—state of her navy, 1796, 303— treaty of
St Udefonso with Spain, 306 — negotia-
tions with Great Britain , 308, 309— naval
preparation, 1797, 330 — supposed con-
nexion with the mutiny of the British
fleet, 338.— -See also Directory, &c.
Treaty of Leoben with Austria, vi. 19
— and that of Campo Formio, 53 — de-
cline of democratic fervour, 65 — state of
the public mind and manners during
1796, 67 — prevalence of barter and par-
tial revival of trade, 74 — state of the
fundholders, ib.—fof the armies, 75 —
abandonment of the assignat system, 76
— state of the finances, 1796, 77 —
declaration of national bankruptcy, 78 —
continued prevalence of irreligion, 79 —
renewed efforts of the Jacobins, 81 — and
of the royalists, 91 — state of manners,
92— royalist reaction, as shown by the
elections, 93 — revolution of the 18th
Fructidor, 103 — extinction of two-thirds
of the public debt, 109, 122— an equit-
able government was impossible, 112 —
establishment of military despotism, 113
—retribution which overtook her, 114 —
opportunity for the adoption of a pacific
system given by Campo Formio, 116 —
decline of the military spirit, 117 — re-
volutionising of Switzerland, 142 —
measures to force on a contest with that
country, 143 — her alliance forced upon
nt, 161 — impolicy of this attack, 163 —
union of the Irish malcontents with,
207 — threatened rupture in 1798 with
the United States, 215, et seq. — her
encroachments during the peace, 216 —
peace was made impossible by these, 217
— general league against her, 218 — rup-
ture between her and Austria, 222 — the
law of the conscription is adopted, 224 —
retribution which overtook her through
it, 225 — Turkey declares war against
her, 281— her forces in 1799, 321— effects
of the invasion of Switzerland upon her,
325 — revival of her military spirit, 337. —
See also Directory, &c.
Danger of her situation after the
Trebbia, vii. 1 — her losses during this
campaign, 2 — her error in attacking
Switzerland, 3 — her losses during.1799,
65 — her internal situation, 66 — causes
of the failing of her power, 74 — apathy
after the 18th Fructidor, 76— difficulties
of the government, 77 — state of the
finances, &c. ib. — general dissatisfaction
after the new elections, ib. — revolution
of the 30th Prairial, 81— forced loan and
conscription, 84 — state of the provinces,
ib. — financial statement, 86 — state at
this time, 91 — return of Napoleon from
Egypt, 92 — general rejoicings on the
overthrow of the Directory, 116 — the
new (or Consular) constitution, 117 —
abrogation of the power of the people by
it, 120 — elective franchise, &c. as de-
fined by it, 121— majority by whom the
constitution is accepted, 124 — freedom
had been rendered impossible, 125 — all
subsequent changes were of the palace,
126 — effects of the irreligion of the coun-
try, 127 — centralisation of power occa-
sioned by the Revolution, 129 — hopeless-
ness of the cause of freedom, 131 — negotia-
tions with Great Britain in 1799, 134, 135
— discontented state of the affiliated re-
publics, 161 — preparations for renewing
the contest, 162 — state of her finances,
ib. — injustice of the forced loans, and
effects of Napoleon's government, 163 —
establishment of his secret police, 173—
plans of Napoleon for architectural em-
bellishment, 177 — improvement of her
state and prospects, 179 — her forces at
the opening of the campaign of Marengo,
181 — disasters under the Directory, 259
— sudden resurrection under Napoleon,
ib. 260 — advantages from the campaign
of Marengo, 268 — negotiations with
Austria, 270 — her preparations, 273 —
treaty of Luneville, 328 — advantages of
Napoleon's rule to her, 332, 333 — change
in the system of war by her, 333 — pillage
by her armies, 334 — effect of her exac-
tions, 335 — her treaty in 1787 with
Great Britain regarding the rights of
neutrals, 343 — maritime treaty with the
United States, 348. — See also Directory,
Buonaparte, Napoleon.
Rejoicings in, on the battle of Alge-
siraz, viii. 41 — negotiations with Great
Britain, 1801, 53 — the first proposals of
the latter rejected, 54 — signing of the
preliminaries of Amiens, 55 — rejoicings
on its conclusion, 56 — treaties with
Turkey, Bavaria, the United States,
&c, 59 — and with Russia, 60 — defini-
tive treaty of Amiens signed, 70 — her
military strength at the conclusion of
hostilities, 73 — her revenue, 74 — her
debts and commerce, 75 — her internal
state on Napoleon's accession, 82— con-
stitutional freedom impossible, 84 — he
created First Consul for ten years ad-
ditional, 104 — state of religion at this
time, ib. — its re-establishment by him,
108 — discontent excited by this, 109 —
and rejoicings in the rural districts, 113
— return of the emigrants, and partial
restoration of their property, 117, et seq.
— statement of the finances, &c. 119—-
entire amount of confiscation, ib. — im-
possibility of freedom from the latter,
121 — measures for public instruction,
122, et seq. — for recruiting the army and
navy, 125 — for colonial administration,
126— state of the finances, 1802, 128—
statistical details, 129, note — mode of
fixing the cadastre, 129 — new system of
it, 130, et seq. — new municipal consti-
tution, 133 — majority in favour of the
life-consulate, 140 — new constitution,
144 — formation of the code, 153, et
seq. — law of succession as defined by it,
157 — subdivision of property effected
218
INDEX.
France, continued.
thereby, 159 — and effects of this on
freedom, 160 — law of marriage and
divorce, 161 — licentiousness of manners,
162 — effects of Napoleon's administra-
tion, ib. — prosperity of the country, and
public works begun, 164 — state of the
finances, ib. note — the revolt of St
Domingo, 167 — annexation of Piedmont,
205 — and of Parma, Placentia, &c.
206 — co-operation between her and
Prussia with regard to the German
idemnities, 208 — her conquests guaran-
teed by the latter power, 209 — growing
alienation from Great Britain, 240, et
seq. — preparations for war, 247, 249 —
negotiations regarding Malta, 251 — de-
clares war, 252— arrest of all the British
travellers, ib. — stretches of power made
by her during peace, 264 — and growth
of her military power, 265 — preparations
for war, 270 — exhaustion of the popula-
tion eligible for service, 280 — military
force and finances, 1803, 282 — rupture
between her and Russia, 298 — and
Sweden, 315 — and Turkey, 316— inter-
nal measures, 317 — rejoicings through-
out, 319 — her favourable state, 1804,
335 — general concurrence in Napoleon's
assumption of the imperial throne, 375
— obstacles to the establishment of free-
dom, 384 — centralisation of power, 386
— destruction of the liberty of the press,
387.
Commencement of indirect taxation,
ix. 5 — state of the finances, 6 — incor-
poration of Genoa, 33 — and of Parma
and Placencia, 37 — alliance of Russia,
Austria, and Great Britain against her,
38, 39, 40— attempts of Prussia to
mediate, 41 — manifesto stating the
grounds of war, 42 — correspondence
with Prussia on the subject of Han-
over, 44 — number of live stock as com-
pared with that in Austria, 120 — cession
of Neufchatel, &c. to her, 221 — growth
of her military power during peace, 232
— continued decay of her naval power,
235 — Pitt's early favour toward her,
246 — increased public burdens con-
sequent on the revolution of 1830, 254,
note — financial crisis of 1806, 326 —
its ostensible causes, 327, 328 — true
cause of the crisis, 329, 331, 332 — means
by which it had hitherto been postponed,
331 — financial changes introduced, 333
— excess of expenditure over receipts,
ib.— budget for 1805, 334— report on
the public works, 335, 336 — naval de-
feats sustained by her, 350 — entire de-
struction of her fleets, 353 — greatness of
her navy under Louis XVI. 354 — its cha-
racter, and that of its officers, 357 —
increasing coldness between her and
Prussia, 365, 366 — encroachments in
the north of Germany, 370 — causes of
discord between her and Russia, 377 —
negotiations with Great Britain, 382, et
seq— rupture of the negotiations, 387—
ultimatum of Prussia, 388 — and pre-
parations for war, ib.
Her manufactures, as compared with
those of Prussia and Great Britain, x.
4 — comparison of crime in her and in
the former, 11 — inclination of that
power to alliance with her, 12 — com-
mencement of hostilities, 20 — she is
joined by Saxony, 67 — formal treaty
witli that power, 83 — anticipation of
the population by the conscription, 163
— precarious nature of Napoleon's
power, 165 — endeavours of Austria to
mediate, 251 — measures of internal
administration, 265 — finances, 1807,
268 — the treaty of Tilsit, 322 — losses
sustained during this campaign, 332 —
retribution which overtook her, 335.
Secret negotiations of Tippoo Saib
with her, xi. 47 — aim of the British
orders in council, 155 — suppression of
the Tribunate, 177 — and ready submis-
sion of the country to it, 179 — establish-
ment of the censorship of the press, 181
— entire prostration of literature, 182 —
change in the judicial system, 185— thirst
for public employment, 186— rapid pro-
gress of centralisation, 188, 226 — the
system of government, 190— re -establish-
ment of titles of honour, 191 — discon-
tent of the republican party with this
step, 198 — progress of court etiquette,
200— internal prosperity of the empirte,
201— statement of the finances, 1808 to
1813, and the foreign contributions, 202
— report upon the public works, 203 —
the finances, 1808, 206 — new law of
high treason, 207 — the prisons and their
inmates, 208 — trivial grounds of com-
mittal to these, 210 — slavish obedience
to Napoleon's authority, 213 — amount of
the conscriptions, ib. note — and rigour
of the conscription laws, 214, et seq. —
system of education, 215, et seq. 218 —
rapid transition from republican to des-
potic ideas, 219 — contrast between its
revolution and the English, ib. — alacrity
with which slavery was hailed, 220 — the
violence of the Revolution the cause of
this, 221 — the revolution originated in
desire of elevation, 222, et seq. — corrup-
tion of public opinion it produced, 225 —
debasing effects of centralisation, 227 —
the republicans overthrew freedom, 229
— despotism was then unavoidable,
and permanent since, 230 — treaty with
Denmark, 278 — annexation of Tuscany,
&c. 282 — new conscription, 319.
Strength of her army at the com-
mencement of the Peninsular war, xii.
15 — its state of discipline and equipment,
&c. 16 — parallel between it and the
British, 20 — picture of the two, 24, note
— conscription of 1808, and consump-
tion of life as shown by it, 137 — subsi-
diary treaty with Prussia, ib.— rthe cam-
paign of 1808 unfavourable, 189 — cha»
INDEX.
219
France, continued.
racter of her troops, 196, 197 — she is
the representative of the democratic
principle, 198 — forces in Germany, and
their distribution, 1809, 207— efferves-
cence there against her, 209 — angry
communications between her and
Austria, 211 — 'hostilities resolved on,
212 — last diplomatic communications
between them, 215 — exactions in north-
ern Germany, 358.
Her uniform fall on the capture of her
capital, xiii. 64 — contrast between her
and Austria in adversity, 67 — the aban-
donment of Antwerp to her in 1830, 73 —
her position in 1809 with reference to
Russia, 99 — negotiations with Austria,
ib. — treaty of Vienna, 104, et seq. — recep-
tion of the"pope,136 — incorporation of the
Roman states with her empire, 138 — her
military power in 1809, 143— reception
of Marie Louise, 280 — effect upon her of
the despondency prevalent in Great
Britain, 304.
Character of her literature before the
Revolution, and influence of that catas-
trophe upon it, xiv. 6, 7 — the struggle
for freedom in her, and that in the
United States, &c. 12, 13— the repeal
of the Berlin and Milan decrees pro-
mised by her, 84 — negotiations in 1811
regarding the exchange of prisoners,
103, 370 — her colonial empire extin-
guished, 110 — state of her troops in
Spain, 1810, 139— their difficulties there,
243 — shipping employed in the British
trade with her, 369 — her troops in Spain
at various times during 1811 and 1812,
371.
Her power in 1812, xv. 1 — and com-
mencement of her fall, 4, 5 — incorpora-
tion of Catalonia, 34 — annexation of
the Valais, the Hanse Towns, and Olden-
burg, 210 — annexation of Hanover, 214
— rejoicings on the birth of the King of
Rome, 215, 216 — suffering occasioned
by the continental system, 217 — troops
quartered in Prussia, 218— new treaty
with that power, ib. — and with Austria,
219 — arrangements and preparations, in
view of a rupture with Russia, 224 — last
negotiations between them, 225 — and
rupture, 226 — cost of her army as com-
pared with that of the Russian, 240,
note — enthusiasm in, on the expedition
to Russia, 268 — her military forces at
this time, 274 — levy of the ban and
arriere-ban, 275 — the conscription be-
gins to cease being productive, ib. — the
grand army, 1812, ib. — arrangement
and intended movements of its corps,
277 — departure of the emperor for Rus-
sia, 278 — new levy ordered, 329 — de-
tails of her forces in Russia and Spain,
369.
Endurance of cold shown by her
native soldiers, xvi. 71 — losses during
the Russian expedition, 84 — rupture
between her and Prussia, 124 — .osten-
sible grounds of hostility, 126, 127 —
arrival of Napoleon from Russia, 129 —
his uncertain tenure of his power, 140 —
provision made for a regency, 141 — gene-
ral conscription in 1813, ib. — exhaustion
of her military resources, 142 — concordat
of 1813, 147 — state of religion, 148 —
last statistical report under Napoleon,
152 — population as returned by it, ib. —
sums expended on public works, 153 —
finances and military strength, 155 —
her navy, 156 — danger to Great Britain
from it, 157 — failure of the conscrip-
tion, 158 — and causes of this, 159 —
diminution of the age and height requi-
site for the army, 160" — losses of military
stores in Prussia, 161, 162 — second levy
for 1813, ib. — levy of the Gardes
d'Honneur and maritime conscription,
164 — force thus collected, ib. — seizure
of the property of the communes, 165 —
progress of the cadastre, 166 — failure
of these financial measures, and arbi-
trary exactions, 167 — adherence of
Saxony to her, 168, 169— Sweden de-
clares against her, 178, 179 — is joined
by Denmark, 180 — her moral weakness,
and its causes, 183 — Marie Louise ap-
pointed regent, 197 — contrasted with
Germany as regards patriotism, 270 —
progress in her warlike resources, 271 —
these were now exhausted, 272- — con-
trast of this progress with that of Great
Britain, ib. — contrast between the
general resources of the two, 274 —
effects of the revolution in deteriorating
hers, 275 — spoliation by her system of
war, ib. — statistics, 1813, from Monta-
livet's last report, 391 — expenditure
upon public works, 392 — finances,
393.
Alliance and treaty with Denmark,
xvii. 61 — her state of military exhaus-
tion, 1813, 96 — total forces in that year,
98 — reply to the manifesto of Austria,
105 — the invasion urged upon Welling-
ton by the home government, 340 —
entrance of Wellington into, 346 — his
measures to prevent plunder, 347 —
benefits to him from these, and contrast
between them and Soult's system, 348
— discontent excited by the exactions
of the latter, 349.
Results of the campaign of 1813 to
her, xviii. 1 — trial of her by misfortune,
2 — measures of the government after
Leipsic, 3 — new taxes imposed, ib.~
discontent prevailing throughout her,
4, 11 — state of the army, 5, 6— adminis-
tration of, Marie Louise as regent, 7 —
new conscriptions in the autumn of this
year, 8 — and during the winter, 9 —
increasing severity of the laws against
the conscripts, 11 — opening of the legis-
lative body, 22 — opposition to Napoleon
in the chamber of deputies, 23, et seq.
— dissolution of the chamber, 27— de-
220
INDEX.
France, continued.
fensive preparations and finances, 30 —
completion of the grand alliance against
her, 44 — the Allied plans of invasion,
52 — entrance of the Allies into, 64,
65 — commencement of the movement
in favour of the Bourbons, 108 —
oblivion of them during the Revolution,
109 — royalist organisation which had
existed, ib. — royalist committees, 110 —
royalist movement throughout, 115 —
landing of the Bourbon princes, 116 —
treaty of the Allies against her at
Chaumont, 163 — decrees for rousing the
peasantry, 179 — conclusion of the war
in the South, 279 — embarkation of the
British army from, 282 — deliberations
regarding the succession, 361 — declara-
tion of the Allies not to treat with
Napoleon, 363— and its effect through-
out the country, 364 — appointment of
a provisional government, 365 — formal
dethronement of Napoleon, 366 — ad-
hesion to the new government, 368 —
appointments to office under it, 369 —
adhesion of the army to it, ib. — Louis
XVIII. called to the throne, 398— his
arrival and reception, 400 — conventions
for the cession of all her conquests, 401,
402 — fortresses, &c. thus abandoned,
402, 403— settlement of its boundaries
by the treaty of Paris, 404 — generosity
of the Allies to her, 406— effect on her
of the occupation of Paris, 414 — was
the effect of the demoralisation pro-
duced by the revolution, 416 — misfor-
tune made Napoleon unpopular, 417 —
he was impelled into war by the nature
of the revolution, 418, 419 — levies on,
during the revolution, 420, note — pro-
gressive phases of the revolution, 421
— illustration in its history of the
downward progress of sin, 423 — impos-
sibility of a free government, 426, 427 —
the garrisons surrendered by the treaty
of Paris, 435.
Attachment of the population to their
landed possessions, xix. 30 — anticipa-
tions regarding her after the peace, 191
— disappointment of these, 192 — diffi-
culties of Louis XVIII. and his govern-
ment, 215 — divisions in his councils, ib.
— views of the king himself, and forma-
tion of the constitution, 216 — proceed-
ings on the promulgation of the charter,
and its reception, 217 — difficulties of
the government of the restoration, 221
— terrors of the regicides and of the
army, 222 — penury and embarrassments
of the government, 223 — revenue, &c.
and system of government of the Bour-
bons, 224 — interferences and arrange-
ments toward the army, 225, 227 —
errors in the civil administration , 226 —
character of the ministry, 228 — com-
plaints against the government, 229 —
financial difficulties, 230 — is admitted
as a principal at the congress of Vienna,
232 — secret treaty there with Great
Britain, &c. 236 — opposition there to
the abolition of the slave trade, 243 —
landing of Napoleon from Elba, 255, et
seq. — state of public feeling on it, 263 —
general defection of the army, 268 —
flight of the king, 270 — and arrival of
Napoleon in Paris, 272 — general stupor
throughout the country, 276 — royalist
movements in the south, 278 — their
suppression, 280 — military preparations,
287 — influence of Fouche' and the re-
publican party, 288 — financial difficul-
ties, 290 — formation of the constitution,
291 — the Acte Additionnel, 292— dis-
content caused by it, ib. — composition
of the Chamber of Deputies, 299 — the
meeting of the Champ de Mai, 300 —
the acceptance of the constitution, 301.
Entry and advance of the Allies, xx.
5— removal of the works of art from,
17 — requisitions which had been levied
by her, 19 — amount of the Allied forces
by which she was now occupied, 20 —
second treaty of Paris, 21 — difficulties
of the government of the second resto-
ration, 31, et seq. — losses under the
empire, and gains during the restora-
tion, 34 — statistics of her commerce,
1807 to 1836, 35, note— general effect of
the revolution on her, 41 — effect of the
confiscation of church property, 42 —
and of the destruction of the old aristo-
cracy, 43 — great subdivision of land in,
47— deterioration of agriculture in con-
sequence, 48 — amount of sales of land,
49 — deterioration of the condition of
the people, 51 — the producing powers
of the agriculturists, 52 — deterioration
of the breed of horses, ib. — immorality
of the people as shown by the legiti-
mate and illegitimate births, 53 — con-
sumption of animal food, 54 — social
and domestic results of the Revolution,
56 — it has substituted Asiatic for Euro-
pean civilisation, 57 — her maritime
losses during the war, 60 — influence of
Catholicism on her, 83 — restoration of
the body of Napoleon to her, 104.— See
also Buonaparte, Napoleon ; Louis
XVIII. &c.
France, the isle of, blockaded by the
British, xiii. 166 — its subjugation, xiv.
107.
Franceschi, general, at Corunna, xii. 181.
Franche Comte, cruelties of the peasantry
in, ii. 135 — is overrun by the Allies,
xviii. 68.
Franchise, numbers entitled to, in Great
Britain, i. 367, note — effects of the free,
in France, 1789, 367 — change in it
introduced by the Assembly, ii. 188 —
establishment of it in Spain by the
Cortes, xiv. 133— its state in Canada,
xix. 79.
Francis I. of France, i. 87— violation of
his tomb, iv. 145, 146— his sword carried
off from Spain, xi. 331. »
INDEX.
221
Francis I. of Austria, the father of Marie
Antoinette, i. 215.
Francis II. of Austria, accession and cha-
racter of, iii. 172 — iv. 340 — contemplates
giving up Flanders, 341 — sets out for
Vienna, 342— vi. 372, note— signs the
treaty of Luneville in name of the Ger-
manic empire, vii. 328, 329 — his apology
to the electors and princes for this, 329
— proclamation by him after Ulm, ix.
170, note — leaves Vienna for the army,
170 — proposes peace after Ulm, 180 —
retires from Vienna, 186 — and with-
draws to Brunn, 188— Armistice proposed
after Austerlitz, 214 — interview of, with
Napoleon, 216— renounces the imperial
crown of Germany, and assumes the
title of emperor of Austria, 374 — his
address on the occasion, 375, note —
correspondence with Napoleon, 1808, xii.
202 — inclines to war, 205 — negotiations
after Echmuhl, 251, note — proclamation
to the Tyrolese, 354 — his disinclination
to the armistice of Znaym, xiii. 62 —
offers to resign his crown in 1809, 106 —
honours conferred on Hofer by, 115 —
meeting with Napoleon at Dresden in
1812, xv. 278— eftorts of Napoleon to
secure his alliance, 1812, xvi. 129 — nego-
tiations with the Allies, 1813, xvii. 63 —
his determination to join them, 83 — his
adhesion to the treaty of Reichenbach,
84, 85 — reception of Alexander and
Frederick William by him, 115 — and of
Moreau, 122 — Napoleon's proposals to
him at Leipsic, 251 — his entry into
Leipsic, 273— his secret views regarding
Napoleon in 1813, xviii. 58 — attempts of
the French emperor to negotiate sepa-
rately with him, 123, 124 — communica-
tions between them, 137 — his danger at
Chaumont, 327 — his views regarding the
settlement of France, 360. — See also
Austria.
Francisco, Don, xi. 344 — at Bayonne,
349.
Francois, a baker, murder of. ii. 179.
Francois, Jean, a leader of the Haytian
insurrection, viii. 171.
Francois de Neuf chateau, M., vi. 99 —
appointed Director, 106.
Franconia, contributions levied by the
French on, v. 301, note — is overrun by
the Austrians in 1809, xii. 373 — is re-
occupied by the French, xiii. 9.
Frank, Dr, xviii. 358, note.
Franks, subjugation of Gaul by the, i. 51, 75
— this the remote cause of the revolution ,
14 — their rapid degeneracy, 20 — causes
which restored their courage, 23, 78, 79
— oppression of the aborigines by them,
75 — their independent spirit, 76.
Frankenthal, capture of, by the French,
iii. 220.
Franklin, Benjamin, xiv. 2 — intimacy of
Huskisson with, 73.
Franklin, the, at Aboukir, vi. 273.
Frankfort on the Maine, advance of the
French to, iii. 221 — recaptured by the
Allies, 235— taken by the French, 1796,
v. 301, note — threatened by Hoche, vi.
41 — exactions of the French from it in
1806, ix. 370 — proclamation by its
senate, 391 — Napoleon's arrival at,
after Leipsic, xvii. 289 — arrival of the
Allies at it, 291 — proposals made from
it by them, xviii. 19, 20, 21 — treaties at,
regarding the German confederacy, 40.
Frankfort on the Oder, occupation of, by
Augereau, x. 59.
Franquemont, general, xvii. 384.
Franzisko, general, xvi. 110, note.
Fraser, general, at Rosetta, x. 230.
Fraser, general, defeat of Holkar by, at
Dieg, xi. 120— -is wounded there, 122.
Fraser, major, at San Sebastian, xvi. 350
—death of, there, 351.
Fraser, see also Frazer.
Frassinet, general, xvii. 384.
Fraternisation, first avowal of, in France,
iii. 147.
Frauenbrunne, combat of, vi, 153.
Frauendorf, retreat of Benningsen to, x.
139.
Frazer, general, at Corunna, xii. 180, 183.
Frazer. lieutenant, at Burgos, xv. 87.
Frederick, general, death of, xvii. 265.
Frederick the Great, on the suppression of
the Jesuits in France, L 131, note — his
intimacy with Voltaire, 138 — encourage-
ment given by him to French infidelity,
154 — his correspondence with Voltaire,
155, note — reception of Lafayette by .
him, ii. 32, note — opposition of, to the
designs of Austria, iii. 127 — his military
system, 131, 132, 133— last public mea-
sure of, 148— dangers to Austria from,
ix. 105— visit of Frederick William and
Alexander to his tomb, 173 — visit of
Napoleon to it, and trophies carried off
by him, x. 68 — rise of Prussia under him,
2 — xiv. 2 — services of Blucher under
him, xvii. 88, 89.
Frederick, prince, xix. 340.
Frederick Augustus, king of Saxony, ef-
forts of the Allies to gain, in 1813, xvi.
168 — abides by his alliance with Napo-
leon, 169 — retires from Dresden, and
proclamation, ib. — his position at this
time, 199 — compelled to go fully into the
French alliance, 225 — returns to Dres-
den, 228 — his reception there, 229 — xvii.
116— at the battle of Dresden, 150— de-
parture from that city, 224 — accompanies
Napoleon to Leipsic, 232 — at the battle
of Leipsic, 267 — his last interview with
Napoleon, 269 — is taken prisoner, 272
— treatment of him by the Allies, xviii.
40 — at the congress of Vienna, xix. 232
—settlement of his affairs by it, 241.— See
also Saxony.
Frederick William II., king of Prussia,
accession and character of, iii. 148 —
measures to arrest the designs of Austria,
149 — disposition of, in 1790, iii. 152 — is
a party to the treaty of Pilnitz, 155 — his
INDEX.
Frederick William IT., continued.
pacific disposition, 157 — his views at the
opening of the war, 171, 173, note —
anecdote of him, 200, note — his secret
views in 1792, 193, 194 — advocates ad-
vancing upon Paris, 212 — terms offered
by him, 213 — retreats, and motives which
led to this, 215 — movements of, upon
the Rhine, 235 — crosses that river, 1793,
iv. 34 — increasing disposition of, to with-
draw from the alliance, 70 — letter on
the coalition, 331— his actual secession
from it, 370 — his invasion of Poland, iii.
195, v. 33 — besieges Warsaw, 34 — treaty
of Bale with France, 43 — his motives in
it, 44, note — his death and character,
vi. 41. — See also Prussia.
Frederick William III., accession and
character of, vi. 42 — his early policy and
first measures, 43 — his continued neu-
trality in 1800, vii. 276— friendship with
the emperor Alexander, ix. 136 — refuses
a passage through his territories to the
Russian troops, 139 — visit with Alex-
ander to the tomb of Frederick, 173—
alliance between them, ib. — relapses into
his temporising policy, 174 — conditional
acceptance of the treaty for the annex-
ation of Hanover, 222, 366 — uncondi-
tionally takes possession of that king-
dom, 367 — preparations for the war with
France, 376 — manners of his court, x.
11 — his efforts for a reconciliation with
Great Britain and Russia, 12 — prepara-
tory movements, 24 — renounces the
offensive, 26— movements toward a gen-
eral battle, 29 — offers of peace from
Napoleon, 30 — position of his forces, 31
— his army divided, and he moves on
Auerstadt, 31, 40 — his defeat there, 41
— his conduct and retreat, 45 — narrow
escape during the retreat, 47 — losses
during it, 48 — leaves Hohenlohe in com-
mand, and retires to Magdeburg, 49 —
offers to treat, 67 — negotiations subse-
quently, 78 — convention signed, 79 —
which he refuses to ratify, 80 — letter from
him proposing peace, 157, note — letter
from Gustavus of Sweden to him, 258 —
at Bartenstein, 283 — during the negotia-
tions at Tilsit, and terms of that treaty,
317, 320 — proclamation to his ceded
provinces, 331 — fresh convention in
1807, xi. 239 — seizure of works of art
from him, 241 — dismisses Haugwitz and
the peace party, 242 — and accession of
Stein, 243 — interview with Alexander,
xii. 139 — returns to Berlin, 146 — resolves
on remaining neutral in 1809, 203 —
fresh treaty with Napoleon in 1810, xv.
218— meeting with the latter at Dresden
in 1812, 278 — his first measures on the
conclusion of the Moscow retreat, xvi.
102, 103 — his embarrassment on the
conclusion of York's convention, 107 —
at first disavows it, 108 — his flight to
Breslau, 117 — his anxiety to keep on
terms with Napoleon, ib. — enthusiasm
in his dominions, 118 — continued diffi-
culties and indecision, and proposals
made to Napoleon, 122 — treaty of
Kalisch, 124 — interview with Alex-
ander, 125 — last negotiations with
France, 126— efforts in 1813 to gain
Saxony, 169— his preparations, 182—
the order of the Iron Cross, ib. — pro-
clamation on commencing the campaign,
187— his forces for it, 189— his entry
into Dresden, 204. 205— his habits there,
207 — disposition of his forces at Lutzen,
212— and at Bautzen, 235, 237, 248—
convention of Dresden and treaty of
Reichenbach, xvii. 57 — conventions of
Peterswalde and London, 59 — treaty
with Sweden, 60 — secret understanding
with Austria, 62 — cordiality of his
friendship with Alexander, 98 — his
exultation on the junction of Austria,
115 — his arrival at Prague, ib. — at the
battle of Dresden, 155, 156 — his entry
into Leipsic, 273 — and during the pur-
suit, 282— strong feeling against Napo-
leon, xviii. 58 — at the passage of the
Rhine, 64— at La Rothiere, 80— at the
council of Bar-sur-Aube, 145 — at the
battle of Bar-sur-Aube, 168 — at Arcis,
304, 306 — agrees to the march on Paris,
314 — at Fere Champenoise, 321 — entrv
into Paris, 352, 356, 357— at the council
for the settlement of France, 362, 363 —
reception in Paris, 377 — his visit to Great
Britain, 411 — at the congress of Vienna,
xLx. 231 — his views there on Saxony,
233.— -See also Prussia.
Frederickstadt, capture of, bv the Swedes,
xix. 203.
Free trade, principles of, as held by the
French Economists, i. 160 — internal,
established in France, i. 238, et seq. — the
establishment of this again proposed, 283.
Free trade, early efforts of Pitt on behalf
of, ix. 246 — influence of Huskisson in
introducing the system, xiv. 74, 76 —
movement in favour of, xx. 94.
Freedom, the establishment of, confined
to modern times, i. 5 — is impossible in
the early stages of society, 6— and not
desirable, 7 — causes which prevent its
growth, 8 — and those which first foster
its development, ib. et seq. — its limited
extent in Greece, 10 — extension by the
Romans of the rights of citizenship, 11 —
effects of the irruption of the northern
barbarians, 12 — they at first establish
the subjection of the vanquished, 13 —
the early mode of war unfavourable to
it, 14 — and the want of representative
governments, 15 — influence upon it of
their establishment, 17 — early attach-
ment of the barons to it, 18 — subversion
of the feudal, 23 — its decline in Spain,
France, and Germany, 24 — and in Eng-
land, 25 — its rise in the south of
Europe, 27 — in the Italian republics,
2S — its limited nature and decline there,
29— its rise and decline in Flanders, 31
INDEX.
223
Freedom, continued.
— causes which restored it, namely,
Christianity, 32 ; the discovery of print-
ing, 35 ; and that of gunpowder, 37 ;
the introduction of artificial wants, 38
— its absence in Asia, 33, 34 — influence
of standing armies on it, 40 — present
dangers to it from popular license, 41 —
the slow growth of durable, 42, 100 —
circumstances which fostered it in Eng-
land, 51, et seq. — causes which began
to check its growth, 54 — effect of the
Norman conquest upon it, 55, 56 — and
of the insular situation of England, 57
• — general effect of these causes in
fostering it, 59 — the peculiar character
of the Norman conquest with regard to
it, 61 — effects on it of the wars with
France, ib. 62 — of the power of the
crown, 63 — of the freedom of the coun-
try from invasion, ib. — and of primo-
geniture, 64 — decline of the feudal, 67
— its revival by the Reformation, 68 —
its development in France : effect of the
rise of the boroughs upon it, 79 — ob-
stacles to it in the dependence of the
crown, 80 — and in the want of yeo-
manry, ib. 81 — first germ of ft in the
boroughs of Flanders, 82 — repressed by
the battle of Resebecque, 83 — contrast
between the English and French strug-
gles for it, ib. — causes which checked
its growth in France, 84, et seq. — cha-
racteristics of that of antiquity, 114 —
perils to which it is exposed in Great
Britain, 117 — dangers to it from the
elevation of the middle and lower
classes, 118 — necessity of military
courage to its maintenance, 121 — its
early defence in France by the parlia-
ments, 174, 175 — failure of the French
Revolution to establish it, 363, ii. 188,
356 — difference between the love of it
and the democratic passion, i. 367 — and
the passion for power, 369 — insuffi-
ciency of knowledge alone to prepare
for it, ii. 2 — injury done to it by the
Revolution, 113 — influence upon it of
the law of succession, 225, viii. 160 —
efforts of the English for it, iii. 90 —
effects of long-continued, x. 208 — means
of securing it amid democratic passion,
vi. 65 — rendered impossible in France,
vii. 125, 131, viii. 121, 384, 385, xviii.
426 — distinction between the dangerous
and the safe spirit of it, vii. 131 — was
impracticable at the time of Napoleon's
accession, viii. 84 — its principles not
attended to in the Revolution, xi. 223
— the republicans who overthrew it, 229.
Freedom, universality of, among the
Cossacks, xv. 245.
Freedom, unfitness of Ireland for, vi. 205,
ix. 22.
Freedom, consolidation of, in North
America, i. 1.
Freedom, acquisition of, in Russia by
service in the armv. xv. 213.
Freedom, love of, in the Tyrol, xii. 326—
degree of practical, enjoyed, 327.
Freedom of the press, establishment of,
designed by Malesherbes, i. 242 — pro-
visions for it by the constitution of 1795,
v. 117 — supported by the royalists in
1797, vi. 96— -motion for restraining it,
ib. — See also Press.
Freedom of thought, in France, before
the Revolution, i. 121.
Freemantle, captain, at Vera Cruz, v.
363, 364— rescue of the archduke Maxi-
milian by, xvii. 315.
Freemasonry, anecdote connected with,
x. 286, note — its prevalence in Prussia,
iii. 133.
Freemen, number of, iu the Crecian
republics, i. 10— during the later periods
of the Roman empire, 15 — in the Italian
republics, 29 — among the Anglo-Saxons,
54 — and in Gaul, 74.
Freiburg, capture of a French detach-
ment at, xvii. 208 — defeat of the French
rearguard at, 278.
Freidberg, services of Soult at, v. 272, note.
Freire, general, murder of, xiii. 214.
Freire, see Frere and Freyre.
Freisach, defeat of the Austrians at, 1797,
vi. 16.
Frejus, action in the bay of, v. 51 — arrival
of Napoleon from Egypt at, vi. 316, vii.
92 — his journey to it in 1814, xviii. 386
— his embarkation there, 387.
Frenade, the abbacy of, ii. 26, note
Frenant, general, xviii. 434.
French academy, the, founded, i. 89.
Frenchtown, defeat of the Americans at,
xix. 121.
Frere, Mr, ambassador at Madrid, on the
treaty of St Ildefonso, viii. 323, et seq. —
ambassador to Spain in 1809, xii. 133 —
the advance of Moore urged by him, 168
— charges brought against him in parlia-
ment, xiii. 150, 151.
Frere, general, at Lubeck, x. 62 — defeats
the Spaniards at Segovia, xii. 55 — sub-
sequent movements, 70.
Freron, a Jacobin leader, denunciation
of the queen bv, ii. 247— at the revolt of
the Champ de Mars, 254— at the 10th
August, 352 — member of the Conven-
tion, iii. 35 — incendiary writings of, 281
— at Toulon, iv. 101, et seq. — on the
reign of terror, 223 — is doomed by
Robespierre, 263, 264, note — proposal
by him for Robespierre's overthrow, 270
— on the 9th Thermidor, 280 — moves the
impeachment of Fouquier Tinville, v.
85.
Fresia, general, at Alcolea, xii. 75 — before
Bautzen, xvi. 233.
Fretau, M., i. 318— banished to the
Hieres, 319.
Freudenberg, losses of the French at, v.
290.
Freya, case of the, vii. 350.
Freyre, general, xii. 107— at the Nivelle,
xvii 354, 358— atrocities of his troops in
224
INDEX.
Freyre, continued.
France, 359 — is sent back into
360, xviii. 243, 255— at Toulouse," 265,
266, 269, 270, 275.
Freytag, marshal, iv. 57, 58 — combats of,
1793, 59.
Friant, general, at Heliopolis, viii. 7, 8 —
defeated by Abercromby, 19 — at Auer-
stadt, x. 43, 44— at Golvmin, 119— at
Eylau, 150, 151 — xi. 195, note — at
Thaun, xii. 226 — at Wagram, xiii. 41,
42, 43 — wounded at Busaco, 330 — at
Borodino, xv. 347 — forces under, 1813,
xvii. 383— at Craone, xviii. 183— wound-
ed at Waterloo, xix. 360.
Friburg, democratic revolt in, vi. 149 —
captured by the French, 152 — contribu-
tions levied on it, 155, 161, notes — cap-
tured by the Swiss, viii. 227 — declares
against Napoleon, xviii. 43.
Frickthal, cession of the, to Switzerland,
vi. 54.
Friedberg, actions at, 1796, v. 283, 293.
Friedland, movements of the parties be-
fore, x. 295 — description of the held of,
296— battle of, 302.
Friedrich, general, xvii. 384.
Friedrichsort, capture of, by the Allies,
xvii. 296.
Friesland, overrun by the French, iv. 386
— their overthrow in it, xvii. 294.
Frimont, general, convention with the
Russians, 1813, xvi. 175 — forces under
him, 1814, xviii. 432 — at Tolentino, xix.
295.
Frisching, combats on the, x. 310.
Friuli, cession of, to Austria, vi. 20.
Frochot, conduct of, on Malet's conspiracy,
xvi. 134 — is removed from office, 139,
140 — during the Hundred days, xix. 277.
Froelich, general, joins the archduke
Charles in 1796, v. 285, 286—294, vi. 340
— at Legnago, 341 — on the Adige, 342
— at Magnano, 343, 344 — in Piedmont,
370 — besieges Coni, 375 — recalled to the
Trebbia, 376— at that battle, 379— and
during the pursuit, 383 — at Novi, vii.
12.
Frolic, capture of the, xix. 105 — recap-
tured, 137.
Fromenteau, Napoleon at, xviii. 351.
Frontier fortresses, importance of, iv. 107,
vii. 262, 263 — advantages of hers to
France, iv. 329, 395, 396.
Frost of 1812-13, the, xvi. 161— during
the Moscow retreat, 33 — physical effects
of it, 36, 69 — Napoleon's losses before it
set in, 89, note.
Frotte, count Louis de, execution of, vii.
164.
Fftente Guinaldo, Wellington retires to,
xiv. 276 — his danger there, 278.
Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, xiii. 347.
Fugieres, general, at Aboukir, vi. 312.
Fullarton, colonel, successes of, against
Tippoo Saib, xi. 24
Fulton, the inventor of steam vessels, viii.
52.
Funding system, advantages of the, ix.
286— its dangers, 287 — Pitt's views on
it, 288 — change in the employment of
it, after Campo Formio, 289 — his un-
due extension of it, 305— its great im-
mediate advantages, 316.— -See also Fi~
nancial system.
Furca, capture of, by the French, vii.
24.
Furruckabad, battle of, xi. 122, 123.
Furstemburg, prince, death of, vi. 333.
Fusen, combat at, vii. 203.
Fusillades of Lyons, the, iv. 92 — at Tou-
lon, 103.
G.
Gabel, occupation of, by the French, xvii.
133.
Gabelle, resistance of the notables to the
repeal of, i. 292.
Gabrielli, cardinal, xvi. 143, note.
Gaditane isle, description of, xiv. 148.
Gaels, race of the, iii. 89.
Gaeta, the due de, viii. 129, note — on the
budgets of France under Napoleon, ix.
334 — xii. 165 — on the separate properties
in France, xx. 44.
Gaeta, fortress of, surrendered to the
French, vi. 192 — recaptured by the Nea-
politans, 388— its siege by the French in
1806, ix. 337, et seq. — surrenders, 344.
Gahn, general, in Norway, xix. 203.
Gaillard, Armand, viii. 366.
Galacz, passage of the Danube by the
Russians at, xv. 158.
Galicia, (Spain,) the mountains of, xii. 5
— the insurrection in, 32 — proceedings
of its Junta, 39— state of feeling in, 105
— operations in, after Corunna, xiii. 210
— operations of Ney in, 217 — evacuated
by Soult, 247 — and by Ney, 248 —
Spanish forces in, 1810, xiv. 147 — oper-
ations in, 1811,270.
Galisancho, passage of the Tonnes by
Soult at, xv. 95.
Gall the craniologist, xi. 185.
Gallery of the Louvre, the, viii. 147.
Gallicia, (Poland,) invasion of, by Austria,
v. 36 — mode in which acquired by her,
ix. 103 — extent and population of, 107 —
its cultivation, 110 — its inhabitants, 111
— excitement in it during 1806, x. 95 —
Silesia offered in exchange for it, 101 —
threatened in 1809 by Poniatowsky, xii.
368 — invaded by him, xiii. 19 — partition
of it by the peace of Vienna, 99, 104 —
stipulations of Napoleon regarding it,
1812, xv. 220 — retreat of Schwartzenberg
into it, xvi. 112.
Galhtziu, prince, forces, &c. of, 1806, x.
INDEX.
225
Gallitzin, continued.
91, note, 109— at Golymin, 115, 118—
defeats Ney's horse on the Alle, 133,
134— death of, 140.
Gallitzin, prince, at Friedland, x. 299 — in
1809 threatens Uallicia, xii. 368— xiii. 19
— his inactivity in Poland, 20, 21 — at
Krasnoi, xvi. 51, 52, 53— at Culm, xvii.
167.
Gallur, defeat of the Spaniards on the, xii.
57.
Gambier, admiral lord.xL 262— at Basque
roads, xiii. 158, et seq. — tried by court-
martial, 163.
Gambier, colonel, at Gratz, xiii. 17.
Gambling, prevalence of, in Paris, 1793,
iv. 160.
Gambsheim, passage of the Rhine by
Moreau at, v. 277.
Game-laws, the, in France, i. 172 — their
abolition, ii. 145, 147.
Gamin the blacksmith, i. 212, note.
Gamotte, M., prefect of Auxerre, xix. 267.
Gandolpho, castle of, spoliation of, vL 174.
Ganges river, the, x. 347.
Ganihl, M., viii. 129, note.
Gantheaume, admiral, vi. 277 — return of,
from Egypt, vi. 315 — attempts of, to con-
vey succours to the army there, viii. 32,
38 — twice sets sail from Brest, ix. 56, 68.
Garamsin, a member of the committee,
iv. 116, note.
Garat the singer, i. 223, note.
Garat, a member of the assembly, advo-
cates church spoliation, ii. 192 — minister
of the interior, iii. 247, 248— reports by
him on the state of Paris, 286, 289—
ambassador at Naples in 1798, vi. 184—
takes part in the proceedings for restor-
ing the Bourbons, xviii. 364.
Garcia, conde, surrender of Lerida to the
French by, xiii. 315.
Garcia, Don Juan, xiii. 340.
Gardanne, general, at Montebello,vii. 242
— at Marengo, 248 — ambassador to
Persia, x. 259, 260.
Garde Meuble\ at Paris, plunder of, ii. 90.
Gardes du corps, the French, i. 110 —
banquet of the, at Versailles, ii. 163 —
revival of the, xix. 226.
Gardes d'Honneur, levy of the, xvi. 164.
Gardes Francaises, revolt of the, ii. 75, 77
— on the 12th July, 88 — at the storming
of the Bastile, 94, 97, 100— save the
prisoners from massacre, 101 — effects of
their treason, 112, 267 — again join the
mob on the 5th October, 164, 169, 172—
further betrayal of the throne by them,
345.
Gardeneu, general, xi. 196, note.
Gardien, arrest of, decreed, iii. 295.
Gardiner, lord, anecdote of, v. 352.
Gardone, check of the Austrians at, xviii.
218.
Gargarin, the princess, yii. 389.
Garnier, general, at the Col di Finisterre,
iv. 357 — successes of, against Elnitz,
1800, vii. 243.
VOL. XX.
Garonne, the department of, joins the
Girondist confederacy, iv. 120.
Garonne river, entrance of the British
flotilla into the, xviii. 282.
Garris, defeat of the French at, xviii. 238.
Gascoigne, general, arguments of, against
the corn-laws, xix. 213.
Gasparin, a member of the Committee, iv.
116, note.
Gauchos of South America, character, &c.
of the, xiv. 327 — support the insurrec-
tion, 340.
Gaudin, general, on the 19th Brumaire,
vii. 109— xi. 196, note, xix. 304.
Gaufen, combats on the, xiii. 112.
Caul, state of, under the Romans, i. 50 —
its prostration under the barbarians, 51.
Gauls, various settlements of the, i. 33 —
their condition on the fall of Rome, 74 —
their conquest by the Franks, 75 — their
continued depression, ib. 79.
Gaupilleau, on the 9th Thermidor, iv. 279.
Gauthier, general, joins Macdonald in
Italy, vi. 374 — captures Custriu, x. 59 —
passage of the Bug by, 113.
Gave de Mauleon, d'Oleron, &c, see
Mauleon, Oleron, &c.
Gavi, the fortress of, v. 166 — besieged by
the Austrians, vii. 59 — defeat of the
French near it, 209 — surrendered by the
treaty of Paris, xviii. 403.
Gawilghur, capture of, by the British, xi.
107.
Gazan, general, at Zurich, vii. 33 — at Con-
stance, 42 — movements of, in front of
Genoa, 211 — sortie from that place, 217,
219— at Diernstein, ix. 183, 184, 185—
at Jena, x. 33 — xi. 196, note — at Sara-
gossa, xiii. 181 — forces the Despinos
Perros, 308.
Gazan, the countess, xvi. 340.
Gebora, battle of, xiii. 339.
Geisberg, defeat of the Allies at, iv. 71.
Gem, Dr, xiv. 73.
Genappe, action at, xix. 333 — capture of
Napoleon's carriage, &c. at, 371.
General Defence, see committee of general
defence.
Geuereux man-of-war, at the Nile, vL
274.
Geneva, attack by France on, in 1792,
hi 175, 233 — seizure of, by France, vi.
156 — recaptured by the -Allies in 1814,
xviii. 66 — defeat of the Allies before it,
226 — is annexed to Switzerland, xix.
240.
Genevre, mont, occupied by the French,
1795, v. 54— the road of, viii. 206.
Genlis, madame de, i. 299, ii. 283, note —
denounced by Robespierre, iii. 274.
Genoa, the city of, v. 159, 160 — limited
extent of its freedom, i. 29 — its ancient
archery, 60 — cession of Corsica by, 200
— attack by France on it in 1792, iii.
175 — its importance as a fortress, v.
166 — submission of, to France, 202 —
Napoleon's views on it, 203 — revolu-
tionary excitement in it, 1797, vi. 45—
P
226
INDEX.
Genoa, continued.
which is encouraged by the French, ib.
— successes of the aristocratic party, 46
— interference of the French, and insur-
rection, 47 — suppression of this, and
new constitution, 48 — combats in front
of it, 1799, vii. 59 — is provisioned, 60 —
plans of the Austrians against it, 1800,
183 — sufferings of the French troops
around it, 205— description of it, 207 —
its fortifications, 208 — measures by the
Allies for blockading it, and combats
before it, 209 — sortie of Massena, and
repeated combats, 210, et seq. — the
siege, 218, et seq. — surrenders, 220, 221
— ceded to France in 1800, 256— sub-
servience of it to France, viii. 316 — ad-
dress from it to Napoleon , and change
in its government, ix. 32 — its formal
incorporation, 33 — his visit to it, 1805,
36 — ship-building by him at it, xvi. 157
— siege of, by Bentinck, xviii. 285 — •
its capitulation, and declaration by him,
286 — is annexed to Piedmont, 405, xix.
243.
Genola, battle of, vii. 57.
Gensonn^, a leading Girondist, ii. 277 —
character of, 284 — a member of the
committee of general defence, hi. 269,
note — denounced by the Sections, 271,
278— on the 2d June, 292— his arrest
decreed, 295.
Gentz, anti-gallican pamphlet by, 1806,
ix. 371 — murder of Palm for circulating
it, 390— the Prussian manifesto of 1806
drawn up by him, x. 21 — expressions of
Napoleon toward him, and Mackintosh's
opinion of him, 74, note — the Austrian
declaration in 1813 drawn up by him,
xvii. 106.
Geometry, state of, at the date of the
Revolution, ii. 1.
George I. and II., income, &c. of Britain
under, ix. 256, note.
George III. character of, iii. 103 — his re-
sistance to Fox's India bill, 113, xi. 34
— his measures for the deliverance of
Louis XVI., iii. 152 — declaration, embo-
dying the grounds of the war, 184 — out-
rages on, in 1795, v. 254 — during the
mutiny of the fleet, 334 — letter from Na-
poleon to, proposing peace, vii. 134 — his
answer, 135 — his opposition to the Catho-
lic claims, 365 — Despard's conspiracy
against him, viii. 290 — his illness and re-
covery in 1804, 294 — letter from Napo-
leon to him in 1805, ix. 2 — amelioration
of the condition of the Catholics under
him, 12 — income and debt of the coun-
try under him, 256, note — Fox called
by him to form a ministry, 323 — his
scruples with regard to the Catholic
relief bill of 1807, x. 235 — pledge de-
manded by him regarding it, 236 — his
conduct on this occasion, 238*— interest
of his reign, xiv. 1 — great characters
grouped around his throne, 2 — literary
men of his era, 3 — religious character
which ultimately characterised it, 4 —
public duties to which he was called, and
his fitness for them, 12 — his character,
14, et seq. — his encouragement of agricul-
ture, and love of his people, 16 — mental
alienation in 1810, and proceedings on
it, 17. — See also Great Britain.
George, prince of Wales, called to the
regency in 1810, and debates on the
bill, xiv. 17, et seq. — powers conferred
on him by it, 24 — his character, 36, et
seq. — retains the Tory ministry in
power, 26 — his reception of Louis
XVIII. in 1814, xviii. 400 — letter of
Napoleon to him, on surrendering him-
self, xx. 15 — letter to the ex -emperor at
St Helena, 102.
Georges, era of the, in Great Britain, x.
* 169.
Georges Cadoudhal or Cadouhal, heads
the Chouans, iv. 391 — submission of, to
Napoleon, 1800, vii. 165 — conspiracy
under him, viii. 337 — his arrival in
Paris, 338 — his arrest and first exami-
nation, 343 — speech of, on being
brought to trial, 361 — his trial, ib. — is
condemned, 364 — his execution, 366.
Georgia, province of, xv. 263.
Georgia, United States, decree of the
clergy of, in defence of slavery, xix. 49,
note — state of slavery in, 70.
Gera, successes of Murat at, 1806, x. 26.
Gerard, colonel, at Agra, xi. 96.
Gerard, colonel, taken prisoner by Blucher,
x. 61.
Gerard, general, occupies Geneva, vi. 156
— passage of the Tessino by, vii. 238 —
x. 369— at Ocana, xiii. 257 — at Albuera,
xiv. 247, 248, 250, 253 — at Aroyo de
Molinos, 281 — at Borodino, xv. 345 — at
Malo-Jaroslawitz, xvi. 23 — at Liitzen,
215— wounded there, 217 — defeat of, at
Leibnitz, xvii. 186 — at La Rothiere,
xviii. 82 — operations against Wrede,
120 — at Valjouan, 122 — at Montereau,
125 — succeeds Victor, 128 — at La Guil-
lotiere, 172 — forces of, at the opening
of the Waterloo campaign, xix. 399 — at
Ligny, 319, 322— at Wavres, 373.
Gerard the painter, picture of Austerlitz
by, ix. 212.
Gerardin, M., ii. 315.
Gerardsdorf, village of, xiii. 31 — combat
at, 47.
German discipline, attempted introduc-
tion of the, into France, i. 248.
German indemnities, disputes regarding
the, in 1791, iii. 159 — negotiations re-
garding, 1802, viii. 207, et seq. — distri-
bution of the, 213.
German legion, formation of the, viii. 272.
German legion in the Russian service, the,
xvii. 59.
German Tyrol, the, xii. 313, 328.
Germanic confederation, formation of the,
in 1814, xix. 238— troops furnished by
it, xviii. 431. — See Confederation of the
Rhine.
INDEX.
227
Germanic empire, constitution and state
of the, in 1792, iii. 131— in the com-
mencement of 1795, v. 44 — disunion
introduced into it by Luneville, vii.
329— virtual dissolution of it by Pres-
burg, ix. 225 — its actual dissolution, 373
— its crown resigned by the emperor of
Austria, 374.
Germany, decline of the feudal liberty in,
i. 24 — attack by France on it, 1792, iii.
176 — contributions by the French in
1796, v. 301 — alarm in, at the cession of
the left bank of the Rhine to France, vi.
220— forces of France in, 1800, vii. 181
— state of the Austrians in, after Ma-
rengo, 269 — encroachments of France in
Northern, 1806, ix. 370 — indignation
excited in, by the murder of Palm, 390
— its lesser states support Napoleon in
1806, x. 17— prophecy of Blucher re-
garding its resurrection, 87 — fresh con-
tributions by Napoleon, 164 — execution
of the Berlin decree, xi. 154 — continued
occupation by the French troops, 238 —
rise of the Tugendbund, 248 — amount,
&c. of the French troops, 1809, xii. 207
— effervescence in favour of Austria,
209 — the insurrection in Northern, 358
— British expedition proposed to, in
1809, xiii. 75 — literature of, during the
era of the revolution, xiv. 9 — importa-
tion of British goods by the Danube
into, 1810, xv. 160 — enthusiasm through-
out, on the expedition to Russia, 268
— rejoicings in, on the issue of it, xvi.
100 — journey of Napoleon through,
1812, 129— attachment to the Papacy
in it, 151— intense frost in 1812-13, 161
— supplies sent by Great Britain to, 194
— indignation excited by the attack on
Korner, 266 — spectacle exhibited by her
in 1813, 269— contrast between her and
France, 270 — subsidies from Great
Britain, 286 — French forces in, at the
opening of 1813, xvii. 383 — and Allied,
386 — final evacuation of, by the French,
290 — military confederation of, 1813,
xviii. 38— treaty for regulating it, 40 —
forces furnished by it, 41 — stipulations
of the treaty of Chaumont regarding it,
164 — settlement of it by the treaty of
Paris, 404 — French garrisons then re-
leased, 436 — effect of the revolution on
it, xx. 41.
Gerona, defeat of Duhesme at, xii. 95 —
first siege of, 96— it is raised, 97— St
Cyr's preparations for the siege of, xiii.
192, 199— forces employed in it, 199,
note — defensive preparations, 200 —
description of the siege of, 201, et seq. —
its surrender, 207 — honours decreed to
its defenders, 208 — Macdonald driven
back to it, xiv. 158.
Gertruydenburg, capture of, by the
French, in 1793, iii. 257, iv. 25— be-
sieged by the Dutch, 29.
Gethin, lieutenant, at San Sebastian, xvi.
379.
Gevendan, insurrection in, ii. 299.
Geyserberg, position of Napoleon on the,
xvii. 202.
Ghent, the revolt of, in 1389, i. 82— cap-
ture of, by the Flemish insurgents, iii.
130— occupied by the French in 1792,
255 — treaty of, xix. 171 — reflections on
it, 173— flight of Louis XVIII. to, 271
— his residence and court there, 272, 296.
Ghoorka war, British force engaged in, x.
346— tribes, xi. 3.
Giacomo, monte, defeats of Suchet at, vii.
212, 214.
Gibbon, Edmund, the historian, xiv. 3—
connexion of, with Madame Necker, i.
258, note — his anticipations before the
revolution, iii. 107 — character of Fox
by him, 110, ix. 394 — on the system of
government under Constantine, vii 174
— on the Negro character, viii. 198.
Gibbs, colonel, at fort Cornelius, xiv. 109
— at New Orleans, xix. 169 — wounded
there, 170.
Gibbs, Sir Vicary, defence of Home
Tooke, &c. by, iv. 311, note — attorney-
general, 1807, x. 237, note — xiv. 45, 46.
Gibraltar, the naval forces at, i. 109, note
— the defence of, iii. 106.
Gibraltar man-of-war at the 1st of June,
iv. 323.
Giessen occupied by Blucher in 1813, xvii.
291.
Gifflenga, George, capture of Brixen by,
xvii. 317.
Gihon, occupation of, by the French, xiv.
280.
Gil de Sevilla, xii. 36.
Gillespie, colonel, at fort Cornelius, xiv.
109.
Gilly, general, operations of, in 1815, xix.
280.
Ginguene, M., ambassador to Sardinia,
vi. 180.
Girdle of the queen, tribute called the, i.
225.
Girolamo de Forte, imprisonment of, xi.
210.
Giron, general, xvi. 311 — operations in
pursuit from Vitoria, 343 — at the battle
of the Pyrenees, 362 — at the Bidassoa,
xvii. 342, 344, 345— at the Nivelle, 353,
354, 357— sent back into Spain, 360—
xviii. 255.
Girondists, party of the, ii. 277 — then-
principles and errors, 278, et seq. —
sketches of the leaders, 282, et seq. —
advocate severe measures against the
emigrants, 299 — advocate slave eman-
cipation, 307, 308 — ministry from the,
311 — compel the king to declare war,
314 — and to disband his guard, 316 — ■
they resign, 317 — plan the revolt of the
10th August, 322— originate the tumult
of the 20th June, 323— support the mob
in the Assembly, 324 — failure of their
schemes, 328— aim at overthrowing the
throne, 331 — their views on the insur-
rection of the 10th August, 340 — res-
228
INDEX.
Girondists, continued.
toration of the ministry, iii. 5 — failing
popularity of, 14 — strength, &c. of, in
the Convention, 35 — recriminations be-
tween them and the Jacobins, 36 —
impeachment of Robespierre by them,
38— and of Marat, 39 — again impeach
Robespierre, 40 — their conduct on this
occasion, 42, 43, 44 — their inadequacy to
combat the Jacobins, 44 — causes of
this feebleness, 45 — propose a guard for
the Convention, 46— -measures proposed
by them against the municipality, 47 — ■
accused of designing a federal republic,
48, 122 — resolve on the trial of the king,
54. 59 — their conduct on that occasion,
64— their defection causes his condem-
nation, 69, 76 — their determination to-
ward war in 1791, 161, 167 — their
errors with regard to the populace, 243
< — effects of the death of the king upon
their power, 246, 247 — their state, and
proposals for a massacre of them, 256 — ■
influence of the defection of Dumourier
on them, 260 — oppose the establishment
of the committee, 270 — are denounced
by the sections, 271 — speech of Robes-
pierre against them, 272, et seq. — their
reply, 274 — they quash the accusation,
and send Marat to the Tribunal, 276—
propose a disruption of the Convention,
281 — carry the appointment of the com-
mission of twelve, 282 — their irresolu-
tion on the 27th May, 286 — insurrec-
tion against them on the 31st, 290, 291
— their last social meeting together,
292 — their arrest decreed, 295 — termin-
ation of their political power, 296 — trial
and condemnation of the leaders, ib. —
and their execution, 298, et seq. — arrest
of the seventy-three, 309 — reflections
on their overthrow, ib. — causes of their
failure, 310 — analogy of their rule to
that of the Legislative Assembly, ib. —
their weakness when they attempted to
arrest the Revolution, 311 — heroism of
their last hours, 313 — feelings of the
multitude on their fall, and aspect of
the Convention after it, iv. 115— struggle
with the Jacobins at Lyons, 118 — and
at Marseilles, Toulouse, &e. 119 — coali-
tion of the departments in favour of
them, ib. — insurrection in their favour,
120 — dissolution of the confederacy, 122
— trial of the seventy-three stopped by
Robespierre, 178— join Tallien against
him, 272 — characteristics of their death,
305— join the Thermidorians, v. 85 —
return of the surviving, to the Conven-
tion, 94 — their increasing influence in
it, 114— their humanity after the 11th
Vendemiaire, 125.
Gitschen, negotiations at, between Aus-
tria and the Allies, xvii. 63.
Giulay, general count, taken prisoner at
Ulm, ix. 158 — sent in 1805 with pro-
posals of peace, 180 — sent to negotiate
before Austerlitz, 198— defence of the
Col de Tarwis by, xii. 272— defeated at
Weissenfels, 273— at Aspern, 287-
10— retreat of, from Styria, 15 — opera-
tions of, there, 16 — slowness of
movements, 17 — attack on Broussier
at Gratz, ib. — reoccupies Croatia
Carniola, 19— forces under him, 1813,
xvii. 94— movements in that campaign,
137 — captures Weissenfels, 228 — forces
at Leipsic, 395 — operations at that
battle, 237, 246, 266— and after it, 275,
277— at ROsen, 278— at Hochheim, 291
— line of invasion of France appointed
him, xviii. 46, 54— entrance into it, 65
—at La Rothiere, 81, 82, 84— at La
Guillotiere, 172 — at Arcis, 304, 305,
307 — left there during the advance to
Paris, 315— at the battle of Paris, 342,
344—432.
Giurgevo, fortress of, xv. 148 — defeat of
the Russians before it, 158 — its capitu-
lation to them, 170, 171 — convention
of, 180.
Giustini, general, defeat of, by the French,
vi. 189.
Gjask, retreat of Barclay to, xv. 329.
Gneisenau, general, early history of, xvii.
91 — his first services and character, 92
— concord between him and Blucher,
93 — a member of the Tugendbund, xL
249 — at Brienne, xviii. 79 — at Vau-
champs, 105 — during the "Waterloo
campaign, xix. 332.
Glarus, the canton of, rejects the consti-
tution of 1798, vi. 156— submission of,
to it, 160 — defeats of the Austrians at
it, 1799, vii. 27— passage of the Alps of,
by Suwarroff, 39— joins the Forest can-
tons in 1802, viii. 225 — declares against
Napoleon in 1813, xviii. 43.
Glasgow, city of, v. 159 — its population,
iii. 98, note — its peculiar political ten-
dency, i. 193, note — effects of workmen's
strikes in, 255, note — remarkable cold
at, xvi. 35, note.
Glatz, siege of, by the French, x. 126 —
its capture, 273.
Glogau, investment of, by the French, x.
59 — its capture, 82, 125 — its continued
occupation, xi. 239, 240, xii. 137— pas-
sage of the Oder by Winzingerode at,
xvi. 115 — still occupied by the French,
1813, 188— advance of the French to-
ward, 254 — its blockade by the Allies
raised, 256 — state of the garrison in,
xvii. 81 — surrenders to the Allies, xviii.
287.
Glomman, defeat of the Norwegians at,
xix. 203.
Glottau, action at, x. 288.
Gloubokoie, advance of Napoleon to, xv.
298.
Gloucester, the duke of, xv. 199.
Gluckstadt, besieged by the Allies, xvii.
296.
Glurens, capture of, by the French, 1800,
vii. 311.
Goa, surrendered to the British, xi. 80.
INDEX.
229
Gobel, archbishop of Paris, abjures Chris-
tianity, iv. 149 — denounced by Robes-
pierre, 186, note — his execution, 200.
Gobelins tapestry, destruction of the, iv.
153.
Gobert, general, xii. 70— in Andalusia, 79
—death of, at Baylen, 80.
Goddess of Reason, fete of the, iv. 150 —
reprobated by Robespierre, 179.
Godet de ChatiUon, a Vendean, at Nantes,
vii. 86.
Goding, bridge of, danger of the Russians
at, ix. 217, note.
Godinot, general, at Albuera, xiv. 247,
248— at Baza, 266— at Tarifa, and his
suicide, 284.
Godoy, Don Diego, xi. 327.
Godoy, Don Manuel, prince of the peace,
viii. 46 — his subservience to France, and
jealousy of the nobility of him, x. 15 —
proclamations by him against Napoleon,
16, xi. 290 — his character and early life,
295, 296, note — share of Portugal pro-
mised him by Napoleon, 299— his down-
fall resolved on by the latter, 301 — dis-
covers the schemes of Ferdinand, 313 — ■
and procures his arrest, 314 — his pusil-
lanimity, 318 — advises the surrender of
the fortresses, 321 — sees at last through
Napoleon's designs, 323, 324— and pre-
pares for flight to Seville, 324 — his over-
throw, 326, 327— sent by Murat to
Bayonne, 339 — and there signs the deed
of abdication, 358, 360 — is removed to
Valencay, 361.
Goertz, M. envoy at Rastadt, vi. 336.
Goes, capture of, by the British, xiii. 80.
Goethe, a contemporary of Wellington's,
xi. 50— interview of, with Napoleon, xii.
142— xiv. 10.
Goguelat, M. de, during the flight to
Varennes, ii. 238, 242.
Gohier, succeeds Danton as minister of
justice, iii. 269 — is elected a director,
vii. 81 — and supports the Jacobins, 89 —
reception of Napoleon by, 93 — efforts of
Napoleon to gain him, 97 — his arrest,
107.
Gohud, cession of, xi. 109— restored to
Scindiah, 132.
Goislard, M., i. 313.
Golby, advance of the Russians to, xv. 202.
Gold, absorption of, by Napoleon for his
German campaign, ix. 329— produce of,
in South America, xiv. 329 — diminution
in this since the revolution, 360.— See
also Specie, &c.
Goldbach, skirmish at, xvii. 207.
Goldbeck, chancellor of Prussia, xi. 242.
Goldberg, occupation of, by Blucher in
1813, xvii. 134— combat at it, 135.
Goliath, the, at the Nile, vi. 271.
Goltz, count de, xii. 370.
Golvmin, position of the Russians at, x.
115— battle of, 118.
Gomaire, arrest of, decreed, iii. 295.
Gomez, the Carlist general, xii. 175, note.
Gonaives, seizure of Toussaint at, viii. 193.
Gondi, the defile of, forced by the French,
vii. 236— description of it, viii. 206.
Gonzales, death of, xiv. 184.
Gonzalvi, cardinal, viii. 106 — at the con-
gress of Vienna, xix. 232.
Good Hope, see Cape of Good Hope.
Goorackpoor, cession of, to Great Britain,
xi. 82.
Gorcum, occupation of, by the French,
xviii. 205— capture of, by the Allies,
209.
Gorda, defeat of Pecheux at, xvii. 211.
Gordon, captain, in the Potomac river,
xix. 154.
Gordon, major, xiv. 280.
Gordon, general, operations of, in Sar-
dinia, iv. 76.
Gordon riots, the, iii. 104, note — firm-
ness of George III. during, xiv. 15.
Gore, general, at Bergen-op-Zoom, xviii.
211— wounded, 213.
Gorici, ceded to the kingdom of Italy, xiii.
104.
Gorizia, successes of Macdonald at, 1809,
xii. 273.*
Gorlitz, retreat of the Allies from, xvi.
254 — advance of Napoleon to, xvii. 132.
Gorodnia, escape of Napoleon at, xvi.
25.
Gorsas, a Girondist, denounced, iii. 278 —
his arrest decreed, 295.
Gortschakoff, general prince, at the
Trebbia, vi. 378— forces under, 1806, x.
91, note — at Heilsberg, 291 — at Fried-
land, 299 — letter from him to the Aus-
trians, xii. 368 — at Borodino, xv. 338 — ■
at Leipsic, xvii. 240, 245 — at Bar-sur-
Aube, xviii. 168— at La Guillotiere, l72
—at battle of Paris, 342, 346.
Gosfield house, residence of Louis XVIII.
in, xviii. 114.
Goslar, cession of, to Prussia, 1803, viii.
213, note.
Gossilies, combat at, xix. 317.
Goths, origin of the, v. 1, xv. 187 — their
settlements in Italy, v. 163 — their de-
generacy in Spain, i. 20. — See also Nor-
thern barbarians.
Gotha, cession of, by Prussia, x. 323 —
corps of Marmont at, 1813, xvi. 201 — >
defeat of the French at, after Leipsic,
xvii. 281.
Gothenberg, landing of Moore in, xv. 197.
Gothland, fertility of, xv. 188 — its cap-
ture by the Russians, 195 — recaptured,
196.
Gottenburg, demanded by Napoleon, xv.
222 — entrepot in . ceded to Great Britain ,
xvii. 60.
Gottesberg. defeat of the French at, xvi.
256.
Gottesheim, general, vi. 340 — taken pri-
soner at Ulm, ix. 158.
Goualt, M., a royalist leader at Troyes,
xviii. 116, 117— execution of, 139.
Gough. colonel, at Vitoria, xvi. 337.
Goujon, trial and death of, v. 104.
Gourgaud, general, at Dresden, xvii. 141
230
INDEX.
Gourgaud, continued.
— at Brienne, xviii. 80 — fidelity of, to
Napoleon , 384 — on the crisis at Water-
loo, xix. 367, note — statement of Napo-
leon's forces there, 404.
Government, influence of the representa-
tive system on, i. 17 — its necessity to
man, ii. 117 — progressive deterioration
of it during the revolution, iii. 1 — its
tendency in Europe at the commence-
ment of the revolution, 144 — system of,
in the Spanish colonies, xiv. 331.
Government schools of Russia, the, xv.
254.
Governolo, repulse of Wurmser before, v.
220.
Gower, lord Leveson, correspondence of,
on the affairs of Russia, 1807, x. 252,
note — negotiations with Russia in 1807,
xi. 273, 274. note — communications re-
garding Bellingham, xiv. 30.
Gozo, expulsion of the French from, vi.
214.
Gradisca, combats at, vi. 9. ~
Graffenried, general, vi. 151 — aefeats the
French at Neueck, 152.
Grahame, colonel, afterwards general, and
lord Lynedoch, exploit of, at Mantua,
v. 234— defeat of the French by, at
Barrossa, xiii. 341 — re-enters Cadiz, 343
— and takes the command there, xiv.
151 — at Fuente Guinaldo, 277— left in
charge of Badajos, xv. 32, 39 — invalided,
and returns to England, 43 — his line of
advance toward Vitoria, xvi. 324, 326—
at Vitoria, 332, 333, 335, 336— opera-
tions against Foy, 343 — commences the
siege of San Sebastian , 347 — and raises
it, 362— in the Pyrenees, 369— opera-
tions in pursuit of Soult, 370 — resumes
the siege of San Sebastian, 375— expe-
dient adopted during the assault, 378,
et seq. — at the Bidassoa, xvii. 342— lands
in Holland, 1813, and operations as-
signed to him there, xviii. 56 — co-ope-
rates in the investment of Antwerp, 69,
131 — defeats the French at Merxem,
206 — operations before Antwerp, 207 —
retreats from it, 209 — his attempt on
Bergen -op-Zoom, 210, et seq. — causes of
its failure, 21 4 — forces under him, 433 —
created lord Lyndoch, and grant voted
to him, xix. 193.
Grain, internal, free trade in, established
by Turgot, i. 238 — again proposed by
Calonne, 283 — regulations regarding it,
1793, iv. 159 — forced requisitions of it,
163 — removal of the restrictions on its
sale, vi. 79 — produce of, in France, xx.
51 — prices of it in Great Britain from
1790 to 1800, vii. 157, note— its price in
1801, 360— rise in its price from 1793 to
1801, viii. 80— importations of it, 1812,
xiv. 48 — and 1811, 58 — contributions of
it levied from Prussia, xv. 280 — statistics
of it in Great Britain during the last
hundred vears, xix. 207 — importation of
it, 1846, 1847, xx. 89.
Grammont, madame de, death of, iv. 248.
Granada, atrocities in, xii. 32 — subjuga-
tion of, by the French, xiii. 309 — cap-
ture of the town by them, ib. — opera-
tions in, 1811, xiv. 265.
Granada, island of, captured by the
British, v. 304.
Grand Chaos of St Domingo, the, viii. 187.
Grand Chartreuse, scenery of the, i. 330.
Grand Chatelet, massacre at the, iii. 25.
Grand-duchy of Warsaw, creation of the,
x. 322 — settlement of, by congress of
Vienna, xix. 248.
Grand Elector, Sieyes' project of a, vii.
118.
Grand Pensionary, institution of, ix. 26.
Grand Vizier, defeat of the, at Heliopolis,
viii. 8 — again advances into Egypt, 28
— defeats Bagrathion and relieves Silis-
tria in 1809, xv. 158, 159.
Grande Riviere, defeat of the French at,
viii. 190.
Grandeur et Decadence des Romains,
Montesquieu's, i. 133.
Grandjean, general, defeated at Ampfing,
vii. 285— at Hohenlinden, 288— defeated
before Stralsund, x. 256 — xvi. 110, note.
Grandmaison, a Jacobin, condemnation
of, v. 91.
Grandpre\ pass of, in the Argonne, iii.
202 — camp of Dumourier at, 203.
Grandrengs, defeat of the French at, iv.
338.
Grands Bailliages, the, i. 326, 327.
Granet, a Jacobin, iv. 264, note.
Grangeneuve, a Girondist, denounced,
iii. 278 — his arrest decreed, 295.
Granholz, combat at, vi. 153.
Grant, captain, at Bhurtpore, xi. 126.
Grant, Sir William, on the northern con-
federacy, vii. 362.
Granville, the expedition to, urged by the
opposition against the government, iv.
313 — the Vendeans march on it, iii.
363— their repulse, 365.
Gratian, general, defeat of Schill by, xii.
364— forces under, 1813, xvii. 385— ope-
rations in Italy, 1813, 314.
Grattan, Mr, arguments of, against the
Catholic disabilities, ix. 12.
Gratz, university of, ix. 123, note — com-
bat at, xiii. 17 — capture of, by Mar-
mont, 18.
Graudentz, the garrison of, x. 109 — siege
of, by the French, 127 — relieved by
Lestocq, 135 — continued occupation of
it by the French, xvi. 188.
Grave, capture of, by the French, iv. 368,
371, 383.
Graves, admiral, at the battle of the Bal-
tic, vii. 375, 380.
Graves, M. de, opposition of, to the war
in 1792, iii. 168, 170.
Oraviers, general des, -death of, xv. 68.
Gravina, admiral, at Trafalgar, ix. 80—
escapes, 89.
Grawert, general, at Jena, x. 35 — defeated
at Eckaw, xv. 328— xvi. 104.
INDEX.
231
Gray, the poet, xiv. 3.
Great Britain, nature of the struggle be-
tween parties in, i. 48 — the numbers
employed in agriculture and manufac-
tures, 105 — the colonies established by
her, 107 — her navy at the commence-
ment of the war, 108 — energy of the
lower orders in, 115 — perils to its liberty
from their progressive rise, 117 — resi-
dence of Voltaire in, 138— comparison
of rental and taxation, 161 — comparison
of her West Indian colonies with >st
Domingo, 165, note — taxes upon land
in, 169 — comparison of her nobility
with that of France, 191 — and of the
rural population, 194 — the law courts of
the two countries, 202 — its commercial
law, 203 — state of the law and law
courts prior to 1688, 204 — the means of
training statesmen in, 205 — the war
with France in 1776, 264 — her conduct
toward the South American insurgents,
265, note — general opposition of the
heir-apparent to the crown, 298 — pas-
sion for her institutions in France, 310
— numbers entitled to the elective
franchise, 367, note.
Hold of the church establishment
upon the nation, ii. 198 — differences
between her and Spain in 17^), 201 —
conduct of her nobility, 229, note.
Its state at the commencement of
the Revolution : its extent, iii. 82 —
general aspect, mountains, rivers, &c.
83 — agricultural produce, 86 — popu-
lation, ib. et seq. — extent of its empire,
1841, 90— virtues of the inhabitants, 89
— and their vices, 91 — contrast of their
character with that of the Irish, 92 —
its insular situation, and facilities for
commerce, 94, 96 — value of its fisheries
and coasting trade, 95 — its mineral
wealth, 96 — its principal cities, 97, note
— growth of its manufactures and com-
merce, 98 — and of its agriculture, 99 —
sketch of its constitution, 100, et seq. —
state of society in it, 102— character of
the sovereign, 103 — revenue, army, &c.
of, 1792, 104 — depressed spirit at this
time, 105 — abuses in its army and navy,
106 — peaceful state of, during the
eighteenth century, ib. — views current
as to the tendency of affairs, 107 —
increase of the population, ib. note —
views of parties on the Revolution, 108
— leaders of parties, their characters,
109, etseq. — debates in parliament on
the Revolution, 117 — commercial treaty
with France in 1786, 147— alliance with
Prussia and Holland in 1788, 148 —
neutrality preserved in 1791, 155, 160 —
Brissot's statement of her views, 165 —
prepares for war after the 10th August,
173 — alarm excited by the propagandist
measures of the Convention, 178 —
her warlike preparations, 180 — her
views, 181 — war declared against her,
182, 249— review of her conduct, 184—
declaration of, stating the grounds of
the war, ib. — succours from her to the
Vendeans, 375.
Vehemence of all her wars with France,
iv. 1 — bitterness of party spirit during
1793, t&. — different views with regard to
the Revolution, 2 — debates on the war,
ib. et seq. — the real grounds of it, 7 —
firmness of her aristocracy in 1793, 16 —
the trials for treason , 17 — amount, &c.
of her forces on the Continent, ib. —
effect of the execution of the French
king, 18 — treaties concluded with Rus-
sia, Prussia, &c. 20 — and with Austria
and Portugal, 21 — financial measures
of the government, 24 — recognition of
her maritime code, 54, 55 — her policy in
Holland, 56 — efforts made by her to
retain Prussia in the coalition, 70 —
effect of the reduction of her army, 108,
109 — cause which induces this reduction,
109 — grasping at office by her aristocracy ,
110 — defects of military education, 111 —
decree against her commerce, 129 — and
forbidding quarter to her troops, 229,
353 — inefficiency of the jury system, 298
— her naval superiority, 308 — measures
for repressing sedition, 309— suspension
of the Habeas Corpus act, t'6. — trials for
treason and sedition, 311 — discussion on
the war, 312, et seq. — army, navy, &c.
voted for this year, 317— effects of lord
Howe's naval victory, 327 — new treaty
with Prussia, 333— efforts of, to hold to-
gether the alliance,349 — arguments of the
opposition against, and of government
for the war, 369 — her former contests
with Holland, 376 — her injustice toward
that power, 381 — recall of her troops from
the Continent, 386 — correspondence of
the government with Puisaye, 391.
Fresh treaty with Austria, 1795, v. 45
— and with Russia, 46 — efforts for the.
maintenance of the war : forces voted,
finances, &.c. ib. — debates on it, 47 —
increased patriotic spirit, 48 — expedition
to Quiberon, 58 — inefficiency of the
force then sent out by her, 68 — and
want of energy shown, 78 — Napoleon's
hatred to her shown in 1796, 203 —
alliance with Austria and Prussia, 1795,
252 — division of opinion on the war,
ib. — violence of parties in, 253 — sup-
plies voted for 1796, 260 — her naval
supremacy, 303 — effect of her colonial
successes, 305 — Spain declares war
against her, 306 — proposals for a general
peace, 308 — defensive preparations in
Ireland, 312— state of affairs in 1797,
319 — the financial crisis, and suspension
of cash payments, 320 — debates on this
measure, 321 — commencement of the-
paper system, 322 — rise of prices induced
by it, 324 — debates on Parliamentary
Reform, 325— and on the war, 328 —
supplies voted for the year, 329 — mutiny
of the fleet, 330 — alarm occasioned by
it, 333— firmness displayed by the gov-
232
INDEX.
Great Britain, continued.
ernment, 334 — rejoicings in, on the
battle of Camperdown, 369.
Negotiations with France in 1797, vi.
48 — inveteracy of Napoleon's hostility to
her, 55 — contrast to her conduct in that
of Venice, 63 — alone continues the war
after Campo Formio, 116 — supplies voted
for 1798, 117 — change in her financial
system, ib. — introduction of the volun-
teer system, 118 — its success, 120 — with-
drawal of her ambassador from Switzer-
land, 143 — ignorance of the government
with regard to the Irish rebellion, 209 —
her danger from it, 211 — firmness of the
government, 213 — preparations of
France for the invasion of, 235 — defen-
sive measures of the government, 238 —
treaty with Russia, 1799, 319 — financial
measures and state, 320 — army, navy,
&c. 321 — inefficiency of her efforts at
this, time, 371.
Increased energy of, 1799, vii. 2— plans
for invading Holland, 4 — treaty with
Russia for it, and preparations, 42 — re-
moval of the Dutch fleet to, 48 — effect
on her of the failure of this expedition,
52 — part taken by her in the struggle of
1799, 73 — negotiations for peace in 1799,
134, et seq. — reflections on the negotia-
tion, 139—debates upon the war, ib. et
seq. — Napoleon's denunciations of her,
151, note — the conduct of the Opposi-
tion at this time, 152 — supplies, land
and sea forces, &c. voted, 153— union of
Ireland, &c. 154 — great prosperity at
this time, 156 — exports and imports,
prices of grain, &c, 157, note — scarcity
throughout, in 1800, 157 — efforts for the
prosecution of the war, 159 — treaties
with Austria, Bavaria, &c. 160 — seces-
sion of Russia from the alliance, 166 —
inactivity of her troops during the cam-
paign of Marengo, 266 — further treaty
in 1800 with Austria, 268 — proposal of
Napoleon for a naval armistice, 271 —
her military operations during this year,
276 — colonial acquisitions made by her,
281 — commencement of operations to
destroy her commerce, 325 — evidences
of Napoleon's implacable hostility to her,
333 — treaties at various times regarding
neutral rights, 343 — first coalition with
regard to maritime usage, 344 — the
northern powers recognise her maritime
code, 345— treaty concluded with Den-
mark, 350 — alienation of Russia from
her, 351 — differences between them with
regard to Malta, 352 — measures of Paul
against her, ib. — formation of the
northern confederacy, 353 — threatening
consequences of it to her, 356 — measures
of retaliation, ib. — hostile measures of
Prussia, 359— meeting of parliament,
and state of the country, 360 — general
scarcity, ib. — discussions on the northern
coalition, 361 — change of ministry, 365 —
supplies for the year, 367 — her prosper-
ous state at this time, 368 — her finances,
commerce, population, &c. 369 — pre-
parations against the northern coalition,
370— sailing of her fleet, 371— accommo-
dation with Russia, 391, 395 — conduct
of her government at this crisis, 398.
Her conduct relative to the conven-
tion of El-Arish, viii. 5, 13, note — pre-
parations for the expedition to Egypt,
13 — rejoicings in , on the victories in that
country, 37 — and on the second battle
of Algesiraz, 45 — application of Portu-
gal for aid, 46 — preparations for her inva-
sion in 1801 , 49 — defensive measures of
the government, 50 — probable effects of
the introduction of steam on her naval
power, 53 — negotiations for peace with
France in 1801, ib. — her first proposals,
54 — signing of the preliminaries of
Amiens, 55 — rejoicings on its conclu-
sion, 56 — arguments against it in the
country, 57 — debates upon it in parlia-
ment, 61, et seq. — definitive treaty
signed, 70 — sacrifices made by her in it,
71 — increase of her strength during the
war, 72 — comparison of her revenues
with those of France, 74 — their debts,
75 — their commerce, ib. — efforts made
by her during the war, 76 — her
niggardly expenditure at its com-
mencement, 77 — causes of this, ib,
her prosperity due greatly to the paper
system, 78, 79 — consequent rise in
prices, 80 — her state at the conclusion
of the contest, 81 — her colonial system,
128 — satisfaction on the elevation of Na-
poleon in France, 147 — rejoicings on the
conclusion of the peace of Amiens, 166
— invasion of St Domingo by, 1794, 178
-—accedes to Napoleon's expedition
against it, 183 — remonstrance of, against
the invasion of Switzerland, 229 — tran-
quillity of, during the peace of Amiens,
236 — improvement of her finances and
trade, 237, 238, et seq. — growing irrita-
tion between her and France, 240 —
attacks of the press on Napoleon, ib. —
reply to his demands, 241 — recrimina-
tions between the two countries, 243 —
language of Napoleon to her ambas-
sador, 245 — preparations for war, and
unanimity in favour of it, 247 — reply
to the complaints of Napoleon, 250 —
negotiations regarding Malta, 251 — de-
clares war against France, 252— arrest
of all her subjects in France, ib. — de-
bates on the war, 254 — her conduct in
the negotiations, 262— Napoleon's state-
ment of his views regarding her, 263 —
his designs against her, 268 — her pre-
parations, 270 — her continental domin-
ions overrun, £71 — declarations of Na-
poleon against her commerce, 274 — his
preparations for invading her, 275 — and
her defensive measures, 283 —her naval
preparations, 285 — finances for 1803,
286— and for 1804, 292— despondency
in, 293 — change of ministry, 297— pro-
INDEX.
233
Great Britain, continued.
« the arbitration of Russia, 299 —
treaty concluded with Sweden, 316 —
circumstances which led to the war with
Spain, 323 — her precipitate mi
with regard to the treasure ships, 325 —
capture of these, 326 — reply to the Span-
ish manifesto, 327, note — debates on
the subject, 327 — reflections on it, 333.
Proposals of Napoleon for peace in
1805, ix. 2 — answer of the government,
3 — alliance with Russia, 6, 7 — basis
assumed by her for the war, 8 — supplies
voted, 9 — parliamentary measures of the
year,t*6. — debateson the Catholic claims,
11 — Napoleon's hostility the motive for
his seizure of Genoa, 33— efforts in 1805
to secure the co-operation of Austria,
37— treaty with Russia, 38, 39— to which
Austria and Sweden accede, 40 — efforts
to gain Prussia also, 42 — Napoleon's
continued preparations for invasion, 44,
et seq. — and measures of the government,
54 — alarm on Missiessy's Invasion of the
West Indies, 55 — and" energy displayed
by the government, 60— feelings in, on
the battle of Trafalgar, 91 — probable
issue of Napoleon's landing, 99 — his
designs if he had done so, ib. 100 — dis-
union prevalent in her, 106 — her military
efforts in 1814 compared with those of
Austria, 113 — possible future value of
her trade with that empire, 119- — her
system of government in India identical
with the Austrian, 125 — her efforts in
1805 to rouse that country, 137 — treaty
with Sweden and Russia, 143 — offer of
subsidies from her to Prussia, 174 — de-
clamation of Napoleon against her, 216
— her spoliation agreed to by Prussia,
220 — indignation excited by this, 221 —
justification of her policy in the growth
of Napoleon's power during peace,
234 — memoir on Austerlitz, 237 — her
share of blame as regards these disasters,
238, note, 240 — feebleness of her warlike
efforts, 240 — her achievements under
Pitt, 242 — her internal administration ,
243— system of finance under Pitt, 251
— greatness of her financial efforts, 252
— historical details regarding her income,
expenditure, debt, &c. ib. — commence-
ment of the national debt, 254 — its
growth, and comparison with income,
256 — the finances on Pitt's accession to
power, 257 — principle on which he pro-
posed to proceed, 258 — and his measures
for the national defence, 260 — establish-
ment of the sinking fund, ib.— further
provisions regarding it, 264 — modifica-
tion of it in 1802, 265— amount of debt
discharged by it, 266, 267 — obloquy to
which the fund becomes exposed, 267 —
table of its decline, 269 — repeal of indi-
rect taxes since the peace, 272 — financial
history since the peace, 273 — foresight
of his system, 274— causes which led to
its abandonment, 276 — the desire of
popularity in the governments, 277 —
taxes repealed to secure this, 278, note,
279 — small amount of benefit from this,
280 — burdens of the nation during the
war, 281 — advantages, had the price of
the funds been kept up, 282 — errors
which caused the abandonment of the
sinking fund, 284 — the nation respon-
sible for these, 285 — the funding system,
286 — amount of loans contracted, 287,
288, note — modification of her financial
system after Campo Formio, 289 — in-
creased supplies raised within the year,
290 — increased war taxes, 291 — the
income tax, and debates on it, 294 —
mortgaging of taxes, 296, 297 — advan-
tages of her financial system, 297 — un-
due extension of the funding system , 90S
— and niggardly use of her military
force, 306 — the three per cents, 307 —
subsidies during the war, and proportion
of her disbursements on various depart-
ments, 312 — influence of the suspension
of cash payments, to. 313 — issues of
paper, exports and imports, 315 — effects
of the ascendency of popular power, 317
— danger to her from the national debt,
318 — destined progress of her race in
North America, 319 — alone in the con-
test after the peace of Presburg, 320 —
change of ministry on the death of Pitt,
321 — public opinion as to a coalition
ministry, 322 — state of parties, 323 —
new ministry, 324 — their first measures :
budget for the year, 325 — Napoleon offers
to treat with her, 336 — effect of the vic-
tory of Maida on public feeling, 343— ab-
solute naval supremacy now attained,
353 — origin of the continental system,
355 — the growth of her maritime power,
356 — influence of it on the future fate of
the world, 357 — colonial expeditions, 358
■ — embarrassment of government on the
capture of Buenos Ayres, 360" — differ-
ences with the United States, 362 —
ground taken by her, 363 — these are
adjusted by commissioners, 364 — mea-
sures against Prussia on the seizure of
Hanover, 367 — advances by that power
to her, 376 — negotiations with France,
379, et seq. — rupture of these, 387 — her
real views in them, ib. — effect of the
murder of Palm, 391 — principles of her
warfare against Napoleon , 399 — her
finances, 1805, 401.
Her manufactures compared with
those of Prussia, x. 4 — reconciliation
with that power, 12 — dispositions to-
ward Austria, 15, note — the Leipsic
decree against her commerce, 53 —
Napoleon's implacable hostility to her,
78— the Berlin decree, 80 — execution of
these decrees, 107 — refusal of aid by
her to Russia, 111 — excitement in,
caused by the Polish campaign, 123 —
subsidies by her in 1807, 157— effects of
her inactivity after Eylau, 160, 161 —
refusal of succours by^her, 162 — acces-
234
INDEX.
Great Britain, continued.
sion of the Whigs to power, 169 — •
their measures for recruiting the army,
ib. — Mr Windham's new military sys-
tem, 170, et seq. — abolition of the slave
trade, 184— ■-Lord Henry Petty 's plan
of finance, 198— budget for 1807, 205—
character of the measures of the Whig
administration, 208 — the expedition to
South America, 209^— causes of its fail-
ure, 213 — Russia proposes her attacking
Turkey, 220 — Turkey declares war
against her, 222 — expedition against
Constantinople, 223, et seq. — expedition
to Egypt, 230, et seq.— discontent caused
by these defeats, 231 — measures pro-
posed for introducing Catholics into the
army, 232 — change of ministry, 235 —
dissolution of parliament, 240, 241 —
character of the Whig administration,
244 — their foreign policy and measures,
245 — their neglect of the Russian war,
246 — her defeats ultimately beneficial,
249 — effects of the change of ministry
upon the alliance, 250 — Austria endea-
vours to mediate, 251 — irritation of
Russia against her, 252 — cause given
by her for Alexander's seceding from
the alliance, 314 — provisions of Tilsit
against her, 323, 327 — Napoleon's ob-
ject in it was the humbling of her, 340
— she had previously seceded from the
alliance, 341 — sketch of her empire in
India, 343, et seq. — (see India) — the pro-
gress of crime as compared with India,
351, 381 — increased demand for her
manufactures there, 353 — exports to
that country, 383.
Injustice done to Warren Hastings,
lord Clive, &c. xi. 32 — unpopularity of
the Mahratta war, 109 — rise of her
predominance in India, 139 — causes of
it, 140, et seq. — benefits it has produced
to that country, 144 — new system of
hostility by Napoleon after Trafalgar,
146 — his continental system, 147 — the
Berlin decree, 149 — danger of her situa-
tion, 150 — the decree of the 21st
November, 151 — the order in council of
April 5th, 1806, ib. note — of January
7th, 1807, 155— and of November 11th,
157 — the Milan decree, 158 — debates on
the orders in council, 159, et seq. — she
was the aggressor in this warfare, 167 — ■
suffering occasioned by it, 169 — the
Jesuit's bark bill, 170 — the system of
licenses, 173 — it opens up new channels
to her commerce, 174 — decree against
connivance at her commerce, 186 — con-
trast between her revolution and the
French, 220 — influence of the opposi-
tion to democracy in, 231 — despon-
dency after the peace of Tilsit, 235 —
Prussia declares war against her, 241 — ■
hostility of Denmark to her, 255 — reso-
lution of the government at this crisis,
256 — the expedition to Copenhagen ,
257 — terms offered to the Danish gov-
ernment, 258 — feelings regarding the
expedition, 264 — debates on it, 265 —
energy and honour displayed by her
with regard to it, 271— mediation of
Russia, 272 — rupture with that power,
273 — reply to the Russian manifesto,
275, note — her conduct toward Portu-
gal, 294.
Her army at the commencement of
the Peninsular war, xii. 17 — spirit with
which it was regarded by the people,
19 — qualities of the soldiers, 20 — the
officers taken from the higher classes,
21 — contentment of the privates, 22 —
severity of the discipline, and physical
comforts of the men, 23— picture of it,
and its characteristics, 24, note — posi-
tion of her troops in Spain, 26 — joy in,
on the insurrection in Spain, 47 — de-
bates on the subject, 48 — change of
feeling then indicated, and consistency
of the views with the principles of free-
dom, 50— budget for 1808, 51— supplies
sent to Spain, 52 — misappropriation of
these, 53 — the expedition to Portugal,
103 — injudicious succession of com-
manders appointed to it, 104 — indigna-
tion on the convention of Cintra, 120
— proclamation of Napoleon against
her, 166 — gloom produced by the dis-
asters in Spain, 187 — and horror ex-
cited by the aspect of Moore's army,
188 — character of her troops as shown
in this campaign, 196 — resumption of
amicable relations with Austria, 203 —
announcement of this in parliament,
204, note — her infatuation regarding
the fortifying her capital, &c. 311 —
increased energy of, in 1809, 371 —
budget for 1808, 375.
Her efforts to keep Antwerp from
France, and virtual abandonment of it,
xiii. 73 — a diversion urged by Austria
in 1809, 74 — reasons against sending it
to Germany or Spain, 75 — tardiness of
the preparations, 77, 78 — preparations
made for it, 79 — injustice of her state
trials, 85 — debates on the charges
against the duke of York, 87— and on
the conduct &c. of the Walcheren ex-
pedition, 88, et seq. — reception of the
Tyrolese deputies in, 115 — her military
power in 1809, 143— spirit which cha-
racterised her diplomatic engagements,
144 — Napoleon's proposals made at
Erfurth, 145 — treaty with Spain, ib. —
with Sweden, 146— and with Turkey,
147 — commercial importance of the
latter power, ib. — despondency pre-
valent with regard to the Peninsular
war, 148 — debates upon it, 149, et seq.
— light thrown by them on the errors of
the campaign, 155 — the government
resolve on maintaining the war, 156 — ■
measures for increasing the army, ib. —
budget for 1809, 157 — effect of the
treaty on Spain, 171 — efforts made by
her during this campaign, 266— subse-
INDEX.
235
Great Britain, continued.
quent falling off in her military strength,
267 — comparison of her revenue and
military strength, 268 — causes of this
decline, 269 — her position after the
campaign of Wagram, 272 — intrigue of
Fouch^ with regard to negotiations with
her, 288— consternation on the retreat
from Talavera, 294 — debates on the
continuance of the war, 297 — effect of
the gloomy views thus revealed upon
Napoleon, 304 — finances and supplies
for 1810, 305— weakness of the govern-
ment, and consequent difficulties of Wel-
lington, 318— their measures to aid him,
337 — sympathy manifested toward the
Portuguese, 354 — effect produced by the
campaign of TorresVedras, 355 — views of
the government upon it, 356 — their re-
solution to prolong the contest, 357—
finances, 1809, 362 — and 1810, 363.
Her great characters and writers dur-
ing the reign of George III. xiv. 3— re-
action in the character of her literature,
8, note — contrast between her state and
that of France and the United States,
13 — debates on the regency bill in 1810,
17, et seq. — sides taken by parties upon
it, 24 — the Tory ministry are continued
in power, 26 — negotiations in 1812 rela-
tive to a ministry, 31 — character of the
reign of George IV. 36— the transac-
tions regarding Sir Francis Burdett, 43
— general distress at this time, 47 — the
Luddite disturbances, 48, 50 — effects of
the orders in council, ib. — measures of
parliament to relieve the commercial
distress, 49 — the criminal code at this
time, 52 — efforts of Romilly for its ame-
lioration, 53 — subsequent increase of
crime, 55 — general review of Pitt's cur-
rency measures, 57— monetary changes
in 1809 and 1810, 58— report of the bul-
lion committee, and debates on it, 59,
et seq. — reflections on the subjects then
discussed, 69 — debates on the repeal of
the orders in council, 77 — the general
distress alleged to arise from them, 79 —
war declared by the United States, 86 —
debates relative to the continuance of
the war, 92 — conduct of the Opposition,
99, 100— her finances, 1811, 101— and
1812, 102 — supplies voted, army and
navy, &c. 101, 102 — second decennial
census, 102 — negotiations for an ex-
change of prisoners, 103, 370 — her mari-
time and colonial supremacy finally con-
summated, 110 — her position at this
time, 112, 113 — ultimate influence on
her of the meeting of the Spanish cortes,
117, 118 — conduct of the government
with regard to the cortes, 138 — efforts
for the liberation of Ferdinand VII.
from Valencay, 139 — conduct of the go-
vernment in 1811 with regard to the
east of Spain, 205, 206— the weakness of
the government, 207 — insecurity of their
tenure of office, 208 — this the cause of
the weakness of their military measures,
209— inefficient support of Wellington,
237 — neglect of warlike preparations
during peace, 239 — inexperience of the
inferior functionaries, 241 — refuses pub-
lic assistance to the South American
colonies, 340 — secret aid given to them,
347 — the diminished supply of the pre-
cious metals from South America, 361 — ■
influence of the South American revo-
lution on her colonial empire, 362 — sta-
tistics of crime, from 1805 to 1842, 365
—of her currency from 1792 to 1816,
367— of her shipping from 1801 to 1822,
*.— and from 1823 to 1836, 368— effects
of the reciprocity system, 368, 369— her
finances for 1811, 369— and for 1812,
370 — her exports to South America,
374 — her paper currency from 1800 to
1835, 376 — comparative tables of her
population, commerce, currency, &c.
1809 to 1836, 377.
Feelings of parties on the campaign
of Salamanca, xv. 105 — comparison of
her population with that of Turkey, 133
— importations of goods by the Danube,
160— expedition to Sweden in 1808, 197
— relaxation by Russia of the continen-
tal system, 214 — inveteracy of Denmark
against her, 216 — Sweden declares war
against her, 222 — but reverts to her al-
liance, and treaty between them, 223 — ■
Napoleon's proposals of peace to her,
224 — views in, with regard to his con-
test with Russia, 226, 273— cost of her
army as compared with that of the Rus-
sian, 240 — danger to her from the Rus-
sian navy, 251 — contrast between her
and that empire as regards their minerals,
252 — different destinies thus assigned to
them, ib. — difference as respects the ad-
ministration of justice, 253 — her infe-
riority in diplomacy, 254 — her danger
from that power, 263 — assistance from
her is declined by Alexander, 274 — treaty
between them, and subsidy advanced
by her, 308.
Sensation produced by the Moscow
campaign, xvi. 99 — danger to her from
Napoleon's naval efforts, 157 — decline
of her fleet during the peace, 158 — ad-
vances by her to Austria in 1813, and
subsidies offered, 171 — secret negotia-
tions between them, 172 — negotiations
with Denmark, and treaty with Sweden,
179, 180 — her honourable political con-
duct in 1813, 181 — arms and stores sent
to Northern Germany, 194 — progress of
her financial and military resources, 272
— vast exertions at last made, 273 — her
army, &c. at the close of the war, ib. — ■
her population, &c. contrasted with
those of France, 274 — unanimity on the
subject of the war at this time, 276 —
debates upon it, 277 — means adopted
for recruiting the army, 1813, 283 —
military force maintained by her, 284 — ■
her vast expenditure, 285 — subsidies to
236
INDEX.
Great Britain , continued.
foreign states, 286 — her glorious position
at this time, 287 — change introduced
into her financial system, 288 — debates
on Vansittart's system of finance, 289 —
consequences of the change, 296 — her
revenue, population, &c. 1814 and 1840,
297 — tardiness of the government as
shown in the siege of San Sebastian, 384
■ — merits of, in the peninsular war, 387 —
her forces, 1813, 395 — and her finances,
396.
Efforts to complete the grand alliance,
xvii. 56 — resumption of pacific relations
with Prussia, ib. — first convention be-
tween her, Russia, and Prussia, and
treaty of Reichenbach, 57 — relative
treaty with Russia, 58 — convention of
Peterswalde, 59 — convention of London,
ib. — treaty of Stockholm, 60 — attempt
of, to coerce Denmark into the alli-
ance,61 — moral lustre of her position ,381.
Opening of parliament, and declara-
tion of the prince-regent, xviii. 12 —
naval and military preparations, 13 —
finances, 14, 15 — surprise at the finan-
cial wealth exhibited by her, 16 — its
causes and sources, 17, et seq. — compari-
son of her population, commerce, &c.
1812 and 1836, 17, note — views regard-
ing the conduct of the war, 1814, 70—
reception of Louis XVIII. in, 112 — de-
parture of the Bourbon princes, 115 —
her representatives at the congress of
Chatillon, 146— lord Castlereagh ulti-
mately sent thither, 147 — her views in
this negotiation, 148 — magnanimity of
these, and steadiness and moderation of
her conduct, 149 — instructions to Cas-
tlereagh, 150— views with regard to the
Bourbons, 151, 152 — and respecting
Poland, 152 — treaty of Chaumont, 163 —
difficulties in supplying specie to Wel-
lington, 229 — plan for removing him to
Flanders, 230 — views with regard to the
settlement of France, 361 — departure of
Louis XVIII. for France, 400— the first
treaty of Paris, 403, 404— visit of the
Allied sovereigns to, 411 — and of prince
Leopold, 412, 413 — statement of her
finances, 1814, 429.
Extent of emigration from, to North
America, xix. 19 — proportion of agri-
culturists to other classes, 27, 28 — ex-
ports from, to America, 1835 to 1842,
54, note — liberty of thought in, 52 —
character of her writers on law, 69 —
her commerce with her North American
colonies, 80 — its value to her, 81 — her
trade with various nations, 82 — her
failure in the first American war, 84 —
efforts of Washington to maintain peace
with her, 86 — the maritime disputes
with the United States, 87 — the orders
in council, 88, et seq. — origin of the
dispute, 90 — passing of the Non-inter-
course Act, ib. — affair of the Chesa-
peake, 91 — negotiation of Mr Erskine,
and its disavowal, ib. 92 — falling off in
her exports, 93, note — affair of the
Little Belt and President, 95 — threaten-
ing aspect of the negotiations, 96 —
violent measures of Congress, 97 — war
declared by the States, 98 — and mari-
time successes by them, 104, et seq. —
these induce greater attention to the
equipment of her vessels, 110, et seq. —
effect of the capture of the Chesapeake
by the Shannon, 117 — blockade of the
American coast declared by her, 142 —
peace with the States, 171 — the treaty
of Ghent, 172 — effects of this war upon
her commerce and manufactures, 174,
175 — evils of a rupture between her and
the United States, 178, et seq. — con-
siderations in the event of a war, 180 —
necessity of concentrating her forces in
such a war, 181 — military force by which
likely to be opposed, 182 — attacks on
private property to be avoided, ib. —
necessity of her maintaining a naval
superiority on the lakes, 183— superior
advantages of the Americans for ship-
building, 184 — errors of the government
in the late contest, ib. — defenceleis-
ness of Canada, 185 — statistics of ship-
ping, 187 — rejoicings on the peace of
Paris, 190 — views of parties on it, 191
— anticipations of the friends of free-
dom, ib. — grants to the duke of Wel-
lington and his principal generals, 193
— his reception in parliament, ib. — the
thanksgiving at St Paul's, 195 — inter-
ference of, to force the annexation of
Norway, ib. — debates on it, 196, et
seq. — history of the corn laws, 206—
export and import of grain during the
last century, 207 — reasons for protec-
tion to agriculture, 208 — debates in
parliament on a corn law, ib. et seq. —
the bill is carried, 213 — secret treaty at
Vienna, with France and Austria, 236
— cessions by the treaty of Vienna to
Holland, 239 — treaty with the other
powers against Napoleon, 282 — prepara-
tions, 283 — finances, supplies voted,
&c. 284, 395 — subsidies to the other
powers, 285 — her national debt at this
time, 297.
Rejoicings in, on the results of Water-
loo, and the advance to Paris, xx. 9 —
arrival of Napoleon at, 15 — and his
removal to St Helena, 16 — the second
treaty of Paris, 22 — general effect of
the Revolution on her, 41 — productive
powers of her agriculturists, 52 — con-
sumption of animal food, 54 — her suc-
cesses during the war, 59 — her mari-
time successes, 60 — her expenditure, 61
— her colonial conquests, 62 — her in-
ternal growth and prosperity, 63 — in-
creased population, revenue, &c. ib. —
tables of commerce, taxes, loans, &c.
64, note — growth of her commerce since
the peace, 65 — and of her colonial
power, 66— sketch of her capital, 67 —
INDEX.
237
Great Britain, continued.
causes of her great dominion, 71 — the
character of the people, 72 — physical
advantages of her situation, 73 — policy
of the government as regards the navy,
74 — effects of the system of colonial
administration, 76 — loyalty of her
colonies, 78 — her system of paper cur-
rency, 79 — its effect toward the close of
the war, 80 — notes in circulation, price
of gold, commerce, &c. 81 — influence
of the Protestant religion, 82 — prin-
ciples on which the war was conducted,
84 — which gained her general concur-
rence in it, 85 — principles of decay im-
planted in her by her success, 87 —
present evils which threaten her, 88 —
symptoms of decay manifested since the
peace, 89 — increase of pauperism, t'6. —
the change in the currency system, 90
— and of the reciprocity system, 91—
passing of the Reform Bill, 93 — its ten-
dency to break up the empire, 94 — move-
ment in favour of free trade, 95 — these
changes due to ascendency of the com-
mercial classes, ib. — and this arose out
of the triumphs of the war, 96 — analogy
between her condition and that of Rome,
97 — both having reached the natural
limits of empire, 98, 100 — mode in
which this ensues, 99 — the conduct of
government toward Napoleon at St
Helena, 101 — surrender of his remains
to France, 104.
Great feudatories of France, influence of
the, on the cause of freedom, i. 84 —
destruction of their power as a cause of
the Revolution, 119.
Great proprietors, want of, in the Con-
stituent Assembly, ii. 18.
Great Rebellion in England, comparism
of, with the French Revolution, i. 43—
moderation displayed, 44, 45 — influence
of religion in it, 44 — leaves the law un-
changed, 46 — and the distribution of
property, 47 — effects of it on the distri-
bution of political power, ib. — and on
the naval and military power of the
nation, 48 — causes which gave it its
peculiar character, 49 — its religious
character and republican tendency, 68
— circumstances which restrain that
tendency, 69 — its mild character, 71 —
circumstances which made it so, 74 —
religious fanaticism characterising it,
123 — effects upon it of the absence of
confiscation, ii. 264.
Great Russia, contrast between, and the
Ukraine, xv. 245.
Greece, influence of the struggle of, with
Persia, i. 2 — limited extent of freedom
in, 10— its governments not representa-
tive, 12 — allotted to France by Tilsit,
x. 328, 330.
Greek church, the, in Russia, xv. 258.
Greek costume, introduction of, into
France, i. 304 — its prevalence in 1796,
vi. 92.
Greek drama, comparison of, with the
French, i. 124.
Green, Sir Charles, conquest of Surinam
by, viii. 292.
Green, colonel, at Tarragona, xiv. 173 —
captures Montserrat, xv. 104.
Greenleaf, the American law writer, xix. (9.
Greenock, town of, its population, iii. 98,
note.
Gregoire, the abb£, a member of the
club Breton, ii. 40 — 51 — proposes the
abolition of royalty, iii. 37— 179— takes
part in the proceedings for restoring the
Bourbons, xviii. 364.
Gregorian calendar, abolition of the, iv.
128— re-established, ix. 76.
Gregorio, bishop of, imprisoned at Vin-
cennes, xvi. 143, note.
Gregory, bishop of Blois, firmness of, iv.
154.
Gregory, Dr, on the American frigates,
xix. Ill, note.
Grenelle, plans of the Jacobins for revolt
at, vi. 87 — their outbreak there, 90—
execution of Malet, &c. at, xvi. 137.
Grenier, general, at Wurtzburg, v. 289 — ■
at Magnano, vi. 340, 343, 344— defeated
at the Adda, 364 — defeated at Savigli-
ano, vii. 54 — at Genola, 57 — position
of, at close of 1799, 61 — and in cam-
paign cf Hohenlinden, 283 — defeated
at Ampfing, 284— at Hohenlinden, 291
— at the Piave, xii. 270 — at Raab, xiii.
11 — joins Eugene on the Oder, xvi. 114
— position of, 1813, 187 — operations in
Italy, x vii. 314 — captures Fiestritz, 315 —
defeated by Hiller, 316" — at the Mincio,
xviii. 217 — defeats the Neapolitans at
Guastalla, 221— xix. 303— a member of
the commission of government, xx. 3, 7.
Grenoble, parliament of, L 314, 315, notes.
Grenoble, riots in, during 1788, i. 329 —
Barnave elected deputy for, ii. 37, note
— predominance of the Girondists at, iv.
119 — reception of Pius VII. at, xiii. 136
— his removal to it in 1812, xvi. 142 —
advance of Napoleon to, during the
Hundred days, xix. 256, 259 — decrees
issued thence by him, 260.
Grenville, lord, note by, containing the
ultimatum of Great Britain in 1792, iii.
180— foreign secretary in 1793, iv. 20—
acts called by his name, v. 257 — reflec-
tions on them, 259 — answer by him to
Napoleon's proposals of peace in 1799,
vii. 135 — defence of the war by, 143 —
resignation of, 365 — arguments against
the peace of Amiens, viii. 61 — 296 —
against the government on the war
with Spain, 327 — against the Catholic
disabilities, ix. 12 — formation of a minis-
try intrusted to him in 1806, 323— his
principles, ib. — becomes premier, 324 — •
arguments for the abolition of the slave
trade, x. 187, 191 — circumstances which
led to his dismissal, 235 — arguments
against the orders in council, xi. 159-^
attempt to form a coalition ministry with
238
INDEX.
Grenville, continued,
him, xiii. 91— arguments against the
Peninsular war, 1809, 149— and 1810,
297 — negotiations with him in 1812
relative to the formation of a ministry,
xiv. 28, 30— rupture of these, 31 — argu-
ments against the continuance of the
war, 1811, 93 — against the annexation
of Norway, xix. 196.
Greussen, defeat of Kalkreuth at, x. 51.
Greville, colonel, at San Sebastian, xvi.
350, 352.
Grey, Sir Charles, subjugation of St Lucie
by, iv. 318.
Grey, Mr, (Lord Howick and Earl Grey,)
against the war in 1793, iv. 4 — for parlia-
mentary reform in 1793, 9— his Reform
bill in 1831 , 14, note — appears in coloured
dress on the execution of the French
king, 19, note — for reform in 1797, v.
325 — views of, as regarded the union of
Ireland, vii. 155— defence of the nor-
thern coalition by him, 361 — first lord
of the admiralty in 1806, ix. 324— refusal
of succours to Russia by him in 1807,
x. 161, 162— for the abolition of the
slave trade, 187— in favour of Catholic
emancipation in 1807, 232— his dis-
missal, 235 — against the conduct of the
king on the Catholic bill, 237— order in
council issued by him, January 7, 1807,
xi. 155 — against the orders in council,
159— note by him to the Danish minister
on the subject, 163— attempt to form a
coalition ministry with him, xiii. 91 —
against the Peninsular war, 1809, 149
— and 1810, 297— against the Regency
bill, xiv. 18 — negotiations with him for
the formation of a ministry in 1812, 28,
30 — against the continuance of the war,
1811, 93 — and on the conduct of it,
1813, xvi. 277— against the annexation
of Norway to Sweden, xix. 196.
Grieff, a forester, xv. 201.
Griffiths, admiral, iv. 325, note — opera-
tions of, in the Penobscot, xix. 157.
Grille, M., abstract of the Cahiers by, i.
342, note.
Grimsel, capture of, by the French, 1799,
vii. 24.
Gris Nez, naval combat of, ix. 53.
Grisons, occupation of the, by Austria, vi.
163— operations in, 1799, 327— retreat
of the French from, 351 — passage of the
Alps into, by Suwarroff, vii. 41 — opera-
tions in, 1800, 300.
Grippsholm, imprisonment of Gustavus
at, xv. 201.
Grizel, captain, a Jacobin partisan, vi.
87 — betrayal of his associates by, 89.
Grodno, passage of the Niemen by the
French at, xv. 285 — losses sustained by
them between it and Witepsk, 301.
Groningen overrun by the French, 1794,
iv. 386.
Groot, repulse of the French at, vii. 47.
Gros Morne, surrender of Maurepas at,
Gross Beeren, battle of, xvii. 184 — suc-
cesses which followed it, 186.
Gross Glockner, the, xii. 313, 332.
Gross Terner, the, xii. 315.
Grotto, actions at the, xv. 163.
Grouchy, marshal, intrigues of, in Sardi-
nia, vi. 182 — takes military possession
of Lombardy, &c. 183 — repulse of, be-
fore Ceva, 369— at Novi, vii. 13, 14—
wounded and taken prisoner, 17, 18 — at
Hohenlinden, 287, 288, 290— and in
pursuit, 297 — at Friedland, x. 302 — xi.
196, note — appointed governor of Ma-
drid, 331— at Raab, xiii. 11, 13— at
Wagram, 31, 41, 42 — at Borodino, xv.
345, 350 — his corps on entering Russia,
370 — and losses sustained by it, xvi. 89,
note — commands the cavalry in 1813,
xviii. 91— at Vauchamp, 103, 104, 105
— is wounded at Craone, 188 — at Laon,
191— his forces during this campaign,
435 — operations against the due d'An-
gouleme, xix. 278, 279 — capitulation of
that prince to him, 280 — forces at the
opening of the Waterloo campaign, 400
— and at "Wavres, 405 — battle of Wavres,
372— retreats to Laon, 374, 375— effect
of his absence from Waterloo, 387 — de-
feated at Villars Cotteret, xx. 6.
Grund, combat at, ix. 193.
Grunebach, combat at, and death of Bes-
sieres, xvi. 211.
Gruyer, general, xvii. 384.
Grynau, contest at, vii. 34.
Guadalaviar, passage of the, by Suchet,
xiv. 198.
Guadalaxarra, capture of, by the Span-
iards, xv. 76 — contributions levied on,
xvi. 306.
Guadalete river, xiv. 148.
Guadaloupe, subjugation of, by the British
in 1794, iv. 318 — re-establishment of
slavery in, viii. 192 — the insurrection,
and its suppression, 194, 195 — expedition
of Missiessy to, ix. 55 — promised to
Sweden by the treaty of Orebro, xvi. 180
— cession of, to Sweden, xvii. 60 — but
restored to France by the treaty of Paris,
xviii. 404.
Guadalquiver river, the, xii. 6.
Guadarrama pass, passage of the, by Na-
poleon, xii. 171.
Guadet, a leader of the Girondists, ii. 277,
278 — his character, 284 — supports the
mob on the 20th June, 324 — iii. 14 — a
member of the committee of general de-
fence, 269, note — denounced by the
sections, 271 — moves the trial of Marat,
276 — again denounced by the mob, 278
— proposes a separation of the Conven-
tion, 281 — his arrest decreed, 295 — his
trial and condemnation, 296 — his death,
303.
Guadiana, valley of the, xii. 6— advance
of Marmont and Soult to, xiv. 361.
Guard, conventional, proposals for, iii. 46,
47, 283.
Guard, National, see National.
INDEX.
239
Guard, continued.
Guard, the Imperial, organisation of the,
at Boulogne, ix. 46 — Napoleon's reasons
for not engaging, at Borodino, xv. 35-1 —
state of, during the retreat from Moscow,
xvi. 38 — its condition on reaching
Smolensko, 41 — and at Orcha, 57 — the
last regiments withdrawn from Spain in
1813, 163 — parting of Napoleon with, at
Fontainbleau, xviii. 385 — its dissolution,
xix. 225.
Guarda, (Spain,) defeat of the Portuguese
at, xii. 101 — Massena driven from, xiii.
345.
Guarda, lake of, (Italy,) v. 206 — opera-
tions on the, vii. 9.
Guarena, retreat of Wellington across the,
xv. 53 — combat at, 54.
Guastalla, the duchy of, bestowed on
Pauline, ix. 339— defeat of the Neapoli-
tans at, xviii. 221.
Guatimala, province of, its population,
1810, xiv. 324, note — its commerce,
374.
Guayaquil, revolt of, xiv. 339 — submits, ib.
Guayra, destruction of, xiv. 342 — massacre
at, 345.
Gudin, general, operations of, in the Alps,
vii. 23— at the Devil's bridge, 25 — is
driven from the St Gothard, 35 — subse-
quent operations of, 36 — at Salzburg,
295— at Auerstadt, x. 41, et seq. — losses
of his division in that battle, 48— xi. 196,
note — at Echmuhl, xii. 236— at Wa-
gram, xiii. 42 — is wounded there, 43 — •
at Valutina, xv. 321 — death of, there,
322, 323.
Guerilla warfare of Spain, uniform cha-
racter of the, xii. 2 — its origin, 3.
Guerillas, increase of the, in Spain, xiv.
221 — their ranks recruited by the atro-
cities of the French, 229 — interruption
of the French communications by them,
1813, xvi. 318.
Guerilla warfare, efforts of Napoleon to
rouse, in France, xviii. 178, 179.
Guerin, M., murder of, iii. 31.
Guerrier, the, at the Nile, vi. 271.
Guerriere, capture of the, xix. 105.
Guesclin, violation of the tomb of, iv. 145,
146, 147.
Guetario, capture of, by the Spaniards,
xv. 104.
Guiana, transportation of the royalist
leaders to, vi. 107 — Portuguese, ceded
to France, viii. 48 — its productiveness,
xiv. 309— supports the Spanish regency,
339.
Guice, intrenched camp of, iv. 66.
Guiche, due de, i. 329.
Guiche, duchesse de, vii. 179, note.
Guidal, general, an associate of Malet's,
xvi. 134 — execution of, 137.
Guienne, province of, during the Hundred
days, xix. 277.
Guildhall, London, the Allied sovereigns
at, xviii. 411.
Guildries of Holland, the, iv. 380.
Guillaume Tell, the, at the Nile, vi.
274.
Guilleminot, general count, chief of the
French engineers, vi. 370 — mission of,
to Turkey, x. 330— xiv. 165— at Malo
Jaroslawitz.xvi. 22 — forces under, 1813,
xvii. 384— at Hochheim, 291.
Guillet, general, vi. 364.
Guillotiere, battle of, xviii. 172.
Guillotin, Dr, proposes the Tennis-court
oath, ii. 61—86 — report by him on the
penal code, and introduction of his
machine, 189.
Guillotine, adoption of the, by the As-
sembly, ii. 189 — first employment of,
iii. 12 — changes of its place, iv. 255,
259.
Guinaldo, retreat of Wellington to, xiv.
276 — his danger there, 277.
Guingerlot, murder of, iii. 5.
Guizot, M., views of, on the Norman con-
quest, i. 61, note — character of the
works of, xiv. 8, xx. 43, 58 — minister
under Louis XVII I. xix. 228.
Gumbinnen, arrival of Ney at, xvi. 74.
Gunpowder, influence of the discovery of,
on freedom, i. 37.
Gunzburg, combat at, ix. 149.
Gurwood, colonel, at Ciudad Rodrigo, xv.
10, 12.
Gustavus III. king of Sweden, iii. 138—
measures of, for the deliverance of Louis
XVI., 154— warlike views of, 1791, 158.
— See also Sweden.
Gustavus Adolphus, the Great, character
of, xv. 187.
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, con-
versation of, with Brune, x. 258, note —
resolves to resist the aggressions of
Russia, xv. 193 — neglect of defensive
preparations, 194— arrests the Russian
ambassador, 195 — prepares for the con-
quest of Norway, 196 — his views on it
and on Denmark, 197 — conspiracy for
his dethronement, 198 — measures against
the conspirators, 199 — is arrested, 200 —
and resigns the crown, 201 — his formal
deposition, 202. — See also Sweden.
Gustavus Vasa, character of, xv. 187.
Gustebuze' Zellin, passage of the Oder by
Wittgenstein at, xvi. 115.
Guttstadt, combat of, x. 264 — second,
285.
Guyavari river, xiv. 297.
Guyeux, general, at Lonato, v. 210 — at
Areola, 228 — at Neumarckt, vi. 16 —
subsequent operations, 17.
Guyon, general, at Krasnoi, xvi. 51.
Guyot, general, xvii. 383, xviii. 91 —
publicly censured by Napoleon, 129.
Guyton Morveau, a member of the com-
mittees, iii. 269, 271, iv. 51, notes.
Gwalior, cession of, to the British, xi.
108, 109 — its restoration demanded by
Scindiah, 127— and granted, 132.
Gymnasiums of Austria, the, ix. 123.
240
INDEX.
H.
Haarlem, formation of the sea of, iv. 374
— submission of, to the French, 385 —
combats near, 1799, vii. 50 — revolt of,
against the French, xvii. 311.
Haarlem man-of-war, capture of the, v.
367.
Habeas Corpus act, suspension of the, in
1794, iv. 309— continued in 1795, v. 48
—in 1798, vi. 120— and in 1800, vii.
154 — suspended in Ireland, 1805, ix.
9.
Habert, general, at Tarragona, xiv. 182 —
at siege of Saguntum, 191 — at Albu-
fera, 198, 199— -defeats the Spaniards at
the Xucar, xvii. 332— at Ordal, 336— is
besieged in Barcelona, xviii. 260.
Habitans of Canada, character of the,
xix. 77.
Haddick, general, operations of, against
Lecourbe, vi. 353 — position and forces
of, 1799, 375— at Aosta, vii. 54— with-
drawn from thence, 56 — position at the
close of 1799, vii. 61 — forces under,
1800, 236— at Marengo, 248.
Hadji Ali, xv. 152.
Haemus, the spahis of, xv. 138.
Hagelsberg, siege of fort of, x. 276.
Hague, occupation of, by the French, iv.
386.
Hail storm of 1788 in France, the, i. 351.
Hainau, defeat of the French at, xvi.
255.
Halberstadt, cession of, by Prussia at Til-
sit, x. 324, note — defeat of general Ochs
at, xvi. 259.
Halen, secretary to Suchet, treachery of,
xviii. 259.
Halfweg, capture of, by the Russians,
xvii. 312.
Halket, general, at Vitoria, xvi. 336 — at
Quatre Bras, xix. 328 — at "Waterloo,
367, 369.
Hall of the Assembly at Versailles, de-
scription of the, ii. 5.
Hall of Menus, meeting of the Tiers Etat
in, ii. 10.
Hall, capture of, by Spechbacher, xii. 345
— forcing of its bridge, 355.
Hall, detachment by Wellington to, during
"Waterloo, xix. 340.
Halle, defeats of the Prussians at, 1806,
x. 52, 53 — occupied by Grenier, 1813,
xvi. 187— by the Allies, 197, 204— cap-
tured by Bulow, 223.
Haller, French commissary at Rome, vi.
166, 174.
Hallowell, captain, at Cape. St Vincent,
v. 342, note— at the Nile, vi. 272, 273—
viii 39 — in the bay of Rosas, xiii. 168 —
operations against Tarragona, xvii. 329,
330.
Ham, imprisonment of the Jacobin leaders
at, v. 97 — state prison of, xi. 209.
Hamburg, captured by the Danes, 1801,
97 — occupie
272— seizure
vii. 359, 385— evacuated, I
by the French, 1803, viii.
of Sir George Rumboldt at, 314 — ex-
actions of the French from, ix. 370 —
occupied by them under Mortier, x. 82
— contributions levied at various times,
107, 164, xi. 155 — atrocities of Davoust
in, 173, note — government of it by
Bourrienne, 238 — occupied by Cara St
Cyr, xvi. 117 — enthusiasm in 1812 in
favour of Napoleon, 131 — arrest of the
Austrian envoy at, 1813, 172— its ces-
sion demanded by Denmark, 179 — is
occupied by Vandamme, 188 — by the
Allies, 190 — enthusiasm in their favour,
191 — operations of the French against
it, 261— its capture, 262— is fortified by
Davoust, xvii. 72— contributions levied
by him, ib. note, xx. 19 — operations at
and near it during 1813, xvii. 210 —
Berhadotte is moved toward it, 275 — ■
amount of the French force in, 281 —
proposed capitulation of it, 303 — is
blockaded by Benningsen, xviii. 131 —
operations at it, 1814, and its evacua-
tion in terms of the treaty of Paris,
288, 403 — oppression of Davoust at it,
402.
Hameln, occupation of, by Prussia, vii.
383— capture of, by the French, x. 65.
Hamilton, Mr, against the sinking fund,
ix. 270.
Hamilton, general, at Albuera, xiv. 245,
246, 251— defence of Alba-de Tonnes
by, xv. 95.
Hamilton, lady Emma, vi. 186 — conduct
of, with regard to the Neapolitan insur-
gents, 388, 389— patriotic spirit shown
by, ix. 77 — her ultimate fate, 93.
Hamm, residence of Louis XVIIL at,
xviii. 111.
Hammel, general, at Raab, xiii. 13.
Hammerton, colonel, at Quatre Bras,
xix. 326.
Hampden, capture of, by the British, xix.
157.
Hampton, general, invasion of Canada
by, and his defeat, xix. 131.
Hampton, capture of, by the British, xix.
119.
Hanau, battle of, xvii. 283— capture of
town of, by the French, 288 — recap-
tured by the Bavarians, 289 — results
of the battle, ib.— light which it threw
on previous operations, 290.
Hangal, capture of, by the British, xi.
78.
Hannibal, comparison of his passage of
the Alps with Napoleon's, vii. 230, 231.
Hannibal man-of-war, capture of the, viiL
40.
Hanover, decree forbidding quarter to the
troops of, iv. 229, 353 — invaded and
overrun by Prussia, 1801, vii. 359, 385—
INDEX.
241
Hanover, continued.
surrendered by her, 397 — the seizure
of, proposed by Napoleon to Prussia,
viii. 49 — overrun by France, 1803, 271
— negotiations of Prussia regarding it.
313, ix. 42, 43, 139— measures of the
Allies for recovering it, 1805, 143 — is
overrun and occupied by them, 175,
200 — its annexation to Prussia agreed
to by Napoleon, 220 — seized by that
power, and its harbours closed, 366,
367 — its restitution secretly offered by
Napoleon, 376, 383, 384 — government
of it by the French, x. 77 — overrun by
Mortier, 1806, 82— article of Tilsit re-
garding it, 327 — excitement in it against
the French, xii. 359 — formally annexed
to France, xv. 214 — regency organised
on their departure, xvi. 194 — overthrow
of their power in it, xvii. 294 — contin-
gent of, 1813, xviii. 41 — disposal of it
by the congress of Vienna, xix. 232 —
position given to it in the German con-
federacy, 238 — cessions to it from
Saxony, 241— its contingent, 1815, 282
—subsidy to it, 286.
Hanse towns, contributions levied by the
Directory on the, vi. 216 — exactions of
Napoleon from them, 1806, ix. 370— he
claims to be protector of them, 376 —
are offered by him in exchange for
Naples, 385 — military government of
them, x. 77 — occupied by Mortier,
1806, 82— exactions of the French in,
107, 164, xi. 155 — oppressive govern-
ment of them, 238 — are formally an-
nexed to France, xv. 210, 215 — demand
made by Denmark of them, xvi. 179 —
insurrection of, and expulsion of the
French, 193 — their independence de-
manded at Prague, xvii. 102, 104.
Hansruck Viertel, cession of, to Bavaria,
xiii. 104.
Harbours, sums expended by Napoleon
on, xvi. 153, 154.
Harburg, siege of, by Woronzoff, xvii.
294— captured, xviii. 288.
Harcourt, colonel, conquest of the Cut-
tack by, xi. 100 — captures Khoordiah,
129.
Dlardegg, general, at Wagram, xiii. 32 —
defeats the French at Romilly, xviii.
118— defeated at Valjouan, 122.
Hardenberg, prince, career and character
of, viii. 312 — iii. 173, note — his opinion
of the treaty of Bale, v. 44 — negotia-
tions with France, 1796, 302— on the
conduct of Great Britain during the
mutiny of the fleet, 3:36 — his pacific
policy, 1797, vi. 43 — on the firmness of
the British government in 1798, 213
— his accession to office, viii. 312 — ix.
9 — his views on Hanover, 42 — corre-
spondence regarding it, 44 — heads the
war party in Prussia, 142 — his increas-
ing ascendency, 172 — ignorant of the
treaty for the seizure of Hanover, 221,
222, 369 — plunder of Ids seat by Da-
VOL. XX.
voust, x. 77 — Napoleon's jealousy of
him, xi. 242 — a member of the Tugend-
bund, 248 — on the rupture between
Russia and Great Britain, 276, note —
report on the French forces in Prussia,
xv. 218, note — xvi. 103 — proposals made
by him to France in 1812, 108 — patriotic
efforts of, 1813, 120 — terms proposed to
Napoleon, 122, 123 — statement of the
grounds of hostility, 127, 128 — corre-
spondence with Metternich, 1813, 171,
174 — xvii. 162 — at the Allied council at
Bar-sur-Aube, xviii. 142 — signs the
final treaty between Napoleon and the
Allies, 380 — views of, at the congress of
Vienna, xix. 234, 235 — and statement
of Prussia's claims on Saxony, 238.
Hardenberg, count, death of, xvii. 160.
Hardi, M. le, a Girondist, denounced,
iii. 278 — his arrest decreed, 295 — hU
death, 299.
Hardinge, captain, at Corunna, xii. 184 —
at Albuera, xiv. 247, 251.
Hardy, captain, at the battle of the Baltic,
vii. 377— at Trafalgar, ix. 84, 85, 86,
88.
Hardy, Antoine Francois, a Girondist,
denounced by the sections, iii. 278.
Hardy, an Englishman, trial of, iv.
311.
Hardy, a Scotchman, trial and transpor-
tation of, iv. 311.
Hardy, general, defeat of, at Ampfing,
vii. 285 — in St Domingo, viii. 185 — at
Crete a Pierrot, 189 — and against
Christophe, 190— his death, 196.
Harel, M., account of the trial of the due
d'Enghein by, viii. 348, 352.
Harem, effects of the seclusion of, in the
East, xv. 128.
Hargicourt, count, xviii. 278.
llarispe, general, defeats the Spaniards at
the Cabrillas, xii. 65 — at Saguntum, xiv.
195 — at Albufera, 199, 200 — defeats
O'Donnell at Castalla, xv. 102 — again
victorious at Yecla, xvi, 315 — and again
at Ordal, xvii. 336 — efforts of, to rouse
the peasantry, xviii. 235 — defeated at
Hellette, Garris, &c. 238 — at Orthes,
241, 246— at Aire, 249— at Tarbes, 255,
256— at Toulouse, 267, 274— wounded
there, 275 — and taken prisoner, 277,
278.
Ilarpe, general, forces under, 1810, xvi.
202, note.
Harpe, La, see La Harpe.
Harps, general, joins Bulow, xvi. 260.
Harris, lord, appreciation of Wellington
by, xi. 53, note — invades the Mysore,
67 — victory of, at Malavelly, 68 — invests
Seringapatam, 69 — its capture, 71 —
appoints Wellington governor of it,
75.
Harris, lieutenant, xviii. 358, note.
Harrison, general, defeat of, at Miami,
xix. 122— defeat of Proctor by, 129—
forces for the invasion of Canada, 131.
Ilarrowby, lord, minister for foreign affairs
Q
242
INDEX.
Harrowby, continued.
in 1804, viii. 296 — ambassador to Prus-
sia in 1805, ix. 174 — proceedings rela-
tive to the annexation of Hanover, 221,
xviii. 147 — arguments for the annexa-
tion of Norway, xix. 199.
Hartau, advance of Napoleon to, xvii. 189
—skirmish at, 207.
Hartwell, residence of Louis XVIII. at,
xviii. 114.
Harvelay, madame d', i. 278 — marriage of
Calonne to, 314, note.
Harvey, captain, wounded on the 1st of
June, iv. 325— at Trafalgar, ix. 85, 86—
xiii. 163.
Harvey, captain Felton, xiv. 279.
Harvey, colonel, at Salamanca, xv. 61.
Harvey, colonel, at Stoney Creek, xix.
125.
Harville, general, iii. 222, iv. 29.
Haspinger, Joseph, character of, xii. 336,
352— at the battle of Innspruck, 355—
resolves on continuing the contest, xiii.
110— at the bridge of Laditch, 111— at
the third battle of Innspruck, 114 — de-
feats Rusca at Tyrol castle, 119 — escape
of, 123.
Hassan Pasha, iii. 149 — defence of Rouds-
chouk by, xv. 164 — surrenders it, 171 —
occupies Plewne, 172 — and reoccupies
Roudschouk, 175.
Hasslach, battle of, ix. 149.
Hastings, the marquis of, see Moira, earl.
Hastings, Warren, measures of, against
Hyder Ali, xi. 18 — his early history and
career, 19 — his character and errors, 20
— prosecution of, 27 — his acquittal, 30
— conduct of the East India company
toward him, ib. note — change in public
opinion regarding him, 31 — his last
letter to the East India directors, ib.
Hately, lieutenant, intrepid act of, v.
365.
Hatry, general, vi. 340.
Hatzfeld, prince, affair of, x. 70 — mission
of, to Paris in 1813, xvi. 117.
Haugwitz, count de, conferences of, with
lord Malmesbury in 1794, iv. 349— con-
vention with France in 1796, v. 302 — vi.
41 — defence of the armed neutrality by,
vii. 357 — retires from office in Prussia,
viii. 312 — his declining consideration
there, ix. 172 — sent to notify the con-
vention between Prussia and Russia,
173 — but delays setting out to do so, 174
— arrives at the French camp before
Austerlitz, 200 — his perfidy after that
battle, 219 — his reception by Napoleon,
and treaty concluded, 220 — conversation
with Napoleon, 221 — embarrassment
caused by his treaty, 365 — further treaty
signed by him, 367 — policy of his ad-
ministration, x. 12 — dismissed from
office, xi. 242.
Hausenan, case of the, vii. 349.
Haute police of Prussia, the, xi. 244.
Havannah, services of Duncan at the, v.
356 — importation of slaves into, x. 193.
Havoiski, general, defeat of Soult's cavalry
by, x. 287.
Havre, works at the harbour of, viii. 165
— landing of Napoleon's remains at, xx.
104.
Hawkesbury, lord, minister of foreign
affairs, vii. 365 — conducts the negotia-
tions for the peace of Amiens, viii. 54,
et seq. — defence of it in parliament, 65
— reply to Napoleon's complaints in
1803, 250 — arguments of, in favour of
war, 254 — retires from the ministry, 296
— defence of the government with re-
gard to the war with Spain, 330 — on
the affair of Spencer Smith, 304 — argu-
ments against the Catholic claims, ix.
15 — the premiership offered to him, 321
— declaration by, regarding neutrals,
363 — home secretary in 1807, x. 236,
237, note — arguments for the orders in
council, xi. 162.
Hawkshawe, colonel, wounded at Albuera,
xiv. 252.
Haxo, general, defeat and death of, iii.
379.
Haxo, colonel, afterwards general, sent to
aid in the defence of Constantinople, x.
229 — fortification' of Hamburg by, xvii.
72— communicates Napoleon's instruc-
tions to Vandamme before Culm, 142,
143 — at Culm, 170 — fortification of Paris
by, xix. 305.
Hay, general, death of, at Bayonne, xviii.
281.
Hayti, republic of, established, x.214.— See
St Domingo.
Head, voting by, endeavours of the popu-
lar party to secure, i. 345 — is opposed
by the parliament, 346 — and by the
notables, 347 — left undetermined, 349—
secret views of Necker regarding it, 360
— which are assented to by the king, 361
— demanded in the cahiers of the Tiers
Etat, ii. 15.
Hearth tax in Brittany, the, i. 352.
Heathfield, lord, xi. 29.
Heber, bishop, on India, x. 353, 365.
Hebert, Jacques R£n6, early life of, iii.
311, note — character of him and of his
journal, 286, note, 311 — his influence,
281 — arrested by the commission of
twelve, 283 — liberated, 286 — evidence
given by him against the Girondists,
297 — denunciation of the Lyonnese by
him, iv. 94 — and of the Jolies Intri-
guantes, 133 — his treatment of the royal
family, 134 — evidence given by him on
the queen's trial, 138 — public avowal of
atheism by, 149 — introduces the goddess
of reason into the Convention, 150 —
orders the destruction of the steeples of
Paris, 151 — his principles, and those of
his party, 176 — his proceedings con-
demned by Robespierre, 179 — and his
destruction resolved on, 181 — attack by
Camille Desmoulins on him, 185 — is ex-
pelled from the Jacobins, but readmitted,
186 — treatment of the dauphin by him, v.
INDEX.
Hebert, continued.
115 — his arrest and execution, iv. 190,
191 — his corruption, 191, note — execu-
tion of his widow, 200 — impression made
by the fall of his party in Europe, 231.
Hebertists, see Anarchists.
Hebrides, fisheries of the, iii. 95.
Hedouville, M., vii. 99 — commissioner to
St Domingo, viii. 178 — ambassador to St
Petersburg, 1802, 208, 210 — recalled
from thence, 301.
Heeren on maritime law, vii. 343, note —
the works of, xiv. 11.
Heilsberg, winter-quarters of the Russians
at, x. 264 — intrenched camp of, 283 —
Benningsen retreats to it, 287 — battle
of, 290 — appearance of the field after it,
293— is evacuated, 294.
Heineccius on maritime law, vii. 342,
note.
Heinglaisgush, capture of, by the British,
xi. 114.
Helder, defeat of the French at, vii.
44.
Heliopolis, battle of, viii. 7.
Hell, vallev of, retreat of Moreau through
the, v. 2^5, 296.
Hellespont, passage of the, by the Russian
fleet, vi. 282.
Hellette, defeat of Harispe at, xviii.
238.
Helsingborg, city of, vii. 372, 375 — con-
vention of, ix. 40.
Helsingfors, capture of, by the Russians,
xv. 194.
Helvetic republic, independence of, guar-
ranteed by Luneville, vii. 328 — and by
Presburg, ix. 225. — See Switzerland.
Helvetius, the writings of, i. 151.
Heraart, president, viii. 363.
Hendorf, struggle at, vii. 191.
Henestrosa, Don Juan de, xii. 156.
Henriade of Voltaire, the, i. 141.
Henriot, Francois, heads the insurrection
of the 2d June, iii. 292, 293, 295— his
dismission proposed by the committee,
iv. 121 — arrest of the Anarchists by
him, 190 — his devotion to Robespierre,
238— measures advocated against Tallien
and his party, 263 — massacre of the Con-
vention proposed by him, 271 — denoun-
ced by Tallien, 274— his arrest decreed,
277 — is seized, 278 — but liberated, and
surrounds the Convention with his
troops, 279 — is deserted by his forces
there, 280 — and again at the Hotel de
Ville, 283 — his capture, 284 — and exe-
cution, 286.
Henriot de Pansey, M., xviii. 369.
Henry I. of England, the first charter
granted by, i. 57.
Henry II., conquest of Ireland by, iii. 92.
Henry VIII., despotic power of, L 25.
Henry IV. of France, granting of the
edict of Nantes by, i. 95 — sword of, ii.
90 — statue of, destroyed, iii. 5 — violation
of the tomb of, iv. 145 — state of his re-
mains, 146.
Henry, prince, of Prussia, offer made to
Carnot by, iv. 46, note — attention of
Napoleon to the widow of, x. 72.
Henry, captain, xix. 97.
Heptarchy, wars of the, i. 51.
Herault de Sechelles, a Dantonist, orders
the liberation of Hebert, iii. 286 — on
the 2d June, 295 — a member of the
committee of public salvation, iv. 116,
note — arrest of, 191 — his execution,
199.
Herbiers, extermination of the inhabitants
of, iv. 390— victory of the Vendeans at,
1799, vii. 86.
Herborn, heroism of Soult at, v. 272,
note
Herdenheim, defeat of the Austrians at,
ix. 154.
Herdorf, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
297.
Hereditary aristocracy, want of, in the
East, ii. 204 — re-establishment of, by
Napoleon, xi. 191, et seq. — endowments
bestowed on them, 195.
Hereditary rank, want of, in Russia, xv.
235.
Hereditary succession , influence of, among
the Barons, L, 19— opposition to, in
Poland, v. 13, 14 — attempt to establish
it there, 27 — want of it in the East,
xv. 119 — its practical prevalence in
Turkey, 132.
Heritier, general, forces under, 1813, xvii.
385 — at Valjouan, xviii. 122 — disgrace
of, 129.
Hermann, general, operations of, in Hol-
land, vii. 47 — taken prisoner, ib.
Hermann, colonel, defence of the fort of
the Predial by, xii. 273.
Hermann, M., on the forests of Russia,
xv. 229, note.
Hermitage, the, residence of Rousseau at,
i. 147.
Herrera, passage of the Douro by "Wel-
lington at, xv. 83.
Hertzberg, M., policy of, as Russian
minister, iii. 148 — views of, on the
French Revolution, 150.
Hervaz, M., xi. 337.
Hervilly, M. d', ii. 350— in the Quiberon
expedition, v. 60 — his death, 63.
Hesse Cassel, the elector of, army under,
1805, ix. 143 — measures of Napoleon
against, 376 — his temporising policy
before Jena, x. 17 — his dominions con-
fiscated by Napoleon, 74 — accedes to
the German confederacy of 1813, xviii.
39 — contingent of, 41 — 46.
Hesse Cassel, princess of, x. 72.
Hesse Cassel, military government of, by
the French, x. 77— troops of, taken into
the French service, 83, 106— -excitement
in, against the French, xii. 359 — cap-
tured by Chernicheff, xvii. 209.
Hesse d'Armstadt, prince of, iv. 373 — a
member of the confederation of the
Rhine, ix. 372 — and of the German
confederacy of 1813, xviii. 39.
244
INDEX.
Hesse d'Armstadt overrun by the French
in 1792, iii. 176.
Hesse Homburg, pr-ince, at Wagram, xiii.
42 — wounded there, 43 — death of, at
Liitzen, xvL 219.
Hesse Homburg, prince, forces under,
1813, xvii. 94— at Dennewitz, 192— at
Leipsic, 394, 237, 242, 258, 259— wound-
ed there, 260— xviii. 46— line of inva-
sion of France assigned him, 54 — and
his entrance into it, 65 — movements
assigned to him by the council of Bar-
sur-Aube, 145 — defeats Augereau near
Lyons, 226 — and again at Limonet,
227—432, 434.
Hesse Philipsthal, prince, defence of
Gaeta by, ix. 338— mortally wounded,
344.
Hesse Philipsthal, prince, at Borodino,
xv. 349.
Hetmans of Poland, powers of the, v. 19.
Heudelet, general, wounded at Eylau, x.
146.
Heyberger, cruel treatment of, iii. 31.
Hibbert, Mr, against the abolition of the
slave trade, x. 184.
Hieres, isle of, banishment of the Abbe"
Sabatier, &c. to, i. 319— and of d'Espre-
menil and Montsabert, 324.
High court of Chatelet, see Chatelet.
High treason, trials for, in Great Britain,
1794, iv. 310, et seq.—nevi law of, in
France, xi. 207.
Highlands of Scotland, the, iii. 85.
Hildesheim ceded to Prussia, viii. 209,
213, note— and ceded by her, x. 324,
note — its surrender to Hanover agreed
to by her in 1813, xvii. 58.
Hill, general lord, at Vimeira, xii. 113 —
186— at the passage of the Douro, xiii.
230 — his early history and character,
231, et seq.—zt Talavera, 241, 242—
wounded there, 242— forces under, and
their position, 1810, 322— joins Wel-
lington at Espinoha, 326— movements
in pursuit of Massena, 336, 337— com-
mands the covering army at Badajos,
' xiv. 255— stationed at Portalegre, 269—
surprises Gerard at Aroyo de Molinos,
281 — operations during 1812 in Estre-
madura, xv. 6 — covers the second siege
of Badajos, 17 — surprise of Almarez
and its forts, 38 — is arrested in his suc-
cess by false intelligence, 41— succeeds
Graham in Estremadura, 43 — forces
under him, 46 — operations against
Drouet there, and advance upon Ma-
drid, 81, 82 — evacuates that city on the
retreat from Burgos, 91, 92 — joins Wel-
lington on the Douro, 94 — hardships
and losses of his corps, 97 — at Vitoria,
xvi. 332, 334 — pursuit of the main army,
343 — invests Pampeluna, 344 — driven
back from the Puerta de Maya, 359 —
his retreat, 360 — at Soraoren, 368 — and
during the pursuit of the French, 870
—at the Nivelle, xvii. 353, 355, 358—
at the Nive, 359, 364, 365, 366— posi-
tion of, at St Pierre, 371, 372— battle
of St Pierre, 373— his forces there, 396
— xviii. 237 — defeats Harispe, 238 — at
the forcing of the Adour, ib. 239 —
passes the Gave d'Oleron, 241 — at
Orthes, 242, 246, 247 — at Aire, 249
— at Tarbes, 255, 256 — at Toulouse,
263, et seq. 371, 376 — created lord
Hill, and grant voted to him, xix. 193
— during the Waterloo campaign, 307
— position of his corps at its opening,
314 — detachment of part of his corps to
Hall, 340— at Waterloo, 343, 358.
Hiller, general, forces under, 1800, vii.
276—298 — operations against Mac-
donald, 309 — advance of, into Bavaria,
1809, xii. 222, 227— at Abensberg, 229
— is driven thence to Landshut, 230 —
and there defeated, 231— defeat of the
Bavarians by him, 246 — measures of,
for the defence of Vienna, 251 — position
and forces at Ebersberg, 253, 255 —
battle of Ebersberg, 256 — his retreat
upon Vienna, 259, 267 — check of Lannes
by, 279— at Aspern, 286, 287, 288, 293
— at Wagram, xiii. 36, 37 — forces under,
1813, xvii. 97 — his position and forces
in Italy, 313 — first operations there, 314
— various combats, 315 — rapid successes
against Grenier and Eugene, 316, 317
— drives the latter back to the Adige,
and overruns Dalmatia, 318 — 387 —
forces under, 1814, xviii. 50.
Hilliers, see Baraguay d'Hilliers.
Hillyar, captain, capture of the Essex by,
xix. 136.
Himalaya mountains, the, x. 347, xiv.
373.
Hindu astronomy, Bailly on the, ii. 29,
note.
Hindostan, see India.
Hinuber, general, at Bayonne, xviii. 280.
Hinzel, defence of Malborghetto by, xii.
272.
Hippesley, colonel, xiv. 348.
Hirschfeld, general, defeat of Gerard by,
xvii. 187.
Hirsova, the fortress of, xv. 148.
Hispaniola, see St Domingo.
History, difficulties of the right study of,
ii. 2— value of anecdote to it, xvii. 1.
Hochberg, count, xviii. 46.
Hoche, general, early history of, v. 261
— defeats the Allies at Weissenberg, iv.
71 — his poverty in 1793, 157 — opera-
tions against the emigrants at Quiberon,
v. 61— totally defeats them, 63— efforts of,
to save the prisoners, 66 — further move-
ments, 68 — operations in La Vendee,
260 — his plans there, 263 — and suc-
cesses, 264 — pacification of that coun-
try, 267 — his designs for the inva-
sion of Ireland, 311 — sets sail, but is
driven back 312, 313 — appointed to
command on the Sambre, vi. 2 — forces
under him, 1797, 37 — operations and
successes of, 40, 41 — is arrested by the
armistice, 41 — his popularity in the
INDEX.
245
Hoche, continued.
saloons of Paris, 93 — engages to sup-
port the Directory against the royalists,
98 — is appointed minister of war, and
secures the co-operation of Napoleon,
99— his death, 230.
Iloche man-of-war, capture of the, vi.
213.
Uochheim, combat of, xvii. 291.
Hochst, advance of the Allies to, 1813,
xvii. 291.
Hochstedt, battle of, vii. 199.
Hodge, major, death of, xix. 333.
Hofer, Andreas, parentage, birth, &c. of,
xii. 333 — his character, 334 — defeats the
Bavarians at Sterzing, 341 — check of,
at Presburg, 353 — first battle of Inns-
pruck, ib. 354 — resolves on continuing
the contest, xiii. 109 — heroic resolution
of, 110 — defeats Lefebvre at the Bren-
ner, 112 — and again at Innspruck, 113
— his administration, and honours con-
ferred on him, 115 — abandons Inns-
pruck, 117 — resolves on submission,
and proclamation to that effect, but
recalls it, 118 — his continued resistance,
119 — betrayal, capture, and trial of,
120 — his execution, 121 — provision by
the government for his wife and children,
125 — his tomb at Innspruck, xii. 317,
note.
Hoff, combat at, x. 140 — destruction of a
French convoy at, xvi. 261.
Hohenblau, battle of, v. 297.
Hoheuhovven, combat at, vii. 189.
Hohenlinden, battle of, vii. 285.
Hoheulohe, prince, ix. 143 — forces under,
1806, and first movements, x. 18, note,
24 — concentrates at Hochdorf, 26 —
opposes the advance into Thuringia,
27, note— moves to Jena, 29 — position
and forces of, there, 30 — battle of Jena,
35 — during the retreat, 39 — appointed
to command the remains of both armies,
49 — abandons Berlin and Magdeburg,
and is defeated by Murat, 55 — again
defeated at Prentzlow, 56 — and com-
pelled to surrender, 57 — correspondence
of prince Hatzfeld with him, 70 — at
battle of Aspern, xii. 297.
Hohenstohel, capture of, by the French,
vii. 187.
Hohenzollern, general, at Bassano, v. 222
— operations for relieving Mantua, 239
—at Magnano, vi. 340, 343— defeats
Loison at Mont Cenere, &c. 353 — cap-
ture of citadel of Milan by, 366, 369—
forces under him and their position,
375 — defeated at Modena, 376— driven
from Parma, 383 — drives the French
from the Bocchetta, vii. 209 — again
carries that pass, 211 — successes of,
before Genoa, 212, 215, 216 — defeats
Soult at the Monte Creto, 217— is left
to garrison Genoa, 222 — recalled by
Melas from it, 245 — combat of, at
Thaun in 1809, xii. 226, 227— opera-
tions against Davoust, 232— at Ech-
muhl, 235, 236— at Aspern, 286, 287,
288, 294, 296— at Wagram, xiii. 25, 31,
33, 36, 41, 42, 43.
Hohenzollern Hechingen, prince of, ix.
372.
Hohenzollern Sigmasingen, prince of, ix.
373.
Holkar, the Mahratta chieftain, xi. 2 —
territories, army, &c. of, 85, 86 — negoti-
ation and rupture with him, 109 — char-
acter of this war, 110 — his strength, and
its sources, 111 — movements of, 113 —
overthrow of Monson by him, 115 — ad-
vances to Delhi, 119 — defeated at Dieg,
120 — and again at Furruckabad, 122—
takes refuge in Bhurtpore, 125— is ex-
pelled from thence, 128 — and joins Scin-
diah, 129— treaty with him, 132.
Holland, the first lord, iii. 109.
Holland, lord, commissioner on the neu-
tral question, ix. 364.
Holland, residence of Mirabeau in, ii. 21 —
navy of, in 1792, iii. 105, note — its state
at that time, 141— treaty in 1788 with
Great Britain and Prussia, 148 — inva-
sion of it projected by Dumourier, 227
— war declared by the Convention, 249
— invaded by Dumourier, 257 — British
forces in, 1793, iv. 17 — entrance of the
French into, 25 — treaty with Great
Britain and Prussia, 333 — retreat of the
British toward, 352, 366 — and com-
mencement of the French invasion, 366
— misunderstanding between her and
Great Britain, 371 — the winter cam-
paign resolved on, 372 — description of
the country, 373 — its sea-dykes, ib. — in-
undations to which subject, 374— char-
acter of the inhabitants, 375 — and in-
fluence of it upon the national history,
376 — its commerce, 377 — its colonies,
population, revenues, &c. ib. — principal
cities, 379, note — naval and military
forces, 379 — government and social insti-
tutions, 380 — lessons from its past his-
tory, and injustice of England toward
it, 381 — its invasion by Pichegru, 383 —
the government solicit peace, ib. — revo-
lutionising and subjugation of it, 385 —
capture of the fleet, 386 — strict disci-
pline of the invading forces, ib. — exac-
tions of the Convention, 387 — effects of
its conquest upon Prussia, v. 43, 44 —
treaty with France, 45 — Moreau's ad-
ministration in it, 274 — naval prepara-
tions, 1797, 365 — decline of its naval
force, 369— its state in 1798, vi. 124—
measures of the Directory to revolution-
ise it, and new constitution, 125 —
auxiliary force demanded, 224 — its state
in 1799, 322 — invasion of it by the
British and Russians planned, vii. 4 —
their preparations for it, 42 — disembark-
ation of the expedition, 44 — capture of
the fleet, and its removal to Great Bri-
tain, 45, 48 — evacuated by the British,
52 — its state, 1800, and exactions of the
French, 161— its army, 1S2— old treaty
246
INDEX.
Holland, continued.
with Britain regarding neutral rights,
343 — the Cape restored by the peace of
Amiens, viii. 55 — revolutionised by Na-
poleon, 1802, 200 — conduct of the people,
202 — Fox's opinion of Napoleon's con-
duct toward it, 236 — his severity toward
it, 266 — change of government, 1805,
ix. 26— state of, since its conquest, 346
— loss of its colonies and commerce,
347 — accession of Louis Buonaparte to
the throne, ib. — provisions of Tilsit
regarding it, x. 323 — evasion of the
Continental system in it, xi. 153 — an-
nexations to France from it, 282 —
its jealousy of Flanders, xiii. 71 — jour-
ney of Napoleon to it, in 1810, 286—
— Louis Buonaparte's government of it,
290 — he resigns its crown, and incor-
poration of it with France, 291, xv. 209 — ■
discontent with the French domination,
xvii. 309 — and insurrection against them,
310 — landing of the prince of Orange,
and deliverance of the country, 311, 312
— stipulations of the treaty of Chaumont
regarding it, xviii. 164 — settlement of it
by that of Paris, 404 — French garrisons
in it, 1814, 436 — annexation of Belgium
to it, xix. 232, 239— abolition of the slave
trade by, 242.
Hollitch, retreat of the emperor Alexander
to, ix. 216.
Holloway, major, viii. 29.
Hollwell, Mr, xi. 3.
Holmes, colonel, at Burgos, xv. 87.
Holroyd, Mr Justice, xiv. 46.
Holstein, duchy of, threatened by the
French, xi. 255.
Holstein Augustenburg, prince, xv. 203,
204, 205.
Holyrood, the comte d'Artois at, xviii.
112, 114.
Home, colonel, at Waterloo, xix. 345.
Homspech, baron, surrender of Malta by,
vi. 244, 245.
Hondschoote, battle of, iv. 60.
Honey, colonel, at Bergen-op-Zoom, xviii.
211.
Honour, titles of, abolished in France, ii.
203 — re-established, xi. 191, et seq.
Honour, legion of, see Legion.
Hood, admiral lord, occupies Toulon, iv.
78 — proclamation by him, ib. note —
evacuation of that town, 98 — his pro-
clamation condemned by Fox, 313 —
defended by Pitt, 316.
Hood, admiral Sir Samuel, conquest of
Surinam by, viii. 292 — capture of frigates
by, 1806, ix. 353— defeat of the Russian
fleet by, xv. 196.
Hood, captain, at the second battle of
Algesiraz, viii. 44.
Hope, Sir John , (earl of Hopetoun ,) directs
the movements of the Turks at El
Hanka, viii. 29 — governor of Lisbon in
1809, xii. 125 — joins Sir John Moore,
168— at Corunna, 180, 182— conducts
the embarkation, and his despatch of the
battle, 186— at Salamanca, xv. 59, 65 —
at the Nivelle, xvii. 354, 356, 358— at
the Nive, 364, 365, 369, 371— is wounded
at St Pierre, 376— at the passage of the
Adour, xviii. 239 — invests Bayonne, 240
—at the siege of that place, 280 — is
wounded and taken prisoner, 281.
Hope, captain, capture of the President
by, xix. 138.
Hormayer, baron, a Tyrolese leader, cha-
racter of, xii. 337— is outlawed by Na-
poleon, 347 — operations of, 351, 352,
xiii. 109 — evacuates the country, 109 —
and endeavours to induce Hofer to do
so, 110.
Hormaza, cavalry combat at, xv. 92.
Horn, general, defeat of, xviii. 100— at
Laon, 194.
Horn, cape, xiv. 315.
Home Tooke, trial of, 1794, iv. 311.
Horner, Mr, chairman of the Bullion com-
mittee, xiv. 59 — arguments of, for its re-
port, 60— -a fellow student of Brougham's,
87.
Hornet, capture of the Peacock by, xix.
109— and of the Penguin, 140.
Horse, the Arabian, xv. 127.
Horse, effects of the want of, on South
America, xiv. 303.
Horse racing, introduced into France, i.
310.
Horses of the Cossacks, the, xv. 245, 249.
Horses, wealth of the East in, xv. 117.
Horses of Egypt, the, vi. 250.
Horses, the introduction of, into South
America, xiv. 318 — their vast increase
there, 328.
Horses, forced requisitions of, in France,
1793, iv. 163 — mortality among the, in
Russia, xv. 336— number of, 1813, xvi.
156 — deterioration of breed in France,
xx. 52 — Napoleon's favourite, xvii. 33.
Horses of St Mark, removal of the, from
Venice, vi. 36, 56 — their restoration,
xx. 17.
Horsemen of the East, numbers and skill
of the, xv. 126.
Hospitals, partial confiscation of the pro-
perty of, i. 269 — its entire confiscation,
iv. 154 — general closing of them in 1796,
vi. 75 — of Paris, statistics of them, xx.
54.
Hospitals, the military, at Wilna, xvL 81
— during the advance, xv. 325.
Hostages, law of the, vii. 85, 163.
Hostalrich, repulse of the French before,
xii. 97 — is blockaded by Augereau, xiii.
209— and captured, 313.
Hotel des Invalides, attempt of St Ger-
main to break up the, i. 249 — capture of,
by the mob, ii. 92 — new organisation of
it, viii. 164.
Hotel de Ville, the centre of the insurrec-
tion of the 14th July, ii. 90, 91 — seizure
of its treasure, 92 — state of, after the
taking of the Bastile, 104 — reception of
the king at, 109 — captured on the 8th
October, 164 — capture of Robespierre,
INDEX.
247
Hotel de Ville, continued.
&c. at, 283, 284— capture of, by Malet,
xvi. 134.
~Hotham, admiral, at La Spezia, v. 49.
Ilotze, general, v. 284 — operations of,
against Bernadotte, 287 — captures
Wurtzburg, 288 — forces and movements
of, 17.99, vi. 324, 327— defeated before
Feldkircb, 328 — operations in the
Grisons, 348 — carries Luciensteg, 350,
351 — operations against Lecourbe, 351
— joins the archduke, 352 — at the
battle of Zurich, 354 — position in 1799,
vii. 21 — operations in the Alps, 26 — ■
defeated at Naefels, 27— 32— death of,
34.
Houat, isle of, emigrant expedition to, v.
68.
Houchard, general, is defeated at Limburg,
iii. 235 — and before Mayence, iv. 35—
forces and position of, 57, 58 — operations
for raising the siege of Dunkirk, 59 — at
Hondschoote, 60— subsequent disasters
sustained, 61 — arrested, and executed,
ib. 133.
Houdelot, the countess of, i. 147.
Houghton, general, at Albuera, xiv. 250 —
wounded there, 251.
House of Peasants, the Swedish, xv. 190.
Household officers, negotiations regarding
the, 1812, xiv. 32.
Household suffrage, in France during the
elections for the states-general, i. 354.
Household troops of France, organisation
and character of the, i. 110— Exclusive
system of, 164 — changes introduced by
St Germain, 248.
Houston, general, at Fuentes d'Onore,
xiii. 348.
Howard, general, at Arovo de Molinos,
xiv. 281, 282, 283— at Abnarez, xv. 40—
at Bayonne, xviii. 281.
Howe, earl, birth, early career and cha-
racter of, v. 352 — force with which he
relieved Gibraltar, i. 109, note — victory
of, on the 1st of June, iv. 320, et seq. —
tactics by which gained, 327 — proceed-
ings of, during the mutiny of the fleet,
v. 331, 333.
Hoyerswerda, advance of Marmont to,
1813, xvii. 189, 190.
Hualorn isles, defeat of the Norwegians at,
xix. 203.
Hue, M., escape of, during the massacre
of the Swiss, iii. 7 — fidelity of, to Louis
XVI. 55.
Huebra, skirmish on the, xv. 98.
Huecha, defeat of the Spaniards on the,
xii. 56.
Huez, M., murder of, ii. 134.
Hughes, M., death of, iv. 101.
Hughes, major, at Toulouse, xviii. 265.
Hugo, Victor, the works of, xx. 54.
Huguenots, measures of Richelieu to crush
the, i. 88— driven from Rochelle, 89—
their struggles in France, 93 — their
early atrocities, 94 — revocation of the
edict of Nantes, ib. 95 — number of them
expatriated, 97 — their reception m other
countries, 98 — effects of their suppres-
sion on the church, 126 — edict in favour
of them, 317 — which is resisted by the
parliament, 319.
Hull, general, invasion of Canada by, xix.
100 — is defeated and surrenders, 101 —
defeat of, at Black Rock, 134.
Hull, population of, iii. 98, note.
Hullin, general, at the storming of the
Bastile, ii. 99, 100— at the trial of the
due d'Enghien, viii. 348, et seq. — at-
tempts to justify himself, 353 — xi. 196,
note — is wounded by Malet, xvi. 135.
Hulot, madame, viii. 336.
Hulsendorf, combat at, vi. 40.
Humber river, the, iii. 84.
Humberstone, colonel, invasion of the
Mysore by, xi. 23.
Humbert, general, at Quiberon, v. 65 —
invasion of Ireland under, vi. 212 — his
surrender, 213.
Humble, Mr, heroism of, xix. 109, note.
Humboldt, Alexander von, xvii. 99, note
— description of the Orinoco by, xiv.
299 — vovage of, from the Amazons into
the La Plata, 301.
Humboldt, Charles William, baron von,
history, services, and character of, xvii.
99, note — envoy to the congress of
Prague, 99 — and to that of Chatillon,
xviii. 147.
Hume, David, the historian, xiv. 3 — on
the Jansenist controversy, i. 127 — anec-
dote of, 153 — on the increase of taxa-
tion under Cromwell, ix. 253 — on the
national debt, 256 — on indirect taxa-
tion, 299.
Humphreys, captain, xix. 91.
Huns, original seat of the, v. 1 — invasion
of France by, i. 78.
Hungary, the province of, iii. 128 — origi-
nally a part of Poland, v. 1 — its value to
Austria, iii. 125 — state of it on the ac-
cession of Leopold, 130 — patriotic spirit
in, 1797, vi. 3 — preparations in, 1800,
vii. 275 — way in which acquired by
Austria, ix. 103 — extent and popula-
tion of it, 107 — its attachment to the
Austrian government, 105 — general
features, &c. of it, 110 — character of
the inhabitants, 111, 112 — insurrection
of nobles of, 113 — its government, 127 —
general rising in, 1805, 215 — levy en
masse in, 1809, xii. 201 — the breeding
establishments in, xiii. 8 — organising of
the insurrection, 9 — importation of
British goods into, in 1810, xv. 160.
Huningen, capture of the tete-du-pont of,
by the Austrians, 1796, v. 299 — the
Rhine passed by Jourdan at, 1799, vL
326 — invested by the Allies in 1814,
xviii. 66 — defence of it during the
Hundred days, xx. 20 — stipulations of
the second treaty of Paris regarding it,
22.
Hunting, passion for, in France, L 310 —
the right of, abolished, ii. 147.
248
INDEX.
Huron, river, the, xix. 9.
Huskisson, William, parentage and early
history of, xiv. 73 — his entry into parlia-
ment, and career, 74 — his character, ib.
— his errors, and their effects, 75 — a
member of the bullion committee, 59 —
arguments for the adoption of its report,
60 — error of his financial principles,
70 — arguments in 1811 against the
orders in council, 78 — against Vansit-
tart's system of finance, xvi. 292 — for
the corn laws, xix. 208 — introduction of
the reciprocity system by him, xx. 91.
Hussaingurry ghaut, forcing of the, xi. 23.
Hutchinson, general, succeeds Aber-
crombie in Egypt, and his operations,
viii. 27 — captures Ramanieh, 28 — cap-
tures Cairo, 29 — advances against
Alexandria, 32 — its capitulation, 33 —
review of his successes, and his conduct,
34 — description of the battle of Fried-
land by him, x. 307.
Hyacinthe, a negro leader, viii. 173 — joins
the British, 178.
Hyde Neuville, M., vii. 164.
Hyder Ali, rise of, xi. 2 — his character,
12 — commencement of hostilities with
him, 13 — his early successes, 14 — second
war with him, and his irruption into
the Carnatic, 15, et seq. — is defeated at
Porto Novo, 18— and again at Arnee,
32— his death, ib.
Hyderabad, reduction of the French force
at, xi. 65.
I.
Ibrahim Bey, character of, vi. 254 — retires
toward Syria, 263— at Salahieh, 267—
evacuates Cairo, viii. 10.
If, imprisonment of Mirabeau in, ii. 20 —
a state prison under Napoleon, xi. 209.
Iglau, the Bavarians driven from, ix.
215.
Ignatius, a negro leader, death of, viii.
194.
Igualada, battle of, xiii. 191 — captured by
the Spaniards, xiv. 193.
Ilantz, capture of, by the Swiss, vi. 349.
Illegitimate births, statistics relating to,
in Paris and France, i. 185, iv. 153, xx.
53 — in Sweden, xv. 191.
Uler, passage of the, by Soult, ix. 150.
Illinois, growth of population in, xix. 19,
note — repudiation of debt by, 42, 55.
Illinois river, xix. 12.
Illowaiski, general, death of, xv. 168 —
corps of, 1812, 370.
Illyria, cession of, to Austria, vi. 20 — de-
scription of it, ix. 110— character of its
inhabitants, 111 — operations in, 1806,
x. 127 — operations of Marmont, 1809,
xiii. 14 — offered to Austria in exchange
for Gallicia, xv. 220 — is demanded by
that power in 1813, xvii. 102, 104 —
Fouche appointed governor of, 117 —
revolt against the French, 314.
Iluorigaray, proclamation of Ferdinand
VII. by, at Mexico, xiv. 337.
Image worship, in Russia, xv. 258, 259.
Imaum of Muscat, treaty of, with the
British, xi. 80.
Imaz, surrender of Badajos by, xiii. 340.
Imbert, a member of the Ancients, his
correspondence with Conde\ vi. 104 —
condemned to transportation, 106 — ob-
ject of his conspiracy, 112.
Immenstadt. combat at, vii. 203.
Immortality of the soul, speech of Robes-
pierre on, iv. 224 — is formally recog-
nised, 227.
Imperial man-of-war, destruction of the,
ix.351.
Imperial Guard, see Guard.
Imperial university of France, the, xi. 216.
Impetueux man-of-war, destruction of the,
ix. 352.
Imprisonment, arbitrary power of, in
France, i. 176.
Income tax, first imposition of the, in
Great Britain, vi. 320 — its inequalities,
321 — debates upon it, ix. 294 — its
amount in 1803, viii. 286 — additions to
it in 1806, ix. 325 — necessity for its con-
tinuance in 1807, x. 199 — attempt to
continue it after the peace, ix. 285.
Incorporations, views of Turgot regarding,
i. 243 — his edict for abolishing them,
250 — their beneficial effects, 255 — their
abolition demanded by the Tiers Etat,
ii. 15— and decreed, 139, 145.
Indemnities, the German, disputes re-
garding in 1791, iii. 159 — convention
between France and Prussia regarding,
v. 303 — disunion introduced into the
empire through them, vii. 330 — stipula-
tions regarding them, between France
and Russia, viii. 60 — negotiations re-
garding them in 1802, 207, et seq. —
distribution of them, 213 — influence on
the fate of Europe, 214, 215.
Independence, rise of the passion for, in
South America, i. 1 — influence of
hereditary succession in fostering, 19 —
effects of spoliation upon that of the
church, xiii. 138 — of the great vassals of
France, i. 84 — of the French parlia-
ments, 128 — of pastoral life, influence
of, 8 — introduced into Europe, 12 — of
thought, wanting in the United States,
xix. 51.
India, general effect of the French revo-
lution on, i. 1 — prevalence of slavery
in, 8— value of the British posses-
sions in, iii. 104 — designs of Napoleon
on, vi. 286, 287, x. 360— scheme between
him and Paul against it, vii. 385, 386,
note — preparations in, for the invasion
of Egypt, viii. 14— the budget for 1800,
INDEX.
249
India, continued.
vii. 154— those for 1793 and 1801, viii.
76 — the British system of government
in, ix. 125 — sketch of the British em-
pire : comparison of it with the Roman,
x. 343 — circumstances attending its rise,
344 — its extent, population, and re-
sources, ib. — dangers it has surmount-
ed, 346— physical description of it, 347
— its vegetable and animal productions,
348 — ability with which it has been go-
verned, 349 — advantages of its govern-
ment to the people, 350 — great diminu-
tion of crime, 351, 381 — change effected
in it, and growth of wealth, 352 — in-
creasing consumption of British manu-
factures, 353 — police force, 354 — systems
of taxation, 355 — management of land :
the Zemindar system, ib. — the Ryotwar
system, 357 — the village system, 358—
its land revenue, 361, 384 — system of
toleration, and varieties of religious be-
lief, 362 — and of national character, 364
— military qualities of the inhabitants,
365 — this due to physical causes, 366 —
the Sepoy force, ib. — facility with which
it is raised, 367 — their elevated rank
and character, 368 — general character
of the army, 369 — examples of their
heroism, ib. 372— of their fidelity, 370,
et seq. — fidelity of the government to its
engagements, 373 — contrast of the Bri-
tish rule to the Mahommedan, 374 —
devastation of former wars, 375- — won-
derful nature of this empire, 376 — wars
in which it was involved, 377 — causes
of its success, 378 — conquest forced
upon the government, ib. — difference
between it and Rome, 379 — the native
powers when the British empire arosp,
xi. 1 — origin and early history of the
company, 3 — its contest With Surajee
Dowlah, ib. — acquisition of territory
from him, 5 — cession of Bengal, Bahar,
&c. 6 — progress of the Madras presi-
dency, 7 — overthrow of French ascen-
dency, 8— the war with Hyder AH, 13
— first peace with him, 15 — second war
with him, 16— war with Tippoo Saib,
22, et seq. — treaty with him, 25 — intro-
duction of European discipline into the
native armies, 26— Fox's bill for the
government of it, iii. 113, xi. 33— and
Pitt's, 35 — Cornwallis governor-general,
37— fresh war with Tippoo Saib, 38, et
seq. — gains by the treaty with him, 44
— the necessity for constant advance,
45 — administration and policy of Shore,
ib.— lord Wellington sent to, 53— cha-
racteristics of Wellesley's administra-
tion, 58, 59 — his first objects of policy,
62 — rapid improvement under him, 64
— coalition of the native powers, and its
overthrow, 66 — resumption of hostilities
against Tippoo, 67— results of the fall of
Seringapatam, 74 — gains from Mysore,
76 — and from the Nizam, 79 — treaties
with Tanjore, Persia, &c. 80 — cessions
from Oude, 81 — cession of the Carnatic,
83 — origin of the Mahratta war, 84 — ■
commencement of it, 88 — necessity for
European troops, 95 — cessions from
Scindiah, and financial embarrassments,
108 — excitement occasioned by Mon-
son's retreat, 117 — instructions to lord
Cornwallis, his second administration,
and death, 131 — administration of Bar-
low, and treaties with Holkar and
Scindiah, 132 — review of Wellesley's
administration, 133 — extension of the
empire by him, 134 — necessity of a large
proportion of European soldiers, 136,
137 — it compared with Napoleon's em-
pire in Europe, 138 — reflections on its
rise, 139 — causes of its progress, 140 —
union of aristocratic and democratic
elements in its government, 142 — causes
which will ultimately subvert it, ib. — ■
benefits already produced by it, 144 —
capacity of the British soldiers for en-
durance in, xvi. 71 — British army in,
1813, 284 — progress of the empire since
the peace, xx. 66.
Indians, the Canadian, fidelity of, xix.
144.
Indians, the North American, xLx. 14,
15.
Indians, the South American, character
of, xiv. 320 — improvement of their con-
dition by the Catholic missions, 320,
321 — number and condition of the, 323
— oppression of the, 332.
Indiana, growth of population in, xix.
19, note — repudiation of debt by, 42.
Indies, Ouvrard's company of the, ix.
329— its bankruptcy, 330.
Indirect taxation, commencement of the
system of, in France, ix. 5 — arguments
for it in Britain, 299, 300— causes of its
lightness, 301 — cases in which it becomes
burdensome, 302 — difference between
it on manufactured and rural produce,
303.
Indirect taxes of France, the, before the
Revolution, i. 169 — repeal of, in Great
Britain since the peace, ix. 272, 279,
280 — additions to those of France in
1813, xvi. 167.
Indomptable, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 83.
Indus river, the, x. 347.
Industry, fostering of, under the early
religious establishments, i. 32 — influ-
ence of the power of the crown and her
insular situation on it in England, 62, 63
— check given to it in France by the Eng-
lish wars, 85 — injury to it by the revo-
cation of the Edict of Nantes, 98 — its
state during the Reign of Terror, iv. 171
— want of it in Poland, v. 6 — there con-
fined to the Jews, 12 — partial revival
of it in France in 1796, vi. 74 — checked
by direct taxation, ix. 300 — state of it
in the Tyrol, xii. 329— and in Sweden,
xv. 191 — effects of the continental sys-
tem on it, 217.
Infantado, the duque del, xi. 298 — a par-
250
INDEX.
Infantado, continued. Insular situation of Great Britain, effects
tisan of Ferdinand's, 314— isimprisoned, of the, i. 52, 57, 63, iii. 94, xx. 73.
317 — xii. 45 — altercation between him Insurance companies, proscription of, in
and Napoleon, ib.— joins the patriots, France, iv. 167
87— escape of, from Madrid, 162, 163-
defeated at TJcles, 218 — and succeeded
by Cartaojal, 219.
Infantry of England, early prominence
of, i. 53.
Infernal columns of Thurreau, the, iii.
378.
Infernal machine, explosion of the, viii.
85.
Infidelity, universality of, in France be-
fore the Revolution, i. 125, 153 -'•en-
couragement given to it by Frederick
Insurrection, commencement of, in Paris,
ii. 85 — its progress on Necker's dismissal,
87, et seq.— that of the 14th July, and
capture of the Bastile, 94 — of the 5th
October, 1789, 164, et seq. 190— that of
the 20th June, 323— that of the 10th
August, 334, 335, 340, 341, 343, 351—
it overthrows the assembly as well as
the throne, iii. 3 — that of the 31st May,
288, et seq.— of the 2d June, 292— of
1st April, 1795, v. 95— of 20th May, 100
— of 11th Vendemiaire, 122, 124. '
the Great and Catherine of Russia, 154 Insurrectional act, Babceuff' s, vi. 85.
-its tendency foreseen by the church,
157 — prevalence of it in Prussia, iii.
133. — See also Irreligion.
Ingelstroem, general, invasion of Poland
by, v. 29.
Inglesmundi, hill called, xvi. 340.
Inglis, general, at San Marcial, xvi. 386.
Ingolstadt, surrender of, to France agreed
to at Rastadt, vi. 219 — its cession de-
manded by Napoleon, vii. 272, 273,
275 — passage of the Danube by the
French at, ix. 145.
Ingrande, combat at, iii. 361.
Inheritance, new law of, in France, ii.
225 — provisions of the code regarding,
viii. 157.
Inkowo, defeat of the French at, xv.
312.
Inn river, the, xii. 314 — valley of, vi. 133
— the line of it, vii. 281 — its advan-
tages to the Austrians, 282 — passage of
it by Moreau, 293 — passage of it by the
Austrians in 1805, ix. 72, 136 — they
driven from it, 178, 179 — passage of it
by the archduke in 1809, xii. 220.
Innovation, effects of sudden, i. 113, ii.
2, 173 — passion for, in France, i. 308
— and throughout Europe, iii. 146.
Innspruck, university at, ix. 123, note —
tombs of Maximilian I. and Hofer at,
xii. 317, note — captured by the French,
1805, ix. 177, 178 — by the Tyrolese,
xii. 342 — incident which occurred at it,
343 — capture of it by the Bavarians,
351 — battle of, 353 — evacuated by the
Bavarians, 356 — again taken by them,
xiii. 109— third battle of, 113— recap-
tured by the Tyrolese, 115 — abandoned
by Hofer, 117.
Innthal, the, xii. 314.
Inquisition, decreasing power of the, in
Europe, iii. 145 — abolished by Napo-
leon in Spain, xii. 166 — and by the
Cortes, xvi. 304, 305.
Insignia, universality of, in Russia, xv.
238.
Institute, the French, its dress assumed
by Napoleon, vi. 231 — speech of his
before, 233 — organisation of it by him,
viii. 122, 164.
Instruction, see Education.
Intellect, influence of, in moving man-
kind, i. 149 — its tendency in a free
country, 163, 167 — supremacy of, in
France, xx. 45.
Intelligence, advantages and dangers of
increasing, i. 117.
Intemperance, rarity of, in Austria, ix.
120 — prevalence of, in the British army,
xii. 197— after Vitoria, xvi. 339.
Intendants of provinces in France, i. 169
— advantages of the system of, 205.
Interference, foreign, on the right of, iii.
184.
Interberg, depot at, xv. 280.
Invalides, breaking up of the, by St Ger-
main, i. 249 — new organisation of, by
Napoleon, viii. 164.
Invalides, church of the, inauguration of
the legion of honour in, viii. 317 — rein-
terment of Napoleon in, xx. 104.
Invasion , freedom of England from foreign ,
and its effects, i. 63.
Invertiel, cession of, to Austria, vi. 54 — to
Bavaria, ix. 224, xiii. 104.
Invincible man-of-war, loss of the, vii.
371.
Inviolability of the king, debate on, in
the assembly, ii. 251.
Ionian islands, cession of, to France by
Campo Formio, vi. 53 — constituted a
republic by Amiens, viii. 55, 71 — and
recognised as such by Turkey, 59 — secret
stipulations between France and Russia
regarding, 60 — are occupied by Russia
in 1804, 309— x. 260, 261 — ceded to
France by Tilsit, 328 — subjugation of,
by the British in 1809, xiii. 166.
Ipava, lake, xiv. 397.
Ipres, siege of, by Pichegru, iv. 340 — cap-
tured, 344, 345.
Ipsilanti, prince, x. 216 — dismissed, but
reinstated, 217, 218 — narrow escape of,
219.
Ireland, consumption of spirits in, i. 22 —
savage character of its civil wars, 71 —
numbers employed in agriculture, 105
—extent of waste lands, iii. 82 — its gene-
ral features, 85 — its agriculture com-
pared with that of England and Scot-
land, 86 — its population, ib. — distinctive
character of its inhabitants, 87, 92, et
INDEX.
251
Ireland, continued.
seq— its present state, 94— its natural
harbours, 95— its state in 1796, v. 309
— designs of the Revolutionists, 310,
note — and of Hoche and the Directory,
311 — failure of the French invasion,
312, 313— its state in 1798, vi. 202— ef-
fects of the reign of James I. on it, 203
— failure of all attempts to pacify it, ib.
204 — its unfitness for freedom, 205 —
union of the malcontents with France,
207 — revolutionary organisation in 1798,
ib. — combination of the Orangemen
against this, 208 — breaking out of the
insurrection, 210 — suppression of it, and
danger thus escaped, 211 — the Union
act, vii. 154 — views of parties on it, 155
—rebellion in, 1803, viii. 288— its dis-
turbed state in 1805, ix. 9 — increase of
crime in it, 20, note — causes of its dis-
turbed state — namely, former confisca-
tion, 20: absenteeism, 21 : its present
unfitness for freedom, 22: and predo-
minance of Catholicism in it, 23 —
dangers from its Catholic population •, 24
— its disloyalty contrasted with the
loyalty of the Austrian provinces, 106 —
statistics of crime in it, xiv. 55, note,
365 — comparison of its peasantry with
the Russian serfs, xv. 242 — influence of
Catholicism on it, xx. 83.
Iris, burning of the, iv. 99.
Iron, introduction of, into South America,
xiv. 319.
Iron closet in the Tuileries, discovery of
the, iii. 49.
Iron cross, order of the, instituted in Prus-
sia, xvi. 182.
Iron crown of Lombardy, Napoleon's coro-
nation with the, ix. 27, 31.
Iron mines of Sweden, the, xv. 189.
Ironstone of Great Britain, value of the,
iii. 97 — deficiency of, in Russia, xv. 252.
Irrawuddy river, the, x. 347.
Irreligion, effect of, on the character of
the French revolution, i. 45 — influence
of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
on it, 98 — cause of that of the Revolu-
tion, 99 — the tendency to it induced by
the state of the church, 125— that of the
French philosophy, 150, 151 — present
prevalence of it in France, 185 — associ-
ation of it with the passion for revolu-
tion, 207 — first public expression of it
in the Assembly, ii. 153 — origin of its
prevalence, 197 — its effects, 357, vii.
127 — influence of it on the Vendean
war, iii. 315 — its continued prevalence
under the Directory, vi. 79 — alliance of
it with the selfish passions, vii. 128 — pre-
valence of it in 1813, xvi. 151 — and at
present, xx. 42.
Irun, construction of fort at, by Napoleon,
xiv. 259.
Irving, Washington, xix. 67.
Isabeau, death of, iv. 248.
Ischia, island of, captured by the British,
xiii. 167.
Isebro, defeat of theNorwegians at, xix. 203.
Isenberg Birchstein, prince of, ix. 373 — ad-
herence of, to Napoleon in 1813, xviii. 39.
Iser, passage of the, by the French, ix.
169— by the Austrians, xii. 221.
Isere, valley of, the French driven from, iv.
76 — retreat of Augereau to, 1814, xviii.
228.
Ishmael Bey, operations of, in "Wallachia,
xv. 181.
Isla, town of, xiv. 149.
Islands of the Dnieper, origin of the Cos-
sacks in the, xv. 247.
Isle Dieu, disembarkation of emigrants
at, v. 68.
Isle of France, see France, isle of.
Isle de Rhe, imprisonment of Mirabeau in,
ii. 20.
Islettes, pass of, iii. 202— repulse of the
Allies at, 210.
Ismael, storming of, by the Russians, iii.
134, vi. 360 — desperation of the defence,
xv. 143 — its capture in 1809, xv. 159.
Isnard, Maximin, a leader of the Giron-
dists, ii. 277, 278— his character, 284—
denunciation of the emigrants by him,
299— on the 20th June, 327— warlike
denunciations of, 1791, iii. 161, 164—
supports the establishment of the com-
mittee of general defence, 268 — a mem-
ber of it, 269, note — on the accusation
of Hebert, 285, 286 — agrees to resign on
the 2d June, 294 — joins the Thermido-
rians after the fall of Robespierre, v. 94
— humane exertions of, 113.
Isola, mount, vii. 304.
Isonzo river, military value of the, vi. 5 —
combats on , 9 — passage of, by Macdonald
in 1809, xii. 273 — line of, abandoned in
1813 by Eugene, xvii. 317.
Isquierdo, intrigues of, with Napoleon,
&c. xi. 298 — reveals the designs of Fer-
dinand, 313 — during the intrigues in
Spain, 316, 323, note, 332.
Issay, mademoiselle, viii. 364.
Issel rivers, the, iv. 373.
Issen, defeat of the French at, vii. 285.
Issy, defeat of the French at, xx. 8.
Istria, cession of, to Austria, vi. 20, 53 —
ceded to kingdom of Italy, xiii. 104.
Italian republic, organisation and consti-
tution of the, viii. 204 — subsidy paid to
France by it, 283 — its crown assumed
by Napoleon, ix. 27. — See thereafter
Italy, kingdom of.
Italian Tyrol, the, xii. 313, 328.
Italinski, M., ambassador at Constanti-
nople, x. 217, 218, 219.
Italy, progress of freedom in, during the
middle ages, i. 27 — rise of its free repub-
lics, 28 — and their decline, 29 — character
of their freedom, ib. — effect of long-con-
tinued peace on it, 120 — its state at the
commencement of the Revolution, iii.
140— attack by France on it in 1793,
175 — description of it : the plain of
Lombardy, v. 151 — themountain region,
153 — terrace cultivation of it, 154 — cha-
252
INDEX.
Italy, continued.
racter of its scenery, 156 — the third
district, and its peculiarities, 157 — its
great cities, their population, &c. 158,
159 — extent, &c. of its states under Na-
poleon, 160 — its population, ib. et seq. —
great subdivision of land in, 162 — its
political weakness, 163 — loss of military
spirit, 164— present character of the in-
habitants, 165 — calamities which the
French invasion brought on it, ib. — its
military capabilities, 166 — its rivers, 167
— campaign of 1796 in it, ib. et seq.—
enthusiasm of the democratic party, 191
— contributions levied, 192 — its degra-
dation as shown at this time, 249 — dis-
asters brought on it by the invasion, vi.
54 — general reaction against France,
179 — effect of the invasion on France,
325— campaign of 1799, 338— error of
the French in attacking, vii. 3 — their
forces, 1800, 181 — designs of Napoleon
for recovering it, 204 — sufferings of the
French armies, 205 — state of the Aus-
trians after Marengo, 269 — its state,
1800, 278— forces of the parties after the
armistice of Alessandria, 276, 311 —
discontent in, 312 — secret stipulations
between France and Russia regarding,
viii. 60 — Southern, overrun by the
French, 1803, 273— extension of Napo-
leon's power in, 1804, 316 — his journey
to it, 1805, ix. 28 — erection of military
fiefs in,ii. 348 — secret stipulations of
Tilsit regarding it, x. 228 — 'Operations
in it, 1809, xii. 246— retreat of the arch-
duke John from it, 271 — Northern,
overrun by the Tyrolese, 357, 358—
diversion prepared by Great Britain in,
372 — expedition of Bentinck to it, 1812,
xv. 52— services of Bagrathion in, 289—
endurance of cold shown by its inhabi-
tants in Russia, xvi. 71 — attachment to
the Papacy in, 151 — military prepara-
tions in, 1813, 165— forces of parties
in, xvii. 97— campaign of 1813, 312, et
seq. — its abandonment ordered, and
then counter-ordered, xviii. 160, 161 —
stipulations of Chaumont regarding, 164
— campaign of 1814, 216— concluding
operations, 285, et seq. — close of the war,
and its evacuation by the French, 287 — •
settlement of it, by treaty of Paris, 404
— and by the Congress of Vienna, xix.
243— subsidy from Great Britain to it,
1815, 286 — defeat and dethronement of
Murat, 295 — restoration of the works of
art to it, xx. 17 — its government by
Metternich, xvii. 110.
Italy, the kingdom of, Napoleon's settle-
ment of it, &c. i.\. 34— popularity of his
government, and great works by him,
35— cession of Venice to it, 224, 339—
gains of, by Presburg, 225, note— tribute
exacted from it by France, x. 268, xi.
206, note — changes in its constitution,
1807, 280— its state under Napoleon, 282
— gains of it by the treaty of Vienna,
xiii. 104 — annexations to it from the
papal states, 130 — dissolution of it de-
manded by the Allies, xvii. 102, 104.
Itri, actions at, vi. 193.
Iturbide, emperor of Mexico, xiv. 358.
Ivan the surgeon, xvi. 252, xviii. 381,
382.
Ivantelly rock, combat of the, xvi. 373.
Ivrea, fortress of, v. 166 — defeat of the
French at, vii. 54 — and of the Austrians
before, 235 — besieged by the Piedmon-
tese, 322.
Ivriarte, negotiates the capitulation of
Madrid, xii. 164.
Izzard, general, xix. 158 — retreat of, from
fort Erie, 166.
J.
Jaca, capture of, by the French, xiii. 185
— surrender of, to the British, xviii. 238.
Jachwill, prince, at Polotsk, xvi. 43.
Jackson, Mr, envoy to Denmark in 1807,
xi. 258 — envoy to the United States, xix.
93— is recalled, 94.
Jackson, general, at New Orleans, xix,
168 — his victory there, 169— his huma-
nity, 171.
Jacob, bridge of, captured by the French,
vi. 298.
Jacobi, M., ambassador to Great Britain,
ix. 376, x. 13/
Jacobin clubs, general establishment of,
ii. 125 — in the army, 215 — their influ-
ence in the elections for the Convention,
iii. 35— established in Savoy, 174, 234 —
and in Genoa, 175.
Jacobins, club of the, at Paris, its origin,
and place of meeting, ii. 184, 284 — tests
for admission to it, 233 — sources of its
success, 286 — its leaders, ib. et seq. — its
increasing influence, 226 — assembling of
the insurgents at, on the 10th August,
343 — debates in, on the declaration of
war, iii. 164 — and on the maximum, 255
— speech of Robespierre at, denouncing
the Anarchists, iv.180 — speech of Danton
on his return to it, 182— -and of Robes-
pierre, 183 — its supremacy, 184 — purifi-
cations of it, 186, 216 — proposed removal
of the bust of Marat from it, 192 — speech
of Collot d'Herbois at it, 193— all save
itself closed, 212 — its subservience to the
Committee, 213, 215 — its devotion to
Robespierre, 238 — insurrection organised
at, for the 9th Thermidor, 264 — speeches
of Robespierre at, against the system of
Terrorism, 266, note — meeting on the
evening of the 8th Thermidor, 271 — ■
preparations to support Robespierre, 277
—final closing of it, v. 88, 89.
INDEX.
253
Jacobins, party of the, alarm of, on the
suppression of the revolt at Nancy, ii.
219 — demand a republic, 249, 253 —
their danger after the revolt in the
Champ de Mars, 255 — their leaders in
the Legislative Assembly, 296— increas-
ing power of, 314, 317 — denounced by
Lafayette, 321 — coalition between them
and the Girondists, 322 — again de-
nounced by Lafayette, and denounce
him, 329, 331 — their increasing auda-
city, 333 — their views in the insurrec-
tion of August 10th, 340— cowardice of
their leaders on that occasion, iii. 4 —
strength, &c. of, in the Convention,
35 — recriminations between them and
the Girondists, 36— support Robespierre
against that party, 42 — inadequacy of
the latter to combat them, 44 — oppose
the establishment of a conventional
guard, 45 — measures of the Girondists
against them, 47— they accuse the latter
of federalism, 48— agitation by them for
the trial of the king, 49 — advocate it in
the Convention, 52— their demeanour
on his appearance there, 59 — and con-
duct on his trial, 64 — agitate for his
condemnation, 68, 69 — their views on
the war, 171 — rejoicings on the death
of the king, 246 — their increasing
ascendency, 249, 250 — their plans for
resisting the Allies, 251 — oppose the
law of the maximum, 253 — abortive
conspiracy, March 1793, 261 — propose
the revolutionary tribunal, 262 — in-
creased power of, from the Vendean
war, 266— and the institution of revolu-
tionary committees, 268 — denounce
Dumourier, 269 — propose the com-
mittee of public salvation, 270 — their
plans for destroying the Girondists, 271,
et scq. 276 — agitation against Marat's
trial, 277 — their supremacy in the revo-
lutionary tribunal, 279 — oppose the for-
mation of a conventional guard, 284 —
organise the insurrection of June 2d,
291 — measures for the condemnation of
the Girondists, 297 — increased severity
against that party, 308 — their feelings
with regard to the war with Britain, iv.
1 — energy of the. 1793, 64 — their cruel-
ties at Lyons, 83, 118— their views on
the fall of the Girondists, 115— their
supremacy in the committee, 117 — and
in the provinces, ib. — coalition against
them in the provinces, 119 — their con-
duct against the Girondist confederacy,
121 — measures to inflame the populace
againsk that party, 122 — compel the
condemnation of Custine, 133 — honours
paid to Marat by them, 155 — their
supremacy in the revolutionary com-
mittees, 156 — effects of their atrocities
in Great Britain, v. 48 — their strength
after the fall of Robespierre, 85 — are
defeated in endeavouring to save
Fouquier, ib. — and to prevent the
liberation of the prisoners, 86 — prema-
ture denunciation of their leaders, 87 —
impeachment of the principal, 94 — in-
surrection of April 1st to save them, 95,
96 — renewed efforts of, 98 — revolt of
the 20th May, 100— its defeat, and fresh
insurrection, 103 — • conduct of the
royalists toward them, 114 — their power
consolidated by the interference of the
Allies, 129 — Napoleon's early hatred of
them, 139 — renewed efforts of, 1796, vi.
81 — re-establish their club, 82 — their
new principles, ib. 83 — progress of their
conspiracy, 85— their club abolished, 86
— plan a revolt at Grenelle, the murder
of the Directors, &c, 87 — their ulterior
views, 88 — the conspiracy discovered,
and its leaders arrested, 89 — break out
at Grenelle, 90 — trial and execution of
the leaders, ib. 91 — Napoleon's growing
aversion to, 236 — renewed efforts of,
in 1799, vii. 83 — increasing violence of,
87— their club finally closed , 88— influ-
ence of the campaign of Marengo on
them, 268 — plot of, for Napoleon's
assassination, 273 — accused by him of
originating the infernal-machine conspi-
racy, viii. 86 — measures against them,
89 — their degraded character, xi. 187 — ■
Malet's conspiracy originated with them,
xvi. 138 — preparations in Paris, 1814,
xviii. 333 — their inactivity on Napo-
leon's overthrow, 355 — their ascendency
during the Hundred days, xix. 300, 301
— Pitt the great antagonist of, ix. 244 — •
elevated points of their character,
iv. 301 — misrepresentations regarding
them, 303 — Levasseur's defence of them,
ib. note.
Jacobin man-of-war, the, at the 1st of
June, iv. 324.
Jacquerie, insurrection of the, in France,
i. 81,82,208.
Jacquinot, general, xvii. 385.
Jaen, defeat of the Spanish peasants at,
xii. 79 — captured by Sebastiani, 1810,
xiii. 309 — contributions levied on it,
xv. 306.
Jaffa, storming of, vi. 288 — massacre of,
289, etseq. — poisoning of the sick at, 305.
Jagellons, race of the, in Poland, v. 5, 6,
13, 14.
Jagerhaus, isle of, captured by the French,
xii. 263.
Jagon, general, xviii. 199.
Jahn, professor, a member of the Tugend-
bund, xi. 248 — patriotic exertions of,
1813, xvi. 120, 205.
Jailors, the, under Robespierre, iv. 217.
Jalna, capture of, by the British, xi.
101.
Jamaica, disputes between, and Great
Britain, 1804, viii. 290 — statistics re-
garding the negro race in, x. 188 —
decline in its produce, 195.
James I., influence of the Puritans under,
i. 68 — measures of, toward Ireland, vi.
203— income of the kingdom under, ix.
252.
254
INDEX.
James II., income of Great Britain under,
ix. 253.
Janizaries, character of the, iii. 139, xv.
139 — their number, &c. in Egypt, vi.
253 — their revolt against Selim, xv. 150
— their destruction by Mahmoud, 185.
Janoff, defeat of the Poles near, v. 34.
Jansen, Cornelius, i. 127. 86.
Jansenists, struggles of the, with the Jeu de Paume oath, the, ii. 61
Jenkinson, Mr, see Liverpool, earl of.
Jesuits, struggles of the, against the Jan-
senists, i. 127, 129 — their suppression in
France, 130— their missions in South
America, xiv. 320, 321.
Jesuit's bark bill, the, xi. 170.
Jeswunt Row, an Indian potentate, xi.
Jesuits, i. 127, 129— their ultimate tri-
umph, 130.
Jansens, general, capitulation of, at the
Cape, ix. 358 — defeated at Fort Cor-
nelius in Java, xiv. 108 — and capitulates
there, 110— joins Napoleon at Rheims,
xviii. 202.
Jaroslawitz, battle of, xvi. 22.
Jarvis, Sir John, see St Vincent, earl of.
Jassy, treaty of, x. 215 — gains of Russia
by it, xv. 262.
Jats of Bhurtpore, the, xi. 125.
Jeunesse Dor£e, formation of the, in
Paris, v. 87— contests with the Jacobins,
88, 89 — defeat the mob on the 1st April,
96 — and again on the 20th and 21st
May, 102, 104 — narrow escape of, 105
— royalist tendency among the, 111,
112 — head the insurrection against the
constitution of 1795, 120.
Jews, absorption of the wealth of Poland
by the, v. 6, 12 — their numbers, 13 —
meeting of their Sanhedrim at Paris, x.
269, 270.
Jaucourt, M. de, xviii. 300 — a member of Jewsbury, Miss, xix. 67.
the provisional government, 1814, 365.
Jaufen, defeat of the Bavarians at, xiii.
112.
Java, island of, iv. 377 — description of it,
xiv. 106 — expedition against it, xiii.
166, xiv. 107— its subjugation, 108, et
seq. — is restored by the treaty of Vienna,
xix. 240 — reflections on this restoration,
xx. 63, 85.
Java frigate, capture of the, xix. 107.
Javoignes, a Jacobin, iv. 84, 147, 264,
note.
Jean Bart, loss of the, xiii. 158.
Jeannin, general, xvii. 314.
Jefferson, Mr, on the French revolution,
ii. 115, note — on maritime law, vii. 342,
note — proclamation by him, 1806, ix.
364— intimacy of Huskisson with him,
xiv. 73 — on the tyranny of the majority
in America, xix. 51 — hostile measures
against Great Britain, xix. 90 — retire-
ment of, 91.
Jeffrey, lord, argument of, for reform, iv.
14, note — a fellow student Of Brougham,
xiv. 87.
Jeffreys, judge, i. 204 — his crimes perpe-
trated by means of juries, iv. 298.
Jellachich, general, carries Luciensteg, vi.
351 — defeated at Ensiedlen, vii. 25 —
operations in Switzerland, 37 — fortifies
Ulm, ix. 149 — surrender of, at Feld-
kirch, 178 — occupies Munich, xii. 222 —
abandoned by the archduke John,
271 — is defeated at the Muhr, 275—
rejoins the archduke at Gratz, 276 —
defeated at Salzburg, 348.
Jemappes, battle of, iii. 222.
Jena, movement of Hohenlohe to, x. 29 —
battle of, 33 — results of it, and Napo-
leon's bulletin, 47 — disasters during the
retreat, 48 — results of the campaign of,
83 — despondency it occasioned, 87 —
visit of Alexander and Napoleon to,
xii. 142.
Jena, bridge of, at Paris, x. 265, xi. 205—
saved by Wellington in 1815, xx. 13.
Jocki, the river, xv. 203.
Johannot, financial report by, iii. 281.
John, king of England, granting of
Magna Charta, by, i. 58.
John, the archduke, succeeds Kray in
1800, vii. 275 — assumes the offensive,
and advances into Bavaria, 282 — ad-
vances to Landshut, and first successes
of, 284, 285— battle of Hohenlinden, 286
—retreats to the Inn, and subsequently
abandons it, 292, 293— victory at Salz-
burg, 295— is compelled to retreat, 296
— losses during it, 297 — forces under
him, 1805, ix. 73, 167 — ordered up from
the Tyrol, 170 — driven from the Inn,
and joins his brother, 178 — heads the
war party in Austria, 1809, xii. 200 —
forces under him, 1809, 213— operations
in Italy, 246— victory at Sacile, 247—
further operations, 248 — instructions of
his brother to him, 251 — is recalled from
Italy, 267— and his retreat from thence,
268 — plans proposed by himself, and
those inculcated by his brother, ib. — de-
feated at the Piave, 269— and retreats to
Hungary, 271 — consequences of this,
276, 309, xiii. 2— his influence in the
Tyrol, xii. 332 — connexion with Hofer,
334 — proclamation by him to the Tyro-
lese, 339 — violates his promise, and
abandons them, 351 — retreat of, to
Raab, and his position there, xiii. 10 — is
there defeated, 11—25 — approaches
Wagram, 48 — importance of his co-ope-
ration, ib. — the loss of that battle due
to his misconduct, 50, 51, 63, 109.
John Adams frigate, destruction of the,
xix. 157.
John Sobieski, see Sobieski.
Johnson, Dr, xiv. 3 — comparison of Burke
with, v. 372.
Jolies Intriguantes, the, at Paris, iv.
133.
Joly de Fleuri, M., comptroller-general of
the finances, i. 274, et seq.
Jomini, general, on the destruction of the
INDEX.
255
Jomini, continued.
barrier fortresses, iii. 129 — on Brissot's
arguments for war, 165 — on the pro-
spects of the war in 1794, iv. 307 — on
the Chouan war, 392 — on the foreign
contributions, xi. 203 — account by him
of Napoleon's naval designs, 256 — on
Sir John Moore's campaign in Spain,
xii. 193, note — on the Walcheren expe-
dition, xiii. 81— on the battle of Tala-
vera, 246 — at Bautzen, xvi. 244 — as
chief of the staff to Ney, xvii. 53 — joins
the Allies, 122 — supports the appoint-
ment of Alexander as generalissimo,
123 — urges the advance on Dresden, 136
— and immediate attack on it, 139 — at
the battle of Dresden, 150, 152— at La
Rothiere, xviii. 82 — on the surprisal of
Wellington in the Waterloo campaign,
xix. 314 — on Blucher's position atLigny,
318.
Jones, colonel, on the siege of Saragossa,
xiii. 185.
Jones, lieutenant, at San Sebastian, xvi.
351.
Jonkowo, combat at, x. 138.
Jonquieris, defeat of the Spaniards at,
xiii. 209.
Jordeuil, M., iii. 29, note.
Jorge, Tio, at Saragossa, xii. 60, 63.
Joseph II. on the American war, i. 265,
note — offers Necker the direction of his
finances, 273 — visit of, to Paris, 303—
his accession and character, iii. 127 — his
measures with regard to Flanders, 12S —
destroys the barrier fortresses there, 129
— alliance with Catherine, and his de-
signs on Turkey, 148 — confiscation of
the church property by him, ix. 124 —
his death, iii. 129.
Joseph, the archduke, ix. 124.
Josephine, the empress, first acquaintance
of Napoleon with, v. 147 — her history,
148 — her narrow escape by the 9th
Thermidor, 82. 148, note — her charac-
ter, 149 — marriage to Napoleon, 150—
her influence exerted to prevent him
being superseded in Italy, 194, note —
vi. 44, 93— her court in 1800, vii. 172
— betrayal of government secrets
by her, 174 — 179, note — opposition
of, to the life consulate, viii. 137
— proposal of Lucien Buonaparte to
her, 148 — her subservience to Fouche,
lo0 — intercedes for d'Enghien, 346 —
efforts on behalf of Georges, &c. 365 —
her coronation, 381 — her coronation at
Milan, ix. 31 — meets Napoleon at
Munich after Austerlitz, 229 — her con-
duct on the battle of Eylau, x. 163 — dis-
closure of the intended divorce to her,
xiii. 275 — her speech in the senate, 277
— her distress, and the act of divorce,
278 — her character, 283 — her weak-
nesses, 284 — her fidelity to Napoleon,
285 — conduct of Napoleon toward her,
xvii. 44 — his strong affection for her,
45— provision made for her on Napo-
leon's abdication, xviii. 380 — her last
days and death, 388.
Josephine Louise of Savoy, i. 297, note.
Joubert, general, early history and cha-
racter of, v. 176, note — at Montenotte,
176 — wounded at Millesimo, 177 — at
Dego, ib. — defeated on the Cursaglia,
180 — recalled from Mantua, 223 — at
Rivoli, 235, 236, 237, 238— successes of,
against Laudon, 241 — forces under,
1797, vi. 2 — first operations, 5— opera-
tions in the Tyrol, 11 — various successes
there, 12, 13 — joins Napoleon at Kla-
genfurth, 14 — 18 — revolutionary pro-
ceedings in Holland, 125 — commence-
ment of hostilities in Piedmont, 1798,
182 — 232 — heads the league against the
government, 1799, vii. 79 — appointed to
succeed Moreau in Italy, 6, 83 — ap-
proaches Suwarroff, 11, 12 — generous
conduct of Moreau toward him, 12 —
advances to raise the siege of Tortona, ib.
— position and forces at Novi, ib. — he had
intended retreating, 13 — his death, 14.
Jourdain, madame de, iii. 384.
Jourdan, surnamed Coup-tete, at Ver-
sailles, ii. 171.
Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, general and mar-
shal, early career of, iv. 62, note — ap-
pointed to command in Flanders, 62 —
victory at Wattignies, 65 — is super-
seded, 66 — in 1794, ordered from the
Rhine to the Moselle, 337 — arrives on
the Sambre, and passage of that river,
343 — his position at Fleurus, 345 — de-
feated there, 346 — joins Pichegru in
Brussels, 350 — operations against prince
Coburg, 352 — at Ruremonde, 366 — ■
crosses the Rhine and besieges Maas-
tricht, 367 — commands the army of the
Sambre in 1795, v. 68 — state of his forces,
69, 70 — crosses the Rhine, 72 — is com-
pelled to retreat, 73 — efforts to relieve
Manheim, 75 — forces under him on the
Rhine, 1796, 268 — crosses that river,
but is defeated, 272 — again crosses it,
and advances against Wartensleben ,
282 — actions during his advance, 286 —
is defeated at Amberg, 287 — again at
Wurtzburg, 288, 289— continued dis-
asters sustained, 290, 291 — recrosses the
Rhine, 292 — proposes the law of the
conscription, vi. 224 — forces under him,
1799, 323— crosses the Rhine, 326— is
defeated at Ostrach, 331 — his position at
Stockach, 332— again defeated there, 333
— returns to Paris, 334 — measures pro-
posed by him, 1799, vii. 5— heads the
Jacobin party in the councils, 90— joins
Napoleon against the Directory, 95 — on
the 19th Brumaire, 109, 114— regent of
Piedmont, 257 — created marshal, viii.
376 — opposes giving battle at Talavera,
xiii. 239, 241 — dismissed from the major-
generalship in Spain, 252 — forces under
him, 1810, xiv. 146 — necessities to which
reduced in Spain, 223 — forces, 1812, xv.
46 — urges attacking Wellington at Sala-
256
INDEX.
Jourdan, continued.
manca, 96— xvi. 312, xviii. 226 — evades
acting on the trial of Ney, xx. 26.
Jourdan, see Camille Jourdan.
Journal des Etats Generaux, publication
of, ii. 10.
Journal de la Montagne, the, iv. 161 —
anti-atheistic article in, 179.
Journiac, M., iii. 24.
Joux, imprisonment of Mirabeau in, ii.
20 — imprisonment and death of Tous-
saint in, viii. 193.
Jovellanos, patriotic conduct of, xii. 46 — a
member of the central junta, 130 —
banishment and death of, xiv. 122.
Joyeuse, M., recalled from banishment,
vii. 173.
Joyeuse, repulse of the French at, xviii. 238.
Judemberg, advance of Napoleon to, vi.
17 — negotiations at, 19.
Judges, venality, &c. of the, in England,
prior to 1688, i. 204 — made removable at
pleasure in France, xi. 185— corruption
of the, in Russia, xv. 253 — dependent
state of, in the United States : mode
of election, salaries, &c. xix. 63, et seq.
Judicial establishment, remodelling of the,
by the Assembly, ii. 199.
Judicial sales of land, amount of the, in
France, xx. 49.
Juggernaut, capture of, by the British,
xi. 100.
Juhnsdorf, defile of, forced by the French,
xvii. 183.
Juigne, archbishop of Paris, opposition
of, to Brienne, i. 327 — denounced by
the mob, ii. 166.
Juigne\ chateau de, atrocities of the mob
at, ii. 133.
Julian the apostate, his invasion of Scy-
thia, xvi. 94.
Julien, fort, capture of, by the British,
viii. 26.
Julierberg, measures of the Austrians at,
vii. 309.
Juliers, cession of, to France, viii. 213 —
— occupied by the Allies, xviii. 69.
Jumna, French established on the, xi.
87 — actions on the, 119.
June 1st, naval action of the, iv. 320, et seq.
Jung Buntzlau, junction of the Allied
and Austrian forces at, xvii. 131.
Jungfrauhorn, the, vi. 134.
Jungingen, contest at, ix. 150.
Junin, battle of, xiv. 355.
Junot, Andoche, marshal and due
d'Abrantes, commencement of Napo-
leon's friendship with, v. 140 — his opin-
ion of the latter, 141 — and efforts on
behalf of him after the 9th Thermidor,
143 — at Lonato, 210— defeats the papal
troops, 243 — language toward Venice,
vi. 30 — accompanies Napoleon to Egypt,
241— at Nazareth, 296, 297— at Mount
Thabor, 298 — placed at the head of the
secret police, vii. 173 — viii. 26, note —
the Berlin decree, xi. 153 — revenue be-
stowed on, 195, note — army under him,
for the invasion of Portugal, 287 —
crosses the Bidassoa, 294 — appointed
governor of Portugal, 301 — instructions
to him, and his march, 302 — its diffi-
culties, 303 — arrives at Lisbon, 309 —
takes possession of the country in the
name of France, and contributions
levied, 310, et seq. — dissolves the regency,
311 — his administration, 312, et seq. —
revolt against him, xii. 101 — prepara-
tions against the English, 108 — forces at
Vimeira, 111 — his position there, 113 —
and defeat, 114 — armistice concluded,
and convention of Cintra, 118, 119 —
indignation of Napoleon for it, 124 — ex-
tent of his plunder, 125 — evacuates
Portugal, 126 — corps under him in
Spain, 147, note — 167 — army of reserve
under him, in 1809, 251 — operations in
Saxony, xiii. 9 — at the second siege of
Saragossa, 174, note — plunder of, there,
184 — succeeds Lannes in Aragon, 185 —
losses sustained by him, 193 — is replaced
by Suchet, 194 — and placed under Mas-
sena during the invasion of Portugal,
306, 322— placed under Davoust in Rus-
sia, xv. 294, 311— at Smolensko, 317—
at Valutina, 322 — at Borodino, 345 — his
last days and death, xvii. 118 — last letter
from him to Napoleon, ib. note.
Junta of Quito, massacre of the, xiv. 340.
Jupiter man-of-war, capture of the, at
Camperdown, v. 366, 367.
Jupiter, temples of, cleared &c. by the
French, xiii. 140.
Jura, Girondist movements in, iv. 120 —
overrun by the Allies in 1814, xviii. 65
— operations in, 223, et seq.
Juramentados, classes called, in Spain,
xvi. 341.
Jurandes et Maitrises, edict of Turgot for
abolishing, i. 250.
Juries, inefficiency of, as a check on revo-
lutionary violence, iv. 297.
Jurisy, Napoleon at, xviii. 351.
Jurumenha, surrender of, to the Span-
iards, 1807, viii. 47.
Jury, trial by, established by Alfred in
England, i. 53 — established in France
by the Constituent Assembly, ii. 199 —
suspended in order to the trial of Piche-
gru, viii. 342.
Justice, claims of, compared with those of
expedience, iii. 77— effects of sacrificing
it to the latter, iv. 206 — administration
of, in France, under Richelieu, i. 89 —
partiality, &c. of it there, 174— ministry
of, combined with that of police, viiL
151 — state of its administration in
Naples, ix. 345— in Poland, v. 19— and
in Russia, xv. 253.
Jutland, escape of the Spanish troops from,
xii. 133— overrun bythe Allies, xvii. 295.
Jutzon, general, at Lauenburg, xvii. 210.
opposes the arrest of the English travel- Jypore, rajah of, attacked by Holkar, xi.
lers, 253— x. 163— letter to him regarding 110— and deserted by the British, 133.
INDEX.
257
Kagul, organisation of the Russian army
at, xv. 145.
Kaim, general, vi. 340 — at the passage of
the Adige, 341— at Magnano, 343, 344
— 375 — forces under, 1799, vii. 11 — and
position at close of it, 61 — operations
against Suchet, 214 — at Marengo, 248,
251, 252.
Kainardgi, gains of Russia hy the treaty
of, xv. 262.
Kaisaroff, general, at Arcis-sur-Aube,
xviii. 304, 306—316.
Kaitaisoff, general, death of, xv. 353.
Kalisch, halt of the Russian pursuit at,
1812, xvi. 81 — arrival of Alexander at,
112 — Reynier defeated at, 114 — treaty
of, l24 — additional convention signed
at, 129 — convention of, 176.
Kalitscheff, M. de, viii. 146.
Kalkreuth, marshal, at Auerstadt, x. 45 —
dispersion of his troops, 50 — repeated
defeats of, 51 — defence of Dantzic by,
275, et scq. — surrenders, 280 — conducts
the negotiations on the part of Prussia
at Tilsit, 318.
Kalouga, march of Kutusoff to, xv. 367 —
march of Napoleon toward, xvi. 19 —
and retreat of Kutusoff toward, 27.
Kaltbrun, repulse of the Austrians from,
1799, vii. 34.
Kamenskoi, marshal, x. 91, note — charac-
ter of, 109 — resumes the offensive during
1806 in Poland, 111 — orders the aban-
donment of the artillery, 114 — goes into
winter quarters, 121 — goes mad, 131.
Kamenskoi, general, at Eylau, x. 152 — at
the siege of Dantzic, 278, 279— at Heils-
berg, 291 — march of, on Konigsberg,
296— rejoins Benningsen, 311 — succeeds
Bagrathion against the Turks, xv. 160
—captures Bazarjik, 161 — repulsed at
Schumla, 163— and Roudschouk, 164 —
at Battin, 167 — capture of Roudschouk
and Guirgevo, and destruction of Sis-
towa, 171 — captures Nicopolis, 172 —
last operations and death of, 173.
Kamenskoi, corps of, beginning of 1812,
xv. 371.
Kaminieck, capture of, by the Poles, v.
25.
Kanip, repulse of the French at, vii. 47.
Kanikoff, admiral, defeat of, xv. 196.
KansaiHriver, xix. 12.
Kant, Emanuel, works of, xiv. 11.
Kaptsevich, general, joins Blucher at Ver-
tus, xviii. 101 — at Vauchamps, 103.
Kara Yussuf, pasha, operations of, against
the Russians in 1810, xv. 161— defence
of Schumla by him, 162, 163— check of,
before it, 166 — able passage of the
Danube by, 176.
Karamsin on Russian policy, xv. 260
Karlsberg, defeat of the Prussians at, x.
279.
VOL. XX.
Karpoff, general, at the Katzbach, xvii.
176.
Katt, insurrectionary attempt of, 1809,
xii. 360.
Katzbach river, passage of, by the Allies,
xvii. 134 — repassed, 135— battle of the,
176— results of it, 180— conduct of the
generals at it, 181.
Kaunitz, general, services of Kleber under,
v. 270, note — defeat of the French by,
1794, iv. 338.
Kaunitz, prince, minister under Francis
II., iii. 172 — views of, on the Revolu-
tion, 150 — 155 — retirement of, iv. 51 —
services of Stadion under, xvii. 112.
Kayserslautern, movements of the Prus-
sians against, 1794, iv. 349 — defeat of
the French at, 355—and again, 388.
Keane, general, at New Orleans, xix. 169
— wounded, 170.
Keats, commodore, commands the naval
forces against Copenhagen in 1807, xi.
257 — embarkation of Romana's corps
on board his squadron, xii. 133.
Keele, Mr, heroism of, xix. 109, note.
Kehl, passage of the Rhine by Moreau
at, 1796, v. 277— combat before, 278—
capture of it by the Austrians, 294, 298
— its cession demanded by France in
1798, vi. 223 — Rhine passed by Jourdan
at it, 1799, 326— operations at, 1800,
vii. 187 — surrendered by France by
Luneville, 328 — annexed to France, xi.
283 — surrendered by the treaty of Paris,
xviii. 403.
Keinmayer, general, forces under, 1800,
vii. 185 — movements against, 186, 187,
190 — joins Kray, 193 — operations in
neighbourhood of Ulm, 195— 283 — at
Hohenlinden, 287, 290 — operations
under him, 1805, ix. 146 — retreats to
Munich, 148 — forces under him after
the capitulation of Ulm, 170.
Keith, admiral, vi. 387 — co-operates in
the siege of Genoa, vii. 209, 218, 221—
245, 246 — instructions to him relative
to the French in Egypt, viii. 5 — dis-
avows the convention of El-Arish, 6 —
38.
Kellermann, marshal and due de Valmy,
proclamation of, in Italy in 1793, iii.
175 — forces under him, 199 — advance
of, to the Argonne forest, 203, 205—
joins Dumourier, 207 — his position at
Valmy, 208 — victory there, 209— urges
falling back toward Paris, 216 — opera-
tions of, against the retreating Allies,
217, 218— proceedings of, in Savoy, iv.
76— suppresses the revolt at Marseilles,
77 — deprived of the command at Lyons,
81— defeated in the Alps in 1795, v. 50
— is reinforced, and resumes the offen-
sive, 51 — removed to command in
Savoy, 52— Berthier chief of the staff
R
258
INDEX.
Kellermann , continued.
to him, 169 — operations against the
Sardinians in 1796, 173— joins Napo-
leon, 185, 193, 215— defeat of the Nea-
politans by, vi. 190 — operations in
Naples, 200— at Marengo, vii. 248, 252
— conduct of Napoleon to him, 254 — is
created marshal, viii. 376— ix. 74 — at
Austerlitz, 210— at Vimeira, xii. 113,
115 — negotiates the armistice after it,
118— and the convention of Cintra, 119
— commands the army of reserve in
1809, 251, xiii. 2— Napoleon's instruc-
tions to him, 9 — operations in Asturias,
217, 248 — defeats the Spaniards at
Tonnes, 259 — forces and position of,
1813, xvii. 76, note, 385— at Dresden,
149, 152— at Leipsic, 242, (243— forces
of, there, 394 — in 1814, xviii. 9 — at
Bar-sur-Aube, 169— takes part in the
proceedings setting aside Napoleon, 364
— forces under him at the opening of
the "Waterloo campaign, xix. 400 — at
Quatre Bras, 327, 329 — at Waterloo,
345, 405.
Kemmater, Peter, a Tyrolese leader, xiii.
110.
Kempenfeldt, admiral, services of Sau-
marez under, v. 360.
Kempt, general, storming of Picurina by,
xv. 19 — wounded at Badajos, 24 — at
Vitoria, xvi. 335— at San Marcial, 386
— at the Nivelle, xvii. 355 — at the Nive,
368 — during the Waterloo campaign,
xix. 307— at Quatre Bras, 326, 328— at
Waterloo, 347, 349.
Kent, the American law writer, xix. 69.
Kentucky, growth of population in, xix.
19, note.
Keppel, admiral, services of Duncan
under, v. 356.
Kerandy, M., Russian envoy at Naples,
vi. 388.
Kerchberg, combat at, vii. 198.
Kerjulien, admiral, at Trafalgar, ix. 90.
Kerpen, general, defeated at Cembra, vi.
12 — again at Clausen, ib. — and again
at Mittenwald, 13—18.
Kerr, captain, defeat of the Americans
by, xix. 125.
Kersaint, M., iii. 173.
Kervelegan, arrest of, decreed, hi. 295.
Kervesau, general, in St Domingo, viii.
186.
Ketzig, attack on Korner and Lutzow at,
xvi. 266.
Kgolberg, defeat of the Norwegians at,
xix. 203.
Khoordah, storming of, by the British,
xi. 129.
Khooshalgur, actions at, xi. 116.
Kiel, occupation of, by the Allies, xvii.
295.
Kielmansegge, general, at Quatre Bras,
xix. 329— at Waterloo, 359.
Killala bay, landing of the French in, vi.
212.
Kilmaine, general, covers the siege of
Mantua, v. 216 — resumes the blockade
of it, 220 — ordered to aid the Venetian
insurgents, vi. 24— captures Salo, 29 —
operations against Venice, 31.
Kil warden, lord, murder of, viii. 289.
Kinburn, exploit of Suwarroff at, vi. 359.
Kinckel, M., Dutch minister, iv. 349,
note.
King's German Legion, formation of the,
viii. 272.
Kinkel, general, death of, xii. 343.
Kinsky, general, iv. 339.
Kioje, defeat of the Danes at, xi. 260.
Kirgener, general, death of, xvi. 252.
Kirgitz, execution of a magistrate of, x.
76.
Kirkpatrick, colonel, at Hyderabad, xi.
65.
Klagenfurth, occupied by the French, vi.
11 — attempt of Chastellar on, xiii. 16-
Klebeck, regiment of, at Aspern, xii.
292.
Kleber, Jean Baptiste, early history of, v.
270, note — description of La Vendee
by, iii. 318 — his arrival there, 350 —
is defeated at Torfou,352 — renewed pre-
parations of, 364 — at Mans, 372 — at the
Sambre, iv. 338— defeat of, there, 343—
at Fleurus, 346, 347 — blockades Maes-
tricht, 367 — deficiency of his means for
the siege of Mayence, v. 69 — his situation
before it ,73 — passage of theRhine by him,
271 — defeated at Ukerath, and driven
across the Rhine, 273 — character of him
by Napoleon, 275, note — Napoleon's
intimacy with him, vi. 231 — accompanies
him to Egypt, 240 — wounded at the
capture of Alexandria, 247 — is left to
garrison it, 256 — 277, note — at Loubi
and Mount Thabor, 297, 298— is recalled
to the assault of Acre, 301 — dissatisfac-
tion with the siege of it, 303 — and with
the conduct of the Egyptian expedition,
308 — is left in command there, 314, viii.
1 — directions to him by Napoleon, and
his views, 1 — preparations, 3 — defeat of
Mourad Bey by him, 4 — and of the first
Turkish army, ib. — convention of El-
Arish, 5 — he resumes hostilities, 6— vic-
tory of, at Heliopolis, 7 — and subsequent
successes, 9 — convention with Mourad
Bey, 10 — his assassination, 11 — his de-
signs when he fell, 12.
Klein, general, artifice employed by Blu-
cher toward, x. 59, note — xi. 196, note.
Kleist, general, defence of Magdeburg by,
x. 64— defeat of, before Neiss, 272 —
succeeds York in 1812, xvi. 108, 109—
blockades Wittenberg, 197— joins before
Bautzen, 233— at that battle, 236, 237,
240, 241, 244, 245— forces under, 1813,
xvii. 88 — arrives before Dresden, 137 —
at Dresden, 145, 146, 149— his retreat
from thence, 156— his danger during it,
159— at Culm, 168, 169— made prisoner,
but liberated, 170—201, 203, 205 — at
Leipsic, 237, 240, 245, 261— forces of,
there, 395— during campaign in France,
INDEX.
259
Kleist, continued.
xviii. 46, 92— joins Bhieher at Vertus,
101 — at Vauchamps, 103 — at Craone,
181. 184— at Laon, 191, 195— occupies
La Ferte\ 325— at battle of Paris, 842,
344— forces of, 1814, 433— and 1815, xix.
404.
Klemenstiewo, destruction of a French
detachment at, xvi. 40.
Klenau, general, negotiates the surrender
of Mantua, v. 242 — operations of, 1799,
vi. 340, 376 — forces under, in Tuscany,
Tii. 11 — defeated by St Cyr, 18 — opera-
tions against Genoa, 59 — defeated in the
Bocchetta, 60 — operations under him,
1800, 283, 296, 298, 299— taken prisoner
at Ulm, ix. 158— operations in 1809, xii.
227 — his position before Wagrani, xiii.
25, 31— at that battle, 36, 37, 40
— forces under him, 1813, xvii. 94
— approach of, to Dresden, 137, 139—
at the battle of Dresden, 149, 151— re-
treat from it, 156 — is forced back from
Chemnitz, 201 — partisan operations of,
208 — combat at Chemnitz, 221 — advance
toward Leipsic, 227 — forces there, 394 —
and operations, 237, 240, 241, 242, 258
— is moved to Dresden, 275 — and com-
mands at its siege, 297 — capitulation of
it to him, 300.
Klingspore, general, in Finland, xv. 196* —
surrenders it to the Russians, 198 — heads
the conspiracy against Gustavus, 200 —
and raised to the ministry, 201.
Klonthal, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
25— and of the French, 39.
Klopstock, the works of, xiv. 10.
Klux, general, at Laon, xviii. 194.
Knesebeck, general, xviii. 142.
Kniagwitz, general, defeat of the Neapo-
litans by, vi. 189, 190.
Knight, origin of the name of, i. 53.
Knin, capture of, by the Austrians, xvii.
319.
Knobelsdorf, M., Prussian envoy at Paris,
ix. 389.
Knoring, general, x. 152.
Knout, abolition of the, ix. 132.
Knowledge, impulse given to, by the
discovery of printing, i. 35 — dangers
associated with it, 36 — advantages, &c.
of increasing, 117, vii. 129 — its value
overrated, ii. 1.
Kobrin, defeat of the French at, xv. 308.
Kochel See, the, xii. 317.
Koerner, Theodore, xiv. 10— patriotic en-
thusiasm of, xvi. 120 — influence of his
songs, 182 — account of the Prussian
volunteers by him, 206 — is wounded, 266
— his death, xvii. 160 — his sword-song,
ib.
Kohler, general, xviii. 310.
Kolb, a Tyrolese fanatic, xiii. 123.
Kollagriboff, general, at Friedland, x.
299.
Koller, count, iv. 32.
Koller, general, at Chaumont, xviii. 317 —
Austrian commissioner at Elba, 385.
Kolli, baron, plot for the liberation of
Ferdinand VII. by, xiv. 139.
Kollosump, capture of the bridge of, by
the French, x. 119.
Kollowrath, general, at Stockach, vi. 334
—at Hohenlinden, vii. 289— at Auster-
litz, ix. 209, 211 — at the capture of
Ratisbon, xii. 233— at Echmuhl, 234—
267 — repulse of. at Lintz, 281 — corps
under, 1809, xiii. 4— joins the archduke,
24, 25, 31— at Wagrani, 36, 37, 40, 47.
Kolotskoi, the French wounded in, xvi.
29.
Komorn, retreat of the Austrian cabinet
to, xiii. 100.
Konig See, scenery of the, xii. 253, 254.
KOnigstein, fortification of, by Napoleon,
xvii. 71.
KOnigsberg, population of, x. 4, note —
threatened by Bernadotte. and advance
of Benningsen toward it, 132 — defeat of
the French cavalry before it, 155 — its
value to the Allies, ib. — its situation,
283— threatened by Davoust, 294, 296—
captured by the French, 309, 310— in-
terview in 1808 between Alexander and
Frederick William at it, xii. 139 — ar-
rangements with regard to stores during
the campaign of 1812, xv. 280— arrival
of Ney at, during the retreat, xvi. 74 —
and of Macdonald, 75 — retreat of the
grand army to it, and its capture by the
Russians, 81, 111.
Konownitsen, general, at Borodino, xv.
347— at Lutzen, xvi. 220.
Koonah, cession of, to the British, xi. 132.
Kopys, winter-quarters of the Russians at,
xvi. 57.
Koran, the, forms the law code in Turkey,
xv. 130.
Korff, baron, at Smolensko, xv. 320 —
corps of, beginning of 1812, 370— defeat
of Puthod by, in 1813, xvii. 180— at Fere
Champenoise, xviii. 322.
Korsakoff, general, forces under, 1799,
vii. 4 — reaches Schaff hausen, 26— plans
of Massena against him, 29 — his pre-
sumption, 30 — defeated at Zurich, 31 —
his retreat, 33 — combats during it, 41.
Kosakowski, general, fidelity of, to Napo-
leon, xviii. 384.
Kosciusko, general, character and early
life of, v. 30 — his history after the subju-
gation of Poland, 31, note — heads the
insurrection, 30 — his first successes, 31 —
great efforts made by him, 32 — is de-
feated at Sekoczyre, 33 — again defeated,
wounded, and made prisoner, 35 — pro-
clamations forged in his name, 1806, x.
99.
Kosciusko, mount of, v. 5.
Kosel, capture of, by the French, x. 126.
Kotzebue, count, xvi. 129.
Kotzim, battle of, v. 23.
Koulikoff, the battle of, and that of Boro-
dino, xvi. 27, note.
Kourakin, prince, x. 318, 319.
Koutaitsoff, count, vii. 390, note.
260
INDEX.
Kowaiski, general, xvii. 282.
Kowno, advance of the French to, xv.
281, 284 — losses sustained between it
and Witepsk, 301 — destruction of a de-
tachment near it, xvi. 70— repassage of
the bridge by them, 72 — defence of Ney
at, 73.
Krabbenham, defeat of the French at,
vii. 46.
Krasnoi, action at, during the advance,
xv. 313— arrival of Kutusoff at, xvi. 48
— battles of, 50— results of them, 55.
Krasowski, general, at Leipsic, xvii. 271.
Kratzemberg, junction of Blucher and
Winning at, x. 60.
Kray, marshal, defeats the French at
Ukerath, v. 273— at Wurtzburg, 289—
defeated at Neuwied, vi. 40— forces
under him, 1799, 324 — commands in
Italy, and his character, 339 — his first
movements, 340 — is defeated on the
Adige, 341— victorious there, 342— and
at Magnano, 343 — operations after that
battle, 346 — captures Brescia, 363 —
blockades Mantua, &c. 364— captures
Ferrara, 370 — his forces, and their posi-
tion, 375 — recalled from before Mantua,
377 — and again returns to it, 385 — its
siege and capture by him, vii. 8, et seq.
— at Novi, 12, et seq. — his heroism there,
and movements after it, 18 — successes
of, near Coni, 54 — operations against St
Cyr, 57 — forces the Bocchetta pass, and
besieges Gavi, 59— his position at the
close of 1799, 60— in 1800 commands in
Germany, 159— forces under him, 182,
185 — his first movements, 187 — is de-
feated at Engen, 188 — and again at
Mceskirch, 190 — crosses the Danube,
192 — is joined by Keinmayer, &c. 193
— defeated at Biberach, ib. — retires to
Ulm, 194 — keeps the field with part of
his forces, 195— defeats St Cyr, 196—
efforts of Moreau to dislodge him, 197 —
defeats Richepanse, 198 — is defeated at
Hochstedt, 199 — abandons Ulm, and
his retreat from it, 200 — defeats Mont-
richard at Neuberg, 201 — continues his
retreat to Landshut, 202— he retires to
Ampfing, ib. — reinforcements received
by him, 203 — operations closed by the
armistice, 204— causes of his disasters,
260 — is dismissed from his command,
275.
Krasinski, general, xvii. 383.
Kremlin, the, xv. 361 — is occupied by Na-
poleon, 363 — he is compelled by the
fire to leave it, 365 — again returns to it,
xvi. 8 — his final departure, 19 — attempt
to destroy it, 21.
Krems, threatened passage of the Danube
at, xii. 281.
Kremsmunster, defeat of the Austrians at,
vii. 298.
Kropach, check of the Austrians at, v.
271.
Kruisemark, M., ambassador to Russia,
1806, ix. 376— treaty concluded by him,
x. 13— xv. 218, note, xvi. 124— on the
French exactions in Prussia, 129,
note.
Kuffstein, stormed by the Bavarians, ix.
176— capitulation of, to the French, 178
—besieged by the Tyrolese, \iii. 108.
Kulneff, general, at Battin, xv. 167, 168
— is arrested and superseded, 169.
Kunkah, overthrow of the rajah of, xi.
129.
Kunkel, defeat of the Austrians at, 1799,
vi. 328.
Kutusoff, marshal, vii. 276 — advance of,
1805, and defensive measures, ix. 170 —
retreats toward Vienna, 171 — prepara-
tions for pursuing him, 180— withdraws
across the Danube , 182— defeats Mortier ,
184 — his dangers, and subsequent move-
ments, 191— "finesse by which he foils
Murat, 192— battle of Austerlitz, 207—
succeeds Kamenskoi in Turkey, and his
first operations there, xv. 173 — atRouds-
chouk, 174 — evacuates that place, 175 —
defeated at the passage of the Danube,
176 — measures to surround tht enemy,
177 — passage of the Danube by him,
178 — capitulation of the Turks to him,
180— check of, on the Dwina in 1812,
307 — succeeds Barclay as commander-
in-chief, 330 — his character and previous
achievements, 331 — his habits as a gene-
ral, 332 — arrives at headquarters, 333 —
reinforcements received, 337 — position
at Borodino, ib. — proclamation by him,
341 — his dispositions for the battle, 344
— battle of Borodino, 345 — his position
after it, 354 — his retreat, 356 — resolves
on abandoning Moscow, 357— retires to
Kolomna, 358— march of, to Kalouga,
367— feelings of his soldiers, 368— his
plans for surrounding Napoleon, xvi. 5
— magnitude of his combinations, 6—
dupes the French emperor by simulate
negotiations, 9, 16 — strength and spirit
of his troops, 10 — his views of the advan-
tage of his situation, 11 — partisan war-
fare and successes, 12 — Alexander's dis-
pleasure with him for negotiating, 16 —
proclamation by him, ib. — picture of the
state and spirit of his army, 17 — defeats
Murat at Winkowo, 18 — moves toward
Kalouga, 21— battle of Malo Jarosla-
witz, ib. 22 — his position after the bat-
tle, 24 — retreats simultaneously with the
French, 27 — moves in pursuit upon a
parallel line, 28 — battle of Wiazma, 31
— his inactivity after it, 32 — movements
and further successes, 40 — partial com-
pletion of his plans, 47 — arrives at
Krasnoi, and his losses, 48 — his caution
there, and reasons for not attacking
Napoleon, 49, 50 — battles of Krasnoi,
50— ability displayed in his movements,
55 — his superfluous caution, 56 — dis-
continues the pursuit, 57 — battle and
passage of the Beresina, 61, et seq. —
losses of, 70 — operations against Mac-
donald, 74— losses during the advance
INDEX.
261
Kutusoff, continued.
from Moscow, 85 — and between Malo
Jaroslawitz and Wilua, 88 — ability dis-
played by him, and importance of his
parallel march, 95 — created prince
Kutusoff - Smolensko, 112 — his last
act, 126— his last illness and death,
115.
L.
Labanoff, prince, x. 91, note, 283— attends
Alexander at Tilsit, 316 — appearance of
his troops, 1813, xvii. 221 — forces under
him, 1814, xviii. 48, 434.
Labarolliere, general, defeat of the Ven-
'i .mis by, iii. 349.
La Barre, execution of, i. 178.
Labedoyere, colonel, character of, xix.
258 — his treason during the Hundred
days, 259 — violent speech of, after
Waterloo, xx. 6, 7 — trial and execution
of, 24, 25.
Laber, combats on the, xii. 232.
Labisbal, defeat of Schwartz at, xiv. 157.
Laboissere, general, retreat of, toward
Alessandria, vi. 366 — at Novi, vii. 18,
15— position of, at the close of 1799, 61
—at the passage of the Splugeu, 306,
307.
Laborde, general, position of, at Rolica,
xii. 108— defeat of, there, 109— retreats
to Vimeira, 111 — at Vimeira, 113 — at
Corunna, 180, 182 — his arrest directed
by Malet, xvi. 135 — he seizes the latter,
136.
Labouchere, a creature of Fouch£'s, xiiL
289.
La bourdon n aye, general, iii. 222 — in
Flanders, 225 — superseded there, ib.
Lacepede, adulation of Napoleon by, xi.
176, xiL 137 — subservience of, to him,
xviii. 24.
Laclos, the chevalier, influence of his
words, i. 152 — a member of the club
Montrouge, ii. 39 — connexion of, with
the revolt of the 14th July, 109— and at
that of 5th October, lb"8 — connexion
with that in the Champ de Mars, 283,
note.
La Cole mill, defeat of the Americans at,
xix. 144.
Lacoste, M., minister of marine, ii. 311 —
resigns, 317.
Lacoste, general, xi. 196, note — death of,
at Saragossa, xiii. 177.
Lacretelle the historian, on Robespierre's
essay on capital punishments, ii. 292 —
note — imprisonment of, by the Direc-
tory, vi. 106.
Lacrier, M., xi. 196, note.
LacroLx, a Jacobin, at Liege, iii. 226 — in
Flanders, 229 — member of the commit-
tee of public salvation, 271, iv. 51, note
—on the 2d June, iii. 294— is arrested,
iv. 194 — his trial and defence, 198 — his
execution, 199.
Lacroix, removed from the ministry, 1797,
vi. 99— measures of, in Holland, 1798,
125.
Lacrosse, general, in Guadaloupe, viii. 195.
Lacy, general, defeat of, at Honda, xiv.
153 — succeeds Campoverde, and new
organisation of the Catalans by, 18b,
193 — xv. 104 — recalled to San Roque,
xvi. 303.
Ladesse" Schwartzburg, prince of, xi.
251, note.
Laditch, rout of the Bavarians at, xii. 340
— action at, xiii. 111.
Ladoga, the lake, xv. 264.
La Drome, success of the due d'Angou-
leme at, xix. 279.
Lafayette, the Marquis, parentage and
early career of, ii. 30, note — his cha-
racter, 31— joins the American insur-
gents, i. 265, 267 — advocates the sum-
moning of the States-general, 291 —
heads the liberal party of the noblesse,
ii. 17— joins the Tiers Etat, 69 — com-
mander of the national guard, 108— his
appointment sanctioned by the crown,
127 — efforts of, to save Foulon and Ber-
thier, 128, 120 — his indignation at the
atrocities of the mob, 131 — during the
insurrection of the 5th October, 164 —
reaches Versailles, and first proceedings
there, 166, 167— his imprudence, 168—
succeeds in pacifying the mob, 169 —
persuades the king to go to Paris, 170,
171 — opposition of, to the due d'Orleans,
178 — conduct of, on the murder of
Francois, 180 — and during other
tumults, 181, 183— anecdote of, 207—
at the Bastile fete, 211 — influence of,
in the appointment of Duport du Tertre,
214 — his decreasing popularity, &c. 226,
227 — the royal family arrested by his
orders, 243 — indignation of the populace
against him, 246 — denounced by the
Jacobins, 247 — heads the constitution-
alists, 250 — suppresses the revolt of the
Champ de Mars, 254 — amnesty pro-
cured by him, 258 — is proposed as
mayor of Paris , 303 — efforts of, to support
the throne, and letter to the assembly,
321, 328 — arrives at Paris, and de-
nounces the authors of the outrages
there, 329 — failure of his mission, 330 —
and his declining influence, 331 — attacks
on him, 334 — urges the king to throw
himself on the army, 338 — iii. 163 — forces
under him in 1792, 188, 198— defeated on
invading Flanders, 190 — and again at
Maubeuge, 191 — denounced by Robe-
spierre, 10— proclamation by him rela-
tive to the revolt of 10th August, 8 — his
fall and flight, 9, 199 — note of, on
Danton's corruptibility, iv. 209, note —
262
INDEX.
Lafayette, continued.
his imprisonment at Olmutz, and sym-
pathy on his behalf, v. 115 — his libera-
tion in 1796, 116 — opposes the consulate
for life, viii. 141 — during the Hundred
days,xix. 303— declares against Napoleon
after Waterloo, xx. 2, 3 — a member of the
commission of government, ib.
Lafayette, madame de, ii. 31, 32, note.
Laferriere, general, xviii. 91.
La Fine, loss of the, viii. 177.
La Fl^che, victory of the Vendeans at,
iii. 371.
Lafon, an associate of Malet's, xvi. 132.
Lafond, captain, execution of, xiii. 163.
Lafond - Ladebat, transportation of, vi.
107— recalled, 108.
Lafont, M. execution of, v. 125.
La Force, prison of, ii. 90 — denunciation
of prisoners in, iv. 259 — captured by
Malet, xvi. 134.
Laforest, M., negotiates the treaty of Va-
lencay, xviii. 31 — minister of foreign
affairs under Louis XVIII., 369.
Lagarde, M. Chaveau, iii. 301.
Lagrange, Napoleon's intimacy with, vi.
231, 233— xiv. 7.
Lagrange, general, at El- Aft and Itama-
nieh, viii. 28 — at El-Hanka, 29 — at
Tudela, xii. 159 — movements of, in
1813, xvi. 193 — at Champaubert, xviii.
95, 96.
Lagrenie, M., conduct of Pichegru toward,
viii. 342, note.
La Guayra, destruction of, xiv. 342 — mas-
sacre at, 345.
La Guillotiere, battle of, xviii. 172.
Lagunae of Venice, the, vi. 22.
La Guyane, restoration of, to France,
xviii. 404.
Laharpe, M., vi. 95 — imprisonment of, 106.
Laharpe, colonel, the tutor of the Em-
peror Alexander, vii. 393, ix. 132 —
schemes of, in Switzerland, vL 142, 145,
146, 147, note.
Laharpe, general, at Montenotte and
Millesimo, v. 176— at Dego, 177— moved
against Beaulieu, 179 — death of, 187.
Lahn, combats on the, 1796, v. 271, 283,
291.
La Hogue, decisive effects of the battle of,
ix. 95.
Lahore, treaty with the rajah of, xi. 97.
Lahorie, general, an associate of Malet's,
xvi. 134 — execution of, 137.
Lahoussaye, general, at Corunna, xii. 181,
183.
Lahoz, general, at Salo, vi. 29.
Lain£, M., report drawn up by him, xviii.
24, et seq.
Lajaunais, treaty of, v. 57.
Lajolais, general, treachery of, toward
Pichegru, &c. viii. 338, 339 — is con-
demned with Georges, 364.
Lake, lord, early history of, xi. 91 — his
character, 92 — forces under him, for the
Mahratta war, 89 — at Allighur, 93 — and
at Delhi, 95 — on the proportion of Bri-
tish soldiers necessary in India, 95, 97,
notes — victory at Agra, 96 — and at
Laswaree, 97 — operations against Hol-
kar, 110— plans, 112 — measures of, to
aid Monson, 115 — movements against
Holkar, 119, 120— activity of his pursuit,
122— defeats him atFurruckabad, 123—
captures Dieg, and besieges Bhurtpore,
124 — compels Scindiah to sue for peace,
130 — opposes the treaties with Holkar,
&c. 133.
Lake, colonel, death of, xii. 109.
La Layen, prince of, ix. 373, xviii. 39.
Lallemand, M., ii. 136, note.
Lallemand, admiral, operations of squad-
ron under, ix. 353.
Lallemand, general de, v. 288, note — de-
feat of the British cavalry by, xv. 43.
Lally, count, siege of Madras by, and his
defeat and surrender at Pondicherry, xi.
8, 17, note, 22 — execution of, i. 178,
note — injustice of his condemnation, ii.
34 — its subsequent reversal, 35, note.
Lally Tollendal, Trophine Gerard, count
de, career and character of, ii. 34 — joins
the liberal party of the noblesse, 17 —
joins the Tiers Etat, 69 — on the proceed-
ings of the municipality, 125 — supports
the absolute veto, 156— leaves the as-
sembly, 157, 178 — joins the constitution-
alists, 321 — accompanies Louis XVIII.
to Ghent, xix. 296.
La Lune, cannonade of, iii. 208.
La Madeleine, defeat of the Spaniards at,
1794, iv. 362.
La Mancha, defeat of a French detach-
ment at, xii. 77 — overrun by Victor,
167.
Lamarche, general, defeat of, 1793, iv. 30.
Lamarche, cession of, by Prussia, x. 324,
note.
Lamarck, count, iii. 155.
La Marge, combat at, vi. 160.
Lamarliere, general, execution of, iv. 253.
Lamarque, general, at Wagram,xiii. 33 —
in La Vendee, 1815, xix. 297.
Lamartiliere, general, relieves Lille, iii.
219.
Lamartine, the works of, xiv. 8, xx. 58 —
anecdote of the Arab horse by, xv. 127.
Lambach, defeat of the Austrians at, 1800,
vii. 297— skirmish at, 1805, ix. 179.
Lamballe, princess, murder of, iii. 23 — fate
of her murderer, 24, note.
Lambert, general count, corps of, 1812,
xv. 371 — captures the bridge of Borissow,
xvi. 46 — at Toulouse, xviii. 273.
Lambert, captain, defence of the Java by,
and his death, xix. 107, 108.
Lambert, general, succeeds Pakenham at
New Orleans, and his retreat, xix. 170,
171.
Lambert, M., ii. 214.
Lamberty, atrocities of, at Nantes, iii. 383
— saves Agatha de Rochejaquelein, 385.
Lambesc, prince, ii. 87.
Lamboi, check of the Bavarians at, xviL
289.
INDEX.
263
Lamboin, M., proposes the abolition of
titles of honour, ii. 203.
Lambrecht, M., takes part in the proceed-
ings restoring the Bourbons, xviii. 364 —
moves the act for dethroning Napoleon,
367.
Lanibuscart, combats at, iv. 347.
Lamego, landing of stores at, xiv. 271.
Laineth, the brothers, career and charac-
ters of, ii. 36— join the Tiers Etat, 69—
support the abolition of titles of honour,
203 — plans of, for modification of the
constitution, 256 — head the Feuillants,
250, 276— defend the king, 251—321—
on St Domingo, viii. 170 — flee with La-
fayette, iii. 9.
Lameth, general, defence of Santona by,
xviii. 261.
L'Ami des Hommes, Mirabeau's, i. 162,
note.
Lamlash bay, haven of, iii. 95.
Lamoignon, M., keeper of the seals, i. 320
— six edicts of, and their rejection, 325,
326, note — his retirement and death,
337, note.
Lamotte, colonel, taken prisoner, xiii. 348.
Lamotte, see Mothe, madame de la.
Lanarkshire, effects of workmen's strikes in ,
i. 255, note — iron works of, iii. 97, note.
Land, transference of, by the northern
conquests, i. 13 — effects of the English
and French revolutions on its distribu-
tion, 47 — .taxation of, proposed by the
Economists, 160 — pressure of the taxes
on it, 168— origin of its subdivision in
France, ii. 196 — great extent of this,
viii. 159, xx. 47 — deterioration of its
cultivation there, 48 — annual amount
of sales, 49 — subdivision of it in Italy,
v. 162 — and in Switzerland, vi. 137 —
effects of its early confiscation in Ire-
land, 204 — management of it in India,
x. 355 — attachment of men to their pos-
sessions in it, xix. 29 — want of this in
the United States, 30.
Land, usages of war at, vii. 336 — gradual
amelioration of them, 337 — comparison
between victories on the two elements,
ix. 95.
Landau, siege of, by the Allies in 1793,
iv. 69 — is raised, 71' — surrendered by
France in 1815, xx. 22.
Landeberg, capture of, by the French, vii.
198.
Landed property, provisions of the Code
Napoleon regarding, viii. 157.
Landgrafenberg, the, importance of, and
Napoleon's dispositions for occupying
it, x. 30, 32— its capture, 33.
Landlords, non-residence of, in France, i.
170.
Landrecy, siege of, bv the Allies, 1793,
iv. 62— captured by' them, 1794, 335—
recaptured by the French, 353.
Landrieux, captain, double treason of, vi.
24, 25, 28.
Landrin, M., a cure1, ii. 223.
Landsberg, combat at, x. 140.
Landshut, capture of, by the archduke,
1809, xii. 221— battle of, 230, 231.
Landskrown, state prison of, xi. 209.
Landsturm of Prussia, the, x. 9 — levy of
them in 1813, xvi. 186— value of, 187.
Land tax, the, in France, i. 174 — its im-
position on the nobles proposed, 244,
282 — equalisation of it resisted by the
parliament, 314 — its oppressive nature,
viii. 128 — mode of levying it, 129 —
change in this by Napoleon, 130, etseq.
— its pressure and inequalities, ix. 5 —
this as shown by Napoleon's cadastre,
xvi. 167 — in India, great amount of the,
x. 361.
Landwehr of Austria, the, ix. 113, xii. 200
—of Prussia, x. 9, xvi. 186, 187.
Lanfrede, M., viii. 138.
Langenberg, combat at, v. 293.
Langenfurth, repulse of the Russians at,
xvii. 306.
Langerie, M., a Vendean chief, iii. 373.
Langeron, general, at Austerlitz, ix. 202,
212, 213 — capture of Silistria by, xv.
161— siege of Roudschouk, 170, 171 —
forces under him, 1813, xvii. 88, 387—
124 — operations in Silesia, 134— at the
Katzbach, 175, 178 — 225 — forces under
him at Leipsic, 395 — at Mockern, 238,
247— at Leipsic, 258, 265— at the assault,
269, 271 — movements subsequently, 275
— forces during the campaign in France,
xviii. 46, 433— passes the Rhine, 64, 65—
movements in France, 67 — joins Blucher
at Chalons, 134 — at Craone, 181 — at
Laon, 191, 194, 195— at battle of Paris,
342, 344, 345— storming of Montmartre
by him, 348— during 1815, xix. 237.
Langres, capture of, by the Allies, xviii. 66.
Languedoc, persecution of the Protestants
in, i. 96— states-general of, 269 — distur-
bances in, during 1789, ii. 49 — surrender
of its privileges, 139 — disturbances on
the division into departments, 187 —
royalist feeling in, xix. 277.
Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, character of, ii.
284 — advocates the accusation of Robes-
pierre, iii. 43, 44 — defence of the king
by him, 64 — is denounced by the sec-
tions, 278— speech of, 286, 287— his in-
trepid conduct on the 2d June, 293 —
refuses to resign, 294 — his arrest decreed,
295 — he escapes to Caen, 296 — joins the
Thermidorians, v. 94 — takes part in the
proceedings for restoring the Bourbons,
xviii. 364 — prepares the act for the
dethronement of Napoleon, 367 — presi-
dent of the chamber of deputies, 1815,
xix. 302 — a member of the commission
of government after Waterloo, xx. 3.
Lanlivy, a Chouan leader, v. 65.
Lannes, Jean, marshal, and duke of
Montebello, his first appearance at
Dego ; his parentage, early life, &c. v.
178— his character, 179 — passage of the
Po by him, 186— at Fombio, 187— de-
feats the Pavian insurgents, 195 —
captures Arquata, 202 — wounded at
264
INDEX.
Lannes, continued.
Areola, 228 — accompanies Napoleon in
1797 to the coast, vi. 237 — correspon-
dence relative to the Berne treasure,
240, note — accompanies Napoleon to
Egypt, 241 — during the passage of the
desert, 258 — at the assault of Acre, 300
— is wounded there, 301 — at Aboukir,
309, 311, 312 — accompanies Napoleon
to Europe, 314 — and joins him against
the Directory, vii. 95, 100, 104—171—
his descent into the valley of Aosta,
232 — carries the town of Bard, ib. —
defeats the Austrians at Ivrea and
Chinsella, and advances toward Turin,
235 — passes the Po, 240— at Monte-
bello, 241— at Marengo, 248, 249, 251,
252 — present on the explosion of the
infernal machine, viii. 85 — opposes
the re-establishment of religion, 110,
111 — created marshal, 376 — ix. 29 — ■
corps under him in 1803, 74, 140,
notes — direction of his march toward
TJlm, 141 — operations under him, 180,
182 — presses on toward Vienna, 186 —
seizure of the bridge, 188, 189 — at the
combat of Grund, 193 — movements
before Austerlitz, 202 — and operations
there, 205, 209, 210, 211, 213-commands
Lansdowne, marquis of, opposes the sub-
sidising of Prussia in 1794, iv. 334,
note
Lansdowne, marquis of, see Petty, lord
Henry.
Lanskoy, general, at La Rothiere, xviii.
83— at Craone, 186.
Lanthenas, denounced by the sections,
iii. 278 — agrees to resign, 294.
Lantosca, successes of the French at, iv.
357.
Lantuerio, pass of, forced by the French,
xii. 56.
Lanusse, general, at Dego, v. 178 — at
Fombio, 187 — defeated at Mandora,
viii. 19 —at Alexandria, 22 — mortally
wounded there, 23.
Lanusse, division of, in Magdeburg, xviii.
288.
Laocoon, seizure of the, v. 244.
Laon, Blucher takes post at, xviii. 190— -
battle of, 191— its results, 197.
La Pena, general, at Baylen, xii. 84 — at
Tudela, 158 — at Barrossa, xiii. 341,
342.
La Pietra, defeat of the Tyrolese at, xii.
348.
Lapisse, general, xiii. 212 — at Medellin,
221, 229^at Talavera, 241, 244.
;
the fifth corps in 1806, x. 18, note — Laplace, Napoleon's intimacy with, vi.
movements before Jena, 25 — defeats the
Prussians at Saalfield, 27, 30 — at Jena,
32, 38— defeats Hohenlohe at Prentz-
low, 50 — operations in pursuit, 51 —
captures the bridge of Dessau, 54 — cap-
tures Stettin, 58 — and Spandau, 69 —
advances to the Bug, 108 — forces
the passage of the Ukra, 113 — at
Pultusk, 117, 118 — position during the
campaign of Eylau, 137 — at the siege of
Dantzic, 275, 278, 279 — subsequent
movements, 282, 286 — at Heilsberg,
289, 292— scene between him and Napo-
leon, 293, note — his position before
Friedland, 297 — is attacked by Ben-
ningsen, 298, 300 — revenue bestowed
on him, xi. 195, note — curious cure
effected on him, xii. 157, note — at
Tudela, 158 — subsequent operations in
Spain, 160, 161, xiii. 171— commands
at the second siege of Saragossa, 176 —
its surrender to him, 182 — losses during
the siege, 183 — violation of the capitu-
lation, and cruelties by him, 184 —
corps under, in campaign of Ech-
muhl, xii. 217, note — at Abens-
berg, 228, 229 — at Echmuhl, 235,
236, 237— at the assault of Ratisbon,
241, 252— fails to co-operate at Ebers-
berg, 260— advance of, on Vienna, 261
—captures the isle of Jagerhaus, 2f
231, 233 — minister of the interior, vii.
122— xiv. 7 — fidelity of, to Napoleon,
xviii. 384.
Laplanche, report by, to the Convention,
iv. 127.
La Plata river, the, xiv. 293, 296— com-
munication between it and the Ama-
zons, 301 — British expedition to it, ix.
359 — passage of it by the British, x.
211.
Laporte, M., execution of, iii. 12.
Lapoype, general, defeated at Casteggio,
vi. 383 — removed from his command,
386 — at Marengo, vii. 246 — in St
Domingo, viii. 183.
Lardizabal, general, at Valencia, xiv.
200.
Lareveillere-Lepaux, election of, to the
Directory, v. 125, vi. 69 — character of,
70 — heads the Theophilanthropists, 79
— joins the republican majority, 95 —
cause of his enmity to Carnot, 99 —
arrest of, proposed by Pichegru, 102 —
conspiracy against him, vii. 79 — he re-
signs, 81.
Lariboissiere, general, at the siege of
Dantzic, x. 275.
Lariviere, Henri, arrest of, decreed, iii.
295 — escapes to Caen, 296 — joins the
Thermidorians, v. 94 — condemned to
transportation, vi. 106.
subsequent movements, 265, 277— check Laroboliere, general, movements of, on
of, at Nussdorf, 279— at Aspern, 285, the Rhine, iii. 235.
286, 290, 292, 293, 294 — mortally Larochejaquelein, Agatha de, adventures
wounded, and his death, 298— charac- and escape of, iii. 385.
ter of him by Napoleon, 299, note— his Larochejaquelein, Auguste de, outbreak
burial, xiii. 286. under, in La Vendue, 1815, xix. 297—
Lanoix, abb£, murder of, iii. 31. wounded, 299.
INDEX.
265
Larochejaquelein , Henri de, character of,
iii. 325, 333— at Thouars, 340— at Fon-
tenoy, 341 — anecdote of him, 332 — at
Saumur, 344 — at the bridge of Dissay,
349 — victory of, at Coron, 352 — opera-
tions under him, 355— at Cholet, 357 — is
appointed general-in-chief, 361 — at
Chateau Gonthier, 362— at Granville,
365 — further measures, 366 — at Pontor-
son, ib. — at Dol, 367 — at Antrain,
368— exploit of, at La FISche, 371— is
defeated at Mans, 372 — heroic conduct
of, and his separation from the army,
373— his death, 377.
Larochejaquelein, madame de, iii. 332—
escape of, 374.
Larochejaquelein, Louis de, in La Ven-
dee, 1815, xix. 297— defeat and death of,
299.
Larochejaquelein, the marquis de, xviii.
110 — operations at Bordeaux, 1814, 250.
Larochefoucault, see Rochefoucauld.
La Rosere, capture of, by the French, iv.
364.
La Rothiere, battle of, xviii. 81 — its effect
on the Allied cause, 85.
Larrey, baron, accompanies Napoleon to
Egypt, vi. 241, 283 — on the campaign of
Moscow, xvi. 71 — report on the wounded
at Bautzen, 249, note, 252.
Lasalle, general, at Rivoli, v. 237, 238,
note — at Zeydenick, x. 55 — xi. 196, note
— defeats Cuesta, xii. 55 — at Burgos,
156 — movements in Spain, 171 — at As-
pern, 289.
Lasey, marshal, iii. 172.
La Serna, successes of the British cavalry
at, xv. 68.
Lash, employment of, in the British army,
xii. 23.
Lasource, a member of the committee of
general defence, iii. 269, note — de-
nounced by the sections, 278 — his arrest
decreed, 295— his death, 298.
La Spezia, naval combat of, v. 49.
Lassen, captain, at the battle of the Baltic,
vii. 380.
Lasso, use of the, in South America, xiv.
327, note,
Laswaree, battle of, xi. 97.
La Torre, general, in South America, xiv.
349— defeated at Carabobo, 350— capi-
tulates, 351.
Latouche, the count, a member of the
club Montrouge, ii. 39 — connexion of,
with the insurrection of the 14th July,
109 — at Versailles during the revolt
there, 168.
Latouche, general, in St Domingo, viii. 186.
Latouche Trioille, defence of Port-au-
Prince by, viii. 189.
Latour, count Baillet, ix. 38.
Latour, general, at Fleurus, iv. 346 — oper-
ations on the Murg, v. 280 — left to
make head against Moreau, 286 — re-
peated conflicts, 292 — defeated on the
Lech, 293 — operations during Moreau's
retreat, 294— defeated at Biberach, 295
—at Hohenblau, 297— besieges Kehl.
298, 299— forces of, on the Rhine, 1797,
vi. 37— at Hohenlinden, vii. 287, 290.
Latour, prince of, ix. 375.
Latour d'Auvergne, death of, vii. 202 —
monument to, and its fate, ib.
Latour Dupin, see Dupin.
Latour Maubourg, general, during the re-
turn of the royal family from Varennes,
ii. 244, 245, 248— flees from France with
Lafavette, iii. 9 — his imprisonment at
Olmutz, v. 115— x. 302— at Albuera,
xiv. 245, 247, 248— in 1811 is ambassa-
dor at Constantinople, xv. 181 — corps
under him on entering Russia, 370 — the
whole cavalry placed under him during
the retreat, xvi. 48 — forces under him
in 1813, 201, note— joins Napoleon be-
fore Bautzen, 233— at that battle, 240,
245 — at Reichenbach, 251 — at Dresden,
xvii. 148, 149, 151— forces under him in
this campaign, 384 — and at Leipsic, 394
—at the battle of Leipsic, 236, 243— is
wounded there, 244.
La Trone's Ordre Sociale, publication of,
i. 162, note.
Lattermann, general, blockades Milan, vi.
366— defeats Massena, vii. 212—244.
Laubert, Charles, vi. 199.
Lauderdale, the earl of, ambassador to
France in 1806, and negotiation by him,
ix. 386 — Fox's last instructions to him,
392— returns to England, 387— xi. 288,
note.
Laudohn, marshal, iii. 149.
Laudon, general, defeated at Roveredo, v.
241 — again at Neumarckt, vi. 12 — oper-
ations in the Tyrol, 1797, 14 — successes
of, there, 18— efforts of, to rouse Venice,
29— forces under him, 1799, 324— re-
peated defeats in the Grisons, 329 — forces
under him, 1800, vii. 236, 237— his peril-
ous situation, 317 — is surrounded at
Trent, 319 — artifice by which he escapes,
and his junction with Bellegarde, 320
— defeat of, at Elchingen, ix. 152.
Lauenburg, capture of, by the French,
xvii. 210.
Lauer, master of the Austrian artillery,
vii. 275.
Lauffen, passage of the Salza by Moreau
at, vii. 295.
Laun, death of Moreau at, xvii. 153.
Launay, see Delaunay.
La Union, general, defeat of, at Ceret, iv.
359 — again defeated, and resigns, 362 —
his death, 364.
Laurent, a workman, murder of, iii. 32.
Lauret, general, at Figueras, iv. 363.
Lauria, combat at, ix. 345.
Lauriston, general count, viii. 85, 343 —
is shut up in Ragusa, ix. 379— xi. 196,
note — junction with Eugene, 1809, xii.
276 — capture of Raab by him, xiii. 14 —
at Wagram, 45 — sent to negotiate after
the burning of Moscow, xvi. 8 — position
of, in 1813, 188— and forces under him,
201, note— 209— advance of, to Ltitzen,
266
INDEX.
Lauriston, continued.
212 — operations after that battle, 223
—at Bautzen, 235, 236, 237, 243, 244—
defeat of, at Hainau, 255 — forces dur-
ing campaign of Leipsic, xvii. 384 —
operations in Silesia, 134, 135 — at the
Katzbach, 175, 178, 179— skirmish at
Neustadt, 207 — further movements,
223 — forces under, at Leipsic, 394 —
operations there, 235, 241, 242, 244,
245, 257, 261, 263— during the prepara-
tions for retreat, 268 — at the assault,
270 — is taken prisoner there, 272 — dis-
solution of his corps, 280.
Lausanne, reception of Napoleon at, vi. 145.
Laval, Hypolite Montmorency, execution
of, iv. 229.
Laval, general, forces under, 1800, vii.
186— at Almonacid, xiii. 253-— at Ocana,
258 — at Barrossa, 341, 342 — siege of
Tarifa by, and his defeat, xiv. 285 —
xviii. 91, 435.
Laval, combat at, iii. 361 — battle of, 362.
Lavalette, count, on the progress of crime
during revolution, iv. 297 — proceedings
of, at Genoa, vi. 47 — supports the Direc-
tory on the 18th Fructidor, 99, 110,
111, note — on the irreligion of the
French troops, 248 — intrigues of, with
Ali Pasha, 267 — capitulation of, at
Port-au-Prince, viii. 197 — treason of, to
the Bourbons in 1815, xix. 272 — his
trial resolved on, xx. 24 — his conviction
and escape, 25.
La Valette, the French blockaded in, vi.
214.
Lavater, death of, vii. 34.
La Vendee, see Vendee.
Lavergne, madame, death of, iv. 247.
La Vie, defeat of Charette at, v. 263.
Lavicomterie, a member of the committee,
iv. 267, note.
Laville-Heurnois, M., heads the royalist
conspiracy of i796, vi. 91 — transporta-
tion of, 107.
Lavoisier, execution of, iv. 249.
Lavoisier, M., statistical tables by, viii.
129, note.
Lavis, defeat of the French at, v. 223— of
the Austrians, vi. 12 — of the Tyrolese,
xiii. 117.
Law, difficulties attending the reform
of, viii. 153, 154 — subversion of, in
France, and its retention in England,
after their revolutions, i. 46 — admi-
nistration of it, under Richelieu, 89
— venality and partiality in the French
courts, 174 — advantages of the par-
liaments as courts, 202 — abuses in
English courts before 1688, 204— edicts
for reforming its administration, 326 —
a uniform code demanded in the ca-
hiers, ii. 14, 15 — the reforms introduced
by the assembly, 199 — system of admi-
nistering it in Poland, v. 19 — its admi-
nistration in Russia, xv. 237, 253 — and
in Turkey, 130 — the American writers
on it, xix. 67.
Law of the Hostages, the, vii. 163.
Law of the Suspected, the, iv. 124, 125,
note.
Law of Succession, see Succession.
Lawyers, preponderance of, in the Con-
stituent Assembly, ii. 17 — and also in
the Legislative Assembly, 273.
Lawrence, captain, defence of the Chesa-
peake by, xix. 114 — his death, 118.
Lawrence, major, xi. 8.
Lawrenceson, death of, iv. 93.
Lay bach, capture of, by the French in
1797, vi. 9— and again in 1809, xii. 274,
xiii. 15 — recaptured in 1809 by the
Austrians, 19.
Lazan, the marquis, at Huecha, xii. 56 —
at Cardaden, xiii. 188.
Lazzaroni of Naples, character of the, vi.
196 — indignation of, at the submission
of the court, 197 — resistance of, to the
French, 199.
Leander man-of-war, at the Nile, vi. 272.
Leander, case of the, ix. 364.
Lebanon, state of inhabitants of, xv.
126.
Le Bas, cruelties of, in Alsace, iv. 69 —
338 — his arrest decreed, 277 — his death,
284.
Leblanc, betrayal of Pichegru by, viii.
342.
Le Bon, atrocities of, at Arras, iv. 255, ei
seq.
Le Bon the younger, at Bordeaux, iv.
258.
Lebrun, Charles, appointed consul, vii.
122 — aids in the formation of the Code,
viii. 155 — created duke of Placentia, ix.
339 — revenue bestowed on him, xi. 195,
note.
Lebrun, Charles, xiii. 48.
Lecarlier, in Switzerland, vi. 161, note.
Lecberg, defeat of the French at, x. 134.
Lecchi, count Theodore, vii. 317 — joins
Napoleon, 318 — seizure of Montjuic
by, xi. 320 — at Bruch, xii. 93 — shut up
in Barcelona, 97 — forces under, 1813,
xvii. 385.
Lecco, skirmish at, vi. 364.
L(Sceve, a cure\ joins the Tiers Etat, ii. 50.
Lech, passage of the, forced by the French,
v. 293— by the archduke, 1799, vi. 326—
anecdote of its passage in 1805, ix. 148,
note — address of Napoleon to the troops
at it, 151.
Lechelle, general, commands against the
Vendeans, iii. 354 — victory of, at Cholet,
357— defeated at Chateau Gonthier, 362
— resigns, and his death, 363.
Lechner, Simon, xii. 354, note.
Leclerc, M., a priest, ii. 223.
Leclerc on the 10th August, ii. 352.
Leclerc, general, at Rivoli, v. 237 — mission
of, to Switzerland, 1797, vi. 144 — repulse
of, at Salahieh, 267 — joins Napoleon
against the Directory, vii. 95 — and dis-
solves the Five Hundred, 144 — invasion
of Portugal by, 1801, viii. 48 — com-
mands the expedition to St Domingo,
INDEX.
267
Leclerc, continued.
183, 184— his disembarkation, 185— his
first successes, 186 — endeavours to nego-
tiate with Toussaint, 188 — further suc-
cesses of, 189 — accommodation entered
into by him, 191 — his administration of
the country, 192— seizure of Toussaint
by, 193— his death, 195, 19b'.
Leclerc, general, at Fere Champenoise,
xviii. 321.
Lecocq, general, surrender of Hameln by,
x. 65 — forces under, 1813, xvii. 384.
Lecointre, statement by, as to the prisoners
in Paris, iv. 163, note — his death resolved
on by Robespierre, 263 — denuncia-
tion of the Jacobin leaders by him, v. 87.
Le Cor, general, at the Nivelle, xvii. 353 —
at St Pierre, 375 — is wounded there, ib.
377 — at Orthes, xviii. 243 — at Toulouse,
269, note.
Lecourbe, general, operations under, in
1799, vi. 327— passage of the Via Mala,
&c. by him, 328— repulsed at Martins-
bruck, and subsequent successes of, 329
— posted on the Engadine, 347 — defeats
Bellegarde at Ramis, 348 — defeated at
Suss, ib. — overthrow of the Swiss insur-
gents by him, 349 — again defeated at
Luciensteg, 350 — retreats behind the
Reuss, and his danger, 351 — is driven
from the St Gothard, 352, 353 — successes
of, there, vii. 23 — he again captures it,
25 — again driven from it, 35, 36 — oper-
ations against Suwarroff, 37 — appointed
to command on the Rhine, 62 — opera-
tions there, 64 — is driven over that river,
65— forces nnder him, 1800, 185— first
operations, 187 — at Moeskirch, 190, 191
— movements to dislodge Kray, 198 —
crosses the Danube, and victory at
Hochstedt, 199 — again checks Kray at
Neuberg, 202 — operations against the
prince of Reuss, 203 — at the opening of
the campaign of Hohenlinden, 283 —
passage of the Inn by him, 293 — defeated
at Salzburg, 295 — expected defection
from Napoleon in 1813, xvii. 122 — op-
poses the defection of Ney, xix. 268—
forces under him, 1815, 306.
Leeds, population of, iii. 98, note.
Lefebvre, a Jacobin, v. 86.
Lefebvre, marshal, and duke of Dantzig,
at Fleurus, iv. 347 — at Friedberg. v. 2»3
— operations against Werneck, vi. 41 —
Napoleon's intimacy with, 1797, 231 — ■
defeated at Ostrach, 331 — joins Napoleon
against the Directory, vii. 95, 102, 104 —
is created marshal, viii. 376 — forces
under him, 1805, ix. 74 — commands the
5th corps, 1806, x. 18, note — at Jena,
33 — corps under him for the siege of
Dantzic, 124 — operations during the
siege, 127, 136, 137 — abandons the
blockade, 156 — and resumes it, 158 —
capture of the place, 273, e t seq. — revenue
bestowed on him, xi. 195, note — corps
under him in Spam, xii. 147, note — at
Tornosa, 153 — at Espiuosa, 154 — at
Reynosa, 155 — further movements, 167
—forces and operations during the cam-
paign of Echmuhl, 217, note, 222, 223—
junction with Davoust, 226, 227 — at
Abensberg, 229— at Dinzling, 233— sent
toward the Tyrol, 252 — defeats Jellachich
at Salzburg, 348 — invasion of the Tyrol
and forcing of the passes, 349 — at Feuer
Singer and "Worgl, 350 — captures Inns-
pruck, 351 — leaves the command in the
Tyrol to Deroy, 353 — his forces in the
campaign of Wagram, xiii. 3, 4 — new
invasion of the Tyrol, 109 — defeated at
the Brenner, 112 — and again at Inns-
pruck, 113— xviii. 373.
Lefebvre Desnouettes, general, operations
of, in Spain , xii. 54 — successes of, before
Saragossa, 56— commences the first siege
of that place, 57, et seq. — is succeeded
there by Verdier, 61— at Tudela, 158—
taken prisoner at the Esla, 174 — forces
under him in 1813, xvii. 383 — at Merse-
burg and Altenburg, 208 — forces, opera-
tions, &c. 1814, xviii. 91, 300, 434 —
efforts of, on behalf of Napoleon during
the Hundred days, xix. 269.
Lefort, a principal in the massacres of the
prisons, iii. 29, note.
Legendre, a Dantonist, connexion of, with
the 10th August, ii. 352 — member of the
Convention, iii. 35 — conduct of, there,
287 — denounces the arrest of Danton,
iv. 194 — himself denounced by Robes-
pierre, 195 — his submission after the fall
of Danton, 209 — his destruction resolved
on by Robespierre, 263 — a leading Ther-
midorian , v. 85— speech of, in favour of
humanity, 93 — defeats the mob on the
20th May, 103 — his firmness on the fol-
lowing day, ib. 104.
Legendre, general, xii. 90, note.
Leger Belair, general, xii. 77, 79 — at
Baylen, 82.
Leghorn, occupation of, by the British,
1796, v. 201 — captured by the French,
203— captured by them in 1800, and
confiscation of British merchandise, vii.
280 — again seized by them in 1803, viii.
273— surrendered to the Allies in 1813,
xviii. 219.
Legino, combat at, v. 175.
Legion of Honour, Napoleon's arguments
in favour of, viii. 96 — arguments against
it, 98 — and his reply to these, 100 — its
institution, 102 — it entirely fulfils his
object, 103 — formal inauguration of it,
317, 318 — distribution of crosses of it,
318— ceremonial observed on delivering
the crosses, &c. xvii. 21.
Legion of Marat, the, iii. 380.
Legislative Assembly, constitution, powers,
&c. of the, ii. 269— its formation, 271—
the elections for it, 272 — absence of great
proprietors in it, ib. — its opening, 275 —
its general character, 276— parties in it,
and their leaders, ib. et seq. — Jacobin
leaders in it, 296 — opposition of the
clergy to it, 299 — discussions on the
268
INDEX.
Legislative Assembly, continued.
emigrants, and decree against them, ib.
et seq. — discussions relative to the clergy,
and first avowal of atheism in it, 301, et
seq. — these decrees vetoed by the king,
and discussions on this, 302, et seq. —
debate relative to St Domingo, 306 —
decree slave emancipation, &c. 308,
viii. 175 — measures on the massacre of
Avignon, ii. 310 — compel the dismissal
of the ministry, 311 — encroachments on
the prerogative of the crown, 314 — de-
bate relative to the disbanding of the
royal guard, 315 — letter from Lafayette
to them, 321 — invaded by the mob on
the 20th June, 323, 324— their endea-
vours to extricate the king, 327— debate
on that insurrection, 328, 329 — appear-
ance of Lafayette before them, 329 —
debate in, on the overthrow of the
throne, 331 — decree declaring the coun-
try in danger, 332— debate on the accu-
sation of Lafayette, 340— measures of,
on the 9th August, 341— and proceed-
ings on the 10th, 345, 347— the king
takes refuge in its hall, 348 — his de-
thronement, 351.
Debate on the foreign powers and
emigrants, iii. 161 — compel the king to
declare war, 162 — debates upon this
subject, 164, et seq. — his speech announ-
cing the declaration of war, 169 — pro-
pagandist proceedings originated by
them, 174.
Their power overthrown by the 10th
August, iii. 4 — speech of Danton on oc-
casion of that revolt, 5 — situation of the
king and royal family in, 6 — order their
removal to the Temple, 7 — measures of
Lafayette against them, 8 — they outlaw
him, 9 — institute the Revolutionary
Tribunal, 10 — inactivity of, during the
massacres at the prisons, 14, 27 — decree
dissolving the municipality, 14 — they
are overpowered by the latter, 15 — ap-
pearance of Danton before them relative
to the massacres, 16 — the municipality
denounced before them, 33 — close of
their sittings, and reflections on their
career, 34 — analogy between it and the
rule of the Girondists, 310.
Legislative Assembly, abolition of the, in
Italy, xi. 280.
Legislative body, formation of the, in
France, vii. 122 — opposition in it to the
institution of the legion of honour, viii.
98 — majority by which it is passed, 102
— the re-establishment of the church,
108 — change in its constitution, 144 —
the re-establishment of titles of honour,
xi. 193— Napoleon's speech to, after his
return from Russia, xvi. 151 — and after
Leipsic, xviii. 22 — opposition to him, and
Lain^'s report, 24 — is dissolved, 27 —
adherence of, to his dethronement,
368.
Legislature, the American, outrages in,
xix. 57.
Legnago, fortress of, v. 167 — capture of,
by the French, 1796, 199— again cap-
tured by them, 219 —restitution of it to
Austria, vi. 20, 53 — its evacuation
agreed to by the French, 219 — fortifica-
tion of it by the Austrians, 1799, 339—
defeat of the French before it, 341 — is
blockaded by them, 1801, vii. 317— and
surrendered, 321 — surrender of it to the
Allies, 1814, xviii. 287.
Legrand, general, defeated at Issen, vii.
285— at Heilsberg, x. 291, 292— at Ebers-
berg, xii. 258— at Aspern, 288, 297— at
Wagram, xiii. 40.
Legris, clerk to the Revolutionary Tribu-
nal, iv. 243, note.
Le Gros, painting of Eylau by, x. 155,
note.
Le Hardi, see Hardi.
Lehrbach, count, vi. 220, 335, vii.
270.
Leibnitz on the importance of Egypt, vi.
227.
Leibnitz, defeat of Gerard at, xvii. 186.
Leibstadt, combat of, x. 140.
Leicester, disturbances in, xiv. 50.
Leignitz, retreat of the Allies toward, xvi.
254.
Leiningen, general, in the Tyrol, xii.
357.
Leipsic, occupation of, by Davoust in 1806,
x. 53— decree from, against British com-
merce, ib. — contributions levied on it,
107 — is occupied by the duke of Bruns-
wick, xii. 364 — captured by the Aus-
trians, 373 — occupied by the Allies in
the beginning of 1813, xvi. 204 — surprise
of the French depot at, 260 — indigna-
tion in it at the attack on Korner, 266
— advance of the Allies toward, xvii.
228— the French retreat to it, 232— their
arrival at it, 233 — description of the
place, 234 — the French position, 235 —
their forces, 394 — disposition of the
Allies, 236— and their forces, 394— the
night before the battle, 238 — proclama-
tion of the Allies, 239— the first day's
battle, 240, et seq. — negotiations after it,
250— the battle of the 18th, 257, et seq.
— night council held by Napoleon after
it, 266 — state of the town, 267 — disposi-
tions for the retreat, 268 — assault and
capture of the town, (battle of the 19th,)
269 — losses of the parties, 272 — entrance
of the Allied sovereigns into the town,
273.
Leissegues, admiral, sailing of, for St
Domingo, ix. 350 — his defeat there,
351.
Leitasch, storming of, by the French, ix.
177.
Leith, general Sir James, at Busaco, xiii.
329— at Badajos, xv. 21 — at Salamanca,
59, 61, 62, 63— is -wounded there, 64—
at San Sebastian, xvi. 376, xvii. 354 —
is knighted, xix. 193.
Leizipa, position of the Russians on the,
xv. 300.
INDEX.
Le Joyeux Avenement, tribute called, i.
225.
Le Maitre, see Maitre.
Leman, lake, vi. 131.
Leman republic, tbe, vi. 146.
Le Marcbant, see Marcbant.
Lemarche, death of, iii. 302.
Lemarrois, general, defence of Magdeburg
by, xviii. 287, 288.
Lemberg, university of, ix. 123, note.
Lemberg, town of, captured by Ponia-
towsky, xiii. 19.
Lemnos, isle of, occupied by the British,
x. 229.
Lemoine, general, forces under, in South-
ern Italy, vi. 188 — defeats of the Nea-
politans by, 189, 190, 192 — commands
the left in the Apennines, 386 — at Novi,
vii. 13, 14 — operations near Coni, 55 —
at the close of 1799, 61— defeated and
made prisoner at Bolsano in 1809, xii.
341.
Lemoine, the division of, at Magdeburg,
xviii. 288.
Lemon, the marquis, iii. 197.
Lenfant, connexion of, with the massacres
at the prisons, iii. 29, note.
Lenoir, M., state of the police of Paris
under, i. 337.
Lenoir-Laroche, M., appointed to the
ministry of police, vi. 99.
Leobel, combats at, 1813, xvii. 315.
Leoben, advance of Napoleon to, vi. 17—
armistice of, and preliminaries of peace
agreed to at, 18 — surrender of an Aus-
trian detachment at, 1809, xii. 275.
Leon, province of, its agriculture, xii. 3 —
the insurrection in, 32 — subjugation of
it by the French, xiii. 259 — French
forces in it, 1810, xiv. 146 — increase of
guerillas in it, 221.
Leon, isle of, description of it, xiv. 148 —
bombardment of it, xv. 45 — revolt of
the troops for South America in it, xiv.
348.
Leonard de Modigliano, imprisonment of,
xi. 210.
Leopard and Chesapeake, affair of the,
xix. 91.
Leopold, the emperor, accession of, and
his character, iii. 129, 144 — measures
of, in 1790, against France, 152 — ac-
cedes to the treaty of Mantua, 153, 154
— opposes the king's flight from France,
154 — a party to the declaration of Pil-
nitz, 155 — circular on Louis's acceptance
of the constitution, 157 — his conduct re-
garding the indemnities, 159— his pacific
disposition, 160, 163 — his views in the
opening of the war, 171 — his death,
172.
Leopold, prince, death of, xvi. 219.
Leopold, prince, of Saxe-Coburg, his visit
to Great Britain, xviii. 412.
Lepanto, effects of the battle of, ix. 95.
Lepelletier, Felix, a leader of the Jacobins,
vii. 87 — transportation of, viii. 91.
Lepelletier-St Fargeau, motion by, on
the punishment of death, ii. 235 — assas-
sination of, iii. 248.
Lepelletier, the section, supports the Con-
vention, v. 104— language of its leaders,
111 — the focus of resistance to the consti-
tution of 1795, 118 — heads the insurrec-
tion of the 11th Vendemiaire, 121 —
failure of Menou against it, 123— defeat
and disarming of it, 124.
Lerida, the junta of, xii. 39 — defensive
preparations, 94, xiii. 193 — preparations
for its siege, 209— the siege, 313— its
surrender, 315 — is blockaded after Vito-
ria, xvii. 336, xviii. 258 — its recovery by
the Spaniards, 259.
Leridant, condemnation of, viii. 364.
Lernanois, general, xi. 196, note.
Lernia, defeats of the French at, xvi. 320,
321.
L'Erotica Biblion, Mirabeau's, ii. 21.
Lesage, a Girondist, arrest of, decreed, iii.
295.
Lescar, the Abbe", murder of, iii. 31.
Lescure, M. de, heads the Vendean re-
volt, iii. 325 — his character, 335— at
Thouars, 340— at Fontenoy, 341, 342—
wounded at Saumur, 344— defeated at
Thouars, 351— at Torfou, 352— defeats
Mukinski, ib. — defeated at Chatillon,
355 — mortally wounded at Cholet, 356
— urges advancing to Nantes, 360 — at
Chateau Gonthier, 362— his death, 364.
Lescure, madame de, iii. 336.
Lescuyer, murder of, ii. 310.
Lesmont, combat at the bridge of, xviii.
86.
Lessart, M. de, ii. 214, 278, note — ener-
getic views of, 311 — niurder of, iii. 30.
Lessing, defeat of the Austrians at, xii.
275.
Lestocq, general, organisation of the
Russian forces under, after Jena, x. 109
— advance and first operations of, 111 —
is separated from the Russians, 121 —
at Mohrungen, 134 — relieves Grau-
dentz, 135 — dangerous situation of, 138
— his retreat, and destruction of his ad-
vanced guard at Leibstadt, 140 — at
Eylau, 151 — opposes retreating, 152 —
forces under him, 281 — operations after
Heilsberg, 295 — defence of, before
Konigsberg, 309, 310— rejoins Benning-
sen, 311 — resignation of his post in the
ministry, 1809, xii. 361.
L 'Estrange, colonel, at Albuera, xiv. 250.
Lesuire, general, successes of, against
Elnitz, vii. 243.
Letellier, transportation of, vi. 107 — his
escape and death, 108.
Letourcq, general, at Mount Thabor, vi.
298— death of, 312.
Letourneur chosen a Director, v. 125, vi.
69 — his character, 70 — retires, 94.
Letters from the Mountains, Rousseau's,
i. 147, 149.
Lettres-de-cachet, number of, issued in
France, i. 177 — the suppression of them
designed by Malesherbes, 242— decree for
270
INDEX.
Lettres-de-cachet, continued.
their abolition, 319— their abolition de-
manded in the cahiers, 356, ii. 13 —
treatise on them by Mirabeau, 21.
Lettres Persannes of Montesquieu, the, L
135, note.
Letters on Toleration, Turgot's, i. 235.
Leuchtenberg, the duke of, xviii. 389.
Leugen, cession of, by Prussia, x. 324,
note.
Leuk, defeat of the Swiss at, vi. 353.
Levasseur, Theresa, mistress of Rousseau,
L 145 — her marriage to him, 147.
Levasseur de la Sarthe, defence of Robes-
pierre by, iv. 268, note— aids in arrest-
ing him, 284 — defence of the Jacobins
by, 303.
Levaux's Journal de la Montagne, iv. 161.
Leviathan man-of-war at Trafalgar, ix.
87.
Levis, the duke of, v. 65.
Lewachoff, general, at Leipsic, xvii. 240,
243.
Lewis, Frankland, arguments of, in favour
of the corn laws, xix. 208.
Ley den, occupation of, by the French in
1794, iv. 385— revolts against them, 1813,
xvii. 311.
Leyen, count de la, ix. 373, xviii. 39.
Leyria, destruction of, xih. 345, 353.
Liady, occupation of, by the French, xv.
313.
Liancourt, the due de, ii. 17 — joins the
Tiers Etat, 69 — communicates to the
king the capture of the Bastile, 107.
Liberty, see Freedom.
Liberty of the press, the, demanded by the
electors of Paris, ii. 10 — proposed in the
cahiers, 13, 14 — suppression of it by the
Directory, vi. 106 — restoration of it in
1798, vii. 78 — discussions on the subject,
80 — overthrown by Napoleon, 169, viil
387, x. 266— decree of the Cortes regard-
ing it, xiv. 128.
Liberum veto in Poland, the, v. 15 — evils
attending it, 18 — frequent exercise of
it, 26 — the attempt to abolish it is pre-
vented, 27 — is at last abandoned, ib.
Libzettern, M., negotiations of, with
Switzerland, xviii. 42.
Licenses, introduction of the system of,
by Napoleon, xi. 171 — and by Great
Britain, 173 — his inconsistency in it,
xvii. 15.
Lichtenau, the countess, hi. 214, \i'. 42,
43.
Lichtenstein, prince, at Wurzburg, v. 289
— at the Trebbia, vi. 382 — at Novi, vii.
12, 16— at Hohenlinden, 289— at Lam-
xiii. 36, 37 — negotiates the armistice of
Znaym, 59 — signs the peace of Vienna,
104— at Leipsic, xvii. 237, 258 — opera-
tions under, 1814, xviii. 46 — line of in-
vasion assigned him, 54 — negotiates the
armistice of Lusigny, 137, 226 — at the
council for deliberating on the settle-
ment of France, 361 — forces under him,
432.
Lichtenstein Darmberg, prince of, ix. 373.
Lidda, bishop of, ii. 222, note.
Lido at Venice, the, vi. 22 — massacre at,
31.
Liebstadt, Russians driven from, xvii.
201.
Liege, capture of, by the French in 1792,
hi. 226— defeat of the French at, 1793,
iv. 26 — evacuated by the Allies, 1794,
352 — captured by them in 1814, xviii.
69, 90.
Liegnitz occupied by Sacken, 1813, xvii.
134.
Lienzerclause, defeat of the French at,
xiii. 113.
Lieven, prince, at Tilsit, x. 316.
Lieven, count, at the Katzbach, xvii. 178
— at La Rothiere, xviii. 83.
Life appointments, suppression of, in
France, i. 90.
Light troops, value of the Cossacks as, xv.
250.
Light horse, importance of, in Russia, xvi.
94.
Ligne, prince de, character of Marie
Antoinette by, i. 223, note — taken
prisoner in 1799, vi. 348— xix. 245.
Ligny, the field of, and Blucher's forces,
&c. xix. 317 — the French forces, 404—
battle of, 319, et seq. — tactics of the
parties at, 388.
Ligurian republic, reorganisation of the,
1800, vii. 257 — its independence guar-
anteed by Luneville, 328 — new consti-
tution, 1802, viii. 206 — its subservience to
Napoleon, 316 — its incorporation with
France, ix. 33.
Lika, combat on the, xiii. 15.
Lilienstein, fortification of the, xvii. 71.
Lille, comte de, see Louis XVIII., and
Provence, comte de.
Lille, town of, see Lisle.
Limburg, defeat of a French detachment
at, 1792, hi. 235 — repulse of the Aus-
trians at, v. 271 — battle of, 272 — action
at, 291.
Limited enlistment, system of, proposed
in Great Britain, x. 173 — its advan-
tages, 174— bill for it passed, 180— is
subsequently abandoned, 183.
bach, 297 — negotiates the surrender of Limmat, line of the, vi. 347, vii. 21
Ulm, ix. 157 — and is taken prisoner
there, 158— at Austerlitz, 203, 210 —
sent to solicit an armistice after it, 214,
215 — statement by him of the Austrian
resources in 1807, xi. 251, note — forces,
&c. during the campaign of Echmuhl,
xii. 227 — at Ratisbon, 233, 234 — at
Aspern, 290, 295, 296 — at Wagram,
position of Massena on it, 3, 4— attempt
of the archduke to cross it, 26 — passage
of it by Massena, 30.
Limonet, battle of, xviii. 227.
Limousin, Turgot's administration of the,
i. 235, 236.
Linange, general, at Worgl, xii. 350.
Linares, the count, xi. 306.
INDEX.
271
Lincelles, combat at, iv. 57.
Lindenau, skirmish at, 1813, xvi. 212 —
scene at the bridge of, xvii. 271.
Linden, R., proposes the reinstitution of
the revolutionary tribunal, iii. 263, 265
— a. member of the committee of public
salvation, iv. 116, note — opposed to
Robespierre in it, 214.
Lindhurst, lord, iv. 14, note.
Line, breaking the, at sea, see Breaking
the line.
Linglet, M., on the 19th Brumaire, vii.
111.
Linieres, general, recaptures Buenos
Ayres, ix. 361 — his defence of it, x.
212.
Linken, general, vii. 37 — operations of,
against Molitor, 38.
Linlithgow, massacre by the covenanters
at, i. 73.
Linois, admiral, at Algesiraz, viii. 40, 41
—defeat of, by the China fleet in 1804,
291 — again defeated by the Centurion,
ix. 353 — capture of, with his fleet, ib.
Linnaeus the botanist, xv. 188.
Linnet, capture of the, xix. 161, et seq.
Linth river, vii. 21 — military line of, vi .
347.
Lintz, occupation of, by the French, ix.
180— the bridge of, xii. 265 — attack on
it by the Austrians, 281.
Lion man-of-war, mutiny on board the,
v. 339.
Lioris, priory of, bestowed on the abbe
Maury, ii. 26, note.
Liptay, general, at Fombio, v. 186 — at
Castiglione, 211 — defeated at Vicenza,
222.
Liptingen, combat at, vi. 333.
Lisbon, designs of Napoleon upon, xi.
300 — its capabilities of defence, 304 —
embarkation of the royal family at, 307
— arrival of Junot, and surrender of it,
309— hoisting of the French flag, 310—
the regency dissolved, 311 — excitement
in, against the French, xii. 125 — its
evacuation by them, 126 — formation of
a central junta at, 129 — landing of
Wellington at, in 1809, xiii. 156— the
British government prepare for its
evacuation, 357 — its value as a depot,
&c. to Wellington, xiv. 217 — return of
Wellington from Cadiz to it, xvi. 303 —
corruption of the government, 307, xvii.
362.
Lisle, administration of, by Calonne, i.
278— parliament of, 324.
Lisle, town of, siege of it by the Allies,
iii. 219 — attempt of Dumourier on it,
iv. 31 — repulse of the Allies before it in
1814, xviii. 216 — residence of Louis
XVIII. at, xix. 271.
Liste des condamne's, the, iv. 290, note.
Lists of eligibility, formation of the, in
France, vii 121 — debates regarding
them, viii. 94 — speech of Napoleon on
them, 142.
Listenay, princess de, ii. 135, 136, note.
Lit de justice, nature of the, in France,
i. 129, 175 — registering of Brienne's
edicts in, 315 — important, in 1788,
324.
Literature, development of, during the
era of the Revolution, i. 4 — aim of
Richelieu in fostering it, 89 — its state
under Louis XIV. 92 — its tendency in
France, 121 — its character and influence,
122— effects of the state of the church
on it, 125 — measures of Napoleon for
its advancement, x. 266 — its prostration
under him, xi. 182 — influence of the
Revolution on that of Britain, xiv. 4 —
and on that of France, 7 — state of it in
Germany, 9 — comparison of French,
German, and British, 11 — state of it in
the United States, xix. 67 — its present
character in France, xx. 43, 58.
Lithuania, separation of the government,
&c. of it, from that of Poland, v. 19 —
excitement in, during the campaign of
Eylau, x. 95 — its subjugation by Prus-
sia, xv. 262 — disposition in favour of
the French in 1812, 273— its physical
aspect, &c. 277 — unable to sustain
Napoleon's army in 1812, 291 — its aspect
to the French in their progress through
it, 324 — losses sustained by them in it,
325 — intrusted to the charge of Victor,
328, xvi. 7— return of Napoleon through
it, 76 — suffering occasioned in it by his
exactions, 77 — evacuation of it by the
French, 111 — and by the Austrians,
114.
Little Belt and President, affair of the,
xix. 95.
Little St Bernard, combats at the, 1794,
iv. 356.
Liverpool, earl of, character of, xiv. 40 —
against reform in 1793, iv. 11 — in favour
of the war in 1794, 315 — war secretary
in 1809, xiii. 91 — on the first invasion of
France, 149, note — defence of the
Peninsular war by him, 151 — and again
in 1810, 300 — his inefficiency as secre-
tary-at-war, 319 — for the continuance
of the war in 1811, xiv. 96 — and on the
conduct of it in 1813, xvi. 281— on the
disposition of government, xviii. 13 — in
favour of the annexation of Norway,
xix. 199—202, 284.
Liverpool, city of, iii. 95 — its population,
98, note.
Livonia, once a province of Poland, v. 1 —
acquisition of, by Russia, xv. 262 — resi-
dence of Louis XVIII. in, xviii. 112.
Llanos of South America, the, xiv. 301.
Llobrigat, the, its fertility, xii. 5 — is over-
run by the insurgent peasants, 95 —
retreat of Suchet to it, xvii. 336.
Lloyd, captain, at Benevente, xii. 174,
note.
Loans, national, Great Britain, 1794, iv.
317—1796, v. 256—1797, 329—1798, vi.
118—1800, vii. 153—1793 to 1797, ix.
288, note— 1813, to 1815, 287, note-
change introduced into the system, 291
272
INDEX.
Loans, continued.
— undue employment of the system by
Pitt, 305 — modification of the system
proposed by lord Henry Petty, x. 199 —
amount requisite by his financial scheme,
204— that for 1807, 205— for 1811, xiv.
101— for 1812, 102— for 1813, xvi. 286—
for 1814, xviii. 15 — tables of, xx. 64.
Loans, introduction of the system of, into
France, by Necker. i. 262 — made neces-
sary by the war with Great Britain, 267 —
continued after Necker's resignation , 274,
277 — under Calonne, 279, 280, note-
statements of them laid by Calonne be-
fore the Notables, 285 — large, proposed
by Brienne, 317 — which are rejected by
the parliaments, 318 — impossibility of
procuring them in 1806, ix. 334 — and
in 1813, xvi. 165.
Loano, capture of, by the Allies in 1795,
v. 50— battle of, 52.
Lobau, island of, xii. 278— capture of it by
the French, 280 — retreat of Napoleon to
it, 299 — council of war held in it, and
plans resolved on, 300 — condition of the
French army in it, 301 — forces accu-
mulated by Napoleon in it, xiii. 2 —
works executed by him, and his prepar-
ations for crossing the river, 5 — arrival
of Marmont and Eugene, 18 — passage
of the river from it, 22, et seq.
Lobau, count, at Burgos, xii. 156 — at
Landshut, 231 — at Aspern, 297— at
Smolensko, xv. 317 — leaves Russia with
Napoleon, xvi 67, 130— at Lutzen, 217
— succeeds Vandamme after Culm, xvii.
188— forces under him, 1815, xix. 400—
and at "Waterloo, 404— at that battle,
354, 355— is taken prisoner, 369.
Locard, M., arrest of Ney by, xx. 25.
Lochnitz, defeat of Hohenlohe at, x. 55.
Lochoczyn, combat at, x. 114.
Locke on toleration, ix. 23, note.
Lockyer, captain, at New Orleans, xix.
167.
Lodi, battle of the bridge of, v. 188 — occu-
pation of, by the French, 1800, vii. 240
— Melzi created duke of, xi. 282.
Logrono, defeat of the Spaniards at, xx.
55 — check of Castanos at, 152.
Loire, passage of the, by the Vendeans,
iii. 359 — noyades in the, 382, et seq. —
scenes at its mouth, 384.
Loire Inferieure, department of, iii. 316.
Loiseau, moves the arrest of Robespierre,
iv. 275.
Loison, general, operations of, in the
Grisons, 1799, vi. 328, 329— in Switzer-
land, 350— defeated at Airolo, &c. 353
— operations in the Alps, 1799, vii. 23,
24— in the Tyrol, 1805, ix. 177— defeated
at Bolzano, 178— suppression of the in-
surrection in Portugal by him, xii. 101 —
cruelties exercised there, 102 — his danger
at Lisbon, 125 — forces under, 1809, xiii.
212 — capture of Amarante by him, 229
— is defeated there, 233— and rejoins
Soult, 234— at Busaco, 328, 329— suc-
ceeds Ney, 345— his baggage captured
at Sabugal, 346 — his corps on entering
Russia, xv. 370— junction of, during the
retreat, xvi. 70 — rapid dissolution of his
corps, 69— at Wilna, 72 — forces under
him, 1813, xvii. 385.
Lombard, M., iii. 211.
Lombards, settlements of the, in Italy, v.
163 — the modern, ix. 111.
Lombardy, importance of, to Austria, iii.
125 — the plain of, v. 151 — its agriculture,
productions, &c. 152 — and Venice, king-
dom of, its extent, population, &c. in
1810 and 1842, 160, note— military capa-
bilities of the plain, 166 — proceedings of
the French in 1796, 194 — democratic
excitement in, 201 — its cession recog-
nised by Austria, vi. 53 — changes intro-
duced into it, 1798, 178 — discontent in,
179 — settlement of it by Luneville, vii.
328 — the iron crown of, assumed by
Napoleon, ix. 27 — mode in which ac-
quired by Austria, 103 — extent, popu-
lation, &c. of it, 107 — obligation to
military service in it, ix. 114 — measures
of Eugene for its defence in 1813, xvii.
313 — disposal of it by the congress of
Vienna, xix. 232, 243.
Lomitten, bridge of, captured by the Rus-
sians, x. 284.
Lonato, combat at, v. 209— battle of, 210
— adventures of Napoleon at, 211.
London, democratic tendency in, i. 193,
note — residence of Mirabeau in, ii. 22
— its population, 1841, iii. 98, note, v.
159 — the corresponding society of, iii.
179 — firmness of, during the mutiny
of the fleet, v. 334 — rejoicings in, on
the expulsion of the French from
Egypt, viii. 37 — the preliminaries of
Amiens signed at, 55 — rejoicings on
the occasion, 56 — proposals in 1803 to
fortify it, 286 — reflections on this sub-
ject, 287 — address from the common
council against Wellington, 1810, xiii.
295, 296 — convention of, xvii. 59— -resi-
dence of Louis XVIII. in it, xviii. 400
— sketch of it, xx. 67 — its population,
&c. 68 — its appearance and architec-
tural character, 69, 70.
Londonderry, the marquis of, scene wit-
nessed by, at St Petersburg, xv. 236,
note — on the condition &c. of Russia,
237, note.— See Stewart, Sir Charles.
Londonderry, marchioness of, description
of Moscow by, xv. 361, note.
Long parliament, income of Great Britain
under the, ix. 252.
Longa, a guerilla leader, xvi. 303, 311 —
operations of, in Navarre, 321 — at Vi-
toria, 332, 336— capture of the forts of
Passages by, 344 — operations in the
Pyrenees, 371 — at San Marcial, 385 —
at the Bidassoa, xvii. 342 — at the
Nivelle, 354, 357— -disorders of his troops
in France, 359 — he is sent back into
Spain, 360.
Longone, cession of, to France, vii. 326.
INDEX.
273
Longwy, fortress of, iii. 200 — capture of
it by the Allies in 1792, iii. 13, 200—
recaptured by the French, 218— death
of the commandant of, and his wife,
iv. 247.
Loo, convention of, iii. 148.
Looties, suppression of the, x. 351.
Lope de Vega , error of, in his delineations
of vice, iv. 207.
Lorges, general, occupies the valley of the
Rhine in 1799, vi. 347— at Zurich, vii.
33 — at Moeskirch, 191 — at Corunna, xii.
181— forces under him, 1813, xvii. 385.
Lorraine, the prince of, at Zurich, vi. 354
— defeat of, near Engen, vii. 188 — joins
Kray, 190— at Mceskirch, 191.
Lorraine, disturbances in, during 1789, ii.
49 — dispossession of the princes of, iii.
152 — way in which tirst acquired by
Austria, ix. 103 — overrun by the Allies
in 1814, xviii. 66.
Lorte, general de, at Waterloo, xix. 366.
Losme, major de, murder of, ii. 100.
Loudon, *eeLaudon.
Louis the Fat, institution of boroughs by,
i. 79.
Louis XL, power of the crown under, i.
86.
Louis XII., violation of the tomb of, in
1793, iv. 145, 146.
Louis XIII., destruction of the statue of,
iii. 5 — state of his remains in 1793, iv.
147.
Louis XIV., accession of, i. 202 — splen-
dour of his reign, i. 91 — its literary
glories, 92 — its despotic character, ib. —
revocation of the edict of Nantes by him,
94 — Voltaire's life of him, 138 — his
statue destroyed, iii. 5 — state of his re-
mains in 1793, iv. 147 — the partition of
Poland contemplated by him, v. 22 —
memorial to him on the importance of
Egypt, vi. 227.
Louis XV., attempt of Damiens to assassi-
nate him, i. 178 — his profligacy, 181 —
his foresight with regard to the Revolu-
tion, 196 — suppresses the parliaments,
197 — education of the Dauphin by him,
210 — banishment of Malesherbes by him,
240 — his last days and death, 201 — his
statue destroyed, iii. 5 — state of his re-
mains in 1793, iv. 147.
Louis XVI., parentage and birth of, i. 210
— his education and early character, 211
— his character in connexion with the
Revolution, 212 — his irresolution, 213 —
his distrust of others, 214 — his marriage,
215 — letter of Maria Theresa to, ib. — bis
meeting with the dauphiness, 216 — re-
joicings on his marriage, 217 — accident
which occurred, and sympathy mani-
fested by him, 218 — his retired life and
habits while dauphin, 219 — his estrange-
ment from Marie Antoinette, and their
reconciliation, 220 — popular acts of, on
his accession, 225 — appoints Maurepas
prime minister, 226 — influence of this
upon his reign, 227— influence acquired
VOL. XX.
by his minister over him, 228 — recall of
the parliaments, 229 — importance of this
step toward himself, 231 — influence of
Turgot with him, 236— his vacillation
and leniency in 1775, 239 — is forced into
the war with Great Britain in 1776, 264,
266 — his views with regard to Necker's
provincial assemblies, 270 — his growing
distrust of Necker, 272 — appointment of
a committee of finance by him, 276 — his
dislike to Calonne, 278 — appoints him
minister of finance, 279 — resolves on the
convocation of the Notables, 283 — their
resistance to all his plans, 290, 291 —
banishes Necker from Paris, 291 — his
repugnance to Brienne, whom he ap-
points to the finances, 292 — birth of the
princess royal and the dauphin, 296 —
increasing influence of the queen with
him, 301 — affair of the diamond neck-
lace, 306 — his resistance to the Anglo-
mania, 310 — struggles with the parlia-
ment of Paris, 312, et seq. — his speech
on promising the states-general, 317 —
continued struggle with the parliament,
319 — measures adopted by him against
it, 322— lit de justice at Versailles, 324—
the edict for the convocation of the
states-general, 332, 341 — edicts regard-
ing payments to the creditors, 335, 336
— want of resolution shown by him,
1788, 339 — his reception of Necker on
the recall of that minister, 340 — con-
vokes the Notables to determine on the
form of the states-general, 344 — ordains
the duplication of the Tiers Etat, 348 —
his false humanity, 359 — coincides in
Necker's views on the union of the
orders, 361, 362— consequences of this,
362— efforts of, on behalf of the navy,
108.
Opening of the states-general, ii. 2, 3
— his demeanour and reception at their
meeting, 5 — his speech, 6— his views, 15
— his kindness to the brothers Lameth,
36 — his efforts to reconcile the orders,
45, 59, 60 — his arbitration rejected, 46* —
his authority defined by Mirabeau, 52 —
protest of the noblesse on the usurpation
of the Tiers Etat, 58— closes the Hall,
and imprudence of his course, 61 — coun-
cil at Marly, 64 — and sitting of June
23d, 65 — concessions then made by him,
66 — his difficulties, 70 — interview with
the due de Luxembourg relative to the
union of the orders, 71 — at last orders
it, 73 — pardons the revolted guards, 76 —
his indecision, 79 — address of the assem-
bly relative to the presence of the mili-
tary, 81 — his answer, 83 — dismisses
Necker, but refuses his arrest, 85 — his
inactivity during the Bastille revolt, 89 —
measures at first intended, 104 — after-
wards resolves on concession, 105 —
addresses from the assembly, 106 — is
informed of the taking of the Bastille,
107 — visits the assembly and Paris, 108
— the Orleanists design to supplant him,
S
274
INDEX.
Louis XVI., continued.
109, 110 — his errors at this stage of the
Revolution, 112 — course he should have
followed, 115 — his character by Bailly,
118 — recalls Necker, 128 — general de-
sertion by the nobility, 138— title con-
ferred on him by the assembly, 141 — his
views on the abolition of tithes, 145 —
conditional veto granted him, 156 — his
generosity, 158, 159 — his alleged designs,
161 — his views at this period, 162 — the
banquet at Versailles, 163 — refuses to
sanction the Rights of Man, 164 — his
conduct during the revolt of the 5th
Oct., 166, 167, 169 — his journey to
Paris, 170 — and arrival at the Tuileries,
172 — his power now virtually over-
thrown, 173 — the time for resistance on
his part come, 175 — sends Orleans to
London, 178 — virtual captivity, and in-
sults to which exposed, 181 — statement
of the causes of the Revolution given by
him to his son, 183 — discussion relative
to the right of peace and war, 201 —
settlement upon him, 203 — his aversion
to bloodshed, 207— at the Bastille fete,
1790, 211— his instructions to Bouille,
216 — restraints to which exposed, 226 —
decree of the assembly regarding him,
227 — accession of Mirabeau to his in-
terests, 230 — and plans of the latter
regarding him, 231 — resolves on flight
from Paris, 237 — Bouille^s preparations
for it, 238 — his own plans, 239 — is
arrested at Varennes, 241 — his journey
back to Paris, 244, et seq. — his procla-
mation, and forged one in his name, 247,
248, note — his arrival at Paris, 248 — is
suspended from his functions, 250 —
speech of Robespierre against him, 251 — i
and defence of him by Barnave, 252 —
supports the self-denying ordinance, 257
— is reinvested with his authority, ac-
cepts the constitution, and closes the
assembly, 258 — effects of his indecision
and humanity, 264 — influence of his
flight on the elections for the Legislative
Assembly, 272 — opening of it, 275 —
eulogy on him by Robespierre, 293 — his
views with regard to the constitution,
297 — formation of his constitutional
guard, 298 — vetoes the decrees against
the emigrants and clergy, 302 — refuses
to dismiss his confessor, &c. 303 — sup-
ports Petion in opposition to Lafayette,
ib. — compelled to dismiss his ministry,
311 — his attachment to the constitution,
313, note.
Circular to the European sovereigns
in 1790, iii. 151 — treaties of Mantua and
Pilnitz for his deliverance, 153, 154 —
effect on the Allies of his acceptance of
the constitution, 157 — counsels of the
emigrants to him, 159 — is compelled to
adopt warlike measures, 162 — and at
last to declare war, ii. 314, iii. 169 — his
reasons for disapproving of this step, 170.
His guard disbanded, ii. 315— com-
pelled to sanction this, 316— but refuses
to sanction the decree against the
clergy, 317, 318 — his irresolution and
depression, 319 — correspondence with
the Allies, 320 — coalition of the Giron-
dists and Jacobins against him, 322 —
denounced by the mob, 324 — his de-
meanour on the 20th June, 326 — declines
the aid of Lafayette, 328, 330— his re-
turning popularity, 329 — denounced by
the Girondists, 331— at the Bastille fete,
1792, 333 — his suspense and anxiety,
336, 337 — his irresolution and want of
preparation, 337 — various plans of, 338
— effect on his cause of the Prussian
proclamation, 339 — his dethronement
demanded, 340 — preparations for the
10th August, 343— his demeanour on
that occasion, 346 — leaves the palace
and takes refuge in the assembly, 347
—orders the submission of the Swiss, 350
— his irresolution the cause of the down-
fall of the throne, 354.
His situation in the assembly on the
10th August, iii. 6 — is transferred to
the Feuillants, 7 — and subsequently to
the Temple, ib. — shown the head of the
princess Lamballe, 23 — formally de-
posed, 37 — preparations for his trial, 48
— agitation of the Jacobins on it, 49 —
discovery of the iron closet, ib. — discus-
sion of the question, could he be tried ?
50 — and on his inviolability* 51 — his
trial resolved on , 54 — his place of impri-
sonment, and life there, ib. 55 — increas-
ing severity of the authorities, 56 — sepa-
rated from his family, and informed of
his intended trial, 57 — his appearance
at the bar of the Convention, 58—
charges against him, and his answers to
these, 59— his return to the Temple, and
final separation from his family, ib. —
selects Tronchet and Malesherbes as his
counsel, 60 — his reception of the latter,
and preparations for his trial, 61 — his
testament, 62, 391 — his trial, 62—
D^seze's speech, 63 — and his own, 64 —
is found guilty, and condemned, 68 —
his dignified conduct, 70 — last interview
with his family, 71 — last commu-
nion, 72 — his execution, 73 — and inter-
ment, 74 — his character, 75 — inexpe-
dience of his death to the revolutionists,
77 — its unpardonable atrocity, 79 — it
brings on war with Great Britain, 183
— wisdom of his views regarding the
Allied invasion, 195 — effects of his death
on the Revolution, 242 — consternation
it caused, 244 — it ruined the Girondists,
246 — disappoints all parties, 247 — its
effect in Britain, iv. 18 — and Russia,
19 — contrast between it and that of the
revolutionary leaders, 305 — fete com-
memorating it suppressed by Napoleon ,
vii. 178 — the Madeleine designed as a
monument to him, x. 106, 268, note —
funeral service to him, and his reinter-
ment, 1814, xix. 229.
INDEX.
275
Louis XVII. proclamation of, at Toulon,
' iv. 77. — -See Dauphin.
Louis XVIII. , sketch of his fortunes dur-
ing the Revolution, xviii. Ill — his resi-
dence in Livonia, Sweden, &c. 112 —
takes refuge in Great Britain, and his
reception there, 113 — his residence there,
114 — proclamation, &c. against Napo-
leon, and his departure for France, 115 —
proclaimed at Bordeaux, 250. 251 — and
at Toulouse, 278 — formally called to the
throne, 398 — his entry into London, ib.
and Paris, 400 — conventions ceding the
conquests of France, 401, 402 — difficul-
ties of his situation, and division in his
councils, xix. 215 — his personal views,
and formation of the constitution, 216'
— speech on the promulgation of the
charter, ib. — injudicious expressions of
his ministers, 217 — real difficulties of
his task, 221 — penury and embarrass-
ments, 223 — his system of government,
224 — injudicious alterations in the army,
225, 227 — errors of his civil administra-
tion, 226 — character of his ministry, 228
— general complaints against his gov-
ernment, 229 — his financial difficulties,
230— the Hundred days, 250, et seq.—
measures against Napoleon, 261 — gene-
ral defection of the army, 268 — mea-
sures against it, 269 — retires from
Paris, 270 — first to Lille and subse-
quently to Ghent, 271 — movements in
southern France in his favour, 278, et
seq. — his court and residence at Ghent,
296 — his entry into Paris after Water-
loo, xx. 12 — on the discipline of the
British, 14 — applications to, on behalf
of Ney, 27 — his conduct in the affair,
29— his difficulties, 31, 32— increase of
them from Waterloo, 33 — prosperity of
France under him, 34 — his character,
35, et seq. — character of his ministries,
45. — See also Provence, comte de.
Louis, the archduke, xii. 224 — at Abens-
berg, 229, 230 — at Landshut, 230,
231.
Louis, prince, of Prussia, heads the war
party there, ix. 142, 172, 222, 376, 388
— efforts of, to rouse the nation , 370 —
forces under him, x. 18, note — insults
of Napoleon to, 24— plans of, 27, note
— defeated and slain, 27.
Louis, Don, created king of Etruria, viii.
45, 92.
Louis, prince, of Hesse-Homburg, see
Hesse-Homburg.
Louis, prince, of Lichtenstein, seeLichten-
stein.
Louis, baron, at the deliberations on the
settlement of France, xviii. 361, 362 —
in 1814 is minister of finance, 369.
Louis, admiral, ix. 78, 352 — at the for-
cing of the Dardanelles, x. 221, 222,
223.
Louis du Bas Rhin, M., iv. 267, note.
Louis, general, at Delhi, xi. 94 — surren-
ders, 96.
Louis Philippe, burdens of France under,
ix. 254, note — at the reinterment of
Napoleon, xx. 105. — See also Chartres.
Louisa, queen of Prussia, character and
manners of, x. 11 — warlike enthusiasm
of, ix. 142, 172, 370, 377, 388— her in-
dignation against the treaty with France,
370 — language of Napoleon toward, x.
23, 74— leaves Auerstadt, 40— at Tilsit,
318 — interview with Napoleon there,
319— his character of her, 320.
Louisa, the princess, of France, i. 229.
Louisiana, colonisation of, i. 107 — sold to
the United States, viii. 282— growth of
population in, xix. 19, note.
Lousa, Don Rodrigo de, xi. 306.
Lou vain, defeat of the French before, iv.
30.
Louvet's Faublas, influence of, i. 152 — on
the tendency of the Revolution, iii. 3 —
impeaches Robespierre, 40, 41, 44 —
denounced by the sections, 271, 278 — on
the 2d June, 292 — his arrest decreed,
295— escapes, 296, 303— on the Reign
of Terror, iv. 258 — released after the 9th
Thermidor, v. 94 — honours to the Giron-
dists proposed by, 114.
Louverture, Paul, viii. 195.
Louverture, Toussaint, character of, viii.
171 — his interview with the French
commissioners, 174 — attempt on Cape
Town by, 175 — expels the British, 178 —
subdues the mulattoes and the Spanish
province, 179 — confirmed by Napoleon
in the command, and his administration,
ib. — chosen president for life, 180 — in
the French service, v. 306 — measures
against them, viii. 184 — his mode of resis-
tance, 187 — his patriotism, 188 — repeat-
ed defeats of, 189— but still resists, 190
— his conduct and life on the conclusion
of hostilities, 191, 192 — his arrest and
death, 193.
Louvois, hostility of, to the Huguenots,
i. 96, note.
Louvre, meetings of the valets at the,ii. 150
— the gallery of, viii. 147, 164 — its com-
pletion, xi. 205— removal of the works
of art from, xx. 17.
Low countries, see Flanders.
Lowascheff, M., vii. 324.
Lowe, Sir Hudson, captured at Capri, xii.
146— xviii. 358, note — his character,
and treatment of Napoleon, xx. 100,
102.
Lo wen berg, passage of the Bober at, xvii.
135 — combat near, 179.
Lower orders, early depression of the, i. 5, 6
— their upward pressure, 114, 115, 116
— dangers from their elevation, 117 —
their state in France, 170 — their igno-
rance, 171 — means by which won to
support Robespierre, iv. 291 — their con-
dition in India, x. 352 — influence of the
ware of the Revolution on, xvi. 3.
Lower Canada, climate, soil, &c. of, xix.
11. — See Canada.
Lower Sandusky, combat at, xix. 12i5.
276
INDEX.
Lowernstown, colonel, at Soissons, xviii.
177.
Lowesheim, general, xvii. 86.
Loweza, capture of, xv. 173.
Lubeck, occupied by Denmark, vii. 385 —
occupied by Blucher and assault of, x.
61 — its capture, and atrocities of the
French, 63 — contributions levied by
them, 107, xi. 155 — their oppression,
238 — incorporated with France, xv. 211
—demanded by Denmark, xvi. 179.
Lublin, town of, v. 6 — seized by Austria,
36.
Luc, interview of Napoleon and Pauline
at, xviii. 387.
Lucan, lieutenant, death of, xi. 115.
Lucca, ancient freedom of, i. 29— its ex-
tent, population, &c. 1810, and 1832,
v. 160, note — captured from the French,
vi. 371 — the republic of, extinguished,
ix. 36, 37 — bestowed on the princess
Eliza, 339— surrendered to the Allies,
xviii. 219.
Lucchesini, marquis, ambassador from
Prussia to France, vii. 172, note, viii.
146, 208, ix. 376 — on the death of
d'Enghien, viii. 355 — despatches from,
intercepted, ix. 388— is recalled, 389—
his opinion of Fox, x. 15, note— nego-
tiations conducted by, after Jena, 78,
79, note.
Lucerne, lake of, vi. 132.
Luneville, treaty of, vii. 328— growth of
Napoleon's power after it, ix. 233.
Lusatia, cession of, to Prussia, xix. 241
Lusignan, general, at Salo, v. 208 — at
Rivoli, 236, 237, 238— defeated and
made prisoner, vi. 7 — at the passage of
the Po, 368 — blockades Fenestrelles,
375— recalled to Garofalo, 376.
Lusigny, armistice of, xviii. 136— rupture
of, 173.
Lusin Picolo, captured by the Austrians,
xiii. 15.
Lusthaus at Vienna, attack on, by the
Austrians, xii. 264.
Lutzen, battle of, xvi. 213 — night attack
after, and danger of Napoleon, 220 —
its results, 221— the field passed after
Leipsic, xvii. 276.
Lutzow, colonel, partisan successes of, xvi.
261 — attack on, after the armistice, 266.
Luxembourg, due de, ii. 57 — on the union
of the orders, 71, 74— emigrates, 137, 163.
Luxembourg palace, assigned to the Direc-
tory, v. 117 — state reception of Napo-
leon in, vi. 231 — gardens, execution of
Ney in, xx. 28 — prison, denunciations
in, iv. 246, 259.
Luxembourg invested by the French, iv.
388 — surrendered, v. 70 — surrendered
by treaty of Paris, xviii. 403 — disposal
of, by congress of Vienna, xix. 239.
Luxor, arrival of the French at, vi. 284.
Lucerne, revolt of, vi. 154 — exactions of Luxury, influence of, on barbarous na-
■
the French in, 155, 161, notes — cap-
tured by the Swiss, 158— declares against
Napoleon, xviii. 43.
Luciensteg carried by Massena, vi. 327 —
Hotze defeated before, 348 — captured
by the Austrians, 350— by the French,
vii. 203.
Luckau, defeat of the French at, xvi. 260
— captured by the Prussians, xvii. 186.
Luckner, marshal, joins Lafayette against
the Assembly, iii. 9—163 — forces under,
188 — replaces Rochambeau, and his
character, 191 — is superseded, 199 —
execution of, iv. 253.
Lucon, battle of, iii. 349.
Luddite disturbances in England, the,
xiv. 47, 48, 49.
Ludlow, captain, v. 348.
Ludlow, residence of Lucien at, xiii. 293.
Lueg, combat in defile of, xii. 342.
Lugar Nuevo, fort of, xv. 38.
Lugo, storm and massacre of, v. 204 —
arrival of Moore at, xii. 178— retreat
from it, 179— junction of Soult and Ney
at, xiii. 218, 235— retreat of the French
from, 247.
Lullier, a member of the revolutionary
tribunal, iii. 11.
Lumley, colonel, at Albuera, xiv. 248, 250
— at ITsagre, 255.
Luneburg, insurrection in, and its recap-
ture, xvi. 192 — escape of the magistrates
of, from execution , ib. — defeat and death
of Morand at, 193 — again occupied and
evacuated by the French, ib.
tions, i. 21 — on the feudal nobility, 38
— on the French nobility, 91.
Luynes, duchess of, ii. 182.
Luzerne, M. de la, i. 266, ii. 86, 170.
Lyceums of Austria, the, ix. 123 — of
France, xi. 217.
Lydon, arrest of, decreed, iii. 295.
Lynch, M., xviii. 250, 251.
Lynch law in America, xix. 57.
Lynedoch, lord, see Grahame.
Lyons, manufactures of, i. 106 — its im-
portance before the Revolution, 166—
massacre at, iii. 30 — proceedings of
Chalier at, iv. 118 — Girondist insurrec-
tion in, 120— prosecution of Chalier and
the Jacobins at, 121, 123 — preparations
for war, 76, 123 — its revolt and siege,
78, et seq.— capitulates, 83 — cruelties of
the Convention commissioners, 83, et
seq. — the prisons and their inscriptions,
89— number who perished at, 93, 289,
note — declaration of Ronsin regarding,
185— cruelties at, after the 9th Thermi-
dor, v. 113 — visits of Napoleon to, vii.
93, 257, ix. 28— convocation at, 1802,
viii. 202 — its prosperity under Napoleon,
xi. 202— supplies voted by, 1813, xvi. 142
—operations at, 1813, xviii. 130, 222, 223,
226— evacuated by Augereau and occu-
pied by the Allies, 227, 228 — occupied
by Napoleon, 1815, xLx. 266— fortified
by him, 306— statistics of births in, xx.
53.
Lys, rout of the French at, iv. 61— actions
on the, 337.
INDEX.
277
M
Mably, the abbe, i. 230, note.
Macara, Sir Robert, death of, xix. 326.
Macartney, lord, government of Madras
by, xi. 21, 22.
Macaulay, T. B., on the 9th Thermidor,
v. 83— -character of Clive by, xi. 11 — on
the immutability of the Cut hoi ic church,
xiii. 142.
Maccowice, battle of, v. 35.
Macdonald, marshal, first appearance of,
iii. 207 — his early career, ib. note — forces
under, in Naples, vL 187 — operations
and successes there, 189, 192, 193 —
succeeds Championet, 201 — forces
under, 1799, 323, 338— ordered to re-
treat, 363— joins Moreau, and measures
concerted between them, 374 — first suc-
cesses, 376 — defeated at the Trebbia,
377, et seq. — retreats over the Apennines,
383 — reaches Genoa, and recalled, 885
— joins Napoleon against the Directory,
vii. 95, 104 — second army of reserve
under him, 273, 301— difficulties of his
task, 302, 305— his passage of the Alps,
302, 306, et seq. — it compared with
Napoleon's, 231 — Napoleon's jealousy
of him, 308, note — reaches Chiavenna,
308 — measures of the Austrians against
him, 309 — is placed under Brune, 310 —
passes the Col d'Apriga, ib. — repulsed,
at Tonal, 311 — forces his way to the
Adige, &c. 318, 319 — operations against
Laudon, &c. 319 — captures Trent,
320— at the Piave, xii. 270 — operations
against the Prevald, &c. 273— captures
Laybach, 274 — xiii. 3 — operations in
Styria, 15 — joins Napoleon at Lobau,
5, 23 — at Wagram, 33, 44, et seq.—
created marshal, 53— left in charge of
Vienna, 56 — succeeds Augereau in
Catalonia, 313, 316, xiv. 154 — forces
under, 1810, 146 — efforts to restrain
their excesses, 156 — revictuals Barce-
lona, ib. 157 — checked at Cardona, and
retreats to Gerona, 158 — at siege of
Tortosa, 161, 162 — combat at Vails,
164 — preparations for siege of Tarra-
gona, 165— burning of Manresa, 169 —
subsequent losses, 170 — captures Figue-
ras, 189 — is recalled, 193— passage of
the Niemen by, xv. 285 — his corps on
entering Russia, 369 — operations against
Riga, 328 — operations against him, and
his retreat, xvi. 6, note, 74, 75 — losses
during it, 75 — separation of York from,
103, 105 — correspondence between
them, 106 — operations during 1813,
209, 212 — at Lutzen, 201, note, 214,
220— at Bautzen, 238, 239, 242, 243—
forces under, xvii. 384 — operations of,
in Silesia, 134, 140 — Napoleon's instruc-
tions to him, 174 — battle of the Katz-
bach, 175, et seq. — his conduct there,
181 — further operations, 206, 224 —
forces under, at Leipsic, 394 — operations
there, 236, 241, 242, 257, 261— during
the retreat, 268 — at the assault of
Leipsic, 269, 270, 272—280, note— at
Hanau, 286— forces under, 1813, xviii.
50, 435 — operations of, 69, 70 — driven
from Chalons, 92, 98— at Bray, 120—
against the Bavarians, 122 — defeated at
Vandoeuvres, 171 — and La Guillotiere,
172— junction with Napoleon, 300, 302
—at Arcis-sur-Aube, 307, 308, 309 —
during the march to St Dizier, 327 —
sent with Napoleon's conditional abdi-
cation, 373, 375— signs the final treaty
between him and the Allies, 380 — his
fidelity to the emperor, 384— compensa-
tion to the victims of the Revolution
proposed by, xix. 230 — during the Hun-
dred days, 262, 265, 266— his loyalty to
the Bourbons, 269, 271.
M'Donnell, colonel, captures Ogdenburg,
xix. 121.
Macdonnell, colonel, at Waterloo, xix. 345.
Macdonough, captain, at Plattsburg, xix.
160.
M' Do wall, captain, xix. 124, note, 125 —
at Mickilmackinac, 132.
Mac6,«aptain, massacre by, v. 86.
Macedonia allotted by Tilsit to France,
x. 328, 330.
Macedonian, capture of the, xix. 106.
Macedonians, proportion of, in the armies
of Alexander, xi. 136.
Macerata annexed to kingdom of Italy,
xi. 283, xiii 130.
M'Guin, lieutenant, at San Sebastian,
xvi. 377.
Machault, M. de, character of, i. 226,
227, note.
Machecoult, atrocities at, iii. 333, 339.
Machias, capture of, by the British, xix.
157.
Machiavel on the progress of tyranny, iv.
204, 208.
Machinery, extension of, in Great Britain,
xiv. 47.
Mack, general, conferences of, with Du-
mourier, iv. 31 — plans for campaign of
1794, 332, 334— counsels the relinquish-
ing Flanders, 342 — commands the
Neapolitans, vi. 187 — advances to
Rome, 188— repeatedly defeated, 189—
fresh plans of, and his retreat, 190 — de-
feated on the Volturnus, &c. 192, 193
— armistice concluded, 194 — resigns and
flees to the French, ib. 198 — advances
into Bavaria, 1805, ix. 136, 137— con-
centrates at Ulm, &c. 145 — movements
to surround him there,*. — his defen-
sive arrangements, 146 — measures to
extricate himself, and repeated defeats,
149, 150— completely invested at yim,
150— detaches the archduke Ferdinand,
152— shut up within the town, 155 —
278
INDEX.
Mack, continued.
negotiations for his surrender, 156, et
seq.— his capitulation, 158, et seq.— sen-
tence on him, 161 — the blame of these
disasters only partially his, ib. — was re-
commended by Pitt, 240.
Mackay, major, xix. 133.
Mackenzie, Mr, negotiates regarding the
exchange of prisoners, xiv. 103, 104,
370.
Mackenzie, colonel, at Seringapatam, xi.
70.
Mackenzie, general, invasion of Egypt
under, x. 230 — evacuates it, 231 — in
Portugal, xiii. 169, 229— at Alicante,
xv. 103— at Castalla, xvi. 316, 317— at
Merxem, xviii. 206.
Mackie, ensign, at Ciudad Rodrigo, xv.
10.
M'Kinnon, general, at Ciudad Rodrigo,
xv. 8, 10— death of, 11.
Mackintosh, Sir James, on the decree
against the emigrants, ii. 301 — on the
character of the eighteenth century, iii.
106— on the reign of terror, iv. 287, 288
-—character of Jacobinism by, vi. 84 —
on the measures of the Directory, 109—
on the invasion of Switzerland, 165 —
on the revolutionary confiscations, viii.
121— defence of Peltier by, 243— letter
to Burke from him, ix. 393, note —
character of Fox by him, 394 — his
opinion of Gentz, x. 74, note — his
despondency in 1806, 87, note — on the
subservience of the Jacobins to Napo-
leon, xi. 187 — on the centralisation of
power in France, 189 — on the re-estab-
lishment of titles of honour, 193— xiv.
5 — efforts of, for the reformation of the
criminal code, 54 — his despondency
after Tilsit, xi. 235— and in 1812, xv.
2.
M'Eaine, captain, at Matagorda, xiv. 150.
Macleod, colonel, at El Hammed, x. 230.
M'Leod, colonel, death of, xiv. 109.
M'Leod, colonel, at Merxem, xviii. 206.
M'Nab, Sir Allan, xix. 124, note.
M'Neill, Sir John, xv. 127, note.
Macomb, general, forces and operations
at Plattsburg, xix. 159, 162.
Macomble, general, on the Adour, xviii.
240.
Macon, repulse of the French at, xviii.
226.
Maconnais, outrages in, ii. 134.
Macpherson, colonel, at Badajos, xv. 25.
Madden, colonel, at Usagre, xiv. 255 — at
Soraoren, xvi. 369.
Madison, Mr, negotiations of, with Mr
Erskine, xix. 91 — and Mr Jackson, 94.
Madeira, occupied by the British, viii.
48.
Madeira river, xiv. 295.
Madeleine, church of the, i. 219 — Louis
XVI. interred in, iii. 74 — the present,
begun by Napoleon, x. 104 — plan for
it, 105, 267— :his design in its erection,
106.
Madness, prevalence of, during the Mos-
cow retreat, xvi. 68.
Madonna del Acqua, combat at, vii. 213.
Madonna del Foligno, seized by Napo-
leon, v. 244.
Madras, first English settlement at, xi. 3
— origin and progress of the presidency,
7 — its extent, population, &c. x. 345,
note — Ryotwar system introduced into,
357 — siege of the town by Lally, xi. 8 —
it is threatened by Hyder, 15 — expedi-
tion to Java from, xiv. 107.
Madrid, city of, xii. 4, 6 — entrance of
Murat into, xi. 329, 330— and of Ferdi-
nand, 330— arrogant conduct of Murat,
342 — agitation on the departure of the
royal family from it, 343 — contest in,
and massacre by the French, 344, et
seq. — excitement caused by it through-
out Spain, 348 — subservience of the
municipality to Napoleon, 362 — effects
of the massacre, xii. 30 — reception of
Joseph Buonaparte, 45 — he retreats
from it after Baylen, 91 — entry of the
patriots, 98 — central junta formed at,
129, 130 — march of the British army
on, 149 — preparations and excitement
against Napoleon, 162, 163 — capitu-
lates, 164 — its submission to Joseph,
165 — his return, and subservience of
the populace, xiii. 211 — Wellington
moves on it, 1809, 237 — threatened by
Venegas, 249 — retreat of Joseph to,
after Salamanca, xv. 70 — agitation in,
on the approach of the British, 72 —
evacuated by Joseph, ib. — entrance of
the British, 73— difficulties of Welling-
ton at, 82 — his advance from it, 83 —
evacuated by Hill, 91, 92 — occupied by
the guerillas, 105 — intelligence of its
capture received by the Russians, xvi.
16— contributions levied by the French,
306— their spoliation of it, 329— they
finally evacuate it, 341.
Maestricht, siege of, by the French, iv.
25 — they defeated before it, 26 — cap-
tured by them, 367— formally ceded by
Holland, v. 45 — surrendered by treaty
of Paris, xviii. 403.
Magazines, want of, during the Moscow
retreat, xvi. 37, 90 — efforts of Napoleon
to provide, 42.
Magdeborn, action at, xvii. 233.
Magdeburg, city of, x. 4, note — the rendez-
vous for the Prussians after Jena, 50 —
arrival of fugitives, 51 — commencement
of its investment, 53 — its surrender,
55, 64— ceded by treaty of Tilsit, 324,
note — attempt on, by colonel Katt,
360 — and by Schill, 361 — made by
Davoust a state prison, xv. 218 —
French forces at, 1813, xvi. 188— block-
aded by the Allies, 195, 197 — position
of Eugene at, 208 — defeats of the gar-
rison, xvii. 186 — its advantages to
Napoleon, 232 — great accumulation of
troops in, 281 — surrendered by treaty of
Paris, xviii. 287, 288, 403.
INDEX.
279
Magdeburg, department of, x. 77.
Magisterial class in France, the, i. 202.
Magistracy, exclusion of the Tiers Etat
from, i. 164.
Magna Charta, granting of, i. 58 — a con-
firmation of the Saxon institutions, 59,
70 — its defects with regard to the serfs,
20, 64 — repeatedly ratified, 58.
Magnano, movements before, vi. 342 —
battle of, 343.
Magnier, the abbe\ iv. 136.
Magon, admiral, joins Villeneuve, ix. 58
—at Trafalgar, 80.
Mahmoud, sultan, accession of, xv. 153 —
his character, 184 — revolt against him,
155 — his destruction of the Janizzaries,
185 — commences hostilities against Rus-
sia, 157.
Mahmoud, minister of Selim, murder of,
xv. 150.
Mahommed Bey Khan, a Mahratta
leader, xi. 111.
Mahommed Elfi, at Souhama, vi. 307.
Mahommedans, influence of the struggle
of, with the Christians, i. 2 — of India,
x. 362— their rule there, 374, 375.
Mahommedanism, influence of the Revo-
lution on, i. 2 — proclamations of Napo-
leon professing, vi. 256, 265 — immuta-
bility of institutions conferred by, xv.
130 — contrasted with Christianity, 131
— its influence on Turkey, ib.
Mahon, due de, xi. 321, note — opposes
the journey to Bayonne, 337, 338.
Mahrattas, confederacy of the, xi. 2 —
cessions from Tippoo to, 44 — differences
with the Nizam, 46 — origin of the rup-
ture with, 84 — their leading chieftains,
ib.— their territory invaded by Welling-
ton, 88 — unpopularity of the war in
Britain, 109— peace with, 132 — forces
engaged in the war, x. 346. — See also
Holkar, Scindiah.
Maid of Orleans, Voltaire's, i. 141.
Maida, battle of, ix. 341— its effect in
Great Britain, 342, xii. 19.
Maiden ceded by Prussia, x. 324, note.
Mailh^, amember of the Convention, iii. 50.
Maillard, first appearance of, ii. 99 — on
the 5th October, 165 — at the massacres
of the prisons, iii. 18, 25.
Maillard, madame, the goddess of reason,
iv. 150.
Mailly, marshal, ii. 349.
Maine, the Austrians expelled from the,
vii. 203.
Maine et Loire, department of, iii. 316.
Maine, (United States,) operations in,
xix. 157 — boundary, as determined by
treaty of Ghent, 172.
Mairie, the, under Robespierre, iv. 216.
Maison, general, defeated at Hainan, xvi.
255 — forces under, xvii. 384 — defeated
near Liege, xviii. 69 — forces and opera-
tions in the Netherlands, 90, 206, 207,
435 — retires to Tournay, and defeated
at Courtray, 209 — checks Thielman
before Lille, &c. 215, 216.
Maison du roi, the troops called, i. 110 —
exclusive system of, 164 — reductions in,
by St Germain, 248.
Maison du roi, meeting of "Wellington
and Blucher at, xix. 371.
Maison Lazare, the, iv. 222.
Maitland, general, operations at Alicante,
xv. 102— resigns, 103 — at Quatre Bras,
xix. 329— at Waterloo, 358, 362.
Maitland, captain, surrender of Napoleon
to, xx. 15.
Maitre, M. le, v. 118.
Maizieres, curate of, xviii. 77.
Majalahonda, Portuguese defeated at, xv.
71.
Majesty, title of. abolished in France, ii.
275.
Makersdorf, death of Duroc at, xvi. 252.
Makoff, general, at Mohrungen, x. 134.
Malaccas, subjugation of, by the British,
v. 304.
Malaga, captured by the French, xiii.
309.
Malarbic, M. de, an emissary of Fouche's,
xix. 297.
Malartie, general, xi. 48, note.
Malavelly, battle of, xi. 68.
Marborghetto, defence of fort of, xii. 271.
Malcolm, Sir John, on India, x. 373,
note.
Malesherbes, Guillaume de, history and
character of, i. 240— appointed minister,
230, 241 — his principles of government,
241 — measures designed by, 242 — re-
signs, 253 — his subsequent confession of
the tendency of his measures, 254 —
once an inmate of the Bastile, 177 —
restored to the ministry, 325— counsels
Louis's abdication, ii. 338 — offers himself
as counsel for the king, iii. 60 — Louis's
reception of him, 61 — his intrepidity,
62 — his agitation on the king's condem-
nation, 69— their last interview, 70 —
his execution, iv. 250.
Malesherbes, Lamoignon de, i. 240.
Malet, early career of, xvi. 132, note — his
conspiracy, 132, et seq. — his overthrow
and seizure, 136 — tried and executed,
137 — effect produced by his attempt on
Paris, ib. — it originated with the Jaco-
bins, 138 — Napoleon receives intelli-
gence of it, 40 — impression it made on
him, 138 — discussions on it in the
Council, &c. 139, et seq.
Malines, archbishop of, xviii. 361.
Malines, occupation of, by the French,
iii. 225 — combat at, iv. 352 — garrisoned
by Maison, xviii. 207.
Malka, capitulation of the Turks at, xv.
180.
Mallet du Pan, M., negotiates between
Louis XVI. and the Allies, ii. 320— iii.
196.
Malmaison, residence of Napoleon at, vii.
177 — assigned as her residence to Jose-
phine, xiii. 278 — Napoleon at, after
Waterloo, xx. 14.
Malmesbury, lord, negotiations with Prus-
280
INDEX.
Malmesbury, continued.
sia, 1794, iv. 349— negotiations in 1796,
v. 308, 309— and 1797, vi. 48, 49.
Malmocco, fort of, vi. 22.
Malo, captain, vi. 91.
Malo Russians, the, xv. 241.
Malo Jaroslawitz, battle of, xvi. 22 —
Kutusoff s position after it, 24 — Napo-
leons embarrassment by it, ib.
Malouet, Pierre, address moved by, on
the union of the orders, ii. 48 — nego-
tiates between Necker and Mirabeau,
63,64 — 162 — correspondence with Mira-
beau, 230, note — efforts for modifying
the constitution, 256 — joins the Feuil-
lants, 321 — on St Domingo, viii. 170—
minister of marine in 1814, xviii. 363.
Malpoorba, defeat of Doondiah at, xi. 78.
Malsch, repulse of the French at, v. 281.
Malseigne, M. de, ii. 217.
Malta, Napoleon's views on, 1797, vi. 55
— surrendered to the French, 244 —
circumstances which led to it, 245 —
blockaded by the British, 214 — views
of Napoleon to save it, vii. 271, 272—
surrenders to the British, 278 — differ-
ences between Russia and Britain re-
garding it, 352— demanded by Britain,
viii. 54— stipulations of Amiens regard-
ing, 55, 70 — discussions and negotia-
tions regarding it, with France, 245,
251 — its retention defended in parlia-
ment, 254 — rupture of the negotiations
between France and Russia regarding,
298, 299 — its retention agreed to by
Napoleon, ix. 384 — formally ceded by
treaty of Paris, xviii. 404.
Malwa, Monson at, xi. 112.
Mamelukes of Egypt, the, vi. 252— first
combat of the French with, 259 — de-
clining power of, viii. 36.
Manchester, town of, iii. 98, note.
Mandat, murder of, ii. 345.
Mandora, defeat of the French at, viii.
19.
Manecho, governor of Badajos, xiii. 340.
Mangalore, siege of, by Tippoo Saib, xi.
24.
Manheim besieged by the French, 1793,
iv. 71 — captured, 1795, v. 72 — recap-
tured, 75— combat before, 1796, 277—
captured by the French, 1799, vi. 326—
by the archduke, 1799, vii. 28— Rhine
passed by the Allies at, 1813, xviii. 64.
Manifesti, a priest, xiii. 121.
Manners, captain, death of, xix. 137.
Manners, major, at Ciudad Rodrigo, xv. 8.
Manorial courts of France, the, i. 172.
Manorial rights in Austria, ix. 121.
Manresa, defeat of the French at, xiii. 316
— combat and burning of, xiv. 169.
Mans, murder of M. Montesson at, ii.
133, 135, note— battle of, iii. 372— and
again, vii. 86.
Mansfield, lord, on maritime law, vii. 342.
Mansilla, bridge of, captured by the
French, xii. 175.
Manstein, M., iii. 214, note.
Manstein, general, defence of Dantzic by,
x. 274, et seq.
Mantua, celebrity of, v. 152 — its military
importance, 167— treaty of, for the de-
livery of Louis, iii. 153 — garrisoned by
Beaulieu, v. 196" — description of it, and
siege by the French, 1796, 200, 202, 204
— preparations of the Austrians to re-
lieve it, 205 — the siege is raised, 208 —
Wurmser enters it, 209, 219 — the siege
recommenced, 214 — the blockade com-
pleted, 220 — sallies from, during opera-
tions at Areola, 232 — importance
attached by Napoleon to its capture, 233
— blockade again resumed, and its dis-
tress, 234 — fourth attempt to relieve it,
235— contests before it, 239, 240— sur-
renders, 242 — its value, 249 — restored to
Austria, vi. 20 — ceded to Cisalpine re-
public, 50, 51 — mutiny of the French
army at, 176, 177— fete at, 1797, 230—
blockade of, by the Allies, 345, 363, 364,
366 — and resumed, 385 — operations of
the siege, vii. 6, et seq. — it surrenders, 10
— blockaded by the French, 1801, vii.
317 — surrendered, 321 — visit of Napo-
leon to it, 1805, ix. 36 — execution of
Hofer at, xiii. 120, 121 — surrendered by
treaty of Paris, xviii. 403.
Manuel, on the 10th August, ii. 352 —
examined on the trial of the queen , iv.
137.
Manufactures, pressure of taxation on, ix.
303 — advantages of protection to agri-
culture to, xix. 214.
Manufactures of France, the, i. 106 —
relative numbers employed in, 105 —
maxims of the Economists regarding, 159
— their state-before the Revolution, 165
— their partial revival in 1796, vi. 74 —
value of, 1813, xvi. 392— of Great Bri-
tain, their growth, iii. 98 — increasing
consumption of, in India, x. 353, 383 —
their decline in 1811-12, xiv. 48, 79 —
importance of steam power to, xviii. 16,
note — proportion engaged in, i. 105, xix.
27, 28— effects of the war with America
on, 177 — of Prussia, x. 4 — obstacles to,
in Russia, xv. 252— want of, in Spain,
xii. 5 — of Sweden, xv. 191.
Manufacturing towns of France, the, i.
166.
Manzanares captured by the Spaniards,
xii. 77.
Marabon, fort, capture of, by the British,
viii. 32.
Maracaybo, depopulation of, xiv. 359,
note.
Marais, description of the, iii. 317.
Marais, section of the Convention called,
iii. 36.
Maransin, general, at the Nive, xvii. 369
—at St Pierre, 373— at Orthes, xviii.
241, 246— at Toulouse, 267, 273.
Marat, Jean Paul, early career and cha-
racter of, ii. 289 — seditious efforts of,
1789, 77 — denounces M. de Belzunce,
132, 133— denounces Bouilte, 219— san-
INDEX.
281
Marat, continued.
guinary counsels of, 247, 249— at the
revolt of the Champs de Mars, 253, 254
—at that of the 10th August, 340, 352—
a leader in the Jacobins, 286 — his cow-
ardice on August 10th, iii. 4 — at the
massacres of the prisons, 25 — urges their
extension, 29, note — proposals of, 33 —
his influence in the elections for the Con-
vention, 35 — impeached before it, 39 —
denounces Dumourier, 225, 269 — and
Roland, 255 — advocates a maximum,
253 — supports the establishment of the
committee, 270 — seditious circular of,
276 — sent to the revolutionary tribunal,
277 — his acquittal, 278 — 281 — opposes a
conventional guard, 284 — organises the
revolt of the 31st May, 288— on the 2d
June, 292, 295 — his assassination, 304 —
his funeral and apotheosis, 307, iv. 152,
155 — principle on which he acted, 114 —
his remains cast out of the Pantheon, v.
84 — his busts destroyed, 93.
Marat, section of, supports the Anarchists,
iv. 191.
Marbois, M. de, dismissal of, from the
ministry, ix. 327 — Madame de StaePs
character of him, 330 — reappointed to
office, 331—333.
Marbot, general, vii. 95.
Marceau, general, early history and cha-
racter of, v. 291, note — at Mans, iii. 372
— invests Ehrenbreitstein, v. 73 — at
Fleurus, 271, note— in 1796, 272— joins
J our dan, 290 — mortally wounded at
Altenkirchen, 291.
Marchand, general, xi. 196, note — defeated
at Tamanes, xiii. 255— at Busaco, 329 —
at Lutzen, xvi. 215, 218 — forces, &c. of,
1813, xvii. 384, xviii. 130 — operations in
the Jura, 1814, 224— defeats Bubna, 226
— retreats to Grenoble, 228 — efforts
against Napoleon there, 1815, xix. 258,
259.
Marchant, general Le, early career and
character of, xv. 62, note — at Trabancos,
53— death of, 62.
Marche, the Allies driven across the, ix.
216.
Marchfield, plain of the, xii. 278 — impor-
tance of the contest in, xiii. 2 — advance
of the French over, 31.
Marchiennes, Sambre passed by Napoleon
at, xix. 315.
Marcognet, general, xvii. 314, 385.
Mardenke, colonel, xviii. 65.
Marechal, Silvain, vi. 85.
Maremma, the, v. 161.
Marengo, battle of, vii. 247, et seq.— its
resemblance to Waterloo, 253, note —
pageant on the field of, ix. 29.
Marengo man-of-war, capture of the, Lx.
353.
Mareottis, lake, operations on, viii. 32.
Marescot, chief of engineers, vii. 227, 233,
xii. 90, note.
Maret, M. due de Bassano, early history
and character of, xvii. 100, note— at-
tends Napoleon at Tilsit, 317— xi. 196,
note — proposes the alliance with Marie
Louise, xiii. 279 — in the Russian cam-
paign, xvL 76 — answer by, to the Prus-
sian declaration, 128 — 25S— negotiations
with Austria, 1813, xvii. 64— 172— at
Leipsic, 267 — negotiates the treaty of
Valencay, xviii. 31 — urges the accep-
tance of peace after La Rothiere, 92 —
157, 373, 381— his fidelity to Napoleon,
379, 384— secretary of state during the
Hundred days, xix. 276, 280.
Margaleff, action at, xiii. 314.
Margarita, revolt of, xiv. 338, 347 — arrival
of British auxiliary force, 348— depopu-
lation of, 359, note.
Margaron, general, at Vimeira, xii. 113.
Maria, the infanta, of Portugal, xi. 307.
Maria Louisa de Bourbon, Dona, xi. 297
— created duchess of Parma, &c. viii.
92.
Maria Louisa, the empress, see Marie.
Maria Theresa, the empress, i. 215 — letter
to Louis XVI. from, ib. note — character
of, iii. 126 — advancement of Thugut by,
iv. 52 — attachment of the Hungarians
to, ix. 105.
Maria, action at, xiii. 197.
Marie, the princess, see Angouleme.
Marie Antoinette, parentage of, and her
marriage, i. 215 — her departure from
Vienna, and reception in France, 216 —
fete at her marriage, 217 — accident at
it, and her sympathy, 218 — anecdote
of, 219, note — her early life in France,
219 — anecdotes of her generosity, 220,
224, 227, notes — picture of her by Burke,
220 — her character, 221 — her impru-
dences, and calumnies raised on these,
222 — her heroism and domestic virtues,
223 — advocates the recall of the parlia-
ments, 229 — Calonne's appointment
ascribed to her, 279, note — that mini-
ster's deference to her, 279 — St Cloud
purchased for her, 280 — supports the
appointment of Brienne, 293, 301 —
birth of the duchess d'Angouleme, 295
— and of a son, 296 — her munificence
on these occasions, ib. note — circum-
stances which roused the Orleanists
against her, 297 — calumnies propagated
by them, 300 — her increasing influence
and unpopularity, 301 — influence of her
imprudent conduct, 303 — her nocturnal
parties, ib. — slanders propagated regard-
ing them, 304 — her domestic habits, ib.
note — fashions introduced by her, 304 —
affair of the diamond necklace, 305, et
seq. — her increasing unpopularity, 314 —
her reception of Necker on his recall,
340 — at the opening of the states-gene-
ral, ii. 3, 5 — her demsanour during the
king's speech, 7 — her reception of
Lafayette on his return from America,
32, note— her kindne?s to the Lameths,
and their ingratitude, 36— her opinion
of Mirabeau, 64— urgas the dissolution
of the states-general, 65— her energetic
282
INDEX.
Marie Antoinette, continued.
views, 85 — her parting with Madame de
Polignac, 137— generosity of, 158, 159
— at the Versailles banquet, 163, 164 — ■
during the revolt of the 5th October,
166, 167, 170— narrow escape of, 169—
during the journey to Paris, 170— in-
sults to which exposed, 182 — her de-
meanour, and reception in the Assem-
bly, 183 — her magnanimity, 191 — settle-
ment on her by the Assembly, 203 — at
the Bastille fete, 212 — interview with
Mirabeau, 231 — plans for the escape
from Paris, 239 — her demeanour at
Varennes, 243 — and on the journey
back, 245 — her return, 248 — strict
watch kept over her, 250— supports the
self-denying ordinance, 257 — at the
closing of the Constituent Assembly,
258 — and the opening of the Legislative,
275 — her views with regard to the Con-
stitution, 297 — her dislike to Lafayette,
303, 330 — urges sanctioning the decree
against the clergy, 318 — her determina-
tion, 319— on the 20th June, 327— at
the Bastille fete, 333 — her suspense and
anxietv, 336, 337— on the 10th August,
346, 347, 348, iii. 6— transferred to the
Temple, 7 — her life there, 54, 55 — her
last interview with the king, 71 — her
demeanour on hearing of his death, 245
— her situation after it, iv. 134 — sepa-
rated from the dauphin, 135 — her trial
resolved on, ib. — sent to the Concier-
gerie, 136 — her trial, 137 — her condem-
nation, and last letter to the princess
Elizabeth, 138— her execution, 139— her
character, 140 — fatal effects of her al-
liance with Louis, 141 — the Madeleine
designed as a monument to her, x. 106,
268, note — funeral service and reinter-
ment of, 1814, xix. 229.
Marie Louise, the archduchess, flight of,
from Vienna, 1797, vi. 17 — and in 1805,
ix. 190 — her danger during its bombard-
ment, xii. 264 — Napoleon's proposals for
her hand, xiii. 279 — the marriage by
proxy, 280 — her journey to France, ib.
— her reception by Napoleon, 281, xvii.
30 — his treatment of her, 44 — her cha-
racter and faults, xiii. 285 — her journey
with Napoleon to Belgium, 286 — birth
of the King of Rome, xv. 215 — accom-
panies Napoleon to Dresden in 1812,
278 — her reception of him on his return
from Moscow, xvi. 130 — 146 — letter
from Murat to, 181 — appointed regent,
1813, 197 — meets Napoleon at Mayence,
xvii. 103 — her administration as regent,
xviii. 7 — again regent, 1814, 72 — last
interview of Napoleon with, 73 — letter
to her father, 123— 300— letter from
Napoleon to, intercepted by the Allies,
312 — her departure from Paris, 335 —
provision made for, on Napoleon's abdi-
cation, 379 — desertion of, at Blois, 382
— returns to her father, 383.
Marie Therese of Savoy, i. 297, note.
Marienberg, advance of the Allies to, xvii.
221.
Marienburg, advance of Tchichagoff to,
xvi. 112 — surrendered by second treaty
of Paris, xx. 22.
Marienhalf, camp of, vi. 17.
Marienwerder, defeat of the French at,
xvi. 113.
Marignane, mademoiselle de, ii. 20, 22.
Marigny, a Vendean leader, iii. 367 — de-
feated at Savenay, 374 — death of, iv.
390.
Maritime Alps, campaign of 1793 in, iv.
75 — of 1794, 356 — of 1795, v. 50 — of
1800, vii. 205.
Maritime confederacy, formation and prin-
ciples of the, vii. 355 — directed against
Great Britain, 356 — retaliatory mea-
sures of that power, ib. — discussion on
it, 357, 361, et seq. — its naval forces,
370 — sailing of the British expedition
against, and dissolution of the confede-
racy, 371, et seq. 395 — attempt to re-es-
tablish, xv. 222.
Maritime conscription in France, the, xvi.
157, 164.
Maritime law, recognition of, in 1793, iv.
54 — its usages regarding neutrals, vii.
338 — principles admitted, 339 — 'Lord
Stowell's exposition of it, 340 — generally
recognised till 1780, 341 — various autho-
rities on, 342 — origin of the resistance
to it, and principles held bv the armed
neutrality, 344, 345.
Maritime war, peculiar usages of, vii.
336.
Marjoribanks, Campbell, xi. 32, note.
Markoff, general, at Zurich, vii. 31 — am-
bassador to Paris in 1802, viii. 146 —
recalled, 299 — passage of the Danube and
defeat of the Turks by, xv. 178, 179—
his corps in 1812, 371— xvii. 388.
Marlborough, the, at the 1st June, iv. 323
— mutiny on board, v. 339.
Marmont, Auguste Frederick de, marshal
and duke of Ragusa, early career and
character of, v. 220, note — at Medola,
212— sent to Paris with the captured
standards, 220— at Aboukir, vi. 309—
returns to Europe, 314 — at the passage
of the St Bernard, vii. 227— at Marengo,
251 — at the passage of the Mincio, 315
— corps under him, 1805, ix. 74, 140,
notes — direction of his march toward
TJlm, 141 — placed under Bernadotte,
142 — address of Napoleon to his corps,
151— operations after Ulm, 169, 182—
is moved against the archduke, 194 —
joined by Massena, 197 — moved toward
Vienna, 202 — defeat of the Montene-
grins by, 379 — commands the 2d corps
in 1806, x. 18 note — 83— operations in
Illyria, 127 — instructions of Napoleon
to, 128, note — directed to aid the Turks,
260 — 282 — instructions to, relative to
Greece, 329— revenue bestowed on, xi.
196, note — his position in 1809, xiii. 3
— ordered up to Lobau, 5 — 8, note —
INDEX.
Marmont, continued.
operations inlllyria, 14 — occupies Fiume,
&c. 15 — tardiness of his advance, 16
— captures Gratz and reaches Lobau,
18, 23— at Wagram, 32, 35, 44, 46—
created marshal, 54 — operations in pur-
suit, 56, 57— at Znaym, 59— succeeds
Massena in Portugal, xiv. 146 — forces
of, 1811, 214 — moved to relieve Bada-
jos, 259 — joins Soult, and enters Bada-
jos, 262— declines battle on the Caya,
263— separated from Soult, and retires
toward Truxillo, 264 — withdraws to the
Tagus, 268 — construction of the forts
at Almarez by him, 26!)— projects the
•invasion of the Alentejo, 272 — prepara-
tions to relieve Ciudad Rodrigo, 273 —
junction with Dorsenne, 274— his inac-
tivity at Guinaldo, 277, 278 — goes into
cantonments, 279 — his courtesy during
the struggle, ib. — removed to Valladolid,
281 — measures to relieve Ciudad Rod-
rigo, xv. 14 — Napoleon's displeasure
with him, 15 — 17 — invades Beira, 31 —
letter from Napoleon to, on the fall of
Badajos, 34 — forces under him, 1812,
46 — retires from Salamanca on Welling-
ton's advance, ib. — fails to save the forts
there, 48 — retreats behind the Douro,
49 — subsequent movements, 50 — check
at Trabancos, 53 — and at Castrillo, 54
— march to Salamanca, 55 — resolves on
battle, 57 — battle of Salamanca, 58, et
seq. — wounded, 60 — on the military force
of Russia, 239 — position, forces, &c.
1813, xvi. 188, 201— advances to Liitzen,
212— at Lutzen, 215, 218, 220— move-
ments after it, 223— passage of the Elbe
by him, 227— at Bautzen, 238, 239, 240,
243, 245 — contributions levied in Spain,
319— operations in Silesia, xvii. 134 — at
battle of Dresden, 148, 149, 151, note—
and after it, 148 — moved to Hoyers-
werda, 189, 190— 224— forces at Leipsic,
&c. 384, 394— at Mockern, 236, 248, 252
—at Leipsic, 263, 265—280, note— at
Hanau, 288, 289— forces, 1813, xviii. 50,
435— falls back before Blucher, 67, 74—
at La Rothiere, 82 — passage of the bridge
of Lesmont, 86, 87— difficulties of his
march to Champaubert, 94 — at Champ-
aubert, 95— 98— at Vauchamps, 102, 105
— operations against Blucher, 146, 167,
176, 177— at Craone, 181— at Laon, 190,
191, 193, 194— left to oppose Blucher,
300 — movements to join Napoleon at St
Dizier, 318 — battle of Fere Champenoise,
319, et seq. — retreats on Paris, 325, 332
—at battle of Paris, 339, 340, 345— agrees
to its capitulation, i347 — defection from
Napoleon, and adherence to the provi-
sional government, 369 — proclamation
of Napoleon against him, 373.
Marmontel, character of Maurepas by, i.
227 — conversation with the abbe Maury,
ii. 27 — and with Champfort, 43 — sinister
prognostics of, 1789, 42 — his opinion of
the States-general, 235.
Marmora, sea of, x. 221, xv. 137.
Marne, passage of, by the Allies, xviii.
330.
Maronites, the, xv. 126.
Marque, M. de, ii. 102.
Marriage, revolutionary law of, ii. 152,
160— that of the Code Napoleon, viii.
161.
Marsan, capture of French magazines at,
xviii. 249.
Marseillais. arrival of, in Paris, ii. 340 —
on the 10th August, 343, 349, 350— in
La Vendue, iii. 338.
Marseilles, importance of, before the Re-
volution, i. 166 — contests in, 1789, ii.
50, 134— tumults at, 1790, 220— Giron-
dist insurrection in, iv. 76, 77, 119 — dis-
possession of the Jacobin municipality,
120 — hostile preparations, 122— apathy
of the better classes, 258— number who
pepshed at, 289, note — cruelties at,
after the fall of Robespierre, v. 113
— works at the harbour of, viii. 165,
xi. 204— residence of Charles IV. at,
xii. 44.
Marshals of the empire, creation of the,
viii. 375— ample powers given to, ix. 48
— vigilance to which subject, 49.
Martial law, decree of, ii. 180.
Martigne-Briand, battle of, iii. 349.
Martin, a Tyrolese chief, xiii. 109.
Martin, Tio, xii. 60, 63.
Martin, operations of, on the Delaware,
xix. 119.
Martindell, colonel, xi. 130.
Martineau, Miss, on the American clergy,
xix. 48 — on the tyranny of the majority,
50.
Martinesti, battle of, iii. 149.
Martinez, capture of Figuerasby, xiv. 167.
Martinique, capture of, by the British, iv.
318 — attack on, by the French, ix. 58
— again captured by the British, xiii.
165— restored by treaty of Paris, xviii.
404.
Martinsbruck, combats at, vi. 329 — cap-
tured by the French, vii. 311.
Masdea, the canon, xx. 31.
Massa, the due de, see Reynier.
Massachusetts, declaration of, against the
war, xix. 142, 143.
Massacre of Jaffa, the, vi. 290, et seq.
Massacres of the prisons, the, iii. 13, 16,
et seq.
Massena, Andre\ marshal, duke of Rivoli,
prince of Essling, &c. early history of,
v. 170— his character, 171— at the Col
Ardente; iv. 356 — at Loano, v. 52, et seq.
— his tactics there, 54 — at Montenotte
and Millesimo, 176 — at Dego, 177 —
occupies Verona and the Adige, 199 —
his forces, 207 — defeated there, ib. —
further movements, 209 — at Medola,
212, 213— victorious at Bassano, 218—
defeated at Cerra, 219 — operations
before Mantua, 220 — repulsed at Bas-
sano, &c. 222 — at Caldiero, 224— at
Areola, 227, 228— at Rivoli, 236, 238—
284
INDEX.
Massena, continued.
during the pursuit, 241 — forces under,
1797, vi. 2 — first movements, 6 — defeats
Lusignan, 7 — further operations, 9 —
carries the Col de Tarwis, 10 — at
Freisach and Neumarckt, 16 — mutiny
of his army, 176 — forces under, 1799,
323 — operations and first successes in
the Grisons, 327 — defeated at Feld-
kirch, 330 — commands on the Rhine
and in the Alps, 346 — new disposition
of his troops, 347 — measures against
the Swiss insurgents, 349— defeated at
Luciensteg, 350 — retreats to Zurich,
351 — retires behind the Limmat, 352 —
his position at Zurich, and attack on
him, 353— retreats, 354— his position on
the Limmat, vii. 3 — his forces, 4, 21,
note — his plans, 19 — first operations,
22 — and their success, 23 — further
movements, 27 — plans against .Kor-
sakoff, 29 — victory at Zurich, 30 —
operations against Suwarroff, 36, 38 —
combat at Naefels, 39 — commands in
Italy, 1799, 62 — his oppression in
Switzerland, 161— plans of the Austri-
ans against him, 183 — takes the com-
1 mand in the Apennines, 205 — new
organisation of the army, its position,
&c. 206— general attack on his positions,
209— successful sortie, 210— endeavours
to rejoin Suchet, 211 — defeated at
Cogoletto, ib. — driven back to Voltri,
212 — and into Genoa, 213 — attack on
him, which he repels, 215 — defeated in
a sally, 216 — successful in a second, ib.
— again defeated and shut up in the
town, 217 — last sortie, and its defeat,
219— capitulates, 220, 221— is created
marshal, viii. 376— operations in Italy,
1805, ix. 163 — forces the bridge of
Verona, 164 — actions at Caldiero, &c.
ib. — at last repulsed, 166 — movements
in pursuit of the archduke, 168 — is
joined by Ney, 179— junction with the
grand army, 197— invades Naples, 337
— besieges Gaeta, 338— its surrender to
him, 344 — overruns Calabria, and his
cruelties there, 345 — called to Poland in
1806, x. 124— at the siege of Dantzic,
275, 278 — 282 — operations against
Ostermann, 312, note — revenue be-
stowed on, xi. 195, note — forces and
operations during campaign of Ech-
muhl, xii. 212, 217, note, 219, 222, 223,
224— at Landshut, 230— at Echmuhl,
235, 237 — subsequent movements, 252
— battle of Ebersberg, 255, et seq. —
advances on Vienna, 261 — captures the
isle of Prater, 263— further operations,
265, 277— passage of the Danube by,
280— at Aspern, 284, 285, 286, 287, 292,
293, 297— advocates retreating after the
battle, 302 — heroism of, before Wagram,
xiii. 26, note— at Wagram, 31, 35, 37,
38, 44— movements in pursuit, 56, 57 —
at Znaym, 58 — formation of the army
of Portugal under him, 306, 322— siege
and capture of Ciudad Rodrigo, 323—
enters Portugal, 324— pursuit of Wel-
lington, 326 — Napoleon's instructions
to him, 326, 327, note — defeated at
Busaco, 328 — turns the British posi-
tion, 330— arrives at the lines of Torres
Vedras, 332, et seq. — commences his
retreat, 335 — offers battle at Santarem,
but again retiers, 336 — his system of
retreat, 343— actions during it, 344 — it
is continued to the frontier, 345 — action
at Sabugal, and losses during the re-
treat, 346 — efforts to relieve Almeida,
ib. — battle of Fuentes d'Onore, 347 —
orders the evacuation of Almeida, and
retires, 351 — atrocities during it, 352 —
details of his forces, 364 — succeeded by
Marmont, xiv. 146 — ■ advocates the
surrender of Paris after Waterloo, xx.
8 — evades acting on Ney's trial, 26.
Massenbach, colonel, policy urged by, ix.
174 — opposes the advance into Thur-
ingia, x. 27, note — xv. 287, xvi. 105 —
patriotic efforts of, 1813, 120 — decree
approving his conduct, 125.
Masserano, prince of, xi. 299.
Massow, Prussian minister, dismissal of,
xi. 242.
Matagorda, fort, xiv. 149 — captured by the
French, regained by the British, and its
defence, 150.
Materialists, influence of the doctrines of
the, i. 152— denounced by Robespierre,
iv. 225 — reaction against them, 227.
Mathematics, elevated state of, at the
date of the Revolution, ii. 1 — during
the reign of terror, iv. 153 — progress
during the Revolution, xiv. 7.
Mathews, general, invades the Mysore,
xi. 23— defeated and taken, 24.
Mathieu, general Maurice, defeat of the
Neapolitans by, vi. 190— at Tudela, xii.
158 — defeats the Spaniards at Barce-
lona, xiv. 167— at storming of Mont-
serrat, 187, 188 — recaptures it, xv. 104
—raises the siege of Tarragona, xvii.
331.
Matterdingen, combat at, v. 297.
Maubeuge, French defeated at, 1792, iii.
191— besieged by the Allies, 1793, iv.
62, 64 — the siege raised, 65 — the Allies
repulsed at, 1813, xviii. 215.
Maubourg, see Latour-Maubourg.
Mauconseil, section of, on the 10th
August, ii. 340.
Maucunne, general, at Salamanca, xv.
58, 60, 64, 66— xvi. 331— defeated on
the Taro, xviii. 286— and on the Stura,
287.
Maulde, defeat of the French near, iii.
219.
Mauleon, Gave de, forced by the British,
xviii. 238. .
Maupeou, the chancellor, enmity of, to
the parliaments, i. 197 — dismissal of,
230.
Maurepas, M. de, appointed prime mini-
ster, i. 226— his character, 227— his in-
INDEX.
285
Maurepas, continued.
fluence with the king, 212, 214 — his
system of government, 228 — his tempo-
rising policy, 229 — urges the recall of
the parliaments, ib. — his measures to
secure it, 330 — his reception by that of
Paris, 233— his secret enmity to Turgot,
253 — ministry formed after the retire-
ment of the latter, 256 — appoints
Necker to the finances, 259, 269 — joins
the coalition against Necker, 272 — his
death, 275.
Maurepas, a negro chief, viii. 189.
Maurice, prince, at Dresden, xvii. 146 —
surprises Wettau, 228— at Leipsic, 237,
258.
Maury, the abbe, sketch of the career of,
ii. 25, note — character of his oratory,
26 — his moral firmness, 27 — opposes
the union of the orders, 58 — denounced
by the mob, 78 — emigrates, but is
arrested, 137 — opposes church spolia-
tion, 192 — advocates the dissolution of
the assembly, 200 — and the right of
peace and war being vested in the
crown, 203 — opposes the abolition of
titles of honour, ib. — opposes the as-
signat system, 208 — moves the impeach-
ment of Orleans, &c. 212 — resistance of,
to the ecclesiastical oath, 223.
Man tern, passage of the Danube at, i.\.
182.
Mauvillon, major, connexion of Mirabeau
with, ii. 24, 56, notes.
Maximilian I., tomb of, xii. 317, note.
Maximilian, the archduke, i. 303 — defence
of Vienna intrusted to, xii. 262 — evacu-
ates it, 264 — narrow escape of, xvii.
315.
Maximum, law of the, demanded, iii.
252, 267 — is decreed, and various modi-
fications of it, 270, 280, iv. 159, 170—
its effect on Paris, 168 — and on the
Revolution, 296 — its modifications and
abolition, v. 93, 106, 107, vi. 78— which
causes further depreciation of the as-
signats, v. 109.
Maxwell, colonel, at Seringapatam, xi.
41— at Assaye, 103— death of, 104.
Maya, successes of the French at, 1794,
iv. 360— forced by them, 1813, xvi. 359.
Mavder captured by the Russians, xvii.
312.
Mayence, elector of, iv. 333 — abandons
the coalition, 370— declaration issued by
him, 1795, v. 44 — treaty with Great
Britain, 1800, vii. 160.
Mayence bands, arrival of, in La Vendee,
iii. 350 — offer to join the Vendeans,
354— successes of the, 355, 356, 357—
destruction of, at Chateau-Gonthier,
363.
Mayence, capture of, by the French, 1792,
iii. 220— by the Allies, 1793, iv. 35, 36
—invested by the French, 1794, 388—
they defeated before it, v. 74 — again
blockaded by them, 1796, 282— the
blockade is raised, 290 — ceded to
France, vi. 53 — stipulations between
her and Austria regarding, 218 — sur-
rendered to the French, 220 — visit of
Napoleon in 1804, and plans for the
Confederation of the Rhine, viii. 321 —
his arrival at it, 1813, xvi. 198 — appear-
ance and passage of the conscripts at,
199 — his departure, 201 — his journey to
it from Dresden, and meeting with the
empress, xvii. 103 — his arrival after
Leipsic, 289 — epidemic among the
French troops at, xviii. 6, 7 — invested
by the Allies, 67 — surrendered by treaty
of Paris, 403.
Mayer, Peter, a Tyrolese chief, xiii. 110 --
execution of, 123.
Mayors of the palace in France, the, i.
76.
Mayorga, junction of Baird and Moore at,
xii. 171.
Maypo, battle of, xiv. 352.
Mazaredo, M., xii. 45.
Mazarine, cardinal, official nobility in-
stituted by, i. 191, note — tomb of,
defaced, iii. 5.
Meadows, general, operations against
Tippoo Saib, xi. 38, 39 — at Seringapa-
tam, 41, 42, 43.
Meaux, massacre at, iii. 30 — attack on,
by Blucher, xviii. 167 — passage of the
Marne forced at, 330.
Mechee, connexion of, with the September
massacres, iii. 21.
Mecherki, prince, vii. 390, note.
Mecklenburg, province of, rent from
Poland, v. 22— government of, by the
French, x. 77.
Mecklenburg, duke of, x. 322.
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duke of, xvi.
126.
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, duke of, death of,
xvi. 219.
Meda, general, at the capture of Robes-
pierre, iv. 284.
Medellin, battle of, xiii. 220, etseq.
Mediator, the, at Basque roads, xiii. 159,
160.
Medina del Rio Seco, combats at, xiii.
259.
Medniki, defeat of the French at, xvi. 70.
Medola, battle of, v. 212, et seq.
Medriz See, the, v. 4.
Meer Cossim, rise of, xi. 6.
Meer Jaffier, rise of, xi. 4 — cessions to
the East India Company by, 5 — de-
throned, 6.
Meer Khan, defeats of, by the British,
xi. 125, 129, 130.
Meerfeldt, general, armistice of Leoben
arranged by, vi. 18 — at Stockach, 332 —
defeated at Munich, vii. 201 — joins
Kray, 202 — forces under, after Ulm,
ix. 170— defeated on the Danube, 182
— arrangements for preserving Vienna,
188 — posted at Goding, 217, note —
forces under, 1813, xvii. 94, 394 — at
Nollendorf, 206— at Leipsic, 237— taken
prisoner, 246 — conference with Napo-
286
INDEX.
Meerfeldt, continued.
leon, and proposals transmitted through
him, 250— at the battle of the 18th, 258.
Meetings, seditious, bills against, in Great
Britain, v. 257.
Menu de la Touche, viii. .303.
Meilhard, Senac de, i. 236.
Meindorf, general, x. 91, note.
Meissen, bridge of, xvi. 210— skirmish at,
xvii. 219.
Melas, general, appointed to command in
Italy, 1799, vi. 339 — victory of, 'at
Cassano, 365— at the Trebbia, 379, 380,
382 — operations during the pursuit, 383
— at Novi, vii. 12, etseq. — is commander-
in-chief after Suwarroff s departure, 53
— his forces, and restrictions imposed
on him, 54— besieges Coni, ib. — com-
bats round it, 55— victory at Genola,
56, etseq. — surrender of Coni, 58 —
forces and plans, 1800, 160, 182, 183,
207 — first operations and successes be-
fore Genoa, 209 — measures to drive
back Suchet, 211 — continued successes,
212 — drives Massena into Genoa, 213
— and Suchet over the Var, 214 —
surrender of Genoa, 220, 221 — moves
to meet Napoleon, 222, 236 — concen-
trates at Alessandria, 239 — his critical
situation, 244 — resolves on cutting his
way through, 245 — preparatory move-
ments and proclamation , 246 — h is forces ,
and battle of Marengo, 247, et seq. —
proposes a suspension of arms, 255 —
armistice of Alessandria, 256 — his errors
in the campaign, 264 — propriety of the
armistice, 265.
Melogno, combat at, v. 53 — Joubert
defeated at, 177, note.
Melville, lord, see Dundas.
Melzi, count, vice-president of the Italian
republic, viii. 205 — ix. 27 — created duke
of Lodi, xi. 281.
Memel, convention of, xi. 239.
Memmingen, ceded to Bavaria in 1803,
viii. 214, note — fortified by Mack, ix.
146 — defeat and surrender of the Aus-
trians at, 150 — occupied by the Tyro-
lese, xii. 357.
Men with a high hand, party called, iv.
214.
Menage, salle du, the meeting place of
the Convention, iii. 37.
Menard, general, vi. 145 — enters Switzer-
land, 146 — commences hostilities there,
148, 149— at Feldkirch, 330— in the
Grisons, 347 — defeats the Swiss at
Disentis, 349— at Zurich, vii. 31, 33—
defeats Elnitz and Bellegarde, 243 —
operations on the Var, 244.
Mendicity, increase of, in France, iv. 154
— report by Barere on, 224 — and by
Carnot, and measures of the committee,
239.
Mendizabel, general, forces under, and his
character, xiii. 338 — defeated at the
Gebora, 339 — operations in Biscay, xiv.
Mengaud, revolutionary proceedings of,
in Switzerland, vi. 143, 145, 146, 149.
Mengen, combat at, vi. 331.
Mengibar, defeat of the French at, xii.
80.
Men in, Dutch defeated at, iv. 60 — defence
of, by the Hanoverians, 337.
Menou, baron de, ii. 228.
Menou, general, commands the armed
force on the 11th Vendemiaire, v. 122,
123 — saved by Napoleon from trial, 125
— wounded at Alexandria, vi. 247 —
succeeds Kleber in Egypt, and his first
measures, viii. 12 — refuses the conven-
tion of El-Arish, 13, note — his con-
tempt for the British, 19— his position,
21 — battle of Alexandria, 22 — his inde-
cisive measures, 27 — Napoleon's cha-
racter of him, ib. note — defensive mea-
sures in Alexandria, 32 — capitulates, 33
— his conduct of the campaign, 35,
note.
Mentz, see Mayence.
Menus, hall of, ii. 10.
Mequinenza, capture of, by the French,
xiii. 315 — blockaded by the Spaniards,
xvii. 336, xviii. 258 — its treacherous
capture, 259.
Mercantin, general, vi. 340 — at Legnago,
341— at Magnano, 343, 344. -
Merced, fort, capture of, by Wellington,
xv. 47, 49.
Mercenaries of Poland, the, v. 20.
Merchandise, regulations for sale of, in
Paris, iv. 170.
Mercier's l'Ordre des Socie'te's, L 162,
note.
Merey, M. de, i. 337.
Merida, evacuation of, by the French,
xv. 6.
Merida, (South America,) revolt of, xiv.
338.
Merino, a guerilla chief, xiv. 222.
Merle, general, at Lubeck, x. 62 — defeats
Cuesta, xii. 55 — further successes, 56 —
at Rio Seco, 73 — suppresses the revolt
at Bilboa, 99 — at Corunna, 180 —
wounded at Busaco, xiii. 330.
Merlin de Douai, Philippe, a Jacobin
leader in the Assembly, ii. 296 — sup-
ports Bourdon against Robespierre, &c.
iv. 235 — appointed director, vi. 106, 242
— conspiracy against him, vii. 79— he re-
signs, 81 — xix. 304.
Merlin de Thionville, Antoine, v. 86.
Mermet, general, at Corunna, xii. 181 —
xvii. 386.
Merope, Voltaire's tragedy of, i. 137.
Merovingian kings, the, i. 76.
Mersbach, skirmish at, ix. 179.
Mersburg, junction of Napoleon and
Eugene at, xvi. 209 — partisan combats
at, xvii. 208.
Mersey river, the, iii. 84.
Merton, Nelson's residence at, ix. 77.
Merxem, combats of, xviii. 206, 207.
Mery, count de, iv. 53.
Mesenzoff, general, xviii. 343, 346.
INDEX.
287
Mesmerism, ready reception of, in France,
i. 311.
Mesopotamia, long prevalence of slavery
in, i. 8 — plain of. xv. 114 — its fertility,
IS, note.
Meta in South America, the, xiv. 333.
Metch, general, defeat and capitulation
of, vi. 190.
Metternich, count, iv. 32 — advocates
abandoning Flanders, 351.
Metternich, prince, parentage and early
history of, xvii. 107 — his character as a
statesman, 108 — his private honour and
patriotism, 109 — his principles of gov-
ernment, 110 — statement by himself of
his views, 111 — his first appearance in
public life, ix. 132 — on Napoleon's ten-x
ure of power, x. 165— negotiations with
France in 1807, xi. 251 — his answer to
remonstrances against the preparations
of Austria, xii. 136, 201 — difficulties of
his situation at Paris, and his fitness for
it, 210 — curious interview with Napo-
leon, 211 — last diplomatic communica-
tions, 1809, 215 — negotiations for the
peace of Vienna, xiii. 99, et seq. —
anecdote of, xv. 238 — his policy in the
negotiations of 1813, xvi. 170 — secret
negotiations with Great Britain, 171,
172 — his views at this time, 172— com-
plicated intrigues, and his object in
them, 173 — inclines to the coalition, 175
— convention with the Russians, 176 —
his reply to Napoleon's remonstrance,
177 — denounced by the latter, 230 — his
supremacy at Vienna, and secret views,
xvii. 62 — commencement of the negotia-
tions, 63 — interview with Napoleon, 64
— his reply to the emperor's accusations,
and demeanour, 65, 66, 67 — terms of the
congress of Prague settled with him, 67
— effect of Vitoria on him, 68 — his mo-
tives in protracting the negotiations, 83
— announces the adhesion of Austria to
the Allies, 84 — continuation of negotia-
tions, 99, et seq. — his ultimatum, 103 —
and manifesto, 104 — advances of Fouche"
to him, 119 — efforts to secure cordiality
in the alliance, 162 — secret negotiations
of Murat with, 279— basis of peace pro-
posed at Frankfort, xviii. 19— negotia-
tions with Murat, 1814, 35 — his secret
views regarding Napoleon, 58 — at the
council of Bar-sur-Aube, 142 — secret
correspondence with Caulaincourt at
Chatillon, 155 — endeavours to induce
Napoleon to accept the terms of the
Allies, 295— signs the final treaty, 380—
at the congress of Vienna, xix. 232 —
opposes the views of Prussia and Russia,
235 — terms proposed to the former, 237
— organisation of the German confedera-
tion, 238 — his foresight regarding the
escape from Elba, 245— refuses all nego-
tiation with Napoleon, 293 — secret corre-
spondence with Fouche", 305.
Metz, fortress of, revolt of the army at,
ii. 215, iii. 199.
Metsko, general, xvii. 152.
Metzko, colonel, xviii. 221.
Meudon, heights of, captured by the Prus-
sians, xx. 8.
Meuron, death of, at Areola, v. 228.
Meuse river, the, iv. 373 — retreat of the
Allies behind, 1794, iv. 352, 366— Dutch
defeated on, 382 — stipulations of Campo
Formio regarding, vi. 54 — and of con-
gress of Vienna, xix. 242.
Mexico, kingdom of, xiv. 310 — great pla-
teau of, 311— city, 312 — agricultural
riches of the kingdom, 313 — character of
the aborigines, 317 — its population in
1810, 324, note— its mines, 329— the old
government, 332 — at first supports the
regency, 339— revolt of, 340— its inde-
pendence secured, 358 — failure of its
mines since the Revolution, 359, 360 —
produce of them, 1809 to 1821, 376, 377
— its probable absorption by the United
States, 362 — commerce of, before and
after the Revolution , 374.
Meynier, general, iv. 388.
Mezaros, general, v. 218.
Mezieres, fortress of, iii. 199.
Mezohegyes, breeding station of, ix. 116.
Miami, defeat of the Americans at, xix.
122.
Michaud, general, forces and operations
of, 1794, iv. 354, 355, 387.
Michaud the historian, vi. 95 — proscribed
by the Directory, 106.
Michelau, annexation of, to duchy of
Warsaw, xi. 239.
Michelet, religious character of works of,
xx. 58. '
Michelsberg, heights of, ix. 155 — carried
by the French, 156.
Michelson, general, commands the army
of Moldavia, x. 91, not* — invades and
overruns that province, 128, 218, 219.
Michigan river, xix. 9.
Michigan state, repudiation of debt by,
xix. 42.
Michilmackinac, capture of fort of, xix.
101— defence of it, 132.
Middle class, effects of the upward pressure
of, i. 114, et seq. — dangers from their
elevation, 117 — in the East, purity of
their manners, xv. 128 — their origin in
England, i. 56, 59 — causes which gave
them importance, 60 — it fostered by the
power of the crown, 62 — and by the in-
sular situation of the kingdom, 63 —
attention of the barons to their privi-
leges, 61 — want of, in France, 80 — their
growing desire for elevation there, 113 —
their exclusion from political power, 165
— high state of education among them,
167 — weight of taxation borne by them,
ib. — contrasted with the court, 185 — de-
stroyed by the Revolution, iv. 294 — their
rise in India, x. 353, 354.
Middlemen, origin, &c. of, in Ireland, vi.
205, ix. 21.
Middleburg captured by the British, xiii.
80— visited by Napoleon, 286.
288
INDEX.
Mignet, character of Louis XVI. by, iii.
75 — on the progress of the Revolution,
iv. 303.
Milan, city of, v. 159 — abandonment of the
inquisition in, iii. 145 — entrance of Na-
poleon, 1796, v. 190 — enthusiasm in, 191
— contributions levied, 192 — democratic
excitement in, 201 — entrance of Suwar-
roff, vi. 365— of Napoleon, 1800, vii.
238 — ceded to France, 256 — Napoleon's
reception after Marengo, 257 — his visit
in 1805, ix. 30 — his coronation, 31 —
great works by him, ix. 30, xi. 282 — his
reception in 1807, 280— address to him
after 1812, xvi. 131.
Milan, castle of, invested by the French,
v. 194 — captured, 202 — blockaded by
Suwarroff, vi. 365 — surrenders, 369.
Milan decree, the, x. 80 — its effect on the
United States, xix. 88.— See also Berlin
decree.
Milanese, state of the, 1792, iii. 140.
Milans, general, at Cardaden, xiii. 188 —
xv. 104.
Milaradowitch, general, at Novi, vii. 16 —
at Diernstein, ix. 183 — at Austerlitz,
203, 209— forces under, 1806, x. 91, note
— organises the new levies in 1812, xv.
327 — joins Barclay, 329 — at Borodino,
351 — arranges the evacuation of Moscow,
361— at Winkowo, xvi. 18 — heads the
pursuit, 28— at Wiazma, 30, 31 — at
Krasnoi, 51, 52, 53 — operations against
Reynier, 112— forces under, 1813, 190,
202, note— 211— destroys the bridge of
Dresden, 223— at Bautzen, 227, 240, 242
— at Reichenbach, 250 — at Dresden,
xvii. 152 — at Leipsic, 237 — during the
invasion of France, xviii. 46 — at battle
of Paris, 346.
Milford haven, iii. 95.
Milhaud, general, xii. 171— at Ocana, xiii.
256 — captures Malaga, 309 — at Dresden,
xvii. 148— at Leipsic, 235, 240—385,
394, xviii. 91— at Nangis, 121—435—
forces under, 1815, xix. 400, 405 — at
Ligny, 322— at Waterloo, 348, 349.
Military of France, indecision of the,
1789, ii. 49, 60, note — their increasing
disaffection, 73 — their revolt, 75 — de-
bate in the assembly on their presence,
80 — petition against it, &c. 81 , et seq. —
their inactivity during the taking of the
Bastille, 105 — withdrawn from Ver-
sailles, 108— effects of their revolt, 111,
267 — course they should have followed,
115.
Military academies of France, the, xi.
217.
Military character, variety of, in India,
x. 365.
Military colonies of Austria, the, ix. 113 —
— of Russia, xv. 243.
Military courage, necessity of, to freedom,
i. 121— loss of, in Italy, iii. 140— Na-
poleon's efforts to arouse it there, ix.
34.
Military decorations in Russia, xv. 238.
Military despotism, establishment of, fore-
seen by Mirabeau, ii. 53 — established by
the 11th Vendemiaire, v. 124 — and by
the 18th Fructidor, vi. 113— established
in Holland, 125, 126— and in the Cisal-
pine republic, 178.
Military education, system of, in Great
Britain, iv. 111.
Military employment, rank dependent on,
in Russia, xv. 235.
Military fiefs, creation of, in Italy, ix.
348.
Military feudatories of Turkey, the, xv.
139.
Military organisation, necessity of, x. 171.
Military portfolio, Napoleon's, xvii. 39.
Military schools of Russia, iii. 136, xv.
238.
Military spirit, revival of, in France, i.
86 — causes which fostered it there, iv.
307 — its influence on the Revolution, i.
120 — causes of its development, and re-
tribution it induced, v. 130, 131 — its
decline, 1798, vi. 116— loss of it in Italy,
v. 164 — its predominance in Russia, iii.
135, xv. 233, et seq.
Military tenure, prevalence of, among the
Cossacks, xv. 249.
Militia, establishment of, by Alfred, i. 53
— character of the enrolments for, in
France, 173 — of the United States, xix.
40.
Mill, Mr, on Fox's India bill, xi. 35.
Millar, general, at Chippewa, xix. 147.
Millas, defeat of the French at, iv. 73.
Mille Fourches, the Austrians defeated
at, vii. 243.
Miller, general, at Ayacucho, xiv. 357.
Millesimo, battle of, v. 176.
Milton, lord, xiv. 42.
Mina, Espoz y, rise of, xiv. 186 — opera-
tions of, 1811, 194, 222 — retaliatory
decree by, 230, note — forces and opera-
tions in northern Spain, 267 — defeated
in 1812, xv. 51 — operations, 1813, xvi.
303, 311— successes in Biscay, 320 — de-
feated at Ronpal, but again recruits,
321— pursuit of Clausel by, 342, 343—
blockades Pampeluna, 350 — at the
Nivelle, xvii. 359 — his troops disarmed
on account of their disorders in France,
360 — influence of his atrocities there,
xviii. 235— invests St Jean Pied de Port,
238.
Mincio, military importance of, v. 167 —
description of its line, 206, vii. 313 — the
Allies defeated on the, v. 196— passed
by the French, 1800, vii. 313— battle of
the, xviii. 217.
Minerals of Great Britain, value of the,
iii. 96, xx. 73— of Russia, xv. 252.
Mines of Dalecarlia, the, xv. 189 — of South
America, xiv. 329 — the labour in these,
332— their failure, 359, 360.
Mingot, Charles, execution of, iii. 279.
Minho, check of Soult on the, xiii. 213.
Minorca, subjugation of, by the British,
vi. 214.
INDEX.
289
Minowsky, a Polish leader, v. 34.
Minsk, retreat of the Russians to, xv. 295
— formation of magazines at, xvi. 42 —
captured by Tchichagoff, 46.
Minto, the earl of, ambassador to Austria,
vii. 270 — accompanies the expedition to
Java, xiv. 107.
Miollis, general, defence of fort St George
by, v. 239— at the siege of Genoa, vii.
211 — sally thence, and its defeat, 216,
217— defeats the Neapolitans, 322, 323
— xii. 372 — proceedings at Rome, xiii.
132— arrests the pope, 133, 134.
Miot, M., on the poisoning of the sick at
Jaffa, &c. vi. 305, 30(5.
Miquelets of Catalonia, the, xii. 10, 97.
Mir, defeat of the French at, xv. 294.
Mirabeau, the marquis de, i. 162, ii. 19, 20.
Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Riqueti, count
de, parentage and early career of, ii. 19
— his residence in Holland, imprison-
ment at Vincennes, and various writ-
ings, 21 — residence in England and
Prussia, and election for the states-
general, 22 — his character, 23 — his
oratory, 24 — his first appearance,
3 — reception on the meeting of the
states-general, 5 — his Journal des
Etats-generaux, 10 — speech on the
struggle between the orders, 12, note —
his opinion of Cazales, 29 — and of
Talleyrand, 38, note — joins the club
Montrouge and the Orleanists, 39 — on
the king's proposed terms of accommo-
dation, 46— against the title proposed
for the Tiers Etat, 52 — on the first usur-
pations of the Tiers Etat, 56 — absents
himself from the division on these, 57
— his indignation against the court on
occasion of the Tennis-court oath, 62 —
advances to Necker, 63 — their rejection,
64 — the queen's estimation of him, ib.
— heads the Tiers Etat in resistance, 67
— moves the removal of the troops, 81 —
on the king's answer to the assembly's
petition, 84 — speech of , on the 14th
July, 106 — his connexion with that in-
surrection, 109 — denounces Broglie, 110
—on the fall of the Bastille, 118— defends
the municipality, 125 — opposes the
amnesty proclaimed by Necker, 129—
defends the excesses of the peasantry,
136 — advocates the abolition of tithes,
143, 146 — opposes the declaration of the
rights of man, 151— religious laxity first
avowed by, 153 — advocates the absolute
veto, 156 — and the property tax, 159 —
during the revolt of the 5th October,
167, 168, 171— his designs in it, 161,
162 — denounces Orleans, 178 — opposes
the decree of martial law, 180 — impli-
cated in the revolt at Versailles, 190 —
advocates church spoliation, 192 — op-
poses the dissolution of the assembly,
200 — first return of, to conservative
measures, 201 — speech of, in favour of
the crown with regard to the right of
peace and war, 202 — motion by, on the
VOL. XX.
disaffection in the army, 206 — supports
the system of assignats, 209 — impeached
on account of the revolt of 5th October,
212— 215— supports Bouilte, 219— resists
the persecution of the nonjurant clergy,
221— advocates the release of the prin-
cesses, 228 — denounced by Marat, 290 —
opposes the law against the emigrants,
229 — joins the royalists, 230 — plans for
the re-establishment of the tlirone, 231
— his last illness and death, 232— his
character, 233— his funeral, 234— his
remains removed from the Pantheon,
iv. 155 — his coincidence with his time,
ii. 358, 359.
Mirabete, fort, xv. 38— failure of Hill be-
fore, 41 — destruction of, 76.
Mirage, the, vi. 258.
Miranda, general, iii. 205 — succeeds La-
bourdonnaye, and his character, 225 —
opens the Scheldt, 226 — captures Rure-
monde, 227 — besieges Maestricht, and
defeated before it, iv. 25, 26— at Ner-
winde, 28 — schemes of, in South Ame-
rica, ix. 361, xii. 103, xiv. 336— taken
prisoner at Caraccas, 343.
Miranda, fort constructed at, xiv. 259 —
Douro passed by Wellington at, xvi.
324.
Miraudola, cession of, to the Cisalpine re-
public, vi. 53.
Mirey, murder of, ii. 101.
Miromesnil, M. de, L 230, 232.
Missiessy, admiral, sailing of, 1805, ix. 54
— successes in the West Indies, 55 — de-
fensive preparations at Antwerp, xviii.
207, 208.
Missions, the Jesuit, in South America,
xiv. 320.
Mississippi river, the, xix. 12 — character
of its banks, 6, 7 — fertility of its basin,
6 — steam vessels on, 24 — delta of, 12,
et seq. — increase of population in its
valley, 18, 19, note.
Mississippi state, slavery in, xix. 70.
Missouri river, xix. 11 — fertility of its
basin, 6.
Missouri state, growth of population in,
xix. 19, note.
Mitchell, admiral, vii. 44.
Mitchell, colonel, xx. 6.
Mitraillades of Lyons, the, iv. 91 — of Tou-
lon, 101.
Mitrowski, general, v. 227, 228.
Mittau, Louis XVHI. at, xviii. 112.
Mittenwald, defeat of the Austrians at,
vi. 13.
Mizareau, anecdote of, iii. 56.
Mobile, outrages at, xLx. 56, note.
Mockern, combat of, xvi. 196 — battle of,
xvii. 236, 237, 246, et seq.
Modena, abandonment of the inquisition
in, iii. 145 — extent, population, &c.
1810 and 1832, v. 160, note— contribu-
tions levied, 1796, 192 — occupied by the
French, 202 — revolutionary government
established, 221 — its incorporation with
the Cisalpine republic, vi. 20, 53 — defeat
T
290
INDEX.
Modena, continued.
of the Austrians before, 376 — formally
annexed, vii. 328— indemnity received
by the duke, viii. 213.
Moderates, the, see Dantonists.
Modlin occupied by the French in 1806,
x. 112 — garrisoned by them in 1813,
xvi. 113 — blockaded by the Russians,
114 — continued occupation of, 188 —
state of the garrison, xvii. 81 — surren-
dered to the Allies, 309.
Mcellendorf, marshal, secret orders of,
1794, iv. 331, 332— ordered to suspend
his retreat, 333 — his eccentric move-
ments, 349 — invasion of Poland by, iii.
195— at Auerstadt, x. 42 — wounded, 45
— taken prisoner, 49.
Mceskirch, battle of, vii. 190 — occupied by
the Tyrolese, xii. 357.
Moguilnica, passage of the Bug by the
French at, xv. 285.
Mogul empire, state of the, xi. 1 — defeats
of the sovereign, and cessions by him, 6
—85, 87— treaty with him, 95.
Mohilow, combat of, xv. 294.
Mohiput Ram, xi. 108.
Mohrungen, combat of, x. 134.
Moira, earl, arrival of, with succours to
the Vendeans, iii. 375 — joins Clairfait
in Flanders, 1794, iv. 350 — speech of,
on behalf of Ireland, vi. 210 — master-
general of the ordnance, 1806, ix. 324,
note — negotiations, 1812, for formation
of a ministry, xiv. 31 — his administra-
tion of India, xi. 38, 132, notes.
Moi'sade, the, i. 136.
Mojaisk, combat at, xv. 356 — occupied by
Napoleon, 357 — repassed during re-
treat, xvi. 29 — French wounded at, 30.
Mokronowsky, general, v. 36.
Mokundra pass, actions in the, xi. 114,
115.
Moldavia, Talleyrand proposes its cession
to Austria, ix. 226 — case of the hospadar,
x. 215 — his dismissal, 216 — is reinstated,
218 — Russian army of, 91, note — im-
prudence of the invasion of, 93, 94 — ■
operations in, 1806, 128 — is invaded and
overrun, 218, 219 — allotted to Russia by
Tilsit, 328, 330— its evacuation demand-
ed by Napoleon, xi. 279, note — its
state, xv. 133, 134, note — its unhealthi-
ness, 147— formally annexed to Russia,
157, 159, 263— restored to Turkey, 182
— the army of, moved to the Beresina,
xvi. 5.
Mole, count de, proposes seizing the pro-
perty of the communes, xvi. 166— -dis-
closures regarding the cadastre, ib. 167
— measures of, after Leipsic, xviii. 3 —
measures proposed on the approach of
the Allies, 334 — refuses office in 1815,
xix. 276.
Molenilla, combat at, v. 219.
Moliere,error of, in delineating vice, iv. 207.
Molina, doctrines of, i. 127.
Molinists, contests of, with the Jansenists,
i. 127.
Molino, forcing of the Mincio at, vii. 314.
Molinos, defeat of Gerard at, xiv. 281.
Molinos del Rey, defeat of the Spaniards
at, xii. 96— battle of, xiii. 189— Clinton
repulsed at, xviii. 258.
Moliterno, prince, vi. 197, 198.
Molitor, general, at Caldiero, iv. 165, 166
— operations against Linken, &c. vii.
38— defeated at Klonthal, 39— success-
ful at Engen, 188— at Mceskirch, 191—
raises the siege of Ragusa, ix. 379 —
brought to the Elbe, x. 259— defeated
at St Verti.xii. 246— at Aspern, 287,
288.
Mollevaut, M., iii. 295.
Mollien, M., ix. 327.
Molliere, M., xix. 304.
Mollini, M., xi. 196, note.
Mollis, repulse of the French at, vii. 37.
Moltke, count, xvi. 179.
Momoro, a member of the municipality,
iv. 149— arrest and execution of, 190, et
seq.
Monaco, princess of, her execution, iv.
247.
Monaco, seizure of, by France, iii. 175,
234.
Monarch, the, at Camperdown, v. 366,
367— at the Baltic, vii. 381.
Monarchique club, the, ii. 226.
Monasteries, suppression of the, designed
by Turgot, L 244 — promotion of civilisa-
tion by, in Switzerland, vi. 136 — their
property confiscated in Austria, ix. 124
— suppression of the, in the Tyrol, xii.
331.
Monaye, general, v. 63, 64;
Moncey, marshal, successes of, in Spain,
1795, v. 55— forces under, 1800, vii. 186
— detached from the Danube to Italy,
195— passage of the St Gothard by, 236
— joins Napoleon, 238 — defeats of Lau-
don by, 317 — artifice of that general on
him, 320 — created marshal, viii. 376 —
revenue bestowed on, xi. 196, note — his
entry into Spain, 318 — advances to
Madrid, 329, 330— forces of, 1808, xiL
29 — ordered against Valencia, 40— oper-
ations under, 54 — repulsed before Val-
encia, 65, 67 — subsequent successes, 68
— bold counsels after Baylen, 91 — forces
and operations subsequently, 147, note,
167, xiii. 171— at second siege of Sara-
gossa, 175 — commands the national
guard in 1814, xviii. 72— refuses to act
on Ney's trial, xx. 26.
Mondego, landing of the British at, xii.
106— value of, to Wellington, xiv. 320
— defeat of the Portuguese at, xv. 32.
Mondovi, battle of, v. 180, 181 — captured
by the insurgent peasantry, vi. 368 — re-
captured by the French, 369 — defeat of
the French at, vii. 58.
Monestier, doomed by Robespierre, iv.
263.
Monfort, skirmish at, xviii. 241.
Monge, M., minister of marine, iii. 182 —
iv, 46, note — Napoleon's intimacy with,
INDEX.
291
Monge, continued.
vi. 231 — accompanies him to Egypt, 241,
245 — account of the mirage by, 258 —
returns to Europe, 314— viii. 112.
Moniteur de Gand, the, xix. 296.
Monjuich, (Barcelona,) treacherous seizure
of, by the French, xi. 320.
Monjuich, (Gerona,) captured by the
French, xiii. 201, 202.
Monnet, general, xiii. 81, note — wounded
at Salamanca, xv. 68.
Monnier, general, invades Switzerland, vi.
146— at Marengo, vii. 250— xix. 280.
Monnot, on the 2d September, iii. 21.
Mons, capture of, by the Flemings, iii.
130— by the French, 224 — engagements
before, iv. 338 — evacuated by the Allies,
348.
Monsigni, mademoiselle, ii. 97.
Monson, colonel, at the storming of Alli-
ghur, xi. 94 — operations against Holkar,
112, 113 — his retreat, and its disasters,
114, et seq. — generosity of Wellesley and
Lake toward him, 118, note— at Dieg,
121— proposes retreating, 123— at siege
of Bhurtpore, 126.
Mont Blanch, pass of, forced by Macdon-
ald, xiv. 157.
Mont Cenis, combats at, iv. 356— road of
the, xi. 204 — monument designed on,
xvi. 248.
Monte Fiascome, bishopric of, ii. 26, note.
Monte Galdo, defeat of the Calabrians at,
ix. 345.
Monte Leobel, combats at, xvii. 315.
Monte Orgullo, storming of, xvi. 382.
Mont St Jean, combat at, iv. 348.
Monte Torrero, capture of, xii. 61.
Monte Video, capture of, by the British,
x. 209— supports the regency, xiv. 339.
Montagne, the, at the 1st of June, iv. 824.
Montaign, general, at Fleurus, iv. 346,
347.
Montaigut, battle of, iii. 352.
Montalban, capture of, by the French, iii.
231.
Montalivet, M. de, report by, on the state
of France, xvi. 152, 391.
Montano, count of, xvi. 305.
Montargis, capture of, by the Allies, xviii.
119— evacuated, 127.
Montauban, tumults at, ii. 220.
Montauban, fort, vii. 223.
Montbarey, M. de, ii. 102.
Montbrun, commissioner to St Do-
mingo, viii. 177.
Montbrun, general, forcing of the Somo-
Sierra by, xii. 161— at Dinzling, 233 —
at Raab, xiii. 11, 12, 13 — at Wagram,
41, 42— at Fuentes d' Onore, 348, 350
— attacks Alicante, xiv. 203— at Albu-
era, 250, 254— at El Bodon, 275— dur-
ing the retreat to Guinaldo, 277— xv. 6
— corps of, on entering Russia, 370 — at
Borodino, 349, 353 — losses before the
setting in of the coJd, xvi. 89, note —
occupies Luneburg, 193 — publicly cen-
sured by Napoleon, xviii. 129.
Montebaldo, heights of, v. 207 — French
driven from, 2;<5.
Montebello, residence of Napoleon at, vi.
44 — convention with Genoa at, 47 —
negotiations with Austria, 49, et seq. —
battle of, vii. 241.
Montefalcone, cession of, to Italy, xiii.
104.
Montejo, cond£, xiv. 236.
Montenegrims, repugnance of, to the
French supremacy, ix. 378 — defeated by
Marmont, 379.
Montenotte, battle of, v. 175 — combat at,
vii. 209.
Monteran, madame de, ii. 136, note.
Montereau, occupied by the Allies, xviii.
118, 119, 122— battle of, 124, et seq.
Monterey, defeat of Komana at, xiii. 213.
Montesquieu, the baron de, life, character,
and writings of, L 131 — publication of
his Esprit des Lois, 132 — characteristics
of his writings, 133 — his Grandeur et
Decadence des Romains, ib. — influence
of his works on the Revolution, 134 —
his Lettres Persannes, 135, note — and
deathbed, ib.
Montesquieu, the marquis de, ii. 57.
Montesquieu, general, threatens Geneva,
iii. 175, 176 — forces under, 188 — invades
Savoy, 231— and Switzerland, 233— his
fidelity to Napoleon, xviii. 384.
Montesquieu, the abbe\ xviii. 364, 365 —
minister of Louis XVIII., xix. 228.
Montesquieu, madame de, xviii. 336.
Montesson, M., murder of, ii. 133, 135,
note.
Monteverde, general, xiv. 343, 344.
Montgaillard, strictures on Napoleon by,
xii. 303.
Montgolfier, invention of balloons by, L
310.
Monthion, general, death of, xii. 294.
Monthion, general, in Spam, xiv. 260.
Montholon, count, xx. 103.
Montiel, Terrier, ii. 319.
Montjoye, M., on the 10th August, ii.
348.
Montmartre, convent of, attacked by the
mob, ii. 124 — execution of the nuns of,
iv. 255 — heights of, fortified, iii. 6 —
battle of, xviii. 348.
Montmedy, camp of Bourne" at, ii. 237.
Montmelian, capture of, by the French,
iii. 231.
Montmirail, battle of, xviii. 99.
Montmorency, viscount, ii. 17.
Montmorency, Adrian de, xviii. 110.
Montmorency, residence of Rousseau at,
i. 147.
Montmorin, count de, becomes prime
minister, i. 291— on the contest between
the orders in the states-general, ii. 42 —
68— on the treaty of Pilnitz, iii. 156,
note — murder of, 26.
Montmorin, madame de, ii. 4 — execution
of, iv. 253.
Monton, M., xi. 196, note.
Montpensier, the due de, at Jemappes,
292
INDEX.
Montpensier, continued.
iii. 224 — his romantic adventures, v.
113— his death, 114.
Montresor, general, xviii. 285.
Montreuil, combat at, iii. 343 — camp at,
ix. 44.
Montrichard, general, vi. 340 — defeated
at Legnago, 341 — at Magnano, 344 —
joins Macdonald, 374— at the Trebbia,
379, 381 — removed from command, 385
— defeated at Neuburg, vii. 201 — at
Salzburg, 295.
Montrose, massacre of the followers of, i.
73.
Montrouge club, the, ii. 39.
Montsabert, M., i. 322, 323.
Montserrat, description of, xiv. 186 —
stormed by Suchet, 187 — French ex-
pelled from it, 193— destroyed, xv. 104.
Monuments, destruction of, over France,
iv. 148.
Monvel, impiety of, iv. 152.
Monzon, capture of, by the Spaniards,
xviii. 259.
Moore, captain, capture of the treasure
frigates by, viii. 326.
Moore, Sir John, xii. 103— his early career
and character, 127, note — his expedi-
tion to Sweden, and withdrawal, xv. 197
— appointed to command in Spain, xii.
127 — forces under him, his march, &c.
149, 168 — division of the forces, ib. —
his errors, 150— his bold advance, 168 —
reaches Sahagun, 170 — junction with
Baird, 171 — effects of his advance on
Napoleon's movements, ib. — begins his
retreat, 172 — its continuance and dis-
orders, 176— offers battle at Lugo, 178
— reaches Corunna, 179 — his position
there, 180— mortally wounded, 182— his
last hours and death, 183, et seq. — his
grave, and veneration with which re-
garded, 185 — his conduct of the cam-
paign, 190 — his errors, 191 — his de-
sponding views, 194 — discussions in
parliament on his expedition, xiii. 150,
153.
Moore, Thomas, xiv. 4.
Moors, struggle of, with the Spaniards, i.
2— their degeneracy, 20 — guerilla war-
fare against them, xii. 3.
Moradabad, capture of, xi. 130.
Morales, general, xiv. 346 — at Carabobo,
351.
Morand the engineer, death of, iv. 94.
Morand, general, at Auerstadt, x. 43, 44,
45— at Golymin, 119— at Eylau, 149—
at Wagram, xiii. 41, 42, 43 — at Valu-
tina, xv. 321 — at Borodino, 345 — at
Dennewitz, xvii. 192 — defeated at
Hochheim, 291 — forces under, 1813,
384, xviii. 50— at Waterloo, xix. 355,
369.
Morand, general, retreats from Hamburg,
xvi. 191 — captures Luneburg, 192 — de-
feat and death of, 193.
Morandi at Genoa, vi. 45.
Morat, repulse of the Swiss at, viii. 227.
Morava, defeat of Czerni George at, xv.
157.
Moravia, once a province of Poland, v. 1,
22— extent, population, features, &c. of,
ix. 107, 110 — character of the inhabi-
tants, 111.
Morbihan, insurrection in, 1790, iii. 322
— agitation in, on the landing at Quibe-
ron, v. 60.
Moreau, general, early history and career
of, v. 273— his character, 275— defeated
at Permasin, iv. 67 — defeats Clairfait,
1794, 336— at Fleurus, 347— operations
in West Flanders, 350 — repulsed on
the Waal, 372— captures Thiel, 384—
commands the army of the north, v.
68— state of his troops, 69, 70— forces
on the Rhine, 1796, 268— organisation
of them by him, 275 — passage of the
Rhine, 277 — caution of his movements,
278 — advances to the Black Forest,
279 — actions on the Murg, 280 — pur-
suit of the archduke, 282 — is separated
from Jourdan, 283 — action at Neres-
heim, 285 — operations against Latour,
and advance into Bavaria, 292 — his
retreat through the Black Forest, 294,
et seq. — battle of Emmendingen, 296 —
and of Hohenblau, and repasses the
Rhine, 297 — proposes an armistice, 298
— defeated before Kehl, 299 — forces
under, 1797, vi. 37 — passage of the
Rhine at Diersheim, ib. et seq. — arrested
by the armistice, 40 — his subordinate
situation, 1799, 339 — operations of,
340 — at Magnano, 344 — succeeds
Scherer, and separated from Massena,
363— defeated on the Adda, 364—aban-
dons Milan and retires to Turin, 365 —
position taken up, 366 — retreats from
the Po, 368— his danger, 369— and suc-
cessful retreat, 370 — joined by Mac-
donald, and measures concerted, 374 —
successes against Bellegarde, 384 — re-
treats before Suwarroff, 385 — assumes
the chief command, ib. — his forces, 386
— superseded by Joubert, vii. 6— gene-
rous conduct toward him, 12 — at Novi,
14 — retreats to the Apennines, 18 — fails
to relieve Tortosa, 19 — attacks of the
Jacobins on him, 87 — at first holds
back from Napoleon on the 18th Bru-
maire, 95 — joins him, interviews be-
tween them, &c. 100, 102, 104— arrests
Gohier and Moulins, 107 — his forces,
1800, 182— his plans, 183— position of
his army, 185 — first movements, and
measures to conceal his designs, 186 —
battle of Engen, 188 — and of Mceskirch,
190— his difficulties before Ulm, 194,
195 — various attempts to dislodge Kray,
197, 198— crosses the Danube, 199— his
supineness, 200 — occupies Munich, 201
— armistice of Parsdorf, 204 — causes of
his successes, 260 — forces after the
armistice, 274 — their disposition, 283 —
first movements, 284 — battle of Hohen-
linden, 285, et seq. — his subsequent
INDEX.
293
Moreau, continued.
movements, 292— passage of the Inn,
293— defeated at Salzburg, 295— cap-
tures it, and continues his advance,
296— armistice concluded, 299— his suc-
cesses, ib. — contributions levied, 334 —
opposed to the re-establishment of re-
ligion, viii. 110 — and to Napoleon, 336
— interview of, with Pichegru, 339, 340
— his arrest, 340 — excitement caused by
it, 341— his treatment after it, 343— his
trial, 360 — letter to Napoleon, 362—
condemned to transportation, 364 —
Napoleon's intended lenity to him, 366
— his return to Europe, xvii. 119— his
reception by Bernadotte, and views,
120— his reception by the Allied sove-
reigns, 121 — supports the appointment
of Alexander as generalissimo, 123 —
urges advance on Dresden, 136 — and
immediate attack there, 139 — wound
and death of, 153, et seq.
Moreau, father of the above, execution of,
v. 274.
Moreau, general, surrender of Soissons by,
xviii. 176, 177.
Moreau, madame, viii. 336 — letter of
Alexander to, xvii. 154.
Moreau de St Mery, M., ii. 104 — efforts
of, during the scarcity, 120 — advocates
slave emancipation, 306.
Morellet, the abbe, i. 293, note— his Cri
des Families, v. 93 — vi. 95.
Moret, occupation of, by the Allies, xviiL
119.
Morfontaine, treaty of, vii. 348, viii. 59.
Morgarten, battle of, vi. 159.
Morilla, fortress of, xviiL 261.
Morillo, general, xv. 30. — See also Murillo.
Morla, Don Thomas, governor of Cadiz,
xii. 33— captures the French fleet, 38—
his jealousy of Castanos, 78 — violates
the capitulation of Baylen, 89 — com-
mands at Madrid, 162— ^capitulates, 164.
Morlautern, combat at, iv. 355.
Morlot, general, at Tudela, xii. 158. '
Mornington, the earl of, xi. 49.
Mornington, the countess of, xL 49.
Morpeth, lord, x. 50.
Morrice, colonel, xviii. 211, 212.
Morrison, colonel, xix. 132.
Mortagne, burning of the town of, iv. 390
— victory of the Vendeans at, vii. 86.
Mortality, rates of, in Great Britain, xx.
68.
Mortgaging of taxes, system of, in Great
Britain, ix. 296, x. 203, 206.
Mortier, marshal, duke of Treviso, at
Zurich, vii. 31, 34 — operations against
Suwarroff, 38— overruns Hanover, viii.
271 — is created marshal, 376 — com-
mands the guard in 1805, ix. 74, 140,
notes — direction of his march, 141 —
crosses the Danube, 180 — defeated at
Diernstein, 183 — recrosses the Danube,
186 — movements in pursuit of Kutusoff,
191 — garrisons Vienna, 195 — advances
to Austerlitz, 202— again overruns Han-
over, x. 82 — operations in Pomerania
and against Dantzic, 127 — instructions
to him regarding Sweden, 255 — defeats
the Swedes at Stralsund, 256— armistice
concluded, ib. — arrives at Dantzic, 280
—further operations, 282, 286— at Heils-
berg, 289— at Friedland, 299, 302— re-
venue bestowed on, xi. 195, note — corps
under, in Spain, xii. 147, note — 167,
xiii. 171— at Saragossa, 174, note, 175 —
operations against Wellington, 238—251
—at Ocana, 257— placed under Soult,
306— passage of the Sierra Morena, 308
— at the Gebora, 339 — occupies the
Sierra Morena, xiv. 153 — evacuation of
the Kremlin by, xvi. 21— rejoins Napo-
leon, 28— at Krasnoi, 53— at LUtzen,
219— at Bautzen, 245, 252— at Dresden,
xvii. 147 — at Leipsic, 241, 260 — at
Hanau, 288, 289—383, 394— forces un-
der, 1813-14, xviii. 50, 434— first move-
ments, 66— at La Rothiere, 82— defen-
sive preparations at Troyes, 87 — at
Montmirail, 99, 100— recaptures Sois-
sons, 134— retreats before Blucher, 146,
167 — operations against the latter, 176,
177_at Craone, 181, 189— at Laon, 190,
191 — at Soissons, 198— left to oppose
Blucher, 300— at Arcis-sur-Aube, 305—
movements to join Napoleon, 318 —
battle of Fere Champenoise, 319, et seq.
—retreats on Paris, 325, 332— at battle
of Paris, 339, 343, 344— capitulation of
the city agreed to, 347 — on the return
from Elba, xix. 265 — adheres to the
Bourbons, 269, 271— evades acting on
Ney's trial, xx. 26.
Morusi, prince, x. 216, 217, 218.
Morveau, see Guyton Morveau.
Mosburg, occupation of, by the Austrians,
xii. 222.
Moscow, early history of, xv. 261— burning
of, by the Poles, v. 23 — arrival of Alex-
ander at, 1812, xv. 298 — enthusiasm in,
levy voted by, &c. 305 — Napoleon re-
solves on advancing to, 310 — retreat ot
the Russians on, 356— they resolve to
abandon it, 357 — its evacuation, 358 —
description of it, and arrival of the
French, 360— their entry, and its desert-
ed appearance, 361— the burning, 363,
et seq. — feeling excited by it, 368 — its
state after the fire, 366— it the turning
point of Napoleon's conquests, xvi. 2 —
situation of Russia after its capture, 4 —
Alexander's proclamation regarding it,
5 — Napoleon's long stay in, and reasons
for it, 8 — its effects on the discipline
of the French, 9— and of its plunder, 13
— preparations for abandoning, 14 — the
evacuation, 19, et seq. — reoccupied by
the Russians, 21 — analogous circum-
stances attending the two burnings, 27,
note — the retreat from, and its increas-
ing disorder, 30— battle of Wiazma, ib.
— losses in it to this time, 32 — setting in
of the winter, 33 — depression and con-
tinued distress, 34— effects of these on
294
INDEX.
Moscow, continued.
the troops, 35 — selfishness exhibited, 36
— want of provisions, 37 — arrival at
Smolensko, 41 — continuation of the re-
treat thence, 47 — battles of Krasnoi, 49
— its increasing horrors and disasters, 56
— the Beresina, 61, et seq. — still increas-
ing sufferings, 65, 67 — sufferings of the
Russians themselves, 71 — repassage of
the Niemen and conclusion of the re-
treat, 72, et seq. 81 — effects of Napoleon's
stay at it on the campaign, 91 — and of
the burning, 92— Russian statement of
the losses in the campaign, 110, note —
Napoleon's bulletin of it, 151, 389 — sen-
sation caused by the retreat in Europe,
99 — consternation in Paris, 130— effect
in Great Britain, 276" — and in Spain,
303.
Moskwa or Borodino, battle of, xv. 344.
Mota, castle of, xvi. 346.
Mothe, madame de la, the affair of the
Diamond necklace, i. 306 — her trial, 307
— her sentence, and its execution, 308—
her after fate, ib. note.
Mottau river, the, x. 274.
Mouer, M., xix. 203.
Moulin, defeat of the Vendeans at, iii.
355.
Moulins, general, elected a director, vii.
81 — his character, 82— supports the Ja-
cobins, 89 — 95 — efforts of Napoleon to
gain him, 97— arrested, 107.
Mounier, Jean Joseph, first appearance of,
i. 330 — sketch of his previous career, ib.
note — draws up the Tennis-court oath,
ii. 61 — his subsequent repentance of it,
63 — denounces the municipality, 125 —
supports the absolute veto, 156 — leaves
the assembly, 157 — denounced by Mail-
lard, 165 — urges the king to accept the
constitution, 167— retires to Dauphiny,
178.
Mounier, the marquis de, ii. 21.
Mounier, general, vii. 280.
Mount Paliul, defeat of the Allies at, iv.
348.
Mount Thabor, battle of, vi. 297.
Mount Ysel, battles of, xii. 345, 353, xiii.
113.
Mountain, the, the Jacobins in "the Con-
vention called, iii. 35.
Mountain fastnesses in the East, advan-
tages of, xv. 125.
Mountain region of Italy, the, v. 153 —
terrace cultivation of, 154 — subdivision
of land in, 162.
Mountain cantons of Switzerland, heroism
of the, vi. 156.
Mountains, possession of, secured by that
of the valleys, vi. 390 — the principal, xiv.
373— of Austria, ix. 108— of Great Bri-
tain, iii. 83— of South America, xiv. 305
— of Spain and Portugal, xii. 5 — of
Sweden, xv. 189.
Mountainous countries, effects on freedom
of, i. 9 — characteristics of their inhabi-
tants, ib.
Mourad Bey, character of, vi. 254 — de-
feated at Chebreiss, 259 — and at the
Pyramids, 261 — retires into Upper
Egypt, 263— again defeated at Sidiman,
283 — again at Natron, 309 — and at
Syout, viii. 4 — convention with Kleber,
10.
Mousa pasha, xv. 151.
Mousquetaires du Roi, the, i. 110.
Moutiers, repulse of the French at, iv. 76.
Mouton, general, see Lobau.
Mouton Duvernet, general, at Culm, xvii.
165— defeats Ziethen, 205—383.
Mozambano, Mincio passed by Brune at,
vii. 315.
Mozarbes, position of Soult at, xv. 95.
Mudela, capture of, by the Spaniards, xii.
77.
Muer, combat at, vi. 17.
Muffling, general, at Jena, x. 35.
Mugarone, combat at, vi. 367.
Muger, general, at Wagram, xiii. 43.
Mugua river, xiv. 295.
Muhlburg, bridge of, xvi. 210.
Muhldorf, evacuation of, by the Austrians,
ix. 179.
Muhlhausen, cession of, to Prussia, viii.
213, note.
Muhr, defeat of Jellachich at the, xii. 275.
Muir, trial of, for treason, iv. 311.
Mukinski, general, in La Vendue, iii. 352.
Muktar Pasha at Battin, xv. 169.
Mulattoes of St Domingo, the, viii. 168 —
war between them and the whites, 172
— subdued by the negroes, 178.
Mulbacher Clause, combat at, xiii. 118.
Mulgrave, lord, commands in Toulon, iv.
96— in the ministry of 1804, viii. 296,
note — and that of 1807, x. 237, note.
Mulhar Row, rise of, xi. 86.
Mullar, captain, at Ordal, xvii. 337.
Muller, general, vii. 28.
Muller, influence of, in Prussia, ix. 200.
Muller, deputy from the Tyrol to Great
Britain, xiii. 115.
Mumb, general, at Limonet, xviii. 227.
Munich, marshal, xv. 146.
Munich, city of, occupied by the French,
1800, vii. 201— and 1805, ix. 148, 169
— Napoleon returns to, after Austerlitz,
229 — captured by the Austrians, xii.
222— threatened by the Tyrolese, 357.
Municipal government, system of, esta-
blished by the assembly, ii. 186 — changes
in, 1802, viii. 133.
Municipality of Cadiz, democratic cha-
racter of, xiv. 120.
Municipality of Paris, first germ of the,
ii. 78 — first interference of, with the
government, 10 — organised, 91 — cir-
cumstances which lead to it, 119 — ex-
penditure in relieving the scarcity, 121
— basis on which established, 122 —
debates in the assembly on it, 125 —
amnesty proclaimed by, and its reversal,
129 — presentation of cannon by, 208 —
measures of, on the escape of the king,
246 — democratic character of the new,
INDEX.
295
Municipality of Paris, continued.
297 — organise the revolt of the 10th
August, 348 — increasing power of, 351
— their power consolidated by that re-
volt, iii. 4 — destroy all royal statues, 5 —
further measures, 6 — remove the royal
family to the Temple, 7 — sanguinary
demands of, 9 — plan the massacres of
the prisons, 13 — are dissolved by the
assembly, 14 — but resist, 15 — their vic-
tory, 16 — commence the massacres, 18
— circular by them inviting similar ones,
29 — plunder acquired by them, 32 —
are denounced by Roland, 33 — support
the Jacobins, 35 — denounced by the
Girondists, 37 — measures of the latter
against them, 47 — increasing severity
of, toward the king, 56, 59, 60 — demand
the maximum, 267 — agitate against the
trial of Marat, 277 — extort the maxi-
mum from the Convention, 280 — de-
mand the liberation of Hebert, 284,
285 — originate the insurrection of the
2d June, 294 — character of their party,
310 — decreasing influence of, iv. 117 —
decree of, on the law of the suspected,
125, note — cruel treatment of the royal
family, 134 — decree directing the vio-
lation of the tombs, 146 — abjuration of
Christianity by, 149 — atheistic decrees
of, 151 — powers conferred on, regarding
forestalling, &c. 167 — their regulations
regarding subsistence, 170 — head the
anarchists, 175, 176 — denounced by the
Dantonists, 177 — secret agreement with
Robespierre regarding these, 185 — sub-
dued by the destruction of the former,
191 — their devotion to the committee,
215 — and to Robespierre, 238 — prepara-
tions to aid him on the 9th Thermidor,
277 — proclamation by, 278, note — re-
lease the conspirators, 279 — their con-
fidence, 280 — deserted by the sections,
281— preparations at, 283— their fall,
and execution of the leaders, 286, 287,
v. 84 — their overthrow the turning point
of the revolution, 81 — declare against
Napoleon in 1814, xviii. 364.
Municipalities, institution of, by the
assembly, ii. 186 — establishment of,
over the country, 124 — their democra-
tic character, iv. 118 — their property
seized by Napoleon, xvi. 165 — its
amount, and compensation made, 166.
Municipalities, new constitution of, in
Prussia, xi. 244.
Munroe, Mr, American commissioner, ix.
364.
Munroe, Sir Hector, xi. 17.
Munroe, Sir Thomas, introduction of the
Ryotwar system by, x. 357 — on the
necessity of war in India, xi. 63.
Munster, count, ix. 367.
Munster, Scheldt closed by the treaty of,
iii. 179 — cession of, to Prussia, 1802,
viiL 209, 213, note— and by her, 1807,
x. 324, note — occupied by the Allies,
xvii. 294.
Munzingen, murder of d'Erlach at, vL
154.
Murat, Joachim, parentage, birth, and
early career of, v. 146 — his character,
xvii. 47 — his military abilities and civil
weaknesses, 48 — Napoleon's opinion of
him, v. 147, xvii. 49 — his appearance
and dress, and contrast, as respects these,
to Napoleon, 49 — his gallantry, 50 —
seizure of the artillery at Sablons by, v.
123 — on the 11th Vendemiaire, 145—
sent from Italy with the captured stan-
dards, &c. 184 — mission to Paris in
1796, 194 — captures Leghorn, 203 —
accompanies Napoleon to Egypt, vi. 241
— during the passage of the desert, 258 —
at Salahieh, 267 — at the bridge of
Jacob, 297, 298— at Aboukir, 309, 311,
312, 313 — returns to Europe, 314 —
joins Napoleon against the Directory,
vii. 95, 100, 104 — commands the troops
on the 19th Brumaire, 108 — dissolves
the Five Hundred, 114 — 171 — passage of
the Tessino by, 238 — captures Placentia,
240— his arrival in Italy, 1801, 321, 322
— advances against Naples, 323 — enters
Florence, 325 — terms imposed on
Naples, ib. — his connexion with the
murder of d'Enghien, viii. 348 — retribu-
tion which overtook him, 354 — efforts
of, to save Georges, 365 — is created
marshal, 376 — commands the cavalry,
1805, ix. 74, 140, notes — direction of his
march , 141 — defeats Auffemberg at
Vertingen, 146 — defeats the Austrians
at Albeck, &c. 154 — surrender of Wer-
neck to him, 155— continued advance
of, 169 — successes in pursuit, 179 —
defeats the rearguard at Amstetten, 181,
182— his advance to Vienna, 183, 186—
seizure of the bridge, 188, 189 — con-
tinued successes in the pursuit, 191 —
foiled by the finesse of Kutusoff, 192—
operations against Bagrathion, 193 —
check of, at Rausnitz, 202— at Auster-
litz, 202, 205, 210, 213— created grand-
duke of Berg, 339, 370 — a member of
the confederation of the Rhine, 372 —
claims the principality of Embden, 375
— commands the cavalry in 1806", x.
18, note — first movements and suc-
cesses of, 25, 26 — captures Naumburg,
30— at Jena, 33, 36, 38— operations in
pursuit, 51 — at Magdeburg, 54 — defeats
Hohenlohe at Lochnitz, 55 — and at
Prentzlow, 56 — movements against
Blucher, 60 — at Lubeck, 63 — surrender
of Blucher to him, ib. 64 — occupies
Warsaw, 108— at Golymin, 118, 119—
further operations, 136, 139, 140 — action
at Hoff, 140 — combats with Lestocq,
141— at Eylau, 142, note, 145, 147 —
defeated before Konigsberg, 155—282,
286— action at Glottaw, 288— at Heils-
berg, 289, 291, 292 — and in pursuit, .
295— at Friedland, 302— 310— arrival at
Tilsit, 312— armistice concluded, ib.— at
Tilsit, 321— reaches Burgos as lieutenant
296
Murat, continued.
INDEX.
Murg, actions on the, v. 279.
of Napoleon, xi. 324 — proclamation Murillo, general, in Venezuela, xiv. 346 —
there, 325 — his entry into Madrid, 32.9
— declines to recognise Ferdinand as
captures Carthagena, ib.-
ib.-
-his clemency,
king, 330 — acquiescence of the latter in Murillo, general, placed under Castanos,
all his demands, 331 — sends Charles IV
Godoy, &c. to Bayonne, 339 — letter
from Napoleon to him, 341, note —
his arrogant conduct, 341, 342 — mas-
sacre and executions at Madrid, 345,
346 — throne of Naples designed for,
361 — constituted lieutenant-general of
Spain, 362 — withdrawn from thence,
xii. 40 — declared king of Naples, and
xvL 303— at Vitoria, 332, 334— at the
Pyrenees, 358— at Soraoren, 364, 366,
368— at the Nivelle, xvii. 353, 358—
conduct of his troops in France, 360 —
letter of Wellington to him on it, 378,
note — invests Navarreins, xviii. 242 —
at Toulouse, 263.
Murinais, transportation of, vi. 106, 107
—his death, 107.
his first measures, 146— passage of the Murray, colonel, operations against Hol-
Niemen by, 1812, xv. 285— check of, kar, xi. 112, 114.
at Ostrowno, 299 — at Witepsk, 300 — Murray, colonel, operations in America,
defeated at Inkowo, 312 — action at xix. 133, 134.
Krasnoi, 313— at Smolensko, 315, 316— Murray, general, at the Douro, xiii. 230.
at Valutina, 322 — heads the advance, Murray, Sir John, forces under, xvi. 310,
334 — at Borodino, 338, 346— attempts — lands at Alicante, and first operations
to negotiate, xvi. 8 — losses near Mos- of, 313 — battle of Castalla, 315-
cow, 13 — defeated at Winkowo, 18 — at
Malo Jaroslawitz, 24, 26— left in com-
mand after Napoleon's departure, 67 —
directed to halt at Wilna, 76— but falls
back to Dantzic, 81, 110 — continued
disasters sustained, 112 — sets out for
sures directed byWellington , 323— forces
under, xvii. 395 — expedition against
Tarragona, 329— first operations, 330 —
his irresolution, and raising of the siege,
331— attempt at Balaguer, 332— recalled
and tried by court-martial, ib. note.
Italy, 113 — letter from Napoleon to Murviedro, description of, xiv. 190
him, ib. — negotiations with the Allies, sieged by Suchet, 191 — surrenders, 196.
181— forces under, 1813, xvii. 76, note, Muscat, treaty with the Imaum of, xi. 80.
384, 394 — joins Napoleon, 132 — at Musgrave, lord, ix. 3.
Dresden, 140, 147, 151 — operations
after it, 158, 189— stationed at Frey-
berg, and instructions to him, 223 —
operations there, 227 — defeat of, 228 —
narrow escape from capture, 229 —
action at Magdeborn, 233 — at Leipsic,
Music, fondness for, in Austria, ix. 120.
Musnier, general, xiv. 194 — at Albufera,
198— at Lyons, xviii. 222— defeated at
Macon, 226— at Limonet, 227.
Mustapha, sultan, accession of, xv. 150,
151— death of, 155.
235, 243— leaves Napoleon at Erfurth, Mustapha Bairakdar, xv. 152, 153
279 — negotiations, 1814, with Napoleon
and the Allies, xviii. 34 — his double
dealing, 35 — treaty with the Allies, and
invasion of Rome, 36 — further opera-
tions, 216, 217— captures Ancona, 218
■ — secret interview with Fouche-, 219 —
umbrage taken at proclamation of the
prince of Naples, 220 — repeated defeats
of, 221 — operations in concert with
Bellegarde, 286 — interview with the
pope, 407 — at the congress of Vienna,
xix. 232 — discussion of his claims there,
243 — arrogant proceedings of, 244—
correspondence of Napoleon at Elba,
251 — commences hostilities, 294 — de-
created grand vizier, 153 — his fall and
death, 154.
Mustapha Pasha, defeat of, at Aboukir,
vi. 311 — made prisoner, 313.
Muthenthal, position and danger of
Suwarroff at, vii. 38 — combat in, 39.
Mutiny of the Fleet, the, v. 330— that of
the Channel fleet, 331 — that at the
Nore, 332 — measures of parliament
against, 335 — suppression of the, 336 —
unconnected with France, 338 — that in
the fleet off Cadiz, and its suppression,
339— final extinction of the, 364.
Mutten, passage of the, by Suwarroff, vii.
37.
feated at Tolentino, and dethroned, 295 Muy, marshal, i. 245.
seizure and execution of, xx. 30.
Murazzo, skirmish at, vii. 57.
Murchison, Sir R., on the geology of
Russia, xv. 252.
Murcia, army of, placed under Blake, xiii.
307— Spanish forces in, 1810, xiv. 147—
operations in, 1811, 265 — and 1812, xv.
102— army of, reorganised under Elio,
xvi. 303.
Murford, general, v. 293.
Myers, colonel, death of, xiv. 252.
Myers, colonel, wounded at Tarragona,
xvii. 337.
Mysore, kingdom of, xi. 2, 12— the first
war with, 13 — invaded from Bombay,
23 — invaded by Harris, 67— Wellington
governor of it, 75, 76— partition of it,
76.
Mytilene, cruelties of the Athenians at,
hi. 27.
INDEX.
297
N.
Naefels, combats at, vii. 27, 37, 39.
Namur, capture of, by the French, 1792,
iii. 225, 226— evacuated by them, iv. 30
— captured by the Allies, xviii. 69.
Nancy, bishop of, ii. 4 — motion by, on
ecclesiastical property, 139.
Nancy, revolt of the army at, ii. 215 — its
suppression by Bouille, 217, et seq. —
captured by Blucher, xviii. 67.
Nangis, combat of, xviii. 120, 121.
Nansouty, general, at Engen, vii. 188 — at
Vertingen, ix. 146, 147 — after Eylau,
x. 156— at Friedland, 302— xL 196, note
— at Landshut, xii. 231 — at Wagram,
xiii. 44, 46 — corps of, in Russia, xv.
370 — at Borodino, 348 — losses of his
corps, xvi. 89, note— forces, 1813, xvii.
383, 394— at Leipsic, 264, 265, 266—
at Hanau, 286 — operations against
Blucher, xviii. 180— at Craone, 183, 184
— wounded, 188 — at Laon, 191— forces
under, 1814, 435.
Nantes, bishop of, conducts the negotia-
tions with the pope, xvi. 144, 145, 146.
Nantes, the edict of, its revocation, and
influence of this on the Revolution, i.
94, et seq. — and on the church, 125 —
retribution which followed it, 97, 98.
Nantes, importance of town of, i. 166 —
disturbances at, 1788, 331— battle of,
iii. 347 — atrocities of Carrier at, 379, et
teq. iv. 257, etseq. — number who perished
at, iii. 382, iv. 290, note— cruelty of the
shopkeepers, iii 386— trial of the prison-
ers from, v. 90— entry of Charette into,
57 — his execution at, 266 — victory of the
Vendeans at, vii. 86.
Nantes, county of, iii. 316.
Nantua, recaptured by the French, xviii
224.
Napier, major, taken prisoner at Corunna,
xii. 182 — at Ciudad Rodrigo, xv. 10,
Napier, colonel, his opinion of the Span-
iards, xii. 10 — aspersions on Palafox
by, 60, note — account of the sack of
Cordova by, 76, note— 159, note — de-
fence of Sir John Moore by, 194, note
— defence of Palafox against, xiii. 185
— account of Albuera by, xiv. 252— and
of the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, xv. 7.
Napier, captain, at Waterloo, xix. 362.
Naples, bay of, vi. 195.
Naples, degeneracy of the inhabitants of,
iii. 140— its navy, 1792, 105, note —
treaty with Great Britain, 1793, iv. 20
— city of, v. 159— the kingdom, its ex-
tent, population, &c. 160, note — armis-
tice with France, 1796, 201— transactions
in, 1798, vi. 183— military preparations,
184 — intrigues of the French, 185 — com-
mencement of hostilities, 188— the royal
family retire to Sicily, 191 — description
of the city, 194, et seq. — character of the
Lazzaroni, 196— its military capabilities,
ib. — indignation on Mack's convention,
197 — resistance of the Lazzaroni, 199 —
capture of the city, 200 — constituted the
Parthenopeian republic, 201 — exactions
of the French in, ib. et seq. — forces
under Macdonald in, 1799, 323— effect
on France of the invasion of, 325— the
queen the cause of the outrage at Ras-
tadt, 337— affairs of, 1799, 372— insur-
rection in, 373 — Macdonald's retreat
from, ib.— expulsion of the republicans,
and atrocities of the royalists, 387 — Nel-
son's concurrence in these, 388, et seq.
— her troops invade Rome, 1799, vii. 60
— hostile position of, 1800, 279 — invasion
of the Roman states by, 322— its defeat,
ib. — advance of Murat against, ib. — in-
tercession of Paul on behalf of, 324 —
terms granted, 325 — overrun by the
French, ib.— treaty with France, 326 —
again overrun, 1803, viii. 273 — adulatory
address to Napoleon, ix. 30 — treachery
of the government, 31 — neutrality of,
1805, 144 — affairs of, during campaign
of Austerlitz, 222 — occupied by the
Allies, 223 — decree dethroning the king,
226, 227 — overrun by Joseph Buona-
parte, 337— he raised to its throne, 339
— its state on his accession, 345 — reforms
&c. by him, 346 — negotiations relative
to indemnity , 385 — provisions of Tilsit re-
garding, x. 323 — Murat raised to throne
of, xii. 146 — British expedition against,
xiii. 167 — proposals of Napoleon regard-
ing, 1812, xv. 224— efforts of the Allies
to gain, xvi 181 — discussions at congress
of Vienna regarding, xix. 243 — de-
thronement of Murat, and restoration
of the Bourbons, 295.
Naplouse, defeat of the Turks at, vi. 292.
Napoleon, fort, xv. 38 — captured by Hill,
41.
Napper Tandy, a leader in the Irish rebel-
lion, vi. 212, 213, note.
Narbonne, M. de, ii. 311 — appointed
minister at war, iii. 163— ambassador to
Austria, 1813, xvi. 174 — remonstrates
against the convention of Kalisch, 177
— Napoleon's instructions to, 230 — xvii.
36 — envoy to congress of Prague, 99,
104 — joins Napoleon after Pleswitz, 132.
Narew river, v. 3 — passage of, by Benning-
sen, x. 132 — combats and operations on,
160, 312, note.
Narishkin, the countess, ix. 136.
Nasielsk, combat at, x. Ill, 114.
Nassau Sarbrook, seizure of, by France,
iii. 176.
Nassau Usingen, prince, of, ix. 372.
Nassau Weilberg, prince of, ix. 372.
National Assembly, name of, first assumed
by the Tiers Etat, ii. 51, et seq. — See
Constituent Assembly.
298
INDEX.
National bankruptcy, implied declaration
of, in France, i. 335 — actually existing
in 1793, iv. 166 — declared by the direc-
tory, vi. 78.
National character, exhibitions of, during
the Revolution, i. 4 — effects of suffering
on, 99— and of wealth, 116, 117— influ-
ence of race on, hi. 88 — of peace and
war, x. 168 — the French, i. 106 — varie-
ties of, in India, x. 364 — the Russian,
xv. 233.
National Convention, the elections for,
and its meeting, iii. 34— parties in, ib —
recriminations among them, 36 — aboli-
tion of royalty, 37 — financial measures
and new constitution, ib. — accusation of
Robespierre, 38 — and of Marat, 39 —
Robespierre again impeached, 41 — the
accusations quashed, 43 — causes of their
irresolution, 45— debates on the forma-
tion of a guard, 46 — laws against the
emigrants, ib. — decrees proposed against
the municipality, 47 — condemnation of
the king demanded, 49 — discussion re-
garding the legality of his trial, 50, 51 —
it is resolved on, 54 — he appears at the
bar, 58 — the charges against him, 59 —
his trial, 62 — debate on it, 64 — and on
the appeal to the people, 65 — his con-
demnation, 68 — their unanimity in con-
demning him, 78.
Propagandist decree, 1792, 176 — and
instructions to the generals, 177 — declare
war against Great Britain, 183 — conster-
nation caused by the first disasters, 216
— order the opening of the Scheldt, 225
— decree against governments, 227 —
oppressive measures in Flanders, 228, et
seq. — declare war against Sardinia, 231
— attack Switzerland, 232 — declare war
against Spain and Holland, 249 — effect
of these measures on the country, ib. —
maximum demanded from them, 252 —
letter from Dumourier to, 257 — their
measures against him, 258— discussions
on re-establishing the revolutionary tri-
bunal, 262 — and decree constituting it,
265 — energetic measures of, 267 — com-
mence domiciliary visits, ib. — organise
the committee of general defence, 268 —
decrees against the noblesse, emigrants,
&c. 269 — measures on the flight of
Dumourier, 270 — establish the com-
mittee of public salvation, 271 — speech
of Robespierre against the Girondists,
272 — reply of Vergniaud, 274 — the ac-
cusation quashed, and Marat sent to the
tribunal, 276 — his release and return,
278 — issues of assignats, and forced
loans, 280 — proposed separation of, 281
-"-appoint the commission of Twelve,
282— debate on the formation of a guard,
283 — and decree for it, 284 — menacing
deputations to, ib- — contests between the
parties in, 285 — abolish and re-enact the
commission of Twelve, 286 — insurrection
against, on the 31st May, 289 — invaded
by the mob, 290 — again attacked on the
2d June, 292— vehement debate in , 29:
decree the arrest of the Girondist leaders,
295 — and their trial, 297— arrest of the
seventy-three Girondists, 308— atrocities
ordered by them in La Vendue 338, 339
— measures for suppressing the revolt
there, 350, 353— bloody decree of, 364.
Levy ordered by, 1793, iv. 17 — mea-
sures to counteract Dumourier's treason,
31 — appoint Dampierre to the com-
mand, 32 — defensive measures, 34, 43
— supersede Custine and Beauharnais,
42— great levy ordered, 44 — proceedings
against Houchard, 61 — firmness shown
by, 64 — cruelties ordered in Alsace, 69
— measures for recovering it, 71 — efforts
to resist the Spanish invasion, 73 — and
against Lyons, 79, 80, 81 — cruelties
ordered there, 83 — approve the execu-
tion of them, 94 — preparations for the
siege of Toulon, 95— decree against it,
101 — their conduct of this campaign,
104 — aspect after the fall of the Giron-r
dists, 115— vest the executive in the
committee, 11(5 — appoint the committee
of general safety, 117 — Girondist coali-
tion of the departments against, 119 —
their measures to break it, 121 — their
victory, 122— the constitution of 1793,
123, et seq. — the law of the suspected,
124, 125 — Laplanche's report before, 127
— new calendar instituted, 128 — addi-
tional powers conferred on the Tribunal,
ib. — decree against British commerce,
129 — decree vesting supreme power in
the committee, 131 — trial of the queen
proposed, 135— and decreed, 136— and
that of Egalitd, 144 — decree for the
destruction of the royal tombs, 145 —
and of monuments, 148 — abjuration of
Christianity, 149 — the Goddess of Rea-
son, 150 — decree regarding natural chil-
dren, 153 — suppression of schools, &c.
and confiscation of the property of the
hospitals, ib.— speech of the bishop of
Blois before, 154 — honours paid to
Marat, 155 — vast public measures of,
1793, ib. — decree relative to the assig-
nats, 158 — decrees relative to sale of
corn, bread, &c. 159 — profligacy of its
members, 160 — measures for providing
subsistence, and expenditure on this,
164, 165 — decrees regarding the national
debt, 166 — against forestallers, public
companies, &c. 167 — and for the regula-
tion of prices, 170 — further measures
regarding subsistence, 173 — first appear-
ance of moderation in, 179 — increased
powers given to the committee, 184 — .
speech of Robespierre against the Dan-
tonists and Anarchists, 187 — and of St
Just, 188 — subjugation of the munici-
pality by, 191 — secret leaning to Dan ton,
193 — agitation on his arrest, 194 — speech
of Robespierre, and their subservience,
195 — decree to secure the condemna-
tion of the Dantonists, 198 — submission
to Robespierre, 209-*decrees against the
ere,
INDEX.
299
National Convention, continued.
ex-nobles, &c. 212 — speech of Robes-
pierre on the Supreme Being, 223 —
decree the recognition of Him, 227 —
decree forbidding quarter to the British,
229, 353—at the fete of the Supreme
Being, 230 — reorganisation of the re-
volutionary tribunal, 233 — debate upon
it, 234 — secret views of Robespierre
against, 236 — measures for relief of
pauperism, 240, note — decree for the
trial of the farmers-general, 251 — im-
plicated in the atrocities of Le Bon, 255
— first appearance of reaction against
terrorism, 260 — decision on the affair
of Catharine Theot, 261 — estrangement
of Robespierre, ib. — measures against
him, 264— commencement of the strug-
gle with him, and his last speech, 268—
discussion on it, 270 — conspiracy in
the Jacobins against, 271 — general union
against Robespierre, 272 — meeting of
the 9th Thermidor, 272, e t seq. — speeches
of St Just and Tallien, 273— of Billaud
Varennes, 274 — decree the arrest of
Henriot, &c. 275 — and of Robespierre
and his associates, 277 — they adjourn,
ib. — the municipality in insurrection
against them, ib. — again meet, and
their danger, 279 — Henriot, &c. decreed
hors la loi, 280 — are joined by the can-
noneers and sections, 281 — and by the
cannoneers at the Hotel de Ville, 283 —
their victory, 284, et seq. — correspon-
dence of the democrats in England with,
309, 311, note — military preparations
for 1794, 328 — negotiations with Spain,
365— energy of their external adminis-
tration, 307.
Exhaustion of France under their
government, v. 49 — order the execu-
tion of the Quiberon emigrants, 66 —
character of the party who overthrew
Robespierre, 83 — are compelled to a hu-
mane course, ib. — various decrees of, 86
— premature denunciation of the Jaco-
bins, 87 — close the Jacobin club, 88 —
order the trial of Carrier, 90 — revoke
the decrees against the priests, 91 —
abrogate the law of the maximum, 93
— the Jacobin leaders impeached, 94,
95 — insurrection against, ib. — invaded
by the mob, 96 — their victory, and
humane use of it, ib. 97 — insurrection
of 20th May, 100 — again invaded by
the mob, and murder of Feraud, 101
— the majority retire, 102 — their victory,
but are again assailed, 103 — finally
victorious, 105 — measures regarding
the maximum, 106 — finally abolish it,
and the forced requisitions, 107 — mea-
sures regarding the assignats, ib. — and
for alleviating the distress in Paris, 108
— new issues of assignats, 109 — reor-
ganise the national guard, 110 — abolish
the revolutionary tribunal, 111 — forma-
tion of a new constitution, and report of
Boissy d'Anglas on it, 112— increasing
influence of the Girondists, 114 — treat-
ment of the dauphin, and liberation of
the duchesse d'Angouleme, 115 — the
constitution of 1795, 116 — opposition
to it, 118 — decree for re-electing two
thirds of the members, ib. — denounced
by the royalists, 119 — throw themselves
on the army, 120 — measures to crush
the insurrection, 122— appoint Napo-
leon commander, 123, 145 — their vic-
tory, and humanity after it, 125 —
election of the councils, the directory,
&c. ib. — their dissolution, and review
of their history, 126.
National debt of Austria, the, ix. 108,
128, 129.
National debt of France, contraction of,
on the authority of the crown, i. 176" —
statistics relating to, 185, 186, 188, ii.
191 — confusion of the old and new, iv.
166 — confiscation of two-thirds, vi. 78,
109, 122 — compared with that of Britain,
viii. 74.
National debt of Great Britain, the, iii.
104, viii. 74 — commencement of it, and
its causes, ix. 254 — its growth, and com-
parison with income, 256 — its amount
on Pitt's accession, 257 — establishment
of sinking fund for reducing it, 260 —
its amount, and modification of the
fund, 1802, 265— amount paid off, 266,
267 — and since the peace, 273 — would
have been discharged in 1845 had Pitt's
system been adhered to, 275 — additions
to, by his system of borrowing, 308 —
proportion of it contracted for sub-
sidies, &c. 312, note — it must ruin the
empire, 318— state of it, 1816, xix. 397
— its increase during the war, xx. 63.
National debt, India, x. 345.
National debt, Prussia, x. 6, 8.
National debt, Spain, xii. 4.
National debt, the United States, xix.
41.
National domains in France, value of the,
iv. 156, 394— obstacles to sale of, v. 107
— measures for it, vi. 73.
National guard, first organisation of, ii.
91 — formation and arming of, 126 — their
supineness during the atrocities in the
provinces, 138 — join the mob on the 5th
October, 164 — disperse them on the 11th,
180 — generally established over France,
206— strength, &c. of those of Paris, 207
— their firmness against the mob, 219 —
their jealousy of the constitutional
guard, 298— their firmness on the 20th
June, 325, 326— Lafayette fails to rouse
them, 330 — their irresolution on the 10th
August, 346 — their indecision during the
massacres in the prisons, iii. 28 — ten-
dency of, to resist the municipalities, iv.
118 — their devotion to the committee,
215 — and to Robespierre, 238— join the
Convention on the 9th Thermidor, 281 —
new organisation of, v. 105, 110 — royalist
reaction among, 112 — join the insur-
gents against the constitution of 1795,
300
INDEX.
National guard, continued.,
120 — defeated on the 11th Vendemiaire,
124— the command offered to Napoleon,
142 — reorganisation of, 1805, ix. 74 —
and again, 1813, xvi. 163— and 1814,
xviii. 72 — presentation of the king of
Rome to them, &c. 73.
National guard of Versailles on the 5th
October, ii. 165, 166.
National guards, organisation of, in Lom-
bardy, v. 194.
National ignorance, on, ii. 1.
National suffering, influence of, v. 80, 81,
131.
National vices, the cause of revolutions,
i. 208, 209.
National wars of England, the early, i. 59.
National wealth, the Economists on, i. 160.
Natron, defeat of Mourad Bey at, vi. 309.
Natural births, statistics of, in France,
xx. 53.
Natzmer, general, xvi. 109.
Nauders, occupation of, by the French,
vi. 329.
Nauendorf, general, v. 294— at Emmen-
dingen, 297 — at Hohenblau, ib. — check
of, on the Rhine, vi. 352— at Engen, vii.
189.
Naulin, a surgeon, v. 114.
Naumburg, capture of, by the French, x.
30— advance of Napoleon to, 1813, xvi.
209.
Nautilus, capture of the, xix. 140.
Nava del Rey, advance of Mannont to,
xv. 51.
Naval actions, decisive nature of, ix. 94—
armistice, proposed, vii. 271 — power of
England, effect of her Revolution on, i.
48 — its steadfast growth, ix. 356 — that
of France, its continued decay, 235 —
successes of Britain during the war,
summary of, xx. 60 — war, change in
Napoleon's system of, ix. 355.
Naval Moral, occupation of, by Soult, xiii.
250.
Navarre, physical features of, xii. 5 — con-
stituted a military government, xiv. 140
— increase of guerillas in, 221 — atrocities
of Bessieres in, 228 — operations in, 1813,
xvi. 318.
Navarreins, investment of, by the British,
xviii. 242.
Navarro, marshal, iv. 360.
Navas de Tolosas, skirmish at, xiii. 308.
Navigation laws, value of the, to Great
Britain, xx. 74 — influence of Huskisson
in inducing their abandonment, xiv. 74,
76.
Naviglio, combat at, vii. 238.
Navy, the British, 1792, iii. 105— abuses
then existing, 106—1794, iv. 317—1795,
v. 46—1797, 330— reforms in, after the
mutiny, 339—1799, vi. 321—1800, vii.
154 — 1801, 367 — compared with the
French, 1793 and 1801, viii. 73—1803,
285— its inefficient state, 1804, 293, 294
— restoration of, under Melville, 296,
297— total expenditure for it, ix. 312,
note— bill for introducing Catholics into
it, x. 232 — compared with population
and revenue, xiii. 268 — 1811, xiv. 101 —
1812, 102 — its decline during the peace,
xvi. 158 — its progress during the war,
272— its amount at the close, 273—1813,
284, 285—1814, xviii. 13— statistics con-
nected with it, xx. 61 — uniform policy
of the government to support it, 73.
Navy of France, the, at the commence-
ment of the war, i. 108 — its decay during
the early years, ii. 305 — weakening of it
induced by the Revolution, iv. 308 —
compared with the British, ib. viii. 73 —
report on its state, 1796, v. 303 — mea-
sures for recruiting it, 1802, viii. 125 —
effects of the loss of St Domingo on, 167
— Napoleon's designs for it, 263 — it the
object in his seizure of Genoa, ix. 33 —
character of it, 357—1813, xvi. 156 —
conscription for it, 164.
Navy of Holland, the, iv. 379 — its former
glory, 380.
Navy of the Northern confederation, the,
vii. 370.
Navy of Russia, the, xv. 250— general dis-
inclination to it, 251.
Navy of the United States, the, xix. 39,
99.
Neapolitan Campagna, the, v. 157.
Necker, M., early history of, i. 257 — causes
of his appointment, 259 — appointed
director of the treasury and director-
general of the finances, 260 — statements
of the revenue, &c. by him, 188, note — •
his system and first financial measures,
261 — his character, 262— views on the
American war, 263 — loans for its ex-
penses, 267 — embarrassment caused by
them, 268 — his measures for relieving
these, 269 — proposes provincial states-
general, ib. 270 — anecdote of him, 271,
note — coalition against him, 271 — re-
fused a seat in the council, 272 — and
resigns, 273 — regret occasioned by his
resignation, ib. 274, note — revenue and
expenditure under him, 286, note — his
indignation at Calonne's exposure of
his accounts, 289 — attack by him on
Calonne, 290 — controversy between
them, and his banishment, 291, 292—
recalled in 1788, 337— joy on his restor-
ation, 340 — regulations for the convoca-
tion of the states-general, 341, 342 — his
influence at this time, 343 — convokes
the Notables, 344 — duplication of the
Tiers Etat by him, 348 — his reasons for
it, 350 — arrangements for the elections
in Paris, 354 — his conduct on the riot at
Reveillon's, 359 — views on the union oi
the orders, 360 — his error in convoking
the states-general, 365 — Napoleon's
opinion of him, ib. — nature of his errors,
367 — effect of his concessions, 368 — ■
speech of, on the opening of the states-
general, ii. 8 — financial statements, 9,
note — his view of the crisis, and declin-
ing influence, 9 — attack by Mirabeau
INDEX.
301
Necker, M., continued.
on him, 22— his opinion of Mirabeau,
23— his popularity, 40— and irresolution,
41 — his error with regard to the union
of the orders, 49 — measures for reconcil-
ing them, 59 — on the disposition of the
army, 60, note — impracticability of his
measures, 60 — negotiations with Mira-
beau, 63 — tenders his resignation, 68,
69, note — his indecision, 78 — is dis-
missed, 85 — recalled, 127 — amnesty pro-
claimed by, and its reversal, 129 — report
on the state of France, 148 — on the
finances, 150 — and on the public distress,
158 — property tax proposed, 159 — retire-
ment from the ministry, 213 — effects of
his duplication of the Tiers Etat, 111, v
128— on the constitution of 1795, vi. 112
— interview of Napoleon with, vii. 228 —
on the issue of the Revolution, viiL 385.
Necker, madame, romantic history of, i.
258 — her character and influence, 259.
Necker or Neckar, combat on the, v. 284
— provisions regarding, at congress of
Vienna, xix. 242.
Neethe, skirmish on the, xi. 51.
Negro river, the, xiv. 316.
Negroes of St Domingo, indications of
character from the, viii. 198, 199 — their
numbers, &c. there, 168 — effects of their
emancipation by Britain, i. 100, x. 193,
195, 197, xiv. 89 — maintenance of their
numbers in the West Indies, x. 187 —
effects of the abolition of the slave trade
on, 192, 195— their rate of increase in
the United States, xix. 17 — are there
excited by the British to revolt, 150.
Nehrung, isle of, x. 275.
Neipperg, count, xvii. 133 — skirmish of,
at Neustadt, 207.
Neiss besieged by the French, x. 126—
captured, 272.
Neisse, passage of the, by the French, xvi.
254.
Nelson, Horatio lord, parentage, birth, and
early life of, v. 347 — his character, 348,
et seq. — a cotemporary of Wellington's,
xi. 50 — his first service in Corsica, iv. 319
—at the battle of Cape St Vincent, v. 343,
344 — bombards Cadiz, 346 — expedition
against Teneriffe, 362 — is wounded, 363
—created Sir Horatio, 370— vi. 238 —
movements in pursuit of the French,
246, 269 — their narrow escape on the
way to Egypt, 246 — arrives at Aboukir,
269— his plan, and battle of the Nile,
270, et seq. — is wounded, 274 — want of
frigates prevents his destroying the trans-
ports, 277 — honours conferred on, 278
— his arrival at Naples, and its effects,
186 — his opinion of Mack, 187 — his con-
duct with regard to the insurgents there,
388, 390 — second in command of the
Baltic fleet, vii. 371— battle of the Baltic,
376, et seq. — armistice concluded, 382 —
visit to the prince-royal, and negotia-
tions, 384 — measures proposed by him
against the coalition, 394— appointed to
the chief command, and sails for Cron-
stadt, ib. — conciliatory proceedings
there, ib. et seq. — returns to England,
395— defeated at Boulogne, viii. 50—326
— pursuit of Villeneuve by, ix. 56" — pene-
trates Napoleon's design, 59 — his return
to Europe, 60 — and to England, 66 —
resumes the command, 76 — anecdote of
him, 77 — his reception by the fleet, 78—
stratagem to draw Villeneuve out, ib. —
its success, 79 — his plan of battle, 79, 80
—his last signal, 82— battle of Trafalgar,
83, et seq. — is mortally wounded, 85 —
his last hours and death, 87 — honours
conferred on his family, his funeral and
character, 92, et seq.
Nemours, capture of, by the Allies, xviii.
119— evacuated, 127— again occupied by
them, 299.
Nepaul tribes, the, xi. 3.
Nepi, defeat of the Neapolitans at, vi.
189.
Neptune, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 85, 87—
recaptured, 90.
Neresheim, action at, v. 285.
Nero the consul, tactics of, xiv. 218.
Nerwinde, battle of, iv. 27.
Nesles, the marquis de, i. 339.
Nesselrode, count, xviiL 142— arranges the
capitulation of Paris, 353 — at the coun-
cil regarding the settlement of France,
361 — signs the final treaty with Napo-
leon, 380 — and the second treaty of
Paris, xx. 21 — sketch of his career, &c.
xviii. 380, note.
Netherlands, formation of the kingdom of,
xix. 232, 239 — its partition in 1830,
xiii. 73 — the king creates Wellington
prince of Waterloo, xx. 22— extent of
the modern kingdom, iv. 378, note.— -See
Flanders.
Neuburg, combat at, vii. 201 — passage of
the Danube by the French at, ix. 145 —
captured by them, 1806, x. 65.
Neueneck, defeat of the French at, vi.
152.
Neufchatel, residence of Rousseau at, i.
147 — cession of, to France, ix. 221 —
Berthier created prince of, 339 — annexed
to Switzerland, xix. 240.
Neufchatel, lake of, vi. 132.
Neukirchen, combats at, v. 286, vii. 299.
Neumarkt, combats at, v. 287, vi. 12, 16,
xiL 246.
Neuperen, passage of the Inn by Lecourbe
at, vii. 293.
Neuport, capture of, by the French, iii.
225.
Neusiedel, village of, at Wagram, xiii. 30.
Neustadt, gains of Russia by treaty of,
xv. 262— abandoned by the French, xvi.
191 — skirmish at, xvii. 207.
Neustettin, reception of the Russians in,
xvi. 118, note.
Neutrals, maritime code regarding, adopt-
ed by the Allies, iv. 54, 55— usages of
maritime law regarding, vii. 338 — prin-
ciples laid down and admitted, 339—
302
INDEX.
Neutrals, continued.
Lord Stowell on, 340— principles gene-
rally recognised till 1780, 341— various
authorities on, 342 — first resistance to
the established usage, 344— principles of
the armed neutrality, ib. — which are
afterwards abandoned, 345— their losses
toward the close of the war, 347 — they
again form a coalition, 349, 352, et seq.
— principles asserted by them, 355 —
arguments in defence of these, 358 —
settlement of the question regarding,
1801, 395— differences between Great
Britain and America regarding, ix.
362— provisions of Tilsit regarding, x.
327.
Neuville, Hyde, vii. 164.
Neuville, madame de, ii. 183.
Neuwied, the French cross the Rhine at,
1795, v. 72 — recaptured by the Aus-
trians, 74— Rhine passed by Jourdan
at, 272— repassed, 273 — and again pass-
ed, 282— battle of, vi. 40.
Nevada de Toluco, mount, xiv. 310, note.
Neviere, M., iv. 118.
Nevis, attack of the French on, ix. 55.
New Castile, see Castile.
New forest, formation of the, i. 56.
New Granada, government of, xiv. 332 —
population of, 1810, 324, note.
New Hampshire, opposition of, to the war,
xix. 142.
New Orleans, city of, xix. 37 — expedition
against, 167— battle of, 169— reflections
on it, 174.
New Ross, defeat of the Irish rebels at,
vi. 211.
New Silesia, annexation of, to duchy of
Warsaw, xi. 239.
New York, city of, xix. 36 — Lafayette at
the siege of, ii. 31, note — threatened
repudiation of debt by the state, xix.
42.
Newark, burning of, xix. 133.
Newcastle, population of, iii. 98, note.
Newerofskoi, general, at Krasnoi, xv. 313
— reaches Smolensko , 314 — repulses
Ney, 315 — at Borodino, 344 — forces
under, 370 — at the Katzbach, xvii.
178.
Newfoundland, destruction of shipping,
&c. at, v. 304— stipulations of Amiens re-
garding the fisheries, viii. 55, 70 — and of
treaty of Paris, xviii. 404.
Newtonbarry, defeat of the Irish rebels at,
vi. 211.
Ney, Michel, marshal, duke of Elchingen,
and prince of Moskwa, early history and
character of, v. 287, note, xvii. 50, et
seq. — his firmness at Amberg, v. 287,
288 — operations against Kray, vii. 198 —
defeated at Ampfing, 285 — at Hohen-
linden, 288, 290, 291— overruns Switzer-
land, viii. 229 — convention with the
Swiss, 280 — corps of, in Army of Eng-
land, 282 — created marshal, 376 — em-
barkation of the troops at Boulogne
under, ix. 69 — corps under, in the grand
army, 140, note — direction of his march,
141 — advanced to watch Ulm, 148 —
defeats the Austrians at Gunzburg,
149 — check of, at Hasslach, 150 — ap-
proaches Ulm, 151 — victory of, at
Elchingen, 152— carries the heights of
Michelberg, 156 — moved towards the
Tyrol, 169 — operations there, 175, et
seq. 177 — moves to join Massena, 179—
commands the 6th corps, 1806, x. 18,
note — movements before Jena, 25, 30
—at Jena, 33, 36, 37— in pursuit, 51 —
captures Magdeburg, 64 — and Thorn,
108 — movements on the Bug, 113 —
operations against Lestocq, 121 — posi-
tion of his winter-quarters, 123 — sur-
prised by Benningsen, 133 — concen-
trates his troops, 134 — further opera-
tions, 136, 137, 138 — combats with
Lestocq, 141— at Eylau, 142, note, 145,
152— combat of, at Guttstadt, 264, 282
— attacked and driven back at Gutt-
stadt, 285— joined by Lannes, 286— -at
Heilsberg, 289— at Friedland, 302, 303,
304, 306 — revenue bestowed on, xi. 195,
note — corps under, in Spain, xii. 147,
note— at Tudela, 157, 159, 161— further
operations, 167, 171 — movements
against Moore, 172, 176 — xiii. 171 —
operations in Galicia, 217 — captures
Oviedo, 218— joins Soult at Lugo, 218,
235 — operations to intercept Welling-
ton, 238 — disasters in Galicia, and
retreat from it, 248 — retires toward
Leon, 251— defeat of Sir R. Wilson by,
252 — succeeded by Marchand, 255 —
placed under Massena, 306, 322 — com-
mands the rearguard during the retreat,
344 — superseded by Loison, 345 — corps
under, on entering Russia, xv. 369 —
action at Krasnoi, 313 — at Smolensko,
314, 316, 317— at Valutina, 321, 322—
during advance to Moscow, 334 — at
Borodino, 345, 346, 347 — urges retreat-
ing after it, 355, xvi. 14—19 — covers
the march to Malo Jaroslawitz, 21, 25
— at Wiazma, 31 — commands the rear-
guard, 33— able management of it, 39,
48 — battle of Krasnoi, 53 — heroism of
his retreat, 54, 55 — losses during it, 57 —
at the Beresina, 62 — during the retreat
from it, 65 — at Wilna, 72 — and at
Kowno, 73— the last man to leave Rus-
sia, 74 — arrives at Gumbinnen, ib. —
losses of, before the cold, 89, note —
position of, 1813, 188— his corps, 201—
advance to Weissenfels, and junction
with Eugene, 209 — advance to Liitzen,
212— operations there, 214, 215, 220—
losses of his corps, 221, note — moved
toward Berlin, 223 — passage of the
Elbe by, 228— at Bautzen, 235, 237,
242, 244, 245 — operations in Silesia,
xvii. 134, 135— at Dresden, 147, 149,
152 — succeeds Oudinot after Gross
Beeren, 188— forces under, 189 — opera-
tions against Bernadotte, 190 — battle of
Dennewitz, 191, et seq.— errors of, there,
INDEX.
303
Ney, Marshal, continued.
196 — attempts to raise the siege of
Wittemberg, 209 — desertion of Saxon
troops from, 210— retreat of, on Leipsic,
220 — junction with Napoleon, 224 —
reoccupies Dessau, 226 — position at
Mockem, 236— forces, 394— battle of
Mockern , 247 , et seq. —at Leipsic ,257, 263
—during retreat from it, 268, 280, note—
384— forces under, 1814, xviii. 51, 435—
retreat of, before Schwartzenberg, 74 —
at La Rothiere, 82 — at Montmirail,
100 — defeat of the Prussian cavalry by,
ib.— at Craone, 183, 184, 185, 189— at
Laon, 190, 191, 192— drives the Allies
from Chalons, 203 — at Arcis-sur-Aube,
305 — mission from the emperor to the
Allies, 373 — secession from his cause,
ib. 375 — signs the final treaty between
Napoleon and the Allies, 380— his recep-
tion of the Comte d'Artois, 399 —
marches against Napoleon on the return
from Elba, xix. 264 — his betrayal of the
Bourbons, 267 — his own statement
regarding it, ib. note — proclamation
to the army, 268 — forces under him,
404— is sent toward Quatre Bras, 316 —
first movements, 323 — battle of Quatre
Bras, 325— retreats, 330— at Waterloo,
345, 346, 352, 353, 357, 360— report to
the chamber on the state of the army,
xx. 6 — his trial resolved on, 24 — ar-
rested, 25 — tried and condemned, 26 —
his death, 27 — conduct of Wellington
and Louis regarding it, 28.
Ney, madame, xx. 27.
Niagara, falls of, xix. 9.
Niagara, fort, evacuated by the Ameri-
cans, xix. 103 — captured by the British,
134.
Nice, the council of, i. 18.
Nice, Maury created archbishop of, ii.
26— overrun by France, iii. 175, 231 —
and incorporated, 234— formally ceded,
v. 183 — arsenal of, 168 — occupied by
the Austrians, vii. 222.
Nicholas, the emperor, xv. 251, 257.
Nicholl, captain, xi. 116.
Nicols, general, v. 304.
Nicopolis, captured by the Russians, xv.
172— dismantled, 173.
Nidda, repulse of the French at, iii. 235 —
combat at, xvii. 291.
Niebla, besieged by Blake, xiv. 264 —
castle of, destroyed, xv. 76.
Niebuhr, works of, xiv. 10.
Niemen river, the, v. 3 — retreat of the
Russians to, 1806, x. 312 — approach of
the French to, 1812, xv. 281— passage
of it, 282, 284— Augereau brought up
to, 329 — repassage of, during the re-
treat, xvi. 72.
Nieuport, capture of, by the French, iv.
350 — surrendered by treaty of Paris,
xviii. 403.
Nigapatam, capture of, by the British,
xi. 21.
Nightingale, general, at Vimeira, xii. 113.
Niketon, general, at La Rothiere, xviii.
82.
Nile, battle of the, vi. 270, et seq. — its
effect on the schemes of Napoleon, 279
— on the army, 280 — in France, 681
— at Naples, 185 — and in Europe,
Nile river, the, vi. 248 — its inundations,
and their effects, 249 — action between
the flotillas on, 259 — arrival of the
French at, ib. — defeat of the Janizzaries
at, viii. 4 — arrival of the Anglo-Indian
army at, 31.
Nilometer, the, vi. 249.
Nimeguen, capture of, by Pichegru, iv.
371.
Nimes, predominance of the Girondists
at, iv. 119.
Ninon d' Enclos, bequest by, to Voltaire,
i. 137.
Niort, combat at, iii. 347.
Nisas, Carrion, xi. 180.
Nismes, atrocities at, ii. 133— tumults at,
220.
Nive, battle of the, xvii. 362, et ^.—results
of the battles on, 377.
Nivelle, battle of the, xvii. 352, et seq. — ■
its results, 358.
Nizam, territories, &c. of the, xi. 1 — >
alliance with the British, 13 — his deser-
tion of them, 14 — again joins them, 39
— cessions from Mysore to him, 44, 76 —
is refused aid and joins the French, 46,
47 — again joins the British, 65 — cessions
from him, 79.
Nizam Jedeed, the, in Turkey, xv. 150.
Nizza, defeat of Czerny George at, xv.
157.
Noailles, the due de, ii. 31, note.
Noailles, the vicomte de, proposes the
equalisation of taxation, ii. 139 — sup-
ports the abolition of titles of honour,
203— viii. 197.
Noailles, the duchesse de, i. 219.
Nobility, the early, their private wars, L 23
— of modern Europe, origin of, 14 — their
independence of their serfs, ib. — of Eng-
land, political influence of, 47 — their
early dependence on their yeomanry,
60, 61 — subordinated by the power of
the crown, 62— restriction of their rights,
64 — their powers subverted by the wars
of the Roses, 66 — their servility under
the Tudor princes, 67— head the struggle
for freedom, 83 — energy communicated
to them by the freedom of the country,
191— their firmness compared with the
French, iv. 16.
Of France, their early power, i. 24 —
their wars, 78— effect of their withdrawal
to Paris, 86 — their privfleges, 87 — Riche-
lieu's measures to humble them, 88, et
seq. — further depressed under Louis
XIV., 93 — destruction of their power
as a cause of the Revolution, 119— pre-
valence of infidelity among them. 154 —
galling effect of their privileges, 162 — the
Revolution directed against these, 163—
304
INDEX.
Nobility, continued.
their composition, 164 — their exemption
from taxation, 167, 168 — their non-resi-
dence, 170 — feudal services exacted, 171
— their profligacy, 180, et seq. — resist the
extension of taxation to them, 187 —
contempt into which fallen, 189 — their
inefficiency as a political body, 190 —
their divided state, 191 — influence of the
character of Louis XVI. on them, 213 —
the taxation of them designed by Turgot,
244 — resist his measures, 251 — all offices
in the army absorbed by them, 247 —
their enmity to Necker, 271 — their
preponderance in the Notables, 285—
their indignation at Calonne's proposed
measures, 288 — increased rigour in
favour of, in the army, 302 — alienated
from the queen , 303— generality of liberal
opinions among, 309— oppose in Dau-
phiny the measures of Brienne, 329 —
their views regarding the states-general,
333, 334, 343— their error in resisting
taxation, 364, v. 127 — their costume at
the opening of the states-general, ii. 3 — <
their position in the hall, 4, 6— assertion
of privilege by them, 8 — the majority in
favour of separate verification, 10 — resist
the demand for a single assembly, 11 —
their divided state, 12 — their cahiers, ib.
et seq. — the minority advocate junction
with the Tiers Etat, 13 — views of those
of Paris, 16 — their composition in the
assembly, 18, note — continued resistance
of, to the union of the orders, 45 — their
answer to the usurping decree of the
Tiers Etat, 48 — and measures against
the latter, 57 — protest to the king, 58 —
a portion join the Tiers Etat, 69— and,
after remonstrance, the remainder, 71,
73 — commencement of their emigration,
137, 138 — abandonment of feudal rights,
138— repentance of the liberal, 146 —
abolition of titles, 203, 204 — continued
emigration of, 227, 273— its effects, 175,
267, 274—defence of it by Chateaubri-
and, 228, note — effects of their destruc-
tion on freedom, 356, iv. 293, vii. 125,
xx. 43 — rash proceedings of the emi-
grant, iii. 159 — character of those of La
Vendee, 319 — decree for disarming
them, 269 — and banishing them from
France, iv. 212 — courage shown on the
scaffold, 253, 254, note— decrees against
them revoked, v. 91 — Napoleon's mea-
sures for amalgamating them, xi. 196,
197.
Of Poland, military spirit of, xv. 277
— the clergy drawn from them, v. 11 —
their repugnance to trade, 12 — the Rus-
sian, enthusiasm of, 1812, xv. 305 — of
Spain, their degeneracy, iii. 142, xii. 10
— their representation in Sweden, xv.
190.
Noditz, a chief of the Tugendbund, xii.
374.
Nogales, loss of the British military chest
at, xii. 178.
Nogent, retreat of Napoleon to, xviii. 89—
reorganisation of the cavalry at, 91 —
position of Victor at, 93 — captured by
the Allies, 118 — advance of Napoleon
to, and measures there, 135 — the Allies
pass the Seine at, 299.
Noirmoutiers, island of, captured by the
Vendeans, iii. 343 — recaptured, 376.
Nollendorf, combats near, xvii. 203, 205.
Nomad habits of America, the, xix. 31 —
of the Cossacks, xv. 248 — long retained
in Poland, v. 9— influence of, on free-
dom, i. 8.
Nomad race, rise of the, in South America,
xiv. 318— influence of, in Asia, xv. 116
— and of their subjugation by Russia on
Turkey, 146.
Nomination boroughs, advantages of, iii.
101.
Non-intercourse act, passing of the, xiv.
48, 78, xix. 90— repealed, 142.
Non-interference, national, iii. 184.
Non-residence in France, effects of, i. 170
— in Ireland, causes, &c. of, vi. 204.
No-popery riots, firmness of George III.
during the, iii. 104, note, xiv. 15.
Nora, meeting of Alexander and Napoleon
near, xii. 140.
Nordhausen, cession of, to Prussia, viii.
213, note— defeat of Kalkreuth at, x.
51.
Nordlingen, retreat of Kray to, vii. 200 —
ceded to Bavaria, viii. 214, note.
Nordman, general, wounded at Caldiero,
ix. 167— before Wagram, xiii. 25— slain
there, 43.
Norman conquest, the, violence by which
attended, i. 55 — and followed up, 56—
gives rise to the yeomanry, ib. — its fea-
tures subsequently modified, 57 — its im-
portance to freedom, 61— power of the
crown subsequent to, 62.
Norman barons, dependence of, on their
yeomanry in England, i. 60, 61.
Normans, invasion of France by the, i.
78.
Normandy, effects of its separation from
England, i. 61— power of the dukes of,
80 — disturbances in, 1789, ii. 49— cruel-
ties of the peasants in, 135 — Girondist
insurrection in, iv. 120— threatened re-
volt in, 1794, 392.
Normann, general, joins the Allies, xvii.
262, 264.
North, lord, iii. 113.
North, direction of conquest from the,
xvi. 1.
North America, effect of the Revolution
on, i. 1 — destined progress of the British
race in, ix. 319— growth of population
in, xiv. 324— its general character,
scenery, &c. xix. 3— its forests, 4— its
great divisions: the United States, 5,
et seq. — Canada, 8 — its rivers, 11— its
natural forests, 14 — character of the
Aborigines, 14, 15— growth of the Anglo-
Saxon race in, 16— See Canada, the
United States.
INDEX.
305
Northern barbarians, characteristics of
their first invasions, i. 12 — entirely sub-
vert the vanquished, ib. — reduce them
to slavery, 13- — their irruptions succes-
sive, ib. — seize the property of the van-
quished, 14 — originate the classes of
society, ib. — and also representative
governments, 15, 16, 18 — effect of their
rural settlement, 17 — their rapid corrup-
tion, 20, 21 — influence of wealth, &c.
on them, 22 — revival of their energy, 23
— overthrow of the liberty they estab-
lished, 27 — their settlements in Europe
and Asia, 33.
Northern coalition, see Maritime confede-
racy.
Northern Europe, character of, iii. 145.
Northern Germany, contributions of Na-
poleon on, x. 75— insurrection of 1809
in, xii. 358 — rejoicings in, on the Mos-
cow campaign, xvi. 100 — excitement in,
1813, 185— supplies sent by Great Britain
to, 194.
North sea, fisheries of the, iii. 95.
Northern Tyrol, the, xii. 313, 328.
Northumberland, Napoleon sails for St
Helena in the, xx. 16.
Norton, an Indian chief, xix. 103.
Norvins, M., viii. 241.
Norway, physical features of, xv. 189 —
British shipping employed in trade with,
xiv. 369 — its conquest meditated by
Gustavus, xv. 196 — guaranteed in 1812
by Russia to Sweden, 223— its cession
by the treaty of Orebro, xvi. 178, 179,
180 — this agreed to by the Allies, xvii. 60
— by Denmark, xviii. 38-^and fixed by
the congress of Vienna, xix. 232— pre-
parations of Great Britain, &c. to en-
force the annexation, 195— debates on
it in parliament, 196, et seq. — resistance
and subjugation of, 201, et seq. — consti-
tution, &c. 204 — reflections on this
transfer, ib. et seq.— its administration
by Bernadotte, xv. 209.
Norwich, population of, iii. 98, note.
Nossen, skirmish at, xvi. 223.
Nossentin, defeat of Blucher at, x. 60.
Nostitz, general, ix. 191— at Leipsic, xvii.
243— at Vauchamps, xviii. 105— at Fere
Champenoise, 320, 321— at Ligny, xix.
322.
Notables, Calonne's plan for the convoca-
tion of the, i. 282 — is agreed to by the
king, 283— composition of that assem-
bly, 284 — speech of Calonne before,
286 — indignation at his proposed mea-
sures, 289 — and means adopted for elud-
ing them, ib. — their continued resis-
tance, 291 — ending in his overthrow,
292 — his speech dismissing them, 294 —
convoked by Necker, 344 — oppose the
duplication of the Tiers Etat, and the
voting by head, 347.
Notables, the Spanish, meeting and pro-
ceedings of, at Bayonne, xii. 41, 43.
Notre Dame, fete of the goddess of reason
in, iv. 150, 151 — defacement of, decreed,
151 — ceremony in, on the re-establish-
ment of religion, viii. 110 — funeral ser-
vice to Louis XVI. &c. in, xix. 229.
Nottingham, the Luddite disturbances in,
xiv. 50.
Nouveaux anoblis, the, in Fiance, i. 162,
165, 191.
Nouvelle Helo'ise, Rousseau's, i. 147,
149.
Nouvion, general, vi. 159.
Novalese, occupation of, by the French,
vii. 236.
Novarese, annexation of, to the Cisalpine
republic, vii. 279.
Novarra, siege of, by the French, vi.
182.
Novi, surrender of, to the Allies, vi. 366
— battle of, vii. 14 — combats near, 57 —
French expelled from, 59.
Novo Bichow, retreat of the Russians to,
xv. 296.
Novosiltsoff, M., ix. 40, 41.
Noyades at Nantes, the, iii. 380, 382.
Noyon, proposed transference of the as-
sembly to, ii. 84.
Nugent, lord, xix. 244.
Nugent, general, viii. 184 — captures
Fiume, xvii. 315 — overruns Dalmatia,
318.
Numantia, heroism of, xii. 7.
Nuncomar, death of, xi. 20.
Nuns of Montmartre, execution of, iv.
255.
Nuovo Castello, surrender of, to the royal-
ists, vi. 388.
Nura, defeat of the French on the, vi.
383.
Nuremberg, contributions levied by the
French on, v. 301 — French defeated
at, vii. 299 — murder of Palm at, ix.
390.
Nussdorf, the Danube at, xii. 278 — check
of the French at, 279 — feigned prepara-
tions for passage at, xiii. 7.
o.
Obelisk, the Egyptian, iii. 75.
Oberhausen, seizure of the, by Bavaria,
viii. 310.
Oberland, patriotism of the, vi. 150.
Obidos, skirmish at, xii. 108.
Oblique attack and defence, on, vii. 266.
Obrok, tax in Russia called, xv. 241.
VOL. XX.
Ocana, movements before, xiii. 256 — bat-
tle of, 257, et seq.
Ocean, the, at Basque Roads, xiii. 161.
Ochixiany, defeat of the French at, xvi.
70.
Ochs, a Swiss demagogue, vi. 143 — his
schemes, 145, 146, 147 — correspondence
U
306
INDEX.
Ochs, continued.
with the French, 147, note — revolution-
ary proceedings of, 149.
Ochs, general, xvi. 259.
Ochterlony, colonel, xi. 119.
Ocksay, general, vi. 9, 10.
O'Connor, Arthur, vi. 209.
Ocrakoke, capture of American vessels at,
xix. 119.
Octaven, check of Ney at, xiii. 248.
Ockzakoff, capture of, by the Russians,
iii. 133— battle of, 149— Bagrathion at,
xv. 289.
Oder, surrender of the Prussian fortresses
on, x. 58, 271 — their continued occupa-
tion, 324— French forces on, 1812, xv.
218, note — line of, committed to the
national -guard, 329 — retreat of the
French to the, xvi. 81, 114— its line oc-
cupied by Eugene, 114 — abandoned,
and passage of it by the Russians, 115 —
French forces in garrison on the, 188 —
and their state, xvii. 81.
Odessa, acquisition of, by Russia, xv. 262
— head of police at, 256, note.
O'Donnell, general, measures of, for re-
lieving Gerona, xiii. 206 — defeated at
Vich, 313— and at Margalef, 314— suc-
cesses of, against Augereau, 316 — forces
in Catalonia, xiv. 155— successes there,
157— wounded, 158— 349— defeated at
Castalla, xv. 102 — at Soraoren, xvi. 364.
— See further Abisbal.
O'Donoju, Don Juan, xvi. 342.
Oerebro, meeting of the Swedish diet at,
xv. 205— treaties of, 223, xvi. 179.
O'Farril, a Spanish minister, xi. 346, xii. 45.
Offremont, M. de la Salle d', ii. 91.
Ogdenburg, capture of, by the British,
xix. 121.
Og£, colonel, death of, viii. 170.
Oginski, count, xv. 331 — on the treaties of
Tilsit, x. 336.
Oglio river, the, vi. 20 — abandoned by
Moreau, 363.
Ogrodzeniec, castle of, v. 5.
O'Hara, general, at Toulon, iv. 97— xiii.
194.
O'Higgins, general, xiv. 352.
Ohio river, the, xix. 12— basin of, its fer-
tility, 6— -growth of population in valley
of, 19, note.
Ojarowski, defeat of the Russians at, xvi.
52.
Old Prussia, contrast of, to Poland, x.
136.
Old Ragusa, defeat of the Russians at,
x. 128.
Old Russia, entrance of the French into,
xv. 313.
Oldenburg, the duke of, viii. 299 — rein-
stated by Tilsit, x. 322.
Oldenburg, seizure of, by Napoleon, xv.
210 — protest by Alexander against it,
214 — overthrow of the French power in,
xvii. 294.
Oleron, Gave d', passage of, by the Bri-
tish, xviii. 240.
Olia, mount, xvi. 349.
Oliva, mademoiselle, i. 307.
Olivenza, capture of, by the Spaniards,
viii. 47 — ceded to Spain, 48 — captured
by the French, xiii. 338— recaptured by
Beresford, xiv. 244 — reoccupied by the
French, 264 — dismantled by them, 265.
Olivier, general, at the Trebbia, vi. 379,
381, 382— taken prisoner, 383.
Olivo, fort, xiv. 172, 173— storming of, by
the French, 174— captured by the Bri-
tish, xvii. 330.
Ollioulles, defile of, iv. 95— combat in, 96.
Olmedo, death and burial of general
Ferey at, xv. 70.
Olmutz, imprisonment of Lafayette, &c.
in, iii. 9, v. 115 — university of, ix. 123,
note.
Oloneta, general, xiv. 353.
Olonitz, forests of, xv. 229, note.
Olot, defeat of the Spaniards at, xiii. 209.
Olsoofief, general, xviii. 67 — at Brienne,
76, 77 — advance of, toward Paris, 92—
defeat and capture of, at Champaubert,
95, 96.
Omdut ul Omrah, xi. 83.
Ompteda, general, at Waterloo, xix. 344,
359.
Oneglia, destruction of, iii. 232.
O'Neil, Shan, iii. 93, note.
Onore, capture of, by the British, xi. 23.
Onore, Fuentes d', see Fuentes.
Onslow, admiral, at Camperdown, v. 366,
367.
Ontario, lake, xix. 9 — successes of the
British on, 127 — capture of their fleet
on, 130 — operations on, 1814, 166.
Opatowin, convention regarding, xvi. 176.
Opernin, combat at, x. 113.
Oporto, the bishop of, xiii. 215.
Oporto, revolt of, against the French, xii.
101 — storming of, by Soult, xiii. 215 —
his inaction there, 222 — captured by
Wellington, 229, et seq.
Opozzoni, cardinal, xvi. 143, note.
Oppen, general, xvii. 312.
Opulence, effects of, on freedom, i, 9 —
effects of its spread in the feudal nobi-
lity, 27— and in France, 113 — causes
which retard its enervating influence,
116, 117.
Orange, prince of, operations under, 1793,
iv. 59 — at Fleurus, 346 — winter cam-
paign as planned by, 383 — departs for
England, 384— his death, vi. 339.
Orange, prince of, stipulations of Amiens
regarding, viii. 70 — his German posses-
sions conferred on Murat, ix. 375 — at
Auerstadt, x. 42, 43 — taken prisoner
atErfurth, 49 — severity of Napoleon to,
75 — xii. 370 — lands in Holland, xvii.
311 — xix. 313 — position of his corps,
1815, 314 — at Quatre Bras, 325— at
Waterloo, 353— is wounded, 359.
Orange, prisoners at, proposed massacre of,
iv. 267.
Orangemen in Ireland, the, vi. 208.
Oratoire, the, debates at, ii. 149.
INDEX.
307
Orba, valley of, occupied by the French,
v. 54.
Orbaizitza, foundery of, destroyed, iv.
365.
Orbitello, defeat of the Neapolitans at,
vi. 190.
Orcha, retreat of the French to, xvi. 55,
57.
Orci, surrender of, to the Allies, vi. 366.
Ordal, pass of, forced by the French, xiv.
157 — defeat of the British at, xvii.
336.
Ordaner, general, arrest of d'Enghien by,
viii. 346.
Orde, admiral Sir John, ix. 54, 56.
Orders, universality of, in Russia, xv.
238.
Orders in Council, the British, of April
5th and May 16th, 1806, xi. 151, note
— of 7th January 1807, 155— of 11th
November, 157 — debates on them, and
arguments against, 159 — for, 162 — their
justice, 167— their policy, 169— evasion
of them by the license system, 173 — •
effects of them, xiv. 48, 77 — debates on
their repeal, arguments for it, 78 — and
against, 83 — are repealed, 85 — reflec-
tions on the debate, 86 — their effect on
the United States, xix. 88.
Ordnance, expenditure by Great Britain
for, ix. 312, note.
Ordonnance, companies of, instituted in
France, i. 85.
Orebro, see Oerebro.
O'Reilly, captain, xviii. 240.
O'Reilly, general, xii. 264.
Orense, the bishop of, heroic conduct of,
xii. 46— xiv. 127.
Orgon, danger of Napoleon at, xviii. 386.
Orgullo, monte, xvi. 347 — storming of,
382.
Orient, man-of-war, sailing of, vi. 243—
at the Nile, 272— blows up, 273.
Orinoco, river, xiv. 293, 297 — its rapids,
299 — its forest scenery, 300 — its floods,
301 — the inhabitants of its banks,
298.
Orion, the, at Cape St Vincent, v. 343,
345.
Orissa, cession of, to the British, xi. 6.
Orkhan, institution of Janizzaries by, xv.
139.
Orkneys, fisheries of the, iii. 95.
Orleans, the regent, profligacy of, i. 180,
181, note.
Orleans, the due d', father of Egalite,
• urges recalling the parliaments, i. 229
—his death, 298.
Orleans, Philippe Egalite-, due d', profli-
gacy of, i. 183, 299, note — supports re-
calling the parliaments, 229 — connected
with the riots of 1775, 240, note — origin
of his party's enmity to the queen, 297
— his character, and that of his party,
ib. — calumnies by, regarding the queen,
300 — excluded from court, 303 — use
made of the diamond necklace affair,
307— resists the measures of Brieune,
318— exiled from Paris, ib.— recalled,
319 — in favour of voting by head in the
States-general, 356 — his opinion regard-
ing them, 357 — his connexion with the
riot at Reveillon's, 360, ii. 44— his de-
meanour on the meeting of the States-
general, ii. 3— his reception on that oc-
casion, 4 — stakes his seat among the
Tiers Etat, 5 — advocates junction with
the Latter, 13 — heads the liberal noblesse,
17 — views of his partisans, 39 — forma-
tion of the club Montrouge by, ib. — con-
tinues to urge junction with the Tiers
Etat, 45 — himself joins them, 69 — his
alleged munificence, 84 — plans of his
supporters, 85 — their efforts to rouse
the mob, 88 — their connexion with the
Bastille insurrection , 109— his indecision ,
110 — connexion with the revolt of the
5th October, 168, 190— his designs in it,
161, 164— and failure of these, 171 —
sent to England, 128 — impeached for
his connexion with the revolt, 212 —
his declining influence, 213— abandoned
by Mirabeau, 230 — at the massacres of
the prisons, iii. 23 — elected member for
the Convention , 35 — democratic changes
proposed by, 37 — votes for the king's
death, 69 — his failing popularity, 248—
denounced by the Jacobins, 272, 274 —
trial and execution of, iv. 143, et seq.
Orleans, the due d', son of the above, see
Chartres.
Orleans, bishop of, ii. 222, note.
Orleans, atrocities at, ii. 133, 134— high
court of, established, 199 — murder of
prisoners at, iii. 30— exactions of La-
plan che in, iv. 127 — opposition of,
to the constitution of 1795, v. 120 —
threatened by the Allies, xviii. 119.
Orloff, colonel, negotiates the capitulation
of Paris, xviii. 347, 353.
Orloff Denisoff, general, at Winkowo,
xvi 18, 19 — successes of, during the
retreat from Moscow, 40 — at Leipsic,
xvii. 244 — during the pursuit, 282— at
Hanau, 284.
Ormenan, M. d*, ii. 136, note.
Ormesson, M. d', minister of finance, i.
277— deficit under, 186, note— on the
convocation of the States-general, 313.
Ornano, general, at Borodino, xv. 349—
xvii. 383.
Oropesa, junction of "Wellington and
Cuesta at, xiii. 237 — captured by Suchet,
xiv. 191— and fortified by him, xvi. 314.
Orpheus, capture of the Frolic by, xix.
137.
Orquijo, Mariano d', xiv. 221.
Orsova, capture of, iii. 149.
Ortegal, cape, naval action at, ix. 93.
Orteler Spitz, the, vi. 127, 134, xii. 313,
332.
Ortenau, the, ceded to Modena, viii. 213
— in part ceded to Baden, ix. 224.
Orthes, position of Soult at, xviii. 241—
battle of, 243, et seq.
Osmiana, escape of Napoleon at, xvi. 76.
308
INDEX.
Osopo, capture of, by the French, vi. 9 —
surrendered to the Allies, xviii. 287.
Osselin, connexion of, with the 10th
August, ii. 352 — a member of the revo-
lutionary tribunal, iii. 11 — elected for
the Convention, 35 — impeaches Robes-
pierre, 38.
Ostend, capture of, by the French, iii.
225 — works at, viii. 165 — visit of Napo-
leon to, 321 — construction of the
camps, &c. at, ix. 47 — surrendered by
treaty of Paris, xviii. 403.
Ostermann Tolstoy, general count, forces
under, 1805, ix. 143 — operations in
Hanover, 224 — operations in 1806, x.
91, 109— repulsed at Cznarnowo, 113 —
and at Nasielsk, 114— at Pultusk, 116,
118, 134— at Eylau, 144, 149— opposes
retreating, 152 — forces under, 281 —
operations against Massena, 312, note
— at Ostrowno, xv. 299— at Borodino,
344, 348, 350— at Winkowo, xvi. 18—
forces under, 1813, xvii. 388—156—
operations against Vandamme, and their
importance, 163, 164 — first battle of
Culm, 165, et seq. — second, 168, et seq.
— is wounded there, 167 — defeated before
Dresden, 296 — reinforced, and resumes
the siege, 297.
Osterrade, the Swedes defeated at, xvii.
295.
Ostrach, battle of, vi. 331.
Ostra Gehege, last review of Napoleon at,
xvii. 116.
Ostro, repulse of the French at, x. 127.
Ostrog, junction of Russian corps at, xvi.
45.
Ostrogoths, settlement of the, in Austria,
ix. 111.
Ostrolenka, combat of, x. 159.
Ostrowck, combat at, xii. 368.
Ostrowno, combat of, xv. 298, 299.
Oswald, general, at the Carrion, xv. 94 —
at Vitoria, xvi. 336— xvii. 354.
Oswego, capture of, by the British, xix.
144.
Otranto, occupation of, by the French,
vii. 326.
Otricoli, defeat of the Neapolitans at, vi.
190.
Ott, M., French agent in England, vii.
271, 272 — negotiations with Austria,
xvi. 170, 171.
Ott, general, vi. 340 — at the passage of
the Adda, 364 — position at the Trebbia,
375, 376— operations there, 377, 378—
and in pursuit, 383— repulsed at Sasse-
colo, 383 — operations against Macdon-
ald, vii. 7 — at Novi, 12, 14— at San
Dalmazzo, 58 — operations at siege of
Genoa, 209, 213, 214, 215— at Monte-
bello, 240, 241 — at Marengo, 247,
249.
Otto, general, at Troisville, iv. 336— at
Turcoing, 339.
Otto, M. , negotiates the terms of Amiens,
viii. 54, et seq. — correspondence relating
to the attacks of the English press, 240
—ambassador at Vienna, xvi. 173— re-
called, 174.
Ottolini, M., vi. 24.
Ottomans, decline of the power of, v. 23—
their contests with the Poles, 21. — See
Turkey.
Ottsted, meeting of Alexander and Napo-
leon near, xii. 140.
Otway, colonel, xii. 174.
Ouanaminthe, massacre at, viii. 175.
Oubril, M. d', Russian ambassador to
France, viii. 299, 301 — warlike note
from, to the French government, 305 — •
second memorial of, 308 — leaves Paris,
ib. — on the death of d' Enghien, 355 —
secret stipulations relative to Prussia,
ix. 376— treaty concluded, 1806, 379—
which is disavowed, 381 — his instruc-
tions, ib.
Oude, the princesses of, xi. 21.
Oude, the vizier of, reinstated, xi. 6 — >
cessions from, to the British, 81.
Oudinot, Charles Nicholas, marshal, and
duke of Reggio, birth and early career
of, vi. 327, note — his first services, 327
— successes of, in the Grisons, 328 — at
Feldkirch, 330— defeat of Petrasch by,
352 — successes in the Alps, 1799> vii.
23 — passage of the Limmat by, 31,
32, 34 — 213 — at the passage of the
Mincio, 316 — opposed to the re-estab-
lishment of religion, viii. 110 — at Ver-
tingen, ix. 147— at Amstetten, 181, 182
—at the capture of the bridge of Vienna,
190 — operations against Bagrathion,
193— at Austerlitz, 205— at Eylau, x.
142, note— at Ostrolenka, 160— at the
siege of Dantzic, 278, 279— at Fried-
land, 305 — xi. 196, note, xii. 212 —
during campaign of Echmuhl, 217, 219,
222, 223, 227— at Echmuhl, 235, 237—
at Aspern, 291, 293, 294 — advocates
retreating, 302 — at the passage of the
Danube, xiii. 27— at Wagram, 32, 33,
35, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47 — created marshal,
54 — operations in pursuit, 56 — opera-
tions in Holland, 291 — defeated at
Polotsk, xv. 307 — and again at Svoiana,
327— wounded, 328— his corps, 369—
operations planned against him, xvi. 6,
note — at Smoliantzy, 44 — defeats
Tchichagoff, 57 — joins Napoleon, 58 —
at the Beresina, 60, 61, 62 — entire dis-
organisation of his corps, 65 — forces
under, 1813, 201, note — advances to
Liitzen, 212— movements after it, 223—
at Bautzen, 238, 230, 242, 243— repulse
of, at Luckaw, 260 — forces and position
of, 1813, xvii. 76, note, 79, 384— move-
ments against Bernadotte, 183 — battle
of Gross Beeren, 184 — succeeded by
Ney, 188— at Dennewitz, 192, 193, 194
—his corps dissolved, 209, 224— forces
at Leipsic, 394 — operations there, 241,
257, 260— his corps again dissolved, 281
—at La Rothiere, xviii. 82, 84— forces
under, 1814, 435 — new corps formed
under him, 91 — position, &c. at Bray,
INDEX.
309
Oudinot, continued.
93 — movements to join Napoleon, 107,
118 — junction between them, 120 —
movements against Wittgenstein, ib. — •
defeats the Bavarians, 122— at Bar-sur-
Aube, 168, 169— retreats after it, 171—
joins Macdonald, and defeated at La
Guillotiere, 172— joins Napoleon, 300—
302— at Arcis-sur-Aube, 307, 309—373
— on the return from Elba, xix. 265 —
defection of the troops under, 270.
Ouisconsin river, the, xix. 12.
Oula, operations on the, xvi. 44.
Ourcq, canal of, viii. 165.
Outard, defeat of the Americans on the,
xix. 131.
Ouvaroff, count, vii. 390, note— at Aus-
terlitz, ix. 211 — at Friedland, x. 299
— attends Alexander at Tilsit, 316 —
corps of, 1812, xv. 370— at Borodino,
349.
Ouvaroff, colonel, x. 114.
Ouvrard, M., speculations of, ix. 328 —
advances of, to government, 329 —
bankruptcy of, 330— arrested by Napo-
leon, 333 — intrigues of, between
Fouche" and tho British government,
xiii. 288.
Oviedo, capture of, by the French, xiii.
218 — reoccupied by them, xiv. 280.
Owen, captain, viii. 277, ix. 53.
Oxford, the Allied sovereigns at, xviii.
411.
Oycow, castle of, v. 5.
Ozoppo, evacuation of, by the French,
vi.219.
Pacca, cardinal, account of the state
prisoners of France by, xi. 210 — cha-
racter of, and attempt of the French to
seize him, xiii. 131 — his share in the
transactions of 1809, 132 — arrested,
134 — imprisoned at Fenestrelles, 136 —
is liberated, xvi. 148— joins the pope at
Fontainbleau, 149.
Pache, mayor of Paris, demands the ex-
pulsion of the Girondists, iii. 277 —
hypocrisy of, 286, 289 — organises the
revolt of the 31st May, 288 — his ad-
ministration, iv. 117 — abjures Christian-
ity, 149.
Pachira river, xiv. 295.
Pack, general, at Busaco, xiii. 329 — at
storming of Ciudad Rodrigo, xv. 9, 11,
12 — at Salamanca, 59, 60, 63 — at
Burgos, 85 — at Vitoria, xvi. 336 — at
Toulouse, xviii. 275 — in the "Waterloo
campaign, xix. 307 — at Quatre Bras,
326— at Waterloo, 347.
Pacthod, general, in Holland, vii. 51— at
Raab, xiii. 11, 12— at Wagram, 42, 46
— at Dennewitz, xvii. 193 — at Fere
Champenoise, xviii. 321, 322, 323 —
taken prisoner, 323.
Paderborn, cession of, to Prussia, viii. 209,
213— and by her, x. 324, note.
Padua, city of, v. 152 — occupied by the
French, vi. 31 — democratic revolt in,
32,34.
Paestum, plain of, v. 157.
Paez, general, xiv. 350.
Paget, Sir Arthur, iv. 369.
Paget, Sir Edward, at Quintana, xv. 89
— taken prisoner, 97.
Paggio, a Neapolitan leader, vi. 198, 200.
Pahlen, count, vii. 276 — heads the con-
spiracy against Paul, 389, 390— ix. 136
—commands the rearguard in 1812, xv.
300 — forces under, 370 — advance toward
Dresden, xvii. 199— defeats Murat, 228
— at Leipsic, 261 — at Brienne, xviii.
76, 77, 78— at Nangis, 121— at Bar-sur-
Aube, 168, 169 — check of Macdonald
by, 171— at La Guillotiere, 172, 173— at
Arcis-sur-Aube, 308 — junction with
Chernicheff, 312— at Fere Champenoise,
321 — operations against Marmont and
Mortier, 325, 326— at battle of Paris,
342, 344.
Pain, counsellor of Alexander, ix. 136.
Paine's Rights of Man, iv. 311, note.
Paisley, population of, iii. 98, note.
Pajares, defeat of the Spaniards at, xiii.
217.
Pajazo, defeat of the Spaniards at, xii.
65.
Pajol, general, xix. 373, 400.
Pakenham, Sir Edward, wounded at
Badajos, xv. 25 — at Salamanca, 59, 60,
61, 65, 66— at New Orleans, xix. 168—
his death, 170 — his errors there, 174.
Palacatchery, capture of, xi. 24.
Palaces, expenditure by Napoleon on,
xvi. 154, note.
Palacios, the marquis, xii. 96.
Palafox, Don Francisco, xiii. 176.
Palafox, Don Josef, xi. 359 — appointed
governor of Aragon, xii. 39 — defeated
at Huecha, 56— again at Gallur, 57 —
retreats into Saragossa, ib. — attempts to
relieve it, but is defeated, 59 — returns
to it, 60— his defence, 62, et seq— army
under, 148 — defeated at Tudela, 157,
158 — 160 — preparations at Saragossa,
xiii. 174 — the second siege, 175, et seq.
— capitulates, 182— cruelty of Lannes
to him, 185 — Napier's aspersions on
him, xii. 60, xiii. 185, notes.
Palais Bourbon, the, ii. 85.
Palais Royal, the, and its coterie, i. 298 —
the focus of the Orleanists, ii. 70 — the
mob repelled at, iii. 289.
Palamos, capture of, by the French, xiii.
202— defeat of French detachments at,
xiv. 158.
Palatine, the archduke, xiii. 10.
Palatines of Poland, the, v. 13.
310
INDEX.
Palencia, capture of, by the French, xii.
55, 56 — advance of Wellington to, xv.
83— combats at, 93.
Palestine, the French soldiers in, in. 315.
Palfi, general, vii. 215.
Paliul, defeat of the Allies at, iv. 348.
Pallas, M., xv. 230.
Palm, murder of, ix. 389— its effects, 391.
Palma Nuova, capture of, by the French,
vi. 9 — restored to Austria, 20 — evacua-
tion of, by the French, 219 — besieged
by the Austrians, xvii. 319— surrendered
to the Allies, Xviii. 287.
Palmer, trial of, for treason, iv. 311.
Palmerston, lord, xx. 104, note.
Palombini, general, at Albufera, xiv. 198,
199— withdrawn from Spain, xv. 35 —
captures Castro, xvi. 321 — forces under,
1813, xvii. 385 — operations in Italy,
314.
Pampas of South America, the, xiv. 293,
301, 309.
Pampeluna, seizure of, by the French, xi.
319 — its blockade by the British, xvi.
343, 346 — siege raised, 362 — and re-
sumed, xvii. 338, 349 — its surrender,
350.
Pamphlets, publication of, in Paris,
1788-9, i. 333, 334, 356.
Pan, Mallet du, ii. 320.
Panama, government of, xiv. 332.
Pancorvo, storming of, xvi. 344.
Pandours, the, ix. 112.
Panis, connexion of, with the 10th
August, ii. 352— and with the massacres
of the prisons, hi. 29, note— member of
the Convention, 35— iv. 186— doomed
by Robespierre, 263, 264, note.
Pantchenlidzeff, general, xviii. 83.
Pantheon, burial of Mirabeau in, ii. 234
— and of Marat, iv. 155 — club of the
Jacobins under, vi. 82.
Paoli, defence of Corsica by, i. 200, iv.
319 — intercourse of Napoleon with, v.
137.
Papal states, extent, population, &c. of,
v. 160, note— agreements regarding, at
Tilsit, x. 328 — annexations from, to
France, xi. 283 — the confiscation of,
xiii. 125, et seq. — their incorporation
with France, 138 — independence of,
demanded by the Allies, xvii. 104.— See
also Rome.
Paper currency, causes which affect the
value of, v. 323 — that of Austria, ix
108, 130 — commencement of system in
Great Britain, v. 322 — effect of in-
creased, vii. 156— tables of its amount,
viii. 79, ix. 314, xiv. 58, 367, 376— its
alleged depreciation, 60, 61 — expansion
of it, xx. 79 — its effect toward the close
■ of the war, 80 — tables of it compared
with price of gold, 81 — that of France,
see Assignats — in Russia, xv. 217 — in
the United States, xix. 24, 25— conven-
tion of London regarding, xvii. 59.
Par, colonel, xviii. 123.
Paraguay river, the, xiv. 296, 314.
Paraguay, insurrection in, xiv. 341.
Parana river, the, xiv. 296.
Pare aux cerfs, the, i. 181, 182.
Pardo, palace of, xii. 165.
Parga, summoning of, by the French, x.
261.
Parima, lake, xiv. 297.
Paris, the archbishop of, ii. 51, 57, 58 —
supports the separation of the orders,
58, 59, 64—141, 144.
Paris, general, at Orthes, xviii. 241, 247 — i
at Bigorre, 255.
Paris, city of, the resort of the nobility, i.
86, 90, 91 — its extent in 1789,166—
profligacy of the lower orders, 185— its
preponderance, and influence of this
on the Revolution, 193 — democratic
tendency in, ib. — fete on the marriage
of Louis XVI. 216 — accident which
occurred, 217 — riots in 1775, 239 — state
of the police in 1788, 337— riots in that
year, ib. — excitement during the elec-
tions, 351 — great distress, 1788, ib — the
elections, 354, etseq. — first interference
of, with the government, ii. 10 — sup-
ports the Tiers Etat in their struggle,
11 — cahiers of the noblesse of, 13 —
views of the populace on the States-
general, 16 — first democratic clubs, 38 —
excitement during the contest between
the orders, 40, 70 — exultation on their
union, 75 — agitation on the bringing
up of troops, 77 — scarcity, 78 — com-
mencement of the first insurrection, 85
— its progress on Necker's dismissal, 87,
et seq. — municipality first organised, 91
— excitement after the taking of the
Bastille, 103— reception of the king, 109
— its state, 114 — agitation and increas-
ing scarcity, 119, 120, et seq. — new
organisation of the municipality, 122 —
primary assemblies, 123— reception of
Neckeronhis restoration, 127 — murder
of Foulon and Berthier, 128 — and of a
farmer, 130 — rejoicings on the abolition
of feudal rights, 141 — increasing distress
and anarchy, 148, 149, 157, 160— excite-
ment caused by the Versailles banquet,
163 — insurrection, 164 — journey of the
king to, 171, et seq.— fatal effects of the
removal of the Assembly to, 174, 177 —
its increasing predominance, 175 — its
corruption, 177 — tumults in, 179, 181 —
effects of its predominance, 188 — new
hall of the assembly, 189 — the national
guard, 207 — the pikemen, 208 — rejoic-
ings on the anniversary of the capture
of the Bastille, 212 — tumults after the
affair of Nancy, 219 — increasing impor-
tance of the clubs, 225 — feeling in, on
the death of Mirabeau, 234— flight of
the royal family from, 239 — consterna-
tion on this, 244, 246— their return to
it, 245 — and reception, 248 — Petioh
elected mayor, 3Q3 — agitation during
1792, 314, 315— report of Petion on its
state, 315— revolt of the 20th June, 323
— effect of the Prussian proclamation,
INDEX.
311
Paris, continued.
339 — insurrection of the 10th August,
341, et seq. — state of, after it, iii. 4 — ex-
citement caused by the advance of the
Allies, 13 — and on the massacres of the
prisons, 17 — elections for the Conven-
tion, 35 — report by Roland on, 40 —
supremacy of the sections, 46 — they
agitate for the king's trial, 49 — excite-
ment during it, 68 — consternation after
his death, 244, 245 — increased distress,
1793, 251, 280— tumults in, 253, 254—
indecision of parties in, 256 — agitation
on Duiuourier's flight, 270 — the sections
denounce the Girondists, 271 — agitation
on the trial of Marat, 277 — and against
the commission of Twelve, 283 — insur-
rection of 31st May, 288, et seq. — and
of 2d June, 292 — consternation on the
successes of the Vendeans, 363 — its ad-
ministration by Chaumette and Pache,
iv. 117 — its supremacy over the pro-
vinces, ib. — scheme of the Girondists to
overthrow this, 123 — state of the prisons,
131, 161 — abjuration of Christianity,
149 — state of morals, 153, 160 — scarcity
and tumults, 159 — manufacture of arms,
163 — measures for providing subsistence,
164 — effects of the law of the maximum,
168 — violence of the mob, 169 — increas-
ing scarcity, 172, 173 — fast from animal
food decreed, 173 — agitation on the
arrest of Danton, 194 — strangers and
ex-nobles banished, 212 — and all clubs
suppressed save the Jacobins, 213 —
prisoners in, and their condition, 216,
et seq. — system of espionage in, 222 —
detailed statement of executions, 244 —
apathy of the better classes, 258 — in-
creasing horror at the executions, 259 —
on the 9th Thermidor, 281, et seq. — re-
establishment of the Ecole Militaire,
manufacture of arms, &c. 330 — contests
betweens the Jacobins and Thermido-
rians, v. 88 — state of manners, 91 —
misery in, 99 — insurrection of 20th May,
100 — measures to alleviate the distress,
108, 109 — reorganisation of the national
guard, 110 — agitation against the con-
stitution of 1795, 118 — royalist commit-
tee, ib. — insurrection organised, and its
overthrow, 121 — rejoicings on the battle
of Areola, 232— state of manners, 1796,
vi. 68, 92 — depressed state of, 71 —
cessation of the distribution of food,
72— failure of Babceuff to rouse, 86—
royalist tendency of the press, 1797, 95
— Napoleon's reception, and mode of
life, 1797, 230— indifference in, during
the 30th Prairial, vii. 81 — Napoleon's
reception on his return from Egypt, 93
—excitement on the 18th Brumaire,
105 — joy on the overthrow of the
Directory, 115 — centralisation of power
in, 129 — commencement of Napoleon's
designs for embellishing, 177 — his re-
• ception after Marengo, 257 — rejoicings
on the peace of Luneville, 330— resump-
tion of religious observances in, viii. Ill
— its aspect, 1802, 146 — improvements
in, 1803, 165— joy on the peace of
Amiens, 166 — excitement on the arrest
of Moreau, &c. 341 — and on the trial
of Georges, &c. 361, 363, 365— return
of Napoleon to, after Austerlitz, ix.
229, 326 — public works in, 336— the
Temple of Glory, x. 104 — the Bourse,
105 — consternation on the battle of
Eylau, 162— public works, 1807, 265—
meeting of the Jewish Sanhedrim, 269
— rejoicings on the return of Napoleon
after Tilsit, xi. 175— fete, 176— progress
of etiquette, 200— public works, 205 —
return of Napoleon to, from Spain, xil.
176 — and after the peace of Vienna, xiii.
106 — reception of the pope at, 12(5 —
entry of Napoleon and Marie Louise, 281
— birth of the King of Rome at, xv.
215 — rejoicings on it, 216 — departure
of Napoleon for Russia, 278 — and
his return, xvi. 67, 129 — consternation
on the disasters there, 130 — effect
produced by Malet's conspiracy, 137
— the urban guard suppressed, 140
—supplies of men voted by, 1813, 142
— Napoleon designs it to be the seat
of the pope, 144, 145 — his object
in embellishing it, 146 — cost of public
works, 154 — arrival of Schwartzen-
berg as ambassador at, 175 — depar-
ture of Napoleon from, 198 — his habits
at, xvii. 43 — his arrival after Leipsic,
xviii. 3 — discontent against him, 5— re-
organisation of the national guard, 72 —
progress of Blucher toward, and alarm
in, 91 — rejoicings on Napoleon's suc-
cesses, 107 — royalist committee in, 110
— alarm in, before Montereau, 119 —
general despondency, 161 — alarm on
Blucher's advance to Meaux, 175 — its
situation after Laon, 299 — the Allies
resolve on the march to>313, 314 — com-
mencement of it, 315 — retreat of Mar-
mont and Mortier on it, and advance
of the Allies, 326, 331— their first sight
of it, 332— its state, and preparations
for defence, 333 — description of it as a
military station, 336 — its buildings, 337
—forces, 339— battle of, 341— its capitu-
lation agreed to, 347 — the heights round
it occupied by the Allies, ib. — results of
the battle, 349 — Napoleon's return to-
ward it, 350— he hears of its fall, 351—
the Allies prepare to enter it, 352 —
terms of the capitulation, 353 — inter-
view of the magistrates with Alexander,
354 — Sacken appointed governor, 355—
state of public feeling, ib. — first efforts
of the royalists, 356 — entry of the Allied
sovereigns, ib. — transports of the people,
357 — effect of the Allied declaration
against Napoleon, 364 — thanksgiving
of the Allies, 397— entry of the Comte
d'Artois, 399— and of Louis XVIII.
400— first treaty of, 401, et seq.— its
secret articles, 405 — scene exhibited by
312
INDEX.
Paris, continued.
it, 407 — great review of the Allied
troops, 410 — effects of its occupation on
France, 414 — preparations on Napo-
leon's landing from Elba, xix. 261 —
flight of Louis XVIII. 270— and arrival
of Napoleon, 272 — great division of
opinion in, 302— fortified by Napoleon,
305 — first rumours of Waterloo at, xx. 1
— Napoleon's arrival, 2— attempts to de-
fend it against Wellington, 8 — its capitu-
lation, 8, 9 — entrance of the Allies, 11
—and of Louis XVIII. 12— its condi-
tion, ib. — removal of works of art from,
17 — breach of the capitulation with re-
gard to Ney, 29— statistics of births in,
53 — and of the public hospitals, 54 —
consumption of animal food in, ib. 55 —
reinterment of Napoleon at, 104.
Paris, murder of Lepelletier by, iii. 248.
Parker, captain, at Boulogne, viii. 51.
Parker, Sir Hyde, commands the Baltic
fleet, and operations, vii. 371, 379, 393,
394.
Parker, Richard, the leader of the
mutiny at the Nore, v. 333 — execution
of, 336.
Parliaments, origin of, i. 17 — become gene-
ral over Europe, 18.
Parliament of England, establishment of,
i. 53 — its servility under the Tudor
princes, 25, 67.
Parliament, the British, debates in,. on
the Canadian constitution, iii. 117 — on
the war, 1793, iv. 4, et seq. — on parlia-
mentary reform, 9, et seq. — and 1831,
14, note — bill against correspondence
with France, 17 — feeling in, on the
execution of the king, 18, 19 — debates
on the suspension of the Habeas Corpus
act, 309, et seq.— on the war, 1794, 312,
et seq. 369, et seq.— -1795, v. 46, et seq.—
and 1796, 254, et seq.— supplies voted, 256
— debates on the bill against seditious
meetings, 257, et seq. — on the suspension
of cash payments, 321, et seq. — on re-
form, 1797, 325— on the war, 328— sup-
plies voted, 329 — on the mutiny of the
fleet, 334— -on the volunteer system, vi.
119— financial measures, 1799, 320—
supplies voted, 321 — debates on the
war, vii. 139 — supplies voted, 153 — de-
bates on the union of Ireland, and
views of parties in it, 155 — measures for
relieving the famine, 1800, 158 — ground
taken by the Opposition with regard to
neutral rights, 342— debates on the
northern confederacy, 361 — on the
peace of Amiens, viii. 61 — unanimity in
support of the war, 1802, 247 — debates
on it, 1803, 254 — defensive preparations,
283— supplies voted, 1804, 292— debates
on the war with Spain, 1804, 327 — sup-
plies voted, 1805, ix. 9— measures with
regard to Ireland, ib. — charges against
Lord Melville, and his trial, 10 — debates
on the Catholic question, 11 — Pitt's
speech on his financial resolutions of
1786, 259— and on proposing the sink-
ing fund, 261 — debates on the new
finance system of 1798, 289 — on the in-
come tax, 294 — on Windham's military
system, x. 170— on the abolition of the
slave trade, 184 — on Lord Henry Petty's
financial system, 198— debates on the
Catholic question, 1807, 232 — and on
the. conduct of the king regarding it,
237 — dissolved, 240 — proceedings on the
prosecution of Hastings, xi. 28 — discus-
sion on Fox's India bill, 34 — on the
orders in council, 159 — on the Copen-
hagen expedition, 265 — on the Spanish
insurrection, xii. 48 — on the charges
against the Duke of York, xiii. 86, 87—
on the Walcheren expedition, 88 —
on the Peninsular war, 1809, 148 — on
its continuance, 297 — on the regency
bill, xiv. 17, — proceedings against
Burdett, 44 — illegality of these, 46 — ■
measures to relieve the commercial dis-
tress, 49 — and for suppressing the Lud-
dite disturbances, 50 — introduction of
Romilly into, 51— debates on the bullion
report, 60 — introduction of Huskisson,
74 — debates on repealing the orders in
council, 77 — first appearance of
Brougham, 88 — debates on the Penin-
sular war, 92— supplies voted, 1811, 101
— 1812, 102 — on the conduct of the war,
1813, xvi. 277 — on Vansittart's system
of finance, 289 — pacific declaration of
the prince-regent, 1813, xviii. 12 — sup-
plies voted, 13 — honours conferred on
Wellington, his reception, &c. xix. 193
— debates on the annexation of Norway,
196 — on the corn laws, 208 — and rela-
tive to the war in 1815, 284.
Parliament of Grenoble, the, i. 314, 315,
Parliament of Normandy, i. 261.
Parliament of Paris, nature and functions
of the, i. 128 — commencement of its
contests with the crown, ib. et seq. —
secures the suppression of the Jesuits,
130 — its suppression, 198, 199, note— its
restoration , 231 — its first measures, 232 —
sides with the insurgents in 1775, 239 — re-
sistance of, to Turgot, 251, et seq. — and
to the finance measures of Brienne, 312 —
demands the convocation of the states-
general, ib. 314 — impeaches Calonne, 313
— unpatriotic character of its measures,
314 — real views, ib. — banished to Troyes,
315 — compromise entered into, 316 —
refuses to register the edict authorising
loans, 318 — further measures, 319 — pro-
test against the Cour Pleniere, 321 — .
exposition of the constitution of France,
322 — its conduct on the arrest of
Espr£m£nil, 323— protests against it, 324
— supported by the other parliaments,
ib. — edict modifying it, 326, note— re-
jects Lamoignon's six edicts, 326 —
supported by the people, 328 — its con-
duct on the riots of 1788, 339 — opposes
the duplication of the Tiers Etat, 346—
INDEX.
313
Parliament of Paris, continued.
loses its popularity, ib. — urges the dis-
solution of the states-general, ii. 64.
Parliaments of France, origin of their
struggles with the crown, i. 127 — their
powers and functions, 129— victory over
the Jesuits, 130 — exclusion of the Tiers
Etat from, 165 — their character as law
courts, 174, 202 — their resistance to new
taxes, 187 — their suppression by Louis
XV., 197, et seq. — advantage of seats
being purchaseable in them, 203 — their
independence and patriotism, 204 — re-
call of, and its importance, 230, 231 —
still resist new taxes, 274 — support that
of Paris, 324 — their views regarding the
states-general, 334 — their general con-
duct, and its effects, 365 — suppression of,
ii. 187, 199.
Parliaments of Poland, the, v. 18.
Parliamentary reform, debates on, 1793,
iv. 9, et'seq.— 1797, v. 325, et seq.— 1831,
iv. 14, note.
Parma, the inquisition abandoned in, iii.
145 — its extent, &c. v. 160, note — in-
vaded by the French, 187— democratic
excitement in, 1796, 201 — the duke
created king of Etruria, viii. 92 — visit of
Napoleon to, Lx. 36 — incorporated with
his empire, viii. 206, Lx. 37, xi. 282—
Cambace'res created duke of, Lx. 339 —
captured by Eugene, xviii. 221 — assigned
to Marie Louise, 379.
Parnell, Sir Henry, xix. 212.
Parque, the due del, joins the patriots,
xii. 87— at Tamanes, xiii. 255 — defeated
at Alba de Tormes, 259 — intrigues of his
army, xiv. 237 — succeeds Ballasteros,
xvi. 303, 310 — entrance of, into Spain,
323, 324— defeated byHabert, xviL 330,
332— state of his troops, 333.
Parrein, at Lyons, iv. 88.
Parry, commodore, xix. 128.
Parsdorf, armistice of, vii. 204.
Parsees of India, the, x. 363.
Parthenay, capture of, by the republicans,
iii. 348.
Parthenopeian republic, establishment of
the, vi. 201— state of, 1799, 372— contri-
butions levied on it, 373.— See Naples.
Partidas, rise of the, in Spain, xiv. 222.
Partonneaux, general, at Novi,vii. 15 — at
the Beresina, xvi. 62.
Parvenus, jealousy entertained of, in
France, i. 162.
Pascal, the writings of, i. 121, 127.
Paskewitch, general, sketch of the career
of, xvi. 32, note — at Borodino, xv. 348—
at Wiazma, xvi. 32.
Pasley, captain, ix. 343.
Pasques, inspector of police, xvi. 136.
Pasquier, arrest of, by Malet, xvi. 134.
Passages, fort of, captured, xvi. 344.
Passarge, Napoleon retreats to the, x. 158
— winter-quarters of the French on, 263
—passage of, by the Cossacks, 286.
Passau, occupation of, by Austria, viii. 211
— ceded to Bavaria, 213, 214, note.
Passberg, the Tyrolese at, xii. 355.
Passendorf, defeat of the Prussians at, x.
52.
Passeriano, Napoleon at, vi. 228.
Passeyrthal, the, xii. 315.
Passo Chico, the La Plata forced at, x. 211.
Pastoral life, influence of, on freedom, i. 8
— retained in Poland, v. 6, 7.
Pastore, II, a guerilla chief, xiv. 222.
Pastrengo, intrenched camp of, vi. 339,
340— captured by the French, 341.
Patagonia, description of, xiv. 315 — its
inhabitants, 316.
Patapsco, operations in the, xix. 155.
Patents of nobility, sale of, in France, i.
162, 191.
Patricians of the Italian republics, decline
of the, i. 29, 30.
Patriot Franpais, the, ii. 253, 283, note.
Patriote, the, at Basque roads, xiii. 161.
Patriotism, examples of Italian, i. 28 — re-
suscitation of, in Europe, viL 335 — of
Russia, 1812, xvi. 11 — of Germany,
1813, 269.
Patuscent, forcing of the, xix. 150.
Pau, check of Soult at, xviii. 254.
Paul, the emperor, accession, &c. Of, vi.
1 — joins the coalition, 319 — his views
regarding France, 356 — 360— contem-
plates a general restitution of conquests,
391 — his alienation from Suwarroff, viL
72 — irritation against Britain, and com-
mencement of alliance with Napoleon,
166 — withdraws from the Allied cause,
27(5 — intercedes for Naples, 324 — alien-
ation from Great Britain, and alliance
with France, 351 — his pretensions to
Malta, and violent measures against
Britain, 352 — joined by the northern
powers, 353 — warm advances to Napo-
leon, 354 — pension bestowed on Louis
XVIII. by, xviii. 112— schemes against
India planned with Napoleon, vii. 385,
386, note — circumstances which led to
the conspiracy against him, 386 — irri-
tation against him, 387 — symptoms of
insanity in his conduct, 388— conspiracy
for his dethronement, 389 — his assas-
sination, 390— his character, 391.
Pauline, the princess, see Buonaparte,
Pauline.
Pauline, the princess, of Schwartzenberg,
death of, xiii. 287.
Paulucci, the marquis, xvi. 75.
Pauperism, increase of, in France, iv. 154
— report of Barere on, 226 — and of Car-
not, 239 — measures of the Convention
regarding, 240 — the Austrian system of
treatment, ix. 121 — amount of, caused
by the Continental system, xv. 217 — its
increase in Britain, xx. 89.
Pavia, insurrection and massacre of, v.
195— captured by the French, 1800, vii.
239 — university of, ix. 123, note.
Payan, measures advocated by, against
Tallien, iv. 263 — scheme for a massacre
at Orange, 267— arrest of, 278— on the
9th Thermidor, 283.
314
INDEX.
Paverne, capture of, by the Swiss, viii.
227.
Payol, general, xviii. 435.
Pays de Vaud, canton of, vi. 141 — revolu-
tionary excitement in, iii. 175, 232 — re-
volt of, vi. 146— invaded by the Swiss,
148— liberation of, 1813, xviii. 43.
Peace, prince of the, see Godoy.
Peace, influence of, on freedom, i. 63 —
effect of long-continued, 120, x. 168.
Peace and War, discussion in the Assem-
bly regarding right of, ii. 201.
Peacock, capture of the, xix. 109 — captures
the Epervier, 137 — and the Nautilus,
140.
Peasantry, difficulties of their emancipa-
tion in level countries, i. 8 — improved
condition of, under the monasteries, 32
— increased importance given by gun-
powder to, 37 — origin of those of
modern Europe, 14— their early degra-
dation, ib. et seq. — the Austrian, ix. 119,
120— of England, i. 53— outbreak of,
under Wat Tyler, 65— of France under
the Franks, 79— their insurrection, 81
— its suppression, 82 — their condition,
and its influence on the Revolution,
111, 170 — their ignorance, 171 — their
estrangement from the nobility, 189 —
their revolt, and cruelties, ii. 134, etseq.
176— suffering of, from the Revolution,
iv. 294— of La Vendee, iii. 316 — in India,
condition of, x. 352 — the Irish and Rus-
sian compared, xv. 242 — the Polish, un-
represented in the Diet, v. 17— their
military spirit, xv. 277— their sufferings
in 1812, 279— the Russian, military en-
thusiasm of, 237 — the Saxon, xvi. 250 —
the Spanish, iii. 143, xii. 10 — the Swe-
dish, representation of, xv. 190 — the
Swiss, vi. 129— the Tyrolese, xii. 328.
Pecheux, general, xvii. 211, 385.
Peel, Sir Robert, iv. 14, note, v. 322.
Peers, the Chamber of, see Chamber.
Pegrimaud, capture of Stofflet at, v. 264.
Peishwah, the, xi. 2 — alliance with,
against Tippoo, 39 — again joins the
British, 87 — reinstated on the tin-one, 89.
Pelage, revolt of, in Guadaloupe, viii. 194.
Pelesseri, M., i. 261.
Pelet, general, on Wagram, xiii. 51, note
— on the Walcheren expedition, 81 — at
Waterloo, xix. 370.
Pelican, capture of the Argus by, xix. 118.
Pelletier, general, at Castiglione, v. 210 —
captures Zamosc, xiii. 19.
Pellew, Sir Edward, vii. 268, 277.
Pellot, M., on the forced requisitions, xvii.
349.
Pelot, cruelties of, at Lyons, iv. 91, 93,
notes.
Peltier, attacks by, on Napoleon, viii. 240,
—trial of, 243.
Pembroke, bay of, descent of the French
in, v. 370.
Penal code, new, in France, xi. 207.
Penguin, capture of the, xix. 140.
Penig, combat at, xvii. 227.
Peninsular war, proximate causes of the,
xi. 287, et seq.— See Spain, Wellington,
&c.
Peniscola, capture of, by Suchet, xiv. 203
— strengthened by him, xvi. 314 — and
garrisoned, 341, xvii. 333 — invested by
the Spaniards, xviii. 258 — holds out till
the peace, 261.
Pennsylvania, repudiation of debt by, xix.
42, 55.
Penobscot, operations in the, xix. 157.
Penrose, admiral, forces the Adour, xviii,
240 — his successes in the Garonne,
Penthievre, mademoiselle, i. 184
note.
Penthievre, fort, captured by the emi-
grants, v. 60 — blockaded by Hoche, 61
— stormed, 63.
Pepe", colonel, at Tarragona, xiv. 182.
Pepin, violation of the tomb of, iv. 146.
Perales, marquis, murder of, xii. 162.
Perceval, Spencer, sketch of career and
character of, xiii. 97 — arguments against
the Catholic claims, ix. 15 — against
Petty 's financial scheme, x. 202 —
against the Catholic bill of 1807,
233 — becomes chancellor of the ex-
chequer, 236, 237, note — defence of the
conduct of the king by, 238 — the Jesuit's
bark bill, xi. 170 — becomes premier, xiii.
91 — arguments for the Peninsular war,
1810, 300— 319— introduces the Regency
bill, xiv. 17 — arguments for it, 21 — re-
tained in office, 26 — arguments for the
war, 1811, 96— murder of, 28.
Pere Duchesne, Hebert's paper, iii. 246,
note, 311.
Pereira, commissioner to Dumourier, iii.
258.
Perena, Don Philippe, xiii. 176.
Perier, M., vii. 177.
Perignon, general, victory of, at Figueras,
iv. 363 — further successes in Spain, ib.
364— vi. 385— at Novi, vii. 13, 15—
wounded and captured, 17 — created
marshal, viii. 376— revenue bestowed on,
xi. 196, note.
Permasin, battle of, iv. 67.
Pennon, madame, vi. 93.
Pennon, mademoiselle, see Abrantes.
Pernes, destruction of, xiii. 352.
Peronne, Maury and Lameth deputies for,
ii. 26, 36, notes — advance of the Allies to,
iv. 43 — captured by the British, xx. 6.
Perpetua, martyrdom of, iv. 252, note.
Perpignan, battle of, iv. 74.
Perponcher, general, at Waterloo, xix.
344, 347.
Penache, forts of, captured, iv. 81, 82.
Perron, French force organised under, in
India, xi. 87— defeated at Allighur, 93
— surrenders, 94.
Persia, influence of her contests with
Greece, i. 2 — negotiations of Napoleon
with, x. 129, note, 259— treaty of the
British with, xi. 80 — the horsemen of,
xv. 126 — early direction of Napoleon's
views toward, xvii. 28.
, xviii.
>, 282.
, 299,
INDEX.
315
Persins, M., murder of, ii. 101.
Perth, depot for prisoners at, xiv. 104.
Peru, character of the inhabitants of,
when invaded by the Spaniards, xiv.
317 — the mines of, 329 — adheres to the
regency, 339 — revolt of the Indians in,
341 — the war of independence in, 352 —
invaded by Bolivar, 353 — its indepen-
dence secured, 358— failure of the mines
since the Revolution, 359, 360 — its com-
merce before it and since, 374.
Pesaro, M., Venetian commissioner to the
French, v. 204, vi. 57, 58, notes— nego-
tiations with Napoleon, 26.
Peschiera, fortress of, v. 167 — seized bv
the French, 196, 197 — defeat of the
Austrians before it, 213 — restored to
them, vi. 20, 53 — besieged bv them in
1799, 345— besieged by the Allies, 363—
surrenders, 366 — blockaded by the
French, 1801, vii. 317 — surrendered,
321 — surrendered by treaty of Paris,
xviii. 403.
Pesth, university of, ix. 123, note.
Peter the Great, Russia under, ix. 133 —
conquests of, xv. 261 — building of St
Petersburg by, 264 — Voltaire's life of,
i. 138.
Peterswalde, convention of, xvii. 59 —
defeat of the Prussians at, 204 — of the
French, ib.
Petiet, M., minister at war, vi. 99.
Petion, Jerome, a member of the club
Breton, ii. 40— his character, 277, 335
— seditious efforts of, 78 — his conduct
during the return from Varennes, 244,
245 — on the revolt in the Champ de
Mars, 255 — elected mayor of Paris, 303
— report on its state, 315 — organises
the revolt of the 20th June, 323 —
his popularity, 333 — saves Esprem^nil,
340 — petitions for the king's dethrone-
ment, ib. — declines to act on the 10th
August, 341 — his dissimulation on
that occasion, 345— his conduct during
the massacres in the prisons, iii. 20 —
his irresolution on the impeachment of
Robespierre, 42 — 261 — a member of the
committee of general defence, 269, note
— denounced by the sections, 278 — on
the 2d June, 292 — his arrest decreed,
295 — escapes to Caen, 296— his death,
303.
Petit, general, xviii. 386.
Petit Bourg, defeat of the negroes at, viii.
194.
Petit Thouars, captain, death of, vi. 275.
Petits Blancs, of St Domingo, the, viii.
168.
Petrasch, general, vi. 352."
Petrowsky, palace of, xv. 366.
Petten, defeat of Daendels at, vii. 46.
Petty, lord Henry, on Pitt's financial
system, ix. 298 — chancellor of the ex-
chequer in 1806, 324, note — budget of,
325 — his scheme of finance, x. 198, et
seq. — a fellow-student of Brougham's,
xiv. 87.
Peuchet, statistical details by, viii. 129,
note.
Peymann, general, xi. 261.
Peyrestortes, defeat of the Spaniards at,
iv. 74.
Peyri, general, operations of, in the Tyrol,
xiii. 116, 117, 119.
Peyssard, trial and execution of, v. 104.
Pezai, marquis de, i. 260, note,
Pfaffenhofen, combat at, xii. 227.
Pfeffir, a Swiss demagogue, vi. 143.
Pfrim, repulse of Pichegru on the, v. 75.
Phalsbourg, fortress of, ii. 217.
Philadelphia, city of, xix. 37.
Philiphaugh, massacre after, i. 73.
Philippe, prince, of Hesse-Homburg, xviii.
46.
Philippe le Bel, parliament of Paris estab-
lished by, i. 325.
Philippeaux, a Dantonist, iv. 175.
Philippeaux, colonel, escape of, from the
Temple, vi. 294, note — co-operates in
the defence of Acre, 294 — his death,
299.
Philippon, defence of Badajos by, xiv.
357— xv. 17, et seq.— at the assault, 21 —
at Culm, xvii. 165—170, note, 383.
Philipsburg, evacuation of, by the Austri-
ans agreed to, vi. 219 — besieged by the
French, 326 — the siege raised, 335 —
resumed, vii. 28, 64 — again raised, and
combats near, 65 — again invested, 1800,
203 — its cession demanded by Napo-
leon, 272, 273, 275.
Philipville, flight of Napoleon to, xix. 371
— surrendered by treaty, xx. 22.
Philosophers, rise of the opinions of, in
France, i. 131 — the leaders, ib. et seq. —
their spread, 150 — their principal sup-
porters after Voltaire, 151 — their infidel
and revolutionary tendency, 150, 151 —
rejoicings of, on Turgot's accession, 237,
note, 244 — opposition of, to Calonne's
retrenchments, 289 — their views regard-
ing the states-general, 333 — absence of,
in the Constituent Assembly, ii. 17 —
their changed views regarding the Revo-
lution, 235 — their views regarding the
eighteenth century, iii. 107 — denounced
by Robespierre, iv. 225, 226.
Philosophy, influence of the struggle be-
tween Greece and Persia on, i. 2 — effect
of the revocation of the edict of Nantes
on, in France, 98 — its character there
before the Revolution, 121, 122— influ-
ence of the character of the church on
it, 125— that of Voltaire, 140.
Philosophy of history, rise of the, with
Montesquieu, i. 134 — difficulties of, ii.
2.
Phlipon, mademoiselle, see Roland.
Phoebe, capture of the Africaine by, viii.
38— captured by the Essex, xix. 136.
Phull, general Von, military adviser to
Alexander, xv. 272, 287.
Physiocratie, &c. Quesnoy's, i. 162, note.
Piacentia, see Placentia.
Piaraboeuff, massacre at, v. 86.
316
INDEX.
Piard, death of, at Lyons, iv. 77.
Piard, captain, v. 341.
Piasts, race of the, v. 13, 14.
Piave river, the, v. 151 — military impor-
tance of, 167, vi. 5 — the Austrians
defeated on, 7 — and again, vii. 244 —
battle of the, xii. 269.
Pic d'Orizaha, the, xiv. 310, note.
Pichegru, Charles, early history, &c. of,
iv. 66, note — commands in Flanders,
66 — operations under, on the Rhine,
71 — his poverty, 157 — indecisive actions
in Flanders, 340 — besieges Ypres, 344 —
defeats Clairfait and captures Ypres,
345 — overruns West Flanders, 350 —
operations against the English, and
their success. 368 — captures Nimeguen
and besieges Breda, &c. 371 — his winter
campaign, and defeats the Allies on the
Meuse, 382 — measures to revolutionise
Holland, 384 — commands the army of
the Rhine, v. 68 — state of his forces,
69, 70 — negotiations with the Allies, 71
— breaks these off, 72 — captures Man-
heim, ib. — defeated on the Pfrim, 75 —
driven back to the Quiech, 76 — defeats
the insurrection of the 1st April, 96— a
schoolfellow of Napoleon's, 136 — ad-
vancement of Moreau by, 273, 274 —
president of the Five Hundred, vi. 94—
measures proposed against the Direc-
tory, 102— arrested, 103 — measures to
rouse the public against him, 104 — con-
demned to transportation, 106, 107 —
his fate in Guiana, 108 — designed the
restoration of the throne, 112 — con-
spiracy against Napoleon, viii. 337 — in-
terview with Moreau, 339 — arrested,
342 — his death, 357 — investigation into
it, ib. et seq.
Picot, an associate of Georges, viii. 364.
Picton, general Sir Thomas, at Busaco,
xiii. 329— at El-Bodon, xiv. 275, 276—
during the retreat to Guinaldo, 277 —
336 — at the siege of Badajos, xv. 18 —
and the storming, 20, 22— captures the
castle, 24— at Vitoria, xvi. 337— at the
Pyrenees, 361, 362— at Soraoren, 364,
368— xvii. 354— at Orthes, xviii. 242,
243, 246 — at Toulouse, 266, 269, 271,
275, 276— is knighted, xix. 193— in the
Waterloo campaign, xix. 307 — at Quatre
Bras, 324, 325, 327, 328— at Waterloo,
344— his death, 347.
Picurina, fort, storming of, xv. 18, 19.
Piedmont, state of, in 1792, iii. 141 — at-
tack by France on, 175, 230 — operations
in, 1794, iv. 355— its depressed condi-
tion, 1795, v. 45— its state, 1797, vi. 48
— insurrection in, against the French,
368— overrun by Suwarroff, 370— grow-
ing hostility toward France, vii. 279 —
insurrection against them, 1800, 321 —
annexed to France, viii. 205 — severity
of Napoleon toward, 266 — Genoa an-
nexed to, by treaty of Paris, xviii. 405,
xix. 243— contingent of, 1815, 282.
Pierre Chatel, state prison of, xi. 209.
Pietra, danger of Laudon at, vii. 318.
Pietro, cardinal, imprisoned at Vin-
cennes, xvi. 143, note — removed from
Fontainbleau, 150.
Pigeon, general, made prisoner at Lonato,
v. 210 — defeated at Neueneck, vi. 152.
Pignatelli, general, defeated at Logrono,
xii. 152— xviii. 218.
Pignerol, capture of, by the Allies, vi. 370.
Pike, general, death of, xix. 122.
Pikemen of Paris, formation of the, ii.
207— disarmed, v. 105.
Pilcomayo river, xiv. 296.
Pilatus, mount, skirmish at, viii. 226.
Pilica river, v. 3.
Pillau, capture of, by the Allies, xvi. Ill,
xvii. 306.
Pilleport, marquis de, ii. 100.
Pilnitz, treaty of, iii. 155 — opinions of it,
156, note — is not acted on, 156 — its true
object, 157.
Pilony, the Niemen passed by the French
at, xv. 285.
Pilwisky, the forest of, xv. 282.
Pinard, a Jacobin, v. 91.
Pinckney, Mr, American ambassador to
France, vi. 216, note — commissioner on
the neutral question, ix. 364 — envoy to
London, xix. 94.
Pindarees, extirpation of the, x. 351.
Pine woods of Canada, the, xix. 10.
Pino, general, viii. 281 — at Igualada, xiii.
191 — defeat of guerillas by, 209 — at
Malo Jaroslawitz, xvi. 22 — defeated at
Monte Leobel, xvii. 315 — recaptures
Fiume, ib.
Pinuela, Don Sebastian de, xii. 45 — joins
the patriots, 87.
Piombino, cession of, to France, vii. 326
— bestowed on the princess Eliza, ix. 27,
37, 339.
Pire\ general, xvii. 385 — at La Rothiere,
xviii. 84.
Pirna, fortified by Napoleon, xvii. 71 — St
Cyr left in defence of, 133— captured by
the Allies, 138— defensive preparations
of Napoleon at, 204 — contributions
levied on it by him, 212.
Piron, a Vendean chief, iii. 352.
Pirsch, general, at Leipsic, xvii. 246, 260
— at Waterloo, xix. 369.
Pisa, former patriotism of, i. 28— limited
extent of its freedom, 29 — threatened
by the Allies, 1814, xviii. 218— surren-
dered, 219.
Pisaro, see Pesaro.
Pitchnitsky, general, xviii. 346.
Pitt, William, parentage and early history
of, iii. Ill — his early difficulties in office,
112 — his character as a statesman and
orator, 113 — efforts of, to arrest the
designs of Austria and Russia on Tur-
key, 148, 149 — his views on the revolu-
tion, 150 — neutral in 1791, 155 — on the
declaration of Pilnitz, 156, note — argu-
ments for the war in 1793, iv. 6— and
against parliamentary reform, 11 — fin-
ancial measures, 24 — decree of the
INDEX.
317
Pitt, William, continued.
Convention against him, 128 — argu-
ments for the suspension of the Habeas
Corpus act, 1894, 310— and for the war,
315— efforts to hold together the alli-
ance, 330, 333— new treaty with Prussia
and Holland, 333 — efforts to retain
Austria, 351— and for the prosecution
of the war, 369— new treaty concluded
with Austria, 1795, v. 45 — arguments
for the war, 47 — alliance with Austria
and Prussia, 252 — arguments for the
war, 1795, 255 — real objects of it, ib.—
financial measures, 25(5 — his measures
with regard to seditious meetings, 259
— proposals in 1796 for a general peace,
307 — suspension of cash payments, 322
— arguments against reform, 326 — and
for the continuance of the war, 329 —
his firmness on the mutiny of the fleet,
and measures to repress it, 334, 335,
336— change in his financial system, vi.
117, 118— eulogy on Nelson by, 278—
imposition of the income tax, 320 — de-
fence of the war, 1799, vii. 143 — his
views on the Irish union, 155 — retalia-
tory measures against the Northern
confederacy, 356, et seq.— arguments on
it, 362 — resigns on the ostensible ground
of the Catholic claims, 365— true ground
of his resignation, 366 — defence of the
peace of Amiens by, viii. 65 — defended
to Napoleon by Fox, 147, note — argu-
ments for the war, 1803, 254— advocates
fortifying London, 286— attack by him
on the ministry, 1806, 295 — becomes
premier, 296 — treaty with Sweden, 1804,
316 — defence of the government with
regard to the Spanish war, 330 —
new coalition completed by, 1805, and
its principles, ix. 7 — defence of Lord
Melville by, 10— modified support given
to the Catholic claims, 15— efforts to
secure the co-operation of Austria, 1805,
40— and to complete the coalition, 73—
recommends Mack as commander, 137
— efforts to engage Prussia, 174 — re-
presentations to that power as to her
neutrality, 237 — his ability in the for-
mation of the confederacy, 239 — exposi-
tion by him of the principles of the alli-
ance, ib. 399— departure from his financial
system under Petty, x. 205 — his con-
duct on the prosecution of Hastings, xi.
28— opposes Fox's India bill, 34 — his
own, 35 — various measures of, regarding
India, 37 — influence of his resistance to
democracy, 231 — Canning introduced
into public life by him, xiii. 93 — his in-
timacy with Huskbson, xiv. 74 — his
designs on the Spanish colonies, 336
— comparison of his finance system
and the after one, xvi. 289, et seq. 296—
his last illness and death, ix. 240 — his
early life, education, and first entrance
into public life, 241 — his character and
achievements, 242 — principles of his
domestic administration, 243— how first
drawn into the war, ib. — energy with
which he carried it on, 244 — growth
of his fame, 245— errors of foreign writers
as to his designs, 246 — his efforts on be-
half of free trade, ib.— his errors, and
defective military combinations, 240, 247
— opinion of the democratic party in
England of him, 248 — his private cha-
racter, 249— and personal appearance,
ib. — funeral honours, &c. paid to him,
250— change of ministry on bis death,
321 — sketch of his financial system,
sinking fund, &c. 251, et seq. — See
Financial system.
Pius VI., treaty of, with Napoleon, v. 202
— treaty of Tolentino, 243— measures of
the French against, vi. 166, 167— his
cruel treatment by them, 172 — re-
moved to Valence, and his death there,
173, vii. 278.
Pius VII., accession and first measures
of, vii. 279 — agrees to crown Napoleon,
viii. 378 — his arrival at Paris, 379— his
coronation of the emperor, 381 — his
expectations from it, xiii. 125 — his re-
ception at Paris, 126 — Napoleon's en-
croachments on his dominions, 127 —
letter of the emperor, and his reply, ib.
128, notes — terms proposed, which he
rejects, 128 — his capital occupied, 129
— and the government of his states as-
sumed by the French, 130— is confined
to his palace, 131 — excommunicates
Napoleon, 132— views of the latter re-
garding him, 133 — is arrested, 134 —
conducted to Grenoble, 135 — his recep-
tion in France, 136 — Napoleon resolves
on arranging his differences with him,
xvi. 142 — treatment to which subjected,
143 — the conferences at Fontainbleau,
146 — conclusion of the concordat, 147 —
concessions made by it, 148 — his retrac-
tation of it, and moderation of Napo-
leon, ib. 149 — conditions of treaty of
Reichenbach regarding him, xvii. 85 —
negotiations with Napoleon, 1813, xviii.
33 — his liberation , 34 — returns to Rome,
interview with Murat, &c. 406 — his
generous conduct, 407— representation
of, at congress of Vienna, xix. 232.
Pizarro's letters, extracts from, xvi. 182.
Pizzighitone, capture of, by the French,
1796, v. 190— surrendered to the Allies,
1799, vi. 366— blockaded by the French,
1800, vii. 240— ceded to them, 256.
Pizzo, execution of Murat at, xx. 31.
Place de Greve, first revolutionary exe-
cution in, ii. 184.
Place Louis XV., execution of the king,
&c. in, iii. 75.
Place Venddme column, the, viii. 165 — ■
attempt to destroy it, xviii. 376.
Placentia, movement of "Wellington on,
xiii. 237— occupied by Soult, 347.
Placentia, abandonment of the inquisition
in, iii. 145 — the Po passed by the
French at, v. 186 — captured by the
Allies, vi. 383— by the French, vii. 240
318
INDEX.
Placentia, continued.
— ceded to France, 256 — and annexed,
viii. 206, ix. 37, xi. 282— the duchy of,
bestowed on Lebrun, ix. 339.
Plague, sufferings of the French from, vi.
304.
Plagwitz, defeat of Puthod at, xvii. 180.
Plain, party in the Convention called
the, hi. 36.
Planchenoit, arrival of the Prussians at,
xix. 354— carried, 368, 369.
Plantagenets, establishment of freedom
under the, i. 62.
Plato, on knowledge, ii. 1.
Platoff, the Hetman, at Eylau, x. 144,
148 — successes after it, 155 — successes
on the Alle and Passarge, 286 — during
the retreat to Heilsberg, 287, 288 —
muster of the Cossacks under, 1812, xv.
248 — joins Bagrathion, 295— his early
career and character, ib. note — victory
at Inkowo, 312— at Borodino, 348, 351
— his corps, 370 — general levy under, xvi.
10 — at Malo Jaroslawitz, 22 — narrow
escape of Napoleon from, 25 — operations
in pursuit, 28 — at Wiazma, 31 — opera-
tions against Nev, 55 — at the Beresina,
62— after it, 65, 66— at Kowno, 70, 72—
blockades Dantzic, 111, 112 — defeats Le-
febvre Desnouettes, xvii. 208 — and Poni-
atowski, 221— at Leipsic, 237, 261, 262—
during the pursuit, 282 — forces under,
395 — captures Nemours, xvhi. 119.
Plattsburg, capture of, by the British,
xix. 127 — expedition of Prevost against,
157— the naval force for it, 158 — its first
success, ib. — naval action, and defeat
of the British, 159— retreat of Prevost,
162, 163.
Plauen, defeat of Ostermann at, xvii. 296.
Playfair, professor, iv. 321, note.
Plessis, conspiracy in prison of, vi. 85.
Plessy, battle of, xi. 5.
Pleswitz, armistice of, reasons of the
Allies for, xvi. 256 — of Napoleon, 258 —
negotiations for it, 263 — its terms, 265
— its consequences to Napoleon, 268—
and advantages to the Allies, 269 — ne-
gotiations, &c. during it, xvii. 56, et seq.
— its termination, 102, 131.
Plummer, Sir Thomas, x. 237, note.
Plunder, extent of French, in Portugal,
xii. 125 — that by the British and French,
xiv. 226, 227— that of the Cossacks, xv.
248, 249— of Moscow, xv. 367, xvi. 9,
13— measures of Wellington for arrest-
ing, xvii. 347, 359, et seq.
Plymouth, population of, iii. 98, note —
fortified by Pitt, ix. 260— arrival of Na-
poleon at, xx. 16.
Po river, the, v. 151 — its military impor-
tance, 167 — its commercial value, ix.
119 — passage by the French, 1796, v.
186 — position of Moreau on, 1799, vi.
366, 367— check of the Allies at, 367
— passage by Napoleon, 1800, vii. 240.
Podolia, fertility of, v. 4 — Polish troops in ,
disarmed, 32.
Poetry, American, characteristics of, xix.
67 — German, xiv. 9 — Swiss, deficiency
of, vi. 130— Voltaire's, i. 141.
Poictiers, bishop of, ii. 223.
Poictiers, battle of, i. 60.
Poictiers, the, capture of the Frolic, &c.
by, xix. 106.
Poischwitz, see Pleswitz.
Poitou, district of, iii. 316 — commence-
ment of the Vendean revolt in, 323 —
Pola, occupied by the French, xiii. 217.
Poland, long prevalence of slavery in, i. 8
— its state at the commencement of the
Revolution, iii. 136 — new constitution
of, 137 — heroism of its inhabitants, ib.
— views of the Allies on, and their influ-
ence on the revolutionary war, 193, 195
— views of Russia and Prussia on, iv.
21 — coalition of those powers against it,
53 — disunion in the alliance caused by
it, 330 — views of Austria on it, 351 — its
extent in former times, v. 1— declining
from the first, ib. 2 — origin of its name,
and geographical character, 2 — its rivers,
3 — its fertility, ib. — its northern pro-
vinces, 4 — agriculture, ib. et seq. — want
of great cities, 6 — causes of its continued
decline, 7 — has retained the pastoral
equality, ib. — never included under the
rule of Rome, 8 — no intermixture of
foreign customs in it, 9 — constitution of
its society, ib. — reticence of nomad
tastes, 10 — democratic spirit, ib. — its
divided state, 11 — character of the
clergy, ib. — aversion of the inhabitants
to commerce or trade, 12 — which are
absorbed by the Jews, ib. — equality the
principle in, 13 — evils of the crown
being elective, 14 — the general- assem-
blies and liberum veto, ib et seq. — order
of proceedings in these, 16— partial in-
troduction of the representative system,
17 — restrictions on it, 18 — effects of the
liberum veto, 19 — increase of democra-
tic power, ib. — its military force, 20 — •
wars with the Asiatic tribes, 21— and
with the European powers, ib. — its par-
tition contemplated by Louis XIV. 22
— exploits of, under John Sobieski, 23
— his efforts for its emancipation, and
anticipation of its fate, 24 — its glory
ceased with him, 25 — aspect of it after
his death ,ib. — increasing dissensions and
corruption, 26 — first partition, 27 — new
constitution, ib. — commencement of the
last struggle, 29 — Kosciusko elected
leader, ib. — first successes of the insur-
gents, 31 — efforts made by them, 32 —
want of a regular force, 33 — they are
repeatedly defeated, 34, et seq. — the
capital captured, 36 — final partition, 37
— sensation excited by its fall, ib. — re-
flections on it, ib. et seq. — its history
contrasted with that of Russia, 39 — and
of England, 40 — spirit of the exiles, 39 —
retribution which followed the partition,
41, x. 333— services of Suwarroff in, vi.
INDEX.
319
Poland, continued.
360— attachment of Alexander to, fat.
136 — offer of Napoleon regarding Prus-
sian, 376 — features of Prussian, x. 2 —
arrival of Napoleon at, 1807, 81 — em-
barrassment caused by it to him, 94 —
arguments for its restoration, 95— and
against it, 97 — he rouses the Prussian
district, 99— his bulletin on it, 101— his
reception, and that of his troops, 100,
112, 130 — his measures to secure its aid,
124 — character of the females of, 130,
131 — contrast of, to Prussia, 136— Na-
poleon's policy and measures to organise
its military strength, 261< — disappoint-
ment in, on the treaty of Tilsit, 336 —
Napoleon's conduct toward it examined,
339, note — operations in, 1809, xii. 364,
xiii. 19 — partition of Austrian, 99 —
Alexander's jealousy regarding, 105 —
convention regarding, and its disavowal,
xv. 212 — stipulations between France
and Austria regarding its disavowal,
220 — gains of Russia from, 262 — enthu-
siasm in, 1812, 270— the districts bor-
dering 6n Old Russia, 277 — suffering in,
from the pillage of the French, 279 —
enthusiasm on Napoleon's entry into
"YVilna, 291 — his measures, ib. — reaction
upon these, 293 — its aspect to the
French, 324 — return of Napoleon, and
of the wreck of the army, xvi. 76— his ex-
actions in, 77 — amnesty by Alexander,
83 — its cession to Prussia offered by Na-
poleon, 231 — differences regarding, at
Chatillon, xviii. 152 — views of Russia
on, xix. 233 — its settlement by congress
of Vienna, 248 — effect of the Revolution
on, xx. 41.— See also Warsaw, duchy of.
Poland Proper, kingdom of, v. 6, 19.
Polcevera, French driven from, vii. 215.
Pole, see Wellesley Pole.
Polesine, cession of, to the Cisalpine re-
public, vi. 53.
Police, decline in the efficiency of the
French, i. 337 — demands in the cahiers
regarding the, ii. 15 — ministry of, sup-
pressed, viii. 149 — it is restored, 317 —
Savary succeeds Fouche" in it, xiii. 290 —
strength of the force in India, x. 354 —
of Naples, ix. 345 — the secret, of Russia,
xv. 256.
Polignac, the duchesse de, i. 223, 303— de-
nounced by the mob, ii. 78 — emigrates,
137.
Polignac, M. de, ii. 79.
Polignac, the brothers, engaged in Georges'
conspiracy, viii. 338, 340 — their trial,
360— condemned, 364— pardoned, 366.
Polignac, M. de, xviii. 110.
Polish legion, formation of the, v. 215.
Political economy, doctrines held by
Quesnoy, &c. in, i. 159, et seq.
Political education, system of, in England,
iv. 111.
Political fanaticism, on, iv. 210, 302.
Polo, bridge of, vi. 339— captured by the
French, 341— they defeated at, 342.
Polotsk, Barclay retires to, xv. 298— pro-
clamation of Alexander from, 303 — de-
feat of the French at, 306, 307— com-
bat at, 327— battle of, xvi. 43.
Poltoratsky, general, at Champaubert,
xviii. 96 — interview with Napoleon, 97.
Polverel, M., viii. 175, 177.
Polybius on revolutionary confiscation,
viii. 121.
Polygamy, effects of, xv. 123.
Polytechnic school, the, iv. 153, 239, viii.
83, note, 122 — reorganised by Napoleon,
322.
Pombal, skirmish at, xiii. 344.
Pomerania, duchy of, v. 2 — originally part
of Poland, 22— landing of British expe-
dition in, ix. 223 — operations in, 1806,
x. 127— and 1807, 252, 255, et seq.— loss
of, by Sweden, xv. 198— restored to her,
203— overrun by Davoust, 218 — again
subdued by the French, 223— negotia-
tions regarding, xvi. 180 — ceded to Den-
mark, xviii. 38.
Pomona man-of-war, the, xix. 139.
Pompadour, madame de, i. 160, note — ca-
reer and character of, 182 — her enmity
to the Jesuits, 130 — banishment of
Maurepas by, 227.
Pompey, the, at Algesiraz, viii. 40, 41.
Poncet, general, at Craone, xviii. 189.
Pondicherry, capture of, by the British,
xi. 8.
Poniatowski, Stanislaus, see Stanislaus.
Poniatowski, prince, x. 262, xii. 250 —
forces under, 1809, 366 — defeated at
Raszyn, 367 —evacuates Warsaw, and
further operations, ib. — victory at Os-
trowck, 368 — operations against the
Archduke Ferdinand, xiii. 19, 21 — occu-
pies Cracow, 21 — increase and enthu-
siasm of his troops, 22— his corps in 1812,
xv. 369— check of, at Mir, 294— placed
under Davoust, ib. — at Smolensko, 317
— position during the advance, 334 — at
Borodino, 338, 345, 346— at Winkowo,
xvi. 18 — losses of, before the cold, 89,
note — 175 — forces and position, 1813,
xvii. 76, 384, 394— near Dresden, 137—
defeats Klenau at Chemnitz, 221—223
— and again at Penig, 227 — at Leipsic,
235, 240, 241, 257, 259, 263— during the
retreat, 268, 270— his death, 272, 276—
his funeral, 275 — his corps dissolved,
280.
Poninski, general, v. 35.
Ponsard, on the 19th Brumaire, vii. 108.
Ponsonby, Mr, arguments of, against the
t Copenhagen expedition, xi. 265— against
'the Peninsular war, 1809, xiii. 149— and
1810, 297 — against the regency bill, xiv.
18 — seconds the grant to Perceval's
widow, 29 — arguments against the orders
in council, 1811, xiv. 78 — against the
war, 93 — against the spoliation of Den-
mark, xvi. 181 — moves the grant to Wel-
lington, xix. 193.
Ponsonby, general, at Talavera, xiii. 244
—at Barrossa, 343 — at Vitoria, xvi. 332
320
INDEX.
Ponsonby, continued.
—at Toulouse, xviii. 267, 271, 274— at
Genappe, xix. 333— at Waterloo, 344,
347, 356, 358— death of, there, 349.
Pont a Chin, combat at, iv. 340.
Pont des Arts, the, vii. 177.
Pont Neuf, combat on the, v. 124 —
column of the, xiii. 101.
Ponte Ivrea, the French defeated at, vii.
212.
Ponte Nova, capture of, by the French,
xiii. 234.
Pontarlier, Mirabeau at, ii. 21.
Ponteba, combat at, vL 9 — passage of, by
the French, xii. 271.
Pontecorvo, Bernadotte created prince of,
ix. 339.
Pontecoulant, the marquis of, L 227,
note.
Pontecoulard, M., iii. 278.
Ponthon, colonel, xvii. 72.
Pontine marshes, the, v. 157 — drainage of,
xiii. 141.
Pontoise, riots in, i. 239.
Pontorson, battle of, iii. 366.
Poodicherrum Ghaut, ascent of the, xL
40.
Poonah, capture of, by Wellington, xi. 89.
Poor, influence of the energy of, on
national prosperity, i. 115. — See Pauper-
ism.
Popham, admiral Sir Home, viL .43 — at
the reduction of the Cape, ix. 358 — ex-
pedition to Buenos Ayres, &c. 359 — its
recapture from him, 361— tried by court-
martial, x. 209— operations off Asturias,
xv. 104.
Popham, captain, xix. 144.
Popocatapl, volcano of, xiv. 310, note.
Popular assemblies, the first, i. 17.
Popular institutions, effects of long con-
tinued, i. 69.
Popular license, dangers from, i. 41 — cir-
cumstances which checked, in England,
58.
Popular party in France, the, oppose Cal-
onne, i. 289 — measures regarding the
States-general, 345 — are opposed by the
parliament, 346 — and the notables, 347
— their error in the American war, 364
— their designs, ii. 43.
Popular resistance, commencement of,
against France, vii. 335.
Population, Austria, ix. 107, xi. 251, note
— Canada, xix. 75 — Egypt, vi. 251 —
Europe, iii. 107, note — France, i. 103,
105, xvi. 152, 155, 274— the British em-
pire, iii. 87, 90, notes, xx. 66— British
India, x. 344, 345, 353— Great Britain,
vii. 369, viii. 76, xiii. 268, xiv. 102, 377,
xvi. 274, 285, note, 297, xx. 63, 65— of
its principal cities, iii. 98 — of London,
xx. 68— of Holland, iv. 378, 379— of
Prussia, iii. 132, x. 3— of Russia, iii. 136,
ix. 133, xv. 231, etseq— South America,
xiv. 323, 359— of Spain, xii. 4, 11— Swit-
zerland, vi. 137— Turkey, iii. 139, xv.
133— the United States, xix. 16.
I
326.
Porchester, lord, xi. 38, note.
Pordenone, skirmish at, xii. 247.
Porentrui, seizure of, by France, iii. 147-
Porlier, a guerilla leader, xvi. 303, 311.
Port-au-Prince, actions in front of, viii.
173 — the whites expelled from, 177 —
captured by the French, 186 — the
negroes defeated at, 189 — defeat of
Rochambeau before, 196 — capitulates,
197.
Port Vendre, capture of, by the Spaniards,
iv. 75 — repulse of the French at, 360.
Portalis, transportation of, to Guiana, vi.
Ill — recalled, vii. 173 — aids in compiling
the code, viii. 155.
Porter, captain, xix. 136.
Portland, the duke of, president of the
council in 1804, viii. 296 — premier in
1807, x. 236, 237, note— resigns, xiii. 91.
Porto Cabello, capture of, xiv. 351.
Porto Ferraio, siege of, by the French,
vii. 327— landing of Napoleon at, x
388.
Porto Legnago, see Legnago.
Porto Longone, ceded to France, viL 326.
Porto Novo, battle of, xi. 18.
Porto Rico, repulse of the British at, v.
370.
Porto Rico, South America, population
of, xiv. 324, note— supports the regency,
339.
Port Royal controversy, the, i. 127.
Portsaal, combat at, xii. 226.
Portsmouth, fortifying of, by Pitt, ix. 260
— naval review at, xviii. 411.
Portugal, effect of long-continued peace
on, i. 120— navy of, 1792, iii. 105, note
— treaty with great Britain, 1793, iv. 21
— attacked by Napoleon, 1801, viii. 45 —
applies to Great Britain for aid, 46 —
occupied by the Spanish forces, 47 —
treaty with Spain, 1801, ib. — invaded by
Napoleon, 48 — treaty with him, ib. — his
severity toward it, 267 — treaty with
France, 1803, 281— its invasion threat-
ened by Napoleon, ix. 386 — articles of
Tilsit regarding, x. 327, xi. 255, 292— its
fleet demanded by Napoleon, 263— his
ambitious views on it, 287— project of
partitioning it, 288 — attempts to propi-
tiate him, 291— the dethronement of the
king resolved on, 292 — demands made
by Napoleon, 293— and accession of the
government to them, 294 — treaty of
Fontainbleau for partitioning it, 298 —
invaded and overrun by Junot, 302, et
seq. — conduct of the government, and
situation of Lisbon, 304— the court flee
to the Brazils, 305, 307 — arrival of
Junot at Lisbon, 309— taken possession
of for Napoleon, and contributions
levied, 310 — the regency dissolved, 311 —
Junot appointed governor, 312 — his ad-
ministration, 313 — its cession to Spain
offered by Napoleon, 323 — military force
and physical character of, xii. 28 — cor-
ruption and abuses in, ib. — its affairs,
1808, 99— the Spanish troops in, disarm-
INDEX.
321
Portugal, continued.
ed , 100— insurrection against the French ,
101— landing of the British, 103, 106—
jealousy with which they are regarded,
107— Junot evacuates it by convention,
120, 126— formation of central Junta
for, 129— state of, 1809, and landing of
British reinforcements, xiii. 169 — organ-
isation of its levies by Beresford, 172 —
invaded by Soult, 213— his intrigues,
224 — its state on Wellington's landing,
225 — his plans for its defence, 226 —
defensive preparations, and revival of
confidence, 227 — Massena's preparations
for invasion, 306 — and Wellington's
against him, 317— his difficulties, 318 —
corruption of the government, 320 —
entrance of Massena, &c. 322, 324, 326
— influence of Busaco on the troops of,
330— retreat of Massena, 346 — conduct
of the inhabitants during the invasion,
353— grant by the British parliament,
subscription, &c. to them, 354 — error of
Napoleon in invading, 356 — value of
Wellington's position in, xiv. 217 — im-
becility, &c. of the government, 231, et
seq. — state of the troops, 233 — neglect
of Elvas, &c. by the regency, 261 — new
plan of Napoleon for invading, 272 — her
possessions in South America, 295 — re-
fusal of aid to Wellington by, xv. 16, 17
— irruption of Marmont into, 31, 32 —
plans of Soult for invading, 44 — Napo-
leon offers to guarantee its independence,
224— subsidy to, 1813, xvi. 286— abuses
in administration, &c. 307, xvii. 362 —
letter from the prince-regent to Welling-
ton, xvi. 308 — representation of, at
congress of Vienna, xix. 232 — treaty
regarding the slave trade, 243 — prepara-
tions against Napoleon, 1815, 248 —
subsidy to, 1815, 286 — effect of the
Revolution on, xx. 41.
Posen, population, &c. of, x. 7, note — ar-
rival of Napoleon at, and deliberations
on Poland, 81 — retreat of the French
to, 1812, xvi. 81, 113— and from, 114.
Poserna, combat of, xvi. 210.
Postheren, combat at, x. 297, 298.
Pospolite, the Polish, v. 14, et seq. — as a
military force, 20.
Post comitial diets, the Polish, v. 18.
Pot du Vin, the, i. 274, note.
Potemkin, prince, iii. 133.
Pothier's treatise on contracts, i. 203 —
digest of French law, viii. 155.
Potomac, operations in the, xix. 154.
Potosi, mines of, xiv. 329 — revolt of, 341 —
depopulation of, 359.
Potscherau, convention of, xvi. 105, 106.
Potsdam, visit of Alexander and Frederick
William to, ix. 173 — of Napoleon, x. 67.
Pouchain, governor of Pisa, xviii. 219.
Pousselique, intrigues of, at Malta, vi.
245, note.
Poyanna, the marquis, v. 172.
Pozo, combat at, xv. 92.
Pozzo di Borgo, general, xvii. 86— early
VOL. XX.
history and character of, 253, note—
efforts to urge on Bernadotte, 253 —
xviii. 147, 152, 361.
Pozzolo Formigaro, the Austrians defeated
at, vii. 56.
Pozzuolo, combat at, vii. 314, 315.
Pradt, abbe de, interview of, with Napo-
leon at Warsaw, xvi. 78 — secret com-
munications with the Allies, xviii. 299 —
at the council relative to the settlement
of France, 361, 362, 363— minister under
Louis XVIII. xix. 228.
Praed, captain, v. 364.
Praga, storming of, v. 36 — occupied by the
French, x. 108.
Prague, university of, ix. 123, note— nego-
tiations with Austria at, xvi. 229 — the
congress of, agreed to by Napoleon, xvii.
67— the negotiations at it, 99, et seq. —
it is dissolved, 104 — arrival of the Allies,
and great review, 115 — reception of
Moreau, 121.
Prairies of America, the, xiv. 301, xix. 6.
l'raslin, the due de, i. 331.
Prater, island of, xii. 278— captured by
Massena, 263.
Prato, the Monte, combat at, v. 175.
Fratzen, struggle at, ix. 209.
Precious metals, supply of the, from South
America, xiv. 329, 330— its diminution
since the Revolution, 360— produce of,
1809 to 1821, 376, 377.
Precy, defence of Lyons by, iv. 80— his
escape, 82.
Prediel, fort of, xii. 273.
Preisnitz, preparations of Napoleon at,
xvi. 225, 226.
Prentzlow, defeat of the Prussians at, x.
56.
Preobazinsky, regiment of, at Borodino,
xv. 350— at Culm, xvii. 166.
Presburg, treaty of, ix. 217, 224, et seq. —
its results, 320 — violation of it by Bava-
ria, xii. 330— check of Hofer at, 353—
repulse of Davoust, xiii. 9.
Prescott, T., xix. 67.
President of the United States, the, xix.
44.
President and Little Belt, affair of the,
xix. 95 — action with the Belvidere, 104 —
captured, 138.
Press, freedom of the, designed by Males-
herbes, i. 242— demanded by the cahiers,
ii. 10, 13, 14— character of the revolu-
tionary, of Paris, iii. 44, note — its free-
dom re-established by the Directory, vi.
79— its royalist tendency in 1797, vi. 95
— its freedom supported by the royalists,
96 — but suppressed on the 18th Fructi-
dor, 106— and restored in 1799, vii. 78 —
discussion on it, 80 — attacks on the
Directory by it, 89 — and measures of the
latter, 90— suppressed by Napoleon, vii.
169, viii. 387— its influence in his favour,
ix. 4 — censorship established, xi. 181 —
its prostration, 182— attacks on Napo-
leon by the English, viii. 240— its state
in Cadiz, xiv. 121, xvi. 301— its freedom
322
INDEX.
Press, freedom of the, continued.
established by the Cortes, xiv. 128 — its
state in the United States, xix. 67.
Preussisch Eylau, see Eylau.
Prevald, forts of, captured by the French,
xii. 273.
Previso, summoned by the French, x. 261.
Prevost, colonel, capture of Balaguer by,
xvii. 330.
Prevost, general, at Dominica, ix. 55.
Prevost, Sir George, governor of Canada,
xix. 101 — defeats the invasion of it, 104
— defeated at Sackett's harbour, 123 —
blockades Fort George, 126 — raises the
siege and retreats, 130 — preparations
against new invasion, 131-*-proclamation
on the burning of Buffalo, 134 — his con-
duct of the campaign, 136— forces under
him, 1814, 157 — expedition against
Plattsburg, ib. — his retreat, 162 — his
conduct on this occasion, and death,
163, et seq.
Prevrel, valley of, forced by the French,
xii. 275.
Price, Dr, on compound interest, ix. 258.
Prices, influence of paper issues on, v. 323,
324, vii. 156 — rise of, in Great Britain,
1793 to 1801, viii. 80— effects of suspen-
sion of cash payments on, ix. 312 — and
the resumption, xiv. 70.
Prieur de la Marne, a member of the com-
mittees, iii. 269, iv. 116, notes, — opposed
to Robespierre there, 214 — trial of, v.
104.
Prieur de la Cote" d'Or, iv. 116, note.
Priests, the French, massacres of, iii. 18,
22 — effects of the decrees against, in La
Vendee, 321— courage of the, iv. 253,
254, note — decrees against them revok-
ed, v. 91 — alleviation of the laws
against them, vi. 96 — their return from
exile, 97 — renewed severities against
them, 106, 108— the Polish, v. 11— the
Russian, xv. 258 — the Spanish, xii. 12,
14— the Tyrolese, 321.— See also Clergy,
Church.
Prignitz, cession of, by Prussia, x. 324,
note.
Primary assemblies of France, the, ii. 123,
155, note, v. 117.
Primogeniture, influence of, among the
feudal barons, i. 19»-in England, 64 — ■
its early, want in France, 87 — its aboli-
tion there by the assembly, ii. 224 — and
by the Code, viii. 157 — its want in the
United States, xix. 31.
Primolano, actions at, v. 218, 241.
Prince George, the, at Cape St Vincent, v.
343.
Prince Rupert, fort, ix. 55.
Pringle, general, at St Pierre, xvii. 376.
Printing, discovery of, and its effects, i. 35
— its advantages not unmixed, 36.
Pripecz river, the, v. 3.
Prisons of state, treatise by Mirabeau on,
ii. 21 — of France, their history during
the Revolution, xi. 208 — their state
under the revolutionary committees, iv.
126 — their state under Napoleon , xi. 209,
et seq. — of Lyons, inscriptions, &c. in,
iv. 89 — of Paris, massacres of, iii. 17, et
seq. — their state during the reign of
terror, iv. 131, 161, 216, 218— treatment
of the female prisoners, 219 — system of
espionage in them, 246 — denunciations
in, 259 — agitation in, during the 9th
Thermidor, 282 — gradual liberation of
the inmates, v. 86.
Prisoners, negotiation regarding exchange
of, xiv. 104, et seq. 370 — massacre of,
by the French, in Russia, xvi. 38.
Private wars of the nobles, the early, in
England, i. 64 — in Europe, 23 — in
France, 78— in Poland, v. 11.
Privateers, the French, iv. 309.
Privilege of parliament, the question of,
xiv. 46.
Privileged classes, origin of the, i. 14 — in-
fluence of primogeniture on them in
England, 64 — causes which extended
them in France, 87 — their number, and
composition there, 163, et seq. — their
freedom from taxation, 167, et seq. —
those of the clergy there, 158.
Privileges of the French nobility, effects
of, on freedom, i. 87 — their extent, &c.
162 — rigour with which maintained, 163,
364 — their surrender proposed in the
cahiers, ii. 13 — abolished, 139 — the pro-
vincial, abrogated in Spain, xiv. 129.
Proby, lord, xii. 126 — at Bergen -op-Zoom,
xviii. 210, 212.
Procida, isle of, xiii. 167.
Proclamation, Alexander's, in 1807, x. 91,
110 — on the commencement of hostili-
ties, 1812, xv. 285— at Drissa, 296— in
1812, 303, 304 — after the burning of
Moscow, xvi. 4 — on conclusion of the
retreat, 83 — before crossing the Rhine,
xviii. 59— Allied, before battle of Paris,
340 — on the return from Elba, xix. 247
— Angouleme's, at Bordeaux, xviii. 252
— Benningsen's, after Eylau, x. 158,
note — Bernadotte's, after Wagram, xiii.
54 — Blucher's, to the Saxons, xvii. 89 —
Brunswick's, 1793, iii. 179— Cathcart's,
to the Danes, xi. 259 — the archduke
Charles, 1809, xii. 215— Coburg's, 1793,
iv. 32, 40 — the emperor Francis, to the
Tyrolese, xii. 354 — Frederick Augustus,
1813, xvi. 169— Frederick William, be-
fore Jena, x. 21 — and after it, 80 — to
his ceded provinces, 331 — at opening of
1813, xvi. 182, note, 187— the archduke
John to the Tyrolese, xii. 339 — Junot's,
in Portugal, xi. 303, 312— Kutusoff,
before Borodino, xv. 342 — and on com-
mencement of the pursuit from Mos-
cow, xvi. 16 — Marmont in 1814, xviii.
370 — Massena, 1800, vii. 206 —
Murat against Napoleon, xviii. 36 —
Napoleon after Dego, &c. v. 184 — at
Milan, 1796, 190 — at the opening of
1797, vi. 6, 100— on sailing for Egypt,
242 — on landing there, 248 — to the
Egyptians, 255 — after the revolt of
INDEX.
323
Proclamation, continued.
Cairo, 286— on retiring from Acre, 304
— on the 19th Brum;iire, vii. 115, note
— on the refusal of England to treat,
166 _on passing the Alps, 228 — and
after it, 235) — on the peace of Luneville,
330 — on setting out for Ulm, ix. 144 —
after Ulm, 161— before Austerlitz, 207
— after it, 218— on the peace of Pres-
burg, 228 — on opening the Prussian
campaign, x. 20 — to the Saxons, 66 — ■
at Berlin, 72— on the anniversary of
Austerlitz, 103— after Eylau, 159, note
— on the peace of Tilsit, 315— to the
Spaniards, xi. 363, xii. 139, notes, 166
— on opening the campaign of Echmuhl,
224— to the German confederates, 228
— after Echmuhl, 245, note— after cap-
ture of Vienna, 265— on reaching the
Niemen, 1812, xv. 282— before Boro-
dino, 341 — against Marmont and the
senate, xviii. 374 — on landing from
Elba, xix. 260 — on opening the Waterloo
campaign, 309— prince-regent of Por-
tugal, xi. 306 — Schwartzenberg's, before
Dresden, xvii. 140 — before Leipsic, 239
— Soult's, before the Pyrenees, xvi. 356
—in 1814, xviii. 252, 253— and 1815,
xix. 308 — Wittgenstein's, on entering
Prussia, xvi. Ill — to the Saxons, 195.
Proctor, general, defeat of Winchester
by, xix. 121 — victory at Miami, 122 —
defeated at Sandusky, 126 — retreat of,
129.
Proly, commissioner to Dumourier, iii. 258.
Propagandism, commencement of, by the
French, iii. 174 — decree of the Conven-
tion regarding, 176 — stoppage of spirit
of, vii. 332.
Property, transference of, by the Northern
conquests, i. 13 — influence of their re-
volutions on, in France and England,
47 — Diderot on, 148 — want of qualifica-
tion, in the States-general, 341 — tax,
proposed in the assembly, ii. 159 —
changes in, introduced by the assembly,
263 — equalisation of, proclaimed by
Baboeuff, vi. 86 — subdivision of, in
France, viii. 159, xx. 44, 46 — law of
succession to, and its effects, xix. 53 —
tax, imposed on Great Britain, viii. 286.
Proprietors, numbers of, in France and
England, i. 47 — their non-residence,
&c. in France, 170, 189 — want of, in
the constituent assembly, ii. 18 — and
in the legislative, 273 — character of, in
La Vendee, iii. 319, 321— apathy of,
during the reign of terror, iv. 258 —
number of, in Italy, v. 162.
Prosorowsky, prince, xv. 157, 158.
Protective system, influence of, in Great
Britain, xx. 78.
Protestants of France, persecution of the,
i. 96 — of Germany, supported by Riche-
lieu, 89.
Protestantism, failure of, in France, i. 93,
94 — effects of its suppression there, 126
— Perceval the champion of, xiii. 98 —
influence of, in Great Britain, xx. 82 —
contrasted with Catholicism, 83.
Provence, the comte de, (Louis XVIII.)
parentage and early character of, i. 211
— against restoring the parliaments, 231,
232, notes — on the edicts of Turgot,
252, note — heads the opposition to
Necker, 261, 272 — his marriage, 297,
note — 304 — his popularity, 315 — sup-
ports doubling the Tiers Etat, 348 —
urges dissolving the States-general, ii.
65— emigrates, 137 — 161 — decree of the
assembly against, 301, iii. 163 — his
emigration condemned by the king, ii.
302 — protests against the seizure of
Valenciennes and Conde\ iv. 41 — com-
pelled to quit Verona, v. 197 — his resi-
dence in Courland, vi. 319 — intrigues
of Barras with, vii. 94 — correspondence
with Napoleon, 178, viii. 152— Piche-
gru's conspiracy in favour of, 337 — pro-
tests against Napoleon's assumption of
the crown, 376, 382. — See further Louis
XVIII.
Provence, disturbances in, 1798-9, i. 353,
ii. 49 — the deputies from, 4 — royalist
movement in, 1815, xix. 277.
Provera, general, at Cossaria, v. 177 —
defeated at Vicenza, 222 — at Areola,
227 — operations for relieving Mantua,
238 — deprived of his command, 241 — ■
joins the Pope, vi. 167— dismissed, 168,
169.
Provinces, system of intendants of, in
France, i. 205 — substitution of de-
partments for, ii. 185, 187 — the Russian
governors of, xv. 255.
Provincial assemblies, Necker proposes, i.
269, 270— courts, state of, 174— towns
of France, the, 166.
Proyart, the abbe\ ii. 291.
Prudhomme, abstract of the cahiers by, i.
342, note — on the legislative assembly,
ii. 273 — on the victims of the reign of
terror, iv. 288, note.
Prussia, residence of Mirabeau in, ii. 22 —
proclamation by, 1793, 339 — rate of in-
crease of population, iii. 107, note — its
state in 1789, 131 — its military system,
statistics, population, &c. ib. 132 — treaty
with Great Britain, 1788, 148— views
regarding the Revolution, 150 — pacific
disposition, 157 — views at the opening
of the war, 171, 173, note — and con-
duct as regards its commencement, 183 —
its forces, 189— secret views, 1792, 193.
Treaty with Great Britain, 1793, iv.
20 — views on Poland, and jealousy of
Austria, 21, 40 — disruption of the army
enforced by, 22 — increasing coldness in
the Allied cause, 53 — agrees to the mari-
time code of Britain, 55 — partially se-
cedes from the coalition, 70— denounced
by Fox, 314 — increasing disinclination
to the alliance, 330 — openly begins to
withdraw, 331, 332— new treaty with
Great Britain, and taking of its troops
into British pay, 333, 334— effects oi
324
INDEX.
Prussia, continued.
her defection , 337— her bad faith toward
the Allies, 349 — inactivity of her forces,
354 — renewed efforts of Britain to secure
her co-operation, 369 — negotiations
and treaty with France, 370.
Once a province of Poland, v. 1, 22
— a sharer in its first partition, 27 — in-
vades it, 1793, 29, et seq. — retribution
which overtook her, 41 — treaty of Bale
with France, 43— its effects, 44 — new
convention with France, 1796, 302 —
continued neutrality of, 1797, vi. 1— her
state, 41 — death of the king, ib. — pro-
visions of Campo Fonnio regarding, 54
—still neutral, 1799, 319, 371— recog-
nises the consular government, vii. 372,
note— still neutral, 1800, 276— joins the
northern coalition, 353, 355— arbitrary
measures of, 354, 355 — invades Hanover,
359— her conduct regarding the famine
in Great Britain, 360 — overruns Hano-
ver, 385 — abandons the northern coali-
tion, 397.
Napoleon proposes to her the seizure
of Hanover, viii. 49 — satisfaction in, on
his accession, 147— treaties with France
regarding the indemnities, 208 — share of
these obtained, 209, 213— efforts of Na-
poleon to gain her, 1803, 249— his seve-
rity toward her, 267 — remonstrates
against the seizure of Hamburg, 273 —
proposition regarding Hanover, &c.
300 — indignation on the murder of
d'Enghien, 311 — her temporising policy,
ib. — accession of Hardenberg to office,
312 — remonstrates against the seizure of
Rumboldt, 314 — her conduct regarding
the death of d'Enghien, 355.
Her jealousy of Austria, and con-
tinued neutrality, ix. 9, 131 — attempts
to mediate in 1805, 41 — her views on
Hanover, 42 — negotiations and corre-
spondence regarding it, 43, 44 — efforts of
Napoleon to gain her, and negotiations,
138, 139 — the Russians denied a pas-
sage through, 139— violation of her ter-
ritory by Bernadotte, 141 — indignation
on it, 142 — ascendency of the war party,
ib. — increasing irritation against France,
171 — treaty with Russia, 172 — resumes
her temporising policy, 174 — hostile
measures, and ultimatum sent, 200 —
dissimulation and perfidy, 219 — treaty
with Napoleon, 220 — her indecision
during campaign of Austerlitz, 237, 320
— coldness between her and France. 365
— embarrassment caused by Haugwitz's
treaty regarding Hanover, ib. — modi-
fied acceptance of it, 366 — increasing
coldness toward Napoleon, ib. — seizure
of Hanover, 367— measures of Britain
against her, ib. — capture of her mer-
chantmen, 368 — denunciation of her by
Fox, ib. — Napoleon's opinion of her,
369 — indignation at his encroachments,
370— increasing hostility, and anti-Gal-
lican publications, 371— indignation on
the confederation of the Rhine, 375 —
fresh umbrage given , and preparations
for war, 376 — ultimatum, state of public
feeling, &c. 388 — proposal of Napoleon
regarding her Polish provinces, 376.
Her natural disadvantages, x. 1 —
political situation, and inhabitants, 2 —
extent and population, 3 — number of
towns, &c. ib. 4, note — manufactures, 4
— agricultural progress, ib. — her pro-
gress, 5 — revenue, debt, &c. 6 — state of
religion, 7 — revenue and expenditure,
ib. 8 — military establishment, 9 — diffu-
sion of education, 10 — the court and
capital, 11 — state policy and diplomacy,
and efforts to secure Russia and Eng-
land, 12 — and Austria, 13 — the latter
holds back, 14 — preparations for the
campaign, 17 — want of foresight, and
defensive measures, 18 — disposition of
her troops, ib. note — her presumption
and imprudence, 19 — manifesto, 21 —
contrast between it and Napoleon's, 23 —
his language toward the queen, ib. — de-
pression by the first reverses, 29— Saxony
detached from her, 66 — Napoleon re-
fuses to treat, 67 — contributions
levied, 75 — organisation of the con-
quered districts, 77 — negotiations with
France, 78 — losses by the campaign, 48,
84 — her sudden fall, 85 — Blucher on her
probable resurrection, 87 — benefits of
suffering to her, 88— exaction of the
contributions, and oppression of the
French, 108 — measures of Napoleon to
rouse her Polish provinces, 99 — con-
trasted with Poland, 136 — applies to
Britain for aid, 162 — effects of the sur-
render of her fortresses, 166 — succours
from Great Britain, 250 — treaty of
Bartenstein with Russia, 251 — policy of
Napoleon toward her Polish provinces,
262— they constituted the grand-duchy
of Warsaw, 322 — the support of the
French troops imposed on her, 267 —
treaty of Tilsit, 322, et seq. — cessions by
it, 323, et seq. — contributions, 325 —
convention regarding them, and new
exactions, 330 — losses sustained, 331 —
retribution for the partition of Poland,
333.
Blockade of, declared by Great Bri-
tain, xi. 151, note — rigour with which
treated by France, 239— fresh contribu-
tions, limitation of her military force,
&c. 240 — compelled to declare war
against Great Britain, 241 — internal
measures of the government, ib. — dis-
missal of the ministers, generals, &c.
242— accession of Stein, 243 — his mea-
sures of administration, 244 — accession
of Scharnhorst, 245 — reforms introduced
by him, 246 — military system, 247— the
Tugendbund, 248— subsidiary treaty
with Napoleon, 1808, xii. 137— relaxa-
tions obtained at Erfurth, 144— fresh
treaty, 146 — resolves on neutrality, 1809,
208— secret support given to the Tugend-
INDEX.
325
Prussia, continued.
bund, 359— the revolt of Schffl, 361—
secret negotiations with Austria, 369 —
exorbitance of her demands, 370 — fall
of, with the capture of her capital, xiii.
64 — British shipping employed in trade
with, xiv. 369— declares war against
Sweden , xv. 193 — conduct of Napoleon
toward, 216 — continental system en-
forced on her, ib. — suffering from it, 217
—treaty with France, 1810, 218— forces
thrown by Napoleon into, 219— cost of
her army, 240, note — her defenceless-
ness against Russia, 262 — feelings of her
troops on the Russian expedition, 269 —
contributions levied for it, 280.
Rejoicings in, on the Moscow retreat,
xvi. 100, 102— cruelties of the French,
100 — pecuniary exactions from, 101 —
York's convention with the Russians,
103, 106 — which is disavowed, 108 —
proposals to France, ib. — further pro-
gress of events, 109 — entrance of the
Rusians into, 111 — terms offered to Na-
poleon, 117 — great levies of troops, 11.8
— outbreak of patriotic spirit, ib. — rapi-
dity with which the army is recruited,
119 — effects of the system of organisa-
tion, 120 — additions to the materiel of
the army, 121 — indecision of the govern-
ment, and advances made to France,
122 — treaty of Kalisch with Russia, 124
— energetic preparations, 125 — further
convention, 126 — declaration of war,
126, et seq. — additional stipulations, 129
— loss of French stores in, and frost
throughout, 161 — negotiations with
Austria, 170 — measures in support of
the war, 182 — the order of the iron
cross, ib. — general patriotism, 183 —
formation of the landwehr and land-
sturm, 186— her forces, 1813, 189, 202
— their aspect on entering Dresden,
205 — terms offered her by Napoleon,
231— subsidy from Great Britain to, 286.
Resumption of friendly relations with
Great Britain, xvii. 56 — convention, 57
i — treaty of Reichenbach, ib. — conven-
tion of London, 59 — treaty with Sweden,
60 — secret understanding with Austria,
62 — views with reference to peace, 102
— rejoicings on the junction of Austria,
114 — Napoleon projects carrying the
war into, 229, 231, 232 -her views, 1814,
xviii. 70— residence of Louis XVIII. in,
112 — treaty of Chaumont, 163— treaty of
Paris, 403, et seq. — her views on Saxony,
xix. 233 — preparations in support of
these, 235 — position given to, in the
German confederacy, 238— -cessions from
Saxony and Poland to, 241, 248— pre-
parations, 1815, against Napoleon, 248
— subsidy from Great Britain to, 286 —
treaty with the other powers regarding
Napoleon, 282 — works of art pillaged
from her, and restored in 1815, xx. 18
— demands from France, 21 — second
treaty of Paris, 22, et seq. — effect of the
Revolution on her, 41. — See also Allies,
Blucher, Frederick William, &c.
Pruth, the, becomes the boundary of Rus-
sia, xv. 182 — organisation of the Russian
army at, 145.
Prutz, defeat of the Bavarians at, xiii. 113.
Prybyszwecky, general, ix. 203.
Public companies, proscription of, in
France, iv. 167.
Public meetings, bill against, in Britain,
v. 257.
Public salvation, committee of, see Com-
mittee.
Public works, Napoleon's, ix. 35, 335, xi.
xvi. 153, 154, 392— in India, x. 353 note.
Pucelle d'Orleans, Voltaire's, i. 141.
Pucy, Bureau du, iii. 9.
Puerto de Banos, occupied by the French,
xiii. 238— defeat of Wilson at, 252—
fortified by Marmont, xiv. 269— evacu-
ated by the French, xv. 76.
Puerto de Donna Maria, forcing of pass
of, xvi. 370.
Puerto d' Echalar, defeat of the French
at, xvi. 372.
Puerto de Maya, forcing of, by the French,
xvi. 359.
Puerto del Rey, forcing of, by the French,
xiii. 308.
Puerto Rico, cession of, offered by Napo-
leon, xi. 288.
Puisaye, a Chouan leader, character of,
iv. 391— in the Quiberon expedition, v.
59, 60, 62— escapes, 64.
Pulteney, Sir James, operations of, in
Holland, vii. 47, 48, 50 — expedition to
La Vendue, 268— operations, 277— x.
237, note.
Pulteney, Sir William, ix. 295.
Pultusk, commencement of the Polish in-
surrection in, v. 30 — battle of, x. 115,
et seq.
Puntales, batteries of, xiv. 149.
Puritans of England, the, i. 44, 68.
Puthod, general, xvii. 179, 180, 384.
Pyramids, battle of the, vi. 260, et seq.
Pyrenees, campaign of 1793 in the, iv. 72
—and of 1794, 358, 360— the department
supports the Girondists, 121 — battle of
the, xvi. 357, et seq. — its results, and
conduct of the generals, 373, 374— its
effect on the Allies, xvii. 116.
Q.
Quarter, decree of the Convention forbid-
ding, iv. 353.
Quasdanovich, general, forces and position
of, 1796, v. 207— defeated, 209— at Lo-
nato, 210— driven back to Friuli, 220—
defeated at Bassano, 222— at Rivoli, 236,
237, 238.
Quatre Bras, Ney detached toward, xix.
326
INDEX.
Quatre Bras, continued.
316 — his forces at, 404 — movements be-
fore it, 323— battle of, 325, et seq.
Queen, the, at the 1st of June, iv. 323.
Queen Charlotte, the, at the 1st of June,
iv. 323 — the mutiny begins on board, v.
331.
Queenstown, defeat of the Americans at,
xix. 102— occupied by them, 125— they
attempt to destroy it, 134 — captured by
them, 146.
Queis, line of, abandoned by the Allies,
xvi. 255.
Quenett, M., xx. 7.
Quesnay, the founder of the Economists,
i. 159— his doctrines 160, 161— then-
adoption by Turgot, 235.
Quesnel, general, xvii. 385.
Quesnoy, capture of, by the Allies, iv. 56,
57 — recaptured by the French, 353.
Quetineau, general, iii. 339.
Queuille, the marquis de la, ii. 74.
Quiberon bay, expedition to, v. 58, et
seq. — its overthrow, 63, et seq. — expedi-
tion of Sir E. Pellew to, vii. 277 — monu-
ment erected at, xix. 229.
Quidinge, death of the crown-prince of
Sweden at, xv. 203.
Quinette, a member of the committee, iii.
269, note.
Quintana Palla, check of the French at,
xv. 89.
Quinze Vingt, the section of, ii. 343.
Quirille isle, cession of, to Russia, xv. 203.
Quirinal, arrest of the pope in the, xiii.
134.
Quiron, general, death of, xii. 54.
Quito, city of, xiv. 306— population of,
1809, 324, note— government of, 332—
massacre of Junta of, 340.
Quizzi, fort, vii. 208 — besieged by the
Austrians, 210 — captured, 215.
Raab, battle ,of, xiii. 10, et seq. — fort and
camp of, captured by the French, 14 — ■
fortress of, erected by Napoleon, 101.
Rabaud St Etienne, a member of the club
Breton, ii. 40 — 153 — arrest of, decreed,
iii. 295 — his death, 299 — and that of his
wife, 300.
Race, influence of, on character, iii. 88.
Racehorse, Nelson on board the, v.
347.
Racine, the works of, i. 123, 124— his de-
lineations of vice, iv. 207.
Racknitz, palace of, xvi. 207.
Radet, general, xiii. 134.
Radetsky, count, xviii. 142.
Radivojivich, general, xii. 373, 374.
Radjewski, general, xix. 237.
Radzerminski, count, x. 81.
Radzewitz, general, at Soissons, xviii.
182— at Laon, 190.
Radzivil, prince, xv. 291.
Radzivil, princess, xvi. 78.
Radzuns, cession of, to Italy, xiii. 104.
Raeffskoi, general, corps of, 1812, xv. 370
— check of, at Mohilow, 296— at Smo-
lensko, 314, 315— at Borodino, 344— at
Winkowo, xvi. 18 — at Malo Jarosla-
witz, 22 — at Krasnoi, 51— at Leipsic,
xvii. 242, 244— succeeds "Wittgenstein,
xviii. 170 — advances to Pont-sur-
Yonne, 174 — at Arcis-sur-Aube, 304,
307, 308— advance of, toward Paris, 326
—at the battle of the barriers, 342, 343,
345.
Raglowich, general, xvii. 384.
Ragusa, duke of, see Marmont.
Ragusa, seizure of, by Napoleon, ix. 379 — •
offered in exchange for Naples, 385 — the
Russians defeated at, x. 128.
Ragusa, fort, Almarez, xv. 38 — captured
by Hill, 41.
Rainier, admiral, viii. 293.
Raisonnable, Nelson serves on board the,
v. 347.
Rajeffskoi, see Raeffskoi.
Rajpoots, the, xi. 2.
Ralf, baron de, ii. 31.
Ramanieh, capture of, by the British,
viii. 28.
Rambaud, general, at Acre, vi. 300 —
death of, 301.
Ramel, report by, on the finances, v. 251
— commands the guard on the 18th
Fructidor, vi. 103 — transported to
Guiana, 106, 107 — escapes, 108 — finan-
cial report by, 1801, viii. 119.
Ramillies, the, at the 1st of June, iv. 325.
Ramis, defeat of the Austrians at, vi.
348.
Rampon, colonel, at Montenotte, v. 175,
176 — at Alexandria, viii. 23 — forces
under, 1805, ix. 74.
Rampoora, storming of, by the British,
xi. 112 — ceded to them, 132— restored
to Holkar, 133.
Ramsay, captain Norman, xiii. 348.
Rancas, review at, xiv. 354.
Ranney, colonel, at New Orleans, xix.
170.
Ranz des Vaches, the, vi. 129.
Rapatel, death of, xviii. 323.
Raphael's Transfiguration, seizure of, by
Napoleon, v. 244.
Rapinat, exactions of, in Switzerland, vi.
161, note.
Rapita, capture of, by the French, xiv.
164.
Rapp, general, joins Napoleon from Egypt,
vii. 245 — opposed to the re-establish-
ment of religion, viii. Ill — invades
Switzerland, 227 — proclamation there,
ib. — at Austerlitz, ix. 211 — efforts of, to
save Hatzfield, x. 70, 71 — wounded at
Golymin, 120— revenue to, xi. 196, note
INDEX.
327
Rapp, continued.
— government of Dantzic by, 23&— mea-
sures there, 239 — wounded at Borodino,
xv. 346— and at Gorodnia, xvi. 25 — de-
fensive preparations at Dantzic, 113 —
inefficiency of his forces, 114, xvii. 79,
80, 281 — his defence, 306, et seq. — capi-
tulates, 308— removed to Russia, 309—
forces under, 1815, xix. 306.
Raschdorf, combat at, xiii. 32.
Rasgrad, capture of, by the Russians, xv.
162.
Raslowice, battle of, v. 31.
Rastadt, congress at, and the negotia-
tions, vi. 54, 218 — virtual closing of it,
223 — assassination of the French de-
puties, 335, et seq.— horror excited by
it, 337.
Rastrow, M., x. 78.
Raszyn, combat at, xii. 367.
Rateau. an associate of Malet's, xvi. 132.
Rath, defeat of the Irish at, vi. 211.
Ratisbon, the archbishop of, ix. 372.
Ratisbon, diet of, iii. 131 — congress and
negotiations at, viii. 211, 212 — captured
by the Austrians, xii. 233 — cavalry
action before, 238 — evacuated by the
archduke, 239— assault of it, 241— its
capture, 242 — conferring of rewards by
Napoleon at, 244 — recaptured by the
French, xiii. 9.
Rat Kau, surrender of Blucher at, x. 63.
Ratte Eig, Soult at, v. 272, note.
Ratti, Monte, vii. 208— combat at, 209—
captured by the French, 216 — they de-
feated at, 219.
Rauch, M., xviii. 138.
Rauch, defence of Malborghetto by, xii.
272.
Rausnitz, skirmish at, ix. 202.
Rauss, camp of, captured by the French,
iv. 357.
Rauss, Col di, defeat of the Austrians at,
viL 243.
Rauzet, defence of Louis XVI. by, iii.
51.
Ravenna, capture of, by the Allies, vi. 370.
Raymond, M., xi. 4(i.
Raynal, the abb£, the works of, i. 151 —
on the state of France in 1792, iii. 146
— intimacy of Napoleon with, v. 137.
Rayout, general, xvii. 384.
Razumoffsky, count, xviii. 147, 327.
Real, joins Napoleon against the Direc-
tory, vii. 95 — treacherous conduct of,
toward Pichegru, viii. 340 — examination
of the latter before him, 357, 360 — report
by, on Malet's conspiracy, xvi. 139.
Real Audiencia, council called the, xiv.
331.
Reason, worship of, decreed in France,
iv. 150.
Rebellion, the great, in England, i. 43 —
in Ireland, atrocities of, 72 — that of
1798, vi. 210, 211.
Recamier, niadame, xi. 184.
Reciprocity svstem in Great Britain, the,
xiv. 74, 76^ 368, xx. 91.
Reck, dismissal of, from the Russian
ministry, xi. 242.
Recruiting, Wyndham's system of, x. 169
—new system of, 1813, xvi. 283.
Red river, the, xix. 12.
Red sea, Napoleon at the, vi. 285.
Red Russia, province of, v. 22.
Rediger, M., xvi. 129.
Reding, murder of, iii. 19.
Reding, Aloys, character of, vi. 158 —
heads the forest cantons against the
French,, ib— at Morgarten, 159— heads
the federalists, viii. 221 — overthrows
the old government, 222 — he is over-
thrown, 223 — diet convoked atSchwytz,
227 — arrested and imprisoned, 230 —
liberated, and becomes deputy for
Schwytz, 234.
Reding, general, at Baylen, xii. 80, 82,
83— at Cardaden, xiii. 188— defeated at
Molinos, 189 — plan for relieving Sara-
gossa, 190 — defeated and mortally
wounded, 191.
Redinha, skirmish at, xiii. 344.
Redoubtable at Trafalgar, the, ix. 85, 87.
Reduction, capture of, by the British, x.
211.
Reeves, colonel, at Ordal, xvii. 336.
Reform associations in Great Britain,
1795, v. 253 — parliamentary, debates
on, 1793, iv. 9, et seq.— 1831, 14, note-
majority by which then carried, ii. 47,
note — passing of it, and its effects, xx.
93, et seq. — influence of the South Ame-
rican revolution on it, xiv. 361 — debates
on it, 1797, v. 325.
Reformation in England, the, i. 68 — its
failure in France, 93, et seq. — its arrest-
ment by the revocation of the edict of
Nantes, 96— its effects in Poland, v. 19
— its peculiarities in Scotland, i. 72.
Reformation and revolution, on, i. 115 —
obstacles to, in Turkey, xv. 130.
Regency bill, debates in parliament on,
xiv. 17, et seq. — reflections on it, 24, et
seq.
Regency of Portugal, the, dissolved by
Junot, xi. 311 — its corruption, xiv. 332.
Regency, the Spanish, elected by the cen-
tral junta, xiv. 119 — its suppression,
xvi. 305 — its violence against Welling-
ton , xvii. 361 — refuse to ratify the treaty
of Valenpay, xviii. 33.
R£g£ne>e" brig, exploit of the, viii. 38.
Reggio, duke of, see Oudinot.
Reggio, ceded to the Cisalpine republic,
vi. 53 — capture and recapture of, xviii.
221.
Regicide peace, Burke's letters on, v.
371.
Regnault St Angely, Michel, joins Na-
poleon against the Directory, vii. 95 —
x. 164, xi. 196, note — motion by, for a
new levy, 1813, xvi. 141 — proceedings
in 1815, xix. 291,304, xx. 4.
Regniaud, general, xiv. 280.
Regnier, Claud Antoine, duke of Massa,
his views regarding Napoleon, 1799, vii.
328
INDEX.
Regnier, continued.
96— placed at head of the police, viii. 151
— report by, on the affair of Drake, 302
— and on Georges' conspiracy, 339 — suc-
ceeded by Fouch£, 340 — revenue be-
stowed on, xi. 196, note — president of the
Deputies, 1813, xviii. 24, 26.
Iiegnier, general, see Reynier.
Rehbach, advance of the French to, iv.
388.
Reichenau, occupied by the French, vi.
328— capture of, by the Swiss, 349.
Reichenbach, treaty between Prussia and
Austria at, iii. 150 — combat at, xvi. 250
— treaty of, 1813, xvii. 57 — Austria ac-
cedes to it, 84.
Reichenberg, occupied by the French,
xvii. 133.
Reichenhall, scenery of, xii. 349, note.
Reid the metaphysician , xiv. 3.
Reign of Terror, narrative of the, iv. 113,
et seq. — origin of its atrocities, 205 — its
second epoch, 204 — details of executions
during, 244 — its termination, 287 —
number of its victims, 288 — and number
engaged in its atrocities, 289 — means by
which maintained, 291 — what long sup-
ported and at last overthrew it, 292 —
its crimes perpetrated by means of juries,
297 — true cause of its atrocities, 300. —
See also Robespierre.
Reille, general, defeated before Rosas, xii.
96 — and Gerona, 97 — at Wagram, xiii.
46 — joins Suchet in Spain, xiv. 197 — at
Albufera, 198 — removed to the army of
the North, 260— xvi. 319— at Vitoria,
332, 336 — becomes commander of the
right, 355 — his inactivity at the Pyre-
nees, 361— at Soraoren, 366, 368— re-
treat of, through Echalar, 371— at San
Marcial, 386— forces under, 1813, 401
—at the Nivelle, xvii. 353, 358— at the
Nive, 363, 368, 369— at Orthes, xviii.
240, 241 — at Toulouse, 267 — forces
under, 1815, xix. 399— at Quatre Bras,
330 — forces at Waterloo, 404 — and ope-
rations there, 345, 352, 355, 357, 361,
363.
Reindeer, capture of the, xix. 137.
Reinhard, M., vii. 281.
Reissenfels, colonel, xii. 354, 355.
Relaejos, advance of Moore to, xii. 170.
Relics, destruction of, in Paris, iv. 151.
Religion, influence of, during the era of
the Revolution, i. 4 — influence of its
establishments during the middle ages,
32 — its influence on freedom, 34 — effect
of the discovery of printing on it, 35 —
its influence on the English Revolution,
44 — and that of its absence on the
French, 45 — development of freedom
through it in England, 68— effect of the
suppression of the Jesuits on it, 131 —
principles of Voltaire regarding, 142 —
and of the Economists, 160 — associated
with the love of freedom, 207— views of
Turgot regarding, 243 — necessity of it
to prepare for freedom, ii. 2 — hostility
first shown to it in the assembly, 153—
its influence in La Vendee, 320— and
that of the war there on it, 390 — abjur-
ed by the municipality and convention,
iv. 149 — its influence shown in the death
of Louis, 305 — its ultimate supremacy,
306 — its state under the Directory, vi.
79 — motion in favour of it, and resump-
tion of its rites, 97 — its state in the
French army, 248, 255 — its state on
Napoleon's accession, viii. 82 — and in
1801, 104— discussion on its re-establish-
ment, 107, et seq. — ceremony on the
occasion, 110 — discontent caused by this
in Paris, 109 — but joy in the depart-
ments, 113 — and satisfaction throughout
Europe, 114 — diversity of, in Austria,
ix. 105— provision for teaching, &c.
there, 122, 124— its state in Prussia, x.
7 — variety of, in India, 362, et seq. — its
influence in the Tyrol, xii. 319, 320, 324
— attachment of the Cortes to, xiv. 131
— its state in South America, 322 — char-
acter and influence of, in Turkey, xv.
130— and in Russia, 258— appeals by
Alexander to, 1812, 271— its state in
France, 1813, xvi. 151 — its influence on
the Prussian volunteers, 206 — and
among the Allied troops, xviii. 409 — its
state in the United States, xix. 45, et
seq. — growing deference to, in France,
xx. 43, 58.
Religious change, danger of, xv. 186 — en-
thusiasm, influence of, on freedom, i.
34 — fanaticism, in the English Revolu-
tion, 123 — its resemblance to political,
iv. 302 — freedom, effect of the revoca-
tion of the edict of Nantes on, i. 125 —
persecution, origin of, in expedience, iv.
205— toleration, attempt to establish, in
Poland, v. 27.
Rems, retreat of the Austrians through,
v. 284.
Renaud, Cecile, execution of, iv. 228.
Renaudin, captain, iv. 325, note.
Rendsburg, retreat of the Danes to, xvii.
295.
Rennes, parliament of, i. 324— meeting of
the nobles of Brittany at, 331 — insur-
rection at, 1789, 352 — predominance of
the Girondists at, iv. 119.
Renny, captain, x. 210.
Renschen, combat at, v. 279.
Repnin, prince, xvi. 115.
Representative governments, originate
with the northern barbarians, i. 15 —
modelled on the councils of the church,
17, v. 8 — wanting among the states of
antiquity, i. 15 — and at first among the
invading tribes, 16 — their general estab-
lishment, 18.
Representative system, want of, in Poland,
v. 7, 9 — partially introduced there, 17 —
that of Sweden , xv. 190.
Representatives, house of, in the United
States, xLx. 43.
Republics of antiquity, rise of the, i. 9
— of Greece, limited extent of their
INDEX.
329
Republics of antiquity, continued.
freedom, 10 — the representative system
wanting in them, 15— of Italy, 27 — their
decline, 29— effects of disaster on them,
30.
Republicans of Paris, first rendezvous of
the, ii. 40 — their objects after the flight
to Varennes, 251 — their discontent
on the re-establishment of titles of hon-
our, xi. 198 — their inactivity on Napo-
leon's overthrow, xviii. 355 — their
strength in Great Britain, hi. 108.
Republicanism, tendency to, in Great
Britain under Cromwell, i. 68 — circum-
stances restraining it, 69 — first avowal
of, in France, ii. 249 — its tendency in
the United States, i. 71.
Repudiation in the United States, on, xix.
41, 55.
Resebecque, effects of battle of, i. 83.
Resume des Cahiers, the, ii. 34.
Resumption of cash payments, see Cash.
Retiro, seizure of the, by Murat, xi. 331—
captured by Napoleon, xii. 163 — by Wei- ■
lington, xv. 74.
Retreat, the Moscow, see Moscow.
Retson, Mrs, at Matagorda, xiv. 151,
note.
Reunion, capture of the, v. 360.
Reuss, prince of, forces under, 1800, vii.
185— -operations of Lecourbe against, 203
— 282 — joins the confederation of the
Rhine, xi. 251, note — at Abensberg, xii.
229— at Aspern, 292, 294, 295— xiii. 25
—forces under, 1813, xvii. 97, 386, 387,
388.
Reuss river, vi. 132, vii. 20 — line of
the, vi. 347 — Swiss defeated on the,
159.
Reuss, capture of, by the French, xiii.
192 — occupied by Macdonald, xiv. 157.
Reveil du Peuple, the, v. 93, 112.
Reveillon's, the riot at, 1789, i. 357— his
character, ib. — destruction of his factory,
358 — who was the author of the riot, 359,
ii. 44.
Revel, the regiment of, xviii. 121.
Revensberg, cession of, by Prussia, x. 324,
note.
Revetta, struggle at, vii. 241.
Revenue, see Finance.
Revocation of the edict of Nantes, the,
i. 94, et seq. — retribution which fol-
lowed it, 97— its effect on the church,
125.
Revolution, difference between the passion
for, and tliat for freedom, i. 207 — loss of
virtue the cause of, 208 — necessity of
the higher classes as leaders to, 370 —
inadequacy of concession to arrest it, ii.
264 — time for resistance to it, 265 — pro-
cess through which it passes, 355— de-
terioration of the ruling power in it,
iii. 1, 2 — success of violence in it, 3 —
necessity of vigour against, 237 — danger
of, from justice being sacrificed to expe-
diency, iv. 206 — its progressive charac-
ter, 295 — corruption of the public mind
in , 297 — provision for correcting its evils,
305 — means for combating, v. 129 —
perversion of right and wrong by, vi. 61
— increase of public burdens by, ix. 254.
Revolution, eastern, character of, xv. 113
— the English, see English.
Revolution, the French, importance of
era of, i. 1 — influence it exerted, ib. —
compared with previous eras, 2 — its
events, ib. — variety of character exhi-
bited during it, 3 — developments of
national character, 4 — its intellectual
achievements, ib. — cause of these cha-
racteristics, 5— to be traced to the irrup-
tion of the Franks, 14 — tending of
various causes to induce it, 39— dangers
introduced by it, 41 — compared with
the great rebellion in England, 44, ct
seq. — cruelties characterising it, ib. 45 — ■
its effect on the law of the country, 46
— on the distribution of property, 47 —
and on that of political power, 48— and
on the naval and military power of the
kingdom, ib. — causes of these peculiari-
ties, 49 — the causes which led to it, ib.
et seq. Ill, et seq. — influence of the pri-
vileges of the nobility on it, 87 — causes
of its savage character, 98 — effects of the
suffering it induced, 100 — unanimity at
its commencement, 112 — causes of it :
viz. — the desire of the middle classes for
elevation, 113; the destruction of the
power of the nobility, 119 ; the military
spirit of the people, 120 ; the philosophy
and literature of the age, 121 ; its dra-
matic exhibitions, 123 ; the state of the
church, 124 ; the writings of Montes-
quieu, 134 ; Voltaire, 142 ; and Rousseau,
149 ; and their successors, 150 ; the
doctrines of the materialists, 152 ; and
the economists, 159; the privileges of
the nobility, 162 ; the prosperous con-
dition of the Tiers Etat, 165 ; the in-
equalities of taxation, 167 ; the state of
the poor, 170 ; the non-residence of pro-
prietors, ib. ; the feudal services, 171 ;
the administration of justice, 174 ; the
extent of the royal prerogative, 175 ; the
use of torture, 177 ; the corruption of
the court, 179 ; the state of the finances,
185 ; the contempt into which the no-
bility had fallen, 189 ; the state of the
clergy, 192 ; the preponderance of Paris,
193 ; and the want of rural loyalty, 194
— predicted by Lord Chesterfield, 195 —
foreseen by Louis XV. 196 — survey of
causes immediately preceding it, 206 —
its real causes, 207 — attributable to the
national vices, 208, 209— influence of
the character of Louis XVI. on it, 212,
213 — and of the measures of Turgot and
Malesherbes, 253— its failure, 363—
errors of the various parties Wtherto,
364, et seq.
State of science at date of, ii. 1 — its
actual commencement, 2 — its progress
with the taking of the Bastille, 110 —
errors of the Tiers Etat, 111— of the
330
INDEX.
Revolution, continued.
military, ib. — of the king, 112— ease of
its first triumphs, 116 — cause of its sub-
sequent disasters, 117 — circumstances
which hurried it on, 122, et seq. — influ-
ence of the formation of the national
guard, 126 — of the emigration of the
noblesse, 137 — of the abandonment of
feudal rights, 142 — of church spoliation
and the system of assignats, 197 — now
opposed by the clergy, 224— influence
of irreligion on, 357 — coincidence of its
leaders with its stages, 358.
Its progressive steps, iii. 1 — excitement
it causes in Europe, 81 — views of parties
in England on it, 108— arguments of
Fox in its favour, 118 — and of Burke
against it, 120 — state of the European
powers on its breaking out, 147 — their
views regarding it, and its influence in
inducing their pacification, 150 — causes
which brought on the war, 151 — neces-
sity of propagandism to it, 160 — on the
breaking out of the war, 183 — effect of
the death of Louis on it, 242 — influence
of daring on it, 243 — weakness of all who
attempted to arrest it, 311 — its irreligious
character, 315 — first feelings of the Ven-
deans regarding it, 321 — the Vendean
war commits it against religion, 390 —
bitterness of feeling in England regard-
ing it, iv. 1, et seq. — advantages of re-
sistance to it, 8 — talent developed by it,
104 — causes of its sanguinary character,
113, 114, 300— effects of the Austrian
alliance on it, 141 — its culminating
point, 179 — successive destruction of
parties in it, 203 — its cruelties originated
in supposed expedience, 205 — destruc-
tion of all its supporters, 292 — of the
nobility, clergy, and commercial classes,
293— of the middle and lower, 294 —
causes of this general suffering, 295 — its
successive stages, 296 — Robespierre the
incarnation of it, 298 — its march not
absolutely inevitable, 303 — causes which
made it so, 304 — military strength given
by it, 307 — and naval weakness, 308.
The fall of Robespierre its turning
point, v. 81 — termination of its first
great epoch, 106 — review of it to the
establishment of the Directory, 127, vi.
65 — causes of its disasters, v. 128, et seq.
— Burke's views on it, 373 — change in
it by the 18th Fructidor, vi. 103— its
successive stages, vii. 76 — the 18th Bru-
maire, 103 — effects of its violence, 125,
xi. 221 — centralisation accomplished by
it, vii. 129 — and impulse given to Chris-
tianity, 132 — extinction of its spirit,
332 — changes in the law by it, viii.
154 — close of its changes by Napoleon's
coronation, 383 — Pitt at first in favour
of it, ix. 243— contrast between it and
the English, xi. 219 — the desire of eleva-
tion its cause, 222 — the principles of
freedom not attended to, 223 — it was a
struggle for power, 224 — corruption of
public opinion by it, 225— its influence
on literature, xiv. 4, 6, 7 — the advance
to Moscow its culminating point, xvi. 2
— its crimes brought on the catastrophe
of 1812, 97— its effects shown in Malet's
conspiracy, 140 — effects of its early wars
on the population, 159 — demoralisation
induced by it, 183, 184— its effects in
cutting off the resources of the country,
275 — its influence in forming the cha-
racter of Napoleon, xvii. 9 — and that of
his government, 12 — nature of its spirit,
127 — cause of the strength of its passions,
128 — moral reaction which arrested it,
129 — causes of the retribution which
befell, 130 — reaction against it, from the
misery it caused, 131 — trial of it by
suffering, xviii. 2, et seq. — individual
advancement its mainspring, 416 — im-
possibility of its system being restored,
418 — view of its phases, 421 — has made
a free government impossible, 426 —
moral, political, and social effects of,
xx. 40 — destruction of the church pro-
perty by it, 42— of the old aristocracy,
43 — great subdivision of land, 47 — its
general, social, and domestic results, 56
— has established Asiatic civilisation, 57.
Revolution, Poland, St Domingo, Spain,
&c. see Poland, &c.
Revolutionary calendar, the, iii. 37, iv.
128— abolished, ix. 76.
Revolutionary committees, powers, &c. of,
iii. 267, 268 — their abolition proposed,
iv. 121 — general establishment of, &c.
125 — their proceedings, 126 — new organ-
isation of them, 128 — their number,
expense, &c. 156 — suppressed, v. 105.
Revolutionary societies in Great Britain ,
iv. 309, v. 253.
Revolutionary Tribunal at Lyons, atrocities
of, iv. 88— Chalier tried before, 123.
Revolutionary Tribunal at Paris, insti-
tuted, iii. 10 — its first proceedings and
victims, 11 — proposed re-establishment
of, 262— decree constituting it, 264, 265
— its public accuser, 265 — additional
powers to, 269 — commences proceedings,
271— trial of Marat by, 277, 278— trials
in April 1793, 279 — change in its con-
stitution, 284 — trial of the Girondists,
297— of Custine, iv. 132— of the queen,
137 — of Bailly, &c. 142, et seq. — of
Egalite^ Barnave, &c. 143 — of the Dan-
tonists, 196 — reorganised, 233 — devoted
to Robespierre, 238 — increasing rapidity
of executions, 243, et seq. — examples of
mode of trial, 244 — detailed statement
of executions, ib. note — these increased,
245, et seq. — trial of the farmers-general,
251 — and of Madame Elizabeth, ib. —
increasing severity, 259 — and descent of
its proscriptions, 260 — number of its
victims, i&.— its crimes perpetrated by
the jury system, 298 — trial of Fouquier
Tinville, v. 85 — its' abolition moved, 91
— and decreed, 111.
Revolutionnaire, capture of the, iv. 320.
INDEX.
331
Rewbell, denounces the Jacobins, v. 88 —
elected a Director, 125, vi. 69 — his cha-
racter, 70— joins the republican majo-
rity's— his arrest proposed by Pichegru,
102 — his jealousy of Napoleon, 242 — re-
tires, vii. 77.
Rewbell, governor of Cassel, xii. 360.
Rexellet, an adherent of Babceuffs, vi.
85.
Rey, general, v. 238, vi. 192.
Rey, Emmanuel, governor of San Sebas-
tian, character of, xvi. 346 — defensive
preparations, 347— the siege, 375, et seq.
— capitulates, 382— value and ability of
his defence, 383.
Reyes, lake of, xiv. 354.
Reynier, general, accompanies Napoleon
to Egypt, vi. 241, 286— at the Pyramids,
261, 262— expedition to Salahieh, 266 —
at Heliopolis, viii. 7, 8 — 13, note — mea-
sures proposed after Alexandria, 27 — his
character, 28, note — invades Calabria,
ix. 338— defeated at Maida, 341— losses
duringhis retreat, 344 — operations under
Massena in Portugal, xiii. 306, 322, 326
— atBusaco, 328, 329— at Sabugal, 346—
forces under, 1810, xiv. 146 — defeated at
Kobrin, xv. 308 — joined by Schwartzen-
berg in Russia, xv. 327 — his corps, 369 —
defeats Tormasoff, 327 — operations of,
1813, xvi. 74, 112— defeated at Kalisch,
114 — position of, 1813, and forces, &c.
187, 197, 201, note, 229— atBautzen,243,
245— operations against Bernadotte,xvii.
183— at Gross Beeren ,184, 185— at Den-
newitz, 192—220, 224— relieves Witten-
berg, 226 — recalled toward Leipsic, 232
• — forces under, 384, 394 — at Mockern,
236, 252— at Leipsic, 257, 263, 264—
during the retreat, 268 — taken prisoner,
272— his corps dissolved, 280.
Reynosa, battle of, xii. 155.
Reyrand, general, iii. 362.
Rhe\ imprisonment of Mirabeau in, ii. 20.
Rheims, archbishop of, ii. 73.
Rheims, cahiers from, ii. 14 — atrocities at,
1792, iii. 31— panic of the French at, 207
— occupied by the Allies, xviii. 132 —
captured by St Priest, 199 — recaptured
by Napoleon, 200 — his stay there, 202 —
his last review at, 203 — captured by
Blucher, 318.
Rhein, advance of Benningsen to, x. 133.
Rheinfels, passage of the Rhine by the
Prussians at, iv. 34 — captured by the
French, 368, 370 — evacuated by the
Allies, 388.
Rheinthal, the, joins the Forest cantons,
viii. 225.
Rhenish Prussia, province of, x. 7, note.
Rhine, passage of, by Brunswick, 1792,
iii. 221— by the French, 235— by the
Prussians, 1793, iv. 34 — operations on,
67 — Allies driven over, 71 — operations
on, 1794, 354 — Allies again driven over,
367 — its character in Holland, 373—
concluding operations on, 1794, 387,
388 — campaign of 1795, v. 68 — passed
by the French, 72— bv the Allies, 76—
by the French in 1796, 271 — by Jour-
dan, 272 — recrossed, 273— by Moreau,
277 — again by Jourdan, 282 — recrossed
by him, 292 — and by Moreau, 297 —
campaign of 1797 on, vi. 37 — passed by
Moreau at Diersheim, ib. et seq. — by
Hoche, 40 — its free navigation provided
by Campo Formio, 54 — description of it
in Switzerland, 132, 133— forces of the
French on, 1799, 323 — passed by them,
326 — by Massena in Switzerland, 327 —
operations on it, 331 — retreat of the
French across, 335, 346 — its military
line, 347 — passed by the Austrians, 352
— its rise and course, vii. 20 — opera-
tions on it, 64 — passed by Moreau, 187 —
operations on it, 1800, 283— at the Via
Mala, 303 — France extended to, by
Luneville, 328 — the confederation of,
first planned, viii. 321 — repassage of,
after Austerlitz, ix. 229 — preparations
of Napoleon on, 1807, x. 165 — confeder-
ation recognised by Tilsit, 323 — See also
Confederation — repassed by the French
after Leipsic, xvii. 290 — advance of the
Allies to, 291 — enthusiasm on their ap-
proach to it, 292 — abandonment of line
of, resolved on by Napoleon, xviii.
10— disposition of Napoleon's troops in,
50 — hesitation of the Allies at, 51 — pro-
clamation before crossing, 59 — coinci-
dence of the passage by them and the
barbarians, 62 — passage by Blucher, 64
— by Schwartzenberg, 65 — advance of
Bernadotte to, 69, 131 — Napoleon in-
sists on retaining its frontier, 293 — navi-
gation of, as arranged by treaty of Paris,
404 — and by congress of Vienna, xix.
242.
Rhone river, vii. 21 — its rise, vi. 132 —
valley of the, 133.
Rhone, department of, joins the Giron-
dists, iv. 120 — statistics of births in, xx.
53.
Riall, general, at Chippewa, xix. 145 —
wounded, 146 — taken prisoner, 148.
Ribaroya, combat at, xiv. 198.
Ribera, Don Ildefonso de, xvi. 302.
Ric, don Pedro, xiii. 182.
Ricard, general, at Lutzen, xvi. 217 — xvii.
384 — at Champaubert, xviii. 95 — xix.
237.
Ricardos, Don, iv. 73, 74.
Richard Cceur-de-Lion, Napoleon on, xii.
261.
Richard II., democratic outbreak under, i.
65.
Richelieu, the cardinal, objects of his sys-
tem of government, i. 88 — measures for
gaining them, 89 — effects of these, 90,
91, 189 — causes of his success, 91 — his
death, 89, note — his tomb defaced, iii.
5.
Richelieu, the due de, x. 91, note.
Richelieu, fort, vii. 208— invested by the
Austrians, 210 — captured by the Allies,
xviii. 285.
332
INDEX.
Richepanse, general, at Novi, vii. 15 — at Robert, general, at Castiglione, v. 210—
San Dalmazzo, 58 — at Engen, 189 — at governor of Tortosa, xviii. 259
Mceskirch, 192 — defeated at Kerchberg, Roberjot, the envoy at Rastadt, murder
198 — invests Ulm, 201 — at Hohen- of, vi. 336.
linden, 286, 288, 290— at Salzburg, 295 Robertson the historian, xiv. 3.
— during the retreat, 297— in St Do- Robertson, lieutenant, xix. 162.
mingo, viii. 183— conquers Guadaloupe, Robertson, a Catholic priest, xii. 132,
.
194— his death, 195.
Richery, admiral, at Newfoundland, v.
304 — 311 — sails for invasion of Ireland,
312 — disaster encountered, 313.
Richmond, duke of, x. 237, note.
Richmond, duchess of, xix. 313.
Rickerton, Sir Richard, viii. 38, 39.
Rico, Juan, xii. 33.
Ridge, colonel, at Badajos, xv. 25— death
of, 26.
Riding, English mode of, introduced into
France, i. 310.
Riding school hall, meeting of the as-
sembly in, ii. 189 — Jacobin club in, vii.
87, 88.
Ried, treaty of, xvii. 231.
Riesch, general, at Hohenlinden, vii. 287,
288, 289.
Riga, operations of Macdonald against,
xv. 328, xvi. 74.
Rigaud, general, viii. 178, 179.
Right of search, the, vii. 340.
Rights of Man, authorship of the, ii. 24,
note — declaration of, 150 — Dumont on,
151 — vetoed by the king, 164 — accepted ,
167.
Rimniski, victory 'of Suwarroff at, vi. 359.
Rio de la Plata, the, xiv. 293, 296, 301.
Rio Janeiro, city of, xiv. 314 — partial
abolition of the slave trade by, xix. 242.
Rio Negro, the, xiv. 293, 295.
Rio Seco, battle of, xii. 72 — combats at,
xiii. 259.'.
Riou, captain at the Baltic, vii. 377, 378
—death of, 380.
Riouffe, account of the last days of Dan-
ton by, iv. 194 — picture of the prisons
by, 222 — letter from Sieyes to, vii. 125.
Ripley, general, xix. 145.
Ripoll, captured by the French, xiii. 209.
Ripon, earl of, xviii. 144.
Rippach, halt of Napoleon at, xvii. 277.
Ritchoff, general, x. 91, note.
Rivers of Britain, the, iii. 83 — of Lom-
bardy, their military importance, v. 166
— want of, in the country of the Cos-
sacks, xv. 245 — and in Russia, 302 — of
Siberia, 232 — of Spain, their value to
Wellington, xiv. 220 — of South America,
295 — of North America, xix. 11.
Riviere, trial of, with Georges, viii. 360 —
condemned, 364 — pardoned, 366.
Rivoli, battle of, v. 235, et seq. — combat
at, 1801, vii. 317— and 1813, xvii. 317.
Roads, services relating to, in France, i.
172, 173— those of the Marais, iii. 318
— want of, in Switzerland, vi. 134 — mi-
litary, formed in Prussia, xi. 239, 240 —
of the Tyrol, xii. 332 — of Lithuania, xv.
277— expenditure by Napoleon on, xvi.
153, 154.
Robespierre, Francois Maximilian, a leader
of the Jacobins, ii. 286 — his early life,
character, and principles, 291, et seq. —
his essay on capital punishments, 292 —
character of the Encyclopedists by, i.
152 — and of Mirabeau, ii. 23 — a member
of the club Breton, 40 — his first appear-
ance and speech in the assembly, 44 —
seditious efforts of, 78 — excuses the ex-
cesses of the peasantry, 136 — opposes
the decree of martial law, 180 — speech
of, on the church establishment, 198,
note — denounces Bouille", 219 — advo-
cates the abolition of capital punish-
ments, 235— his speech, 236— 247— in-
flammatory efforts of, 249 — speech of,
against the king, 251 — heads the revolt
of the Champ de Mars, 254 — violent
language of, 256 — moves the self-deny-
ing ordinance, 257 — his influence in the
Jacobins, 297 — advocates slave emanci-
pation, 306— 335— on the 10th August,
340, 348, 352— his cowardice, iii. 4—
sanguinary demands of, 9 — during the
massacres of the prisons, 18 — chosen
member for Paris, 35 — impeached be-
fore the Convention, 38 — acquitted, 39
— again impeached, 41 — and acquitted,
43 — supports the municipality against
the Girondists, 47 — arguments against
the inviolability of the king, 53 —
and against the appeal to the people,
66 — opposes the declaration of war, 164
— denounces Dumourier, 225 — speech
during the discussions on the maximum,
254, 255 — alarm of, at the popular
movement, 256 — a member of the
committee of general defence, 269 —
speech against the Girondists, 272, et
seq. — organises the revolt of 31st May,
288 — first disunion between him and
Danton, ib.— on the 31st May, 291—
urges the arrest of the Girondists, ib.
■ — measures to secure their condemna-
tion, 297, note — funeral eloge on Marat
by, 307 — iv. 63 — principle on which he
acted, 114 — speech of, on the 2d June,
115 — his firmness against the Girondist
coalition, 121 — on the constitution of
1792, 124 — 133— opposes the queen's
trial, 135 — banquet of, on the day of
her execution, 141 — denounces Egalite,
144 — proposal to the latter, ib. — de-
nounces the fete of the Goddess of
Reason, 151 — his repugnance to the
atheism of the municipality, 154 — urges
Danton to retire from Paris, 175 — his
supremacy over the anarchists, 176 —
efforts of Danton to detach him from
the municipality, 178— their first suc-
cess, ib. 179— accused of moderatism,
INDEX.
Robespierre, continued.
179 — speech against the anarchists, 180
— resolves on destroying both them and
the Dantonists, 181 — his motives, 182
— secret agreement with the munici-
pality, 183 — purgation of the Jacobin
club, 186 — speech regarding Camille
Desmoulins, 187, note — announces his
project in the convention, 187 — rupture
with Dan ton, 192 — speech on the arrest
of the latter, 195 — measures to secure
his condemnation, 198 — his principles of
government subsequently, 208 — his
supremacy, 209 — ferocious sentiment
of, 210 — his party in the committee,
214 — his growing alienation from the
convention, 216 — speech on the Su-
preme Being, 223, 230 — elucidation of
his character by it, 227 — attempt to
assassinate him, 228 — speech against
giving quarter to the English, 230 — his
power at this time, 232— speeches on
the revolutionary tribunal, 234, 235 —
views of, on increasing its powers, 235
— estranged from the committee, 237 —
character of leading Jacobins by him,
ib. note — rupture with Billaud Var-
rennes, ib. — protects the masses, 238 —
measures for the relief of pauperism, 240
— speech embodying the principles of
his government, ib. et seq. — implicated
in the atrocities of Le Bon, 256, note —
the affair of Catherine Theot, and its
effect on his power, 261 — withdraws
from the convention and committee,
ib. — his measures for personal safety,
&c. ib. — measures urged by his parti-
sans, 263 — commencement of his last
struggle, ib. — insurrection organised,
264 — he designed to arrest the effusion of
blood, 265 — letters, &c. showing this,
266, 267, note — his last speech in the
convention, 268 — at the Jacobins on
the evening of the 8th Thermidor, 271
— in the convention on the 9th, 273,
275, 276 — his arrest decreed, 277 — sent
to the Luxembourg, but liberated, 278
— arrested, 284 — his execution, 286 — <
means by which he maintained his
power, 291 — to be viewed as the incar-
nation of the revolution, 298 — his fun-
damental error, 299 — elevated points in
his character, 302— his abilities, 303,
note — character of his death, 305 — his
fall the turning point of the revolution ,
v. 81 — rejoicings on it, 82 — projected
marrying the duchesse d'Angouleme,
115 — connexion of Napoleon with,
142.
Robespierre the younger, defence of his
brother by, iii. 42 — denounces Roland,
270— cruelties of, at Toulon, iv. 101,
etseq. — his arrest decreed, 277 — captured
but delivered, 279 — seizure of, 284 — his
execution, 286 — his pacific views, 351.
Robin, a Jacobin, iii. 385.
Robinson, general, at "Vitoria, xvi. 336 —
at San Sebastian, 376 — at the Nive,
xvii. 369— wounded at St Pierre, 377—
at Plattsburg, xix. 162.
Rocamunde, passage of the Ebro by the
British at, xvi. 326.
Roccavina, general, v. 53 — at Monte-
notte, 175.
Rochambeau, the count, i. 266.
Rochambeau, general, iii. 163 — forces
under, 188 — dismissed, 191 — services of
Berthier under, v. 169 — defeats Belle-
garde at Foscoire, vii. 244 — joins Mac-
donald in the Alps, 318 — in St
Domingo, viii. 183, 185, 189 — succeeds
Leclerc, 196 — repeated defeats of, there,
ib. — capitulates, 197— xvii. 384— slain
at Leipsic, 263.
Rochdale, population of, iii. 98.
Roche, general, detached to attack Val-
encia, xvi. 313 — recalled to Sicily, 315,
317— xvii. 330— state of his forces, 333.
Rochefort squadron, the, ix. 53 — sailing
and successes of, 54, 55 — works at, xi.
204 — Napoleon embarks in the Belle-
rophon at, xx. 15.
Rochefoucauld, the cardinal, ii. 57, 64, 72,
et seq. 144.
Rochefoucauld, the due de la, in favour
of junction with the Tiers Etat, ii. 13,
17— joins them, 69— 226— on the 20th
June, 328 — murder of, iii. 30.
Rochefoucauld, Sosthene de la, xviii. 110.
Rochejaquelein, see Larochejaquelein.
Rochelle, dispossession of the Huguenots
from, i. 89, 94— works at, viii. 165.
Rocket, the Congreve, at Leipsic, xvii. 265
— at the passage of the Adour, xviii. 239.
Rocky mountains, the, xiv. 310, xix. 6, 9.
Rockingham, lord, iii. 116.
Roden, lord, vi. 211.
Rodil, general, xiv. 358.
Rodgers, captain, xix. 95 — action with
the Belvidere, 104.
Rodney, admiral, iii. 106, iv. 320, note
— services of Duncan under, v. 357.
Roederer, M., ii. 223— on the 10th August,
347, 348 — joins Napoleon against the
Directory, vii. 95 — defence of the Jaco-
bins by, viii. 90 — supports the life con-
sulate, 137, 139 — aids in the formation
of the Code, 155.
Roer, the Austrians defeated on the, iv. 367.
Roethe, position of thePrussians at, xvi.210.
Rogau, ceremonial at, xvi. 206.
Rogniat, general, on the attack in co-
lumns, xii. 305— at the siege of Tarra-
gona, xiv. 176.
Roguet, general, xvi. 52, xvii. 383.
Rohan, the cardinal de, connexion of,
with the affair of the Diamond Neck-
lace, i. 306— tried, 307— acquitted, 308.
Rohan, the due de, i. 331.
Rohan, the prince de, vii. 24, 61 — in the
Tyrol, ix. 178.
Rohan, the princess de, viii. 346.
Rohilcund, Meer Khan in, xi. 130.
Rohilla war, the, xi. 28.
Rois Faineants, the, i. 21, 76, 77.
Roize, general, death of, viii. 24.
334
INDEX.
Roize, general, xii. 77.
Roland, M., ii. 279 — his early history,
character, &c. 280, note, 312— becomes
minister of interior, 311 — resigns, 317 —
restored to office, iii. 5 — his failing po-
pularity, 14 — measures against the mas-
sacres in the prisons, 28, 33 — picture of
France by him, 38 — report on the state
of Paris, 40 — efforts to secure an armed
force for the convention, 45 — discovers
the iron closet in the Tuileries, 49 —
his disinclination to the war, 168, 170 —
retires from the ministry, 247 — de-
nounced by Marat, 255 — and by the
younger Robespierre, 270 — charge
brought against, by Hubert, 297 — his
death, 302.
Roland, madame, early history of, ii. 279,
note — her character and influence, 280,
et seq. — character of her memoirs, 281,
note — anecdote of, i. 122 — on the pro-
fligacy of the nobility, 185 — ii. 313 — her
letter to the king, 317 — advocates a
federal republic, iii. 48 — her trial and
execution, 300.
Roland, an associate of Georges', viii. 364.
Rolica, combat of, xii. 108, et seq.
Roll, the baron de, viii. 344, note.
Romagna, fertility of, v. 154 — formally
surrendered by Rome, 244 — ceded to
Venice, vi. 20 — to the Cisalpine repub-
lic, 50, 53.
Romain, the abbe\ murder of, iii. 31.
Roman campagna, the, v. 157.
Romana, the marquis of, Spanish auxili-
ary force under, ix. 180, x. 255, xv. 197
— qualified adhesion of, to Joseph, xii.
41 — escapes from Jutland with his corps,
132, 133— at Espinosa, 154, 155— suc-
ceeds Blake, 160 — fails to co-operate
with Moore, 170 — repulsed at Mansilla,
175 — continues in arms after Corunna,
xiii. 210— defeated at Monterey, 213—
successes and able movements of, in
Galicia, 217 — retreats, 218 — joins Wel-
lington, 333 — xiv. 153 — his death, and
character, xiii. 338.
Romanzoff, count, succeeds Budberg, xi.
273 — negotiations regarding Turkey, 279
— triple alliance proposed by, xii. 203 —
on the marriage of Napoleon, xiii. 282 —
negotiations with Champagny, 1812, xv.
225.
Romburg, occupation of, by the French,
xvii. 133.
Rome, effect of the- struggle of, with Car-
thage, i. 2 — her domination contrasted
with that of France, 3 — extension of the
rights of citizenship by, 11 — causes of
her decay, ib. — effects of the irruption
of the barbarians into her provinces, 12,
13 — state of Great Britain under, 50 —
causes which overthrew her liberties, 208
— her dominion never embraced Poland,
v. 8 — state of Switzerland under, vi. 135
— under Constantine, compared with
France under Napoleon, vii. 174 — influ-
ence of direct taxation on her, ix. 299 —
her empire compared with the British
in India, x. 343, 379— fall of, with the
capture of the city, xiii. 64 — army main-
tained by, xvi. 156 — influence of free
trade in corn on, xix. 214 — analogy be-
tween her empire and the British , xx.
97.
Rome, (modern,) reception of the abbe"
Maury at, ii. 26, note — murder of the
French ambassador at, iii. 175 — intei
of the city, v. 158 — its modern featui
population, &c. 159 — hostile measures
against Napoleon, 201 — submission of,
202 — he marches against it, 243 — treaty
with France, 244 — revolutionising of,
resolved on by the Directory, vi. 165 —
their exactions, 166, note — death of
Duphot at, 170 — invaded by Berthier,
171 — occupied by the French , 172 — their
pillage, 174 — mutiny of the French army
at, 175 — revolt of the inhabitants, and
its suppression , 176, 177 — states of, revo-
lutionised, 177 — contributions levied,
187 — invaded by the Neapolitans, 188 — •
re-occupied by the French, 190 — effects
of its invasion on France, 325 — insur-
rection in, 371, 374 — again invaded by
the Neapolitans, and their defeat, vii.
322 — negotiations of Napoleon with, ix.
144 — annexation of part of its territories,
xi. 283 — causes of the rupture with Na-
poleon, xiii. 125 — his continued en-
croachments, 127, 128 — occupied by his
forces, 129 — its government assumed by
the French, 130 — its administration by
them, 137 — formally incorporated, 138
— works of the French at, 339 — Fouche"
appointed governor, but recalled, 290 —
residence of Lucien in, 293 — suffering
from the continental system in, xv. 217,
note — enthusiasm for Napoleon in, 1813,
xvi. 131— concordat of 1813 with, 147—
invaded and captured by Murat, xviii.
36— return of Pius VII. to, 406— a prin-
cipal at the congress of Vienna, xix.
232.
Rome, the king of, his birth, xv. 215 — his
portrait reaches Napoleon at Borodino,
339 — Napoleon's affection for him, xvii.
45— presented in 1814 to the national
guard, xviii. 72 — parting of, from
Napoleon, 73 — removed from Paris,
335.
Romilly, Sir Samuel, early history of, xiv.
51 — his principles and character, 52 —
arguments against the conduct of the
king on the Catholic bill, x. 237 — xiii.
97 — against the regency bill, xiv. 18 —
efforts for the reformation of the crimi-
nal law, 53, 54 — error with regard to it,
55.
Romilly, defeat of the French at, xviii. 118.
Romme, trial and death of, v. 104.
Romulus, mutiny on board the, v. 339.
Roncal, defeat of Mina at, xvi. 321.
Roncesvalles, the Spaniards defeated at,
iv. 360— and again, 365— forced by the
French, xvi. 358.
INDEX.
335
Ronda, mountains of, xii. 6 — the Span-
iards defeated at, xiv. 153 — partisan
warfare in, 154 — operations in moun-
tains of, 265.
Ronsin, cruelties of, at Lyons, iv. 88—
185 — arrest and execution of, 190, 191.
Rosa, monte, vi. 127, 134.
Rosas, capture of, by the French, 1794,
iv. 364— defeat of Reille before, xii. 96—
naval action in bay of, xiii. 168 — cap-
tured by St Cyr, 187— surrendered on
the peace, xviii. 403.
Rosbach, St Germain at, i. 246— visited
by Napoleon, x. 67.
Rose, George, x. 237, note— on the orders
in council, xiv. 83 — against the corn
laws, xix. 210.
Roseau, destruction of, ix. 55.
Rosen, count Axel, xix. 202.
Rosen, combat at, xvii. 278.
Rosenberg, prince, at the passage of the
Po, vi. 367— at the Trebbia, 378, 380—
movements in pursuit, 383 — at Novi,
vii. 15 — operations on the St Gothard,
35 — in the Muttenthal, 39 — operations
under, 1805, ix. 168— and 1809, xii. 227
— at Dinzling, 232 — at Echmuhl, 235,
236— at Aspern, 286, 289, 292, 294, 297
—at Wagram, xiii. 25, 31, 36, 37, 41,
42, 43— during tlM retreat, 56.
Rosenberg, death of Koerner near, xvii.
160.
Rosenheim, passage of the Inn by the
French at, vii. 293.
Roses, wars of the, character and effects
of, i. 66, 73.
Rosetta, mouth of the Nile at, vi. 249 —
harbour of, 252 — fortified, &c. by the
French, 283— British defeated before, x.
230.
Rosilly, admiral, sent to supersede Ville-
neuve, ix. 76 — fleet under, captured,
xii. 38.
Roslau, bridge of, xvi. 210 — passage of
the Elbe by Bernadotte at, xvii. 220.
Rosnitzky, general, xvii. 384.
Ross, general, at Soraoren, xvi. 365 — at
the Nive, xvii. 364 — in America, xix.
149 — preparations against Washington,
150 — battle of Bladensberg, and capture
and destruction of Washington, 152 —
advances against Baltimore, and his
death, 155.
Ross, captain, at Waterloo, xix. 367, note.
Ross, defeat of the Irish at, vi. 211.
Rossignol, general, defeated at Coron, iii.
352— and at Pontorson and Dol, 366,
367 — transported, viii. 91.
Rosslyn, lord, xi. 287, 288, note.
Rostopchin, count, vi. 372, note — gover-
nor of Moscow, xv. 305 — burning of it,
362.
Rota, French lines round Cadiz at, xiv.
152.
Roth, general, xvi. 202, 203, note — at
Dresden, xvii. 152.
Rothenberg, general, xviii. 434, xix.
132.
Rothensol, combat at, v. 281.
Rothiere, see La Rothiere.
Rothsay, lord Stuart de, see Stuart.
Rotterdam, occupation of, by the French,
iv. 385— revolts, xvii. 311.
Roturier and noble, distinction between,
in France, i. 163.
Rouarie, marquis de la, iii. 322, 323.
Roucher, execution of, iv. 249.
Roudschouk, the pasha of, defeated, x.
220.
Roudschouk, fortress of, xv. 142, 148 —
defeat of the Russians before, 164 — sur-
rendered to them, 170, 171— battle of,
174 — loss of the Russians at, 146 — eva-
cuated by them, 175.
Roud, origin of the name of, i. 181, note.
Rouen, incorporation of, as a borough, i.
79 — its importance, 166 — suppression of
the parliament of, 199 — royalist move-
ment at, 1792, iii. 8 — intended trans-
ference of the legislature to, vi. 98 —
its prosperity under Napoleon , xi. 202.
Roumelia, present state of, xv. 134, note.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, parentage of, i.
143 — his early life and profligacy, 144 —
his first works, 145 — opera by him, 146
— the Nouvelle He'loi'se, Contrat Social,
&c. 147 — his marriage and death, ib. —
his literary character, ib. — his religious
and philosophical opinions, 148 — his in-
fluence on the Revolution, 149 — on the
American Revolution, 195, 266 — removal
of his remains to the Pantheon, ii. 235—
visit of Robespierre to him, 292 — eulogy
by Robespierre on him, iv. 225 — his doc-
trines incarnated in the latter.299— xiv. 6.
Rousseau, general, xiii. 81, note — wound-
ed and taken at Barrossa, 343.
Roussel, general, at Raab, xiii. 13.
Roussillon, invasion of, by the Spaniards,
iv. 73.
Rouyer, general, xiii. 9 — at Laditch, 111.
Rovere, Joseph, doomed by Robespierre,
iv. 263— on the 9th Thermidor, 272, 280
— a leading Thermidorian , v. 85 — trans-
ported, vi. 107— his death, 108.
Roveredo, retreat of Beaulieu to, v. 241 —
Laudon defeated at, vii. 317 — evacuated
by the French, xii. 346 — and occupied
by the Austrians, 348 — captured by the
Bavarians, xiii. 117.
Rovergne, provincial assembly of, i. 271.
Rovira, a Somatene chief, operations for
relieving Gerona, xiii. 203 — defeated at
Olot, 209 — surprises Figueras, xiv. 167 —
xv. 104.
Roy, George, iv. 323.
Royal Allemand, regiment of, ii. 87.
Royal Sovereign, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 82,
86.
Royalists, party of the, in the constituent
assembly, ii. 19, note — their views re-
garding the war, iii. 169 — their failing
influence, 250 — join the Thermidoriatis,
v. 85 — reaction in favour of, 111 — their
conduct toward the Jacobins, 114 — pro-
ceedings against the Directorial consti-
336
INDEX.
Royalists, continued.
tution, 118 — their influence in Paris, vi.
70 — abortive conspiracy of, 1796, 91 —
their increased influence, 1797, 94 — their
clubs, &c. 95 — majority of, in the coun-
cils, 98— measures of the Directory
against them, and their counter prepar-
ations, 101 — character of the party, ib.
—s,t the Trebbia, vi. 377, 379, 381
taken prisoner, 383— at Elba, 1803, viii.
274— invasion of the Tyrol by, xii. 352—
xiii. 16 — defeated at the Lienzerclause,
113— again invades the Tyrol, 116, 118—
defeated at the castle of Tyrol, 119— de-
fence of Soissons by, xviii. 132 — his death
there, 134.
iii.
>
112 — arrest of the leaders, 103 — influ- Russbach, the, and position of the Aus-
ence of the campaign of Marengo on trians on it, xiii. 8, 30.
them, vii. 268 — trial of public feeling by Russell, an Irishman, execution of, viii.
them, 1802, viii. 124 — conspiracy of, 289.
under Georges and Pichegru, 337 —
committees of the, xviii. 110 — their
proceedings on the capitulation of Paris,
355.
Royalty, abolition of, in France, iii. 37.
Royle, captain, xi. 129.
Royrand, M. de, iii. 356.
Rozambo, madame de, execution of, iv.
250.
Rozas, Calvo de, xii. 60.
Roziere, Thuriot de la, see Thuriot.
Ruamps, a Jacobin, iv. 234 — imprisonment
of, v. 97.
Rubens, works of, at Antwerp, xiii. 71,
note.
Rubiera, capture of, by Murat, xviii. 221.
Ruchel, general, ix. 175 — forces under,
1806, x. 18, note — first movements of,
24, 26, 30— at Jena, 37 — overthrown
and wounded, 39.
Rudiger, general, at Bautzen, xvL 241.
Rudolstadt, defeat of the Prussians at, x.
27.
Rudzewitz, general, operations of, against
Puthod, xvii. 180 — at the storming of
Montmartre, xviii. 348.
Rueda, skirmish at, xii. 170.
Ruffey, Sophie de, ii. 21, 22.
Ruffin, general, ambassador to Turkey in
1798, vi. 268— at Talavera, xiii. 241, 242,
243 — at Barrossa, 341 — wounded and
taken, 342.
Buffo, cardinal, royalist insurrection in
Naples under, vi. 373 — enters Naples,
387 — signs the capitulation with the in-
surgents, 388.
Rugen, island of, captured by the French,
xi. 254 — ceded to Denmark, xviii. 38.
Ruhl, a member of the committee, iii. 269,
note — trial and death of, v. 104.
Rum, diminished produce of, in the West
Indies, x. 195, note.
Rumboldt, Sir George, seizure of, viii. 314.
Runjeet Singh, treaty with, xi. 97.
Rural nobility, origin of the, i. 17 — their
withdrawal to towns, &c. 27 — their state
in France, 190.
Rural labourers, the, in France, i. 170,
171.
Rural loyalty, want of, in France, i. 194.
Rural produce, pressure of taxes on, ix.
303.
Ruremonde, capture of, by the French,
iii. 227— battle of, iv. 367.
Rusca, cardinal, vi. 169.
Rusca, colonel, afterwards general, iv. 356
Russell, the, at the Baltic, vii. 378.
Russia, general effect of the Revolution
on, i. 1 — long prevalence of slavery in,
8 — its extent compared with Britain, iii.
82 — its navy in 1792, 105, note— rate of
increase of population, 107, note — its
state at the commencement of the Re-
volution, 133 — strength and character
of the army, 134 — military tendency of
the population, 135 — civil institutions
and government, 136 — population, ib. —
war with Turkey in 1788, 149— treaty
with Sweden, 150 — views regarding the
Revolution, 151 — warlike views of, 1791,
158— views in 1792, 193— effects of the
execution of Louis, iv. 19 — treaty with
Great Britain, 20— her secret designs,
21 — abandons in 1793 the principles of
the armed neutrality, 54 — efforts to re-
tain Prussia in the alliance, 70 — its ori-
ginal subordination to Poland, v. 23 — a
party to the first partition of Poland, 27
— invasion of Poland by, 1793, 29 — con-
trast between its history and that of
Poland, 39 — retribution on her for its
partition, 41, 42 — new treaties with
Britain and Austria, 46, 252 — change
in the policy of, on the death of Cathe-
rine, vi. 1— accedes in 1798 to the league
against France, 218 — treaty with
Turkey, 281— the Hellespont passed by
her fleet, 282 — destined to subjugate the
East, 317 — preparations, and new treaty
with Great Britain, 1799, 319 — first
appearance of her troops in Italy, 356 —
their character, 357 — share taken in the
contest, 1799, vii. 1— separation of her
forces from the Austrians, 7 — treaty
with Great Britain for invading Hol-
land, 42— rupture with Austria, 62, 63
— causes of it, 67 — withdrawal of her
troops, 159, 160 — commencement of
friendly relations with France, 166 —
abortive efforts of Austria to gain, 276
— a party to the armed neutrality, 344
— abandons its principles, 345 — treaty
with Great Britain regarding these,
346 — alienation from Britain and alli-
ance with France, 351 — heads the mari-
time confederacy, 353, 355 — her navy,
1800, 370 — general irritation against
Paul, 387 — accession of Alexander and
accommodation . with Britain, 391 —
peace concluded with the latter, 395.
Treaty with France, 1800, viii. 60—
stipulations regarding the German in-
INDEX.
337
Russia, continued,
demnities, 208, 210 — interference of,
regarding these, 212 — efforts of Napo-
leon to engage her, 249 — his lenity
toward her, 268 — remonstrates against
the seizure of Hamburg, 273 — rupture
with France, 1804, 298, et seq.—
indignation on the murder of d'En-
ghien, 301, 355— increasing alienation
from France, 304, 305— second memo-
rial to that power, 308 — warlike pre-
parations of, ib. — negotiations with
Great Britain, ix. 7 — treaty with
Sweden, 9 — endeavours to secure the
co-operation of Austria, 37 — treaty
with Great Britain, 38, 39 — alliance
with Austria, 40 — efforts to secure
Prussia, 41, 42 — Austria naturally dis-
posed to alliance with, 131 — her pro-
gress, 132 — revenue, statistics, <kc. of,
133— state and composition of the army,
134 — her troops denied a passage
through Prussia, 139 — treaties with
England and Sweden, 143 — and with
Prussia, 172 — armistice with France
after Austerlitz, 217 — her humiliation
by that campaign, 320 — her probable
influence on the fate of the world, 358
—advances of Prussia to, 1806, 376—
treaty concluded with France, 380 — .
which is disavowed, 381 — her real views,
387 — reconciliation with Prussia, x. 13
— Napoleon's sense of the danger from
her, 90 — her military preparations,
1806, 91— army of, ib. note, 92— rup-
ture with Turkey, 93, 128 — sufferings
of the troops during the winter cam-
paign, 121 — applies to Great Britain for
aid, 162 — causes of the rupture with
Turkey, 215 — invades Moldavia, 218 —
war formally declared, 219 — neglect of
her interests by Great Britain, 246 —
repeated applications to the latter, 248 —
new convention between them, 250 —
treaty of Bartenstein with Prussia, 251
— irritation against Great Britain, 252
— winter quarters of her troops after
Eylau, 263— treaty of Tilsit, 322, et seq.
• — retribution on her for the partition of
Poland, 334.
Suffering, &c. in, from the treaty of
Tilsit, xi. 233 — reception of Savary in,
234 — attempts to mediate between
Britain and France, 272 — rupture with
the former, 273 — her manifesto against
Britain, &c. 275, note — declares war
against Sweden, 275 — her affairs as
regards Turkey, 278 — portion of Europe
assigned her by Tilsit, 285 — her fleet
captured at Lisbon, xii. 120, 129 —
Napoleon's anxiety for alliance with,
138 — triple alliance proposed, 203 —
efforts of Austria to gain her in 1809,
207 — her secret leaning to that power
discovered, 368 — threatened rupture
with France in 1809, xiii. 99 — part of
Gallicia ceded to her, 104 — her jealousy
at the treaty of Vienna, &c. 105 — pro-
VOL. XX.
posed alliance of Napoleon by marriage
to, 275 — negotiations for this purpose,
278, 279 — indignation in, on his mar-
riage, 283 — effect of the campaign of
Torres Vedras on, 355 — Napoleon's
views concentrated on her, 1811, xiv.
289, 290.
Her views on Constantinople, xv. 134
— organisation of her troops in the
Turkish wars, 144 — their present tac-
tics, 145— effect of the subjugation of
the nu sad tribes on her, 146 — and of
the unhealthiness of the plain of the
Danube, 147 — difficulty of her gaining
the fortresses there, 148 — surrender of
Turkey to her by Tilsit, 156 — her forces
for the Turkish war, and commence-
ment of hostilities, 157 — annexation of
Wallachia and Moldavia, 168 — peace of
Bucharest, 181 — her designs on Fin-
land, 192 — war with Sweden, 193, et
seq. — treaty concluded between them,
202, 203— secret negotiations with Aus-
tria, 172 — her views relative to the
crown-prince of Sweden, 204 — her in-
dignation against Napoleon's encroach-
ments, 211 — her jealousy regarding
Poland, 211, 212 — remonstrance of,
against the seizure of Oldenburg, 214 —
relaxation of the continental system,
217 — treaty with Sweden, 223 —
negotiations with France, 225 — final
rupture between them, 226 — views
regarding the contest, ib. — her slow
but steady growth, 227 — extent and
statistics of European, 228 — variety
of climate, 229— population , and capa-
bilities for its increase, 231 — extent and
capabilities of Asiatic, ib. — character of
the people, 233— military and ambitious
spirit, 234— peculiarities regarding rank,
235 — military spirit at the palace, 236 —
and throughout the empire, 237 — ne-
glect of commerce, civil employments,
&c. t'6. — her commerce, ib. note — mili-
tary schools, 238 — universality of decora-
tions, ib. — military force, 239— actual
force, 240 — revenues, and cost of the
army, ib. — universality of slavery, and
condition of the serfs, 241 — mode of
levying the army, 242— military colonies,
243— the Cossacks, 244, et seq.— devas-
tation of the Tartars in, 246 — which
originate the race and peculiar charac-
ter of the Cossacks, 247 — their numbers,
mode of fighting, &c. 249 — her navy, its
strength, character, &c. 250 — disinclina-
tion to it, 251 — want of coal in, 252 —
destiny assigned to her, ib. — the admini-
stration of justice, 253 — her diplomatic
ability, and its causes, ib. 254 — univer-
sality of corruption among inferior
functionaries, 255 — efficacy of the secret
police and the emperor's vengeance, 256
— dangers of this system, 257— influence
of religion, and state of the church, 258
— its utility, 259— political system of the
cabinet, and advantages for it, 260 —
Y
338
INDEX.
Russia, continued.
is invariably a gainer by war, 261 — her
successive conquests, ib. — gains in later
times, 262 — danger to Europe from her,
263 — Napoleon's opinion of her, ib. —
the capital, 264— Napoleon's motives for
the war, 266, 267 — views of the govern-
ment, and means by which they prepare
to resist him, 271 — their plans, 272 —
despondency in Great Britain regarding
her, 273 — declines pecuniary aid from
that power, 274 — her armies, and their
distribution, 275, et seq. — aspect of the
Polish provinces adjoining her, 277 — .
detailed statement of the army of inva-
sion, 369 — and of defence, 370 — entrance
of the French, 284 — spirit animating
her army and people, 286 — her leading
generals, &c. 287, et seq. — difficulty of
finding subsistence in, 302 — treaty with
Great Britain, 308 — Napoleon resolves
on advancing after Smolensko, 309 —
discontent caused by the abandonment
of that town, 320 — gloomy aspect of the
country, 324 — the French line of march,
334 — their sufferings in, during the ad-
vance, 335 — advantages of her troops,
336 — failure of the attack in column
against them, 355— feelings in, on the
burning of Moscow, 368.
Her situation after it, xvi. 2, 3, 4 — .
treaty of Abo with Sweden, 5 — spirit
animating the troops, 10 — analogy be-
tween the Tartar and French invasions,
27, note — aspect of, during winter, 33 —
sufferings of her troops from the cold,
48, 71 — evacuated by the French, 73
— their entire losses, 84 — and losses
of her troops, ib. — causes of Napoleon's
failure against her, 85 — ability displayed
by him, ib. — constancy of her inhabi-
tants, &c. 86 — the severity of the win-
ter, and its influence on the issue, ib. —
her superiority, 87 — her submission
might have been expected, 92 — supe-
riority of her light horse, 94 — grandeur
of her conduct, 96 — sensation caused by
the issue of the invasion, 99 — French
, 110, note — Prussia proposes
to mediate between her and France,
122, 123 — treaty of Kalisch with the
former, 124 — further conventions be-
tween them, 126, 129— consternation
caused in France by the campaign, 130
— bulletin of it, 151, 389 — army main-
tained by her, 156— negotiations with
Austria, 170 — convention with the
Austrian auxiliary corps, 175 — negotia-
tions with Denmark and Sweden, 178 —
treaty of Oerebro with the latter, 179 —
her forces, 1813, 189, 202, note— entry
of her troops into Dresden, 205 — their
observance of Easter there, 207 — secret
proposals of Napoleon to her, 231 —
effect of the campaign in, on Britain,
276 — and Spain, 303 — subsidy to her,
286.
Convention of Dresden and treaty of
Reichenbach with Britain and Prussia,
xvii. 57 — separate treaty with the for-
mer, 58 — conventions of Peterswalde
and London, 59 — treaty with Sweden,
60 — her views regarding peace, 102 —
junction of Austria, 114 — jealousy of
her troops of foreign commanders, 123
— her secret views, 1814, xviii. 70 —
treaty of Chaumont, 163 — liberation of
the French prisoners in, 366 — first
treaty of Paris, 403 — preparations
againstNapoleon, 1815, xix. 247 — cession
of duchy of "Warsaw to her, 248 — treaty
against Napoleon, 282 — subsidy from
Great Britain to her, 286 — second treaty
of Paris, xx. 21 — effect of the Revolu-
tion on her, 41. — See also Catherine,
Paul, Alexander, &c.
Russilon, condemned with Georges, viii.
364.
Rustan, the Mameluke, xvi. 67, xvii. 32 —
his desertion of Napoleon, xviii. 379,
note.
Ruty, general, at Albuera, xiv. 247, 248,
253.
Ryder, Mr, xiii. 91.
Rymniski, battle of, iii. 134.
Ryotwar system in India, the, x. 357.
Saale, combat on the, vii. 294, 295 — passed
by the French, 1806, x. 52— retreat of
Eugene to, 1813, xvi. 197, 208— passage
of, by Napoleon, 210.
Saalfield, combat of, x. 27 — position of
Bertrand at, xvi. 202.
Saavedra, Don Fernando, xii. 33.
Saavedra, Don Francisco, xii. 36.
Sabalkanski, see Diebitch.
Sabanijeff, general, xv. 169, 176.
Sabatier, the abb£, i. 312 — imprisoned in
the Bastille, 318 — banished to the
Hieres, 319 — attacked by the mob,
338 — his opinion of the assembly, ii.
Sablons, capture of the artillery at, by
Murat, v. 123.
Sabugal, combat at, xiii. 346 — attempt
of Trant to seize Marmont at, xv. 31.
Sachsenburg, skirmish at, xii. 357.
Sacile, battle of, xii. 247.
Sacken, general, wounded and taken at
Zurich, vii. 33— in 1806, x. 91, note,
109— at Pultusk, 115, 116— at Golymin,
119—134 — at Eylau, 144 — corps under,
in 1812, xv. 371 — operations against
Schwartzenberg, - xvi. 45," 75 — and
against Reynier, 112 — forces under him,
&c. 1813, 203, note, 233, xvii. 88, 124,
387 — operations in Silesia, 134 — at the
INDEX.
339
Sacken, continued.
Katzbach, 175, 176, 178— 219— narrow
escape of, at Duben, 225 — forces under,
at Leipsic, 395 — operations at Mockern,
238, 247, 248— at Leipsic, 258, 266— at
the assault, 269, 271 — movements after
Leipsic, 275, 277, 278 — forces under him
in France, xviii. 433 — passes the Rhine,
64 — first movements, 75, 76 — at
Brienne, 76, 77, 78, 79— at La Rothiere,
82, 83— moves on Chalons, 92 — his
perilous position, 98 — defeated at Mont-
mirail, 99 — his devotion to his orders,
101 — rejoins Blucher, 134 — attack on
Meaux by him, 167 — at Craone, 184,
185, 186— at Laon, 191, 194, 195— dur-
ing the advance to Paris, 330 — appointed
governor of Paris, 355.
Sackett's harbour, defeat of the British at,
xix. 123— blockade of, 166.
Sacred squadron, the, during the retreat
from Moscow, xvi. 66.
Saffet, fort, occupied by the French, vi.
298.
Saguntum, former heroism of, xii. 7 — bat-
tle of, xiv. 195 — description of it, 190 —
besieged by Suchet, 191 — surrenders,
196— strengthened by him, xvi. 314 —
and garrisoned on his evacuation of
Valencia, 341, xvii. 333— holds out till
the peace, xviii. 261.
Sahagun, combat at, xii. 171.
Sahrer, general, xvii. 384.
St Aignan, baron, xviii. 19.
St Amand, M., i. 320, note.
St Amand, extermination of the inhabi-
tants of, iv. 390.
St Amaranthe, mademoiselle, execution of,
iv. 229.
St Andre, Jean Bon, a member of the
committee, iv. 116 — at the 1st of June,
324.
St Angelo, castle of, occupied by the
French, vi. 172 — captured by the Nea-
politans, vii. 60 — evacuated by the
French, xviii. 219.
St Angley, Regnaud de, see Regnault.
St Antoine, faubourg of, riot in, 1789, i.
357— on the 10th August, ii. 347— on
the 31st May, iii. 289 — disarmed, v.
105.
St Antoine, capture of the, at Algesiraz,
viii. 43.
St Aubin, tomb of Larochejaquelein at,
iii. 335.
St Bartholomew massacre, the, i. 93.
St Bartholomew, convent of, xvi. 348 —
storming of, 349.
St Bernard, the pass of, vi. 134, 135, vii.
225 — the convent, 226 — passage of it by
Napoleon, 228, el seq. — comparison of
his passage with others, 70, 231 —
occupied by the Allies, xviii. 66.
St Bernard, the little, combats at, iv. 356
— occupied by the French, v. 54 — forced
by Championet, vii. 18.
St Brieux, meeting of the Breton nobles
at, i. 331.
St Canat, Napoleon at, xviii. 387.
St Castor, church of, at Coblentz, xviii.
65.
St Cecilia, the Spaniards defeated at, xiv.
187.
St Christoval, assault on, by the British,
xiv. 245.
St Cipriano, the Po passed by the French
at, vii. 240.
St Clair, river and lake of, xix. 9.
St Cloud, palace of, purchased for Marie
Antoinette, i. 280 — fitted up by Napo-
leon, vii. 177 — marriage of Napoleon
and Marie Louise at, xiii. 281 — habits of
Napoleon at, xvii. 43.
St Colliers, position of Bournonville at, iii.
208.
St Cyr, Cara, at Marengo, vii. 250 — at
Aspern, xii. 292, 293 — at Wagrani, xiii.
37 — evacuates Berlin, xvi. 116 — and
Hamburg, 190, 191.
St Cyr, Louis Gouvion, marshal, &c.
early history and character of, v. 276,
note — on the propagandist decree of the
Convention, iii. 178, note — on Dumou-
rier's campaign iu 1792, 239 — forces
under him, 1796, v. 276 — operations of,
279, 280 — successes of, on the Murg,
281 — subsequent movements, 282 — at
Neresheim, 285 — at Biberach, 295 —
operations during the retreat, 296 — at
Emmendingen, 297 — at the siege of
Kehl, 298 — repulsed at Mengen , vi. 331 —
at Stockach, 332, 333 — driven across
the Danube, 334 — succeeds Macdonald,
385— position of, 1799, vii. 11— at Novi,
15 — defeats Klenau, 18 — operations for
relieving Coni, 55 — successes of, near
Novi, 57 — gallantry of, in the Bocchetta,
58 — repulses the Austrians before Genoa,
60 — efforts to reorganise the army, 61 —
on the necessity of conquest to Na-
poleon, 151— forces under, 1800, 181,
185 — movements of, in Germany, 187
--at Engen, 188, 189— at Moeskirch,
192— at Sigmaringen, 193— at Biberach,
194 — subsequent movements, 196, 197
— invades Portugal, 1801, viii. 48 — over-
runs Naples, 1803, 273 — defeats the
prince de Rohan, 1805, ix. 178 — again
overruns Naples, 227 — at Heilsberg,
x. 291, 292— 310— corps under, in Cata-
lonia, xii. 147 — operations there, xiii.
171, 186 — captures Rosas, 187 — victory
of, at Cardaden, 188 — and at Molinos
del Rey, 189 — again victorious at Igua-
lada and Vails, 191 — captures Reuss,
and prepares to besiege Gerona, 192 —
commands the covering force there, 199
— succeeded by Augereau, 206 — on Na-
poleon's reasons for the Russian war,
xv. 266— joins Oudinot t»n the Dwina,
307 — succeeds him, operations there,
and is created marshal, 328 — his corps,
369 — operations planned against him,
xvi. 5, 6, note — movements assigned to
him, 7— defeated at Polotsk, 43— defeats
Steiuheil, 44— joined by Victor, and
340
INDEX.
St Cyr, continued.
battle of Smoliantzy, ib. — mission of,
1813, to Bohemia, xvii. 69 — forces and
position of, 76, note, 79, 384 — remon-
strates against the movement into
Silesia, 133 — left to defend Dresden, ib.
— Napoleon's instructions to him, 134
— forces and defensive measures, 137 —
communicates his danger to Napoleon,
139— at the battle of Dresden, 146, 149
— and after it, 158 — joined by the re-
mains of Vandamme's corps, 170 — com-
munication of Napoleon to him regard-
ing Culm, 173 — disposition of his troops,
&c. 188, 189— statement of the plans of
the Allies by him, 199, 200 — his ac-
count of Napoleon's demeanour on re-
ceiving intelligence of Dennewitz, 201 —
202, 203 — attacked near Nollendorf,
203 — Napoleon's statement of his views
to him, 222— is left in Dresden, 223—
and surrounded by the Allies there, 224
— danger of his situation, 232 — block-
aded after Leipsic, 275, 281— operations
against him, 296 — defeats Ostermann
Tolstoy, ib. — completion of the block-
ade, 297 — his condition and difficulties,
298 — unsuccessful sally, ib. — capitulates,
300 — violation of the capitulation, 301.
St Cyr, school of, viii. 164.
St Daniel, defeat of Eugene at, xvii. 317.
St David, defeat of the French at, xi. 7 —
captured by them, 8.
St Denis, atrocities of the mob at, ii. 133
— violation of the tombs of, iii. 5, iv.
145 — reinterment of Louis XVI., &c.
at, xix. 230 — review of the British
troops at, xx. 23.
St Dizier, capture of, by Blucher, xviii.
67— Napoleon's march to, 309, et seq. —
defeat of Winzingerode at, 328 — reflec-
tions on the march to, 413.
St Domingo, effects of sudden emancipa-
tion in, L 101 — description of it, viii.
167 — its population, and statistical de-
tails, 168— its value to France, i. 108,
165 — its exports, imports, &c. 108 —
origin of the revolution in, viii. 169 —
measures of the assembly regarding it,
170 — breaking out of the negro revolt,
and its first leaders, ii. 306, viii. 171—
fearful cruelties perpetrated, ii. 307, viii.
172 — proclamation of emancipation by
the assembly, ii. 308 — state of the
south, viii. 172 — attempts of the assem-
bly to conciliate the parties, 173 — ar-
rival of the French delegates, ib.— the
insurrection becomes general, 174 —
arrival of new commissioners, and their
measures, 175 — storming and massacre
of Cape Town, 176— freedom of the
Blacks proclaimed, 177 — invaded by the
British, 178 — their successes in it, and
its state, 1794, iv. 318— the Spanish
part is ceded to France, v. 56— its state
in 1796, 305— successes of the British,
1797, 371— Toussaint confirmed in the
command by Napoleon, and his admi-
nistration, viii. 179 — new constitution,
180 — its increasing prosperity, 181 —
forces of Napoleon for its subjugation,
183 — defensive preparations, 184 — ar-
rival of the expedition, 185 — first suc-
cesses of the French, 186 — the negroes
retire to the Grand Chaos, 187— at-
tempts to negotiate, 188 — continued
successes of the French, 189 — negotia-
tions concluded, 190 — pacification of the
country, 191 — seizure of Toussaint, 193
— insurrection again breaks out, 195
— successes of the insurgents, 196 — final
destruction of the French, 197 — its
degraded state since that time, 198 —
statistics of it, 1789 and 1832, 200—
relieved by Missiessy, 1805, ix. 55 —
defeat of a French squadron at, 351—
settlement of it by treaty of Paris, xviii.
404.
St Domingo, fort, xiii. 165.
St Elmo, fort, vi. 195, 197— captured by
the French, iv. 360— and again, vi. 200
— by the Neapolitans, 387.
St Etienne, see Rabaud St Etienne.
St Euphemia, landing of the British in,
ix. 340.
St Eustace, capture of, by the British,
vii. 281.
St Fargeau, see Lepelletier.
St Florent, commencement of the Ven-
dean revolt at, iii. 323 — attempted mas-
sacre at, 358— death of Bonchamps at,
359.T
St Fulgent, defeat of Mukinski at, iii. 352.
St Gall, abbey of, vi. 136.
St Gall, canton of, democratic revolt in,
vi. 149 — rejects the constitution of 1798,
156— liberation of, 1813, xviii. 43.
St George, fort of, v. 239.
St George, mutiny on board the, v. 341,
364.
St Germain, count, appointed minister at
war, i. 245— his early history and cha-
racter, ib.— circumstances attending his
appointment, 246, note — reforms intro-
duced by him, 248, et seq. — his dismissal
and death, 249, 250, note.
St Germain, general count, xvii. 384,
xviii. 91 — at Vauchamps, 104 — at La
Guillotiere, 173.
St Germain, the faubourg of, in 1794, v.
92.
St Giacomo, defeat of the French at, v.
50 — occupied by the Austrians, vii. 211.
St Gothard, mount, vi. 132 — pass of, 134,
135, vii. 20 — the French driven from it,
vi. 352, 353 — recaptured by them, vii.
25— forcing of it by Suwarroff, 35, 70—
abandoned by the Allies, 42 — passed
by the French, 236.
St Helena, designs of Napoleon for cap-
ture of, ix. 56— he sails for it, xx. 16—
his residence there, xvii. 46, xx. 100, et
seq. — his last illness and death, 102— his
interment, and removal of his remains
from it, 103.
St Helens, lord, vii. 395.
INDEX.
341
St miaire, general, in Egypt, vi. 241— at
Eylau, x. 149, 150, 151— at lleilsberg,
2.91, 292— xi. 196, note— at Thaun, xii.
226— at Echnuihl, 236— at Aspern, 292
—mortally wounded, 299 — character of
him by Napoleon, ib. note.
St llilaire, general, at Toulouse, xviii. 277,
278.
St Ilonore, the Rue, combat in, v. 124.
St Hurugues, the marquis de, ii. 325.
St lldefonso, treaty of, v. 306 — discussions
on it, between Great Britain and Spain,
viii. 323.
St Isaac, church of, xv. 266.
St Ivan, cross of, carried off from Moscow,
xvi. 20— abandoned, 33.
St Jago, seizure of the, v. 307, note.
St Jean de Luz, town of, xvii. 378.
St Jean de Maurienne, repulse of the
French at, iv. 76.
St Jean Pied de Port, defeat of the
French at, iv. 72 — invested by Mina,
xviii. 238.
St Jerome of Correggio, the, seized by
the French, v. 187— and that of Dome-
nichino, 244.
St Joseph, convent of, at Saragossa, xii.
61 — captured, xiii. 177.
St Juan, general, xii. 161.
St Juan, landing of Napoleon in gulf
of, xix. 255.
St Julian, fort, xiii. 332.
St Julien, general, at Magnano, vi. 343 —
defeated at La Vereira, vii. 211 — nego-
tiations of, with the French, 270.
St Just, Antoine, early life and cliaracter
of, ii. 290, iv. 213— a leader of the Jaco-
bins, ii. 286— speech of, for the king's
trial, iii. 52 — and against the appeal to
the people, 65 — opposes the maximum,
254 — report in 1793 on the state of the
country, iv. 63 — secures the appointment
of Pichegru in Flanders, 66, 67, note —
cruelties of, in Alsace, 69 — a member of
the committee of public salvation, 116 —
department committed to him, 117 — re-
port on the state of the country, 129 —
defends the execution of the queen , 141 ,
142 — reprobates the proceedings of
Hebert, 179 — agrees to destroy the
Anarchists and Dantonists, 181 — his
motives, 182— speech against them', 188
— speech against Danton, 195, 196 —
ferocious sentiment of, 210 — report on
the state of the country, 1794, 211—338
— urges the crossing of the Sambre by
Kleber, 343 — measures advocated by
him against Tallien, &c. 263 — speech on
the 9th Thermidor, 273 — his arrest de-
creed, 277 — is arrested, but delivered,
279 — his capture, 284 — and execution,
286 — elevated points in his character,
302.
St Kitts attacked by the French, ix. 55.
St Lambert, combat at, iii. 353.
St Lawrence river, the, xix. 9 — settlement
of fisheries of, by treaty of Paris, xviii.
404.
St Lawrence, launching of the, xix. 166.
St Laud, the curate of, hi. 349, 351.
St Lazar, convent of, ii. 90.
St Leon, Dufresne de, i. 343.
St Leon, seizure of, by the French, vi. 169.
St Leu, duchess of, xix. 258.
St Lorenzo, defeat of the Bavarians at,
xii. 340.
St Louis, relics of, destroyed, iv. 151.
St Louis, ceremonial in church of, ii. 4 —
meeting of the Tiers Etat in, 62.
St Louis, United States, outrages at, xix.
55, note.
St Lucie, captured by the British, 1794,
iv. 318— again, 1796, v. 304— and again,
1804, viii. 290— ceded to Great Britain
by treaty of Paris, xviii. 404.
St Lucie, combat at, vi. 341.
St Marc, destruction of, by the negroes,
viii. 187 — defeat of Dessalines at, 189.
St Marceau, faubourg of, insurrection in,
1789, L 358— on the 10th August, ii.
347.
St Marcial, see San Marcial.
St Marco, defeat of Laudon at, vii. 317.
St Marguerite, banishment of d'Espre-
me'nil to, i. 324.
St Marino, republic of, v. 160, note.
St Mark, place and church of, vi. 23.
St Marks, repulse of the French at, v. 371.
St Marsan, M., ambassador to Prussia,
1813, xvi. 103, 123, 125.
St Maurice, defeat of the Swiss at, vi. 160.
St Menehould, formation of camp of, iii.
203— Dumourier retreats to, 205, 206.
St Mery, Moreau de, ii. 104.
St Michael, combats at the bridge of, v.
180.
St Michael, storming of outwork of, at
Burgos, xv. 85.
St Michael, church of, despoiled by the
French, xv. 367.
St Michel, defeat of Jellachich at, xii.
275.
St Nicholas, captured by the British, and
recaptured by Toussaint, viii. 178 — cap-
tured by the French, 186.
St Omer, camp at, ix. 44.
St Ouen, residence of Necker at, i. 273.
St Paul's, the thanksgiving at, xix. 195.
St Payo, check of Ney at, xiii. 248.
St Peter's river, xix. 12.
St Petersburg, description of, xv. 264— its
public buildings, 265 — departure of
Alexander for, 306 — his measures to
cover it, ib.— burial of Moreau at, xvii.
154.
St Petersburg, fort of, at Erfurth, xvii.
309.
St Pierre, residence of Rousseau at, i. 147
—ascent of the French to, vii. 230.
St Pierre, forces and position of Hill at,
xvii. 371, 396— battle of, 373, et seq.
St Pierre d'Arena, capture of, by the
Austrians, vii. 215.
St Polten, operations at, ix. 181, 182.
St Priest, general destruction of Sistowaby,
xv. 171— wounded at Borodino, 347—
342
INDEX.
St Priest, continued.
forces under, 1813, xvi. 202, 203, note— at
Bautzen, 240— xvii. 88, 387— passes the
Rhine, xviii. 64, 65 — captures Rheims,
199— attacked by Napoleon, 200— de-
feated and slain, 201.
St Pris the actor, xii. 141.
St Quentin, canal of, viii. 165.
St Raphael, capture of the, ix. 62.
St Regent, execution of, viii. 91.
St Remi, descent of the French from, vii.
230.
St Rival, M. de, death of, i. 353.
St Roch, priest of, viii. 112.
St Roch, combat at church of, v. 124.
St Sebastian , see San Sebastian.
St Simon, the due de, i. 96, note.
St Simon, the comte de, ii. 74.
St Stephens, church of, Vienna, ix.
186.
St Sulpice, the cure* of, xx. 28.
St Suzanne, general, forces under, 1800,
vii. 185— operations of, 187 — at Engen,
188— defeated at Erbach, 196— his sub-
sequent movements, 197 — operations on
the Maine, 203—284, 296.
St Theodore, prince, ix. 337.
St Tron, defeat of Maison at, xviii. 69.
St Verti, defeat of the Bavarians at, xii.
246.
St Vincent, Robert de, i. 346.
St Vincent, the earl of, (Sir John Jarvis,)
birth, parentage, and early history of,
v. 350 — his character, 351 — captures St
Lucia, iv. 318 — naval force under, 1797,
v. 330 — suppression of the mutiny in his
fleet, 339, et seq.— battle of Cape St Vin-
cent, 342, et seq. — created earl, 370 — vi.
238 — his administration of the admi-
ralty, viii. 293— retires, 296— sent to
Portugal in 1806, xi. 287, 288 — com-
pelled to withdraw, 291.
St Vincent, cape, battle of, v. 342 — its
effects, 346.
Saintes, bishop of, murdered, iii. 22.
Saintes, predominance of the Girondists
at, iv. 119.
Salahieh, repulse of the French at, vi. 266
—evacuated by them, viii. 28.
Salamanca, occupied by the Spaniards,
xiii. 256-— advance of Wellington to, xv.
46 — siege of its forts, 47 — their capture,
49 — march of the armies to, 55, et seq. 58
—battle of, 60— its results, 67— Welling-
ton again offers battle at, 96 — results of
campaign of, 105— intelligence of battle
received by Napoleon, 339— moral causes
which produced its results, 107 — pageant
of, at St Denis, xx. 23.
Salamis, decisive character of battle of, ix.
95.
Salavary, colonel de, xix. 131.
Saldanha bay, naval action at, v. 304.
Sales, count de, at Waterloo, xix. 350.
Salicetti, cruelties of, at Toulon, iv. 102 —
generosity of Napoleon to, v. 144.
Salle, M. de la, ii. 102.
Salle d'Offremont, M. de la, ii. 91.
Salle de l'Archeveche, the, ii. 189.
Salle des Etats-Generaux, the, ii. 10.
Salle du Manege, the, ii. 189, iii. 37.
Salles, M., denounced, iii. 278— his arrest
decreed, 295.
Sallier, M., i. 318.
Sallust on the progress of vice, iv. 204.
Salm, general, at the Trebbia, vi. 379, 381
— taken prisoner, 383.
Salm, club of, vi. 95.
Salm Kerburg, prince of, ix. 373.
Salm Salm, prince of, ix. 373.
Salo, combats at, 1796, v. 208, 209— defeat
of the Brescians at, vi. 28 — captured by
the French, 29 — check of the Austrians
at, xviii. 218.
Salons, defeat of the Marseillais at, iv.
77.
Salpetriere, massacre at the, iii. 25.
Salt, addition to duties on, in France, xvi.
167 — manufacture of, in Prussia, x. 4 —
monopoly of, in Russia, xv. 240.
Saltoun, lord, at Waterloo, xix. 345.
Salut public, committee of, see Committee
of public salvation.
Salvador, a French spy, vi. 28.
Salvador del Mundo, capture of the, at
Cape St Vincent, v. 344, 345.
Salverte, M., i. 320, note.
Salza, passage of the, by the French, vii.
295— valley of the, xii. 316.
Salzbourg, cession of, to Austria, vi. 54 —
battle of, vii. 295 — captured by the
French, 296 — occupied by the Austrians,
viii. 211 — by the French, ix. 176 — again
ceded to Austria, 224 — the scenerv near,
xii. 253, 254— defeat of Jellachich at,
348 — ceded to Bavaria, xiii. 104.
Samanhout, defeat of the Mamelukes at,
vi. 284.
Sambre, actions on the, 1794, iv. 338, 343,
348 — passed by Napoleon, 1815, xix.
315.
Sampson the executioner, iv. 278.
San river, the, v. 3.
San Augustin, capture of convent of, xiii.
178.
San Carlos, duke of, xi. 298, 317— subser-
vience of, to Napoleon, xii. 42, note.
San Carlos, destruction of the, viii. 43.
San.Christoval, (Salamanca,) xv. 47.
San Dalmazzo, defeat of the French at,
vii. 58.
San Felipe de Balaguer, capture of, by the
British, xvii. 330.
San Fernando de Figueras, see Figueras.
San Francisco, storming of convent of, xv.
7.
San Genis, death of, xiii. 177.
San Giacomo, Massena at, v. 171.
San Hermenegildo, destruction of the, viii.
43.
San Isidro, capture of the, v. 344.
San Joseph, the, at Cape St Vincent, v.
343, 345.
San Justo, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 83.
San Leandro, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 83.
San Marcial, defeat of the French at,
INDEX.
343
San Marcial, continued.
1793, iv. 72— of the Spaniards, 1794, 361
— battle of, xvi. 385, et seq.
San Martin, Don Jose de, xiv. 352.
San Massimo, combat at, vi. 341.
San Nicholas, capture of the, v. 344.
San Pedro, canal of, xiv. 148.
San Sebastian, capture of, by the French
in 1794, and their cruelties, iv. 361, 364
— treacherous seizure of, by them, xi.
321 — description of it, xvi. 344 — com-
mencement of siege by Grahame, and
defensive preparations, 347 — siege con-
verted into a blockade, 352— and raised,
362 — resumption of it, 375, et seq. —
captured, 379— excesses in, 380, 381—
capture of citadel, 382 — merits of the two
parties, 383 — errors of the British gov-
ernment regarding, ib. et seq. — attempt
of Soult to relieve it, 385.
San Tecla, fort of, vii. 208— invested by
the Austrians, 210.
San Vincent, fort of, besieged by Welling-
ton, xv. 47 — captured, 49.
San Zeno, Macdonald at, vii. 318.
Sanchez, Don Julian, at Fuentes d'Onore,
xiii. 348 — blockades Ciudad llodrigo,
xiv. 271, 279 — captures general Regnaud,
280 — defence of Ciudad Rodrigo com-
mitted to, xv. 15.
Sand dyke, defeat of the French at, vii.
46" — combat on, 50.
Sandomir, seizure of, by Austria, v. 36 —
combats at, xiii. 19, 20 — convention re-
garding, xvi. 176.
Sandusky, defeat of the British at, xix.
126.
Sandy creek, defeat of the British at, xix.
144.
Sangos, a mulatto, viii. 185.
Sanguiniere isle, residence of Napoleon
near, v. 135.
Sanhedrim, meeting of the, at Paris, x.
269.
Sans, general, xviii. 259.
Sans Souci, visit of Napoleon to, x. 68.
Santa Anna, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 83, 86,
90.
Santa Cruz, castle of, xiv. 314.
Santa Cruz, convent of, xv. 7.
Santa Elena, position of the Spaniards at,
xiii. 308.
Santa Engracia, capture of convent of,
xiii. 176, 177.
Santa Fe" de Bogota, government of, xiv.
332.
Santa Marie de Re, curate of, iii. 367.
Santa Monaca, capture of convent of,
xiii. 178.
Santa Perpetua, destruction of a French
detachment at, xiii. 313.
Santander, capture of, by the French, xii.
56, 155— captured by the Spaniards, and
recaptured by the French, xiii. 248 —
evacuated, xv. 104 — British depot estab-
lished at, xvi. 327.
Santarem, position of Massena at, xiii.
336.
Santerre, Antoine, character of, ii. 336—
heads the pikemen of Paris, 246 — his
influence in the faubourg St Antoine,
297— heads the mob on the 20th June,
325, 328 — commands the national guard
on the 10th August, 345, 349 — his
cowardice on that occasion, iii. 4 — re-
fuses to act during the massacres in the
prisons, 28 — his brutality toward the
royal family, 56 — announces his sen-
tence to the king, 71 — conducts him to
execution, 72 — at the execution, 74 —
defeated by the Vendeans, 349 — 'again
invades La Vendee, ib. — defeated at
Coron, 352— on the 18th Brumaire-, vii.
107.
Santhonax, commissioner to St Domingo,
viii. 175.
Santissima Trinidada, the, at St Vincent,
v. 343, 344, 345 — at Trafalgar, ix. 84,
87.
Santocildes, general, in Galicia, xiv. 268
—defeated on the Esla, 269 — xv. 70—
joins Wellington, and state of his
troops, 83.
Santona, citadel of, xiv. 259 — occupation
of, by the French, xvi. 344, 346— siege
of, by the British, xvii. 351, xviii. 261.
Saone canal, the, viii. 165.
Saorgio, defeat of the French at, iv. 75 —
captured by them, 357 — services of
Massena at, v. 171 — captured by the
French, 1800, vii. 243.
Sapinaud, a Chouan chief, iv. 392 — out-
break of, in La Vendee, xix. 297.
Saragossa, Palafox appointed commander
at, xii. 39 — defeats of that general be-
fore it, 56 — description of it, 57 — first
siege, 58, et seq. — raising of it, 64 — the
second siege of, xiii. 172, et seq. — its
capitulation , 182 — losses during the
siege, and state of the town, 183 —
cruelties of the French in, 184 — threat-
ened by Blake, 196 — action in front of,
197 — honours decreed by the Cortes to,
208 — destruction of English produce at,
xiv. 160— retreat of Clausel to, and its
evacuation by him, xvi. 342 — evacuated
by Suchet, xvii. 333.
Saratoga, the, at Plattsburg, xix. 160, et
seq.
Sardinia, state of kingdom of, in 1792, iii.
141 — a party to the treaty of Mantua,
153 — France declares war against, 174
— measures of, against France, 194 —
invaded by the French, 231 —treaty
with Great Britain, 1793, iv. 20 — cam-
paign of 1793 against, 75 — statistics of
it, 1810 and 1832, v. 160, note — its
forces in Italy, 1796, 173 — armistice and
treaty with France, 182, 183— this dis-
owned by the Directory, vi. 4 — humilia-
tions to which the king is subjected in
1798, 179, 180, 181 — its continental
territories seized, 182 — contributions
levied on it, 187.
Sargans, canton of, rejects the constitu-
tion of 1798, vi. 156— submits, 160.
)U
INDEX.
Sargantz, occupied by the French, vi.
327.
Sarmatia, ancient extent of, v. 1.
Sarre Louis, fortress of, hi. 199 — move-
ments of the Prussians against, iv. 349
— surrendered in 1815, xx. 22.
Sarret, general, iv. 356.
Sarrut, general, xvi. 321— death of, 336.
Sarsfield, general, at Vails, xiv. 165 —
penetrates into Figueras, 168 — defeated
at Manresa, 169 — successes of, against
Macdonald, 170 — 173 — measures of, to
relieve Tarragona, 177 — operations in
Catalonia, 1811, 193 — surprised at
Ordal, xvii. 336— operations of, 1814,
xviii. 258 — besieges Barcelona, 260.
Sarthe, see Levasseur.
Sartines, M. de, i. 218, 337.
Sarutchitz, interview between Napoleon
and the Emperor Francis at, ix. 216.
Sas, Don Santiago, xiii. 184.
Sass, general, xv. 181.
Sassecolo, combat at, vi. 383.
Saumarez, Sir James de, parentage and
early history of, v. 359 — his character,
361— at Cape St Vincent, 345— first
battle of Algesiraz, viii. 40 — second,
42 — defeat of the Russians by, xv. 196.
Saumur, battle of, iii. 344 — state prison of,
xi. 209.
Sauret, general, position and forces of, v.
207— defeated at Salo, 208— recaptures
it, 209—216.
Sauroren, see Soraoren.
Sausse, mayor of Varennes, ii. 241.
Sauteron, combat at, iv, 75.
Sauvage, a farmer, murder of, ii. 130.
Sauveterre, retreat of Soult from, xviii.
241.
Savannahs of South America, the, xiv.
301.
Savary, general, and duke of Rovigo, at
the surrender of Malta, vi. 244 — joins
Napoleon from Egypt, vii. 245 — revolu-
tionary proceedings of, in Switzerland,
viii. 222 — account of the. due d'Enghien
by, 346 — his connexion with the duke's
trial and execution, 348, et seq. — his
attempt to justify himself regarding it,
353— retribution which befell him, 354
— on the death of Pichegru, 360 —
negotiations conducted by, before Aus-
terlitz, ix. 198 — interview with Alex-
ander, ib. et seq. — interview between
them after Austerlitz, 217 — captures
Hameln, x. 65 — at Golymin, 119 — cha-
racter of the Polish women by, 130,
note — at Eylau, 145 — and after it, 156
— operations against Essen, 159 — com-
bat of Ostrolenka, 160 — superseded by
Massena, 275— at Heilsberg, 292 — at
Friedland, 301, 302— made governor of
Konigsberg, 317, note — on the secret
articles of Tilsit, 328, xi. 292, notes-
revenue bestowed on, 196, note — his
reception in Russia, 234 — compels Alex-
ander to declare war against Great
Britain, 273, 274— secret despatch from
Napoleon to, 279 — sent to Madr
instructions to him, 333 — his qualifica-
tions for his task there, 334 — persuades
Ferdinand to go to Burgos, 335 — and
subsequently to Bayonne, 336 — an-
nounces that he must resign his crown,
350 — succeeds Murat in Spain , xii. 40 — ■
his measures against the insurgents, 55
— injudicious movements of, 69, 70—
abandons Madrid, 91 — his position was
untenable, 92, note — on Lannes* charge
at Aspern, 295 — 303 — conversation
with Napoleon regarding Russia, 369 —
on the seizure of the pope, xiii. 137 —
appointed minister of police, 290 — ■
arrested by Malet, xvi. 134 — on Malet's
conspiracy, 137 — xviii. 72 — measures
proposed on the approach of the Allies,
334 — his account of their entry into
Paris, 358, note.
Save, Thalweg of the, ceded to Italy,
xiii. 104.
Savenay, defeat of the Vendeans at, iii.
374.
Saverne, repulse of the Prussians at, iv.
69. '
Savigliano, defeat of the French at, vii.
54.
Savollax, cession of, to Russia, xv. 203.
Savona, defeat of the Allies at, iv. 389 —
occupied by the French, v. 54 — captured
by the Austrians, vii. 209, 218 — ceded to
the French, 256 — removal of the pope
to, xvi. 142.
Savoy, military character of the inhabi-
tants of, iii. 141 — establishment of
Jacobin clubs in, 174 — overrun by the
French, 231— their cruelties, 232— re-
volutionised, and incorporated with
France, 234 — concluding operations in,
1794, iv. 389— formally ceded to France,
v. 183 — this recognised by Austria, vi.
19 — operations in, 1814, xviii. 223 —
disposal of it by congress of Vienna,
xix. 232.
Saxe, marshal, i. 245.
Saxe, general, vi. 189.
Saxe-Coburg, prince, see Coburg.
Saxe-Coburg, duke of, xviii. 46.
Saxe-Coburg, circumstances which led to
the advancement of the family of, xviii.
412.
Saxe- Weimar, duke of, his escape from
Jena, x. 57 — succeeded by "Winning,
58 — joins the German confederacy, xviii.
39— operations of, 1813, 47, 69— move-
ments assigned him, 145 — operations in
Flanders, 209 — reinforced by Thielman,
and concluding operations, 215.
Saxken, general, xviii. 46.
Saxons, the, see Anglo-Saxons.
Saxony, withdrawal of, from the coalition
in 1794, iv. 370 — her aid invoked by
the Poles, v. 25 — her troops withdrawn
from the alliance, 284 — joins Prussia in
1806, x. 17 — first alienation between
them, 30 — overrun by the French, 53 —
abandons Prussia, 66 — treaty with
INDEX.
345
Saxony, continued.
France, 67 — contributions levied on,
76 — formal treaty with Napoleon, 83 —
its elector made king, ib. — her forces
join Napoleon , 106 — duchy of Warsaw
annexed to, 322, xi. 236 — her gains
by Tilsit, 323 — her fidelity to Na-
poleon, 336 — excitement in, against
France, 1809, xii. 209 — overrun by the
Austrians, 373 — reoccupied by the
French, xiii. 9 — conduct of her troops
at Wagram, 54 — Napoleon's alliance
with her by marriage proposed, 275 —
visit of Napoleon, &c. to her capital,
1812, xv. 278— withdrawal of Reynier in-
to, xvi. 1 12— efforts of the Allies to detach
her from France, 168— she adheres to
Napoleon, 169 — convention between her
auxiliary force and Austria, 176 — en-
trance of the Allies into, 195 — enthu-
siasm in their favour, 196— difficulty of
her position, 199 — compelled fully to
accede to the French alliance, 225 —
Napoleon's treachery toward her, 231,
232 — kindness of the inhabitants to the
wounded, 250 — exhausted condition of,
xvii. 212 — desertion of her troops at
Leipsic, 264 — disposal of her forces by
the Allies, xviii. 40, 41 — views of Prus-
sia on, at the congress of Vienna, xix.
233— settlement of, there, 241, 248.
Scandinavia, description of, xv. 188.
Scapeaux, a Chouan, iv. 392.
Scarcity, prevalent in France, 1789, ii.
49— in Paris, 78, 119, et seq., iii. 251—
in Great Britain, 1800-1, vii. 157, 360.
Scarlett, Sir James, xiv. 88.
Sehaffhausen, canton of, declares against
Napoleon, xviii. 43.
Sehaffhausen , bridge of, destroyed, vi. 346.
Schakenthal, pass of, vii. 22— Suwarroffs
passage of it, 37, et seq. — this compared
with Napoleon's of the St Bernard, 231.
Schams, valley of, vii. 303.
Scharnhorst, Gerard David de, accession
of, to the Prussian ministry, xi. 245 —
his history and character, and reforms
introduced by him, 246— system for the
army, 247— a member of the Tugend-
bund, 248 — anti-Gallican counsels of,
1809, xii. 208— resigns, 361—370, xv.
287— secures the appointment of York
as commander, xvi. 104 — efforts against
the French, 120— advantages of his mili-
tary system, 121— mortally wounded at
Ltitzen, 219— his death, xvii. 92.
Scharnitz, combat at, ix. 176.
Schauroth, general, xiii. 20.
Schawenburg, general, vi. 153, 159.
Scheiks of Egypt, the, vi. 264.
Scheldt river, the, iv. 373 — its capabilities
for commerce, xiii. 70 — opening of the,
iii. 226 — which causes declaration of
war by Great Britain, 179 — debates on
it in parliament, iv. 2, et seq. — reasons
which led to the expedition to, xiii. 76,
et seq. — entrance of the British expedi-
tion, 80.
Schenis, defeat and death of Hotze at,
vii. 34.
Schenk, Martin, xiii. 110.
Scherbatoff, general, xviii. 99.
Scherer, general, captures Landrecy, &c.
iv. 353 — at Ruremonde, 367 — commands
in the Alps, and victory at Loano, v.
52 — forces under, on the Adige, 1799,
vi. 338 — appointed commander-in-chief,
339 — his plans, ib. — his first movements,
340, 341— defeated on the Adige, 342—
and at Magnano, 343 — his retreat, 345
— succeeded by Moreau, 363.
Schill, colonel, x. 76 — a member of the
Tiajendbund, xi. 249 — his enterprise,
and its first success, xii. 360— repulsed
at Magdeburg, 361 — captures Stralsund,
362— his defeat and death there, 363—
treatment of his fellow conspirators, xvi.
100.
Schiller, Friedrich, xi. 50, xiv. 10.
Schilt, general, xii. 274.
Schimmelpennick, revolutionary proceed-
ings of, in Holland, viii. 201 — created
grand pensionary, ix. 26.
Schippenthal, defeat of a French detach-
ment at, x. 133.
Schleitz, combat at, x. 26.
Schliengen, combat at, v. 297.
Schmettau, general, at Auerstadt, x. 41,
42 — mortally wounded, 43.
Schoen, M., xvi. 129.
Schoenbrunn, palace of, ix. 188 — occupied
by Napoleon , 190 — and again after
Austerlitz, 219 — attempt to assassinate
him at, xiii. 102.
Schollenen, valley of, vi. 182, vii. 21 —
defeat of the Swiss at, vi. 349.
Schonecher, deputy from the Tyrol to
Great Britain, xiii. 115.
Schools, see Education.
Schorl, combats at, vii. 48, 49.
Schorldam, combats of, vii. 48, 49.
Schoumouloff, count, xvi. 263.
Schouvaloff, general, on the losses of Na-
poleon, xv. 311— his corps in 1812, 370
— Russian commissioner at Elba, xviii.
385.
Schrant, M. de, xviii. 42.
Schroedersee, captain, death of, vii. 381.
Schufiing, combat at, vi. 17.
Schulemberg, count, ix. 367.
Schumla, organisation of the Russian
army at, xv. 145 — intrenched camp of,
148— preparations of the Turks at, 161 —
description of it, 162 — battle of, 163 —
investment raised, 166.
Schwanstadt, defeat of the Austrians at,
vii. 297.
Schwartz, general, xii. 92, 93 — defeated
at Manresa, xiii. 316 — and at La Bisbal,
xiv. 157.
Schwartzen Elster, the, xvii. 220.
Schwartzenberg, prince, first services of,
iv. 336 — in 1799 driven back from the
Rhine, vii. 64 — defeated at Kremsmun-
ster, 298 — becomes vice-president of the
Aulic Council, ix. 38 — ambassador to
346
INDEX.
Schwartzenberg, continued.
Russia in 1809, xii. 207 — negotiates the
alliance between Napoleon and Marie
Louise, xiii. 279 — ball given on the mar-
riage, and catastrophe at it, 287 — forces
under him, 1812, and their position, xv.
277, 369 — crosses the Bug, and enters
Russia, 285 — operations of Tormasoff
against, 308 — engagement between
them, 327—329, xvi. 5, 6, note, 7 —
driven over the Bug, 45 — again crosses
it, ib. — evacuates Russia, 74, 75— further
operations, 112 — sent ambassador to
Paris, 173, 175, 176— views of Napoleon
stated to him, 198 — 229 — report by, on
the state of the army, xvii. 84 — his cha-
racter, 94, 95 — his appointment as
generalissimo, 123 — forces under him,
386 — advances on Dresden, 136, 137 —
changes his plan, 138 — his indecision,
and postponement of the attack, 139 —
proclamation, 140 — first day's battle of
Dresden, 145 — general battle, 149 — re-
solves on retreat, 155 — difficulties of it,
156— errors in the battle, 159, 160—
confusion of his retreat, ib. — divisions
at his headquarters, 162 — again advances
to Dresden, 199 — partisan operations of,
208 —condition of his forces, 215 — joined
by Benningsen, ib. — his forces and plans,
217, 218 — advances toward Leipsic, 227
— his forces there, 394 — his position, 236
— proclamation, 239 — first day's battle,
240, et seq. — reception of Napoleon's
propositions, 252 — battle of the 18th,
258, et seq. — assault and capture of
Leipsic, 269 — his losses in the battles,
272 — dislocation of his forces, 275 — pur-
suit committed to the Cossacks, 282 — •
arrives at Frankfort, 291 — goes into
winter-quarters, 292 — violation of the
capitulation of Dresden, 301— his forces
for the invasion of France, xviii. 432 —
proclamation on entering Switzerland,
42 — his army, ib. — its state of efficiency,
line of invasion, &c. 46, 53, 54 — his
entry into Switzerland and France, 65 — ■
result of his first movements, 68, 70 —
his continued advance, 74 — reaches
Brienne, 76 — movement to La Rothiere,
80 — at that battle, 81 — his dilatory pur-
suit, 87 — separation from Blucher, 88 —
occupies Troyes, 89, 107 — his slow move-
ments from thence, 117, 118 — advances
to Montereau, 118 — and to Fontainbleau
and La Brie, 119 — proposes an armis-
tice, 123 — defeated at Montereau, 125—
junction with Blucher, 135 — armistice
of Lusigny, 137, et seq. — at the council
of Bar-sur-Aube, 142 — movements as-
signed him there, 145, 146 — battle of
Bar-sur-Aube, 168 — wounded there, 170
— his tardy advance after it, 171 — victory
of, at La Guillotiere, 172 — subsequent
inactivity, 173 — his slow advance toward
Paris, 299 — Napoleon moves against,
300 — and surprises him, 301 — his
defensive measures, 302 -— moves on
Arcis, 303— battle of Arcis-sur-Aube,
304 — learns of Napoleon's march to St
Dizier, 311 — agrees to the march to
Paris, 314 — his line of advance, 315 —
battle of Fere Champenoise, 320 — his
advance toward the capital, 325, 326 —
proclamation before the battle of Paris,
340 — his answer to Mortier's attempt to
suspend hostilities, 350 — his entry into
Paris. 357 — at the council for deliberat-
ing on the settlement of France, 361,
362 — correspondence with Marmont,
and junction of the latter, 369 — his
forces, 1815, xix. 283 — his entry into
France, xx. 20.
Schwartzenberg, the princess Pauline,
death of, xiii. 287.
Schwatz, capture of a Bavarian detach-
ment at, xii. 345 — struggle at, 351 —
defeat of the French rearguard at, xiii.
115.
Schwaze Lacken, check of the French at,
xii. 279.
Schweidnitz besieged by the French, x.
126 — captured, 271 — intrenched camp
of, xvi. 255 — position of the Allies at,
256.
Schweinfurt, losses of the French at, v.
290 — defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
283.
Schwerin, death of Korner near, xvii. 160.
Schwertau, defeat of the Russians at, x.
64.
Schwiekowsky, general, besieges Alessan-
dria, vi. 369— and Tortona, 375— recalled
to the Trebbia, 376— at that battle, 378,
381— at Novi, vii. 12.
Schwinningen, combat at, vii. 199.
Schwytz, canton of, its patriotic spirit, vi.
150— rejects the new constitution, 156 —
submits, 160 — its heroic resistance, 162—
defeat of the Swiss at, 1799, 349— of
the Austrians, vii. 23 — diet at, 1802, viii.
227 — declares against Napoleon, 1813,
xviii. 43.
Scellieres, interment of Voltaire at, i. 140.
Scepaux, the viscount, iii. 373.
Science, development of, during the era of
the Revolution, i. 4 — its elevated condi-
tion, ii. 1 — rewards to, instituted by
Napoleon, viii. 124 — his measures for its
advancement, x. 265.
Scindiah, the Mahratta chief, xi. 2 — his
territories, military force, &c. 85 — secret
negotiations of, with Tippoo, 66 — de-
clares war against the British, 90 —
defeated at Laswaree, 97 — operations of
Wellington against him, 100 — opera-
tions before Assaye, 101 — defeated there,
103 — his subsequent movements, 105—
again defeated at Argaum, 106— treaty
with him, 108 — his treacherous conduct,
117 — renews hostilities, 127 — sues for
peace, 130 — treaty with him, 132.
Sclavonians, original seat of the, v. 1.
Scobetoff, colonel, xviii. 201.
Scotland, consumption of ardent spirits
in, i. 22 — characteristics of her early
INDEX. 347
Scotland, continued. Secret police, Napoleon's, vii. 173 — the
military force, 59 — want of archery in Russian, xv. 256.
it, 60 — character of its civil wars, 72 — Secularisation, system of, adopted regard-
fidelity to the pretender in, ii. 244 — ex- ing the German indemnities, viii. 207 —
tent of wastes in, iii. 82 — its general agreed to by Prussia, v. 3<>3 — its influ-
aspect, 84 — its agricultural produce, 86 ence on the fate of Europe, viii. 214— its
— its population, 87 — trials for sedition injustice, 215.
in, iv. 17 — Dutch fisheries in, 377 — ef- Sedan, movement at, against the Assem-
fect of the expulsion of the English from, bly, iii. 8 — fortress of, 199, 200.
vi. 205 — the depots for French prisoners Sedition , trials for, in Scotland, 1793, iv.
in, xiv. 103, 104 — statistics of crime in, 17 — measures of the government
55, note, 56, 365 — residence of the against, 309 — trials for, 1794, 310, et
Comte d'Artois in , xviii. 112,114. seq.
Scott, Mr, death of, at Trafalgar, ix. 84. Seditious meetings, act against, v. 257, et
Scott, Sir "Walter, xi. 50, xiv. 4 — resem- seq.
blance of, to Montesquieu, i. 134, note Segovia, capture and recapture of, xii. 55
— on the feudal services of France, 173 — evacuated by the French, xv. 71 —
— error of, regarding vice, iv. 207 — a contributions on, xvi. 306.
class-fellow of Brougham's, xiv. 87 — Seguier, M., i. 252, note,
desponding views of, 1812, xv. 2 — on Seguire, a capitalist, ix. 329.
Wellington's inactivity before Waterloo, Segur, marshal, on the convocation of
xix. 315, note. the Notables, L 284 — becomes minister
Scott, Sir William, on maritime law, vii. at war, 301 — injudicious measures of,
340— on neutral rights, ix. 363. 302
Scott, general, xix. 148. Segur, count, i. 266 — on the liberal ten-
Scylla, fort of, captured by the British, dency in France, 309 — on the passion
xiii. 167. for war, iii. 187.
Scythians, causes of the independence of, Segur, count Philippe de, negotiates the
i. 8 — devastations of the, in Russia, xv. surrender of Mack, ix. 156— taken pri-
246 — failure of all invasions of, xvi. 94. soner at Nasielsk, x. 114 — revenue be-
Sea, origin of the laws of war at, vii. 336, stowed on, xi. 196, note — forces under,
338 — decisive character of actions at, ix. 1814, xviii. 435.
94, et seq. Seidlitz, organisation of the Prussian ca-
Sea dykes of Holland, the, iv. 373. valry by, iii. 132.
Sebastian, see San Sebastian. Seine, passage of the, by Schwartzenberg,
Sebastiani, general, mission of, to Egypt, xviii. 299 — by Blucher in 1815, xx. 6.
and correspondence regarding it, viii. Seine, statistics of births in department
244 — entrance of, into Vienna, ix. 189 of, xx. 53.
— Napoleon's instructions to him at Sekoczyre, battle of, v. 33.
Constantinople, x. 128 — envoy to Tur- Selbouette, finances of France under, i.
key in 1806, 215 — measures to induce a 286, note,
rupture with Russia, 216 — and their Selden's Petition of Rights, i. 70.
success, 219 — ascendency obtained at Self-denying ordinance of the Assembly,
Constantinople, 222, 224, 225— his dis- the, ii. 257.
missal demanded by Duckworth, 225 — Selim, the sultan, x. 218 — preparations of,
defensive preparations, 226 — instruc- against the British, 226 — perfidy of
tions of Napoleon regarding the parti- Napoleon toward, 259 — dethronement
tion of Turkey, 330— revenue bestowed of, xv. 150 — his death, 153.
on him, xi. 195, note — in Spain, xiii. Seltz, conferences between Austria and
171— victory of, at Ciudad Real, 220— France at, vi. 222.
operations before Talavera, 238 — at Selvio, pass of, vi. 134, 135.
Talavera, 243 — moved against Venegas, SemeU>, colonel, x. 154, note.
251 — victory at Almonacid, 253 — at Semlewo, abandonment of trophies of
Ocana, 256, 257, 258 — placed under Moscow at, xvi. 33.
Soult, 306— forces the Villa Nueva, 308 Semonville, M., iii. 194.
— captures Jaen, &c. 309 — occupies Cor- Senarmont, general, at Friedland, x. 303,
dova, xiv. 153 — defeated at Inkowo, xv. 304 — at Ocana, xiii. 257.
312 — at Winkowo, xvi. 19 — forces of, Senate, the American, xix. 43.
1813, 201, note — captures a convoy Senate, the French, functions, &c. of the,
at Sprottau, 256 — anecdote of, xvii. 22 vii. 120, 121 — debates in, on the life-
— forces under, 1813, 385 — at the Katz- consulship, viii. 138, 139 — answer of
bach, 175, 176, 177— forces at Leipsic, Napoleon to, on his appointment, 142
394— operations there, 236, 241, 261 — — acceptance of the new constitution by,
at Hanau, 286 — forces of, 1814, xviii. 145— change in its constitution, 151 —
435 — at Arcis-sur-Aube, 304. decree of, relative to the trial of Piche-
Sebenico, capture of, by the Austrians, gru, &c. 342 — proceedings relative to
xvii. 319. Napoleon's assuming the crown, 369 —
Sechelles, see Herault de Sechelles. speech of Napoleon to, 1804, ix. 4 — and
348
INDEX.
Senate, continued.
before his departure for TJlm, 75 —
message of Napoleon to, on the capture
of TJlm, 160— deputation to him after
Jena, x. 78 — new constitution voted by,
82— and again, 163, 164— its adulation
of Napoleon, xi. 176, xii. 137— address
to him on the re-establishment of titles
of honour, xi. 194 — act of, for Jose-
phine's divorce, xiii. 278 — decree for
providing a regency, xvi. 141 — new con-
scription voted, ib. — meeting of, and
conscription voted after Leipsic, xviii.
9— its subservience to Napoleon, 24 —
views in, regarding him, 162 — meeting
to deliberate on his successor, 364 — ap-
point a provisional government, 365 —
speech of Alexander to, ib. — formally
dethrone Napoleon, 366 — his proclama-
tion against them, 373.
Senate of Venice, the, see Venice.
Senegal, subjugation of settlement of, by
the British, xiii. 166.
Senhouse, captain, xix. 119.
Senegaglia, democratic outbreak at, vL
169.
Senio, rout of the papal troops at, v. 243.
Sennaar, cataracts of, vi. 248.
Sens, Brienne made archbishop of, i. 320
— captured by the Allies, xviii. 118.
Sepoy force in India, origin and composi-
tion of the, x. 366— facility with which
raised, 367 — their rank and character,
368 — their heroism, 369, 372 — their
fidelity, 370, et seq.
Septiemes, defeat of the Marseillais at, iv.
77.
Seraskier pasha, operations of the, to
relieve Roudschouk, xv. 166— defeated
at Battin, 168— his death, 170.
Serfdom, prevalence of, under the Anglo-
Saxons, i. 54 — in France, 79 — provi-
sions for abolishing, in Poland, v. 27 —
abolished in Prussia, xi. 244 — in Russia,
ix. 133, xv. 241, 242.
Sergent, a member of the municipality,
iii. 29, note — robbery of the crown
jewels by, 33 — member for the conven-
tion, 35.
Serieuse frigate, destruction of the, vi.
274.
Seringapatam threatened by Cornwallis,
xi. 39— battle of, 41— first siege of, 44—
invested by Harris, 69 — assault and
capture of, 71, et seq. — Wellington ap-
pointed governor, 75.
Serna, combat at, xv. 68.
Serra Capriola, duke of, xii. 207.
Serras, general, at Predial, xii. 273 — de-
feats Jellachich, 275 — at Raab, xiii. 11,
13— at Wagram, 44, 46— forces under,
1810, 322— xviii. 130.
Serravalle, defeat of the Austrians at, v.
216 — castle of, captured by the Allies,
vii. 11 — defeat of Eugene at, xvii. 317.
Serrurier, marshal, early history and cha-
racter of, v. 173 — operations of, in the
Alps, 1794, iv. 357 —at Loano, v 53—
defeats Colli at Mondovi, 180 — ope:
tions against Mantua, 190, 200, 2i
204— raises the siege, 208— resumes it
239— its surrender to him, 242, 243—
forces under him, 1797, vi. 2 — captures
Gradisca, 9 — operations against Baya-
litch, 11— at Neumarckt, 16—340 —
defeated on the Adige, 342 — at Mag-
nano, 344 — defeated and surrenders at
Verderio, 364, 365— on the 19th Bru-
maire, vii. 108 — created marshal, viii.
376 — during the proceedings for setting
aside Napoleon, xviii. 364.
Servan, M., becomes minister at war, ii.
311— resigns, 317— restored to office, iii.
5 — directs the invasion of Switzerland,
233.
Servia, allotted to Austria by Tilsit, x.
328, 330 — revolt of, under Czerny
George, 220, xv. 149 — overrun by the
Turks, 157, 158.
Servier, the abbe\ i. 136.
Servier, general, vi. 14, 18.
Servieres, general, xi. 196, note.
Seslawin, a Cossack partisan, xvi. 76,
xviii. 119.
Sespina, defeat of Blake at, xiii. 209.
Sestri, defeat of the French at, xviii. 285.
Seven Islands, the republic of, x. 260,
261.
Severn river, the, iii. 84.
Severole, general, xiv. 194— joins Suchet,
197 — removed to northern Spain, 260 —
defeat of, before Reggio, xviii. 221.
Sevilla, Gil de, xii. 36.
Seville, town of, xii. 6 — atrocities at the
commencement of the insurrection, 36
— formation of Junta of, ib. — their pro-
clamation against Napoleon, 37, note —
lead assumed by them, 37 — captured
by the French, xiii. 309 — occupied by
Soult, xiv. 153 — threatened by Blake,
264— and by Murillo, xv. 30.
Sewokhino, occupied by Wittgenstein, xv.
328.
Seymour, colonel, at Talavera, xiii. 244.
Sezanne, march of Napoleon to, xviii. 93
— occupied by Blucher, 146.
Shah Aulum, the Mogul emperor, xL 85,
87, 95.
Shakspere, justice of the delineations of
vice by, iv. 207 — his historical sketches,
xvii. 2.
Shannon, capture of the Chesapeake by
the, xix. 114.
Sharpe, Granville, arguments of, against
the Copenhagen expedition, xi. 265.
Shaw, colonel, xi. 70, 71.
Shaw, Sir Charles, i. 256, note.
Sheaffe, general, at Queenstown, xix. 103
—defeated at York, 122.
Sheerness, arming of, during the mutiny,
v. 334.
Sheffield, population of, iii. 98, note.
Shepeler, colonel, xiy. 247.
Shepherd tribes of the East, the, i. 8.
Sherbrooke, general Sir John, at Seringa-
patam, xi. 73 — arrives in Portugal, xiii.
INDEX.
349
Sherbrooke, continued.
169 — at Talavera, 244— operations of,
in the Penobscot, xix. 157.
Sheridan, R. B., arguments of, against
the war, 1794, iv. 312 — his conduct on
the mutiny of the fleet, v. 334 — sup-
ports the volunteer system, vi. 120 — ■
cognisant of the designs of the Irish
insurgents, 208, note — on the volunteer
system, 1803, viii. 285 — supports Pitt
against Addington, 295 — on the prose-
cution of Hastings, xi. 29 — speech in
support of the Spanish patriots, xii. 48 —
xiv. 32.
Sherlock, general, vi. 167.
Shipping, American, statistics of, xix. 187
— British, at various times, iii. 98, note
— in 1800, viL 157, note — 1793 and
1801, viii. 75—1802, 238—1801 to 1836,
xiv. 367, 368 — employed between her
and various nations, 368, 369—1809 to
1836 compared with currency, 377 —
compared with revenue, 1814 and 1840,
xvi. 297 — employed in trade with British
America, xix. 80 — statistics of it, 187 —
since the peace, xx. 65—1801 to 1822,
76 — effect of the reciprocity system on,
90, 91, 92 — French, employed by St
Domingo, i. 108 — 1793 and 1801, viii.
75 — Prussian, x. 4.
Shore, Sir John, his administration in
India, xi. 45, 46.
Sliusherin, colonel, xviii. 105.
Shuvaloff, count, xviii. 138.
Siberia, capabilities of, xv. 232.
Sicard, the abbe-, escape of, on the 2d
September, iii. 21 — proscribed by the
Directory, vi. 95, 106.
Sicily, royal family of Naples retire to,
vi. 191— and again in 1805, ix. 337— its
retention at first agreed to by Napo-
leon, 383 — it is afterwards demanded by
him, 384 — his views regarding it, 387 —
articles of Tilsit regarding, x. 328 — pro-
posed indemnity for it, xi. 288— expedi-
tion from it under Stuart, xiii. 167 —
proposals of Napoleon regarding it,
1812, xv. 224 — subsidy from Britain to,
xvi. 286 — representation of, at congress
of Vienna, xix. 232.
Sidiman, action at, vi. 283.
Sidmaratzki, general, x. 109.
Sidmouth, lord, see Addington.
Sieberer, a Tyrolese leader, xiii. 115.
Sieg, repulse of the Austrians at, v. 271.
Sienna, limited extent of freedom of, i.
29 — revolt in, against the French, vii.
322.
Sierra Madre, the, xiv. 311.
Sierra Morena, the, xii. 6 — check of the
French at, 77 — Spanish forces in, xiii.
307 — forcing of, by Soult, 308— occu-
pied by Mortier, xiv. 153.
Sierra Nevada, the, xiv. 310, note.
Siewers, general, xv. 370.
Sieves, the abbe\ his pamphlet on the
Tiers Etat, i. 334— sketch of his early
career, 335, note — his character, 335—
joins the club Montrouge, ii. 39— his
opinion of the club Breton, 40 — pro-
poses the Tiers Etat constituting them-
selves the States-general, 47, 51 — speech
of, advocating their taking the name of
National Assembly, 54 — heads them in
their resistance, 68— excuses the excesses
of the peasantry, 136 — proposes the
abolition of tithes, 143, 146 — against
church spoliation, 192 — a member of the
club of 1789, 226 — his views regarding
the duke of Brunswick, iii. 192 — a
member of the committee of general
defence, 269, note — abjures Christianity,
iv. 149— joins the Thermidorians, v. 85
— chosen director, but declines, vi. 69
— afterwards elected, vii. 77 — joins
the minority there, 79 — in the Direc-
tory, 82 — attack by the Jacobins on, 87
— supports the closing of their clubs,
89 — attacks of the press on him, and
his views, ib. 90 — inclines to support
Napoleon, 94, 95 — his hatred of the
latter, 97, note, 98 — they resolve to act
together, 98 — measures concerted be-
tween them, 99, 101 — resigns, 106" — is
named Consul, 108, 115— rupture with
Napoleon on the constitution, 117 — his
proposed grand elector, 118 — retires from
the government, 122 — his cupidity, 123
— letter on the consular constitution,
125— votes for the recall of Louis XVIII.,
xviii. 399.
Sigmaringen. combat at, vii. 192.
Sikhs, the, xi. 2.
Silenguinsk, regiment of, destroyed, xviii.
121.
Silesia, province of, iii. 132, x. 2 — origin-
ally part of Poland, v. 22 — population,
general features, &c. of, ix. 110, x. 7,
note — operations in, 1806, 82— offered
by Napoleon in exchange for Silesia,
101 — fortresses of, subdued, 125 —
Jerome appointed governor, 126 — sieges
in, after Eylau, 271 — contributions
levied, 272 — restored to Prussia by
Tilsit, 322 — continued occupation of its
fortresses by the French, 324, xi. 279 —
efforts of Prussia to secure its neutrality,
xvi. 123— forces of Blucher in, 189—
again offered by Napoleon to Austria,
199— operations in, 1813, xvii. 132—
movement of Napoleon into, 133 — army
of, see Blucher.
Silfesparre, colonel, xv. 200.
Silias, heads the insurgents in Venezuela,
xiv. 338.
Silistria, fortress of, xv. 142, 148 — block-
aded by the Russians, 158 — relieved,
159— captured, 161— dismantled, 173.
Sillery, the count, a member of the club
Montrouge, ii. 39 — during the revolt of
the 5th Oct., 168 — denounced by Robes-
pierre, iii. 274 — his arrest decreed, 295
—his death, 299.
Silvain, Marechal, vi. 85.
Silver, produce of, in South America, xiv.
329, 360.
350
INDEX.
Silviera, general, forces under, 1809, xiii.
169—213, 215— at Chaves, 223— opera-
tions against Soult, 229.
Simbschen, general, defeated before Alt-
dorf, vii. 24 — and at Bourg Eberach,
283 — successes against Augereau, 299.
Simeon, M., viii. 370.
Simoga, capture, &c. of, xi. 40.
Simon, marquis de, xii. 165.
Simon , a member of the municipality, his
treatment of the Dauphin, iv. 135, v.
114, 115 — his evidence on the queen's
trial, iv. 138— his execution, 286.
Simoneffsky, regiment of, at Culm, xvii.
166.
Simplon, pass of the, vi. 134 — passage of
it by the French, vii. 236 — road of the,
viii. 206, xi. 204, 282— arch, at Milan,
282 — its sovereignty assumed by Napo-
leon, xv. 210 — occupied by the Allies,
xviii. 66.
Sinai, visit of Napoleon to, vi. 285.
Sinclair, commodore, xix. i33.
Sinclair, Sir John, xiv. 72, note.
Siniavin , admiral, operations of, off Illvria,
x. 127— defeats the Turkish fleet, 229—
xi. 300 — surrenders to the British, xii.
120.
Sinimari, death of Collot d'Herbois at, v.
93 — transportation of the royalist leaders
to, vi. 107.
Sinking fund, state of, on Pitt's accession,
ix. 257— established by him, 260— tables
illustrating it, 261— is supported by Fox,
262 — act for it passed, 263 — is made
applicable to future loans, 264 — its
growth to 1802, viii. 239— modification
of it in 1802, ix. 265— amount of debt
discharged, 266, et seq. — it becomes
exposed to obloquy, 267 — table of its
decline and extinction, 269 — the argu-
ments for and against it, 270 — value of
the system in peace, 271 — its distinctive
merit, 272— debt discharged since the
peace, 273 — the only way of reducing
the debt, ib. — foresight of its system,
274 — tables showing its operation, 275,
note — causes which induced its aban-
donment, 276 — sacrificed to the desire
of popularity, 277— benefits had it been
kept up, 282 — public errors which caus-
ed its abandonment, 284 — lord Lans-
downe on it, 298 — Pitt's views regarding
its operation, 311 — effect of popular
ascendency on it, 317 — danger from its
abandonment, 318 — changes in it,
1807, x. 199— danger to it from Petty's
financial scheme, 204, et seq. — further
modification of it, 1813, xvi. 289, et
seq. — tables connected with it, 398,
399.
Sion, capture of, by the Swiss, vi. 154 —
combats at, 160-
Sire, title of, renounced in France, ii.
275.
Sislavin, general, xviii. 316.
Sismondi, M., during the Hundred days,
xix. 289— works of, xx. 58.
Sisters of charity, the, viii. 83.
Sistowa, capture of, by the Russians, xv.
170 — destroyed, 171.
Six edicts of Turgot, the, i. 250— are re-
pealed, 256.
Sizakowsky, general, defeated by Suwar-
roff, v. 34— captured, 35.
Skerret, general, at Tarragona, xiv. 180 —
at Tarifa, 285 — at Bergen-op-Zoom,
xviii. 211— wounded, 213.
Skrynecki, general, v. 33.
Slade, general, defeat of the British cavalry
under, xv. 43 — defeats the French
cavalry, 81.
Slane's valley, burial of Napoleon at, xx.
103.
Slapiner Joch, combat at the, vi. 351.
Slave trade, debates on the abolition of
the, x. 184, et seq.— ia carried, 191 — its
increase and present state, 192, xiv. 89
— arrangements of the congress of
Vienna regarding, xix. 242.
Slaves, early condition of, and its advan-
tages, i. 6 — their present condition in
the East, &c. 7 — difficulties in the way
of their emancipation in level countries,
8 — causes which bring it about, ib. —
neglect of them under the feudal system,
20 — ferocity of insurrections of, 49 —
numbers of, in England under the
Saxons, 54 — their depressed condition
there, 64 — outbreak of them under
Tyler, 65 — their condition in Spanish
America, xiv. 325— their number in the
United States, xix. 17— incited by the
British to revolt, 150.
Slavery, origin of it, i. 6 — is not at first an
evil, ib. — causes which perpetuate it, 8
— and those which extinguish it, ib. et
seq. — its extent in ancient Greece, 10 —
and during the fall of Rome, 11, 12—
the lot of the vanquished under the
northern barbarians, 13 — its influence
in retarding improvement, 21 — first
checked by Christianity, 32 — prevalence
of it in England, 54 — its universality
among the Gauls, 74 — and the Franks,
77 — checked by the institution of
boroughs, 79 — emancipation from it
should be gradual, 101 — its influence in
arresting progress, 114 — contrast be-
tween it in North and South America,
xiv. 325 — its prevalence in Poland, v. 7,
9— provision for its abolition there, 27 —
abolished in Prussia, xi. 244 — its fea-
tures and advantages in Russia, xv. 241,
242 — abolished in St Domingo, viii. 177
— its extent in the United States, xix.
70 — opposition to its abolition there, 71
— supported by the clergy, 48, 49,
note.
Sleswick, occupation of, by the Swedes,
xix. 203.
Slopes of the Cardinal, pass called, vii.
305.
Smith, Adam, xiv. 3 — on the tendency of
the 18th century, iii. 107 — on the na-
tional debt, ix. 256 — on the produce of
INDEX.
351
Smith, Adam, continued.
the precious metals in South America,
xiv. 330 — on the value of the navigation
laws, xx. 74.
Smith, colonel, combats of, with Hyder
Ali, xi. 14, 27, note— defeated by Hol-
kar, 113— defeats Meer Khan, 130.
Smith, general, at Diernstein, ix. 184 —
death of, 185.
Smith, Mr., xix. 91, 116.
Smith, major, xvi. 348.
Smith, admiral Sir Sidney, parentage and
early history of, vi. 293, note — at the
siege of Toulon , iv. 99,100— -defensive pre-
parations at Acre, vi. 293 — captures the
French flotilla, &c. 294, et seq.— repulse
of the French, 300 — operations subse-
quent to the siege, 304 — communicates
to Napoleon the state of Europe, ,313 —
viii. 4 — convention of El Arish, 5, 6,
note — offers to carry it into effect, 13 —
18 — operations against the French
flotilla, 277— defeats the Dutch flotilla,
ix. 53— captures Capri, and threatens
Naples, 340 — destruction of the Turkish
fleet by, x. 224 — operations in the Tagus,
xi. 304, 306 — removes the royal family
from Portugal, 307.
Smolensko, once the frontier town of
Russia, xv. 261 — defensive preparations
at, 1812, 272 — junction of the Russian
armies at, 296 — arrival of Napoleon, &c.
312, 314 — retreat of the main Russian
army from, 316— battle of, 317— burn-
ing of it, 318 — entry of the French, &c.
319 — grief occasioned by its abandon-
ment, 320 — state of the sick and wound-
ed in, 325— advance of Victor to, 328—
the hospitals withdrawn to, xvi. 15 — re-
treat of Eugene to, 40 — arrival at, dur-
ing the retreat, 41 — and continuation of
it from thence, 47, et seq.
Smoliantzy, battle of, xvi. 44.
Smorgoni, Napoleon leaves the army
at, xvi. 66, 67, 129— battle of, 70—
strength of the French on reaching,
71.
Smugglers of Catalonia, the, xii. 10.
Smyth, general, xix. 103, 104.
Snodgrass, major, at San Sebastian, xvi.
376, 378, 379.
Sobieski, John, hi. 136 — deliverance of
Vienna by, ix. 105 — his exploits, v. 23—
his efforts and anticipations regarding
Poland, 24 — its power extinguished with
him, 25.
Sobral, fort, xiii. 333.
Social contract, Rousseau's, i. 147.
Society, origin of separate classes of, i. 14
— influence of the discovery of printing
on, 35, 36 — collision between its classes
inevitable, 118— its state at the com-
mencement of the Revolution, iii. 144 —
in Great Britain, 102 — in France on
Napoleon's accession, viii. 82 — his re-
construction of it, 83, et seq. — in Paris,
1802, 146 — peculiar construction of it in
Poland, v. 9.
Societies, treasonable, in Great Britain,
1792, iii. 179.
Socorro, revolt of, xiv. 340.
Soissons, proposed transference of the
assembly to, ii. 84 — panic of the French
at, iii. 207 — stormed by the Allies,
xviii. 132, et seq. — evacuated, 134 — capi-
tulates to them, 176 — Napoleon repulsed
at, 182 — occupied by him, 198.
Sokelnitz, combat at, ix. 208.
Sokolniki, general, xiii. 19, 20, xvii.
385.
Solado river, xiv. 296.
Solano, marquis of, ix. 91 — murdered, xii.
32.
Soldan, defeat of the Prussians at, x.
121.
Soleure, democratic revolt at, vi. 149 —
patriotic spirit of, 150 — captured by the
French, 152 — contributions levied on it,
155, 161, note — occupied by the French,
1802, viii. 229.
Solignac, general, at Vimeira, xii. 115 —
vehemence of, against Napoleon, xx.
3,4.
Solsona, capture of, by Macdonald, xiv.
158.
Soltikoff, general, v. 29.
Somatenes of Catalonia, the, xii. 93.
Sombreuil, M. de, on the 14th July, ii.
92 — escape of, on the 2d September,
iii. 21.
Sombreuil, M. de, during the Quiberon
expedition, v. 59, 62, 63 — capitulates, 64
—his death, 67.
Sombreuil, mademoiselle de, iii. 21, iv.
250.
Somerset, lord Edward, at Salamanca,
xv. 62 — at Orthes, xviii. 243, 247 —
at Waterloo, xix. 350, 351, 356,
358.
Somerset, lord Fitzroy, xvi. 363.
Sommariva, general, organisation of the
Tuscan insurrection by, vii. 279, 280 —
operations in Tuscany, 322, 323.
Sommepuy, council of the Allies at, xviii.
312.
Sommevis, skirmish at, xviii. 311.
Sommerda, flight of Frederick William at,
x. 47.
Somo Sierra pass, the, xii. 4 — forced by
Napoleon, 161.
Sophie, elopement of, with Mirabeau, ii.
21— his letters to her, ib. 22.
Sophocles, his delineations of vice, iv.
208.
Soraoren, battle of, xvi. 363, et seq.
Sorata, massacre at, xiv. 333.
Sorbier, general, at Borodino, xv. 345 — at
Leipsic, xvii; 266.
Soubrani, trial and execution of, v. 104.
Souchu, cruelties of, iii. 333.
Souham, general, defeat of Clairfait by,
1794, iv. 336— battle of Turcoing, 339—
at Ostrach, vi. 331— at Stockach, 332,
334— attacked by Kray, 1800, vii. 197—
defeat of Rovira and Claros by, xiii. 209
— removed to North of Spain, xiv. 260 —
352
INDEX.
Souham, continued.
operations under, 1811, 273 — joins
Clausel, xv. 84, 89 — during the retreat
from Burgos, 94 — joins Soult, ib. — at
Liitzen, xvi. 214, 215 — at Bautzen,
244 — forces under, 1813, xvii. 384
— at the Katzbach, 175, 177, 178
— forces at Leipsic, 394 — at MSckern,
247.
Souhama, defeat of the Mamelukes at, vi.
307.
Soulavie's history of Louis XVI., i. 184,
note.
Soules, M., a senator, xviii. 364.
Souleyman, assassination of Kleber by,
viii.ll.
Soulier, colonel, an associate of Malet's,
xvi. 133, 134.
Soulis, general, xi. 196, note.
Soult, Jean de Dieu, marshal, duke of
Dalmatia, parentage and early history
of, v. 271, note — his character, xvi. 354 —
operations of, 1796, v. 271— at Stockach,
vi. 332, 333— in Switzerland, 1799, 349
— at Zurich, 354 — successes of, against
Hotze, vii. 34— forces and position of,
1800, 206— defeated at Montenotte, and
driven back on Genoa, 209 — operations
before it, 211 — driven back to Voltri,
212 — and into Genoa, 213 — recaptures
fort of Two Brothers, 216— successful
sally from Genoa, 217 — defeated and
taken in a second, ib. 218 — suppresses
the revolt in Piedmont, 322 — overruns
Naples, 326 — corps under, &c. in army
of England, viii. 282, 317 — created
marshal, 376 — corps under, 1805, ix. 74,
140, notes — direction of his march, 141
— movement to Mack's rear, 145 — ad-
vances to Augsburg, 148 — captures
Memmingen, and further successes, 150
— 182 — operations against Bagrathion,
193 — advances to Austerlitz, 202 — oper-
ations there, 205, 207, 208, 212, 213—
occupies Braunau, 374 — commands the
fourth corps, 1806, x. 18, note — move-
ments of, before Jena, 25 — at Jena, 33,
36, 38 — defeats Kalkreuth, 51 — captures
Magdeburg, 52, 54 — operations against
Blucher, 60 — at Lubeck, 62 — his prepar-
ations for passing the Vistula, 108 —
further movements, 113 — operations
against Lestocq, &c. 121, 136, 137— at
Landsberg, 140 — at Eylau, 142, note,
145, 146, 147 — further movements of,
282, 286— check of, at Wolfendorf, 287
—at Heilsberg, 289, 291— surrender of
Konigsberg to, 310 — revenue bestowed
on, xi. 195, note — at Reynosa,xii. 155—
further operations in Spain, 160, 161,
167 — movements of Moore against him,
170 — and his preparations, 171 — pursuit
of the British by, 175, 176— declines
battle at Lugo, 178 — his position at
Corunna, 180 — battle of Corunna, 181 —
captures Ferrol and Corunna, 187 — xiii.
170 — operations in Galicia, 210 — forces
of, for invading Portugal, 212 — marches
on Oporto, 213 — storming of it, 215 —
joined by Ney, 218— his inactivity at
Oporto, 222 — complicated intrigues in
his army, 223 — Wellington advances
against him, 229 — is defeated on the
Douro, 230— his danger, and measures to
extricate himself, 233 — his disastrous re-
treat, 234 — rejoins Ney, and cruelties of
his troops, 235— threatens Wellington's
rear after Talavera, 238, 247 — advances
to Almarez, 250, 251 — appointed major-
general in Spain, 252 — at Ocana, 257 — i
formation of army of Andalusia under,
306 — conquest of that province, 308, et
seq. — arrives before Cadiz, 311 — opera-
tions in Estremadura, 337 — captures
Olivenza, and begins the siege of Bada-
jos, 338 — defeats Mendizabel, 339 —
captures Badajos, 340 — retires to Anda-
lusia, 341 — constituted governor of
Southern Spain, xiv. 142— forces under,
in Andalusia, 146 — siege of Cadiz, 149—
converts it into a blockade, 152, 153 —
occupies Seville, 153 — atrocious procla-
mation by him, which he recalls, 154 —
forces under, 1811, 214 — cruelties of,
228 — advances to relieve Badajos, 245—
battle of Albuera, 246, et seq. — his re-
treat, 255 — errors committed by him,
256 — reinforcements sent him, 259 —
advances to the Guadiana, 261— joins
Marmont, and enters Badajos, 262 —
declines battle on the Caya, 263 — retires
toward Seville, 264 — movements against
Blake, 265 — successes in Ronda and
Murcia, ib. — victory at Baza, 266 — in-
trusted with guarding Badajos, 269 —
plans for invading the Alentejo, 273 — •
expedition against Tarifa, 284 — details
of his forces, 1811, 371 — preparations for
defending Badajos, xv. 6 — approaches
it, 20 — retreats on its capture, 30 — his
cavalry defeated at Usagre, ib. — attack
on him designed by Wellington, 31 —
letter from Napoleon to, on the fall of
Badajos, 34 — reinforces Drouet, 42 —
plans the invasion of Portugal, and
forces for it, 44 — ordered to evacuate
Andalusia, 71 — his abandonment of it,
76 — his views, 78 — which are overruled,
80 — charge brought by Joseph against
him, 81 — captures Chinchilla, and ad-
vances to Madrid, 90— joined by Sou-
ham, and movements round Salamanca,
95 — refuses battle there, ib. 96— attempts
to outflank Wellington, 96 — gives up
pursuit, 98 — and goes into winter-quar-
ters, 99 — xvi. 312 — Joseph's jealousy of
him, and his recall, 319 — pillage of
paintings by, in Spain, 329 — sent as
commander-in-chief to Spain, 353, xvii.
69 — forces there, and their condition,
xvi. 354, 401 — measures for reorganising
the army, 355 — his plans, and procla-
mation, 356— battle of the Pyrenees,
357, et seq. — battle of Soraoren, 362, et
seq. — his subsequent movements, 367 —
his disastrous retreat, 369 — narrow
INDEX.
353
Soult, continued.
escape at Estavan, 370 — disaster at
Echalar, 371— results of the battles, and
his conduct in them, 373, 374 — attempts
to relieve San Sebastian, 385 — battle of
San Marcial, 386 — forces under him,
1813, xvii. 97 — his position, 341 — battle
of the Bidassoa, 343 — designs for re-
entering Spain, 351 — his position on the
Nivelle, 352 — defeated there, 354, etseq.
— his position on the Nive, 363— again
defeated there, 365 et seq.— desertion of
the Germans from him, 370— battle of St
Pierre, 371, et seq. — his winter-quarters,
377 — reflections on these battles, 379 —
and on his conduct, 380 — forces under
him, 1814, xviii. 51, note, 435 — his
difficulties, 231— reduction of his forces,
233 — their position, 236 — plans proposed
by him, 237 — defeated on the Adour,
ib. et seq. — falls back to Orthes, 241 —
battle of Orthes, 243, et seq. — retires to-
ward Tarbes, 248— combat at Aire, 249
— counter proclamation to that of An-
gouleme, 252, 253 — check at Pau, 254 —
battle of Tarbes, 255 — results of the
campaign, 256 — his position at Toulouse,
262 — flrst attempt against it, 263 —
advantages of his position, &c. 265, 267
— forces under him, 268 — battle of Tou-
louse, 269, et seq. — evacuates it, 277 —
convention with Wellington, 279 — his
conduct in this campaign , 282 — his
fidelity to Napoleon, 384 — minister at
war under Louis XVIII., xlx. 228 —
monument erected at Quiberon by, 229
• — proclamation on the return from Elba,
263, 264— dismissed from office, 265—
major-general during the Waterloo cam-
paign, and proclamation by him, 308 —
at Waterloo, 346 — his instructions to
Grouchy, 373 — advocates the surrender
of Paris, xx. 8.
Soult, Pierre, at Orthes, xviii. 241 — at
Toulouse, 272, note.
Sound, passage of the, by the British, vii.
372, 375.
South, direction of conquest from the
North to, xvi. 1.
South America, influence of the French
revolution on, i. 1 — British expedition
to, 1806, ix. 359 — and again, 1807, x.
209 — effect of the meeting of the Cortes
on, xiv. 117 — provisions of the Cortes
regarding, 133— extent, &c. of it, 291—
its geographical divisions, 292 — district
of the Andes, ib.— the Pampas, 293—
the plateau of Brazil, 294 — its rivers,
295 — characters of its inhabitants, 298
— description of the Pampas, 301 — effects
of the want of the cow and horse on it,
303 — its forest region, 304 — its moun-
tains, 305 — its productions, 306 — fertility
of the soil, 308, 309 — its empires, &c. :
Mexico, 310— Brazil, 314 — Patagonia,
315 — its inhabitants when invaded by
the Spaniards, 317— their easy subjuga-
tion, 318— effects of the introduction of
VOL. XX.
the cow, &c. ib.— rise of a nomad race,
ib. — the introduction of iron, and inter-
mixture of Spanish blood, 319 — influ-
ence of the missions, 320 — and of the
Roman Catholic faith, 321 — state of re-
ligion and education, 322 — the popula-
tion, its classes, &c. 323 — the slaves,
325 — the Gauchos, 327 — increase of
cattle, 328 — the mines, and their pro-
duce at various times, 329, 330 — system
of government, 331 — restrictions to
which subject, 332 — monopolising spirit
of the home government, 334 — its com-
merce before the revolution, 335 — first
cause of the severance from Spain, 336
— resistance to the usurpation of Napo-
leon, ib. 337 — causes which led to the
revolt, 337 — measures for its suppression ,
339 — final breach with the mother
country, 340 — spread of the insurrection ,
341— atrocities characterising it, ib. 345
— reaction against it, caused by the
earthquake of Caraccas, 342 — formation
of the British auxiliary force, 347 — inde-
pendence of Chili secured, 352 — contest
in Peru, ib. — disastrous effects of -the
revolution, 359 — failure of the mines,
diminution of the population, &c. ib. —
influence of this on Great Britain, 360
— prospects of the Spanish race in, 363
— ultimate improvement of, by suffer-
ing, 364 — its commerce before and after
the revolution , 374 — produce of its mines,
1809 to 1821, 376, 377.
South Beveland, incorporation of, with
France, xiii. 291.
Southern Europe, comparison of, with
Northern, iii. 145.
Southern Germany, attachment to the
papacy in, xvi. 151.
Southern Tyrol, the, xii. 313, 328.
South Russia, devastation of the Tartars
in, xv. 246.
Southern cross, the, xiv. 294.
Southey, Robert, xiv. 4.
Souvenirs de Mirabeau, Dumont's, ii. 24,
note.
Souza, colonel Lopez de, xii. 101.
Spahis of Turkey, the, xv. 138.
Spain, influence of the Moorish wars in,
i. 2, 23 — degeneracy of the Gothic and
Moorish conquerors of, 20 — decline of
the feudal liberty in, 24 — naval forces
of, at the beginning of the war, 108 —
effect of long-continued peace on, 120
— difference with Great Britain in 1789,
ii. 201— her navy in 1792, iii. 105— her
state, 141 — character of the people, 142
— character and strength of the army,
143 — a party to the treaty of Mantua,
153 — war declared against her by
France, 249 — treaty with Great Bri-
tain, 1793, iv. 20— campaign of 1793 on
frontiers, 72, et seq. — that of 1794,
and difficulties of the government, 359,
etseq. — invaded by the French, 361 —
proposes peace, 363 — negotiations in
1794, 365 — her depressed condition,
Z
354
INDEX.
Spain, continued.
1795, v. 45— operations in, 55— treaty
of Bale, 56, 252— treaty of St Ildefonso,
and declaration of war against Great
Britain, 306, 307— grounds of the latter,
307, note— treaty with France, 1801, for
spoliation of Portugal, viii. 45 — invasion
of Portugal by her, 46, 47— treaty of
Abrantes between them, 47 — Lucien
Buonaparte sent ambassador to, 93 —
Napoleon's severity toward her, 267 —
treaty with France, 1803, 281 — discus-
sions between her and Great Britain,
323 — her secret hostile preparations, 324
— capture of the treasure frigates, and
declaration of war, 326 — her manifesto,
327 — debates in parliament on the sub-
ject, ib. et seq. — review of the conduct of
the parties, 333 — convention with France
for the invasion of England, ix. 53 — con-
duct of the inhabitants after Trafalgar,
91 — her subservience to Napoleon after
Austerlitz, 320— his designs on her
hinted at in 1806, 386 — he proposes an
indemnity for Sicily from her, 387 — her
long subservience to France, x. 15 — in-
dicates hostile designs, 16— demands of
Napoleon on, and auxiliary force from
her, 254, 255 — war subsidy paid by her,
268 — secret articles of Tilsit regarding,
327, 328, xi. 283, 292— views of Napo-
leon on, 287, 288 — indignation roused
against him, 289— premature proclama-
tion against France, 290 — the dethrone-
ment of the king resolved on by Napo-
leon, 292— character of the king, &c.
295— commencement of Ferdinand's in-
trigues,297 — the treaty of Fontainebleau ,
298— invasion of Portugal by her, 306,
311— arrest of Ferdinand, 313— entrance
of the French troops, 317 — treacherous
seizure of the fortresses, 319 — the cession
of northern, demanded by Napoleon,
323 — overthrow of Godoy, 326— abdica-
tion of Charles IV. 327 — continued ad-
vance of the French, 329 — reception of
Ferdinand during his journey to Bay-
onne, 335 — Napoleon's embarrassment
regarding her, 340— first symptoms of
resistance to him, 341 — his views as
communicated to Murat, ib. note — ex-
citement on the massacre at Madrid,
348— abdication of Charles IV. at Bay-
onne, 358— and of Ferdinand, &c. 360
— the crown offered to Joseph Buona-
parte, 361— he is proclaimed king, 363
■ — perfidy which characterised the con-
duct of Napoleon, ib. & seq. — ultimate
punishment of his conduct, 366.
Its state at the opening of the war,
xii. 1 — memorable events of which it has
been the theatre, ib. — uniform guerilla
character of its warfare, 2 — causes of
this, 3 — its general character, 4 — ex-
tent, population, revenue, &c. ib. —
mountain ranges, 5 — principal towns,
6 — and population of these, ib. note —
resolution with which they have been
defended, 7 — want of amalgamation
among its races, 8 — promotion of the
means of defence by this disunion, 9 —
corruption of the nobility, and effects
of entails, 10 — state of the peasantry,
ib. — their general wellbeing, 11 — popu-
lation returns, ib. note — influence and
character of the church, 12— its influ-
ence on the contest with France, 13 —
alliance of the throne, church, and
people, ib. — absence of revolutionary
passion, 14 — character and composition
of the French army in, 15 — strength of
the British, 17 — difficulty of keeping a
large force together, 25 — position and
advantages of the British troops, 26 —
her own military force, ib. — character
of its officers, 27— amount, &c. of the
French forces, 29 — commencement
of the insurrection, 30 — atrocities cha-
racterising it at first, 32 — proclamation
of the Junta of Seville, 37, note — meet-
ing of the notables at Bayonne, who
support Napoleon, 41 — constitution
given by Napoleon, 42 — proceedings of
the notables, Napoleon, &c. 43 — min-
istry appointed by Joseph, 45 — rejoicings
in Great Britain on the insurrection,
47 — speeches in parliament in support
of it, 48 — supplies sent out, 52 — mis-
appropriation of these, 53— Napoleon's
first measures against the insurrection,
54 — effect of the capitulation of Baylen,
86 — rejoicings on their successes, 98 —
neglect of preparations, 99 — disarming
of her troops in Portugal, 100— forma-
tion of the central junta, 129 — its cha-
racter, 130 — miserable condition of the
soldiery, 131 — impression made on
Napoleon by his disasters in, 135 — his
forces, and arrival in, 147 — positions of
the patriots, 148— his measures for tran-
quillising it, 165 — suppression of con-
vents, &c. 166— reflections on the cam-
paign of 1808, 189.
Treaty with Great Britain, 1809, xiii.
145 — the British government resolve on
continuing the contest in, 156— state of
affairs, forces, &c. 169— French forces
in, 170 — effect of the treaty with Britain,
171 — Napoleon's expectations of its sub-
jugation, 212 — the campaign of 1809,
and its results, 260 — causes of its dis-
asters, 261 — different modes of carrying
on the war by the belligerents, 263 —
conduct of the rulers and generals, 265
— discussions in parliament on the war,
1810, 297 — Napoleon's preparations for
campaign of 1810, 305— reinforcements
to, ib. 306 — contributions and exactions
of the French, ib. — interception of its
revenues by the generals, 307— Welling-
ton's opinion of the native troops, 317 —
his difficulties, 318.
State of the French troops, 1810, xiv.
139 — organisation of military govern-
ments by Napoleon, 140, 142 — his de-
signs for its dismemberment first
INDEX.
355
Spain, continued.
announced, and efforts of Joseph to
prevent this, 141— the latter resigns, but
resumes the crown, 143, 144— his return,
and secret treaties with Napoleon,
145 — condition of the French in, ib. —
numbers, disposition, &c. of their troops,
146 — and of the Allies, 147 — assembling
of the Cortes, and their proceedings,
123, et seq. — constitution of 1812,
131, et seq. — its democratic character
and effects, 133 — its reception, 134 —
forces of the parties in 1811, 213, 214—
causes of Wellington's successes, 215 —
his central situation in, 217 — difficulties
of the French in finding subsistence,
218— interruption of their communica-
tions, 221— hatred of the French autho-
rities, 222 — their dispersed condition in
it, 217 — exhausted condition of the
country, 218 — increase of the guerillas,
221— jealousies among their generals,
224 — their cruelties, and resistance thus
aroused, 226 — condition of her troops,
and jealousy of Wellington, 234 — trea-
chery of the Cortes, 235— Wellington's
difficulties in obtaining supplies, 237—
views of Napoleon regarding the war,
1811, 289 — extent of her colonial empire,
291— her system of colonial government,
331 — value of her commerce with her
colonies, 335 — revolt of her South
American colonies, 338, et seq. — pre-
parations for suppressing it, 348 — revolt
of the army, 349 — ultimate prospects of
her colonies, 363 — commerce between
them at various times, 374 — French
forces in, 1811 and 1812, 371 — and
British, 372.
Formally dismembered by Napoleon,
xv. 34 — reduction of the French forces
in, 35 — weakening of their power by
Salamanca, 106 — effect of their system
of war in, 108 — Napoleon offers to
guarantee her integrity, 224 — French
forces in, 1812, 369— attachment to the
papacy in, xvi. 151— troops withdrawn
from, 163 — opportunity afforded to
Great Britain by, 273 — subsidy from
Great Britain, 286— Wellington's efforts
to reorganise the army, 299 — he is ap-
pointed generalissimo, 300 — democratic
feeling in, against him, 301 — measures
of the government against Ballasteros,
302 — new organisation of her armies,
303 — Wellington's views regarding its
internal administration, 304 — abolition
of the inquisition, 305 — new regency,
and contests between the clergy and the
democrats, ib. — French contributions
on, ib. — state of the armies, 309— Allied
forces in, ib. — and French, 311 — insur-
rection in the north, 318— advance of
Wellington into, 323 — pillage of the
French marshals in, 329 — Soult sent as
commander-in-chief to, 353 — her merit
in the war as compared with Great
Britain, 387 — details of forces in, 400,
401 — forces in, 1813, xvii. 97— ineffi-
ciency of the government, 338 — increas-
ing violence of the democrats against
Wellington , 361 — results of the cam-
paign of 1813, xviii. 1 — treaty of Valen-
cay, and restoration of Ferdinand, 31 — >
Becret stipulations of treaty of Chaumont
regarding, 164 — the treaty of Valencay
rejected, 233 — restoration of Ferdinand
and close of hostilities, 260, 261— at the
congress of Vienna, xix. 231 — admitted
as principal there, 232 — measures of, for
abolishing the slave trade, 242 — pre-
parations on the return from Elba, 248—
subsidy to, 1815, 286 — demands of, from
France in 1815, xx. 21 — effect of the
revolution on her, 41 — and of Catholi-
cism, 83.
Spalatro, capture of, by the Austrians,
xvii. 319.
Spandau, capture of, by the French, x.
69 — its bridge captured by the Russians,
284 — garrisoned by the French during
the retreat in 1812, xvi. 115, 188— sur-
rendered to the Allies, xviii. 80.
Sparta, the freedom of, i. 10 — its govern-
ment not representative, 15.
Spartiate, the, at the Nile, vi. 271.
Spechbacher, character of, xii. 335 — cap-
tures Volders, 343— and Hall, 345—352
— ingenious stratagem of, 354, note — at
battle of Innspruck, 354, 355— resolves
to continue the contest, xiii. 110 — at
the Brenner, 112 — defeats the French
at Schwatz, 115 — defeated, wounded,
and his son captured, at Strub, 117 —
adventures and escape of, 123 — his
after fate, 125.
Spechbacher, Andreas, xii. 356, xiii. 117.
Specie, Wellington's difficulties from want
of, xiii. 235, xiv. 237, xv. 52— scarcity
of, in Great Britain, 1809 and 1810, xiv.
58— exportation of, 1812, 48— coinage
of, in Great Britain, 1792 to 1816, 367
—absorption of, 1812, by Bentinck, xv.
52 — convention among the Allies for
supplying its want, xvii. 59 — its scarcity,
1814, xviii. 229 — and during the war,
xx. 81.
Speculation, prevalence of, in France,
before the Revolution, i. 121 — its pre-
valence, 1793, iv. 160 — its cessation
toward the close of the reign of terror,
170— its prevalence in 1796, vi. 75.
Spencer, lord, envoy to Austria in 1794,
iv. 369 — during the mutiny of the fleet,
v. 332 — resignation of, vii. 365 — his
political views, ix. 323 — home secretary
in 1806, 324— succeeds Fox, 392.
Spencer, general, operations of, in Egypt,
viii. 33 — landing of, in Spain, and
operations, xii. 80, 105, 106, 107— at
Busaco, xiii. 329.
Spencer Smith, Mr, affair of, viii. 302.
Spezia, naval combat of, v. 49.
Spires, the bishop of, iii. 160.
Spires, capture of, by the French, 1792,
iii. 220— again, 1793, iv. 71
356
INDEX.
Spitz, preparations of Napoleon at, xiii.
7 — fortress erected by him at, 101.
Splugen, pass of the, vi. 134, 135 — descrip-
tion of the road over it, vii. 301 — Mac-
donald's passage of it, 302, et seq. —
Napoleon's jealousy of this achievement,
308— comparison of it with Napoleon's,
231.
Sporck, general, vi. 17.
Springborton, baron, vii. 166.
Sprottau, capture of a Russian convoy at,
xvi. 256.
Squatters of America, the, xix. 21.
Stabs, attempt to assassinate Napoleon by,
xiii. 102 — his execution, 103.
Stade, landing of British troops at, ix.
200 — invested by Strogonoff, xvii. 294.
Stadion, count, early history of, xii. 204,
note, xvii. 112— his career as a minister,
113 — his character, 114 — negotiations
with Russia, &c. 1805, ix. 40— sent to
negotiate before Austerlitz, 198 — negoti-
ations with Prussia, 1806, x. 13 — rejects
the exchange of Gallicia for Silesia, 102
— heads the war party, 1809, xii. 204 —
his efforts to gain Russia, 207—252, note,
370 — envoy to the Allies, 1813, xvi.
230 — negotiations with them and
France, 259, 263, xvii. 63, 84,85— envoy
at Chatillon, xviii. 147 — his danger at
Chaumont, 327.
Stael, madame de, i. 259 — on the charac-
ter of revolutions, 370— on the opening
of the States-general, ii. 4 — 86— efforts
of, on behalf of the queen, iv. 136— on
Alfieri, 207, note — vi. 93— curious inter-
view of, with Napoleon, 233 — on the ne-
cessity of war to France, vii. 152 — on the
murder of d'Enghien, viii. 368 — on the
centralisation of power in France, 386
— her opinion of Marbois, ix. 330, note —
on the prostration of the press in France,
xi. 182, note — banishment of, 184 — on
Napoleon's system of government, 191
— her flight from Napoleon, 212, note —
her character as a writer, xiv. 7 — on
the expedition to Russia, xv. 279 — on
Napoleon's overthrow there, xvi. 96 —
xvii. 30.
Staffens, professor, xvi. 205.
Stage, influence of the, in France, i. 123
— its degraded state, xx. 54.
Stahrenberg, count, iv. 32.
Stakelberg, M., xvi. 172, 173, note.
Stamp act, Brienne's, i. 312.
Standard, the, at the Dardanelles, x.
228.
" Stande " of Austria, the, ix. 128.
Standing army, first institution of, and
its effects, i. 40, 85— want of it in Poland,
v. 20— its necessity, x. 171.
Stanhope, lady Hester, ix. 249, xii. 184,
«te.
hope, captain, xii. 184.
Stanislaus -Augustus, king of Poland,
iii. 137.
Stanislaus-Poniatowsky, king of Poland,
v. 27, 31— captivity and death of, 37.
Stanley, lord, iv. 14, note.
Stantz, massacre at, vi. 162.
Starray, general, forces under, 1796, v. 276
— at Wurtzburg, 289 — operations of,
during 1799, vi. 326— on the Rhine, vii.
65 — forces under, 1800, 185 — operations
of, 187, 190, 195 — defeated at Hoch-
stedt, &c. 199.
State crimes, multiplication of, in France,
xi. 207.
State education, Austrian system of, ix.
122.
State papers, capture of, at Vitoria, xvi.
340.
State prisons, the, under Napoleon, xi.
209, et seq.
States-general of Beam, the, i. 329.
States-general of France, origin of the,
i. 18— their long suspension, 87 — resto-
ration of, designed by Malesherbes, 242
— thei$ convocation had become neces-
sary, 186— the formation of provincial,
designed by Necker, 269, 270 — those
already existing, and their functions,
269 — constitution of those proposed, &c.
270— demanded by the Notables, 291—
and by the parliament of Paris, 312,
314— and promised by Brienne, 317 —
demanded by the assembly of the clergy,
327— by the estates of Dauphine", 330—
edict summoning them, 332, 341— views
regarding them, and excitement, 333 —
regulations for their election, 341, et
seq. — hopes of parties from them, 343 —
convocation of the Notables regarding
them, 344— the ancient form of voting,
ib. — efforts of the popular party for
voting by head, &c. 345— this opposed
by the parliament, 346— and the No-
tables, 347— duplication of the Tiers
Etat, 348 — the mode of voting left
undetermined, 349— proportion of the
three orders at various times, ib. note —
the elections for them, 350, 351— those
for Paris, 354— the cahiers, 355, 356—
views of Necker and the king on the
union of the orders, 360, 361— Necker's
errors regarding them, 366, 367— their
opening, ii. 2.— See thereafter Consti-
tuent Assembly.
States-general of Sweden, the, xv. 190—
deposition of Gustavus by, 202.
Statesmen, means of training, in France,
i. 205 — deficient education of, in Eng-
land, iv. 111.
Statues, royal, destroyed in France, iii.
5.
Steam engine, improvement of the, and
its effects, xiv. 2, 3, xviii. 16, 17.
Steam navigation, effects of, on the
United States, xix. 23.
Steam, proposed introduction of, into
naval operations, 1801, viii. 52 — its pro-
bable effects, ib. iv. 327, ix. 98.
Steam power, value of, in Prussia, x. 4,
note.
Steeples, decree regarding, in France, iv.
151.
INDEX.
357
Steigenstech, colonel, xii. 370.
Steiger, heads the aristocratic party in
.Switzerland, vi. 143, 148, 150— escapes
to Bavaria, 154.
Steigpass, combat at, vi. 352.
Stein, baron, early history and character
of, and his accession to the ministry, xi.
243 — reforms introduced by him, 244 — .
exiled, 245 — heads the Tugendbund,
248 — xii. 207 — patriotic enthusiasm of,
1813, xvi. 120 — effects of his system,
121 — a member of the administra-
tive council, 129 — placed at the
head of the German Confederacy, xviii.
39.
Stein, action near, vi. 352.
Steinach, defeat of the Bavarians at, xiii.
112.
Steinerberg, passage of the, by the French,
vii. 24.
Steingel, general, at Valmy, iii. 209 —
defeats of, by the Tyrolese, xjji. 112.
Steinheil, general count, joins Wittgen-
stein, xv. 308, xvi. 5, 42— operations as-
signed to him, 5, 6, note — at Polotsk, 43
— defeated on the Dwina, 44.
Stephani, a Venetian spy, vi. 24.
Stephen, charter by, i. 58.
Steppes of Russia, the, xv. 228, 232.
Sterzing, defeat of the Austrians at, vi.
13.
Sterzinger Moos, defeat of the Bavarians
at, xii. 341.
Stettin, surrender of, to the French, x.
58 — constituted a department 77 —
contributions on, 108 — continued occu-
pation of, by the French, xi. 239, 240,
. xii. 137, xv. 218, note, xvi. 188— state
of the garrison, 1813, xvii. 81— captured
by the Allies, 304.
Stevens, Mr, xix. 116.
Stevenson, colonel, operations of, against
Doondiah Waugh, xi. 77 — captures
Jalna, 101 — movements against the
Mahrattas, ib. 105.
Stewart, Sir Charles, (marquis of London-
derry,) at Fuentes d'Onore, xiii. 348 —
at Albuera, xiv. 246, 249 — negotiations
with the Allies in 1813, xvii. 57 — on
the effect of Vitoria on the negotiations
at Dresden, 68 — efforts of, to retain
Bernadotte in the alliance, 8(5 — Metter-
nich's statement of his views to him,
111—112, 162— efforts of, to urge Ber-
nadotte forward at Leipsic, 253 — pre-
vents a capitulation being granted to
Davoust, 303 — his views, 1813, regard-
ing Napoleon, xviii. 59 — at the con-
gress of Chatillon, 146, 153— anecdote
of, 324— at the entry into Paris, 358,
note — xx. 23 — scene witnessed by, at
St Petersburg, xv. 236, note — on Russia,
237, note — on her military force, 239.
Stewart, general, subjugation of Minorca
by, vi. 214 — operations in Egypt, 1807,
x. 231 — arrival of, at Cadiz, xiv. 150 —
at Aroyo de Molinos, xiv. 281, 282—
at the Nivelle, xvii 353— at St Pierre,
375— at Aire, xviii. 249— at Toulouse,
269, note.
Stewart, Dugald, xiv. 3.
Steyer, armistice of, vii. 299— combat at,
ix. 180.
Stirling, admiral, ix. 61.
Stockach, battle of, vi. 332, et seq. — cap-
ture of, by the French, vii. 188.
Stockholm, revolution at, xv. 199 —
threatened by the Russians, 202 — treaty
of, xvii. 60— gains of Russia by it, xv.
262.
Stofflet, a Vendean leader, iii. 325 — cha-
racter of, 337 — his successes, 343 — at
Saumur, 344— defeated near Chatillon,
355— at Cholet, 357— at Chateau Gon-
thier, 362— at Dol, 367— at Mans, 372
— his continued resistance, 390— accedes
to the treaty of Lajaunais, v. 57 — oper-
ations of, 1796, 263— his death, 264.
Stoickewich, general, xiii. 14, 15.
Stolpen, fortified by Napoleon, xvii. 71.
Stony Creek*, defeat of the Americans at,
xix. 125.
Story, admiral, at Camperdown, v. 368 —
surrender of the Dutch fleet by, vii. 45.
Story, judge, xix. 69.
Stotzenberg, combat at, xvii. 306.
Stowell, lord, career of, x. 242 — a school-
fellow of Collingwood's, v. 353 — ex-
position of maritime law by, vii. 340
— and of the question regarding neutrals,
ix. 363.
Strachan, Sir Richard, victory of, at Cape
Ortegal, ix. 93 — pursuit of Villaumez
by, 352— forces the Scheldt, xiii. 80.
Strachey, captain, x. 279.
Stradella, occupied by the French, vii.
240, 242, 245.
Stralsund, preparations of the Swedes at,
1805, ix. 40, 41 — advance of Mortier to-
ward, x. 82 — instructions of Napoleon
regarding, 255, note — operations before,
256— besieged by the French, xi. 252—
its capture, 253 — captured by Schill,
xii. 362 — his defeat and death there,
363 — seized by Napoleon, xv. 223 —
entrepot granted to Great Britain in,
xvii. 60— reception of Moreau at, 120.
Strange, Mrs, xii. 33.
Strangford, lord, xi. 304, 305, 306.
Strasburg, atrocities of the mob at, ii. 133,
134 — royalist reaction in, and cruelties
of the convention, iv. 69 — the Rhine
repassed by Napoleon at, after Auster-
litz, ix. 229.
Strasburg, bishop of, iii. 160.
Strauch, colonel, vii. 24.
Strikes of workmen, results of, i. 255.
Strogonoff, baron, ambassador at Madrid,
xi. 290 — invests Stade, xvii. 294 — at
Craone, xviii. 181 — operations against
Hamburg, 288.
Strolz, general, at Talavera, xiii. 244.
Strom berg, position of Blucher at, xvii.
189.
Stromfield, colonel, xv. 201.
Strub, forcing of the defile of, by the
358
INDEX.
Strub, continued.
Bavarians, xii. 349— defeat of the Tyro-
lese at, xiii. 117.
Stry river, the, v. 3.
Stuart, Sir Charles, (lord Stuart de Roth-
say,) efforts of, on behalf of d'Enghien,
viii. 347 — ambassador to Portugal in
1811, xiv. 232, xv. 16— efforts to reform
the Portuguese administration, xvi.
307, 308.
Stuart, general, viii. 244, note — in India,
xi. 22 — invades Mysore, 66, 67 — defeats
Tippoo, 68— joins Harris at Seringapa-
tam, 69 — during the Mahratta war,
88.
Stuart, general Sir John, landing of, in
Naples, ix. 340— battle of Maida, 341—
his subsequent successes, 344 — retreats
and re-embarks, 345.
Stubbs, colonel, xv. 54.
Studienka, passage of the Beresina at,
xvi. 60.
Stupinigi, Napoleon at, ix. 29.
Stura, combats near, vii. 55 — defeat of
the French on the, xviii. 287.
Sturgeon, colonel, xv. 44 — death of, xviiL
255.
Sturla, defeat of the French at, vii. 217.
Stutterheim, general, xvi. 203, note.
Styr, battle on the, xv. 327.
Styria, scenery of, ix. 110 — the alps of, 108
— acquisition of, by Austria, 103— its
extent, population, &c. 107 — prosperity
of the peasantry, 119 — operations in,
1809, xiii. 16.
Suabia, troops of, withdrawn from the
alliance, v. 284— contributions levied by
the French in, 301, note — revolt in,
against the French, xii. 357.
Suard, M. xi. 219.
Suazo, bridge of, xiv. 148, 149.
Subowich, general, xix. 405.
Suboff, prince, vii. 390.
Subsidies, British, 1805, ix. 40— total
amount of, during the war, 312, note-
to the Allies, 1807, x. 157— offered to
Austria, 1813, xvi. 171—1813, 286—
1815, xix. 285.
Subsistence, measures of the convention
for providing, iv. 164 — expense of these,
165 — decrees for regulating, 170 — in-
creased difficulties regarding, 172 —
cessation of the distribution, vi. 72.
Subsistence, committee of, see Committee.
Succession, new law of, in France, ii. 225
— law of, by the code Napoleon, viii.
157, et seq.— its effects, 159— the law of,
in the United States, xix. 53.
Succession, unsettled state of the, in
France, xvi. 140— absence of hereditary,
in the east, xv. 119.
Suchet, marshal, and duke of Albufera,
first appearance of, at Medola, v. 213 —
separated from Massena, and thrown
back toward France, vii. 209 — combats
with Elnitz, 210 — measures of Massena
to rejoin him, 211 — defeated at Monte
Giacomo, 212— -driven over the Var into
France, 214 — his position on the Var,
222 — successes of, against Elnitz, 223,
243 — at Marengo, 248 — at the passage
of the Mincio, 313, 314, 315— at Ulm,
ix. 156— at the capture of the bridge of
Vienna, 190 — at Austerlitz, 213 — at
Saalfield, x. 28— at Jena, 33, 35— at
Pultusk, 118— at Ostrolenka, 160— suc-
ceeds Junot in Aragon, xiii. 194 — sketch
of his early history, &c. ib. — his charac-
ter, 195 — defeated at Alcaniz, 196 —
driven into Saragossa, 197 — defeats
Blake at Belchite, 198 — prepares to be-
siege Tarragona, 209 — defeated before
Valencia, 312 — besieges Lerida, 313 —
device by which he captures it, 314, 315
— captures Mequinen2a, 315 — forces
under him, 1810, xiv. 146 — operations
in Catalonia, and preparations for siege
of Tortosa, 154, 159— his financial diffi-
culties, and administration, 160 — siege
and capture of Tortosa, 162, 163 — cap-
tures Balaguer, 164 — preparations for
siege of Tarragona, 165— correspondence
with Macdonald regarding it, 170 — its
siege, ib. et seq. — its capture, 182 —
cruelty of the troops, 183 — created mar-
shal, 185 — operations against Campo
Verde, ib. — captures Montserrat, 187 —
invades Valencia, 190 — siege of Sagun-
tum, 191 — captures Oropesa, ib. — defeats
O'Donnell, 192 — assault on Saguntum
defeated, and his critical situation, ib. —
battle of Saguntum, 195 — capture of the
city, 196 — marches on Valencia, 197 —
battle of Albufera, 198— capture of
Valencia, 200 — contributions levied on
it, 202 — subjugation of the province, and
honours conferred on him, 203 — ability
displayed by him in the campaign, 204
— his exactions in Aragon and Valencia,
226— forces under him, 1812, xv. 45—
his views after Salamanca, 80— his pro-
gress arrested by the landing in Alicante,
103— his jealousy of Soult, xvi. 312— his
position at Xucar, 313— forces under
him, 314 — contributions he had exacted,
315— defeats the Spaniards at Yecla, ib.
— battle of Castalla, 316 — retreats be-
hind the Ebro, 341 — forces in Catalonia,
354 — ordered to withdraw from Valencia,
xvii. 69, 332— forces of, 1813, 98— ope-
rations of Murray against him, 329 — re-
lieves Tarragona, 331 — retires into Cata-
lonia, 333 — contributions levied on
Valencia, &c. 334 — his upright adminis-
tration, 335 — again relieves Tarragona,
ib. — and dismantles it, ib. — retires to
the Llobrigat, 336 — defeats the British
at Ordal, ib. — causes which prevented
his co-operating with Soult, 351 — forces
under him, 1814, xviii. 51, note, 258,
435 — retires to the Fluvia, 258 — treach-
ery of Van Halen to him, 259— retires
to Figueras, 260 — termination of hosti-
lities, ib. — withdraws from Spain, 279
— forces under him, 1815, xix. 306.
Sucre1, general, passage of the Andes by,
INDEX.
359
Sucre\ continued.
xiv. 353— battle of Junin, 355 — and of
Ayacucho, 356, et seq.
Sudermania, the duke of, elevated to the
throne of Sweden, xv. 198, 201.— See
Charles XIII.
Suez, the isthmus of, vi. 226— the ancient
canal of, 285.
Suffering, influence of, on character, i. 23
— on nations, 99 — influence of the Re-
volution in extending it, iv. 295 — its in-
fluence on the military strength of
France, 307 — its effects as shown in
France, v, 80, 81, 131— benefit to Prus-
sia from, x. 88 — its probable effects on
Spanish America, xiv. 364 — trial of the
Revolution by, xviii. 2.
Sugar, effects of the heavy duty on, ix.
302— additional duties on, 1806, 326—
decline in produce of, x. 195, 196, notes
— manufacture of, from beetroot, xi.
202.
Suhlingen, convention at, viii. 271.
Suicide, prevalence of, under Robespierre,
iv. 223.
Suleyman, see Souleyman.
Sulkonzky, general, xvii. 385.
Sulkowski, prince, x. 262— at Almonacid,
xiii. 253.
Sullivan, a Jacobin, iii. 385.
Sully, the duke de, i. Ill, 136, 138.
Sultanpettah Tope, check of Wellington
at, xi. 70.
Sulzbach, combat at, v. 286.
Sunday, abolition of, in France, iv. 128 —
reinstituted, viii. 111.
Superb, the, at Algesiraz, viii. 43.
Superior, lake, xix. 9.
Superstition, influence of, during the
middle ages, i. 32.
Superstitions of the Greek church, the, xv.
259— of the Tyrol, xii. 318.
Supreme Being, fete of the, iv. 230 —
Robespierre's speech on, 223— recognised
by the convention, 227.
Surajee Dowlah, capture of Calcutta by,
xi. 3 — defeated and dethroned by Clive,
4 — his death, 5.
Surajee Dowlah, vizier of Oude, xi. 6L
Surajee Row Ghautka, xi. 127.
Surenaim, colonel, xv. 205.
Surinam, conquest of, by the British, vii.
281, viii. 292— Napoleon plans its recap-
ture, ix. 56.
Susa, repulse of the Austrians at, vii.
18.
Suspected, law of the, iv. 124, 125.
Suspension of cash payments, see Cash
payments.
Suspension of the Habeas Corpus act, see
Habeas.
Suss, defeat of the French at, vi, 348.
Sussenbrunn, village of, xiii. 31.
Sutterheim, general, x. 310.
Suwarroff, marshal, sketch of the early
history of, vi. 358, et seq. — his character,
357 — as a general, 360— his first appear-
ance, iii. 134— in the Turkish war, 149 —
in the Polish, v. 29— disarms the Poles
in the service of Russia, 32 — invades
Poland, 33— defeats Sizakowsky, 34—
defeats Mokronowsky, 36 — captures
Praga and Warsaw, 37— letter to Cha-
rette from him, 56— arrival of, in Italy,
vi. 356 — measures against Lecourbe, 352
— his influence with his soldiers, 361 —
his views regarding the principles of the
war, 362 — his plans, 363 — forces the
passage of the Adda, 364— and enters
Milan, 365 — his inactivity there, 366 —
prepares for forcing the Po, 367 — cap-
tures Valence, Turin, &c. 369 — overruns
Lombardy, 370— rapidity of hissuccesses,
371 — is restrained by the Aulic Council,
372— dispersed condition of his forces,
375 — concentrates them, 376 — battle of
the Trebbia, 377, et seq. — movements in
pursuit, 383— recalled to oppose Moreau,
384 — again arrested by the Aulic Coun-
cil, 385— his conduct of the campaign,
386 — forces under him, vii. 3 — his indig-
nation against the Aulic Council, 6—
reduces various fortresses, 11 — battle of
Novi, 12, et seq. — departs for Switzer-
land, 19— plans concerted with Hotze,
&c. 28— forces the St Gothard, 35— his
ascent of the Shachenthal, 36, et seq. —
compelled to retreat, 38 — combat at
Naefels, 39 — his passage of the Alps, 40
— plans proposed by him, 62 — retires into
Bavaria, 63 — parallel between him and
the archduke Charles, 69— comparison
of his passage of the Alps and Napo-
leon's, 70, 231 — services of Bagrathion
under him, and his esteem for the latter,
xv. 289— his death and funeral, vii. 72.
Suwarroff, general, xv. 173.
Suza, seizure of, by the French, vi. 182 —
captured by the Allies, 370— the French
defeated at, vii. 54 — captured, 1800, by
Thurreau, 223, 236.
Suzanet, submission of, to Napoleon, vii.
164— outbreak under, 1815, xix. 297,
298.
Suzzo, prince, x. 217— murder of, xv. 152.
Svoiana, defeat of Oudinot at, xv. 327.
Swabia, see Suabia.
Sweaborg, fortress of, xv. 192 — surrender
of, to the Russians, 194.
Sweden, consumption of ardent spirits in,
i. 22 — state of, at commencement of the
Revolution, iii. 138 — treaty with Russia,
1790, 150 — warlike views of, 158 — agrees
to the maritime code of Great Britain,
iv. 55 — her aid invoked by the Poles, v.
25 — a party to the armed neutrality,
1780, vii. 344 — abandons its principles,
345 — joins the northern confederacy,
353, 355— her navy,1801, 371— abandons
the confederacy, 396 — her animosity
against France, viii. 315 — treaty with
Great Britain, 316 — and with Russia,
ix. 9 — joins the alliance against France,
40— treaty with Russia and Britain, 143
— her forces join those of the latter,
224— feeling in, after Ausfcerlitz, 320—
360
INDEX.
Sweden, continued.
reconciled toPrussia,376— treaty between
them, x. 13 — new treaty with Britain,
250 — accedes to that of Bartenstein, 251
— views of Napoleon regarding, 255 —
armistice between them, 257 — again re-
verts to the alliance, 258— article of
Tilsit regarding, 327 — her continued
hostility, xi. 252 — convention with
France, 254 — war declared by Russia
against her, 275 — treaty with Great
Britain, xiii. 14(5 — British shipping em-
ployed in trade with, xiv. 369 — her
former greatness, xv. 187 — description,
extent, population, &c. 188 — physical
appearance, mountains, plains, &c. 189
— constitution and political circum-
stances, 190 — character of the people,
191 — prevalence of drinking, and its
effects, ib. 192— attack on Russia by her,
its motives, &c. 192, 193 — determination
to resist, 193— Denmark and Prussia
declare against her, ib. — consternation
caused by the capture of Sweaborg, 195
— British expedition to, and its with-
drawal, 197 — coalition for the dethrone-
ment of Gustavus, 198 — the crown
offered to the duke of Gloucester, 199 —
deposition of Gustavus, and accession of
Charles XIII., 201, 202— conclusion of
peace with Russia, and its terms, 202,
203 — death of the crown-prince, and
intrigues which follow, 203— Bernadotte
elected crown-prince, 204, 205 — his able
administration, 209— language of Napo-
leon toward, regarding the continental
system, 216— suffering in, 217 — com-
pelled to declare war against Great Bri-
tain, 221 — treaties with Great Britain
and Russia, 222 — first conquests of
Russia over, 261 — efforts of Napoleon to
gain her, 1812, 279— treaty of Abo with
Russia, xvi. 5— negotiations with Russia
and Britain, 178— treaty of Oerebro, 179
— subsidy from Great Britain to, 286—
accession of, to the grand alliance, xvii.
60— residence of Louis XVIII. in, xviii.
112 — subjugation of Norway by, xix.
201, et seq. — admitted as principal at the
congress of Vienna, 232— treaty for the
abolition of the slave trade, 242— -prepar-
ations during the Hundred days, 248 —
subsidy to, 286.
Swiftsure, the, at the Nile, vi. 272, 273,
274 — captured, viii. 39.
Swiss guard, the, ii. 334— on the 10th
August, 344, 349, 352, et seq.— during
the massacre of the prisons, iii. 25.
Switzerland, permanence of the constitu-
tion of, i. 69, 70— state of, 1792, and
character of its inhabitants, iii. 144 —
attack by France on, i 75— its divided
state, 232 — invaded by the French, ib.
its political state, 1798, vi. 127— physical
description of it, ib. — its mountain
scenery, 128 — absence of poets and
painters, 129 — gradations of vegetation,
130— woody, grassy, and snowy regions,
131— lakes, ib.— its great valleys, 133—
mountain ranges and roads, 134 — its
savage state under the Romans, 135 —
its civilisation begun by the abbeys, 136
— benefits derived from the general diffu-
sion of land, 137 — equity and modera-
tion of the government, ib. — various
constitutions of the cantons, and their
physical statistics, 138— its revenue, 139
— military reputation, ib. — political di-
visions, 140 — principal cities, ib. note —
inequality of political rights, 141 — efforts
of the French to force on a contest, 143
— revolt of the Valteline, 144 — invaded
by the French, 146 — measures of the
government, 147 — they commence hos-
tilities, 148— their energetic and heroic
conduct, 150 — the contest in, 152, et
seq. — contributions of the French, 155
— new constitution, ib. — which is re-
jected by the mountain cantons, 156—
efforts of the clergy, 157 — its general
subjugation, 160 — oppression of the
French, 161 — compulsory alliance with
France, ib. — impolicy of the attack on,
163— indignation excited by it, 164 —
forces levied by the French in, 187, 224
-^reception of Napoleon, 1797, 230— dis-
content with the French government,
1799, 322— French forces in, 323— effect
on France of the invasion of, 325 — the
scene of war in, 347 — insurrection
against the French, 348 — dissolution of
her forces in the service of France, 355
— the operations in, ib. — error com-
mitted in attacking her, vii. 3 — opera-
tions in, 1799, 19 — the theatre of these,
20— discontent in 1800, 161— import-
ance of its possession to France, 183 —
overthrow of independence of, 281 — pro-
jects of Napoleon against, viii. 215 — the
federal system of, 216 — adaptation of
that system to the country, 217— discon-
tent with the central democratic govern-
ment, 218 — violent dissensions, 219 —
arguments of the French party, 220 — •
answer of the federalists, 221 — revolution
effected by the aid of the French troops,
222 — government again overthrown, 223
— new constitution, ib. — French troops
withdrawn, 224 — insurrection of the
forest cantons, ib. — their proclamation,
225, note — successes of the insurgents,
226— subversion of the central govern-
ment, 227 — interference of Napoleon,
ib. — overrun by the French troops, 229
— compelled to submit, 230 — new con-
stitution imposed by Napoleon, ib.etseq.
— discontent excited by it, 232 — his final
settlement of the country, 233— his sub-
sequent lenient administration, 334 —
indignation in Europe on his attack,
235— his severity toward, 267— auxiliary
force furnished by, 280— national char-
acter of, xii. 325 — negotiation of the
Allies with, xviii. 41— her neutrality dis-
regarded by them, 42 — French consti-
tution overthrown, 43 — her territory
INDEX.
361
Switzerland, continued. Sydenham, Thomas, xviii. 358, note,
crossed by the Allies, ib. 65 — settlement Syed, Goffer, death of, xi. 74.
of, by the treaty of Paris, 404, 405 — and Syout, Mamelukes defeated at, viii. 4.
by the congress of Vienna, xix. 240 — Syria, Napoleon's expedition to, vi. 286,
preparations in, during the Hundred et seq.— his retreat, 304.
days, 248. Syrokorenie, Ney at, xvi. 54.
Tabarieh, captured by the French, vi.
298.
Taboureaux des Reaux, M., i. 260.
Tacitus, on the dangers of revolution, ill-
1— picture of the rule of Robespierre
from, iv. 210.
Tafalla, captured by Mina, xvi. 320.
Taffard de St Germain, M., xviii. 110.
Taganrog, death of Alexander at, xviii.
392.
Tagliamento river, the, v. 151— its mili-
tary importance, 167, vi. 5 — battle of,
8 — combat on the, 1805, Lx. 169 — re-
treat of Eugene to, 1813, xvii. 317.
Tagus, valley of the, xii. 5 — retreat of
Wellington to, 1809, xiii. 250— its value
to him, xiv. 220.
Taille, tax called the, i. 168— its extension
proposed by Calonne, 282 — resistance
of the clergy to, 327.
Taillefer, transportation of, viii. 91.
Taillour, lieutenant, xiii. 168.
Talavera, battle of, xiii. 239, et seq. —
Cuesta abandons the British wounded
at, 250 — consternation caused by the
retreat from, 294 — evacuated by the
French, xv. 76.
Talcuhuana, defeat of the Independents at,
xiv. 352.
Talent, development of, during the revo-
lution, i. 3 — its deficiency in the French
church, 156 — concentration of, in the
army, under Carnot, iv. 329— in Rus-
sia selected from all ranks, xv. 254.
Tallanghill, defeat of the Irish rebels at,
vi. 211.
Tallet, M., a cure*, ii. 50.
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de Perigord,
prince of, sketch of the career and cha-
racter of, ii. 38, xviii. 393 — his ruling
principle, 394 — his great abilities, 395 —
and profound dissimulation, 396 — on
the affair of the diamond necklace, i.
308 — avowal of religious laxity by, ii.
153 — proposes the confiscation of the
ecclesiastical property, 191 — opposes
further issues of assignats, 208 — at
the Bastille fete, 211 — 222, note —
appointed minister of foreign affairs,
1797, vi. 99, xviii. 394 — his instruc-
tions to Joseph Buonaparte regarding
Rome, vi. 169, note — efforts of, on
behalf of the king of Sardinia, 183 —
negotiations with the United States,
1798, and his rapacity, 215 — his speech
on presenting Napoleon to the Direc-
tory, 231— fete given by, in honour of
Napoleon, 233 — correspondence with
Napoleon regarding Malta, 245, note —
efforts of, to blind Turkey regarding the
expedition to Egypt, 268, not* — assailed
by the Jacobins, 1799, vii. 87 — joins
Napoleon against the Directory, 94 —
his views, 96 — minister of foreign affairs
under Napoleon, 122 — communications
with the British government, 137 — 347
—treaty concluded with Turkey, viii.
59 — 92 — supports the life consulate, 137
—his enmity to Fouche", 151 — 203—
diplomatic note on the rupture of
Amiens, 248 — negotiations regarding
Malta, 251 — and with Russia, 298—
note on the affairs of Spencer Smith,
304 — answer by, to the demands of
Russia, 306 — warns d'Enghien of his
danger, 347 — note to Austria, 1805, Lx.
70 — proposes ceding Moldavia to Aus-
tria, 226 — created prince of Benevento,
339 — treaty arranged with d'Oubril,
379 — negotiations with Great Britain,
382, et seq. — x. 79 — treaty concluded
with Saxony, 83— negotiations at Tilsit,
317, et seq. — constitution for the duchy
of "Warsaw arranged by, xi. 236— avowal
of Napoleon's designs on Portugal by,
287 — privy to Napoleon's designs on
Spain, 295—316, 323, notes— negotia-
tions for the treaty of Vienna, xiii. 99,
et seq.— measures after Leipsic, xviii. 3,
24 — urges the restoration of Ferdinand,
31 —secret negotiations with the Allie3,
299 — measures proposed on their ap-
proach to Paris, 335— meeting at his
hotel, regarding Napoleon's successor,
361 — urges the emperor's dethronement,
ib. 362 — is president of the provisional
government, 365 — moves the recall of
Louis XVIII. 399— at the congress of
Vienna, xix. 231, 232 — opposes the
views of Russia and Prussia there, 235
proclamation by, against Napoleon, 247
— protests against the removal of the
works of art, xx. 17 — the second treaty
of Paris, 21 — efforts of, for Ney's escape,
25.
Tallien, Jean Lambert, connexion of, with
the 10th August, ii. 352— speech of, in
defence of the municipality, iii. 15— at
the September massacres, 21 — elected
for the Convention, 35 — moves the
acquittal of Marat, 40 — denounces the
Girondists, 290 — denounces the arrest
of Dan ton, iv. 194 — doomed by Robes-
pierre, 263, 264, note— heads the oppo-
362
INDEX.
Tallien, continued.
sition to the latter, 265 — secures the
support of the Dantonists and Girond-
ists, 272— on the 9th Thennidor, 273—
vehement speech of, ib. 274 — presses the
arrest of Robespierre, 275 — moves his
outlawry, 279 — massacre of the Quibe-
ron prisoners by, v. 66 — heads the
Thermidorians, 84 — moves the abolition
of the revolutionary tribunals, 91 — and
the impeachment of the Jacobin leaders,
94 — his fate under Napoleon, xi. 187.
Tallien, madame, vi. 93.
Talma, the actor, xii. 141.
Talmont, prince de, joins the Vendeans,
iii. 346— defeat of, 352— plans proposed
by, in Brittany, 361 — narrow escape of,
366 — defeated at Savenay, 374 — his
death, 377.
Talon, conspiracy of, iii. 49.
Talot, transportation of, viii. 91.
Tamanes, defeat of the French at, xiii.
255 — union of Dorsenne and Marmont
at, xiv. 274.
Tanaro, valley of the, occupied by the
French, v. 54 — passage of, by them,
180— revolt in the valley of, vi. 180.
Tangiers island, occupied by the British,
xix. 149, 150.
Tanjore, the village system in, x. 360—
expulsion of Hyder from, xi. 22 — treaty
with the rajah of, 80.
Tapestry, the Gobelins, destroyed, iv.
153.
Tap-y-Nunez, a demagogue, xii. 36.
Tarancon, defeat of Venegas at, xiii. 219.
Tarascon, cruelties at, v. 113.
Tarayre, general, xvii. 178.
Tarbes, battle of, xviii. 255.
Tarentum, occupied by the French, vii.
326, viii. 273.
Target, M., iii. 60 — dismissed from the
court of cassation, vii. 178.
Tariejo, skirmish at, xv. 93.
Tarifa, occupied by the English, xiv. 284
— siege of, by the French, 285, et seq. —
its siege again designed, xv. 45.
Taro river, v. 151 — French defeated on
the, xviii. 286.
Taroutino, Russian camp at, xv. 367 —
recruiting of their forces in, xvi. 10.
Tarragona, captured by the French, 1808,
xii. 93 — proceedings of the junta of,
1809, xiii. 190 — preparations for defence,
193 — and Suchet's for besieging, 209, xiv.
165 — description of it, 171 — siege of,
173— stormed, 181, et seq. — cruelties of
the French in, 183 — importance of its
capture, 184 — failure of the British to
succour it, 206 — designs of Maitland on
it, xv. 102 — operations directed by Wel-
lington against it, xvi. 323 — expedition
of Murray and Hallowell against it,
329 — besieged by them, 330 — siege
raised, 331 — besieged by Bentinck and
relieved by Suchet, 335 — fortifications
destroyed, ib. — occupied by the British,
Tartars, mild features of slavery among
the, i. 7 — contests of the Poles with, v.
21 — influence of, in Asia, xv. 116, 117
— their modes of migration and con
quest, 118 — devastation of their incur-
sions in Russia, 246— analogy between
their invasion and the French, xvi. 27,
note.
Tartaritza, defeat of the Russians at, xv,
159.
Tartary, acquisitions of Russia from, xv.
262.
Tarwis, col de, battle of, vi. 10 — Eugene
defeated at, xvii. 316.
Tauenzein, general, corps under, 1806, x.
24 — defeated at Schleitz, 26 — resigns,
xii. 361— forces under, 1813, xvii. 87,
389— 124— at Gross Beeren, 183, 184,
185— at Dennewitz, 191, 192— his con-
duct there, 197— 220— retreat of, from
Dessau, 226 — 304 — captures Torgau,
305— xviii. 434.
Taufers, victory of the French at, vi. 329.
Taupin, general, xvi. 322 — at the Bidassoa,
xvii. 344— at the Nivelle, 357— at the
Nive, 369— at Orthes, xviii. 241, 245—
at Toulouse, 267, 273— death of, 274.
Taurida mountains, the, xv. 230 — marbles,
xv. 265.
Taurus, heights of the, xiv. 373 — state of
inhabitants, xv. 126.
Taxation, democratic impatience of, v.
38, ix. 318 — arguments in favour of in-
direct, 299 — reply to objections against
it, 300— causes of its lightness, 301—
cases in which it is burdensome, 302 —
difference between it on manufactures
and rural produce, 303 — that of Austria,
ix. 117 — of France, powers of the parlia-
ments regarding, i. 129 — principles of
the Economists regarding, 160, 161 —
effects of its inequalities on the Revolu-
tion, 167 — view of the system of, 168 —
resistance of the nobility, clergy, &c. to,
187 — its extension to them designed by
Turgot, 244 — origin of its inequalities
there, 269, 270 — Calonne's scheme for
equalising it, 282 — opposition of the
notables to this, 288— resistance of the
parliaments to new, 312 — principles of
the cahiers regarding, 356 — effects of
the general resistance to it, 364, 365—
exemptions from it abandoned by the
noblesse, ii. 13 — and the clergy, 14 —
decree of the Tiers Etat regarding, 55 —
its equalisation proposed, 139 — new,
imposed in 1798, vii. 76 — commence-
ment of system of indirect, ix. 5 — addi-
tions to, 1813, xvi. 167, xviii. 3 — new
system of, in Great Britain, 1798, vi.
118, ix. 289— increase of, after 1688,
254— amount repealed since the peace,
277, note— Petty's system, 1807, x. 199
—new, 1813, xvi. 286, 287— tables of,
at various times, xx. 64 — system of, in
India, x. 355 — in Prussia, 8— in Russia,
ix. 133, xv. 240— in the West Indies, x.
193.
'
INDEX.
363
Tay river, the, iii. 84.
Tayar Pasha, fall of, xv. 152.
Tavlor, Jeremy, on the effects of suffering,
v. 80.
Tchaplitz, general, at the Beresina, xvi.
61, 62, 63— subsequently, 66, 70— at
Leipsic, xviL 261.
Tcheffkine, general, xv. 236, note.
Tchelkanowo, Kutusoff at, xvi. 40.
Tcherkask, church of, xv. 24}).
Tchichagoff, admiral, occupies Bessarabia,
Ac. xv. 183 — operations assigned him,
1812, xvi. 5, 6, note — advances from
Moldavia, 45 — operations against
Schwartzenberg, ib. — moves toward the
Beresina, ib. — captures Minsk and the
bridge of Borissow, 46 — effect of his
movements, 47 — checked near Borissow,
57 — forces under, 59 — battle of the
Beresina, 60, et seq. — his advance
through Prussia, 112.
Tecla, capture of, by the Allies, xviii. 285.
Teclemberg, cession of, by Prussia, x. 324,
note.
Tecumseh, an Indian chief, xix. 129 —
death of, 130.
Teheran, ambassador from Napoleon to,
x. 259, 260.
Teimar, Martin, character of, xii. 337—
captures Innspruck, 342 — at battle of
Innspruck, 355, 356.
Teining, action at, v. 287.
Telemaque, Fenelon's, i. 159.
Tellier, the chancellor, i. 95.
Tellnitz, combats at, ix. 207, 208, xvii.
169.
Temeraire, the, at Trafalgar, ix. 85, 86,
87.
Tempelberg, pillage of, by Davoust, x. 77.
Temple, removal of the royal family to the,
iii. 7 — description of it, 54 — their life in
it, 55, et seq. — escape of Sir Sidney Smith
from, vL 294 — imprisonment of Moreau,
&c. in, viii. 341.
Temple of Glory, formation of the, at
Paris, x. 104, 267— Napoleon's designs
in it, 105, 106.
Temple of Jupiter at Rome, the, xiii. 140.
Temple of Reason , meeting of the Jacobins
at the, vi. 86.
Temporary service, introduction of, into
the British army, x. 170, et seq. — subse-
quently abandoned, 183.
Tende, the col di, defeat of the Sardinians
at, 1794, iv. 357— combat at, 1795, v.
50— -Joubert taken prisoner at, 176, note
— Suchet driven from, 1800, vii. 214—
Austrians defeated at, 243.
Tenedos, isle of, occupied by the British,
x. 229 — naval action off, ib.
Teneriffe, defeat of Nelson at, v. 362, et
seq.
Tennessee river, xix. 12.
Tennessee state, growth of population in,
xix. 19, note.
Tennis-court oath, the, ii. 61.
Terni, defeat of the Neapolitans at, vi. 189.
Terra Caliente of Mexico, the, xiv. 310.
Terrace cultivation of Italy, the, v. 154.
Terray, the abbe", dismissal of, i. 230, 235
— finances of France under, 286, note.
Territorial mandates, issuing of, vi. 72, 73,
76.
Terror, supremacy of, after the fall of
Danton, iv. 201, 209 — its influence on
Robespierre, 292.
Tertre, see Duport du Tertre.
Ter Vere, capture of, xiii. 80.
Teson, capture of, by the British, xv. 7.
Tessino river, the, v. 151, vii. 21 — its rise,
vi. 132— combats on it, 1800, vii. 238.
Teste, general, xvii. 383.
Tettenborn, general, forces of, 1813, xvi.
190, 202, note — occupies Hamburg, 190,
191— evacuates it, 262— xviii. 167— de-
tached after Napoleon toward St Dizier,
316 — defeats the French at Epernay,
319— defeated at St Dizier, 328.
Teutonic knights, possessions of, ceded to
Austria, ix. 224.
Texel, capture of the Dutch fleet at, iv.
386— mutiny in the British fleet off, and
firmness of Duncan, v. 337 — the Dutch
fleet at, captured by the British, vii. 45
— disposal of the fleet at, 1814, xviii.
404.
Thabor, capture of bridge of, ix. 189.
Thalguter, a Tyrolese leader, death of, xiii.
119.
Thames river, the, iii. 84 — approach to
London bv, xx. 69 — compared with the
Scheldt, xiii. 70.
Thames, (America,) defeat of the British
on the, xix. 130.
Thames, the, at Algesiraz, viii. 44.
Thaun, action at, xii. 226.
Theatre, influence of the, in France, i.
123.
Theatre Francais, insurrection organised
at the, v. 121.
Thebes, (Egypt,) arrival of the French at,
vi. 284— defeat of the Mameluke9 near,
307— arrival of the Anglo-Indian army
at, viii. 32.
Theisse river, the, v. 3 — French defeated
at, xvi. 255.
Thelwall, trial and acquittal of, iv. 311.
Theophilanthropists, seat of the, vi. 79 —
Napoleon's opinion of them, 80 — their
decline, 81.
Theot, Catherine, affair of, iv. 261.
Theresa, the princess, of Naples, iii. 172.
Theresa, Maria, see Maria.
Theresa, mistress of Rousseau, i. 145, 147.
Thermidorians, parties composing the, v.
84 — their increasing influence, 85 —
secure Fouquier's trial, ib. — organise the
Jeunesse Dor£e, 87 — oppose the consti-
tution of 1795, 118.
Thiard, count de, i. 330, 353. *
Thibaudeau, joins the Thermidorians, v.
85 — party headed by, 1797, vi. 95«— on
the necessity of conquest to Napoleon,
vii. 150— defence of the Jacobins by, viii.
90 — arguments against the Legion of
Honour, 98 — aids in compiling the code,
INDEX.
Thibaudeau, continued.
155 — on the seizure of the Pope, xiii.
137 — on Malet's conspiracy, xvi. 138.
Thibault, M., viii. 133.
Thibault, general, vi. 200, xvii. 385.
Thieblemont, skirmish at, xviii. 317.
Thiel, capture of, iv. 384.
Thielman, general, doubtful conduct of,
at Torgau, xvi. 197, 225 — surrenders it
to the French, 228— enters the Allied
service, 229 — partisan operations of, xvii.
208 — captures Wetlau, 228 — at Leipsic,
237 — operations of, in Flanders, xviii.
215— repulsed before Lille, 216— forces,
&c. of, 1815, xix. 355, 404— battle of
Wavres, 372, et seq.
Thierry, general, xii. 229.
Thierry, Araadee, works of, xx. 43, 58.
Thiers, on the character of the legislative
assembly, ii. 271 — on the treaty of Pil-
nitz, iii. 157, note — picture of the reign
of terror by, iv. 173 — on the progress of
the Revolution, 303 — on the battle of
Algesiraz, viii. 44 — xx. 104.
Thiers, repulse of the Austrians at, vii. 35.
Thionville, fortress of, iii. 199.
Thirion, transportation of, viii. 91.
Thomar, destruction of, by the French,
xiii. 352.
Thomassin, attempt to murder, ii. 122.
Thomiere, general, at Salamanca, xv. 58,
60, 61— death of, 61, 68.
Thorn, seizure of, by Prussia, iv. 54 —
captured by Ney, x. 108 — threatened
by the Austrians, xiii. 20 — garrisoned
by the French, xvi. 113, 188— blockaded
by the Russians, 114, 190 — ravages of
typhus in, and its surrender, 233, xvii.
80 — disposal of, by the congress of
Vienna, xix. 248. »
Thorngrove, Lucien Buonaparte at, xiii.
293.
Thornton, colonel, at Bladensberg, xix.
152— at New Orleans, 169, 170.
Thouars, the Vendeans in, iii. 332 — battle
of, 339— combat at, 351.
Thouret, a member of the Assembly, ii. 192.
Thousand isles, the, xix. 9.
Thouvenot, general, at Bayonne, xviii. 280.
Thugut, M., accession of, to the Austrian
ministry, iv. 52 — sketch of his career,
ib. note — his character, and first mea-
sures, 52 — his views regarding Flanders,
341— supports the war party, 370— new
treaty with Britain, 1795, v. 45— his
adherence to warlike policy, vii. 269—
early connexion of Stadion with, xvii. 112.
Thulmeyer, Prussian minister, dismissed,
xi. 242.
Thumen, general, at Trebbin, xvii. 183 —
at Dennewitz, 193 — blockades Witten-
berg, 220— driven from before it, 226—
at Merxem, xviii. 206.
Thun, lake of, vi. 132.
Thura, captain, death of, vii. 380.
Thurgovia, liberation of, xviii. 43.
Thuringia, ceded to Prussia, xix. 241.
Thuriot de la Roziere, M., at the storm-
ing of the Bastille, ii. 95, 96 — opposes
the maximum, iii. 252 — denounces the
commission of Twelve, 290— a member
of the committee of public salvation, iv.
116, note — character of him by Robes-
pierre, 237, note — doomed by the latter,
263— on the 9th Thermidor, 275— im-
prisoned, v. 97.
Thurlow, lord, iii. 113.
Thurreau, general, report on La "Vendee
by, iii. 359 — appointed to command
there, 376 — execution of d'Elbee and
others by, 377 — his infernal columns,
378— atrocities of, there, 390 — storming
of his camps, 391 — operations in the
Valais, vii. 23 — forces and position of,
1803, 207— captures Suza, 223— passage
of mount Cenis by, 236.
Thyrow, combat at, xvii. 183.
Ticino, see Tessino.
Tierney, Mr, xvi. 292.
Tiers Etat, rising importance of the, i. 106
— their exclusion from office, 162, 163 —
and from the army, &c. 164 — their
wealth and prosperous condition, 164,
165 — high state of education among
them, 167 — the weight of taxation falls
on them, ib. — their right to representa-
tion recognised by Brienne, 295— their
views regarding the States-general, 334
— Sieyes' pamphlet on, ib — their hopes,
342 — efforts of the popular party for
their duplication, 345— which is opposed
by the parliament, 346 — and by the
notables, 347 — but resolved on by the
king, 348 — their costume at the opening
of the States-general, ii. 3 — their position
in the place of meeting, 4, 6 — their de-
meanour at the first meeting, 5 — their
conduct after the king's speech, 8— re-
fuse to verify their powers alone, 10 —
their continued resistance, and demand
for a single assembly, 11 — advantages
from their unanimity, &c. 12 — their
views as developed in their cahiers, 14 —
their composition, 19, note — their deter-
mination, and rejection of the guidance
of Necker, 41 — views of the leaders, 42 — ■
proposals from the clergy to them, 44 —
and from them to the nobility, &c. 45 —
reject the king's arbitration, 46 — decide
on constituting themselves the States-
general, 47 — answer to them of the
other orders, 48 — are joined by three
cur£s, 50 — and by others, 51— debate
on the name they shall assume, ib. —
take that of National Assembly, 55 —
declare all taxes illegal if they are dis-
solved, ib. — consolidation of their power
by these events, 56 — majority of the
clergy in support of them, 59 — their hall
closed by the king, 60 — the Tennis-court
oath, 61— their intrepidity, 63— joined
by the majority of the clergy, 62 — con-
cessions by the crown to them, 65 —
which fail to pacify them, 66— joined
by part of the nobility, 69— and by the
remainder of the two orders, 74— their
INDEX.
365
Tiers Etat, continued.
errors, 111 — courses they should have
followed, 114 — effects of their duplica-
tion, v.128.
Tigris, passage of the, by Thnour, xv. 118.
Tilbury, castle of, v. 334.
Tillet, exploit of, xiii. 351.
Tillotson on the progress of vice, iv. 304,
note.
Tilly, count, xiv. 122.
Tilnitz, see Tellnitz.
Tilsit, retreat of the Russians to, x. 312 —
captured by the French, ib. — com-
mencement of the negotiations, 316 —
fetes, &c. at, 321 — treaty of, 322, et
seq. — its secret articles, 326, et seq. — the
British government obtain possession of
these, xi. 149 — suffering, &c. caused
to Russia by it, 233 — its secret articles
produced in justification of the Copen-
hagen expedition , 271 — hazard to Europe
from it, 284 — its provisions regarding
Spain and Portugal, 292 — and Turkey,
xv. 156— the Niemen passed by Mac-
donald at, 285.
Timour the Tartar, xv. 118.
Tindal, intimacy of Voltaire with, i. 138.
Tinea, successes of the French at, iv. 357.
Tinteniac, a Chouan leader, iii. 378 —
operations of, v. 62 — defeat and death
of, 63.
Tinville, see Fouquier Tinville.
Tio George, at Saragossa, xii. 60, 63.
Tio Martin, at Saragossa, xii. 60, 63.
Tippleskirchen, general, at Ligny, xix. 321.
Tippoo Saib, accession of, xi. 22, 23 — his
character, and change introduced into
the Indian armies, 25 — defeat of
Braithwaite by, 22 — and of Mathews,
24 — compelled to make peace, 25, 26
— recommences hostilities, 38 — re-
peatedly defeated, 39 — driven back to
Seringapatam, 40— and there defeated,
41, 42 — treaty with him, 44 — efforts of,
to form a new confederacy, 46 — warlike
preparations of, 64, 66 — means at his
command, 67 — correspondence with
Napoleon, vi. 287 — defeated by Stuart,
xi. 67, 68— again defeated at Malavelly,
68 — siege of Seringapatam, 69, et seq. —
his death, 73.
Tirlemont, action at, iv. 27.
Tirnova occupied by the Turks, xv. 172.
Tisiphone fireship, exploit of the, v. 360.
Tithes, motion on, in the assembly, ii. 139
— their abolition, 143, et seq.
Titles, abolition of, in France, ii. 203—
re-established, xi. 191, et seq. — admira-
tion of, in the United States, xix. 73.
Titlis, mount, vi. 134.
Tobago, capture of, by the British, 1794,
iv. 317— and again, 1804, viii. 290—
ceded to her in 1814, xviii. 404.
Tobak, battle of, iii. 149.
Tocqueville, on the instability of demo-
cracy, ix. 318— on the prostration of the
press in America, xi. 183, note — on
centralisation, 228 — on the workings of
democracy in America, xix. 50 — reli-
gious character of his works, xx. 58.
Todd, major, xviii. 240.
Tognetti de Pisa, imprisonment of, xi. 210.
Tojal, capture of Massena's military chest
at, xiii. 327.
Toland, intimacy of Voltaire with, i. 138.
Toledo, the archbishop of, xvi. 305.
Toledo, outbreak in, against the French,
xi. 341 — surrendered to them, xii. 167 —
province of, assigned to Marmont, xiv.
269— retreat of Joseph to, 1812, xv. 73
—contributions levied on it, xvi. 306.
Tolentino, treaty of, v. 244— defeat of
Murat at, xix. 295.
Toleration, increasing spirit of, in Europe,
iii. 145 — extinguished in France by the
revocation of the edict of Nantes, i. 125
— Turgot's letters on, 235— its establish-
ment designed by Malesherbes, 242 —
attempt to establish it in Poland, v. 27
— gradual increase of it under George
III. Lx. 12— Locke on, 23— as enjoyed in
Austria, 124 — complete system of, in
India, x. 362.
Toll, general, military adviser to Alex-
ander, xv. 312, 333, xviii. 301, 313.
Tollendal, see Lally Tollendal.
Tolosa, rout of the French at, iv. 361— of
the Spaniards, xiii. 308— captured by the
British, xvi. 343.
Tolstoy, see Ostermann Tolstoy.
Tomboodra, defeat of the Mahrattas at,
xi. 111.
Tombs of St Denis, violation of the, iii. 5,
iv. 145, et seq.
Tonal, the mount, vii. 301— defeat of the
French at, 311.
Tone, see Wolfe Tone.
Tongres, defeat of the French at, iv. 26 —
evacuated by the Allies, 352.
Tonnerre, see Clermont Tonnerre.
Tonnerre, madame de, ii. 135, 136, note.
Tonnerre, the, at Basque Roads, xiii. 161,
162.
Tooke, see Home Tooke.
Toottle, colonel, xix. 124.
Toplitz, flight of Louis Buonaparte to,
xiii. 292— arrival of Benningsen at, xvii.
218.
Torden, capture of, by the Spaniards, xv.
76.
Tordesillas, occupied by Marmont, xv. 49
—blockaded by the guerillas, 76— skir-
mish at, 94.
Toreno on the massacre of Madrid, xi. 347,
note — account of the sack of Cordova
by, xii. 77, note.
Torfou, battle of, iii. 351.
Torgau, population of, x. 4, note — gover-
nor refuses to admit the French, 1813,
xvi. 197, 225— surrendered to them, 228
— strength and state of their garrison
in, xvii. 80, 281 — captured by the Allies,
305.
Tormasoff, general, forces under, and
their position, 1812, xv. 277, 370— ope-
rations against Schwartzenberg, 308—
366
INDEX.
Tormasoff, continued.
defeated on the Styr, 327— 329— opera-
tions assigned him, xvi. 6, note, 7 — joins
Tchichagoff, 45— at Krasnoi, 51, 52, 53
— advances to Plotzk, 112— corps of,
1813, 202, 203, note.
Tonnes, rout of the Spaniards at, xiii. 259
— passage of the, by "Wellington, xv. 46
—by Soult, 95.
Tornosa, defeat of Blake at, xii. 152.
Toro, advance of Moore to, xii. 170 — occu-
pied by Marmont, xv. 49 — blockaded by
the guerillas, 76.
Toronto, defeat of the British at, xix.
122.
Torquemada, defeat of the Spaniards at,
xii. 55.
Torre, see La Torre.
Torre di Capitello, Napoleon at, v. 140.
Torrero, capture of fort of, xiii. 175.
Torres Novas, destruction of, xiii. 352.
Torres Vedras, commencement of the lines
of, xiii. 260— description of them, 332—
retreat of the British to them, 331—
troops concentrated behind them, 333 —
arrival of Massena before them, 334 —
and his retreat, 335— effect of the cam-
paign in Europe, 354 — and in Great
Britain, 355 — their value to Wellington,
xiv. 217 — they are strengthened by him,
289 — the campaign taken by the Rus-
sians as the model of their defensive sys-
tem, xv. 272.
Torria, Suchet driven from, vii. 214.
Torriglio, combat at, vii. 60 — Austrians
driven from, 210.
Tortona, fortress of, v. 166 — surrendered
to the French, 183, 185— its value to
Napoleon, 249 — advance of the French
to, vi. 47 — captured by the Allies, 366—
the citadel besieged by them, 369, 370—
its siege raised, 384 — and resumed, 385
— besieged by Suwarroff, vii. 11 — Moreau
advances to relieve it, 12 — captured by
the Austrians, 19 — ceded to the Fi-ench,
256.
Tortosa, defensive preparations at, xiii.
193— Suchet prepares to besiege it, xiv.
154, 159 — description of it, 162 — its
siege and capture, 161, 163 — garrisoned
by Suchet, xvii. 333 — blockaded by the
Spaniards, 336 — failure of a treacherous
attempt on, xviii. 259 — holds out till the
peace, 261,403.
Torture, infliction of, on the Huguenots,
i. 96 — continued in France down to the
Revolution, 177 — abolished by it, 179 — ■
its abolition was designed by Males-
herbes, 242 — abolished in Russia, ix.
1.32.
Tott, baron de, i. 276, note.
Touchkoff, general, x. 91, note, 109— at
Golymin, 119— at Eylau, 144, 146— at
the siege of Dantzic, 278 — his corps in
1812, xv. 370 — at Valoutina, 321 —
at Borodino, 344, 346 — death of,
353.
Touczoff, general, xv. 322.
Toula, ironworks of, xv. 252.
Toulon, defensive measures at, 1789, ii.
60— insurrection at, 1790, 220— excite-
ment in, in favour of the Girondists, iv.
76— admits the English, 77— denounced
in the convention, 94 — hostile prepara-
tions at, 122 — description of it, and its
siege, 95, et seq. — is evacuated, 98 —
burning of the arsenal, &c. 99 — vessels
lost at, 100 — scene after the storming,
101 — decree of the convention regarding
it, ib. — and its execution, 102, et seq.
— number who perished at it, 103, 289,
note— services of Napoleon at, v. 140—
sailing of the expedition to Egypt from,
vi. 242, 243— naval preparations at, ix.
53 — sailing of squadron from, 54, 56—
Lord Hill wounded at siege of, xiii. 231
— ship-building by Napoleon at, xvi. 157
— the due d'Angouleme at, during the
Hundred days, xix. 278.
Toulouse, the archbishop of, see Brienne.
Toulouse, the counts of, i. 80.
Toulouse, administration of, by Brienne,
i. 293, note — the parliament of, 324 — its
suppression, 199 — tumults at, 1790, ii.
220 — predominance of the Girondists at,
iv. 119 — Soult retreats to, xviii. 256—
his position there, 262 — battle of, 268—
its results, 276— evacuated by Soult, 277
— entry of Wellington, and proclama-
tion of Louis XVIII. 278 — errors of
Soult at, 282— and of Wellington, 283
— the French claim the victory, 284.
Tour de Cuarte, massacre at, xii. 34.
Tour Dupin, M. de, ii. 206, note.
Tournay, Louis, ii. 96.
Tournay, defeat of a French detachment
at, 1792, iii. 190 — captured by the
French, 225 — defeat of Clairfait near,
iv. 336— evacuated by the Allies, 350.
Tours, proposed transference of the court
to, ii. 162, 165 — battle of, compared with
Borodino, xv. 352.
Tourtokai, capture of, by the Russians,
xv. 162.
Tourville, the, at Basque Roads, xiii.
162.
Tourzel, madame de, ii. 239.
Tourzel, the marquis de, iii. 56.
Toussaint, see Louverture.
Towarzirz, the Polish, v. 21.
Tower, committal of Burdett to the, xiv.
45.
Towie castle, ruins of, xv. 288.
Towns of France, progress of the, i. 166 —
absence of, in Poland, v. 6 — number of,
in Prussia, x. 3, 4, note — character of
the population of, in South America,
xiv. 321, 322.
Trabancos, combat at, xv. 53.
Trachenberg, Allied plan of campaign
formed at, xvii. 81 — its wisdom, 83
—junction of Austria announced at,
115.
Traconne, French march through, xviii.
94.
Tracy, M., xviii. 364.
INDEX.
367
Trade, see Commerce.
Trades unions, tyrannical tendency of, i.
255.
Trafalgar, battle of, ix. 80, et seq.— loss of
the prizes taken at, 89 — compared with
various land victories, 95 — Napoleon's
account of it, ix. 336.
Trani, defeat of the Neapolitans at, vi.
373.
Transport service, the, dismantled by the
Whigs, x. 253.
Transylvania, province of, iii. 128 — ex-
tent, population, &c. of, ix. 107 — its
general features, 110 — character of the
inhabitants, 111 — education in, 123,
note — breeding establishments of,
xiii. 8.
Trant, general, at Rolica, xii. 108— Ill-
operations against Massena, 1810, xiii.
326— successes of, at Tojal, 327— and at
Coimbra, 331 — further operations, 335
— occupies Coimbra, 344 — at the Agueda,
346 — operations of Marmont against, xv.
31.
Tras-oz-Montes, insurrection in, xii.
101 — march of Soult through, xiii. 214.
Traun, defeat of the Austrians at the, vii.
297— skirmish at the, ix. 179— position
of Hiller on the, xii. 253— battle of, 255,
et seq.
Travancore, rajah of, xi. 38.
Travemunde, capture of, by the French,
x. 63.
Travot, general, defeats Charette, v. 263
— captures him, 265 — xii. 125 — at Tou-
louse, xviii. 268 — operations in La
Vendee, 1815, xix. 297.
Treason, trials for, in Scotland, 1793, iv
17— in Britain, 1794, 310, et seq.— new
law of, in France, xi. 207.
Treasure frigates, the Spanish, capture of,
viii. 326.
Trebbia, battle of the, vi. 377, et seq.—
Bagrathion at, xv. 289.
Trebbin, defeat of the Prussians at, xvii.
183.
Treilhard, a Jacobin, iii. 62— a member of
the committee, 271, iv. 51, note — nego-
tiations with Malmesbury, vi. 49 — con-
spiracy against him, vii. 79 — he resigns,
81—96,
Tremouille, the due de la, xviii. 110.
Trent, occupation of, by Napoleon, v. 217
— the Austrians driven from, 241 — cap-
tured by Macdonald, vii. 320 — the
bishopric of, ceded to Austria, viii. 213
— evacuated by the French, xii. 346 —
repulse of the French before, 357 — cap-
tured by the Bavarians, xiii. 117— and
by the Austrians, xvii. 317 — capture of
the citadel, 318.
Tresnel, general, xvii. 289.
Trevastus, capture of, xv. 194.
Treves, the elector of, iii. 160, 163.
Treves, occupied by the French, iv. 388.
Treviso, repulse of the Austrians at, v.
241 — revolts against Venice, vi. 32—
armistice of, yu. 321.
Trezzo, passage of the Adda forced at,
vi. 3H4.
Trianon, palace and gardens of, L 223,
225— nocturnal parties at, 303.
Tribune of the People, journal called the,
vi. 83.
Tribunate, mode of election, functions,
dec. of the, vii. 120, 121 — pensions of
the members, 168 — opposition in, to the
lists of eligibility, viii. 94, 95 — to the
legion of honour, 98 — majority for it,
102 — opposition to the re-establishment
of the church, 108 — violent opposition
to Napoleon, and his indignation, 132
— his plans for modifying it, 134, 135 —
change in its constitution , 144— discus-
sions onNapoleon's assuming the crown,
370 — its suppression, xi. 177, et seq. — its
slavish submission, 180.
Tricolor flag, first adoption of the, ii. 91 — ■
its abandonment, xix. 225.
Trieste, capture of, by the French, vi. 9—
British merchandise at, confiscated, 11
— importance of its harbours, ix. 119 —
is opened to the British, xii. 203 — cap-
tured by the French, 1809, 274— ceded
to the kingdom of Italy, xiii. 104 — cap-
tured by the Allies, 1813, xvii. 318.
Trilport, skirmish at, xviii. 330.
Trincomalee, capture of, v. 304.
Trinidad, capture of, by the British, v.
370 — ceded to Great Britain by Amiens,
viii. 55, 70.
Trinidad fort, capture of, xiii. 187.
Triola, defeat of the Austrians at, vii. 244.
Tripp, general, at Waterloo, xix. 351.
Triton, case of the, vii. 353.
Trocadero, fort, xiv. 149.
Trochtelfingen, combat at, ix. 155.
Troggler, a Tyrolese leader, xiii. 119
Trogoffe, admiral, iv. 99.
Trois, repulse of the French at, v. 371.
Troisville, defeat of the French at, iv. 336.
Troluck, general, xii. 296.
Tronchet, M., becomes counsel for Louis
XVI. iii. 60 — Napoleon's appreciation
of his heroism, ib. note — protests against
the king's condemnation, 69 — Napo-
leon's early friendship for him, vii. 96 —
and elevation of him, 178 — opposes the
life consulate, viii. 138— aids in the com-
piling of the code, 155.
Troncon-Ducondray, speech of, against
the Directory, vi. 102— transported, 106
—his death, 107.
Tronde, captain, at Algesiraz, viii. 44.
Troubridge, captain, at Cape St Vincent,
v. 342, 343— at Vera Cruz, 363— capture
of Capua by him, vi. 387.
Troupe Doree, the, see Jeunesse Doree.
Trouve\ M.,vi. 178.
Troyes, banishment of the parliament of
Paris to, i. 315 — atrocities of the mob at,
ii. 133, 134 — retreat of Napoleon to, and
his preparations, xviii. 87 — evacuated
by him, and occupied by the Allies, 89,
107— interview at, between Alexander
and the royalist leaders, 117— retreat of
368
INDEX.
Troyes, continued.
the Allies from, ib. — their movement
toward it, 127— junction of their armies
at, 135 — reoccupied by Napoleon, 139—
recaptured by the Allies, 173, 174, 299.
Truellas, battle of, iv. 73, 74.
Truguet, admiral, report by, on the state
of the navy, v. 303 — urges the invasion
of Ireland, 311 — naval preparations of,
1797, 330— -removed from the ministry
of marine, vi. 99 — viii. 88— on the re-
cruiting of the navy, 125.
Trullikon, combat at, vii. 41.
Truxillo, revolt of, xiv. 338.
Tschooban Oglou, xv. 179, 180.
Tucker, dean, iv. 109.
Tudela, evacuation of, by the French, xii.
151— battle of, 157.
Tudo, Dona Pepa, xi. 296, 326, notes.
Tudor princes, despotic power of the, i.
25, 67.
Tugendbund, rise and progress of the, xi.
248 — its leading members, 250 — its influ-
ence, &c. xii. 209, 359, xvi. 100, 120,
182, 185 — Stein's opinion of it, 185,
note — Blucher's efforts on its behalf,
xvii. 89, 90— and Gneisenau's, 92.
Tuileries, arrival of the king from Ver-
sailles at, ii. 172— invaded by the mob
on the 20th June, 325 — description of
it as in 1793, 342 — its capture on the
10th August, 350— sack of it, iii. 4, 5—
discovery of the iron closet in, 49 — f§te
of the Supreme Being in, iv. 231— com-
bat round, on the 11th Vendemiaire, v.
124 — Napoleon takes up his residence
at, vii. 170 — military pageant at, 171 —
observance of mass resumed in, viii. Ill
— the court at, 146 — marriage of Napo-
leon and Marie Louise at, xiii. 281 —
return of Napoleon to, in 1813, xvL
130 — return of the duchesse d'Angou-
leme to, xviii. 401— return of Napoleon
to, from Elba, xix. 272.
Tuileries, heights of the, at Ulm, ix. 155,
156.
Tupac Amaru, execution of, xiv. 333.
Turbigo, combat at, vii. 238.
Turcoing, battle of, iv. 339.
Turenne, tomb of, violated, and state of
his remains, iv. 145, 146— recovery of
his skeleton, 147.
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, paren-
tage and early history of, i. 234 — his
character as a minister, 235 — errors in
his religious principles, 236 — on the
freedom of England, 69— adoption of
the principles of the Economists by, 160
— appointed comptroller-general of fin-
ance, 230, 235 — rejoicings of the philo-
sophers on this, 237, note, 244 — his
principles of finance, 237— character of
his measures, and their success, 238 —
establishes free-trade in grain, ib. — sup-
presses the disturbances which ensued,
239— difference between his and Males-
herbes' principles of government, 241 —
his views, 242—his disinterestedness, ib.
— his views regarding the church, &c
243 — his proposed immediate changes,
ib. — his six edicts, and opposition they
encounter, 250 — his contest with
parliaments, 252 — and fall, 253 — reflec-
tions on it, ib. — evils of his plans, &c.
254 — his views regarding the American
war, 263 — revenue and expenditure
under him, 286, note — his death, 257,
note, 275.
Turgovie, canton of, vi. 156.
Turia, defeat of the Austrians on the, xvi.
45.
Turin, retreat of Moreau toward, vi. 365
— and from it, 366 — surprised by the
Allies, 369 — advance of the French
toward it, vii. 235 — surrendered to
them, 256-— visited by Napoleon, 1805,
ix. 29— enthusiasm in his favour, 1813,
xvi. 131 — supplies voted by, 142 — sur-
rendered by treaty of Paris, xviii. 403.
Turin, citadel of, v. 166 — captured by the
French, vi. 181 — invested by the Allies,
370— captured, 384.
Turkaman Chai, treaty of, xv. 263.
Turkey, navy of, in 1792, iii. 105, note-
war of Russia with, 133 — its state at
the commencement of the Revolution,
138 — decline of its population, and
causes of this, 139 — designs of Austria
and Russia on, 148 — these arrested by
the measures of Pitt, 149 — contests of
the Poles with, v. 21 — her decline dates
from the time of Sobieski, 23 — trea-
chery of Napoleon and the Directory
toward, vi. 268 — she declares war
against France, ib. 281 — treaty with
Russia, 282— joins the alliance against
France, 319 — letter from Napoleon to
the government, viii. 2 — Egypt falls
under her dominion, 36 — effects of the
French invasion on her power, 37 —
treaty with France, 59— her integrity
guaranteed by Amiens, 70 — rupture of,
with France in 1804, 316 — Napoleon's
reception of her ambassador, ix. 349 —
her integrity insisted on by Britain as
a condition of peace, 383— imprudence
of the Russian invasion of, 1806, x. 93
— declarations of Napoleon in her
favour, 102 — declares war against Rus-
sia, and state of affairs in, 128, 215,
219 — naval attack on her by Great
Britain, 220 — declares war against the
latter, 222— preparations for defence at
Constantinople, 225 — negotiations of
Napoleon with, 259 — his measures to
succour her, 260 — her jealousy roused
by the summoning of Parga, ib. — pro-
visions of Tilsit regarding her, 323 —
her partition as there arranged, 326,
328, 330 — Napoleon's perfidy toward
her, 337 — the revolution does not ex-
culpate him, 338— affairs of, after Tilsit,
xi. 278 — alienation of, from France, 279
— differences between Alexander and
Napoleon regarding, xii. 145 — her aban-
donment by Great Britain in 1831, xiii.
INDEX.
369
Turkey, continued.
74 — treaty between them, 147 — num-
bers and skill of her horsemen, xv. 126
— immutability ofmianners, &c. in, 129
— origin of this in her religion, 130 —
obstacle to reform thus presented, ib. —
influence of her religion in strengthen-
ing her at first, 131 — her original empire,
132 — population, and natural advan-
tages, 133 — the capital, 134— her cav-
alry, 137 — the Spahis, 138 — the Janis-
saries, 139 — the Fellahs, 140— decay of
her military force, ib. — varieties in her
population, 141 — her fortresses, 142 — .
resolution with which they are defended,
143 — mode of fighting, and general
tactics, 145 — effect on her of the sub-
jugation of the nomad tribes, 146 —
security afforded by the unhealthiness
of the plain of the Danube, 147 — value
of the fortresses there, 148— her state at
the opening of the war in 1807, 149 —
revolution in, ib. — dethronement of
Selim, and accession of Mustapha, 150,
151 — counter revolution, 152 — third
one, 153 — effect of these catastrophes
on the empire, 155 — causes which post-
poned hostilities, 156* — forces of Russia
for the war, and its history, 157, et seq.
— peace of Bucharest, 181— her reasons
for this treaty, 183 — resources exhibited
in the war, 184 — effect of the reforms,
&c. of Mahmoud, 184, 185 — her integ-
rity guaranteed to Austria by Napoleon,
220— his efforts to gain her in 1812, 279
— early tendency of his views to, xvii.
28.
Tuscany, administration of, by Leopold,
iii. 129, 144— its state in 1792, 140— its
fertility, v. 154— its extent, population,
&c. 1810 and 1832, 160, note— its terrace
cultivation, 161 — great subdivision of
land in, 162 — invaded by Napoleon,
203 — rapacity of the French commis-
sioners in, 204 — the pope removed to,
vi. 173 — occupied by the French, 1799,
340 — insurrection against them, 371,
374— growing hostility toward them, vii.
279 — the insurrection suppressed, ib.
280 — invaded by the Neapolitans, and
their defeat, 322— ceded to the duke of
Parma, 328 — erected into the kingdom
of Etruria, viii. 45 — indemnity to grand-
duke of, 214, note — overrun by the
French, 273— annexed to kingdom of
Italy, xi. 282 — evacuated by the French,
xviii. 218.
Tusis, description of, vii. 303.
Tutschoff, see Touch koff.
Tuy, check of Soult at, xiii. 213— attacked
by the Spaniards, 223.
Tweed river, the, iii. 84.
Twelve, the commission of, see Commis-
sion.
Two Brothers, fort of the, vii. 208 —
stormed by the Austrians, 215.
Tyler, the insurrection of, i. 65, 208.
VOL. XX.
Tyler, lieutenant, xv. 27
Tyne river, the, iii. 84.
Tyniec, monastery of, v. 5.
Typhus, losses of the French from, in
Russia, xv. 325 — death of Kutusoff from,
&c. xvi. 116 — its ravages among the
French garrisons, &c. 188, xvii. 80, 305,
xviii. 6.
Tyrol, the, value of, to Austria, iii. 126,
vi. 324 — its acquisition by her, ix. 103 —
attachment in, to her government, 105
— its extent and population, 107 — pros-
perity of the peasantry, 119— their skill
as marksmen , 112 — the Alps and scenery
of, 108, 110 — its military importance, v.
167 — operations in, during 1797, vi. 11 —
in 1800, vii. 203— preparations in, 1805,
ix. 70 — concentration of Austrian forces
in, 162 — Ney directed against it, 169 —
his operations in, 175 — its subjugation
by the French, 179 — its cession demand-
ed by Napoleon, 181 — ceded to Bavaria,
224 — excitement against the French in,
1809, xii. 209— insurrection in, 219 —
interest of the war in, and causes of this,
312 — description of it, 313 — contrast of
its northern and southern districts, ib. —
and of their inhabitants, 314 — its great
valleys, ib. et seq. — its ruined castles,
316 — its lakes, 317 — its superstitions, 318
— religious feelings and impressions, 319,
320 — omens observed on the appearance
of war, 319— utility of the priests, 321—
its ancient and modern state, 322 —
influence of religion in producing its
character, 324 — its national character
compared with the Swiss, 325 — love of
freedom in, 326 — and amount of it en-
joyed, 327 — the peasants all proprietors,
328 — their industry, 329 — their mecha-
nical ingenuity, ib. — discontent with the
Bavarian government, 330 — prepara-
tions of Austria to take advantage of
this, 331 — military description of the
country, 332 — character of the leaders,
333, et seq. — preparations for the contest,
338 — commencement of the insurrec-
tion, and its early success, 339, et seq. —
deliverance of the country, 346* — mea-
sures of Napoleon for reducing it, 347 —
invaded, 349 — abandoned by the arch-
duke John, and overrun by the enemy,
351 — its desperate state, 352 — again
delivered by the battle of Innspruck, 356
— the insurgents make excursions into
the surrounding countries, 357 — stipula-
tions of the peace of Vienna regarding
it, xiii. 104 — its state after the armistice
of Znaym, 108 — again invaded, 109 —
evacuated by the Bavarians, 114 —
Hofer's administration of it, 115 — force
directed against it by Napoleon, 116 —
invaded on all sides, 117 — its final con-
quest, 119 — restored to Austria, and
general volunteering of its inhabitants,
xvii. 316— evacuated by the French, 317.
Tyrol castle, defeat of Rusca at, xiii. 119.
2a
370
INDEX.
u.
Ubigau, bridge at, captured by the French,
xvi. 225.
Ucles, battle of, xiii. 218 — cruelties of the
French at, 219.
Udina, democratic revolt in, vi. 34— nego-
tiations at, 44, 49.
Udom, general, at Champaubert, xviii.
96— at Vauchamps, 106.
Ukerath, battle of, v. 271, 273.
Ukra, passage of the, forced by the French,
x. 113.
Ukraine, the, once a province of Poland,
v. 1— its revolt, 21, 22— its fertility, 3—
description of it, &c. xv. 245.
Ula, operations on the, xvi. 44.
Uldecona, defeat of the Spaniards at, xiv.
161.
Ulm, general, defeat and surrender of, vii.
212— defeated at Foscoire, &c. 244.
Ulm, fortified by the archduke Charles,
vii. 161 — retreat of Kray to, and advan-
tages of his position, 194 — description of
it, 195— evacuated by Kray, 200 — in-
vested by the French, 201 — its cession
demanded by Napoleon, 272, 273, 275—
ceded to Bavaria, 1803, viii. 214, note —
the Austrians concentrated in, 1805, ix.
145 — preparations for its defence, and
fortification of it, 149 — its investment
completed, 151 — description of it, 155 —
the heights around it carried, 156— its
surrender, 157, 158.
Ulminski, general, xvii. 385.
Ulster, character of the population of, iii.
92.
Undaunted, embarkation of Napoleon in
the, xviii. 388.
Underwalden, patriotic spirit of, vi. 150 —
rejects the constitution of 1798, 156 —
defeated, 160 — heroic resistance, and
massacre in, 162.
Union act, the Irish, passed, vii. 154, 155.
Union of the orders, Necker's views on
the, i. 360 — the king assents to these,
361 — is demanded in the cahiers, ii. 15.
United Irishmen, society of, vi. 207, 208.
United Provinces, the, see Holland.
United States, influence of the Revolution
on, i. 1 — and of the absence of primo-
geniture, 20 — attachment to English
institutions in, 71— sympathy with them
in France, 263 — treaty with that power,
265 — services of Lafayette in, ii. 31— in-
justice of the democratic majority in, iii.
78 — their agriculture compared with
British, 100 — causes of the British dis-
asters in the war with, iv. Ill — evils of
the jury system in, 298 — services of
Kosciusko in, v. 30 — threatened rupture
with France, 1798, vi. 214 — recognise
the right of search, vii. 346 — violence of
the Directory against, 347— treaty with
France, 348, viii. 59 — importance of the
federal system, 216— purchase of Louisi-
ana by, 282 — differences with Great
Britain regarding neutral rights, ix. 362
— adjustment of these, 364 — alleged in-
justice of the orders in council toward,
xi. 160 — prostration of the press in, 183,
note — their struggle for freedom con-
trasted with that of France, xiv. 13 —
contrast of the population with that of
Spanish America, 324 — probable absorp-
tion of Mexico by, 362 — geographical
extent, divisions, &c. xix. 5 — the prairies
and Rocky mountains, 6 — the east bank
of the Mississippi, 7 — their rivers, 11 —
increase of the population, 16 — compari-
son of the white and coloured, 17 —
prospects of the population, ib. — its
increase in the valley of the Mississippi,
18 — extent of emigration from Europe,
19 — and westward within themselves, 20
— the first settlers, 21 — appearances of
the progress of cultivation, 22— and of
the stream of emigration, 23 — effects of
steam navigation and paper credit, ib. —
their paper circulation, 24 — disasters
attendant on it, 25 — means by which
these are repaired, 26 — wellbeingof the
people, ib. — proportion of agricultural
classes, 27 — want of attachment to their
landed possessions, 29, 30 — causes of this
peculiarity, 31 — continued rise in the
value of land, 32 — great activity of the
people, 33 — their impetuous character,
ib. — general discontent, 34 — commercial
cities, 36 — progress of commerce and
shipping, 37 — naval and military estab-
lishment, 39 — militia of, 40 — revenue
and expenditure, 41 — those of the sepa-
rate states, ib. — repudiation of debt, ib.
42 — sketch of the constitution, 42 — the
Senate and House of Representatives,
43 — powers, &c. of the President, 44 —
real sovereignty of the people, ib. — state
of religion, 45— -want of a national pro-
vision for it, 47 — religious statistics of
the population, ib. note — subservience
of the clergy, 48 — survey of the workings
of democracy, 49 — tyranny of the majo-
rity, 50 — absence of originality and
independence of thought, 51 — impossi-
bility of public discussion in , 52 — effects
of the law of succession, 53 — spoliation
of commercial classes in, 54 — insecurity
of life and order, 55 — frequent outrages
in the legislature, 57 — peculiarities of
these cruelties, 58— no punishment fol-
lows them, 59, 60 — external weakness
of the government, 61 — want of foresight
in the ruling majority, ib. — talent and
station banished from office, 62 — exclu-
siveness among the rich, 63— dependent
state of the Bench, ib. — tenure, salaries,
&c. of the judges, 64, et seq.— literature
and the press, 67 — character of its legisla-
tion, 68 — eminence of the writers on
INDEX.
371
United States, continued.
law, 69— extent of slavery in, 70— hosti-
lity to its abolition, 71 — manners of the
people, 72 — admiration of rank and
titles, 73— how they have escaped their
political dangers, ib. — failure of Great
Britain in the war of independence, 84 —
efforts of Washington to maintain peace,
8b* — their inclination for alliance with
France, 87 — extent of the British trade
with them, xiv. 81— the Berlin decrees,
and the orders in council, 77, xix. 88 —
origin of the disputes with Great Britain ,
90 — their irritation against Great Bri-
tain, xiv. 85 — passing of the Non-inter-
course act, 48, 78, xix. 90— affair of the
Chesapeake, 91 — negotiations and treaty
concluded by Mr Erskine, ib. — which is
disavowed by the British government,
92— affair of the Little Belt and Presi-
dent, 95 — threatening aspect of the
negotiations, 96 — violent measures of
Congress, 97— they declare war, xiv. 86,
xix. 98 — their diminutive force, and pre-
parations, 98 — their total naval strength,
99 — invasions of Canada, 100, et seq. —
their naval successes, 104, et seq. — effect
of these, 110 — supineness of the govern-
ment, 113 — destruction of their com-
merce, ib. — effect of the capture of the
Chesapeake, 117— preparations for the
land campaign, 120— financial measures
and preparations, 1814, 141 — repeal of
the non-intercourse act, 142 — threatened
disruption of the Union, ib. — conclusion
of peace, 171— treaty of Ghent, 172 —
reflections on it, 173 — destruction of
their commerce by the war, 175 — evils
of rupture between them and Great
Britain, and danger of it, 178 — their
aggressive disposition, 179 — their weak-
ness at first, and ultimate strength, 180
— system of warfare to be pursued against
them, 181 — military force at their com-
mand, 182-1— attacks on private property
to be avoided, ib. — importance of supe-
riority on the lakes, 183 — their advan-
tages for ship-building, 185 — security of
Canada against them, ib. — are not
likely to become a great naval power,
186-^-statistics of their shipping, 187.
United States bank, the, xix. 24 — its
bankruptcy, 25.
United States frigate, capture of the Mace-
donian by, xix. 106.
Universal suffrage, election of the Legis-
lative Assembly by, ii. 269 — introduced
by the constitution of 1793, iv. 124—
election of the Cortes by, xiv. 123.
Universities of Austria, the, ix. 123 — of
Prussia, patriotism of, xvi. 182.
University, the imperial, of France, xL
216— of literature, proposed, x. 2G6.
Unnerloch, the, vii. 21.
Unstrutt, defeat of the French on the,
xvii. 278.
Unterberg, the, xii. 318.
Uovo, castel del, vi. 195 — captured by the
French, 200 — recaptured, and violation
of the capitulation, 388.
Upper Canada, climate, soil, &c. of, xix.
11. — See Canada.
Uraguay river, the, xiv. 296.
Urban, general, at Salamanca, xv. 59, 60,
61 — defeated at Majalahonda, 71.
Urban guard of Paris, suppression of the,
xvi. 140.
Urbia, cession of, to the French, vii. 256.
Urbino, capture of, by the French, v. 202
— invaded by them, vi. 169 — annexed
to kingdom of Italy, xi. 283, xiii. 130.
Urdiales, capture of, xv. 104— evacuated,
xvi. 344.
Urgel, occupied by Macdonald, xiv. 157.
Uri, patriotism of, vi. 150 — rejects the
constitution of 1798, 156— heroic resis-
tance of, 157, 160, 162— declares against
Napoleon, 1813, xviii. 43.
Uri, lake of, vi. 132.
Urquigo, Don Luis d', xii. 45.
Urquigo, Don Mariano d', xi. 337.
Urseren, valley of, vii. 21 — combats at, vi.
353.
Urumea river, the, xvi. 346.
Usagre, cavalry actions at, xiv. 255, xv.
30.
Usher, captain, xviii. 388.
Usidom, occupied by the French, x. 257.
Usse, chateau d', xviii. 110.
Utrecht, occupied by the French, iv. 385.
Uvaroff, see Ouvaroff.
Uxbridge, lord, see Anglesea.
V.
Vacquant, general, xii. 288.
Vadier, a Jacobin leader, iv. 260 — reports
on the affair of Catherine Theot, 261—
denounces Robespierre, 270 — denounced
by Lecointre, v. 87 — impeached, 94 —
his trial again ordered, 105 — tried with
Babceuff, vi. 90.
Vado, defeat of the French at, v. 50 —
occupied by them, 54 — capture of, by
the Austrians, vii. 209.
"Vandermaens, general, death of, xvi. 387.
VandermaLjon, general, xiv. 260, 273.
Vagous, Anne Hyacinthe, execution of,
iii. 279.
Val Sugana, operations in the, v. 217.
Valady, the marquis of, ii. 77 — denounced,
iii. 278.
Valais, democratic revolt in the, vi. 145,
note, 149 — contests in, 160 — erected into
a republic, viii. 206 — its independence
proclaimed by Napoleon, 224 — annexed
to France, xy. 210 — to Switzerland,
xix. 240.
Valaze, M., denounced by the sections,
372
INDEX.
Valaze\ M., continued.
iii. 278— his arrest decreed, 295— his
death, 298.
Valdes, general, wounded at Espinosa,
xii. 154.
Valdez, general, xiv. 353, 356.
Valencay, residence of Ferdinand VII.
at, xi. 361, xii. 44 — attempt for his liber-
ation from, xiv. 139 — treaty of, xviii. 30,
et seq.— it is rejected by the Cortes, 33,
233.
Valence, general, in Flanders, iii. 225 —
captures Namur, 226 — at Nerwinde, iv.
28.
Valence, surrendered to the French, v.
183, 185— captured by the Allies, vi. 369.
Valence, (France) retreat of Augereau
to, xviii. 227.
Valencia, city of, xii. 6 — atrocities at,
on the outbreak of the insurrection,
33 — description of it, 66 — besieged by
the French, 67 — defeat of Suchet before
it, xiii. 312— battle of, xiv. 198 — surren-
ders to Suchet, 200 — results of its cap-
ture, 201— contributions from it, 202—
designs of the British on it, xvi. 314.
Valencia, province of, its fertility, xii. 5
— character of its inhabitants, 6 — oper-
ations of Moncey in, 65 — reception of
the new constitution in, xiv. 134 —
Spanish forces in, 1810, 147 — invaded
by Suchet, and defensive preparations,
190 — its subjugation, 203 — contribu-
tions levied by him, 226, xvi. 314, xvii.
334— operations in, 1813, 330, et seq.—
evacuated by the French, xvi. 341, xvii.
333.
Valenciennes, capture of, by the Allies,
iv. 39 — importance of their delay before
it, 107 — recaptured by the French, 353.
Valentin, general, xii. 275.
Valentina or Valoutina, battle of, xv. 321.
Valets d'Armee of Poland, the, v. 20.
Valjouan, defeat of the Bavarians at,
xviii. 122.
Valladolid, submission of, to the French,
xii. 56— retreat of the French to, after
Salamanca, xv. 70 — capture of a French
detachment at, 76 — the French driven
from it, 83 — captured by the British,
xvi. 325.
Valleggio, defeat of the Austrians at, v.
196.
Valley of Desolation, the, vii. 226.
Valleys, strategic importance of possession
of, vi. 391.
Vails, battle of, xiii. 191 — combats at,
xiv. 164.
Valmy, duke of, see Kellermann.
Valmy, battle of, iii. 208.
Valoutina or Valtelina, see Valentina.
Valparaiso, capture of the Essex at, xix.
136.
Valteline, cession of, to the Cisalpine
republic, vi. 53— revolt of, from Switzer-
land, 144.
Vandamme, Dominique, parentage and
early history of, vii. 45, note — opera-
tions under, in Holland, 45, 46, 47, 51
— at Mceskirch, 191 — defeated at the
Mount Tonal, 311— at Austerlitz, ix.
211— in Silesia, 1806, x. 82— subjuga-
tion of the fortresses there by him, 125,
126 — his rapacity, &c. there, 272 —
amount of his successes, 273 — operations
in 1809, xii. 227— at Abensberg, 229—
at Echmuhl, 237— 252— defence of Lintz
committed to him, 265 — checks Kollo-
wrath there, 281 — his position, xiii. 3, 4
— reaches Lobau, 22 — his corps on
entering Russia, xv. 369 — losses of it
before the cold, xvi. 89, note — his posi-
tion, 1813, 188— captures Hamburg, 262
—forces, &c. 1813, xvii. 76, note, 137,
383 — Napoleon's instructions to him,
142 — 158 — movements against Oster-
mann, 163— first battle of Culm, 165—
second, 168 — his disaster due to Napo-
leon's instructions, 172 — 281 — forces
under, in 1815, xix. 399— at Ligny, 319
—at Wavres, 373, 374.
Vandeleur, general, at Laswaree, xi. 99 —
at Ciudad Rodrigo, xv. 8 — at the Nive,
xvii. 364— at Waterloo, 344, 347, 348,
349, 356, 358, 363, 365, 366, 369.
Vandoeuvres, check of Macdonald at,
xviii. 171.
Vanguard, the, at the Nile, vi. 271, 272.
Van Halen, treachery of, to Suchet, xviii.
259.
Vanlerberg, a capitalist, ix. 329, 330.
Vannes, insurrection at, iii. 322.
Vansittart, Mr, accompanies Nelson to
the Baltic, vii. 371, 375— first breaks in
on the sinking fund, ix. 269 — arguments
against the bullion report, xiv. 64 — new
system of finance proposed by, xvi. 289
— arguments for the corn laws, xix. 208.
Var, Suchet driven over the, vii. 214 — his
position on, 222 — defeats of the Austri-
ans on, 223, 243.
Varennes, see Billaud Varennes.
Varennes, flight of the royal family to, ii.
239, et seq. — their arrest there, 241 —
causes of the failure, 244 — views of the
Allied powers on it, iii. 154, 155.
Varlet, a Jacobin, iii. 282.
Vartha river, v. 3.
Vatican, spoliation of the, vi. 174.
Vattel on maritime law, vii. 342, note.
Vauban, count, defeated at Carnac, v. 62
— at fort Penthievre, 64.
Vauban, fort, captured by the Allies, iv.
69— recaptured, 71.
Vaublanc, M., a leading Feuillant, ii. 276
— urges the declaration of war, iii. 162
—on the 17th Fructidor, vi. 102.
Vaubois, general, invasion of the Roman
states by, v. 202 — operations of, against
Davidowich, 216, 217 — repeatedly de-
feated in the Tyrol, 223 — retreats to
Rivoli, ib. — again opposed to Davido-
wich, 231 — accompanies Napoleon to
Egypt, 241 — left in command at Malta,
245.
Vauchamps, battle of, xviii. 102, et seq.
INDEX.
373
Vaudreuil, the marquis de, ii. 169.
Vauguyon, the due de, preceptor of Louis
XVI. i. 211, 220.
Vauvineux, M. de, xviii, 356.
Vaux, marshal de, i. 329.
Vaux, rout of the French at, iii. 205,
207.
Veczay, general, death of, xiii. 43.
Vedel, general, xii. 70— at Baylen, 80, 82,
84— capitulation of, 86.
Vegesack, general, xvii. 210, 211 — defeat
of the Norwegians by, xix. 203.
Velarde, death of, at Madrid, xi. 346.
Velletri, defeat of the Romans at. vL
177.
Vellore, besieged by Hyder Ali, xi. 18 —
relieved by Coote, 22.
Venaisin, annexation of the, to France,
iii. 147 — formally ceded, v. 244 — con-
firmed to her by the treaties of Paris,
xviii. 404, xx. 22.
Venalitv, prevalence of, in Russia, xv.
253, 255.
Vendee, La, land Vendeans,) loyalty of
the peasantry of, i. 195 — residence of the
proprietors in, 170, 171 — effects of the
war on the power of the Jacobins, iii.
266 — the war at first a religious resis-
tance to the Revolution, 315 — it begins
with the peasantry, 316— description of
the district, ib. — of the Bocage and
Marais, 317 — its military capabilities,
318 — character of the population, 319 —
their strong religious feelings, 320 —
their feelings on the breaking out of the
Revolution, 321 — are roused against it
by the cruelties to the priests, ib. — pre-
vious insurrection in, ii. 299, iii. 322 —
breaking out of the war, 323 — its first
leaders, 324 — spread of the insurrection,
ib. — Cathelineau appointed commander-
in-chief, 325, 346 — the leaders, and
their characters, 325, 333, et seq.— first
conflicts, and mode of fighting of the
peasantry, 326 — general confusion of
ranks, 327 — formidable character of the
warfare, ib. — their preparations for an
expedition, first onset, &c. 328 — ten-
dency to leave their ranks after success,
329 — want of baggage and equipments,
330 — the mode of giving orders, 331 —
humanity, ib. — strength of their armies,
338 — atrocities of the republicans
against them, ib. — and their generosity,
339— their first victory at Thouars, 340
— are defeated at Fontenoy, 341 —
effect on them of the junction of the
bishop of Agra, ib. — victorious at Fon-
tenoy, 342 — humanity to their prisoners,
343 — repeated successes, ib. — battle of
Saumur, 344 — plans resolved on, 346 —
defeated at Nantes, 347 — Westermann's
invasion defeated, 348 — various other
successes, ib. — battle of Lucon, 349 —
fresh invasion, which is defeated, ib. —
arrival of the Mayence bands, 350 —
victories at Torfou, 351 — at Montaigut
and Coron, 352— and general defeat of
the invasion, 353 — their continued
humanity, 354 — divisions among them,
and their chequered successes, 355 —
defeated at Cholejt, 356 — and again,
357 — passage of the Loire by them, 359
— their arrival in Brittany, and diffi-
culties, 360 — Larochejaquelein ap-
pointed commander-in-chief, 361 — vic-
tory at Chateau Gonthier, 362 — march
on Granville, 363 — are repulsed there,
365 — resolve on recrossing the Loire,
366 — victories at Pontorson and Dol,
ib. 367— and at Antrain, 368 — their
humanity there, 369 — their difficulties,
ib. — are repulsed at Angers, 370 — move
toward the Loire, 371 — are defeated at
Mans, 372— and foiled in attempting to
cross the river, 373 — again defeated at
Savenay, 374 — ruin of their cause, ib. —
arrival of English succours, 375 —
amount of their achievements, ib. —
cruelties of Thurreau against them, 378
— and of Carrier at Nantes, 379 —
courage with which they met death,
384 — benevolence of the peasantry, 387
— reflections on their successes, 388 — •
and causes of their disasters, 389 — ulti-
mate issues of the war, 390 — number
who perished in, iv. 289, note — the war
renewed in 1794, 389, et seq.— its aspect
at this time, 390 — pacification of, in
1795, v. 56 — treaty with the insurgents,
57 — operations of Hoche in, 1796, 260,
263 — pacification by him, 267 — renewed
disturbances in, 1799, vii. 85— pacifica-
tion of, by Napoleon, 163 — improve-
ments in, by him, viii. 163 — war in,
1815, xix. 296, et seq.
Vend6me, the duke of, i. 136.
Vendome, Babceuff tried before court of,
vi. 89, 90.
Vendome column, erection of the, ix. 336
—attempt to destroy it, xviii. 376.
Venegas, general, defeated at Tarancon
and Ucles, xiii. 219 — threatens Madrid,
237, 249 — reinforced by Cuesta, &c.
251 — defeated at Almonacid, 252— suc-
ceeded by Areizaga, 256.
Venerable, the, at the first battle of
Algesiraz, viii. 40 — at the second, 43,
44.
Venezuela, government of, xiv. 332 — >
formation of confederation of, 338 —
subdued by the royalists, 343 — again
freed by Bolivar, 344 — arrival of the
British auxiliary force in, 348 — triumph
of the insurrection in, 351 — depopula-
tion of it by the Revolution, 359.
Vengeur, the, at the 1st of June, iv. 324,
325.
Venice, limited extent of the freedom of,
i. 29— effects of this in disaster, 30 — de-
generacy of the inhabitants, iii. 140 — ■
description of the city, v. 159, 160 — its
neutrality violated by the French, 196
—debates in the senate on this, 197 —
cowardly course adopted, 198 — recep-
tion of her commissioners by Napoleon,
374
INDEX.
Venice, continued.
199— conditions imposed by him, 200 —
Lis secret measures to force on a rupture,
204 — symptoms of hostility toward the
French in, vi. 4 — ceded to Austria by
the treaty of Leoben, 20 — its injustice
toward her, ib. — her state at this time,
ib. — her long continued decline, 21 — the
city as a military station, 22 — and as an
object of taste, 23— democratic fervour
in, secretly encouraged by Napoleon,
24 — democratic outbreak, 25 — Napo-
leon's aid invoked, and his duplicity, 26
— attempt to suppress the insurrection,
27 — contests between the parties, 28 —
indecision of the senate, and violent
language of Napoleon, ib.— massacre at
Verona, 30 — and at Lido, 31 — these
subsequent to her cession to Austria, ib.
note — means of resistance remaining to
her, 32 — Napoleon declares war against
her, 33 — revolt of her continental domi-
nions, ib. — anarchy within the city, ib.
— the senate abdicate, 35— patriotism of
the lower orders, ib. — entrance of the
French, ib. — their spoliation, and treaty
with Napoleon, 36— horror caused by
■ the treaty of Campo Formio, 56 — feel-
ings in Europe on her fall, ib. — review
of the conduct of Napoleon and Austria,
57— weakness of her aristocracy, 62— and
conduct of the democratic party, 63 —
contrasted with Great Britain, ib. — sur-
rendered to Austria, 220 — the posses-
sion of her hampers that power, 390 —
guaranteed to Austria by Luneville, vii.
328 — severity of Napoleon toward, viii.
267— way in which acquired by Austria,
ix. 103 — its cession demanded by Napo-
leon, 181 — annexed to the kingdom of
Italy, 224, 339 — proposed as an indem-
nity for Naples, 385— journey of Napo-
leon to, 1807, xi. 281— effects of the
Continental system on, xv. 217, note —
ship-building by Napoleon at, xvi. 157
—siege of, begun by the Allies, xvii. 319
— its surrender to them, xviii. 287 —
restoration of the horses of St Mark to,
xx. 17.
Venloo, capture of, by the French, 1794,
iv. 368 — ceded to Belgium, v. 45.
Venous, colonel, death of, vi. 301.
Veomenil, baron de, ii. 350.
Venta d'Alcolea, defeat of the Spaniards
at, xii. 75.
Venta de Bahal, combat at, xiv. 266.
Venta d'Escudo, pass of, forced, xii. 56.
Venta de Pozo, combat at, xv. 92.
Ventana, pass of, occupied by the French,
xiv. 280.
Vente, effect of the death of Louis on, iii.
245.
Vera Cruz, defeat of Nelson at, v. 362, et
seq.
Vercelli, the countess of, i. 144.
Vercelli, annexed to the Cisalpine republic,
vii. 322.
Verderio, defeat of Serrurier at, vi 365.
Verdier, general, at Caldiero, iv. 165, 166
—wounded, 167— at Medola, v. 212, 213
— defeat of a Turkish detachment by,
viii. 4— danger of, in Cairo, 9— joins
Reynier in Calabria, ix. 344— xi. 196,
note, 339— defeats the Spaniards at Lo-
grono, xii. 55— takes the command at
Saragossa, 61 — compelled to raise the
siege, 64— joins Bessieres at Burgos, 91
— intrusted with siege of Gerona, xiii.
199 — defeated on the Dwina, xv. 307 —
operations in Italy, 1813, xvii. 314— de-
feats of, by Hiller, 316— forces under,
385.
Verdun, fortress of, iii. 199, 200— invested
by the Allies, 13— captured, 200— re-
captured by the French, 218— execu-
tion of the young women from, iv. 222,
254— imprisonment of Schill's compa-
triots at, xvi. 101 — generosity of Napo-
leon at, xvii. 42.
Vereia, capture of a French detachment
at, xvi. 12— retreat of Napoleon to, 28
— destroyed, ib.
Vereira, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
211.
Vergennes, M. de, minister of foreign
affairs, i. 264, 272 — appointed prime
minister, 275 — his character and previous
services, ib. — his parentage and early
career, 276, note — 282 — his death,
290.
Vergniaud, Pierre Victoire, sketch of the
early history and character of, ii. 282 —
heads the Girondists, 277, 279 — on the
20th June, 327 — denounces the king,
331 — his reception of the king on the
10th August, 348— moves the decree of
dethronement, 351— the representative
of the legislative assembly, 359— iii. 14 —
speech of, to the municipality, 15 — mo-
tion by, against the September massacres,
28— moves the impeachment of Marat,
39 — fails to support Louvet against
Robespierre, 42 — 47 — speech of, in
favour of the appeal to the people on
behalf of the king, 66 — pronounces the
sentence of death, 68, 76 — his agitation,
69 — supports the war party, 165 — de-
nounces the Jacobins, 261— opposes the
revolutionary tribunal, 263, 264 — a
member of the committee of general
defence, 269, note — denounced by the
sections, 271 — reply to Robespierre's
denunciation of the Girondists, 274 —
again denounced by the mob, 278 — on
the 31st May, 290, 291— his arrest de-
creed, 295 — his trial and condemnation,
296— his death, 298.
Verhuel, admiral, action of the flotilla
under, ix. 52— his fidelity to Napoleon,
xvii. 312.
Verification of powers in the States-
general, proceedings on the, ii 10, et
seq.
Vermigo river, the, xiv. 296.
Vermond, the abb6 de, education of Marie
Antoinette by, L 215, 222, note— sup-
INDEX.
375
Vermond, continued.
ports the appointment of Brienne, 293,
301.
Vernet, execution of daughter of, iv.
248.
Vernier, heroism of, v. 101.
Verona, fortress of, v. 167 — occupied by
the French, 199 — and again, 213 — skir-
mishes at, 218 — threatened by Alvinzi,
231 — ceded to Austria, vi. 20, 53 — mas-
sacre at, 30 — contributions levied on, 31
• — combats before, 1799, 341 — its impor-
tance to the Austrians, 345 — blockaded
by the French, 1801, vii. 317 — surren-
ders, 321 — visited by Napoleon, ix. 36 —
position of Massena at, 1805, 163 — com-
bat at, 164 — residence of Louis XVIII.
at, xviii. Ill — captured by the Austrians,
218.
Versage, the baron, xii. 59.
Versailles, concentration of the French
nobility at, and its effects, i. 91, 93 —
reception of Marie Antoinette at, 216 —
riots at, on the establishment of free
trade in corn, 239 — nocturnal parties
at, during 1778, 303 — lit de justice at,
1788, 324— the hall of the assembly at,
ii. 5 — exultation in, on the union of the
orders, 75— disorders in, 148 — the ban-
quet of the guards at, 163 — the insur-
rection of the 5th October at, 165, et
seq. — departure of the king from it, 171
— murder of prisoners at, iii. 30 — nar-
row escape of, from being destroyed, iv.
128.
Versoix, ceded by France, xx. 22.
Vertingen, battle of, ix. 146.
Vertus, position of Blucher at, xviii. 101
— review of Russian troops at, xx.
23.
Vesoul occupied by the Allies, xviii. 68.
Vesta, temple of, at Rome, xiii. 140.
Vesubia, successes of the French at, iv.
357.
Vesuvius, mount, vi. 195.
Vetiers, victory of the Vendeans at, iii.
343.
Veto, debate on the, in the assembly, ii.
155, et seq.
Via Mala, passage of the, by the French,
1799, vi. 328— Macdonald's passage of
it, vii. 303.
Via Sacra, the, xiii. 140.
Vial, general, at the Pyramids, vi. 261,
262— death of, at Leipsic, xvii. 263.
Vial, general, at Toulouse, xviii. 265,
273.
Vic, fortress of, ii. 217.
Vic Bigorre, combat at, xviii. 255.
Vicenza, combats at, v. 222 — abortive ne-
gotiations at, 234 — occupied by the
French, vi. 31 — democratic revolt at, 32,
34— check of the French at, 1805, ix.
168.
Viceroys, the Spanish, in America, xiv.
331.
Vich, defeat of O'Donnell at, xiii. 313.
Vico, capture of, by the French, vii. 55.
Vicogne, first encounter of the British and
French at, iv. 37.
Victor, Perrin, marshal, and duke of
Belluno, parentage and early career of,
v. 240, note — 226, note — operations
before Mantua, 240— vi. 5— operations
against Venice, 31 — 340 — at Magnano,
343, 344— retreats on Alessandria, 365,
366— defeated at Casa Tenia, 367— re-
treats toward Genoa, 368 — joins Moreau,
370— placed under Macdonald, 375, 376
—at the Trebbia, 377, 379, 381— defeated
on the Nura, 383 — operations near Coni,
vii. 55 — at Genola, 57— driven back to
the Apennines, 58— his position at the
close of 1799, 61— at Montebello, 241—
at Marengo, 246, 248, 249, 251, 252—
opposed to the re-establishment of reli-
gion, viii. 110 — corps under, in Army of
England, 282 — succeeds Bernadotte in
1806, x. 286 — at Friedland, 302, 303,
304, 306— revenue bestowed on, xi. 196,
note — corps under, in Spain, xii. 147,
note — defeats Blake at Espinosa, 154 —
subsequent operations, 160, 167, 171,
xiii. 171, 212 — victories at Tarancon and
Ucles, 219— and at Medellin, 221— in-
activity after that battle, 235— Welling-
ton moves against him, 237 — narrow
escape of, 238— battle of Talavera, 240,
et seq. — victory at Arsobizbo, 251 —
placed under Soult, 306 — his arrival be-
fore Cadiz, 311 — left to blockade Cadiz,
337— battle of Barrossa, 341 — operations
before Cadiz, xiv. 152, 153, 286, xv. 45
— his corps on entering Russia, 369 —
advances to Smolensko, and movements
assigned to him, 328, xvi. 7, 28, 41 —
defeated at Smoliantzy, 44 — defeated by
Wittgenstein, and junction with Napo-
leon, 58— at the Beresina, 60, 62, 63,
64 — entire disorganisation of his corps,
65 — movements afterwards, 66 — his
position, 1813, 187 — forces under him,
201, note— 209— at Bautzen, 235, 243,
245 — forces in Leipsic campaign, xvii.
383, 394— at Dresden, 148, 149, 151—
after Culm, &c. 188, 189, 223— defeats
Klenau, 227— at Leipsic, 235, 240, 241,
244, 245, 257, 261, 263— during the re-
treat, 268, 280, note— at Hanau, 286—
forces under, 1814, xviii. 50, 435— re-
treats before Schwartzenberg, 65, 66, 74
— position, &c. at Nogent, 93 — moves
to join Napoleon, 107 — junction be-
tween them, 118, 119 — moved to Mon-
tereau, 121, 122— at Montereau, 125—
disgraced by Napoleon, 128— at Craone,
183, 184, 185— wounded there, 188.
Victor, Coster San, viii. 364.
Victor Amadeus, see Sardinia.
Victoria, the princess, of France, ii. 226,
228.
Victory, the, at Cape St Vincent, v. 345
—at Trafalgar, ix. 84.
Vienna, once the frontier station of Rome,
v. 8— grief in, on the departure of Marie
Antoinette, i. 216 — its deliverance by
376
INDEX.
Vienna, continued.
John Sobieski, v. 23 — its patriotism in
1796, 233— preparations for defence in
1797, vi. 17— tumult in, and insult to
the French ambassador, 1798, 221 — the
various captures of, ix. 105— the bank
of, 108 — the university, 123, note — ■
march of the French troops on, 1805,
182 — retirement of the court from it,
186 — description of it, 187 — seizure of
the bridge, 188, 189 — entry of the
French, 190, et seq. — their conduct in it,
195 — contributions levied, ib. note —
threatened by the archduke, 215 — re-
turn of Napoleon from Austerlitz to,
229— patriotic ardour in, 1809, ^ii. 214—
measures of Napoleon ior advancing on
it, 250— his arrival before it, 261— at-
tempt to defend it, 262 — measures for
its reduction, 263— capitulates, 264— ad-
vantages to Austria had it been fortified,
310 — importance of its capture to Napo-
leon, xiii. 26 — heroism of Austria after
its fall, 64 — negotiations for the peace
of, and its terms, 99, et seq. — residence
of Napoleon at, 99 — secret articles of
treaty, 104 — destruction of the ramparts,
107 — marriage by proxy of Marie Louise
at, 280— losses of Austria by treaty of,
361 — reception of Narbonne at, 1813,
xvi. 175 — congress of, see Congress.
Vienne, the archbishop of, ii. 62.
Vienne, reception of Napoleon at, vii. 93.
Vieussac, the marquis de, see Barere.
Vieux Cordelier, the, iv. 177, 179.
Vig6e, a Girondist, iii. 283 — his arrest
decreed, 295— his death, 298.
Vignon, M., x. 267, note.
Vigo, capture of, by the Spaniards, xiii.
223— attempt of Ney on, 248.
Vilate, account of Robespierre by, iv.
232.
Vilette, fort, capture of, by the French,
iii. 227.
Villa Franca, capture of, by the French,
iii. 231 — by the Spaniards, iv. 73 — com-
bat at, xii. 178 — captured by Romana,
xiii. 217 — destruction of a French
detachment at, 316 — defeat of the
Spaniards at, xiv. 185 — retreat of the
British from, xvii. 337.
Villa Nueva, forcing of the pass of, xiii.
308.
Villach, ceded to kingdom of Italy, xiii.
104— combats at, xvii. 314.
Village communities of the East, the, xv.
124.
Village system in India, the, x. 358.
Villamuriel, skirmish at, xv. 93, 94.
Villaret-Joyeuse, admiral, defeat of, on
1st of June, iv. 319, et seq. — com-
mands the fleet for St Domingo, viii.
183.
Villars Cotteret, exile of Orleans to, i. 318
— defeat of Grouchy at, xx. 6.
Villatte, general, at Talavera, xiii. 241,
242, 243— at Barrossa, 341— at the
Pyrenees, xvi. 357— at San Marcial,
386— forces under, 1813, 401 — at the
Nive, xvii. 363— at St Pierre, 371— at
Orthes, xviii. 241 — at Aire, 249— at
Tarbes, 255— at Toulouse, 267.
Villaumez, admiral, squadron under, ix.
350 — disasters of, 351 — sails for Basque
Roads, xiii. 157 — defeated there, 158, et
seq.
Ville de Varsovie, the, at Basque Roads,
xiii. 162.
Villemain, the works of, xx. 43, 58.
Villemur, general, xiv. 264, xv. 30.
Villena captured by the French, xvi.
315.
Villeneuve, admiral, vi. 279, note. 287—
sails with the Toulon fleet, ix. 56 — ex-
pedition to the West Indies, 57— returns
to Europe, 58 — defeated by Sir Robert
Calder, 62— takes refuge in Ferrol, 63—
again puts to sea, but returns to Cadiz,
67 — ordered to sail from thence, 76 —
Rosilly sent to supersede him, ib. — puts
to sea, 78, 79— battle of Trafalgar, 80,
et seq. — his surrender, 87, 90.
Villeneuve, retreat of the Bavarians from,
xviii. 122 — repulse of the French at,
241.
Villequier, M. de, ii. 45.
Villetort, M., vi. 60, note.
Villoul, recall of, vii. 173.
Vimeira, advance of the British to, xii.
Ill, et seq. — battle of, 114, et seq.
Vimereux, preparations for invasion at,
viii. 276-— French camps at, ix. 47.
Vincennes, castle of, Mirabeau imprisoned
in, ii. 21 — attacked by the mob, 227 —
proposed as a state prison, iv. 161 —
d'Enghien tried and executed at, viii.
347 — a state prison under Napoleon, xi.
209 — imprisonment of Cardinal Pietro,
&c. at, xvi. 143, note.
Vincent, arrest and execution of, iv. 190,
et seq.
Vincent, baron, xii. 142, xix. 294.
Vincent, colonel, viii. 179, 180.
Vincent, M. de, envoy from Austria, xii.
202.
Vincent, general, at Landshut, xii. 231—
recaptures Epernay, xviii. 203 — de-
feated there, 319 — repulsed at Trilport,
330.
Vincent, general, defence of Fort George
by, xix. 124— defeats Dearborn, 125.
Vincents, see St Vincents.
Vinegar HiM, defeat of the Irish at, vi.
211.
Vingtieme, tax called the, in France, i.
168 — its imposition on the nobles pro-
posed by Turgot, 244 — modification of
It proposed by Calonne, 283— the parlia-
ment consents to its equal imposition,
316.
Virginia, the forests of, xix. 14— slavery
in, 70.
Virtues, fetes of the, instituted, iv. 223.
Vistula river, the, v. 3 — approach of the
French to, 1806, x. 103— passed by them,
108— retreat of the Allies across, 110
INDEX.
377
"Vistula, continued.
— repassed by the French, 1813, xvi.
81 — its line abandoned by them, 111 —
passed by the Russians, ib. — defeat of
the French on, 113 — retreat of the
Austrian auxiliary corps on, 175 —
French forces shut up in the fortresses
of, 188 — their condition, xvii. 81.
Vitoria, battle of, xvi. 330, et scq. — its re-
sults, 338, 341— Wellington's conduct
of the campaign of, 344— its effect on
the negotiations of the Allies, xviii. 68.
Vitrolles, marquis de, xviii. 117, 300.
Vitry, repulse of Napoleon before, xviii.
310.
Vivas, general, at Cardaden, xiii. 188.
Vivian, general, at the Nive, xvii. 364 —
at Orthes, xviii. 243 — xix. 311, note — at
Waterloo, 347, 356, 358, 359, 362, 365,
366, 369.
Vizigabatam bay, naval action in, ix.
353.
Vizile, meeting of the estates of Dauphiny
at, i. 329.
Vlietich, capture of the Dutch fleet at, vii.
45.
Vogelsang, general, at Marengo, vii. 250
— at Vicenza, ix. 168 — at Wagram, xiii.
33.
Voghera, fortress of, v. 166.
Vogtland, partisan operations in, xvi. 261.
Vohlaerberg, position of Blucher at, xvii.
189.
Volano, defeat of Eugene at, xvii. 317.
Volders, capture of, by the Tyrolese, xii.
343.
Volga, river, xv. 229.
Volhynia, district of, v. 2.
Volkonsky, prince, x. 91, xi. 313, notes,
xvi. 8, xviii. 142, 301 — proposes the
march to Paris, 313 — anecdote of, 327.
Volney, M., ii. 235.
Volo, the plain of, v. 9, 15.
Vologda, forests of, xv. 229, note.
Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, birth,
parentage, and early life of, i. 136— his
first publications and subsequent career,
137 — residence in England and Prussia,
138 — retires to Fernay, and his life
there, ib. 139 — his last visit to Paris, and
death, 139 — character of his philosophy,
140 — and of his history, poetry, &c. 141
— his religious principles, 142 — his cor-
respondence with Frederick the Great,
155, note— character of Montesquieu by
him, 133 — Louis XV. 's opinion of him,
196— his exultation on the elevation of
Turgot, 237, note— letter to Lally Tol-
lendal from, ii. 35 — his remains removed
to the Pantheon, 235— xiv. 6.
Vol terra, marshes of, v. 157 — evacuated
by the French, xviii. 219.
Voltri, captured by the Allies, v. 50 — com-
bats before, vii. 212— rout of the French
at, 213.
Volturnus, defeat of Mack on the, vi. 192.
Volunteer system, introduction of the, in
Great Britain, vi. 118 — numbers, &c. of
the force, viii. 284 — proposed change in
it, x. 175, 176— which is abandoned,
180, 182.
Volunteers, the French, during 1789, ii.
50 — their state on the breaking out of
the war, and Napoleon's opinion of
them, i. 110.
Volunteers, the Prussian, 1813, xvi. 119,
205.
Vonso witch, general, xviii. 384.
Vorarlberg, the, ceded to Bavaria, ix. 224
— the French expelled from, xii. 357.
Vorela, treaty of, iii. 150.
Voting, ancient form of, in the States-
general, i. 344 — the popular party en-
deavour to secure it by head, 345— this
opposed by the parliament and Notables,
346, 347— is left undetermined, 319—
views of Necker regarding it, 360 — and
of the king, 361 — by head demanded in
the cahiers of the Tiers Etat, ii. 15.
Vouland, a member of the committee, iv.
267, note — denounced by Lecointre, v.
87 — saved from accusation, 95.
Vrilliere, M. de, L 177 — dismissal of,
230.
w.
Waal river, the, iv. 373— the British de-
feated on, 368 — subsequently the
French, 372 — passage of it by them,
384 — skirmish on, under Wellington,
xi. 51.
Wadsworth, general, xix. 102.
Wagram, description of the field of, xiii.
29— battle of, 32, et seq.— its results, 49
— appearance of the field, and visit of
Napoleon to it, 52 — it compared with
Cannae and Waterloo, 63 — character
of the campaign to Austria, 64 — its re-
sults to Napoleon, 272.
Walchen see, the, xii. 317.
Walcheren expedition, reasons for the,
xiii. 75— tardiness in preparing it, 77,
78— its extent, 79— landing, and first
successes, 80 — siege and capture of
Flushing, 83 — the expedition, and ulti-
mately the island, abandoned, 84 — rav-
ages of the fever, 85 — debates on it in
parliament, 88, et seq.— disruption of
the cabinet occasioned by it, 90 — dis-
quiet caused to Napoleon by it, 101 — >
the island incorporated with France,
291.
Waldburg Truchess, count, xviii. 385.
Waldeck, prince of, iv. 68 — joins the
Confederation of the Rhine, xi. 251,
note.
Waldgrave, admiral, v. 345.
Waldkirch, combat at, v. 296.
378
INDEX.
Waldron, captain, at Castalla, xvi. 316,
note— at Ordal, 336.
Walker, colonel, at Vimeira, xii. 114, note
— at Badajos, xv, 26— at Vitoria, xvi.
334— at Orthes, xviii. 244.
Wallachia, cession of, to Austria, pro-
posed by Talleyrand, ix. 226 — case of
the Hospodar, x. 215— his dismissal, 216
• — he is reinstated, 218 — invaded by
Michelson, 219 — allotted to Russia by
Tilsit, 328, 330 — its evacuation demanded
by Napoleon, xL 279, note — its state, xv.
133, 134— its unhealthiness, 147 — aban-
doned by Napoleon to Russia, 157 — and
formally annexed, 159 — campaign of
1811 in, 181— restored to Turkey, 182—
its subjugation by Russia, 263.
Wallenstadt, lake of, vi. 132.
Waller, captain, at Vera Cruz, v. 363.
Wallis, general, vi. 354.
Walmoden, general, at Famars, iv. 38 —
succeeds the duke of York in Holland,
372^— his first operations, 373 — retires
toward Hanover, 383 — abandons Hol-
land, 384 — further disasters, and recall
of his .troops. 386 — defence of Hanover
by, 1803, viii. 271— forces under, 1813,
xvii. 87 — 182 — operations of Davoust
against, 210— defeats Pecheux, 211—
joins Bernadotte, and operations against
of it announced in 1805, ix. 6, 8 —
working of the sinking fund during it
272— views of Fox on the, 392— unani-
mity in favour of it, 1813, xvi. 276—
devastating character of Indian, x. 375 —
passion for, in Russia, xv. 233, 234 —
she always a gainer by, 261.
Wars, private, absence of, in England,
i. 64— -peculiarities of those of England,
59 — effects of those between England
and France, 81, 84 — savage character
of those of Ireland, 71 — and Scotland,
72— of the nobles, effects of, 23, 78— of
the Roses, 66, 73.
Waradein, retreat of the Tyrolese leaders
to, xiii. 119.
Warden, abbacy of, seized by the French,
ix. 370.
Wardenship, Turgot's edict abolishing, L
250.
Wardle, colonel, xiii. 87, xiv. 42.
Warens, madame, i. 144, 146.
Warren, Sir John Borlase, defeat of a
French squadron by, vi. 213 — relieves
Elba, vii. 327— viii. 38, 39— pursuit of
Villaumez by, ix. 352 — captures Linois'
squadron, 353 — operations of, off Ame-
rica, xix. 113 — repulse of, at Craney isle,
119.
Warrington, colonel, xix. 367, note.
Davoust, 294 — against the Danes, and Warsaw, city of, v. 6 — captured by the
Poles, v. 31 — cruelties of the mob, 32 —
besieged by the Prussians, 34 — cap-
tured by Suwarroff, iv. 54, v. 36 — in
1806 evacuated by the Russians and
occupied by the French, x. 100,
109, 110 — enthusiastic reception of
Napoleon in, 112 — residence of the
French in, 130 — reception of the Turk-
ish and Persian ambassadors at, 259
— in 1809 captured by the Austrians,
xii. 367 — recaptured by the Poles, xiii.
20 — arrival of Napoleon from Russia
at, xvi. 78 — evacuated by the Aus-
trians and occupied by the Russians,
114 — general distress in, 1812-13, xv.
280.
European powers as regards its breaking Warsaw, grand-duchy of, erection of the,
armistice with them,
xviii. 47, 433.
Walpole, characters of Wolfe and Howe
by, v. 352.
Waltersdorf, combat at, x. 141.
Walther, general, xiii. 46.
Wandimash, capture of, by Coote, xi. 8 —
besieged by Hyder Ali, 18.
War, effects of the mediaeval system of,
on freedom, i. 14 — change in, by the
discovery of gunpowder, 37 — general
passion for, iii. 187 — origin of the diffe-
rences between land and sea, vii. 336 —
early usages of both, 337 — these still
kept up at sea, 338 — its effect on national
character, x. 168 — the conduct of the
out, iii. 183 — passion for it in France
i. 106 — the right of levying discussed in
the assembly, ii. 201 — its bloodless cha-
racter till 1796, v. 77— Napoleon's system
of, 247 — change in the French system
of, vii. 333 — its necessity to Napoleon,
ix. 1, xv. 310 — its culminating point
under him, xvi. 2 — influence of his sys-
tem of it, 90 — its universal spoliation, 275
— party feeling on the, in Britain, 1793,
iv. 2— debates on it, 3, et seq. — and
1794, 312— feeling with which regarded,
327— debates on it, 1795, v. 46, 47—
divided state of parties on it, 252 —
debates, 254, et seq. — and in 1797,
x. 322 — constitution framed for it, xi.
236 — invaded by the Austrians, xii. 365
— its forces, 366 — part of Gallicia an-
nexed to, xiii. 99, 104 — Alexander's
jealousy of it, xv. 211 — convention re-
garding it, which Napoleon disavows,
212— proceedings of its diet, 1812, 291—
address to Napoleon, 292 — and his
answer, 293 — his exactions, and suffer-
ings caused by them, xvi. 77 — is offered
to Prussia in 1813, 231— its dissolution
demanded by the Allies, xvii. 102, 104
— its settlement by the congress of
Vienna, xix. 248.
Warteachben, general, xiii. 43.
— difference of view on it, 1798, vi. 115 Wartenburg, defeat of the French at, xvii.
— change in its nature, 121— debates on 220.
it, 1799, vii. 139, et seq.— Pitt resigns on Wartensleben, general, v. 272— retreats
the ground of its continuance, 366 — before Jourdan, 282— defeated at Fried-
debates on it, 1803, viii. 254— principles berg, 233— continued retreat of, 285 —
INDEX.
379
Wartensleben, continued.
—actions during it, 286— joined by the
archduke, 287— at Wiirtzburg, 289— at
Auerstadt, x. 42, 43, 44.
Wasen, defeat of the Austrians at, vii.
24.
Washington, George, reception of Lafay-
ette by, ii. 31, note, 32 — retires from the
presidency, v. 316 — his character and
valedictory address, 317 — declared
generalissimo in 1798, vi. 216 — his
death, and eulogy on him by Napoleon,
vii. 176 — xiv. 2 — his efforts to maintain
peace with Great Britain, xix. 86.
Washington, expedition against, xix. 150,
et seq. — its capture, 152 — reflections on
it, 153.
Washington, fort, capture of, xix. 155.
Wasiltowich, Pierre, see Suwarroff.
Wasowitz, captain, xvi. 67.
Wasp, capture of the Frolic by the, xix.
106— and of the Reindeer, 137— loss of,
138, note.
Wasseburg, ceded to Austria, vi. 54.
Wassilchikoff, general, at Wiazma, xvi.
31 — at the Katzbach, xvii. 176 — at
Leipsic, 252 — during the pursuit, 277
— at Brienne, xviii. 78 — at Montmirail,
100— at Craone, 186— at Fere Champe-
noise, 322.
Wat Tyler, insurrection of, i. 65, 209.
Waterloo, retreat of Wellington to, xix.
332— the night before, 337— description
of the field, 338 — positions of the parties,
&c. 339, et seq.— details of forces, 401,
et seq.— battle of, 345— its results, 372—
review of campaign of, 375 — Welling-
ton's conduct at it, 385 — merits of the
English and Prussians, 386-^effects of
Grouchy 's absence, 387 — Napoleon's
tactics at, 389 — intelligence of it received
at Paris, xx. 1 — rejoicings on it in Great
Britain, 9 — compared with Marengo,
vii. 253, note— with Trafalgar, ix. 95—
and with Wagram, xiii. 63 — Wellington
created prince of, xx. 23.
Waters, colonel, xiii. 230.
Watrin, general, at the Trebbia, vi. 381,
382— at Novi, vii. 13, 15— at the close
of 1799, 61 — at Montebello, 241 — at
Marengo, 248 — at the passage of the
Mincio, 314.
Watson's Philip II. translated by Mira-
beau, ii. 21.
Watt, James, iii. 97, note, xiv. 3, xviii. 16.
Watt, lieutenant, xix. 117.
Watteville, colonel, vi. 151, viii. 226.
Watteville, regiment of, at siege of Elba,
vii. 327.
Wattignies, battle of, iv. 64.
Wavres, retreat of Blucher toward, xix.
332— French forces at, 405— battle of,
372— second, 374.
Wawell, castle of, v. 5.
Waywodes of Poland, the, v. 13.
Wealth, effect of growth of, on freedom,
L 9, 23— and on the feudal nobility, 26
—corruption of barbarous nations by it,
21, 77— its increased importance in war,
38— its influence on the French nobility,
91 — effects of its progress there, 113 — •
causes which retard its enervating influ-
ences, 116, 117 — the sources of agri-
cultural, 159 — its increase in India, x.
352— its rapid growth in the East, xv.
115, 121 — sources of that of Great
Britain, xviii. 17, 18.
Weber, account of Egalite- by, i. 184, note
— escape of, on the 2d Sept. , iii. 24.
Wechte river, the, iv. 373.
Wehlau, retreat of the Russians to, x.
308.
Weimar, capture of, by the French, x. 39
— residence of Napoleon and Alexander,
at, xii. 142 — corps of Ney at, xvi. 201.
Weischelmunde, fort of, x. 274— captured,
280.
Weiss, colonel, vi. 143, 148, 149.
Weissenberg, retreat of the French to, iv.
35— battle of, 68— the Allies defeated
at, 71.
Weissenfels, defeat of the Austrians at,
xii. 273— advance of Ney to, xvi. 209—
captured by the Allies, xvii. 228 — retreat
of Napoleon to, 276.
Wellesley, Sir Arthur, see Wellington.
Wellesley, the marquis, parentage and
birth of, xi. 49— his character, 57 — cha-
racter of his Indian administration, 58 —
his first objects in India, and perception
of the necessity of war, 62 — financial
difficulties, 63 — rapid improvement un-
der him, 64 — treaty with the Nizam, and
overthrow of the French, 65— combina-
tion against him, and measures to defeat
it, 66 — war with Tippoo, 67 — confirms
his brother in the government of Mysore,
75 — arrangements on the fall of that
power, 76 — his disinterestedness, 77 —
various treaties concluded, 79, et seq. —
expedition to Egypt, 81 — cessions from
Oude, 82 — cession of the Carnatic, 83 —
causes of the rupture with the Mahrattas,
84 — his reasons for the war, 87 — com-
mences hostilities, 88, 90 — his plan of
operations, 93— treaties with Scindiah
and the Rajah of Berar, 108 — financial
embarrassments, ib. — negotiations and
rupture with Holkar, 109— errors of his
plan of the campaign, 112 — his measures
on Monson's defeat, 118 — his generous
conduct toward that officer, ib. note —
terms granted to Bhurtpore, 128— last
instructions relative to the Mahrattas,
and return to England, 130 — review of
his administration, 133 — extension of
British India by him, 134 — on the state
of Ireland in 1834, ix. 22, note— argu-
ments for the Copenhagen expedition,
xi. 268 — foreign secretary in 1809, xiii.
91 — correspondence with Fouche" regard-
ing peace, 288 — for the Peninsular war,
1810, 300— resigns in 1812, xiv. 27, 28—
negotiations with him for the formation
of a ministry, 31 — arguments for the
continuance of the war, 1811, 96— •
380
INDEX.
Wellesley, continued.
attempt of, for the liberation of Ferdi-
nand, 139 — efforts to secure peace with
Sweden, xv. 22,3 — on the conduct of the
war, 1813, xvi. 277.
Wellesley, Henry, xi. 82, xiv. 136, 138,
xvi. 300.
Wellesley Pole, Mr, x. 217.
Wellington, the duke of, parentage and
birth of, xi. 49 — born in the same year
with Napoleon, v. 133 — his military
education begun at the same school, 135
— his education and first military ser-
vices, xi. 50 — during the campaign in
Flanders, 51 — its effect on his mind, 52
— sent to India, and his first command
there, 53 — his character, 54 — his military
character, and difficulties he had to con-
tend with, 55 — skill with which he
overcame them, 56 — at Malavelly, 68 —
repulse of, before Seringapatam, 70 —
appointed governor, and his civil ad-
ministration of it, 75 — pursuit and
overthrow of Doondiah Waugh, 78— in
the first Mahratta war, 88 — commences
hostilities, 90 — operations in the Deccan,
100— movements before Assaye, 101 —
his danger, 102 — battle of Assaye, 103 — ■
his subsequent movements, 105 — battle
of Argaum, 106 — captures Gawilghur,
107 — appointed governor fit the Deccan,
110 — returns to England, 135 — at the
bombardment of Copenhagen, 260.
Commands the expedition to Portugal,
xii. 103 — but only temporarily, 104 — sets
sail, 105 — arrives off Corunna, and first
plans, ib. — lands in Mondego bay, 106 —
advances to Rolica, 107 — victory there,
109 — advances to Vimeira, 110 — his
plans, 111 — battle of Vimeira, 113, et
seq. — measures proposed by him, 116 —
which are overruled by Burrard, 117 —
court of inquiry on him, for the conven-
tion of Cintra, 121, 127 — his views on
its expedience, 124, note — insists on the
surrender of the Russian fleet, 120.
Takes the command in the Peninsula,
xiii. 15 — his landing in Portugal, 172, 225
— plan for its defence, and memoir onit,
226 — revival of public spirit under him,
227 — his reasons for moving against
Soult, 228— first operations, 229— pas-
sage of the Douro, 230 — pursuit of Soult,
233, 234 — preparations for operations in
Estremadura, and his difficulties, 235 —
disorders among his troops, 236 — plans
for moving on Madrid, 237 — battle of
Talavera, 240 — his rear threatened by
Soult, 247— plans of resistance, 248 —
moves to the Tagus, 250 — sufferings of
his troops, 253 — failure of the Spaniards
to furnish supplies, ib. — and inefficiency
of the Spanish troops, &c. 254 — retires
to the Guadiana, 255 — losses from sick-
ness, ib. — retreats toward Beira, 260 —
policy imposed on him, 262 — difficulties
of his situation, 263 — his system of sup-
ply contrasted with the French, ib.—
effects of this on his military policy, 264
— its ultimate benefits to him, ib. — con-
sternation in Britain on his retreat, 294
— an inquiry into his conduct demanded,
295 — discussion on it in parliament, 297
— preparations for the defence of Portu-
gal, 317 — his opinion of the Spaniards,
ib. — his difficulties from the weakness of
the cabinet, 318 — and from the corrup-
tion of the Portuguese government, 320
— his moral resolution, 321 — forces
against him and under him, 322 — his
inactivity during the siege of Ciudad
Rodrigo, 323 — retreats into the interior
of Portugal, 326— battle of Busaco, 327,
et seq. — his position turned, and con-
tinues his retreat, 330 — arrives at Torres
Vedras, 331 — description of the lines,
332— joined by Romana, his forces, &c.
333 — Massena retreats, 335 — movements
in pursuit, ib. — declines battle at San-
tarem, 336— measures against Soult, 338
— his opinion of Romana, ib. note —
actions during the pursuit, 344 — defeats
Reynier at Sabugal, 346 — blockades
Almeida, ib. — battle of Fuentes d'Onore,
347, et seq. — capture of Almeida, 352 —
principles by which governed, 358.
Letter of George IV. to, xiv. 38— on
the restoration of the duke of York,
43 — letter of Whitbread to, and his
answer, 101 — in 1802 offered command
of the expedition to Java, 107 — details
of his forces, 1811, 372 — on the Cortes
and the constitution of 1812, 135, et
seq. — on the importance of Valencia,
208, note — his reasons for the siege of
Badajos, 212 — his forces at this time,
213 — causes of his successes, 215 — his
central position, 217 — difficulties of his
enemies in finding subsistence, 218 —
the guerilla warfare, 221 — jealousies
among his opponents, 222 — his talents,
and gallantry of his troops, 216 — value
of the rivers to him, 220— on the effects
of the French cruelties, 231 — his diffi-
culties, ib. — on the imbecility of the
Portuguese government, 233 — conduct
of the Spanish troops, and jealousy of
their generals, 234 — treachery of the
Cortes, 235 — his want of specie and sup-
plies, 237 — inexperience of his inferior
functionaries, 241 — origin of his diffi-
culties, 242 — he gradually overcame
them, 243 — first siege of Badajos, 244 —
takes the command in person there,
255, 257 — forces concentrated against
him, 259 — raises the siege, 261 — and
retires into Portugal, ib. — offers battle
on the Caya, 263— moves to northern
Portugal, 269 — preparations for siege of
Ciudad Rodrigo, 270 — prospects of suc-
cess there, 271 — converts it into a block-
ade, 273 — reasons for declining battle,
274 — combat of El Bodon, 275— retires
to Guinaldo, 276— his danger there, 278
— combat of Aldeadel Ponte, 279 — goes
into cantonments, ib. — courtesy during
INDEX.
381
Wellington, continued.
the contest, ib. — unhealthy condition of
his troops, 280 — efforts for improving
their organisation, and the efficiency of
the Portuguese government, 283 — pre-
parations against Ciudad Rodrigo, 284
— his gains during the campaign, 286,
287 — improvement in his troops, 288 —
lines of Torres Vedras strengthened,
and new ones at Almeida, 289.
Preparations against Ciudad Rodrigo,
xv. 5- — passes the Agueda, and com-
mences the siege, 6, et seq. — its capture,
12 — importance of this, 13 — honours
conferred on him, 14 — preparations
against Badajos, '15 — its siege, 16, et
seq. — plan of the assault, 20 — his con-
duct during it, and its capture, 27 — ■
projects attacking Soult, and move-
ments of Marmont, 31 — moves to the
Agueda, 32— efforts to supply Almeida,
&c. 33 — his forces, and their condition,
36 — moves against Marmont, 37 — sur-
prise of the bridge and forts of Almarez,
38, 39 — on the partial failure there, 41
— preparations in Estremadura, 43 —
prepares to invade Spain, ib. — advances
to Salamanca, 46 — siege of the forts,
47 — Marmont fails to raise it, 48 — cap-
ture of them, and retreat of Marmont,
49 — forces concentrated against him,
and his critical situation, 50 — retreats,
ib. — his difficulties from the slowness of
the Spaniards, 51 — failure of Bentinck
to co-operate with him, 52 — retreats
across the Guarena, 53 — his march to
Salamanca, 55 — retires to that city, 56
— his critical situation, 57 — battle of
Salamanca, 58, et seq. — pursues in the
wrong direction, 66 — results of the
battle, 67 — narrow escape of, 68 — move-
ments in pursuit, 70 — entry into
Madrid, 73— captures the Retiro, 76 —
advantages of his position, 77 — and its
dangers, 78 — orders Hill up to Madrid,
and his difficulties there, 82 — moves
against Clausel, and joins Santocildes,
83 — siege of Burgos, 85, et seq. — raising
of it, 89 — insolent conduct of Bal-
lasteros, 90 — orders Hill to evacuate
Madrid, 91 — difficulties of his retreat,
92— joined by Hill, 94— offers battle at
Salamanca, 95 — falls back toward
Ciudad Rodrigo, 96 — losses, &c. of the
retreat, 97 — arrives at Ciudad Rodrigo,
98 — goes into winter -quarters, 99 —
address to the troops, ib. — and effect
produced by it, 100 — its general justice,
101 — results of the campaign, 105 — his
merits in it, 106 — his campaign of
Torres Vedras taken as their model by
the Russians, 272 — parallel between him
and Barclay, 288.
Efforts to reorganise his army, xvi.
299 — appointed generalissimo in Spain,
300 — his measures for improving the
Spanish armies, ib. — visit to Cadiz,
302— reception by the Cortes, and new
organisation of the Spanish forces, 303
— his views regarding the internal gov-
ernment of Spain, 304 — efforts to reform
the Portuguese administration, 307,
308— his forces, 309— general plan, 313
— condition of his army, 322 — enters
Spain, 323 — passage of the Douro, 324
— his march to Vitoria, 326, et seq. — his
forces and their disposition there, 330,
et seq.— battle of Vitoria, 332, et seq.-~
its results, 338 — effects of the plunder
on the discipline of the army, 339 — his
conduct toward the captive ladies, 340
— his efforts on behalf of the French
adherents, 341, 342, note — operations
against Clausel, 342 — his conduct of
the campaign, 344 — siege of San
Sebastian, 347, et seq. — siege converted
into a blockade, 352 — position and
strength of his forces, 357 — battle of
the Pyrenees, ib. et seq. — battle of
Soraoren, 362, et seq. — subsequent
movements, 367 — and successes, 369 —
results of the battles, and his ability in
them, 373 — losses in them, 374— siege of
San Sebastian resumed, 375 — its cap-
ture, 379 — tardiness of the government
in sending out supplies, 383, 384 — battle
of San Marcial, 386 — his forces at vari-
ous times, 400, 402.
Effect of his successes on the Allies,
xvii. 68, 69, 125— his forces, 1813, 97,
396 — directs Murray to attack Tarra-
gona, 329 — rapid recovery of his sick
and wounded, 337 — his views relative
to the invasion of France, 338 — ineffi-
ciency of the Spanish government, and
attacks of the Cortes on him, ib. 339 —
his counsels regarding the Cortes, 339 —
the government urge him to invade
France, 340 — position, &c. of the
Bidassoa, 341, et seq. — battle of the
Bidassoa, 343— ability in it, 345— his
measures to prevent plundering in
France, 346, 347 — benefits of these,
348— capture of Pampeluna, 349, 350—
battle of the Nivelle, 353, et seq. — its
results, 358 — disposition to pillage
among his troops, 359— his measures to
prevent it, 360 — difficulties from the
conduct of the Spanish government,
361— and of the Portuguese, 362, 363,
et seq. — prepares to force the Nive, 362
—battle of the Nive, 364, et seq.— battle
of St Pierre, 373, et seq. — advantages of
his winter-quarters, 377 — his determi-
nation to restrain pillage, 378, note —
efforts to supply his troops, 378 — effects
of his stoppage of plunder, 379 — reflec-
tions on these battles, ib. — his mode of
conducting the contest, 381.
His forces, 1813, xviii. 48— joined by
d'Angouleme, 116 — difficulty of furnish-
ing him with specie, 229 — plan of
removing him to Flanders, 230 — his
reasons against it, 231 — reinforcements
received by him, 233— embarrassment
caused by the arrival of d'Angouleme,
382
INDEX.
Wellington, continued.
234 — measures for suppressing insur-
rection, 235, 236 — plan for forcing
Soult's position, 237 — passage of the
Adour, 238, et seq. — position of Orthes,
241 — his efforts to maintain discipline,
242 — battle of Orthes, 243, et seq. —
combat of Aire, 249 — measures to aid
the royalists at Bordeaux, 250 — disci-
pline observed, and results of this, 253 —
combats at Pau, &c. 254 — battle of
Tarbes, 255 — results of the campaign,
256 — its moral lustre, 257 — position
of Toulouse, 262 — his first attempt
on it, 263— plan of attack, 266— forces,
268 — battle of Toulouse, 269, et seq.
— his entry into the town, 278 — in-
formed of Napoleon's dethronement,
and convention with Soult, 279— sets
out for Paris, 282 — his conduct of the
campaign, 283.
On the expedition against Plattsburg,
xix. 164 — grant voted, honours confer-
red,&c. on him,192 — his reception in par-
liament, and the speaker's address, ib. —
his reply, 194 — the thanksgiving at St
Paul's, 195 — at the congress of Vienna,
231, 245— interview with Louis XVIII.
at Ghent, 296 — his plan of the cam-
paign of 1815, forces, &c. 307, 310,400—
delay in concentratingthem, 311 — failure
to communicate Napoleon's advance to
him, 313 — reasons for his inactivity, ib.
— he said to have been duped by
Fouch6, 315, note — movements before
Quatre Bras, 323 — battle of Quatre
Bras, 325, et seq.— retreats to Waterloo,
332, 334— hitherto overmatched, 334—
advantages of his line of retreat, 335—
night before Waterloo, and feelings of
his soldiers, 337— his position, 339 — his
forces, 343, 401 , 402 — resolves to give bat-
tle, 340 — appearance of his troops, 341 —
battle of Waterloo, 345, et seq. — meeting
with Blucher, 371— his losses, 372— he
was taken unawares at first, 376 — mis-
led by false information, 377 — effects of
earlier concentration, 379 — ultimately
outgenerals Napoleon, 384 — his con-
duct in the field, 385— parallel between
him and Napoleon, 390 — points of dif-
ference, 391 — contrast of their moral
characters, 392 — of their intellectual,
and principles of action, 393.
His rapid approach to Paris, xx. 5 —
measures to prevent pillage, ib. — con-
tinued successes, 6 — his total losses, 9 —
capitulation of Paris, ib. — entry into it,
11 — saves the bridge of Jena, 13 — forces
under him, 20 — commands the army of
occupation, 22 — created prince of
Waterloo, 23 — review of his troops, ib.
— applied to on behalf of Ney, 27 —
review of his conduct in the affair, 29.
Wells, captain, xviii. 261.
Welmoes, a Dane, vii. 381.
Werle, general, at Albuera, xiv. 247, 248
—death of, 253.
Werneck, general, at Wurtzburg, v.
— retreats before Hoche, vi. 41 — forces,
37 — defeated near Ulm, 154 — sur-
renders, 155.
Wescott, defeat of the Austrians at, vii. 34.
Wesel, annexation of, to France, xL 283
— execution of Schill's compatriots at,
xvi. 101 — evacuated by the French,
xviii. 289 — surrendered by treaty, of
Paris, 403.
Weser, the, closed against Great Britain,
vii. 359, viii. 272— landing of a British
detachment at, xvi. 192— spread of the
insurrection along the, 193.
Wessel, colonel von, xix. 311, note.
Wessenberg, M., xvi. 172.
West Bothnia, ceded to Russia, xv. 203.
West Indies, British conquests in, 1794,
iv. 317 — Dutch colonies in, 377 — danger
to, from peace, v. 48 — successes of the
British in, 1796, 304— of Missiessy, i.\.
55 — expedition of Villeneuve to, 56 —
effects of the heavy duties on their pro-
duce, 302— of the abolition of the slave
trade, 184, et seq. — and of negro eman-
cipation, 193, 195 — their stationary con-
dition, x. 194, note — injustice to which
exposed, 194 — decline of their produce,
195, note — their aspect, forests, and
natural riches, xix. 2— contrasted with
Canada, 3.
Westcolt, captain, death of, vi. 276.
Westermann, general, heads the insur-
gents on the 10th August, ii. 335, 350,
ili- 4 — invasion of La Vendee by, 348,
355 — victorious at Mans, 372 — and at
Savenay, 373, 374— joins the Danton-
ists, iv. 175 — arrested, 194.
Westmoreland, the earl of, viiL 296, x.
237, note.
Westphal, lieutenant, xix. 119.
Westphalia, classified population of, x.
7, note — creation of kingdom of, x. 323
— its constitution, xi. 237 — excitement
in, against the French, xii. 209, 359 —
— revolt in, and its suppression, 360 —
annexation of part of, to France, xv.
210— Hanover detached from, 214— in-
surrectionary movements in, xvi. 185 —
invaded by Chernicheff, xvii. 209— dis-
solution of kingdom of, 293.
Wetherall, general, xiv. 109.
Wetlau, combat at, xvii. 228.
Wetterhorn, the, vi. 134.
Wexford, capture of, by the Irish, vi. 211.
Weyrother, general, ix. 202.
Wharncliffe, lord, xiv. 31.
Wheatley, colonel, at Barrossa, xiii. 342.
Wheel, punishment of the, i. 178, 179,
note.
Whitbread, Mr, charges brought against
Lord Melville by, ix. 10 — against
the Peninsular war, 1809, xiii. 149 —
and 1810, 297— letter from him to Wel-
lington, xiv. 101— xix. 92, note — moves
the grant to him, 193.
White, general, v. 304.
White river, the, xix. 12.
INDEX.
White sea, forests on the shores of the, xv.
229.
Whitelocke, general, expedition under,
to South America, x. 210, 211 — de-
feated, 212— trial of, ib.
Whittingham, general, xvi. 315, 316, 330.
Whit worth, lord, ambassador at St Peters-
burg, vii. 73 — dismissed, 166— negotia-
tions with Denmark, 1800, 350 — ambas-
sador at Paris in 1802, viii. 146 — inter-
views of, with Napoleon, 245, 248 —
negotiations regarding Malta, 251 —
leaves France, 252.
Wiazma, retreat of Barclay to, xv. 329—
blockaded by the Cossacks, xvi. 15 — ad-
vance of Kutusoff to, 28— battle of, 30.
Wibeski, M., xvi. 76.
Wickliam, Mr, envoy to Switzerland, v.
260, vi. 143.
Widdin, fortress of, xv. 142, 148— revolt
of the pasha of, 149 — importation of
British goods into, 160.
Widelle, execution of, xvi. 101.
Widranges, the marquis de, xviii. 116, 117.
Wied Runchel, seizure of, by the French,
iii. 176.
Wied Runchel, prince, defeats St Cyr at
Dresden, xvii. 298 — at Limonet, xviii.
226, 227.
Wieland, the poet, xii. 142, xiv. 10.
Wieland, execution of, iii. 377.
Wiggisthal, defeat of the Austrians at,
vii. 25.
Wilberforce, Mr, arguments of, against
the war, 1803, viii. 257 — against the
slave trade, x. 187.
Wilhelmsburg, capture of, by the Rus-
sians, xvi. 262 — combats at, xviii. 288.
Wilidruf, skirmish at, xvi. 22:i.
Wilkinson, general, invades Canada, xix.
131 — defeated, and retreats, 132 — de-
feated at Cole Mill, 144.
Willaumez, see Villaumez.
William the conqueror, subjugation of
England by, and its effects, i. 55, 56 —
power of the crown under, 62.
William III., income and debt of Great
Britain under, ix. 254, 256.
William IV. while duke of Clarence, con-
veys Louis XVIII. to France, xviii. 400.
William, prince, at Auerstadt, x. 43 — at
Laon, xviii. 194— at battle of Paris, 346.
Williams, captain, x. 372, note.
Williamstadt, besieged by Dumourier, iv.
25.
Willot, measures proposed by, against the
Directory, vi. 102 — arrested, 103 — con-
demned to transportation, 106, 107 —
escapes to England, 108.
Wilna, proclamation by Alexander from,
xv. 285 — losses by the French up to, 287
— evacuated by the Russians, and occu-
pied by the. French, 290 — Napoleon's
long delay at it, 291 — his advance from
it, 298 — the hospitals of, 325 — magazines
formed at, xvi. 42 — combat before, 70 —
captured by the Cossacks, and losses of
the French at, 72— arrival of Napoleon
at, 76" — dismay at, on the return of the
army, ib. — humanity of Alexander, &c.
at, 81.
Wilson, Sir Robert, on the poisoning of
the sick at Jaffa, vi. 305 — description of
the Cossacks by, x. 93, note — 308, note,
309 — operations in Portugal, and ad-
vance to Ciudad Rodrigo, xiii. 211 —
threatens Madrid, 237, 249— defeated at
Banos, 252 — retreats before Marmont,
xv. 31 — defeated at Mondego, 32 — at
Dresden, xvii. 146 — at the Nive, 367.
Wilson, captain, xix. 367, note.
Wilton, abbot of, xiii. 115.
Wimpffen, general, xviii. 226, 227.
Winchester, general, xix. 121.
Winder, general, xix. 151, 152.
Windham, Mr, resignation of, 1801, vii.
365 — against the peace of Amiens, viii.
61 — his political views, ix. 323 — secretary
at war in 1806, 324 — his military system,
x. 170, et seq. — speech of Fox on it, ix.
392— effect of his measures, x. 181 — his
error regarding the volunteers, 182 — his
instructions to general Whitelocke, 211,
note— his changed views on the war, xii.
50.
Windier, Dr, xvi. 266.
Windsor castle, the, at the Dardanelles,
x. 228.
Winkowo, battle of, xvi. 18.
Winning, general, x. 58, 60.
Winnipeg, lake, xix. 9.
Winnyia-Louki, destruction of a French
detachment at, xvi. 54.
Winter, admiral de, v. 365 — defeat of, at
Camperdown, 366.
Winterthur, the Austrians at, vi. 352.
Winzingerode, general count, ambassador
to Prussia in 1805, ix. 9— and to Austria,
37 — 192 — taken prisoner at Moscow, xvi.
21 — threatened by Napoleon, 28 — re-
captured by the Cossacks, 47 — defeats
Reynier at Kalisch, 114 — crosses the
Oder, 115 — advances toward Dresden,
195— occupies Halle, 197 — forces under
him, 202, 203, note— 211— at Liitzen,
213, 218— forces of, 1813, xvii. 87, 387,
389 — overruns Westphalia, 293 — and
Berg, Oldenburg, &c. 294 — moves to
Holland, 310 — passes the Rhine, and
operations, 1814, xviii. 47, 69— joined
by Bulow, 131 — captures Soissons, 132,
et seq. — evacuates it, 134 — placed under
Blucher, 144 — operations against Mor-
tier, 146, 167 — joins Bulow, 176 — again
captures Soissons, 177 — joins Blucher,
178— at Craone, 181. 183— at Laon, 191,
196— 207— detached after Napoleon to-
ward St Dizier, 316 — skirmish at Tieble-
mont, 317 — defeated by Napoleon, 327,
328—433.
Wischau, junction of the Russians and
Austrians at, ix. 194, 195 — advance of
the Allies to, 201.
Witepsk, retreat of Bagrathion to, xv. 295
— and of Barclay, 298 — concentration
of the Russians there, 299— their retreat
384
INDEX.
Witepsk, continued.
from it, 300 — arrival and halt of the
French, 301— the hospitals at, 325—
captured hy Wittgenstein, xvi. 44.
Witt, general de, xv. 244.
Wittenagemot, origin of the, i. 18.
Wittenberg captured by the French, x.
54 — attempt of Schill on, xii. 361 — ad-
vance of Wittgenstein to, xvi. 194 —
blockaded by Kleist, 197— state of gar-
rison, xvii. 80— siege of, by the Allies,
208 — which is raised, 226 — its capture,
xviii. 287 — its cession to Prussia, xix.
241. .
Wittgenstein, count, a member of the
Tugendbund, xi. 249 — his early career
and character, xv. 306, note, xviii. 170 —
forcing of the Brenner by, xiii. 112 —
operations on the Dwina, and defeat of
Oudinot by, xv. 306, 307— reinforced by
Steinheil, 307 — again defeats Oudinot,
327 — battle of Polotsk, ib.— defeats
Wrede, 328 — corps under him, 370—
reinforced by the army of Finland, xvi.
5 — operations assigned to him, ib. 6,
note — operations on the Dwina. 42 —
battle of Polotsk , 43 — and of Smoliantzy ,
44 — effect of his movements, 47 — defeats
Victor, 58— at the Beresina, 61, 62, 63
— losses of, from cold, &c. 70 — operations
against Macdonald, 75 — enters Prussia,
111 — proclamation, ib. note — surprises
Marienwerder, 113 — passes the Oder,
115 — appointed commander-in-chief, 116
— forces and position of, 190 — moves to
the Elbe, 194 — proclamation to the
Saxons, 195 — defeats Eugene, 196 —
advances to Dessau, 197— passage of the
Elbe, 204— movements to Liitzen, 210
— combat of Poserna, 211 — battle of
Liitzen, 213, et seq.— retreats toward
Dresden, 223— displaced from the chief
command, 248 — his retreat from Baut-
zen, 254— forces under, 1813, xvii. 387 —
arrives before Dresden, 137 — occupies
Pirna, 138— at battle of Dresden, 143,
145, 149, 152— his retreat, 156— advances
toward it, 199 — driven back, 201 —
attacks St Cyr, 203— 205— at Nollendorf,
206— advances toward Leipsic, 227, 228
— forces there, 394— at battle of Leipsic,
237, 261— forces, &c. 1814, xviii. 46, 432
— line of entrance into France, 55, 65 —
pursuit of the French from Troyes, 117
— retreats, 120 — defeated at Nangis, 121
—at Bar-sur-Aube, 168, 169— wounded,
and replaced by Raeffskoi, 170.
Wolf, clerk to the Revolutionary Tribunal,
iv. 243, note.
Wolfe, general, v. 352.
Wolfe Tone, Theobald, v. 310, vi. 209—
capture and death of, 213.
Wolfendorf, combat at, x. 287.
Wolfering, combat at, v. 286.
Wolfskehl, general, xii. 269, 270.
Wolga river, xv. 229.
Wolkonsky, see Volkonsky.
Wollin, isle of, x. 257.
Wood, colonel, xi. 26, note— at Fort Cor-
nelius, xiv. 109.
Wood, captain, xviii. 358, note.
Woods of Canada," the, xix. 10 — of France,
i. 103 — of Lithuania, xv. 277 — of Russia,
228, 229— of South America, xiv. 304—
of the West Indies, xix. 2— of North
America, 3, 4.
Woodford, colonel, xix. 345.
Woodington, colonel, xi. 101.
Woolridge, captain, xiii. 160.
Woolwich, arsenal of, xx. 68 — visited by
Alexander, xviii. 412.
Wop, passage of the, by the French, xvi. 39.
Wordsworth, William, xiv. 5.
Worgl, defeat of the Tyrolese at, xii. ~ "
350.
Works of art, restoration of the, xx. 17,
seq.
Worms, captured by the French, iii. 22<
and again, iv. 71.
Wornoff, general, xv. 168.
Woronzoff, count, ambassador to Britain,
1793, iv. 20— ix. 136— forces under, 1813,
xvi. 190, 202, note— at Dessau, 256—
surprises a French depot, 260— forces
under, xvii. 87, 387. 389— at Leipsic,
269, 271— overruns Westphalia, 293—
invests Harburg, 294 — placed under
Blucher, xviii. 144 — operations against
Mortier, 167 — capitulation of Soissons
to, 177— at Craone, 181, 184, 185, 187,
188, 189— at Laon, 193 — at battle of
Paris, 342, 344.
Worsley, lieutenant, xix. 133.
Wortley, Mr Stuart, xiv. 31.
Wottemberg, retreat of Benningsen to, x.
153.
Wrede, marshal, commands the Bavari-
ans, 1805, ix. 140, note — placed under
Bernadotte, 142 — moved to the rear of
Mack, 145 — during campaign of Ech-
muhl, xii. 222, 223, 227— at Abensberg,
229, 230— defeated at St Verti, 246—
and at St Lorenzo, 340— atrocities of,
in the Tyrol, 342 — made prisoner at
Innspruck, 345 — arrives at Lobau, xiii.
23, 32— at Wagram, 44, 46— defeated
by Wittgenstein, xv. 328— forces under,
1813, xvii. 97 — moves toward the Rhine,
282— forces, &c. at Hanau, 283— battle
of Hanau, 285, et seq. — is wounded, 289
—forces, &c. 1814, xviii. 46, 432— his
entrance into France, 54, 65 — at La
Rothiere, 82, 84— combat at Lesmont,
87 — advances toward Paris, 108, 117 —
driven back by Gerard, 120— battle of
Montereau, 122 — at Bar-sur-Aube, 168,
169— at La Guillotiere, 172, 173— ad-
vances to Sens, 174 — 302 — at Arcis-sur-
Aube, 304, 305, 307— xix. 237.
Wreden, ceded by Prussia, x. 324, note.
Wright, lieutenant, viii. 13, note.
Wright, captain, death of, viii. 367.
Wukassowich, general, defeated at Dego,
v. 178 — at Magnaho, vi. 343 — at the
Adda. 364 — surprises Turin, 369 — occu-
pies Mondovi, 375 — forces under, 1800,
INDEX.
385
Wukassowich, general, continued.
vii. 236 — operations in the Tyrol, 319—
joins Bellegarde, 320.
Wurbna, count, ix. 186.
Wurmb, major, death of, xv. 89.
Wurraser, marshal, victory of, at Weissen-
berg, iv. 68 — operations against Stras-
bourg, &c. 69 — forces on the Rhine, v.
72, 268— successes on the Neckar, 74 —
captures Manheim, 75 — removed to
Italy, 269, 277 — forces for relieving
Mantua, 205— successes of, 207, et seq.—
enters Mantua, 209— defeated at Lonato,
210 — and at Medola, 212— retreats to
the Tyrol, 213— again advances, 215 —
his plans, 217— defeated at Bassano, 218
— throws himself into Mantua, 219 —
finally defeated before it, 220— revictuals
it, 232 — operations for raising the siege,
239— his surrender there, 242— generous
conduct of, 243— system by which de-
feated, 247.
Wurmser Joch, passage of the, vi. 329.
Wurtemburg, duke of, at Nerwinde, iv.
28 — negotiations with France, 370 —
contributions levied on his dominions,
v. 301, note — treaty concluded, vii. 160
— indemnities gained by, viii. 214, note —
measures of Napoleon to secure him, ix.
160 — made king, and gains of, by treaty
of Presburg, ix. 224, 225, note — a mem-
ber of the Confederation of the Rhine,
372— forces under him, 1806, x. 26—
defeated at Halle, 52 — his troops join
the Allies at Leipsic, xvii. 262, 264— he
accedes to the German confederacy,
xviii. 39 — his contingent, 41 — at the
congress of Vienna, xix. 231 — position
of, in the confederacy, 238.
Wurtemberg, prince-royal of, blockades
Dantzic, xvi. 203, note — at Lutzen, 219
— at Bautzen, 240 — operations against
Dantzic, xvii. 307 — 387 — operations, &e.
1814, xviii. 46, 54— at La Rothiere, 81,
82, 83— captures Sens, 118— at Mon-
tereau, 125, 126 — at Arcis-sur-Aube,
304, et seq.— 326— at battle of Paris, 342,
344, 345.
Wurtemberg, Eugene, prince of, at Wiaz-
ma, xvi. 31 — xvii. 158 — operations
against Vandamme, 163 — advances to-
ward Dresden, 199— at Leipsic, 240, 242,
243, 244— at Bar-sur-Aube, xviii. 168—
check of Macdonald by, 171 — at La
GuiUotiere, 172— at Nangis, 174 — at
Fere Champenoise, 321 — at battle of
Paris, 342, 343, 345.
Wilrtemberg, Ferdinand, prince of, forces
under, 1813, xvii. 97, xviii. 48.
Wurtzburg, the grand-duke of, ix. 373,
xiii. 106.
Wurtzburg, capture of, by the French, v.
286— battle of, 288 — captured by the
Austrians, 290 — contributions of the
French on, 301, note — besieged by them,
1800, vii. 283— captured by the Allies,
xviii. 287.
Wybecki, a Polish leader, x. 100.
Wylie, Sir James, xvi. 82, 83, note.
Wynaad, cession of, to Tippoo, xi. 67.
Wynne, Mr, xix. 196.
X.
Xalon, defeat of Palafox on the, xii.
Xantrailles, general, vi. 353.
Xouga river, the, xiv. 295.
Xucar, the Spaniards defeated on the,
xii. 68, xvii. 332 — Suchet's position on,
xvi. 314.
Yanzi, retreat of the French through pass
of, xvi. 371.
Yapura river, the, xiv. 293, 295.
Yarmouth, lord, negotiations by, 1806\
ix. 379, 382, et seq. — learns Napoleon's
designs on Portugal, xi. 287— xiv. 32, 33.
Yavari river, the, xiv. 295.
Yecla, defeat of the Spaniards at, xvi. 315.
Yeo, Sir James, defeated at Sackett's
harbour, xix. 123 — successes of, on
Ontario, 127 — captures Fort Oswego,
144 — demands a court-martial on Pre-
vost, 163 — blockades Chauncey, 166.
Yeomanry of England, early importance
of the, i. 53 — their origin, 56, 59 — causes
of their importance, 60 — attention paid
to them by the barons, 61 — their high
pay, 84, note — want of, in Scotland
and France, 60, 80.
Yermoloff, general, xv. 312, xvi. 62.
York and Lancastrian wars, the, i. 66, 73.
York, cardinal, vi. 175.
York, the duke of, in Holland, iv. 17 —
VOL. XX.
at the battle of Famars, 38 — captures
Valenciennes, 39 — besieges Dunkirk,
56, 57— defeated and raises the siege, 60
— advances to Maubeuge, 64 — victorious
at Troisville, 336— joins Clairfait, 337—
defeated at Turcoing, 339 — separation
from the Austrians, 344 — retreats be-
fore Pichegru, 350, 352— generous pro-
clamation of, 353 — forces under him,
366— repulsed on the Aa, id.— continued
disasters of, 368 — abandons Nimeguen,
371— returns to England, 372— again
commands in Holland, vii. 46, et seq. — •
victorious at Schorl, 49 — moves on
Haarlem, 50 — his retreat, 51 — evacuates
the country, 52 — his administration of
the army, x. 176, xii. 18, 19 — charges
against, and debates on them, xiii. 87
— resigns, 88 — xiv. 28 — restored to the
command of the army, 42.
York, general, character of, xvi. 104 —
convention con eluded with the Russians,
75, 103 — superseded, and his trial
2b
386
INDEX.
York, general, continued.
ordered, 108— -his measures to gain time,
109 — his convention ratified, 125— forces
under him, 1813, 189, 202, 203, note—
at Bautzen, 236 — in Silesia, xvii. 134 —
at the Katzbach, 175, 225 — forces
under, at Leipsic, 395 — at Mockern,
238, 247, 248-^t Leipsic, 258, 266—
movements subsequently, 275— xviii. 46
— passes the Rhine, 64, 65 — operations
against Marmont, 67 — detached by
Blucher, 75 — occupies Chalons, &c. 92
— at Montmirail, 98, 99, 100— rejoins
Blucher, 134— at Craone, 182— atLaon,
191, 193, 195— at battle of Paris, 342,
344, 433.
York, state of, under the Saxons, i. 55 —
its population, iii. 98, note — the Luddite
disturbances in, xiv. 50.
York, Canada, captured by the Ameri-
cans, xix. 122.
Yorke, Redhead, iv. 312, note.
Young, Mr, on the state of the French
poor, i. 170.
Ysel, mount, battles of, xii. 345, 353, xiii.
113.
Yurua river, xiv. 293, 295.
Yutay river, xiv. 295.
z.
Zach, general, at Marengo, vii. 250, 251
— made prisoner, 252— at Aspern, xii.
295— at Wagram, xiii. 33.
Zacomilsky, general, x. 91, note.
Zaire of Voltaire, the, i- 143.
Zamora, occupied by Marmont, xv. 49 —
blockaded by the guerillas, 76.
Zamosc, captured by the French, xiii. 19
—ceded to duchy of Warsaw, 104 — oc-
cupied by the French, xvi. 113, 188—
blockaded by the Allies, 190, 203, note
— state of the garrison, xvii. 81— sur-
renders, 309.
Zante, subdued by the British, 'xiii. 166.
Zara, captured by the Austrians, xvii. 319.
Zaragoza, Augustina, xiii. 180.
Zastroff, general, ix. 41, xvi. 259.
Zaucha, defeat of the French at, xvi. 261.
Zayas, secret interview of, with Ferdin-
and, xi. 359— at Valencia, xiv. 200— at
Albuera, 253.
Zayonscheck, general, defeated at Chelne,
v. 33 — in Cairo, viii. 9 — xii. 366 — cap-
tures Warsaw, xiii. 20, 21.
Zealand, submission of, to the French,
iv. 386 — entrance of Bernadotte into,
xv. 197.
Zealous, the, at the Nile, vi. 271.
Zeitz, defeat of the French at, xvii. 208.
Zellin, the Oder passed by the Russians
at, xvi. 115.
Zemaun Shah, xi. 66.
Zemindar system in India, the, x. 355.
Zemolo, occupied by the French, v. 178 —
the Piedmontese defeated at, 179.
Zernetz, defeat of the Austrians at, vi. 348.
Zeydenick, defeat of the Prussians at, x. 55.
Zezere, valley of, xiii. 336.
Ziethen, general, at Lutzen, xvi. 214 — at
Bautzen, 241 — advances toward
Dresden, xvii. 199 — at Nollendorf, 205,
206 — forces under, at Leipsic, 395— ope-
rations there, 237, 258, 261— at Vau-
champs, xviii. 103— at Laon, 194 — forces
under, 1815, xix. 404 — receives intelli-
gence of Napoleon's advance, 312 — fails
to communicate with Wellington, 313
— his retreat, and losses during it, 317 —
at Waterloo, 355, 363 — successes near
Paris, xx. 8.
Zittau, advance of Napoleon to, xvii. 132.
Znaym, efforts of Murat to reach, ix. 191
— arrival of Kutusoff at, 192 — combat
near, 193 — arrival of the archduke at,
and his position, xiii. 57 — battle of, 58
— armistice of, 59, et seq.
Zobten, defeat of the French at, xvii.
134.
Zoph, general, vi. 340 — at Magnano, 343
—at the Adda, 364—375.
Zoppel, George, a Tyrolese, xii. 354, note,
xiii. 124.
Zuazo, bridge of, xiv. 148, 149.
Zubiri, retreat of the British to, xvi. 361.
Zug, defeat of the Swiss at, vi. 159— joins
the forest cantons, viii. 225 — declares
against Napoleon, xviii. 43.
Zug, lake of, vi. 132.
Zurich, grievances in canton of, vL 141 —
democratic movement in, 149— revolt of,
154 — exactions of the French at, 155,
161, note — position of Massena at, and
first battle of, 353 — his retreat from it.
354 — second battle of, vii. 30 — oppression
of Massena in, 161 — revolts against the
central government, viii. 226— occupied
by the French, 229 — declares against
Napoleon, xviii. 43.
Zurich, lake of, vi. 132.
Zurichberg, combat at,vi. 354.
Zurmurhausen, bestowal of recompenses
by Napoleon at, ix. 147.
Zuyder Zee, the, iv. 375— passed by the
French on the ice, 386.
PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND S^f&^DiNB^BGH.
O
D Alison, (Sir) Archibald, bart,
308 History of Europe from the
M3 commencement of the French
1&47 Revolution in 1789 to the
v. 20 restoration of the Bourbons
in 1815 7th ed.
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