Full text of "History of Genesee county, Michigan. With illustrations and biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers"

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GENESEE COUNTY,

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i(IIii*jlrations mnl ||iogra^hic»il Slietdie^

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1880

PHILADELPHIA:

EVERTS & ABBOTT.

1879.

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..^•^-o-f^.o; I) :• — :i i.> '^^

PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADtLPHIA.

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PREFACE.

It is chiefly for the sake of confoniiing to a custom wiiich is as old as tlie trade of book-making
that these few prefatory lines are addressed to readers of the following pages.

Prefaces, although seldom read, contain, generally, some remarks which are pertinent and of value,
as well as many wliicli arc unimportant and nuTiecessary ; among the latter of wliich may be classed
those insincere apologies which authors so frequently offer in advance, — much the same as the skillful
housewife of a quarter of a century ago used always to make pretended apologies to her guests when
setting before them a repast which was really excellent, and wliich she herself knew to be so. It has
been told how, on one such occasion, when the good lady of the house had despairingly assured her favorite
pastor that he would find the meats very badly cooked, and the bread really not fit to be eaten, the
reverend gentleman disappointed and mortified her by the inquiry, "Then why, my dear madam, do you
place them before me?" The reply was most appropriate; and a similar one miglit well be addressed to
those writers who, while acknowledging their works to be fiiulty and inferior, yet do not hesitate to offer
them to readers who have the right to expect and demand that they shall be of an oj^posite character.

In the preparation of this work, tiie object steadily kept in v.ew has been to furnish a reliable and
exhaustive history of Genesee County, in all its departments,— pioneer, agricultural, manufacturing, civil,
military, educational, and religious. To accomplish this object many months (equivalent to more than two
years' time of a single person) have been spent, and neither labor nor expense have been spared in any
particular. Something has been gathered from published works; more from the State archives, the county
and township records, and the files of old newspapers; and still more (as it is designed to be especially a
history of pioneers and pioneer enterprise) from information furnished by the oldest residents and best
informed people in the county. In Flint City, and in the eighteen townships, many such persons have been
called on, and all — with a single exception — have most obligingly imparted such information as they were
able to give. To all and each of these sincere thanks are returned for the assistance they have so kindly
and willingly contributed. The name of each would he given separately in acknowledgment, but on
account of the great number (exceeding three hundred) who have rendered valuable aid, such separate
mention is impracticable.

Especial acknowledgments are due to the editors and proprietors of the Several newspaiiers, the pastors
of the churches, and the ofiicers of the county, the townships, and the public institutions; all of whom
have responded promptly and courteously to requests for assistance.

The History of Genesee County is now presente<l, without apology, to its patrons, and their verdict
is awaited, in full confidence that it will be a favorable one.

F. E.

Philadelphia, Oct. 1, 187'.».

CONTENTS.

mSTOK/IO^L.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

CHAPTER p^OE

I. — Location anil Natural Features of Genesee County . H

II. — The White Man's Preilccessors in the Saginaw Valley II

III. — The Saginaw-Chippewas after the AVar of 1812 . . U
IV. — Indian Treaties and Cessions of Land — Indian Krai-

gratinn ]y

V. — Indian Reservations on Flint River .... 24

VI. — Settlement of the County 31

VII. — Changes of Civil Jurisdiction— Erection and Organi-
zation of Genesee County — Courts and County

Buildings ......... 35

VIII. — Internal Improvements 39

IX. — The Press — The Professions — Genesee Civil List — The

Pioneer .Association ...... 51

X. — Military Record of Genesee 02

XI.— Eighth Infantry 68

XII.— Tenth Infantry 78

XIII. — Si.xteenth Infantry 85

XIV.— Twenty-Third Infantry 92

XV.— Twenty-Ninth and Thirtieth Infantry, and First En-
gineers and Mechanics 100

XVI.— First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Si.\lli Cavalry, and

Thirteenth Battery 104

CHAPTER p^oE

XVII. — Other Genesee County Soldiers HQ

XVIII. — .Agriculture — Manufactures — Population . . . 113

FLINT CITY 119

HISTORY OF THE TOWNSHIPS.

Township of Flint 133

" Fcnton ......... 193

** Granil Blanc ........ 237

Atlas 251

'* Flushing ........ 264

" Mundy 280

" Argentine 303

" Mount Morris 312

" Genesee 321

" Gaines 33.4

" Burton ......... 342

Clayton ^ 355

'• Vienna 357

" Thetford 379

" Davison ........ 398

" Richfield 4og

" Forest 423

" Montrose 44j

Bioa-i?.-A.:PH:io.A.Xj.

Hon. Edward II. Thomson
Chauncey S. Payne .
Grant Decker
E. H. McQuigg .
James Van Vleet
Elias J. Bump .
George Crocker .
Jeremy R. Chambers .
George E. Taylor
Wm. M. Fcnton .
Gen. M. D. McAlester
Got. H. H. Crapo
Hon. Alexander McFarlan
Hon. Josiah W. Begole
George M. Dewey
Ira D. Wright .
Stewart H. Webster
Anson Gilbert .
Robert P. Aitken
Frederick A. Begole
G. J. W. Hill .
Jerome Z. Fairbank
Seth C. Sadler .
George W. Berryman
Charles DeWitt Gibso
Silaa D. llalsey .
Simeon M. Perry
Gurdon G. Cook .
Michael Ferguson
Caleb 8. Thompson

facing

facin<>

facing

FAQE

1.30
140
144
152
156
160
168
172
176
178
179
17a
\A0
181
182
181
186
18S
190
191
192
235
2;i6
236
238
240
247
248
249
219

Lewis 0. Medbury
Edgar E. Stimson
Stephen Jordan .
The McNeil Family .
Jonathan Frost .
The Carpenter Family
Jeremiah Narrin
Henry French
Ebenezcr French
Daniel Cotcher .
John Paton
Thomas H. Kelland .
.Andrew F. Sullon
Alexander Barber
Josiah Alger and family
jMorgan Raldwin
Peter Hempsted .
Ebcnezer Bishop
John L. Jennings
John Slaght
William I. Williams .
Volney Stiles
Henry II. Ilowland
Samuel W. Alger
.lohn Reid .
Nathan W. Soldcn
Chauncey L. Badgley
John B. Cochran
Lorenzo C. Fletcher .
John Boyd .

PAOE

. 259

. 260

. 261

. 262

. 263

. 276

. 277

. 278

. 279

. 279
etween 282, 283

. 295

. 296

. 297

. 298

. 299

. 300

. .101

. 301

. 302

. 309

. 310 "

. 311

CONTENTS.

BIOGE^-A^IPHIIO^L.

Lewis Lahring .
William T. Jennings .
David Brooks
Richard Johnson
William S. Pieison
Henry D. Hunt .
Henry B. Diller .
George W. Hovey
Simon King
John Woollitt
AValter Knickerbocker
Henry Knickerbocker
Whitman F. Clapp .
Hiram H. Bardwell, M.D.
The Atherton Family
Pliny A. Skinner
Daniel W. Richards .
Ira Chase .
John C. Wolverton
Paul E. Traynor
Peter Lennon
Caleb Calkins
Michael McEnrue
James Penoyer .

PAGE

. 3U

. 311

. 320

between 322, 323

32S, 329

332

333

:il8

351
351
352
353
363
363
363
364
364

facing

Isaac Lyons
Michael Donahoo
James L. Curry .
David S. Halsted
Milton B. Stage .
Crawford Barkley
Frederick S. Taylor .
Nahum N. Wilson
Charles M. Bouttell .
Jacob W. Sharick
William Green .
Franklin E. Dodge
George Geiger, Jr.
William H. Long
Daniel F. Bennett
Jacob Kurtz
Henry Drudge .
Amasa Carrier .
Jacob AV. AVhite .
Simeon R. Billings
Frederick Olds .
Cbauncey AV. Seeley .
Sevmour W, Ensign, Sr

PACE

365

366

377

378

390

391

.391

392

393

394

395

, 396

396

. 421

. 422

. 439

. 446

IXjIjTJSTI?/-A.TIOniTS.

Outline Map of Genesee County (colored)

Copy of the Surveyed Plat of Indian Reservations

FLINT CITY.

View of High -School Building .

Portrait of John Todd

Residence of J. W. Begole (doublc-])agc view)

" J. B. Atwood

Portrait of Hon. E. H. Thomson
Stone's Woolen Mills (double-page view)
Portrait of Cbauncey S. Payne .

'* Grant Decker .

Portraits of E. H. McQuigg and Wife

" James Van Vleet ''

" Elias J. Bump "

Portrait of George Crocker
Portraits of J. R. Chambers and Wife
Portrait of George E. Taylor

" Henry H. Crapo (steel) .

" Alexander McFarlan (steel)

" J. W. Begole "

" G. M. Dewey "

FLINT TOWNSHIP

Portraits of Ira D. Wright and Wife
" S. H. Webster and Wife

*' Anson Gilbert "

" Robert P. -A^itken ''

" G. J. W. Hill

FENTON TOWNSHIP.

Portrait of Jerome Z. Fairbank ....

■' Seth C. Sadler ....

Residence of G. W. Berryman (with portraits) .

PACK

facing S>>

24'-

facing 119 —
. 121
twccn 122, 123 ^
facing 126 —
" / 130
between 136, 137 —
facing »/i 40
" /144
" 1^152
" ^'156
" 1./ 160
" vl68

" \An

" 1^176

" '' 179

" f 180

" ^181

" V 182

facing i/184

" V 186

" ' 188

. 191

. 192

between 234.J!35
234, 235

Residence of David McNeil (with portraits)

" Joseph P. Cook

** the late Michael Ferguson

Portraits of Simeon M. Perry and Wife
" C. S. Thompson "

ATtAS TOWNSHIP.

Residence of the late Jonathan Frost (with purtr
" John L. McNeil (with portraits)

•' Stephen Jordan " "

*' J. Karrin ....

" Lewis 0. Medbury (double-page view) between 258, 259 '

" E. E. Stimson, with portraits (double-page view)

between 260, 261 -
" W. M. Cari>enter (double-page view) . " 262, 263 -

PAGE

facing 242

244

246

. 248

. 250

tniilf

) facing 251

252

254

" 256

GRAND BLANC TOWNSHIP.

Residence of Hon. A. P. Davis

Portraits of Chas. D. Gibson and Wife

" Silas D. Halsey '• ...

234, 235—

facing 237
" ► 238
" /240

FLUSHING TOWNSHIP.

Exchange Hotel ......

Residence of W. D. Penoyer

" John Paton (with portrait.s) .

** William Schram .

" T. H. Kelland

" A. F. Sutton ....

" James W. Graham (with portraits)

Portrait of Henry French ....
Residence of Daniel Cotcher (with portraits)
Portraits of Ebenezer French and Wife
Residence of the late Alex. Barber (with portraits)

MIJNDY TOWNSHIP.

Residence of A. W. Alger ....

" Wm. R. Alger (with portraits)

Portraits of Josiah and Josiah H. Alger .
Residence of Wm. I. Williams (with portraits)

" .John L. Jennings *'

" Peter Hcmpsted '■

" C. L. Badgley (with portraits)

Portrait of Morgan Baldwin

" Ebenezer Bishop

facing

264 j

264/^

266^

268.^

270^

272^,

274^

276

277.^.

277

278 -

facing 280,
between 282, 283^
282^283
facing 284-

286_

facing

288U-VjV\J
290-

295
297

CONTENTS.

ZIjLTJSTI?.JLTI02<rS.

PAGE

Portraits of John Slaght ami Wife 298

Portrait of Volney Stiles 299

Res. of H. IF. Howlaml. with port's (double-page view) bet. ;iOO, ^^01 —

Portrait of John Reiil .3ul

Portraits of N. W. Scldon an.l Wife 302

ARGENTINE TOWNSHIP.

Residence of the late John Boyd, Sr. . . . facing .30:1'-
" W. T. Jennings, with portraits (double-page view)

between .304, 305-'
'* Lewis Lahrinsj *' " (double-page view)

between 306, 307-"

" I.. C. Fletcher '• "... facing .308--

Portraits nf John B. Cochran and Wife

" David Brooks and Wife ....

ysio

310

MOUNT MORRIS TOWNSHIP.

Residence of Charles Johnson facing 312

GENESEE TOWNSHIP.

Residence of J. W. Wilkcrsun ....

" the late W. S. Pierson (with portraits

" Walter Knickerbocker .

" John Woolfitt ....

" Wm. F. Chipji (with portraits)

" Dr. H. H. Bardwell (with ]iortrait)

Portraits of H. D. Hunt and Wife
Residence of Henry B. Diller (with portraits) .

" of W. H. Hovcy ....

Portraits of G. W. Uovey and Wife .

" Simon King ** ...

" Henry Knickerbocker and Wife

Residence of William Johnson ....

GAINES TOWNSHIP.

Residence of Putnam Burton ....

BURTON TOWNSHIP.

Residence of P. A. Skinner (with portraits)

" Henry Schram ....

" John 0. Wolverton

" Robert Chambers ....

facing 321 —
) between 322/323—
. '■ 324, 325-
. " 324, 325—
facing 326 —
between 328, 329_ j
. " 328,>''329

facing 330 -j

between 332, 333 —

" 332^33 I

" 332, 333 i

facing >/333 j

334—

PAGE

Portraits of P. Atherton, .1. C. Atherton, itinl S. R. Atherton ,
and Wife ........ facing 1/54S

Residence of D. W. Richanls (with |iortniils) . . " 350 —

Portraits of Ira Chase and \Vife ...... 353

facing 334

facing 342—
" 344—
3461
•' 346,1

CLAYTON TOWNSHIP.

Residence of Miihael .McEnroe .

" Michael Donaboo .

" Peter Lennon (with portraits)

" PaulE.Traynoi

'* James Penoyer

Portraits of Caleb Calkins and ^Vifi- .
Portrait of Isaac Lyons ....

VIENNA TOWNSHIP.

Residence of D. S. Halstcd ....

" .Tames L. Curry (with portraits) .

Portraits of Milton B. Stage and Wife

THETFORD TOWNSHIP.

Residence of N. N. Wilson (with portraits)
" C. M. Bouttcll

J. W. White

■' D. F. Bennett (with i)ortraits

" Jacob W. .Sharick "

" .J. G. Geiger *'

" Crawford Barkley

" F. S. Taylor .

Portraits of Wm. Green and Wife
Residence of Wm. H. Long

" F. E. Dodge .

" Henry Drudge

Portraits of Amasa Carrier and Wife
Residence of .Jacob Kurtz (with portraits)

facii

35*'
356 —
358 —
3G0-
/363
. 365

facing 367 —
377--

. 378

facing 379*.

(double-page view)

between 380, 381 -
facing 382-

384-

386 -

388-

390 —

facing

.392 —

393

facing
it

394,-
394-

395—

396

facing

396 ^

RICHFIELD TOWNSHIP.

Residence of Hon. S. R. Billings . . . .
Portraits of Frederick Olds and Wife

FOREST TOWNSHIP.

Portraits of Chauncey W. Seeley and Wife

facing

421
422

439

CO U N T Y

HANOE VIII CAST

M AP OF

RANGE V. EAST R^NSE VI. tAST

LIVINGSTON COUNXr

Michigan.-

ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY" TOR THIS WORK-

HISTORY

GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY FRANKLIN ELLIS.

CHAPTER L

LOCATION AND NATURAL PEATXTRES OF
GENESEE COUNTY.

Genksee is an interior county of Michigan, situated in
the southeastern part of the lower peninsula of the State ;
its capital city, Flint, which is also nearly its territorial
centre, being in latitude 4.3° 1' north, and longitude 83°
4' west ; distant sixty-four miles in a northwesterly direc-
tion from Detroit, fifty miles east-northeast from the State
capital, and sixty-six miles west from the outlet of Lake
Huron, by the customary routes of travel. The counties
which join this and form its several boundaries are, Saginaw
and Tuscola on the north, Lapeer and Oakland on the east,
Oakland and Livingston on the south, and Shiawassee and
Saginaw on the west.

The limits of Genesee include eighteen townships of the
United States survey, sixteen of which (being Nos. 6, 7,
8, and 9 north, in ranges 5, 6, 7, and 8 east) lie together
in form of a square ; and the two remaining townships (5
north, of ranges 5 and G east) join the square, upon the
west half of its south line. Thus the aggi-egate area is
nearly 415,000 acres. More than three-fourths of this
area, embracing all the central and western parts of the
county, is underlaid by the vast coal measures, which occupy
a space of nearly seven thousand square miles in the centre
of the lower peninsula ; comprehending, besides Genesee,
the counties of Saginaw, Shiawassee, Clinton, Ionia, Mont-
calm, Gratiot, Isabella, and Midland, and the greater part of
Tuscola, Ingham, Eaton, and Day, with considerable por-
tions of Livingston and Jaek.son. " Over nearly the whole of
this extent of country, the [coal] measures will be found
productive." This is the prediction made by Dr. Alexander
Winchell, State Geologist, in his " Report of the Progress
of the Geological Survey of Michigan," made to Governor
Wisuer, in December, 1860 ; from which document is also
extracted the following, having reference to Genesee County :

" Between Ingham and Genesee Counties the boundary of
the coal formation has not been traced. In the southwest-
ern part of the town.sliip of Mount Morris, and contiguous
portions of Flushing, in the latter county, according to the
observations of Dr. Miles, the shales and sandstones of the
coal measure.'^ make numerous outcrops. On the south-
east quarter of section 2(J, Flushing, the following section
is observed iu the bank of the Flint River:
2

".Superficial materials 4 feet.

Black shale, containing Linguia, Chroiietefi
S'liithiij Proditclits Afiperu«f and Spirifer

Camerntns Z feer.

Sandstone, tinged with iron 7 inches.

Shale* 1 foot.

Sandstone 'A inches.

Shale to surface of water 10 inches.

" A short distance west of here the section is seen to be
extended upwards by the superposition of seven inches of
sandstone and five feet of an overlying shale. The bed of
the river here is covered by a somewhat undulating and
shattered gray sandstone, which is considerably quarried for
building. At a point on the northeast (|uarter of section
35, Flushing, a sandstone was seen to attain a thickness of
about twelve feet, in an excavation made by Mr. Miles.

" On the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of
section 22, Flushing, a shaft was sunk on the farm of A. J.
Brown, of which the following account was obtaiued :

"Superficial materials 14 feet.

Sandstone, below, bluish, gritty 8 "

Coal 2i inches.

'Horseback Claystone' (lilackband) 2 feet.

Same with kidney iron-ore 2 "

Shale 5 "

Sandstone and «'«// i(!((fer 3 "

Shale i "

' Black hard stone,' combustible 4 "

While' fire-clay 2 "

Hard white sandstone 2 "

Darker sandstone unknown.

Striped sandstone 3 feet. ^

Shale unknown.

' Coalblaze,' with bands of iron-ore 11 feet.

" A small hole was bored from this point to a depth of
twelve feet in the last-named material, making the whole
depth attained eighty-three feet. The work seems to have
been directed by ' Prof Challis.' The shaft is now filled
with salt water.

" Coal crops out at numerous places in the vicinity. It
is said sometimes to show a thickness of two or three feet
at the outcrop, but soon thins out.

" Mr. Patton. on the cast side of the river, near the south
line of section 22, made an excavation for coal, and found
a seam eighteen inches thick, which is tolerably hard. The
sandstone taken from the quarry above Flushing is a pale
bluish rock, abounding in scales of white mica, ferruginous
streaks, pyrites, carbonaceous streaks and curls, and much
oblique lamination. What is quite remarkable, I .saw in a
block of this stone, in the vault of the bank, in Flint, a long
club of fibrous talcosc slate, a mineral said to occur in con-
siderable abundance. This rock does not answer to the

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

characters of the Woodville sandstone at any point where its
identity is undoubted, and I am induced to regard it as a
sandstone included in the coal measures. If it is so, this is
the only instance within my knowledge where any of the
included sandstones have attained sufficient development to
be worked. It is likely, liowevcr, that the gray, homo-
geneous, fine, gritty, faintly-banded sandstone, found within
a mile or two of the city of Lansing, will be found to hold
the same position. Sandstone— not unlikely the Woodville
sandstone— is found outcropping in the township of Mont-
rose, on the borders of Saginaw County."

The centre of the great coal measures of the lower penin-
sula falls nearly on the boundary between Gratiot and
Sai;inaw Counties, and it is only their southeastern edge
which falls within the county of Genesee. Next east of
these appears the belt of the Parma sandstone, which
traverses the entire eastern side of the county from south
to north ; and nest is found the belt of carboniferous lime-
stone, which extends only a short distance into tw-o or three
of the townships in the southeastern corner. Very few geo-
logical developments have been made in the county, and the
student of the science finds little here of sufficient interest
to reward research or exploration.

Genesee County lies entirely within the Saginaw Valley,
upon a slope which has a general inclination towards the
northwest. The greatest altitude is at the southeast corner
of the county, it being there about four hundred feet above
Lake Huron, and about nine hundred and eighty feet above
the sea. From that point the descent is gradual and regu-
lar (leaving out of account the surfoce undulations) to
the extreme northwest corner, where the altitude is but
about fifty feet above the lake. At the northeastern and
southwestern corners of the county the elevation is nearly
the same, being about two hundred and fifty feet above

Huron.

All the waters of the county find their outlet to the lake
through the channel of the Saginaw Kiver. The principal
stream of Genesee is the Flint River,* which, taking its
rise in the east and northeast, in the counties of Tuscola,
Oakland, and Lapeer, comes from the last-named county
into Genesee across its eastern boundary, north of the cen-
tre, and, flowing thence in a grand irregular sweep or
curve for a distance of nearly fifty miles within the county,
passes out across its northern border, and then on through
Saginaw County to its junction with the Shiawassee. lu
its^course through Genesee the Flint River flows first in a
general southwesterly course to a point near the geograph-
ical centre of the county, where it turns abruptly towards
the northwest, and continues in that general direction until
it has approached to within about three miles of the west
boundary ; then turns, and flows in a general course nearly
due north to the place of its exit, which is about two and
a half miles east of the northwest corner of the county.
Of the tributary streams which Genesee gives to the Flint,

» The Indian name of this stream was Pcicomymhik, or, as it
has sometimes been written, I',:mmn„l-c„in,/. which, being translateil,
means "River of the Flint" (literally, "River of the Fire St.me"),
from which came its name in English. Among the early French
traders and courenr, (/c» huU it was Ivnown as " Riviere dala Pierre,"
this having nearly the same signification.

the most important are Kearsley Creek and Thread River,
both of which come from a number of small lakes in Oak-
land County ; both enter Genesee near its southeast corner,
and flow northwestwardly in very tortuous courses to near
its centre, where they unite with the main river; the
Thread being augmented a short distance above its conflu-
ence with the Flint by the waters of Swartz Creek, which
also takes its rise in numerous lakes in Oakland and in the
southwest part of Genesee County, and flows north and
northeast to its junction with the larger stream. The
tributaries above mentioned all enter the Flint through
its left bank. The principal of those entering from the
opposite side are Butternut Creek, which comes in from
the northeast corner, and Armstrong Creek and Brent's
Run, which are wholly in Genesee, and enter the river in
the northwesternmost township. Pine Run has its sources
in the northern part of this county, but enters the Flint
several miles below, in Saginaw.

A large number of lakes are found within the county,
chiefly in its southern and eastern parts. Among those
which lie in the two southernmost townships are Long,
Silver, Crooked, Pine, iMud, Lobdcll, Sciuaw, McKane,
Bass, McCaslin, Hibbard's, Loon, White's, Byram, Murray,
Day's, Thompson's, Myers, Ball, and Openconic Lakes, with
a large number of smaller ones, all beautiful sheets of pure,
limprd water. Most of these contribute to swell the waters
of the main stream and several branches of the Shiawassee
River, which flows westwardly for several miles through
this part of Genesee, then passes into and across Shiawassee
County on its way to join its current with those of the
Flint, the Cass, and the Tittabawassee.

In the extreme northeast corner of Genesee (and extend-
ing across the line into Lapeer County) is Otter Lake, which
is aie source of Butternut Creek. At more southerly points
on the east line of the county are Potter and Hasler Lakes,
both of which are also partly in Lapeer. The latter dis-
charges its waters through Hasler Creek into the Flint,
and the former is the source of Black Crock, a tributary to
the Kearsley, which is also partially supplied by Neshina-
guac Lake, near the southeast corner of the county. Buell's
Lake, near the northern border, is the head of Perry's
Creek, which flows north and joins the Cass River in Tus-
cola County.

The surface of Genesee can nowhere be termed hilly,
but is generally undulating, though flattening- considerably
towards the northwest. The parts which are most rolling
were originally covered with open forests, principally of oak,
which w^ere (and still are, where they remain) called " oak
openings." The more level portions were generally covered
with a" denser and heavier forest, composed of oak, elm,
hickory, beech, maple, ash, and a variety of other woods,
interspersed in many places with pine of large growth and
excellent quality, which, by its manufacture into lumber,
has added largely to the wealth of the county. The soil
of the rolling country is a sandy or gravelly loam ; that of
the flatter lands is intermixed with clay and less friable,
but in nearly every part very productive and well adapted
for the requirements of the farmer. In agriculture Genesee
stands in the foremost rank among the counties of the
State.

THE WHITE MAN'S PEEDECESSORS IN THE SAGINAW VALLEY.

CHAPTER IL

THE WHITE MAN'S PREDECESSORS IN THE
SAGINAW^ VALLEY.

Ancient Mounds ami Relics — The S.iuks. and their Expulsiou by the
Chippcwas — Early Indian Traders — Jaeub Smith.

ANCIENT MOUNDS AND RELICS.

In luindrods of different localities in Micliigan, and, in-
deed, through all or nearly all the States l3'iiig between the
AUeghanies and the Mississippi, there have been found in-
disputable evidonce.s that, centuries before the advent of
the white man into this western land, its vallej's and hills
and forests had been inhabited by tribes, or nations of
people, who were either the remote ancestors of the later
Indians who were found in occupation, or, perhaps, of a
race which is now extinct and unknown. Many such
evidences were found by the early settlers in Genesee
County (as in every other part of the Saginaw Valley),
chiefly in the form of ancient mounds of earth, which ap-
peared to have been constructed for purposes of sepulture,
as in nearly or quite every instance the}' were found to eon-
tain human bones, — sometimes sound and well preserved,
but oftener in a condition of such friability that the lightest
touch, or even exposure to the air, reduced them to fine
powder ; the latter circuiu.stance seeming to indicate a very
ancient period of inhumation. And with these were some-
times found rude implements and parts of warlike weapons,
which may or may not have been significant of the rank or
consequence of the person with whom they were buried.

Instances are mentioned as having been noticed in the
county, where the bones found were of unusually large
size ; one of these ca.ses being that of a colossal skeleton,
which was discovered some two or three feet below the sur-
face, and was disinterred by workmen engaged in construct-
ing a road across Crane's Cove, on the west side of Long
Lake, in the fall of 1877, and another instance in the east
part of the county, where a number of skeletons (also of
very large size) were found buried in a circle directly be-
neath the stuiup of a gigantic pine-tree of the oldest
growth ; but in both these cases the finding of the bones
was wholly accidental, as there was no mound or other sur-
face-mark to indicate the places of burial.

Many of the ancient mounds discovered in Ohio, Illi-
nois, and other States seem to have been intended as de-
fensive works; and in their construction, as well as in the
material and finish of the iniplemenls, pottery, and weapons
iuund within them, there appears the work of a people
who, in enlightenment, engineering, and mechanical skill,
must have been very far in advance of the later Indians to
whom we are accustomed to apply the name of aborigines.
IJut the pre-historic works found in Genesee County were
not of this class; they were in every case (it is believed)
simjily sepulchral mounds, inclosing the bones and relics of
a race that may have been identical with that which the
first white settlers found in possession of the soil. There
appears to have been nothing in the construction of the
mounds, or in the mechanism or material of the implements
discovered here, to compel a belief that either were the
work of a superior people. That any race of men different
from the Indian ever had a home in the valley of the

Saginaw is only rendered probable from the disclosure of
skeletons, represented to have been of unusual size ; and it
is not impo.ssible that even this peculiarity (in the absence
of actual measurement) may have been unintentionally ex-
aggerated on account of the atmosphere of myster)' and
romance which surrounded their discovery. They may
have been the remains of ToUec or Aztec mound-builders,
or they may have been those of the ancestors of Pontiac
or Tecuniseh. It is a question which can never be satis-
factorily settled, and which, beyond the facts of the dis-
covery of the tumuli AixA^ their mysterious contents, is not
properly within the scope of this history.

THE SAUKS AND TUEIR EXPULSION BY THE CIIIPPEWAS.

When the first white explorers penetrated this wilderness
region, they found it peopled by bands of both the Chip-
peica and Ottawa nations of Indians, though the former
were by ftir the more numerous here, and have generally
been mentioned in Indian history, and recognized in all
subsequent treaties as the original proprietors of the eoun-
tr}' bordering on the Saginaw and its tributaries, and of the
vast territory stretching away from thence northwestwardly
to Lake Superior.

According to their own traditions, however (which, in this
particular, are supported to some extent by authentic history),
their proprietorship was of but comparatively recent date.
They said that, within the memory of some of their old men,
all these streams and woods and hunting-grounds, this Indian
paradise of fish and deer and beaver, was the home and pos-
session of the Saitks and Onottoways (a kindred people),
who lived near together in neighborly amity, and, both being
strong and valiant tribes, and confederated for mutual de-
fense, they felt perfectly secure in their fancied ability to
hold their country against all invading enemies. The Sau/.s
were the more numerous, and occupied the valleys of the
Tittabawassee, the Flint, and the Shiawassee, their domain
extending as far south as the head-waters of the latter
stream, along the present southern boundaries of Shiawas-
see and Genesee Counties. The Onottoioays lived in the
valley of the Onottoway-Sebewing, or Ca.ss River, and had
their principal village a few miles above the mouth of that
stream, nearly where is now the village of Bridgeport Cen-
tre, and where, as late as 1840, a large earthen work was
still visible, though whether built by these people' or by
their successors, the Cltippewas, is, of course, a matter of
doubt. The chief village of the SaiiLi was on the west
side of the Saginaw River, opposite where Portsmouth
now .stands ; but they had other small villages or encamp-
ments at different points on the rivers, and as far up as the
lakes of Genesee and Livingston Counties.

Both these tribes appear to have possessed warlike traits,
and were not only disposed to hold and defend their own
country, but sometimes engaged in aggressive expeditions
against the tribes whose country adjoined theirs on the
north and south, which tribes, as a consequence, both
feared and hated them. Particularly was this the case with
the OJibways (C/iij/pewus), who then inhabited a region
far away to the north, bordering on the lakes, — Michigan,
Huron, and Superior. This nation had for years coveted
the teeming hunting-grounds of the Sait/cs, and it had long

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

been a cherished project with them to conquer and extermi-
nate the prosperous tribes who held the Saginaw Valley, and
the country stretching thence, for many a league, towards
the north and west. But they dreaded the power and
prowess of their enemies, and this consideration held them
in check until their ambitious desires could be controlled no
longer, and, at last, they determined to attempt the execution
of the plan of invasion and conquest which they had so long
secretly entertained. To this end they held council with the
Otidwas of the north (whose country was contiguous to
their own), and sent messengers to the southern Oltawiis
(whose domain lay along the northern border of that of
the Pottawallamies), asking them to join in an expedition
for the humiliation of the Sauks and Onottowai/s and the
occupation of their hunting-grounds. The proposition was
favorably received, the league was formed, and the confed-
erated bands set out on the war-path with great secrecy,
hoping to take their enemies by surprise, — a hope that was
fully realized.

As to the manner in which the attack was made, the
traditional accounts differed to some extent ; but that which
seems the most complete and reasonable was nearly as fol-
lows : The invaders entered the country of the doomed
tribes in two columns, — one, composed of the southern Olta-
was, coming through the woods from the direction of De-
troit, and the otlier, made up of the Chlppewas and north-
ern Ot/dwas, setting out in canoes from Mackinaw, proceed-
ing down along the western shores of Lake Huron and the
bay of Saginaw, paddling by night, and lying concealed in
the woods by day. When the canoe fleet reached a point
a few miles above the mouth of Saginaw River, half the
force was landed; and the remainder, boldly striking across
the bay in the night-time, disembarked at a place about the
same distance below the mouth of the Saginaw. Then, in
darkness and stealth, the two detachments glided up through
the woods on both sides of the river, and fell upon the un-
suspecting Suk/cs like panthers upon their prey. The
principal village — situated on the west side of the river — ■
was first attacked ; many of its people were put to the tom-
ahawk, and the remainder were driven across the river to
another of their villages, which stood on the eastern bank.
Here they encountered the body of warriors who had
moved up on that side of the river, and a desperate fight
ensued; in which the Sauks were again routed, with great
loss. The survivors then fled to a small Lsland in the Sagi-
naw, where they believed themselves safe, at least for the
time, for their enemies had no canoes in the river. But
here again they had deluded themselves, for in the follow-
ing night ice was formed of sufficient strength to enable the
victorious Chippetcas to cross to the island. This oppor-
tunity they were not slow to avail themselves of, and then
followed another massacre, in which, as one account says,
the males were killed, to the last man, and only twelve
women were spared out of all who had fled there for safety.
So thickly was the place strewn with bones and skulls of the
. massacred Sauks, that it became known as Skull Island.*

* Mr. Ephraim S. Williams, one of the oldest and most respected
citizens of Flint, but formerly of Saginaw City, verifies this state-
ment. He has often visited the island in earlier years, and has seen
numbers of skulls exhumed from its soil.

After completing their bloody work on the Saginaw,
the invading army was divided into detachments, which
severally proceeded to carry destruction to the villages on
the Shiawassee, Tittabawa.ssee, Cass, and Flint Rivers.
Meanwhile, the co-operating force of Ottawas, coming in
from the south, struck the Flint River near its southern-
most bend, and a desperate battle was fought between them
and the Sauks, upon the blufl" bank of the river, about a
half-mile below the present city of Flint. Here the Sauks
.suffered a severe defeat, and retreated down the river to
a point about one mile above where the village of Flushing
now is ; and there another battle was fought,"!" as bloody
and disastrous as the first. Still another deadly struggle
took place on the Flint, a little north of the present bound-
ary between Genesee and Saginaw Counties ; and on this
field, as on the others, the bones of the slain were found
many years afterwards. Equally murderous work was done
by the bands which scoured the valleys of the Shiawassee
and the Cass, and everywhere the result was the same, —
the utter rout and overthrow of the Sauks, only a miser-
able remnant of whom made their e-scape, and, finally, by
some means, succeeded in eluding their relentless foes, and
gained the shelter of the dense wilderness west of Lake
Michigan. J

After the Sanks had been thus utterly crushed, and
their villages destroyed, the victorious allies did not imme-
diately settle in the conquered territory, but held it as a
common ground for the range of their hunting-parties.
After a time they found that some of the young men who
went out with those parties did not return, and could never
be heard of, and then it became their firm belief that the
dim recesses of these forests were haunted by the spirits of
the murdered Sauks, who had come back to their former
hunting-grounds to take vengeance on their merciless de-
stroyers. And the result of the belief (so said the tradi-
tion) was that they abandoned this inviting region, and
for years their hunters and fishermen avoided its haunted
woods and streams, although the thickets swarmed with
game and the waters were alive with fish.

No one can say how long their superstitious terrors pre-
vailed, but it is certain that they were overcome at last, and
the Cliippewii and (.>ltaica tribes built their lodges in the
land which their bloody hands had wrenched from its
rightful possessors. Those who came to the valley of the
Saginaw, however, were principally CItippcwas, and from
that time the Indian inhabitants of this region were known
as the Saginaw tribe of the Chippewa nation. They
possessed all the characteristics of the parent stock, and^
until they were overawed and cowed by the power of the
whites, they showed a disposition as fierce and turbulent
as that of their kindred, the Ojlhways of Lake Superior,

f At both these places were found a number of mounds covering
human bones. These were visible within the past few years, and
have been seen by many persons now living in the county.

X One of the Indinn accounts of this sanguinary campaign was to
the ciTect that no Siiuh or Oitoitoicay warrior escaped; that of all the
people of the Saginaw Valley not one was spared except the twelve
women before mentioned, and tliat these were sent we&tward and
placed among the tribes beyond the Mississippi. This, however, was
unquestionably an exaggeration made by the hoa&tful Cfiippeirtie ;
and it is certain that a part of the Saiik« escaped beyond the lake.

THE WHITE MAN'S PEEDECESSOES IN THE SAGINAW VALLEY.

who massacred the garrison of Fort Michiliniackinac, in
1763.

The country of the Sayinaws was then an ahnost inac-
cessible fastness, and from this their warriors continually
forayed against tlie unprotected settlements on the Detroit,
St. Clair, and Huron Rivers; and many were the scalps
and captives which they brought back from these hostile
expeditions. They joined the Indian league which was
formed in 17SC in the interest of the British, for the
purpose of destroying the American settlements and driv-
ing them beyond the Ohio River, and they took part with
the other tribes in the ho.stilitics which continued untih
checked by the victorious campaign of General Anthony
Wayne. Again, when the Shaic<aiese chieftain, Tecumseh,
and his brother, the " Prophet" Elkswatawa, instigated
by the British, sent forth their emissaries to a.sk the co-
operation of the northern and western tribes in a project to
exterminate the white settlements within the Northwest
Territory, the Saginaw Cltippeu'ns were found ready and
willing to join the league ; and they continued among the
most active of all the Indian allies of the English during
the war of 1812-15.

EARLY INDIAN TRADERS — JACOB SMITH.

Up to this time it is probable that not more than a dozen
white men had ever penetrated into the country of the Sog-
iitaws. They may have been visited by the enterprising
and adventurous priests from the Recollet Mission at the
foot of Lake Huron, but such is not known to be the fact.
It is known, however, that, some time before the commence-
ment of the present century, a French trader named Bolieu
(named, in Indian, Kasegans) came among them, and lived
at different points on the Flint and Saginaw Rivers; that
he married a full- blood Chippewa woman, by whom he be-
came the father of a Jiumber of half-breed children,* one of
whom, in after-years, was a claimant to one of the Indian
reservations in Gene.see County. There is liltle doubt that
(with the possible exception of a priest or two, as above
mentioned) this trader, Bolieu, with perhaps two or three
as.sistants, or r.oiireiirs ilc Loisf (forest-runners), were the
first men of European descent who ever set foot upon the
wilderness domain of the Saginaw Chippncas. There was
another French trader, however, named Tremble ( freciuently
corrupted to Tiomblci/) , who came to Saginaw very soon
after Bolieu, but it is not shown that he was located any-
where else in the Indian country than at that point.

* The facts of BoHeu's residence among the Sngiuaira nt the time
mentioned, of his marringe with the Indian woman, who was a near
relative of the Sur/iiiaic cliicf Neome, and of the rearing of iiis half-
breed family, were afterwards shown in a noted case of litigation
(Dewey it. Canipau), involving the title to a part of the file of the
eity of Flint.

t In mentioning this cla.^s of nun, Judge Camiibcll, in his Political
History of Michigan, says, " Many of these were of the lower classes,
and dropped readily into the ways of the Indians, adopting their hab-
its, and becoming adherents to the triljes. But there were many also
of respectable conneitions, who betoul< themselves to a wandering
life of hunting and trading, partly from love of adventure and partly
because they could find no other means of livelihood. There is no
re.ison to regard tlicm as a despicable or essentially vicious race."
They were generally employed by the early Indian traders to assist in
the tmusporlatiun of tlicir merchandise through the wood.", etc.

Perhaps the next (and certainly one among the earliest)
of the traders who came into these wilds was Jacob Smith,
a man who should receive more than a cursory mention,
not only because he was brave, true, and nobly generous in
all his impulses, honest and benevolent in his dealings with
the Indians of this valley, to a degree which gave him a
firmer hold on their esteem and confidence than has ever
been enjoyed by any other white man, but because, although
an alien by birth, he was warmly devoted to the cause of
America, an officer uuder her banner, one who braved great
personal peril in her service, and gave his property, as he
also risked his life, to rescue prisoners from the hands of
their savage captors, and because his name is intimately
connected with the early history of the region which is now
partially included in Genesee County. He was of German
parentage or descent, and a native of the city of Quebec,
Canada. His enterprising and adventurous spirit drew him
to the western frontier, and in the early years of the pres-
ent century we find him, with a wife and .several children,
located in Detroit, as the base of his trading operations.
He came among the Indians of the Saginaw before the be-
ginning of the war of 1812, at a time when their hostile
disposition had been wrought up to a high pitch by the
machinations of Tecumseh. At this time, however, he was
not permanently established among them, but merely made
periodical visits to their countrj' from his home at Detroit.

On the breaking out of the war, iu 1812, it became a
matter of importance to know what position the Suglmito
tribe would take in the contest, and Jacob Smith undertook
the task of gaining such information by going to their vil-
lages, ostensibly on a trading expedition, but really with
the object above named, though it was necessary to the
success of his mission, as well as for his own safety, that
this object should remain unknown and unsuspected by the
Indians. He arrived safely at their main settlement on the
Saginaw, but soon after reaching there the tongue of one of
his two assistants became loosened by a too free use of the
treacherous whisky, and while thus off his guard he in-
cautiously divulged the secret which should have been jeal-
ously guarded. Upon learning that the trader, whom they
knew to be a British subject, had now come among them as
a spy, in the interest of the Americans, they became so
greatly infuriated that it was only by instant flight that
Smith and one of his assistants were finally enabled to es-
cape with their lives. Abandoning the merchandise, they
leaped on their horses and sped away with all possible
rapidity on the southern trail, up the valley of the Flint,
fording the river where Flint City now stands, and thence
flying on through the woods and openings towards Detroit.
All this time the Indians were in pursuit and gradually
gaining ground. On reaching the Big Springs (in the
present town of Groveland, Oakland County) the fugitives
found themselves so hard pressed that, in order to embarra.ss
their fierce pursuers, they separated, one continuing on the
trail to the Clinton River, the other striking more towards
the south, and by this means they finally escaped unharmed,
except that Mr. Smith, in riding through a thicket, re-
ceived a permanent injury to one of his eyes. The assist-
ant whom they were compelled to leave behind lost his life,
and the goods were of course a total loss; but the main

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

object of Mr. Sniith's mission was accomplished, for he had
ascertained the disposition and intentions of the Sciffiiiaics
most conclusively.

P]ither before, or imuiediately after, this expedition, he
was made a captain in the United States service, and was
present, under General Hull, at the disgraceful surrender
of Detroit. By reason of this surrender he experienced
heavy losses, for which he was never reimbursed by the
government. During the war which succeeded, he on sev-
eral occasions rendered admirable service by procuring the
liberation of prisoners who had been taken by the Indians.
One of these cases was that of a family named Boyer,
whose dwelling on Clinton River had been burned and
themselves carried into captivity by the Saginmvs. To
effect their release, Jacob Smith proceeded into the Indian
country, taking with him (loaded upon pack-horses) a large
quantity of goods, such as delight the hearts of Indians, to
be given as a ransom for the unfortunate prisoners. It was
a bold movement for one who had once been compelled to
fly for his life from these same Indians whom he now went
to seek in their stronghold ; but it was just such an act as
might have been expected from one of his brave and gen-
erous nature. The Indians admired his fearlessness and
respected his mission, and the prisoners were released un-
harmed.

After the close of the war Mr. Smith continued to prose-
cute his traffic with the Indians, though be still had bis
residence in Detroit. But after the death of his wife, in
1817, he became permanently established in the Sugiituw
country, and passed most of his time there during the re-
mainder of his life. In 1819 he located his store where
Flint City now stands, and died there a little less than six
years afterwards.

By the Indians he was known as Wahbesins (meaning
" the young swan"), and his popularity and influence with
them was almost unbounded. He was kind and generous
to them ; he was unexcelled in bravery ; and was the pos-
sessor of physical qualities such as invariably elicit the red
man's admiration. No Indian hunter was more skilled in
woodcraft than he. He had to a great extent adopted
their dress and mode of life, and by his long inteicourse
with them had become so familiar with their language that
be spoke it as fluently and perfectly as the Chippewus
themselves. Among all the principal men of the tribe
there were few, if any, who were not friends to Wahbe-
sins ; and especially strong was the bond of amity between
him and old Neome, who was one of the most respected
and powerful of all the Saginaw chiefs, but an honest, sim-
ple-minded, and peaceable man. The attachment which
existed between him and Jacob Smith was so strong that
for years after both were dead the Indians invariably spoke
of Neome and Wahbesins as biuthers, whose friendship had
never been broken or clouded.

Conrad Ten Eyck was trading among the Sa(/iiiaivsneaT]j
as early as Jacob Smith. Louis Campau established him-
self as a trader among them in 1815. His brother, Au-
toine, came about the same time, and Baptiste Cochios had
his trading-post on the Flint. General Riley, of Schenec-
tady, N. Y., commenced trading here soon after the close
of the war of 1812-15, and several other traders were in

the Indian country as early as 1820, but' among all these
there were none who ever held the confidence and friend-
ship of the natives to an equal degree with Jacob Smith.

CHAPTER III.

THE SAGINAW-CHIPPE-WAS AFTER THE -WAK
OF 1812-15.

Story of the Chief Nawahgo — Superstition of the Saginaws — The
Chief Neome, .aud the Powonigo band.

The close of the war of 1812-15, which resulted in the
discomfiture of Britain and her Indian allies, seems to have
marked the extinguishment of the fierce and warlike dis-
position of the Saginaw tr'ihe of Cliippncas, and from that
time their progress was rapid towards that state of decay
and demoralization which is invariably the result of the
Indian's contact with the white race, and his access to the
white man's whisky. When they began to be well known
by the traders who followed Jacob Smith, and by the United
States officers and agents whose duties called them to the
Indian country, they were found to be a dispirited and
comparatively harmless people, who, realizing that their
former power and prowess were broken, were little disposed
to take the war-path or wield the tomahawk for the enforce-
ment of the aboriginal rights which they knew had been
justly forfeited by their acts of hostility against the gov-
ernment during the then recent war.

Mr. Ephruiin S. Williams, now of Flint, who passed
many years among these Indians subsequently to 1820,
and who also knew the Chippewas of Lake Superior, says
of the fonuer that they were a people who possessed many
good traits, but who, generally, were but degenerate repre-
sentatives of the northern nation from whom they sprung ;
though he knew many instances of individuals to whom
this criticism would not apply. One incident which he
relates seems not inappropriate to mention here, as it oc-
curred in the neighboring county of Saginaw, the actors in
it being members of the same tribe who peopled the valley
of the Flint, and Mr. Williams (who was an eye-witness of
the scene) an old citizen of Genesee, personally known to
a large portion of the people of this county, and recognized
as among the best of authorities in all matters pertaining
to early Indian history. He tells the story as follows ;

There lived upon the Saginaw a young Chippewa war-
rior, — a model of physical power and grace, — named Na-
wahgo, who, in a quarrel, had killed a sou of the old chief
Red Bird (Wuzcobenasa), whose home was on the Tittaba-
wassee. By Indian law and usage the relatives of the
murdered man might take the life of his slayer, in retaliation,
and in this case they demanded the forfeit. In response
to the summons, Nawahgo presented himself before the
warrior relatives of his victim, and bared his breast to
receive their blows. The avengers filed past him, and each
in turn delivered a blow at his heart ; but when all had
struck, and Indian justice was sated, the young warrior
still lived. Weak from his wounds and loss of blood, he
started to return to his wigwam, but on his way there was
met by another Indian, who stabbed him in the back and

THE SAGINAW-CHIPPEWAS AFTER THE WAR OF 1812-15.

left him there, believing that he had given a mortal wound.
There he was found by his faithful wife, who had tracked
him by the blood-marks. She succeeded in removing him
to their lodge, bathed and bound up hi.s wounds, and nursed
him through weeks of prostration and suffering until at
last he was completely restored to health. It was then
his turn to demand and to take vengeance on the coward
who had struck him in the back, and he did not long lack
an opportunity, for he soon met his enemy in the hunting-
ground, and drove a knife with sure aim to his heart.

Not long after this, large numbers of Indians were assem-
bled at Saginaw to receive a payment from the agents of
the government, and on this occasion Black Beaver (a
brother of one of the principal chiefs) reviled Nawahgo as
a murderer for killing the Indian who had struck him in
the back. The latter retorted that the act was justifiable,
and that he had but killed a craven wretch who was unfit
to live. Black Beaver reiterated the accusation in still
more insulting terms, and then Nawahgo, fierce with anger,
leaped upon him and slew him in his tracks. This took
place upon the present site of East Saginaw. Nawahgo,
immediately afler the homicide, crossed to the west side of
the river, jvhere his own band were encamped, but here,
under the white man's law, a warrant was issued for his
arrest, and upon learning this he at once recrossed to the
east side. "He sent word to two of his white friends, E.
S. Williams and Aiitoine Campau, de.siring them to cross
the river and come to the woods in which he was secreted,
when, by their giving a signal, he would come to them.
They did so, and he soon made his appearance. He in-
formed them that he had sent for them for advice ; that
the white man's punishment, imprisonment, was only fit
for cowards ; death by the hands of his own race was
glorious, in comparison, if any relative of Black Beaver
should choose to make it a cause of vengeance. They
advised him to cross back to his own camp, present himself
to his people, and let the affair take the course warranted
by Indian usage." The advice was taken, and he recrossed
to his own camp. The arrest was waived, and Nawahgo
awaited the summons to appear before those to whom his
life was forfeit under the Cliippcwa law.

The time came for the burial ceremonies of the dead
chief, Black Beaver. All the vast throng of Indians who
had gathered for payment, and nearly or (piite all the white
people living at the place (each one actjuainted with the
circumstances of the homicide and each eager to know and
see the sequel), were congregated in full view of the .spot
where lay the cofiined form of the Beaver, encircled by
mourning relatives and chiefs in black paint, among them
being some of the head men of the tribe. Suddenly, dur-
ing an interval of silence which forms part of the Indian
burial ceremony, the stately form of Nawahgo entered the
group, and moved towards the centre with a mien and step
which might have befitted the great Pontiac, or Philip of
Mount Hope. He was habited in costume such as an
Indian warrior would wish to die in, and his belt bore
knife and tomahawk. Advancing to the .side of the cofliu
he laid his weapons upon it, then filled and lighted his pipe
with great deliberation, drew a few wliifl's, and offered it
successively to each of the scowling chiefs and warriors

who surrounded him, but all declined it. Next he unslung
from his shoulder a small flask of whisky, drank, and
oflFered it to each in the same manner, but again all declined
to partake.

" You refuse to .smoke with me," he said. " You will
not drink the fire-water with mo in token of peace. Y^ou
demand my life, and I am here to give it !" Then he sat
down on the foot of the coffin, loosed his hunting-shirt at
the throat, bared his breast, and again addressed his ene-
mies : " You demand my life ! Here it is ; take it ! But
beware how you strike ! Jlakc no mistake ; for if a war-
rior strikes and fails, or if he deals a foul blow, he shall
feel my knife in his heart, as I have driven it to the hearts
of cowards before !"

This speech was followed by a dead silence. Nawahgo
cast a proud and scornful glance around on the blackened
faces of the hostile group, but there was not one among
them who moved from his place to strike the waiting vic-
tim. A little longer he sat there, and then — as none came
to claim the vengeance due under Indian usage — he rose
with deliberation, readjusted his hunting-shirt, resumed
his belt and anus, and with the single withering epithet,
"Cowards!" upon his lips, strode away, undaunted and
unharmed, to tlio camp of his own band. " This," writes
Mr. Williams, " I was eye-witncs's to. It was at a payment
made by government, and nearly three thousand Indians
were present. I was Nawahgo's friend, and he was also
mine, and would and did stand by me in all dangerous
times." Immediately after the occurrence above mentioned,
Nawahgo left the Saginaw, and removed to the shore of
Lake Huron, where he lived during the remainder of his
life. He finallj^ died a violent death, — in an encounter
with a relative of one of his early victims. They mot on
the hunting-ground, and each knew that a death-struggle
was to follow; but, before fighting, they sat down, and
drank together from the same canteen. Having finished
their potations, they rose, and, like Fitz-James and Roderick
Dhu,

*' E.Tch lookeJ to pun, and stream, and plain,
As what he ne'er might see again,
Then, foot, and point, and eye opposed,
In diilpious strife they darkly closed."

And they fought on till both fell, mortally wounded. From
this narrative it seems evident that, in Nawahgo at least,
the warrior blood and spirit of the northern OJiLwaj/s had
suS'ered no degeneration.

SUPERSTITION OF THE SAGINAWS.

It has been mentioned that the ancient Chippetons imag-
ined the country which they had wrested from the con-
quered .S'iikA-.s to be haunted by the spirits of those whom
they had slain, and that it was only after the lapse of years
that their terrors became allayed sufficiently to permit them
to occupy the •' haunted hunting-grounds." But the super-
stition still remained, and in fact it was never entirely dis-
pelled. Long after the Saginaw valley was studded with
white settlements, the simple Indians still believed that
mysterious S'iii/ck were lingering in their forests and along
the margins of their streams fur purposes of vengeance ;
that Miiiiesoiis, or bad spirits, in the form of Sunk warriors,

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

were hovering around tlieir villages and camps, and on the
flanks of their hunting-parties, preventing them from being
successful in the chase, and bringing ill-fortune and discom-
fiture in a hundred ways. So great was their dread, that
when (as was frequently the case) they became possessed of
the idea that the Munesoiis were in their immediate vicinity
they would fly, as if for their lives, abandoning everything,
wigwams, fish, game, and peltry ; and no amount of ridicule
from the whites could convince them of their folly, or in-
duce them to stay and fiice the imaginary danger. Some
of the Indian bands whose country joined that of the Scg-
itiaws played upon their weak superstition and derived
profit from it, by lurking around their villages or camps,
frightening them into flight, and then appropriating the
property which they had abandoned. A few shreds of
wool from their blankets left sticking on thorns or dead
brushwood, hideous figures drawn upon the trunks of trees
with coal, or marked on the ground in the vicinity of their
lodges, was sure to produce this result, by indicating the
presence of the dreaded Mnnesous.

Mr. Williams, whose authority has already been cited in
the foregoing pages, writes of this matter as follows :
" There was a time every spring when the Indians from
Saginaw and the interior would congregate in large parties
for the purpose of putting up dried sturgeon, which made
a very delicate dish when properly cooked, and was much
used in those days by the first families of Detroit. . . . The
Indians would select the best, flay them, hang them across
poles in rows about four feet from the ground and two feet
apart, then a gentle smoke was kept under tliem until per-
fectly dry. When this was nearly accomplished, poor, lazy,
worthless Indians from a distance, having an eye to supply-
ing themselves with provisions which they never labored to
obtain, would commence, in difi'erent ways, to excite their
fears that the Munesoiis were about their camps, until at
last they would take to their canoes and flee, often leaving
almost everything they possessed. Then the Miuiesous
(the thieving Indians from other bands who had cunningly
brought about the stampede for the sake of plunder) would
rob the camps of what they wanted, and escape to their
homes with, perhaps, their summer supplies of fish, and
often of sugar and dried veni.^on. I have often met them
fleeing as above ; sometimes twenty or more canoes ; have
stopped them, and tried to induce them to return, and we
would go with them ; but no, it was the Mimesom, they
said, and nothing would convince them differently, and
away they would go, frightened nearly to death. I have
visited their camps at such times, gathered up their eff'ects
that were left, and secured them in some one camp from
destruction by wild animals. After a while they would
return and save what was left. During these times they
were perfectly miserable, actually afraid of their own
shadow."

It was not alone on their annual fishing expedition to the
lake that these things occurred ; similar scenes were enacted
by their hunting-parties in the forests of the Shiawassee
and Flint, and at their summer camps among the beautiful
inland lakes of their southern border. " I have had them
come fiom places miles distant," says Mr. Williams, " bring-
ing their rifles to me, asking me to examine and re-si'^ht

them, declaring that the sights had been removed (and in
most ca.ses they had, but it was by themselves in their
fright). I have often, and in fact always did when applied
to, re-sighted and tried them until they would .shoot cor-
rectly, and then they would go away cheerfully. I would
tell them they must keep their rifles where the Munesous
could not find them. ... At other times, having a little
bad luck in trapping or hunting, they became excited, and
would say that game had been over and in their traps, and
that they could not catch anything ; have known them go so
far as to insist that a beaver or an otter had been in their
traps and gotten out ; that their traps were bewitched or
spell-bound, and their rifles charmed by the Munesoiis, so
that they could not catch or kill anything. Then they must
give a great feast, and have the medicine-man or conjuror,
and through his wise and dark performances the charm is
removed and all is well, and traps and rifles do their duty
again. These things have been handed down for genera-
tions." And so, through all the domain of the Soffinaws,
their lives were made miserable by these superstitious fears ;
and thus they expiated the crime committed by their an-
cestors against the unfortunate SauJ^s.

THE CHIEF NEOME AND THE PEWONIQO BAND.

The old chief Neome was, as has been mentioned, the
most powerful and respected among the chiefs of the Sag-
I'liaws, though it does not appear that he was or ever liad
been famed for skill or prowess in war. His power had
somewhat decayed in the latter years of his life, but he
retained until the last the respect and confidence of his
people. He was a man well advanced in years when the
white people first knew him, prior to 1819. Then, and
during the remainder of his life, he held with his band
the southern frontier of his nation, though the territory of
the Sni/inaws extended southward many miles beyond his
village, which was named Pewonigowink, and located on
the river of the same name (the Flint), near where it
crosses the boundary between Genesee and Saginaw Coun-
ties. Its site, however, was once or twice moved,— being at
one time in the present township of Montrose, in Genesee,
and at another, farther down the river, in' Taymouth, Sag-
inaw Co. A large open tract of land, more than a hundred
acres in extent, situated about seven miles south of Bridge-
port Centre, is yet remembered by the oldest settlers as the
" old Indian field." This had been used by the people of
Neome's band for their rude agriculture ; but, after years
of continuous planting, the corn was destroyed for two or
three seasons by the grub-worms, which they believed to be
the Great Spirit's curse upon the land, and they therefore
abandoned it, and planted in newer fields farther up the
river. Neome died at his village in the year 1827, and
was succeeded in the chiefship by Tonedogane, who had
been the principal war-chief of the band and second in
command during the life of his superior. Neome had a
brother named Mixanene, and it does not seem clear why
he was not made his brother's successor. lie appears to
have been a fierce and bloodthirsty Indian, and it is related
of him that in the year 1813 Mr. Joseph Campau paid to
him a large sum for the ransom of a white prisoner, Mr.
James Hardan, whom IMixauenc had determined to torture

INDIAN TREATIES AND CESSIONS OP LAND.

to death. But perhaps at that early tiiue even the good
Neouie was less amiable than the whites found him to be
in later years after the Indian spirit had been cowed and
broken.

Tiie Indians living in the valley of the Flint were known
as the Peiconiyo tribe, or band, from the Indian name of
the stream. The present county of Genesee was crossed
in various directions by their trails, which, by being trav-
eled for years by themselves and their ponies, had become
hard-beaten paths, worn into the soft soil in some places to
the depth of more than a foot. The principal of these was
the " Saginaw trail," which was the Indian road from the
Saginaw River to Detroit. Its route through Genesee
County was from Pewonigowink up the Flint River to its
southern bend, and thence south by way of Grand Blanc
and the Big Springs (Oakland County) to Detroit. The
place where it crossed the Flint was known as the Grand
Traverse, or grenl crossing-place. — a name probably given
to it by Bolieu the French trader. A beautiful open plain,
lying in the bend of the river, on the north side and con-
tiguous to the crossing, was named, in Indian, Museata-
wingh, meaning " the plain burned over." This is now in
the first ward of the city of Flint. A part of it had for-
merly been used by the Indians as a corn-field, and it was
always one of their favorite camping-grounds, as many as
fifteen hundred of them having been seen encamped on it
at one time by people who are still residing in Flint. Over
this great trail, too, for years after the first settlers came to
Genesee County, thousands of Indians passed and repassed
annually, the throng always being particularly large at the
time when they went down to receive their annuities.
The.sc yearly payments were made in the early times by both
the United States and the British governments ; the latter
usually paying them at Maiden. The amount paid there
was fifty cents a head to Indians of all ages, from the red
patriarch of ninety years to the papoose upon its mother's
back. On these occasions, therefore, every member of the
tribe took the trail to be present at the muster for pay.
After a time the British payments ceased, and the United
States adopted the plan of paying at inland points to avoid
the demoralization which resulted from vast collections of
Indians at Detroit. These interior payments were oftenest
made at Saginaw, but were on one or two occasions made
at Pewonigowink. The money u.sed was silver coin, and
this was brought up from Detroit on pack-horses. " Two
boxes of one thousand dollars each, weighing one hundred
and twenty pounds, slung on each side, were a load for a
pack-horse. The party (generally con.sisting of an inter-
preter and sub-agent) made in this way twenty miles per
day, and slept out in the woods without fear, though with-
out firearms. The journey occupied four days from De-
troit to Saginaw." The Indians were not given to plun-
dering on so grand a scale as the robbery of a pack-horse
train loaded with s])ecie, though they sometimes engaged in
small pilfering. Bc^yond this it does not appear that the
settlers stood in much, if any, fear of them. They were
comparatively harmless except when excited by liquor, and
even when, under that influence, they were disposed to be
defiant, they were easily over.iwed by a firm and- deter-
mined course of treatment. At the commencement of
3

Black Hawk's war, that chief sent his emissaries among
these Indians to distribute his " war-(|uills," inviting them
to take part against the whites, but the nies.sage failed to
bring the response he desired, for the warlike .spirit of the
Sagiiiuics was dead, and they had buried the hatchet for-
ever.

CHAPTER IV.

INDIAN TREATIES AND CESSIONS OP LAND-
INDIAN EMIGRATION.

Treaty of Greenville — Treaties of Detroit ami Springwells — Treaty
of Saginaw — Pewonigowink Kcscrvatiou — Plans for In<iian Em-
igration—Treaties of Wasliington (1SX6), Detroit (IS37), Flint
River (1S37), and .Saginaw (183S).

The United States government, from the time of its
formation, has recognized the possessory rights of the In-
dian tribes in the soil ; and the principle has been estab-
lished that these riglits can only be acquired by the
government, or with its consent, and can only be alienated
from the native Indians by their own voluntary act, done
in public and open council, where the tribes are represented
by their chiefs and head men, and the government by its
accredited agent or commissioner. This principle has
always been acted on, and this method observed, by the
government in its treaties with Indians for the acquisition
of their possessory rights in the public domain.

TREATY OP GREENVILLE IN 1795.

The first Indian treaty by which the aboriginal title to
lands now within the State of Michigan was extinguished
was made on the 3d of August, 1795, at Greenville, Ohio,
by General Anthony Wayne, on behalf of the United
States, with representatives of the Wj/cimiols, S/uiwaiicse,
Ottawas, Chippvwas, I'utfawaltamies, and several other
tribes. By the terms of that treaty the Indians ceded to
the United States government " the post of Detroit, and
all the lands to the north, the west, and the south of it, of
which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or
grants to the French or English governments, and so much
more land to be annexed to the district of Detroit as shall
be comprehended between the river Rosine (Raisin) on the
south. Lake St. Clair on the north, and a line, the general
course whereof .shall be sis miles distant from the west end
of Lake Erie and Detroit River." Several other large
tracts were also ceded by tlie treaty ; among these being
" the post of Michilimackinac, all the island, and lands on
the mainland adjacent," and the island of Bois Blanc, —
mentioned as being an extra and voluntary gift of the
Chippewa nation. Also among the lands ceded by this
treaty was " one piece of land six miles S(|uare at the mouth
of Chikago River emptying into the southwest end of Lake
Michigan." It was expressly stipulated in the treaty that,
in consideration of the peace then and there established,
and of the relin(|uishinent,s made by the Indians, as well as
to manifest the liberality of the United States as the means
of making the peace strong and perpetual, " the United
States rclin(|uish their claims to all other Indian lands
northward of the river Ohio, eastward of tlie Mississippi,

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

and westward and southward of tlie great lakas and the
watei-s uniting them,* according to the boundary line agreed
on between the United States and the King of Great Brit-
ain in the peace made between them in the year 1783."
And it was declared that " the Indian tribes who have a
right to those lands are quietly to enjoy them, hunting,
planting, and dwelling thereon so long as they please, with-
out any molestation from the United States ; but when
those tribes, or any of them, shall be disposed to sell their
lands, or any part of them, they are to be sold only to the
United States ; and until such sale the United States will
protect the said Indian tribes in the quiet enjoyment of
their lands against all citizens of the United States, and
against all other white persons who intrude upon the same ;
. . . and if any citizen of the United States, or any other
white person or persons, shall presume to settle upon the
lands now relinquished by the United States, such citizen
or other person shall be out of the protection of the United
States, and the Indian tribe on whose land such settlement
shall be made may drive off the settler, or punish him in
such manner as they shall think fit ; and because such set-
tlements, made without the consent of the United States,
will be injurious to them as well as to the Indians, the
United States shall be at liberty to break them up, and
remove and punish the settlers as they shall think proper,
and so to eifect the protection of the Indian lands herein-
before stipulated." The Indians were also allowed, under
the treaty, to have the privilege of hunting and fishing over
all the ceded territory during their good behavior.

TREATIES OP DETROIT (1807) AND SPKINGWELLS

(1815).

The treaty by which the entire southeastern part of
Michigan (including more than nineteen-twentieths of the
present county of Genesee) was ceded to the United States
government was made and concluded at Detroit on the
17th of November, 1807, " by William Hull, governor of
the Territory of Michigan, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
and sole commissioner of the United States to conclude and
sign a treaty or treaties with the several nations of Indians
northwest of the river Ohio, on the one part, and the sachems,
chiefs, and warriors of the Ollawny, W^ando/te, and Futta-
waltamie nations of Indians on the other part." The terri-
tory here ceded by the Indians, in consideration of goods
and money paid and to be paid to them by the United
States, was described in the treaty as " beginning at the
mouth of the Miami River of the lakes [meaning the
Maumee], and running thence up the middle thereof to the
mouth of the great Auglaize River; thence running due
north until it intersects a parallel of latitude to be drawn
from the outlet of Lake Huron, which forms the river Sin-
clair ; thence running northeast on the course that may be
found will lead in a direct line to White Rock, in Lake
Huron ; thence due east until it intersects the boundary line
between the United States and Upper Canada, in said lake ;

* In its relinqwishraent of these lands, however, the government
excepted the post of Vincennes, on the AV'abash, the po.«t of Fort
Marsac, towards the mouth of the Ohio, and lands at other jdaees,
actually in the oceupation of French or other white settlers, to which
the Indian title had before been extinguished.

then southwardly, following the said boundary line down
said lake, through the river Sinclair, Lake St. Clair, and the
river Detroit into Lake Erie, to a point due east of the
aforesaid Miami [Maumee] River ; thence west to the
place of beginning." For this cession the government
stipulated to pay (in money, goods, agricultural imple-
ments, or domestic animals, at the discretion of the su-
perintendent of Indian affairs) the sum of §3333.33 each,
to the Ottawa and Chippewa tribes, and one-half that
amount each to the Pot tawatt amies and Wj/andots, with a
perpetual annuity of $2000 to each of the first-mentioned
tribes, and one-half that sum to each of the others ; all to
be paid at Detroit. And it was further declared in the
treaty, that " the United States, to manifest their liberality
and disposition to encourage the said Indians in agriculture,
further stipulate to furnish the said Indians with two black-
.smiths ; one to reside with the Cltippewas at Saginaw, and
the other with the Ottawas, at the Miami, during the term
of ten years ; said blacksmiths are to do such work for the
said nations as shall be most useful to them."

The second line mentioned in the description of the tract
here ceded — that is, the line running due north from the
mouth of the Auglaize River, and a prolongation of it to
the Straits of Mackinaw — was afterwards adopted by the
United States surveyors as the principal meridian line of the
lower peninsula of Michigan. The territory ceded by the
Indians at the treaty of Detroit embraced all of Michigan
lying east of that line as far north as the centre of the
present county of Shiawas.see, and extending from thence in
a northeastwardly direction to the shore of Lake Huron, at
a point a little above the northern boundary of the county
of Sanilac ; including all that is now in the county of Gen-
esee, except the northern and western part of the township
of Montrose and the northwestern corner of Vienna.
Within this ceded territory the Indians reserved several
tracts for their own uses (none of them, however, being
within the present limits of Genesee County), and they were
also to have the privilege of hunting and fishing, under
the same conditions as stipulated in the treaty of Green-
ville.

During the war of 1812-15, the Chippewa, Ottawa, and
Pottawattamie tribes sided with the British, and by this
act, and their general conduct through that struggle, were
considered to have justly forfeited the lands reserved to them.
Nevertheless, the government magnanimously determined
not to enforce the forfeiture, but to adopt a conciliatory and
friendly policy towards them ; and in September, 1815,
Gen. Wm. H. Harrison, Gen. McArthur, and John Graham,
Esq., on the part of the government, held a council with
them at Springwells, near Detroit, where, on the 8th of
that month, a treaty was concluded, by which it was agreed
that " the United States give peace to the Chippetoa, Ottawa,
and Pottaicattamie tribes. They also agree to restore to
the said Chippewa, Ottawa, and Pottawattamie tribes all
the possessions, rights, and privileges which they enjoyed or
were entitled to in the year 1811, prior to the commence-
ment of the late war with Great Britain ; and the said tribes
upon their part agree to place themselves under the protec-
tion of the United States, and of no other power what-
soever." And, at the .same time, the treaty made at Green-

INDIAN TREATIES AND CESSIONS OF LAND.

ville in 1795, and subsei|uent treaties between these tribes
and the United States, were con6rmed and ratified.

TREATY OF SAQIN.WV — 1819.

Soon after the close of the war witli Enghvnd, tlie atten-
tion of emigrating farmers from New Yoric and New Eng-
land began to be directed towards the newly-opened agri-
cultural regions of Micliigan, and it was not long before it
became evident to the comprehensive mind of Governor
Cass — the most able as well as the most influential man
in the Territory — that broad as was the domain acquired
by the treaty of 1807, it would soon be found too narrow
to receive the immigration which had already begun to
spread westward and northward from Detroit. He at once
appliod his tireless energies to the ULsk of securing a fur-
ther cession of lands from the Indians, and, being ex ojjicio
Indian commissioner for Michigan, he laid the matter be-
fore the President, and received authority and directions to
negotiate a treaty for the extinguishment of the aboriginal
title to adjoining territory on the north and west.

The result of his labors was the assembling of the sachems
and chiefs of the Saginaw Cliippewas, with a few of those
of the Ottawa nation, in council at the present site of
Saginaw City, in September, 1819. Early in that mouth,
Governor Cass, accompanied by a cavalcade composed of
his secretaries, interpreters, and other assistants, set out
from Detroit, and proceeded by way of Royal Oak, Pontiac,
and the Grand Traverse of the Flint, to Saginaw, where
they arrived on the lOth, and there found the warriors and
chiefs already assembled, and assembling, for the conven-
tion. The attendance, however, was less numerous than
had been expected ; and when it was found that some of
the Indian bands and villages were unrepresented, runners
were sent out in haste to such localities to give further
notification, and to urge the absent chiefs to come in and
join in the council.

Under instructions from Gen. Cass, suitable preparations
had been made for the occasion. Mr. Louis Campau, who
had for three years been established at Saginaw as an In-
dian trader, had made an addition to his trading-house suf-
ficient in .size to furnish quarters for the governor, and al.so
a commodious mes.s-room for him and his retinue. Near
the bank of the river had been erected the council-house.
It was a rude structure, — more a bower than a house, — and
inadequate to afford shelter against inclement weather, but
suflBcient to furnish a .shade for the general and the attend-
ant chiefs, and to give some degree of diguity to their de-
liberations. Moored in the stream were two small vessels,
a sloop and a schooner, which had come round from Detroit,
bringing subsistence stores, goods intended for Indian pres-
ents, and a company of the Third United States Infantry,
under command of Capt. C. L. Cass, a brother of the gov-
ernor. The presence of these troops was considered neces-
sary, in view of the possibility of violence on the part of
the a.s.sembled Indians.

When all preparations were complete, the white and red
dignitaries assembled in the council-house, near the centre
of which, upon a low platform of hewn logs, sat the com-
missioner. Gen. Cass, accompanied by his .secretaries, 11. A.
Forsyth, Jr. (who was also acting commissioner), John L.

Leib. and D. G. Whitney ; Capt. Cass ; Capt. Chester Root,
of the artillery; Lieut. John Peacock, of the 3d Infantry ;
Whitmore Knaggs, Indian trader and sub-agent, and, on
this occasion, principal interpreter ; Archibald L3'ons, an
Indian trader; Henry Connor, interpreter (known among
the Indians as W'lhisIikiiideLay — meaning " White Hair'');
Louis Beaufait, William Tucky, and John Hurson, inter-
preters, and many others ; while all around were grouped
the dark faces of the Chippewa and Ottawa chiefs.

The council being opened with due formality, Gen. Ca.ss
proceeded to inform the Indians of the objects for which
they had been assembled. He told them, through his in-
terpreters, that the Great Father at Washington was earn-
estly desirous of promoting the welfare of his red children,
and anxious to preserve and perpetuate the friendly and
peaceful relations which had existed between their tribes and
the government since the close of the war ; that the tide
of white emigration was pressing irresistibly towards their
domain ; that their streams were each year growing less
prolific; that the steady advance of civilization would drive
the game to the remoter hunting-grounds ; and that for
these and other weighty reasons it was manifestly the part
of wisdom for them, the chiefs and notables of the tribes,
to advise their people to abaudon, or at least to depend less
on, precarious hunting and fishing as a moans of subsist-
ence, and to give their attention to the pursuits of agricul-
ture upon fertile and ample tracts of their own selection,
to be reserved for their perpetual use from the territory
which it was now the desire of the government to purchase
from them, at a fair and generous price, for the use of the
white emigrants who wished to come and settle among
them as friends and neighbors.

The opening address of the commissioner w;is replied to
by several of the chiefs ; those most conspicuous by their
speeches being Ogemawkeketo, Mishenenanonequet, and
Kishkawko ; the last named being an exceedingly wily and
troublesome man, though really a Canadian Indian, an in-
terloper among the Chlppewas, with no proprietary interest
in their lands or right to a voice in the questions before the
council. But he had managed by some means to obtain
considerable influence among the Saginaws, and his violent
speech against the cession produced an efiect adverse to the
cherished objects of Gen. Cass. Here, however, his influ-
ence against the proposed treaty ended, for at the close of
this day's council he had fallen completely into the power
of John Barleycorn, and during eight or ten days following
remained in almost helpless intoxication.

The mxstor-spirit among the Indians w;us Ogemawkeketo
("chief speaker"), who, though at that time scarcely more
than twenty-one years of age, was possessed of remarkable
powers of oratory ; and his speech on this occasion was an
eloquent outburst of indignant remonstrance, which was
never afterwards forgotten by those who he;ird it. Ad-
dressing Gen. Cass, he said, " Our people wonder why our
white brethren have come so far from their homes. Our
English Father never asked us for our lands. Our Amer-
ican Father wanta them. Your people gather in our
country, and press in on our hunting-grounds. Our lands
are melting away like ice when the waters grow warm
around it. Our women rcproac us. Here are their

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

homes, and the homes of our children. Shall we sell the
ground where they spread their blankets ? You do not
know our wislies. We have not invited you here. Your
young men have called us to meet you and kindle the
council-fire, and we have come; not to give you our lands,
but only to smoke with you the pipe of peace."

To counteract the effect of such a speech it was necessary
for the commissioner to show firmness and self-possession.
In his reply Gen. Cass said in effect that the Great Father
at Washington, in the then recent war, had inflicted chas-
tisement not only on the English king, but also on them,
his Indian allies, and that they, the Chippcwas, by their
hostility to the United States during that war had justly
forfeited all their lands to the government, but that not-
withstanding this tlie Great Father had no desire to take
the lands from them without paying a proper and generous
equivalent ; and that, in case a treaty should bo made with
them, it was not in contemplation to take tlie homes of their
women and children, but to secure to them ample tribal
reservations on which they could spread their blankets in
peace, and not only live without fear of molestation from
the incoming whites, but receive valuable assistance and
instruction in their agriculture. But when the day's de-
liberations closed the Indians still remained intractable and
defiant ; and the commissioner, after having told them in a
friendlj' manner to go to their wigwams " and smoke and
talk over the matter together," withdrew with his company
to their quarters, in a state of anxiety and disappointment
in anticipation of a not improbable failure of the negotia-
tions.

The council was not convened on the f )llo\ving day, nor
for several days thereafter. The Indians remained sullen
and unyielding, and the prospect was looking very unfavor-
able for the consummation of the treaty, when a powerful
influence, which had hitherto been quiescent, or adverse to
the plans of the commissioner, began to be exerted in favor
of the treaty. This was the influence wielded by Jacob
Smith, the Indian trader. It is related that he had a per-
sonal acquaintance with every one of the pvineipal chiefs
who were present at this council ; that there were few, if
any of them, to whom he had not at some time extended
some favor or act of friendship, either in entertaining them
at his different places of business, or relieving their neces-
sities by advances of blankets and food. And among these
chiefs, too, sat old Neome, steadfast and unwavering in his
friendship, and willing and anxious on this, as on every
occasion, to be guided by the wishes of his white brother,
Wahbesins.

In view of these facts, it is not hard to realize the extent
of the power which was held (and exercised) by Jacob Smith
to shape the action of the Indian council, — a power far
greater, in that direction, than that of the commissioner,
or of Kishkawko, or even of the chief orator, Ogemawko-
keto. It might have been supposed that Gen. Cass, who
was personally acquainted with Smith, and well knew his
pre-eminent qualifications as interpreter and negotiator with
the Indians, would have selected and retained him in that
capacity in this council, but such was not the fact, and his
neglect to do so is regarded as proof that tlie commissioner
regarded him with feelings of distrust. It was supposed

by many that tlie inflexible opposition manifested by Oge-
mawkcketo, Neome, and the other chiefs was incited by
him, and this supposition does not seem entirely improbable.
But however this may have been, it is certain that all the
efiorts of the authorized interpreters and agents of the gov-
ernment, continued during several days succeeding the first
council, were wholly unavailing, and no favorable word or
sign of yielding could be wrung from the chiefs, until old
Neome received through Mr. Knaggs, the interpreter, the
promise that the wishes of his friend, Wahbesins, should be
consulted, and his demands acceded to, in regard to the res-
ervations to be granted by the terms of the proposed treaty.
This was agreed to by the interpreters (of course with
the private assent of Gen. Cass), and the arrangement was
definitely made that, in addition to the reservation of ample
tracts for the use of the several Indian bands, there should
be made eleven reservations of six hundred and forty acres
each, to be located at and near the trading-house of Jacob
Smith, at the Grand Traverse of the Flint River ; these
reservations to be granted to a corresponding number of
individuals, under Indian names, which wore handed in,
written upon slips of paper, to Gen. Cass.*

Several days after the first meeting, the chiefs were again
convened in the council-house, where a considerable amount
of discussion ensued ; but as a principal difficulty had been
surmounted by the granting of Wahbesins' demand, and
the consequent propitiation of Neome and the chiefs, and
as Gen. Cass had ceased to press the original proposition
of the government to remove the Cliippewas beyond the
Jlississippi, or at least to the westward of Lake Michigan
(finding that it was impossible of accomplishment, and that
to insist on it would be to endanger the success of the en-
tire negotiation), there was but comparatively feeble oppo-
sition to the treaty, which was finally agreed on and vir-
tually concluded at this sitting ; all that remained to be done
being to engross it in due form, and to affix to it the signa-
tures of the commissioner, the chiefs, and the witnesses.

Far the ceremonious signing of the treaty, the chiefs
were convened in council for the third and last time.
Among them appeared Kishkawko, who had now partially
recovered from the debauch which from the close of the
first day until now had kept him confined to his wigwam,
and prevented his participation in the later deliberations.
The attendance at this council was much greater than on
either of the previous occasions, being estimated at no less
than two thousand chiefs, warriors, and braves, while a
great concourse of Indian women and children were crowded
together on the outskirts of the assemblage. The ceremony
of signing was conducted with decorum and dignity, and
was made iis imposing as possible. The first name written
upon the instrument was, of course, that of Lewis Cass,
United States Indian Commissioner, and underneath were

■*■ In a trial before ChaDcellor Manning, held in 1S43, touching the
title to one of the tracts reserved by this treaty, Robert A. Forsyth
testified that upon this occasion he had been private secretary to
(!en. Cass, and, acting in that capacity, had copied the draft of the
treaty ; that "Jacob Smith handed to the commissioner the names of
certain persons for whom reservations were to be m.ade j" that he *' saw
but two lists of the names; Jacob Smith handed in one, and Henry
Campau or Louis Beaufalt the other." — ^Yulkt:i■'ls Chanetry lifpoylg ;
Sturhton C8. WiUiams, Fthniartf, 1S43.

INDIAN TREATIES AND CESSIONS OF LAND.

placed the totcniic siLjnaturcs of one hundred and fourteen
eliiefs and head men of the Cliippewits and Otlawas (though
tliere were very few of the latter, and the whole number
have usually been mentioned as C/tippeicas^). The sub-
scribing; witnesses were the commissioner's secretaries, Leib
and Whitney; Acting Commissioner Forsyth; Capts. Cass
and Root ; Lieut. Peacock ; G. Godfroy, sub-agent ; Messrs.
Knaggs, Tucky, Beaufait, and Ilurson, interpreters; John
Hill, army contractor ; Barney Campau, V. S. Ryley, J.
AVhipple, Henry I. Hunt, William Keith, A. E. Lacock,
Richard 8niytli, John Smyth, B. Head, Conrad Ten Eyck,
and Louis Dequindre. Thus the treaty was concluded and
executed Sept. 24, 1819.

When the ceremony of signing was over a large amount
of silver money was brought out and placed in huge piles
on the table before the commissioner, to be by him dis-
tributed among the chiefs and representatives of the several
bands. Many of these chiefs were indebted in considerable
sums to the trader Louis Campau, who had received their
promise that when the payment was made to them his
claim should be liquidated, at least to the amount of fifteen
hundred dollars. He had already notified Gen. Cass of
this agreement, and was now anxiously waiting, hoping to
receive the money from the commissioner without having
it pass through Indian hands at all. But there were also
present three other traders, who were not pleased at the
prospect of having so considerable a part of the Indian.s'
money appropriated to the payment of their old debts.
One of these three was Jacob Smith, who at once set about
the task of persuading the half-intoxicated Kishkawko and
some of the other chiefs to demand that the entire sum due
them should be paid to the Indians, to be applied by them
as they saw fit. His diplomacy was entirely successful,
and when the commissioner explained to the chiefs that
Campau was expecting to receive his dues, and asked if
they consented to the arrangement, they rcjiliud that they
wore his children, under his protection, and expected that
he would pay the money into their hands. The general
could not disregard their expressed wishes in this particular,
and he therefore directed that the money be paid to them.
Upon this, Campau, seeing that his money was lo.st, and
believing Smith to be the cause of his discomfiture, leaped
from the platform where he had been standing, and struck
the latter two .stunning blows in the face. Quick as light-
ning Snnith turned on his as.sailant, but Henry Connor and
Louis Beaufait interposed between the belligerents and
stopped the fight, much to the di.sgust of Campau, who was
smarting under a sense of what he believed to be gross
injustice in tlie non-payment of his claims, and furious at
being denied the privilege of taking vengeance on the man
who had circumvented him.

When all the business of tlie day was clo.scd, Gen. Ca.ss
directed that the fire-water should be allowed to flow, and
under this order five barrels of government whisky were
opened, and the liquor was dealt out to the Indians. Upon
seeing this, Campau, still filled with wrath at the treatment
he had received, and blaming the general almost as much
as Smith for it, ordered up ten barrels of his own whisky,
knocked in the heads, and posted two men with dippers to
supply the Indians as they came up. Of course the scene

of intoxication that ensued was indescribable. At about
ten o'clock, the governor, having become thoroughly alarmed
at the infernal orgies that surrounded the trading-house in
which he was quartered, sent his private secretary, Forsyth,
with orders to Campau to shut off the supply of liquor ;
but the trader only deigned the grim reply, " You com-
menced it, general 1" Then a platoon of the 3d Infantry
was detailed to guard the store-house. Soon after they had
been posted, a new arrival of Indians demanded whisky,
and, upon being refused and held at bay, rushed on the
guard to force an entrance, during which attempt one of
them received a bayonet wound in the leg. In an instant
the war-whoop Wiis sounded, and in a few minutes more
swarms of savages, infuriated with liquor and tomahawk
in hand, came rushing towards the store. " Stop the liquor,
Louis !" screamed the Governor of Michigan Territory, as he
stood in the door of his quarters with a night-cap on his head.
" We shall all be murdered ! Stop the liquor, I say I"
" Certainement, mon general," replied Campau, "but you
begun it, and you allowed Smith to rob nie. I'll keep you
safe, but remember you commenced it, mon general." He
appeared to think that the satisfaction of thoroughly fright-
ening Gen. Cass (who he said had allowed Jacob Smith
to rob him) was cheaply enough purchased by the expendi-
ture of ten barrels of whisky.

By the combined efforts of the interpreters and traders
the Indians were at length pacified, and they retired to
their wigwams to sleep off the effects of their intoxication.
After they had entirely recovered from their debauch they
became perfectly friendly and tractable, and even after the
commissioner and his staff of a.ssistants had departed for
Detroit, they sent the orator-chief, Washmenondequet, to
overtake him, and exj)ress to him their pleasure and satis-
faction at the result of the council.

The area of the territory ceded by the treaty of Saginaw
was estimated at about six millions of acres ; its boundaries,
as described in the treaty, being as follows : " Beginning at
a point in the present Indian boundary line [identical with
the principal meridian of the State] which runs due north
from the mouth of the gre;it Auglaize River, six miles south
of the place where the base line, so called, intersects the
same ; thence west sixty miles [this corner being about three
miles northca.st of the present village of Kalamazoo] ; thence
in a direct line to the head of Thunder Bay River; thence
down the same, following the courses thereof, to the mouth ;
thence northeast to the boundary line between the United
States and the British province of Upper Canada; thence
with the same to the line established by the treaty of De-
troit in the year 1807; and thence with said line to the
place of beginning."

From this cession various tribal reservations were made
for the u.se of the Cliippi'iCdn, viz. : on the cast side of the
Au Sable, a tract of 8(100 acres, including an Indian village;
2000 acres on the Mesaquisk ; GOOO acres, to include an
Indian village, on the north side of the Kawkawling ; G4II
acres on the same river, " for the use of the children of
Bokowtonden ;" 9G40 acres, in three tracts, on the Huron
(Cass) River ; an island in Saginaw Bay ; a tract of 2000
acres " where Nabobask formerly stood ;" 1000 acres " near
the island in Saginaw River;" 2000 acres '-at the mouth

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

of Point Augrais River ;" 10,000 acres at Big Lick, on the
Shiawassee, and HOOO acres on the same river at a place
called Ketchewandaugenink ; 6000 acres at Little Forks,
on the Tetabawasink (Tittabawassce) River, and 6000 acres,
near the same stream, " at Blackbird's town ;" 40,000 acres
" on the west side of the Saginaw River, to be hereafter lo-
cated ;" and individual reservations of lands on the Saginaw
to John Riley, Peter Riley, James Riley, and to "The
Crow," a Chippewa chief The tracts reserved on the
Flint River, were " one tract of 5760 acres, to include
llcaum's [Neome's] village, and a place called Kishkawba-
wee," and the eleven reservations at the Grand Traverse of
the Flint, granted as before mentioned to persons under
names furnished by Jacob Smith and Louis Beaufait.

It has been mentioned above that the cession made by
the Indians in the treaty of Detroit, in the year 1807,
covered all of the present county of Genesee, excepting a
small fraction in the northwestern corner, therefore in-
cluding, of course, all the lands at the Grand Traverse, and
fai' to the northward of it ; so that these lands, having
already been ceded to the United States, were really not
within the possible scope of the Saginaw treaty, nor within
the power of the Cliippeivns to sell. But the Indians did
not so understand it. They had no means of knowing
precisely where the diagonal line terminating at White
Rock (as named in the treaty of 1807}, would fall, and
they believed that the northern boundary of that cession
passed considerably to the southward of the most southerly
bend of the Flint ; when, in reality, it crossed that stream
nearly ten miles by its course north of the present village
of Flushing, leaving all of the river which is south and
east of that point within the territory previously ceded to
the United States. The fact, however, that they believed
themselves to be still the sole pos.sessors of the beautiful
valley of the Flint, is proof that tliey had never iiifeiuled
to include it in the cession of 1807. Whether Gen.
Cass knew that this region was compreheudod within the
limits of that cession — or, indeed, whether the northern
boundary described by the treaty of Detroit was ever
accurately run — docs not appear ; but if the commissioner
was aware of the fact, he did not, and could not, insist on
the right of the government to the lands at the Grand
Traverse. Only by tacitly admitting the Indian proprietor-
ship in those lauds could he have secured Jacob Smith's
consent to the treaty, and without that consent it is not
probable that the treaty could have been concluded.

In consideration of the cession made by the Sayiiiato
treaty, the United States agreed to pay to the Chippewa
nation annually, forever, the sum of one thousand dollars,
in silver coin, and, also, that all annuities to be paid them
in pursuance of the stipulations of previous treaties should
thereafter be paid in silver. The terms of the treaty of
Greenville (in 1795), giving the Indians the right to hunt
and fish at will upon the ceded lands, so long as they re-
mained the property of the United States, were applied to
this treaty. They were also to be permitted to make sugar
wherever they chose upon the same lands and during the
same period, but without any unnecessary waste of the
trees. And the government reserved the right to construct
necessary roads through any part of the reservations. It

was likewise stipulated in the treaty that " The United
States engage to provide and support a blacksmith for the
Indians at Saginaw, so long as the President of the United
States may think proper, and to furnish such farming
utensils and cattle, and employ such persons to aid them
in their agriculture, as the President mny deem expedient."

PEVVONIGOWINK RESERVATION.

The tribal reservation of five thousand seven hundred
and sixty acres on the Flint River, before mentioned as
including the village of the old chief Neome, " and a place
called Kishkabawee," became known as the Pewonigowink
reservation, and embraced within its area all of section 4,
the west half of section 3, the east half of section 5, the
north half of section 9, and the northeast and northwest
quarters, respectively, of sections 8 and 10 in the present
township of Jlontrose, in Genesee County, and something
more than double that amount of land in Saginaw. In
the latter portion was included the old Indian Field, so
well known to the early travelers who passed down the
valley of the Flint, and used its broad open .space as a
camping-ground.

PLANS FOR INDIAN EMIGRATION — TREATIES OF WASH-
INGTON (1836), DETROIT (1837), FLINT RIVER (1837),
AND SAGINAW (1838).

It had been the intention of Gen. Cass to procure
from the Indians at Saginaw an agreement that they would
gradually emigrate from their old liunting-grounds in
Michigan and remove beyond the Mississippi River, or, at
least, to the country lying to the westward of Lake Michi-
gan ; but in this the commissioner was disappointed, as we
have seen. This repulse, however, did not cause the gov-
ernment to abandon its cherished idea, and, finally, after
many long years of persuasion, the minds of the red men
seemed to have become fully prepared to entertain the
proposition for ultimate removal to the new countries of
the far West.

In the year 1836 a council was held at Washington by
Henry R. Schoolcraft, United States Commissioner, with
the principal chiefs of the Chippeica and Ottawa nations,
by which those nations ceded to the United States all the
remaining part of the lower peninsula to which the Indian
title had not before been extinguished, with the exception
of a few reservations. This treaty was concluded on the
28th of March, and proclaimed on the 27th of May, in the
year named.

At the commencement of 1837, Mr. Schoolcraft, as In-
dian commissioner, met the chiefs and delegates of the
Saffinaio tribe of Chippewas at Detroit, where, on the
14th of January, a treaty was concluded by which the
tribe ceded to the United States all the reservations, except
those granted to individuals, under the Saginaw treaty of
1819, but retained the right to continue for five years in
undisturbed occupation of their tracts on the Augrais River,
and on the Mushowusk River west of the Saginaw ; no
white man to settle or encroach on those tracts under pen-
alty of five hundred dollars. The United States agreed to
furnish a farmer and blacksmith for the tribe as before, and
to continue the donations of cattle and farming utensils.

INDIAN EMIGRATION.

The lands embraced in tlie ceded reservations were to be
surveyed by the United States and placed in the market
with the other public lands as soon as practicable, and the
amount due the Indians from this source to be invested by
the President in some public stock, the interest to be paid
annually to the tribe in the same manner as their annuities
were paid; and if, at the end of twenty years, the Indians
should wish the said stock to be sold and the proceeds
divided among the tribe it might be done with the consent
of the President and Senate.

By the terms of the treaty the tribe agreed to remove
from the State of Michigan as .soon as a proper location
could be obtained, and for this purpose it was stipulated
that a deputation should be sent to view the country occu-
jiied by their kindred tribes west of the most westerly point
of Lake Superior; '• and if an arrangement for their future
and permanent residence can be made there, which shall
be satisfiictory to them and to the government, they shall
be permitted to form a reunion with such tribes and remove
thereto. If such arrangement cannot be effected, the gov-
ernment of the United States will use its influence to obtain
such location west of the Mississippi River as the legisla-
tion of Congress may indicate."

The above was amended by a new treaty concluded on
the 20th of December, 1837, at Flint River, between Henry
R. Schoolcraft, commissioner, and the Saginaw chiefs and
delegates, by the terms of which tlie United States agreed
to reserve a location for the tribe " on the head waters of
the Osage River, in the country visited by a delegation of
the said tribe during the present year ; to be of proper ex-
tent agreeably to their numbers, embracing a due proportion
of wood and water, and lying contiguous to tribes of kindred
language;" the meaning and intent of this being to nullify
and abrogate that article of the treaty of Jan. 14, 1837,
which entitled them to a location in the country lying west
of Lake Superior. It was provided by the treaty that the
sum of fifty cents for each acre of Indian land sold by the
United States should be reserved " as an indemnification
for the location to be furnished for their future permanent
residence and to constitute a fund for emigrating thereto."

The attesting witnesses to the treaty were John Garland,
major U. S. A. ; Henry Connor, sub-agent and interpreter ;
T. B. W. Stockton, Gardner D. Williams, Jonathan Beach ;
Chas. C. Hascall, receiver in the land-office at Flint ; Albert
J. Smith, Robert J. S. Page, Wait Beach, Rev. Luther D.
Whitney, T. R. Cummings. This treaty, although not of
very great importance in its results, is mentioned here, more
especially for the rea.son that it was held at the place where
now stands the beautiful and prosperous city of Flint, at a
time when the spot was marked only by the straggling
dwellings of a few pioneer settlers ; and becau.se, among
those who were present at the deliberations, there were
many whose names are well known in the annals of the city
and county; some of whom still live, and distinctly re-
member the interesting occasion.

About a month after the conclusion of the treaty of Flint
River, the chiefs were again assembled in council with
Commissioner Schoolcraft. This time the council -fire was
kindled at Saginaw. The rea.sons for the calling of this
convention, as set forth in the preamble to the treaty which

was there concluded (Jan. 23, 1838"), were, that " the chiefs
of the bands have represented that combinations of pur-
chasers may^ be formed at the sale of their lands [meaning
the reservation lands, relinquished by the treaty of Detroit,
Jan. 14, 1837], for the purpose of keeping down the price
thereof, both at the public and private sales, whereby the
proceeds would be greatly diminished ; and such a pro-
cedure would defeat some of the primary objects of the
cession of the lands to the United States, and thereby origi-
nate difficulties to their early removal and expatriation to
the country west of the Mississippi."

To quiet these apprehensions, and to insure satisfaction
and justice to both parties, it was provided in the treaty
there made tliat the reservation lands, ceded by the treaty
of Jan. 14, 1837, should be offered for sale by proclamation
of the President, and that the sales should be conducted in
the same manner as the sales of other government lands ;
and that all lands brought into market under the provisions
of the treaty of 1837 should be put up and offered for sale
by the register and receiver of the respective land-offices, at
five dollare per acre, which was declared as the minimum
price ; and if that price was not bid, the sales should there-
upon be stopped ; and no reservation lands should be dis-
posed of, either at public or private sale, at a less price than
the one mentioned, during a period of two years from the
coniniencemont of such offering for sale. But if, at the
expiration of that period, any part of the reservation lands
should remain unsold, then the minimum price should be
diminished to two dollars and fifty cents per acre, at which
price they should be subject to entry until all were sold. If
any of the lands should remain unsold at the end of five
years from the ratification of this treaty, they were then to
be sold at such price as they would command, provided that
no such sale should be made for a price less than seventy-
five cents per acre. And finally, it was agreed that if the
Indians should consent to emigrate, and give up the tracts
at Augrais and Rifle River (the usufruct and occupancy of
which had been reserved to them for five years by the
treaty of Detroit in 1837) at any time within two years,
they should receive therefor, from the United States, the
minimum price of five dollars per acre ; and if they should
fail to so relinquish within that period, but should relin-
quish within the period for which the minimum price of
two dollars and fifty cents per acre was established, then
they shouhl receive that minimum price per acre for the
lands so given up and vacated.

But the plan of Indian emigration from Michigan,
formed and fostered by the government, and assented to by
the tribes in the treaties of Detroit, Flint River, and Sagi-
naw, was never carried into eflect ; for, long before the ex-
piration of the time named in the treaty for their departure,
they had bitterly repented of their promise to remove to the
land of the .setting sun, and prayed the Great Father that
they might be pcrniittcd to remain on the poor remnant of
their once broad hunting-grounds, and to be buried near the
graves of their fathers. The government did not insist on
the performance of their agreement, and no general Western
emigration took place; but eventually the bands became in
a great measure broken up, atnl the individual members
gradually scattered away faithcr towards the north and

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

west, some of tliem afterwards bocomiiis!; the owners of
small tracts by purchase (a course which was encouraged by
the government), many removed to reservations in Isabella
County, where they or their children are still living, and
some crossed the river and lake into Canada.

CHAPTER V.

INDIAN KESEKVATIONS ON FLINT RIVEB.

Description of tlie Individual Reserv.itions at tlie Grand Traverse —
Their Location and Survey under authority of the Government —
United States Patents issued to several of tlie Rcservees — Long Liti-
gation between rival Claimants to tiie Lands.

The Indian tract of Pewonigowink having been relin-
quished to the United States by the treaty of 1837,* the
only reservations which then remained within the territory
now comprised in the county of Genesee were the eleven
tracts granted to individuals named by Jacob Smith and
others in the treaty of 1819. The article of that treaty
providing for these individual reservations declares that
" there shall be reserved for the use of each of the
persons hereinafter mentioned, and their heirs, — which
persons are all Indians by descent, — the following tracts
of land," and after specifying the tracts of the llileys and
" The Crow," on Saginaw River, as before mentioned, pro-
ceeds as follows: "For the use of Nowokeshik, Metawa-
nene, Mokitchenoqua, Nondashemau, Petabonaqua, Mes-
sawwakut, Checbalk, Kitchegeequa, Sagosequa, Annoketo-
qua, and Tawcumegoqua, each six hundred and forty acres
of land, to be located at or near the Grand Traverse of the
Flint River, in such manner as the President of the United
States may direct."

Immediately after tlie conclusion of the treaty Jacob
Smith removed to the Grand Traverse of the Flint, and
there established his post. He had foreseen the future im-
portance of this point, and had acted accordingly in securing
the reservations ; but he probably considered the lands on
the north side of the river to bo more eligible than those
lying on the south .side, and he therefore located on the
former, opening hi.s business in a log house, which stood
near the river-bank, on the " burnt plain" of 3Iuscatawingh.

In the year 1820, President Monroe, in pursuance of the
provisions of the treaty, caused the eleven tracts to be sur-
veyed, and located on both sides of the Flint River, at its
southernmost bend ; that is, at and near the Indian crossing-
place known as the Grand Traverse. Six of these tracts
were laid out on the north side of the river and five on
the south side. They were laid out in irregular forms, but
cacli contained an area equal to one mile square. They
were numbered from one to eleven. Inclusive ; and their
respective locations and allotment among the several reser-
vees was as indicated in the accompanying diagram, copied
from the plat of the survey.

These tracts have frequently been mentioned and named
upon maps, collectively, as " Smith's Reservation," and the

■* A remnant of the Peicvni;/u Indians, however, continued to live
on this reservation for a number of years after it was furuially ceded
to the United States.

designation is perhaps not wholly incorrect ; for, although
Jacob Smith never claimed more than five of them for the
reservees named by him, yet it seems clear that none of
them could have been secured except through the exertion
of his powerful influence with the Indians at the treaty.
Within the limits of these reservations was comprised
nearly all the area of the present city of Flint ; and the
great appreciation of the value of the lands, resulting from
their rapid settlement, led to much controversy and years
of obstinate litigation between different parties laying claim
to their ownership.

Jacob Smith died at the Grand Traverse early in the
year 1825, leaving as his legal heirs five children, — one son
and four daughters, — residing in Detroit. His location at
the Traverse had been on the reservation numbered two,
where, besides his trading-house, he had a small tract under
cultivation. To what extent he had ever been in actutil
possession of any of the other reservations does not appear,
but whatever his interest was, at this place, it was taken
possession • of soon after his death, by Maj. (afterwards
Gen.) John Garland, his son-in-law, in the name of the
heirs, for whom it was claimed that they were the true
owners of the Indian names Metawanene, Annoketoqua,
Sagosequa, Nondashemau, and Messawwakut, to whom, re-
spectively, sections 2, 3, 4, 5, and G were allotted on the plat
of the rcservationsmadeby direction of the President; these
names, as was alleged, having been given them in infancy
by their father's Indian friends, who at that time frequently
visited his house in Detroit. There would have been
nothing strange or unusual in their giving Indian names to
white children and adults, the same thing having been done
in the family of Maj. Oliver Williams, of Oakland County,
every member of which received an Indian name from the.se
same Chippewas, and many other similar instances are
mentioned. In this case, however, three of the five Indian
names referred to were those of males, while four of the
children of Jacob Smith were daughters.

When the tide of immigration began to set strongly in
this direction, and it became apparent not only that the
valley of the Flint River must eventually take rank among
the most favored and prosperous portions of Michigan, but
that the Grand Traverse must become the most important
point in all that fertile valley, the claimants to the five
reservations above mentioned very naturally felt desirous
of establishing an absolute title to the lands in question ;
and as an important preliminary step in that direction, all
of those tracts (which had in the mean time been partially
occupied by various lessees under Maj. Garland, the repre-
sentative of the heirs of Jacob Smith) were taken in actual
posse.ssion by Albert J. Smith, the claimant to the name
and lauds of Metawanene, he al.so acting on behalf of his
three surviving sisters and of the heirs of their deceased
sister Caroline. This was in the year 1835. At the next
succeeding session of Congress these claimants memorial-
ized the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United Slates, praying for the passage of an act author-
izing the issuance of patents to them for the five reserva-
tions as sur\oyed in 1820, and numbered two, three, four,
five, and six on the plat filed in the land-office.

Their petition — after setting forth the well-known and

INDIAN RESERVATIONS ON FLINT RIVER.

undisputed fact tliat their father, Jacob Smith, was present
at the Saj;inaw treaty of 1819, and was greatly instrumental
in bringing about a successful result to tiiat negotiation —
proceeded as follows : " Although the reservations intended
for your memorialists under the treaty of Saginaw have
been partially occupied under them, and always known and
acknowledged as being intended for them, yet they never
have received or obtained sucli a title from Government as
would authorize them to sell or convey any portion of the
said lands, in consequence of their having been embraced —
unintentionally, as your memorialists believe — among the
number of reservations intended for persons being Indians
' by descent ;' owing to which the General Land-Office has
not felt authorized to issue patents for said land in the
names of your memorialists. ... In support of their
prayer, your memorialists would respectfully refer you to
the certificates of the chiefs and head men of the Chippeivu
nation, marked B, in which the claim of your memorialists
is fully acknowledged and proven ; also to the affidavits of
respectable citizens of Michigan (numbered one, two, three,
and four), who possess a knowledge of the facts and un-
derstood the intentions of the Indians."

The array of proof above alluded to as accompanying
the memorial was, to say the least, exceedingly strong.
First, was a certificate or statement made by CItippewa
chiefs, signers of the treixly of 1819, fully recognizing the
rights and claims of the children of Jacob Smith. This
document, being an important one, is given here entire, as
follows :

*' The subscribers, chiefs and head men of the Chijijiewa nation,
and subscribers to the treaty of Saj;!na\v, hereby certify that the five
reservations at and near the Grand Traverse of the Flint River, made
by the treaty of 1819, were made and intended for the five following-
nanictl persons, viz.: Metawauene, alias Albert J. Smith; Mcssawwakut,
alias Harriet M.Smith: .Sagose<|ua, alias Caroline Smith; Annoke-
toqua, alias Louisa L. Smith : and Nondnshcmau, alias Maria G. Smith
(each six hundred and forty acres) ; known to us and distinguished by
the aforesaid names, as the children of the late Jacob Smith. M^c
further certify that the aforesaid donations to the children aforesaid
wore made in consideration of services rendered by said Smith {de-
ceased) to the Vhippeicn nation, and the friendly intercourse that sub-
sisted between the parties for many years. Wc further certify that
Metawancne, alias Albert J. Smith, now present at the execution of
this certificate, is the son of Jacob Smith, deceased, and that wo re-
cognize him as oneof the five children to whom the before-mentioned
donations were made and intended.
"Saoi.vaw, January 22, 18.'!5.
[Signed by witnesses present] [Signed by]

"Thomas Simi-so.v, "Ocemawkeketo, [totem]

K. S. Williams, No.n'o.mi'Enasee, "

G. D. Williams, Waiihktoasce, "

Charles II. RoDn. Saiiwabiio.v, "

Chixetosii, "

Sha.voe, "

Wa.shivin, "

IvAWGAIlEfiO, "

Waysiionoxo, '*

Moxewkg. "

"TEiiitiToiiV or Michigan, I

OaKLAMI Col STV. J "■

" Personally appeared before the subscriber, a justice of the ])eaco
within and for the county of Oakland, Kphraim S. Williams, Esquire,
who, being duly sworn according to law, deposeth and saith that he,
this deponent, was present at the execution of tlic within certificate,
and saw the within-named chiefs and head men make their marks to
the said certificate. Deponent further saith that the subscribers,
chiefs and head men as aforesaid, reside in the vicinity of Saginaw,
Oakland County, ami Territory of Michigan. Deponent further saith

that the contents of the certificate aforesaid were by him fully ex-
plained, and were cheerfully assented to by tlie aforesaid chiefs and
head men.

[Signed] " E. S. AVilliams.

"Sworn and sul)scribcd before me this twenty-second day of Janu-
ary, 1S36.

"Thomas Simpson."

This statement of the Chippewa chiefs was made at a
council which had been called for the purpose at the place
and date mentioned, chiefly through the influence and in-
struinontality of the brothers G. D. and E. S. Williams,
who were then traders at Saginaw. The meeting (which
was not a formal treaty-council) was held in a building
owned by the American Fur Company, and was presided
over by Thomas Simpson, — known to the Indians as Lixa-
boga, — who was residing among the Chippewas to instruct
them in agriculture at the expense of the government.
The chief interpreter on the occasion w;us Jacob Gravradt,
who was assisted by Charles H. llodd (who was regularly
employed in that capacity by the American Fur Company),
and also by Mr. Ephraim S. Williams, who spoke Cltip-
pewa as well as the chiefs themselves. T. B. W. Stockton
and Albert J. Smith were present as representatives of the
Smith reservees, and the last named was at once and fully
recognized by the chiefs as the Metawanene of the Saginaw
treaty. The principal personage among the chiefs was
Ogcmawkeketo, who had been recognized by Gen. Cass as
the " chief speaker" of the Ghippawas, and who still wore
upon his breast the government medal of silver which had
been presented to him by the general in 1819. Here, as
on the occasion of Cass' treaty, this " chief speaker" opposed,
at first, the object for which the chiefs had been called to-
gether. He fully understood that the Grand Traverse res-
ervations had by the terms of the old treaty been granted
to certain persons who were mentioned as all being of In-
dian descent, and seeing in this a circumstance which might
inure to the benefit of the tribe by causing the lands to
revert to them, he made a strong speech to the eflfect that
as the lands had been granted to individuals of Indian
descent, which these children of Jacob Smith were not,
and as during the sixteen years which had passed since the
granting of the reservations no person bearing a trace of
Indian blood had ever laid claim to them, it was plain that
they had never yet passed from the ownership of the Chip-
pewiis ; therefore, the tribe should retain them until the
government or individuals should be ready to purcha.se at
a fair price. This seemed to be a rea.sonable argument, and
might have been fatal to the claims of the white reservees
had it been adhered to ; but the assembled chiefs had not
yet forgotten their good and steadfast friend Wahbesins,
and now they did not hesitate to declare that his white
children were the rightful owners of the reservations in the
true meaning and intent of the treaty. Even the astute
" chief speaker" receded from the position which he had
first taken, and the name of Ogcmawkeketo was placed at
the head of all those of the chiefs who signed the instru-
ment.

Certificates to the same effect — declaring the white chil-
dren of Jacob Smith to be the persons to whom the Chip-
pewas had intended to give the five sections of land in
(lucstion — were procured from chiefs and head men at Big

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Rock village on the Sliiawassee, Sept. 30, 1835 ; at Flint
River, September, 1835 ; and at Grand Saline, Oct. 31,
1835; these being made through Capt. Joseph F. Marsac,
interpreter to the Indian department, and in the presence
of Stephen V. R. Trowbridge and Lieut. Alfred Brush, of
the United States army. The depositions of Major Robert
A. Forsyth, who had drafted the treaty of 1819, and of
James Connor, who also took part in the treaty (the former
taken before Judge George Morell, and the latter before
Judge Solomon Sibley), were to the eflcct that it was under-
stood by them, at the time the treaty was made, that five or
six reservations had been intended by the Indians for the
children of Jacob Smith, who was a great favorite among
them.

All of the above-mentioned documents were laid before
Congress in support of the petition of the Smith claimants,
as was also the following memorial from persons residing
principally at Flint River and in that vicinity, viz. :

"Tu the Ifnimrahlc, llic Siiiitte of the United States :

** The undersigned, citizens of the Territory of Michigan, residing
in the vicinity of certain lands reserved to the heirs of Jacob Smith,
under the treaty of Saginaw, having understood that a certain bill is
now pending before your honorable body for the relief of the heirs
of said Jacob Smith, have thought proper to represent that the con-
firmatiou of the said grants to the said heirs would greatly advance
the settlement and improvement of this part of the Territory, and that
the delay in the perfecting of the title to said lands has already been
of serious injury to this iJorlion of the Territory. The undersigned
would, therefore, respectfully petition that the above-mentioned bill
may become a law, there being no doubt that the equitable title to
said lands is in the said heirs, and that strict justice requires of the
general government a confirmation of the same:

" Lyman Stow,
Merkick Stow,
James Patterson,
Nahum N. AViLSOiV,
Richard J. Oilman,
John Clifford,
Lewis Buckingham,

L. G. BlCKINGHAM,

A. U. Beach,

Lemuel Johnson,
Isaac Brown,
Milton Morris,
Jonathan Beach,
Euenezer S. Fish,
Nathaniel Nelson,
Joseph Smith,
Caleb Berry,
Ldman Beach,
Rurcs Harrison,
A. B. Wilson,

" Thomas J. Drake,
E. Beach,
John Tonn,
E. R. EwiNGS,
AVait Beach,
RcFi's W. Stevens,
Charles McLean,
LcTHER King,
Elijah Carman,
Isaac Miles,
John A. Hoyes,
Aaron (i. Hoyes,
Caleb Buckner,
Charles C. Hascall,
Calvin C. Parke,
J. M. Ccmmings,
James W. Crooks,
James McCormick,
Vf. H. Nelson,
Joseph C. Winters,

LoRTON S. Mathewson, Luther Dickinson,

Robert McCormick, Charles ToogooI),

BEN.IAMIN Pearson, Abial L. Shaw,

Alanson Dickinso.v, Asa Davis,

Thomas Nelson, John McCormick.
" Flint River, Sept. 28, 1835."

The result was the passage of an act " To authorize the
President of the United States to cause to be issued to Al-
bert J. Smith and others patents for certain reservations
of land in Michigan Territory.'' This act (approved June
25, 1836) provided :

" That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby, au-
thorized and required to issue or cause to be issued, to Metawaneno
(or Albert J. Smith), Messawwakul (or Harriet M. Smith), Annoke-
toqua (or Louisa L. Smith), and Nondashemau (or Maria G. Smith),

being children of Jacob Smith, deceased (formerly a trader among
the Chippewa Indians), jtatents for one section of land each ; also one
section of land conjointly to the aforesaid Albert J. Smith, Harriet
M. Smith, Louisa L. Smith, and Maria G. Smith, being the only sur-
viving brother and sisters of Sagosequa (or Caroline Smith, deceased,
who was also one of the children of Jacob Smith, deceased, at or near
the Grand Traverse of the Flint River, in the Territory of Michigan,
which said sections of land were reserved to said children, by the
third article of the treaty made and concluded at Saginaw, in the said
Territory, between the United States of America and the Chipj/etra
nation of Indians, on the 24th day of September, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and nineteen."

In accordance with the provisions of this act, the five
patents were issued June 2, 1836. This was, at that time,
considered as a final settlement of the question of title to
these reservations ; but it was not very long before the
opinion began to be entertained by some (an opinion which
was afterwards sustained by the courts) that these patents
did not and could not convey a title as against any person
or persons who could prove themselves to be the rightful
reservees in the true intent and meaning of the treaty. It
would seem that the proofs adduced by the Smith heirs had
been ample for the establishment of their claims, but there
were still doubts whether they could hold under the article
of the treaty which provided that the lands granted should
be for the use of persons of Indian descent only. About
this time it was discovered that a young Chippewa, whose
English name was Jack, and who had been brought up and
protected by Jacob Smith, claimed to be the real Mctawa-
nene, and consequently the owner of the reservation num-
bered two on the laiidofEce plat ; and also that some In-
dian women made the same claim to sections which had
been patented to the daughters of Mr. Smith.

In March, 1842, the Indian claimant to reservation num-
bered two, deeded that tract to Gardner D. Williams, of
Saginaw, who in June, 1845, conveyed one moiety of the
same to Daniel D. Dewey, of Genesee ; and by these a
suit was commenced in the Circuit Court for the establish-
ment of the claim of the alleged true Jletawanene, and the
possession of the lands. After many years of delay, this
cause came to final trial in 1856, at the March term, held
by Judge Sanford M. Green, in the city of Flint. Plain-
tiffs, Messrs. Williams and Dewey. Defendant, Chaunccy
S. Payne.* Attorneys for plaintiffs, Hon. Moses Wisner,
James H. C. Blades. For the defendant, Messrs. E. C.
and C. I. Walker, of Detroit, John Moore, of Saginaw City,
and Charles P. Avery of Flint ; which last-named gentle-
man had then recently purchased an undivided half of Mr.
Payne's interest in the property, thus becoming equally in-
terested with him in the result of the suit.

In support of the plaintiff^'s claim there were brought
forward four Indian witnesses, who testified through the
sworn interpreter to the court, the Rev. Henry P. Chase,
of Muncey Town, Canada West. These witnes.ses were
Nahwahchegome, Kalikagezhick, Francis Roy, and Pero
Roy, of Saginaw ; the first two being full-blood Chippewas
and the others half-breeds. Their testimony was to the
efffect that the Indian, Jack, who was associated with the

* Albert J. Smith had, in 1836, deeded to Mr. Payne an undivided
three-fourths, and to T. B. W. Stockton an undivided one-fourth, of
the reservation. In 1S40, Mr. Stockton conveyed his interest to Mr.
Payne, who thus became sole owner.

INDIAN RESERVATIONS ON FLINT RIVER.

plaintiffs upon iho record, was known by them to be the
true Metawaneiie for whom section two was reserved ; tliat
at the time of the treaty of 1819 he was about four or five
years old, and that on that occasion he was brouj;ht into
the council-house and placed before the commissioner, Gen.
Cass. These witnesses (who are represented as having
been unenlightened paj;aus) did not sustain themselves
well under cross-examination ; and a part of their testimony
was directly contradicted by that of Gen. Cass, — taken upon
commission, — which was to the effect that no children were
produced before him at the treaty as the designated ros-
ervees.

The defense brought twelve Indian witnesses, — among
whom were several chiefs, — who testified that the Indian
claimant was not the true Metawanene of the treaty ; that
he was the son of a Canada Indian whose name was Shayo-
gemaus, and that his own name, from the time of his
christening, was Ahnemckecns, and that they had been in-
timately acquainted with his personal history from the time
when he was first laid in his bark cradle. One of these
witnes.ses, an old woman named Moosequay, said she was
present at the birth of the claimant, the date of which she
placed at about two years after the treaty of Saginaw. This
woman w;is a Christianized Indian, as were also several
others of the witnesses for the defense. They also testified
that Albert J. Smith, son of Jacob, had been adopted, while
yet a small boy, by the old chief, Neomc, in the place of a
deceased grandson, and that from that time he had uni-
formly been recognized by the Indians as Metawanene ;
this adoption having taken place before the treaty, at Mr.
Smith's house in Detroit.

Among the white witnesses were the Rev. D. C. Jacokes,
E. D. Young, Daniel S. Freeman, and P. 0. Johnson.
Mr. Jacokes testified that he had made these Indian claims
the subject of thorough and impartial examination at an
early day, and at a time when it was his interest to estab-
lish them as rightful claims if it could be done, the result
of which investigation was that in no instance did a single
Indian allege that any one of those five sections had beeu
intended for any other than the white children of Jacob
Smith. Both he and Mr. Freeman also stated that in con-
versation with them, at various times, the Indian, Ahneme-
keens (or " Jack"), had told them that he had never
thought of his having a claim, or that his name was Meta-
wanene until it had been suggested to hiui by white men.
The defense also embraced the evidence contained in the
verified statements of the Chippewa chiefs, which were
laid before Congress, as before mentioned, as well as several
less interesting points. The jury after short deliberation
rendered a verdict in favor of the defendant, thus deciding
a case which, during years of litigation, had caused much
excitement and some bitter feeling, and which is a matter
of general historical interest in the annals of the county.

The trial of a similar suit, involving tlie title to reserva-
tions numbers three and four, was also had before Judge
Green, at Flint, in the December term in the same year,
resulting, as in the case of section 2, adversely to the In-
dian title. Tiie suit was brought in the names of two of
the Indian women, before mentioned, who claimed to be
the real Annoketoqua and Sago.sequa, and con-sequently

owners of the tracts which had been patented respectively
to Louisa L. Smith and to the heirs of Caroline Smith,
deceased.

For the plaintiff there appeared several Indians who
were, or claimed to have been, at the treaty of 1819, and
whose testimony was given to show that the reservations
were not intended for the children of Jacob Smith, but for
the daughters of Neome, and that the Indian claimants in
this case were the daughters of that chief. The defense
brought two Indians and throe white men who were present
at the treaty, whose testimony went to show the great in-
fluence exerted by Smith at the treaty, and that old Neome
favored Smith's wishes, but desired no lands for his own
children. The testimony of General Cass for the defense
was to the effect that he understood the reservations to
have been intended for half-breeds, and not to full-blood
Indians, as the granting of reservations to the last-named
class was contrary to the policy of the government. (Tlie
Indian claimants in this ease were full-blood Chippeicas.)
He further testified that he did understand at the treaty
that the design of Jacob Smith was to obtain reservations
for his white children, and that to defeat that design he
(General Cass) had caused to be inserted in the treaty the
words " all of whom are Indians by descent."* But it
was held by the court that whatever the intention of Gen-
eral Cass might have been, yet if it had been the intention
of the Indian grantors to give the lands for the use of the
white children of Jacob Smith, the fee was thus vested in
them, notwithstanding the insertion of the descriptive
words " Indians by descent."

Tiie same counsel who had conducted the case of section
2 appeared also in this. The trial occupied three days,
and at its conclusion the jury, after a retirement of less
than an hour, returued a verdict for the defendant repre-
senting the Smith interest.

But the end was not yet. The case involving the title
to these two sections (Gregory vs. Frost, — the defendant

* About the time when the question first began to be agitated, in
reference to the validity of the title of the Smith children to the
reservations, General Cass, in response to a request for a statement
of the facts, wrote a letter, which was placed on file in the Indian
Department at Washington, of which the following is a copy:

" Detroit, June 22, 18.31.

" I have been requested to state the facts connected with the reser-
vation of eleven sections of land at Flint River, made under the
treaty of Saginaw, so far as respects any interest held therein by the
children of Jacob Smith. At the time this reservation wa.s made, I
understood that the Indians intended that a number of the sections
— I believe five or si.\ — should be granted to Iho children of Smith,
and the names given by them as the grantees of these sections wcro
said to be his children. From circumstances not necessary to detiiil
here, I was led to suspect that Smith designed the land for hi>! white
children, and that most of the names purporting to be those of his
Indian children were, in fact, the names of his white children, which
the Indians — who wore in the habit of frequenting his house — had
given to them. To guard against the consequences of this attempt,
I therefore inserted in the article providing for these reservations a
clause confining them to persons of Indian descent. I have an in-
distinct recollection that one young girl was spoken of as the Indian
daughter of Smith, hut cannot remember her name. I know Louis
Beaufait and Henry Connor well; they were both at the treaty of
Saginaw, and they arc very honest men, in whoso statements full
confidence may be placed.

(Signed) " Lkwis Cass."

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICFIIGAN.

holding under the Smith heirs) was removed by ch:inge of
venue to tlio Circuit Court of Oakland County, and came
to trial there in September, 1860. The testimony here
was the same as at the trial of four years before in Genesee,
except that the defendant introduced, in addition, that of
Mr. Le Parle, of Monroe, and Jean Baptists Trudell, of
Bay County, which was very strong in confirmation of the
other evidence for the defense. Testimony for the plaintiff,
given by several Indian and half-breed witnesses, was suc-
cessfully impeached, and a verdict was rendered for the
defendant.

The plaintiff had urged, as a principal argument in favor
of the change of venue, that a fair trial could not be had
in Genesee County, fur the reason, not only, that many
individuals there were interested in sustaining the Smith
title, becau.sc holding under it, but also that a large majority
of the people of Flint were favorable to it, in the belief
that its overthrow would be detrimental to the interests of
the city. The case, therefore, having been tried at a dis-
tance from all such alleged influences, was regarded as a
test ease, and the verdict was a final decision in favor of
the Smith title to the five reservations numbered from two
to six inclusive.

Protracted litigation resulted also from a controvcr,sy
concerning the title to reservation eight, which was allotted
in the survey of 1820 to Mokitchenoqua. This Indian
name was claimed (justly, as it afterwards appeared) by
Elizabeth Lyons, a half-breed daughter of Archibald
Lyons,* an Indian trader. She was one of three girls, or
women, all half-breeds, who at different times laid claim to
the reservation, and who received from the register and
receiver of the land-ofiice at Detroit, certificates of iden-
tification, as Mokitchenoqua, the rightful rescrvee under
the treaty. The certificate to Elizabeth was obtained Aug.
2, 1824. The nest claimant was Marie Lavoy, who ob-
tained a certificate of identity Feb. 7, 1827 :f and the last
was Nancy Crane (wife of Alexander D. Crane), formerly
Nancy Smith, a reputed daughter of Jacob Smith. She
received her certificate July 22, 1831. This was endorsed
and coDfirmed by the Commissioner of the General Land-
Office at Washington, Aug. 5, 1835, and on the 7th of
March, 1840, a patent was issued for the section of land
" to Mokitchenoqua, alias Nancy Crane, wife of Alexander

s "Archie Lyons was a trustworthy agent of the Messrs. Williams
[Gardner D. and Ephraiiu S. Williams, traders at Saginaw, and on
the Tiltabawasseo], whose history is identified with the Saginaw
Valley prior to the treaty. He was a fine penman, well educated,
and a musician of no little skill. lie was located at the Little Forks
of the Tittabawassee (Midland City), and in coming down from that
point on the ice upon skates for the purjiose of jdayiug the violin for
a dancing-party at Saginaw ho was drowned. His track was found
on the ice the nest day, to the edge of the hole into which he had
skated, leaving no doubt as to his fate." — Hon. C. P. Accry.

t Soon after the issuance of this certificate to JIarie Lavoy, a
council was held at Saginaw by Chippewa chiefs, who certified before
Col. Stanard (a justice of the peace), and in presence of Archibald
Lyons, that they had, at the treaty, reserved a section of land at the
Flint River for Mokitchenonua, the daughter of Lyons. This was
testified to by Antoinc Gampau at one of the trials which subsequently
grew out of her claim. Not long .after this Lyons was drowned in the
Tittabawassee, but the above-mcutioned fact proves that while living
he recognized her claim to lands on the Flint (and not at l!ig Koctk
on the Shiawassee), and that he took measures to establish it.

D. Crane, formerly Nancy Smith." In the mean time (June
30, 1835), she had united with her husband in a release of
all their interest in the lands to Maj. John Garland.

The interest of Elizabeth Lyons was conveyed by her
on the 4th of April, 1838, to Gardner D. Williams and
Kintzing Pritchette, who, in February, 1840, brought an
action of ejectment against T. B. W. Stockton and Chauncey
S. Payne, occupants of the section under title conveyed to
them from Maj. Garland. Four months later (June 11,
1840), Stockton and Payne filed a bill in chancery, praying
that Williams and Pritchette be restrained from prosecuting
their action of ejectment, and decreed to release their claim
to the premises. Associated with these as defendants were
Calvin Smith, Thomas J. Drake, and Elizabeth Lyons;
Nancy Crane having on the 10th of February, 1837,
joined with her husband in a conveyance of two-thirds of
her interest in the section to Messrs. Smith and Drake,
who were charged with notice of the deed of the same
interest to Maj. Garland, made twenty months before.

This case was tried before Chancellor Manning in Feb-
ruary, 1843. In the testiuion}', as reviewed by the Chan-
cellor, there were but few points of general interest. Henry
Connor, the interpreter at the treaty, testified that he did
not know of any reservation being made for Elizabeth
Lyons. Robert A. For.syth, who drafted the treaty, said
he thought that the name of Mokitchenoqua was among
those handed in by Jacob Smith to be inserted as reservees.
Louis Beaufait, interpreter at the treaty, said that Jacob
Smith, a few months after the treaty, showed him a list of
names of those for whom he had obtained each a section
of land, and he thought that among them was Mokitche-
weenoqua. Cecil Boyer (a woman) was at the treaty, and
heard there that a reservation had been made at the Grand
Traverse of the Flint for Mokitcheweenoqua, who, she
believed, was Jacob Smith's only child of Indian descent.
She had also heard that Elizabeth Lyons had a tract reserved
for her at Shiawassee. Eshtonaquot, alias IMacons, testified
strongly in favor of the claim of Nancy Smith, but admitted
that he did not know that Mr. Smith had ever claimed more
than one section under the treaty.

The testimony for the defense was much stronger. Rose
Campau said that Elizabeth Lyons had been brought up in
her family in Detroit, and had frequently been visited there
by her Indian relatives, who always called her Mokitcheno-
qua, and that she had often heard them say that a section
had been reserved for Elizabeth by the treaty. Josette
Knaggs, widow of Whitmore Knaggs (who was chief in-
terpreter at the treaty), testified that her husband had told
her, on his return from the council at Saginaw, that a .sec-
tion of land had been given to Elizabeth Lyons. She had
also heard the same from Indians of the tribe, and from the
half-breeds, Peter and James Riley.

An important witness lor the defense was Rufus W.
Stevens, a prominent and most respectable citizen of Gen-
esee County. He testified that he had been told by Jacob
Smith that section 7 hal been reserved for Edouard Cam-
pau, section 8 for Archibald Lyons' daughter, and others
for his (Smith's) children, on the north side of the river,
but that he made no claim for them to lands on the south
side of the river. Louis Moran testified that when, on one

INDIAN RESERVATIONS ON FLINT RIVER.

occasion, lie had inquired of Jacob Smith as to the owner-
ship of certain lands at the Flint, the latter replied that it
was a section wiuch had been reserved for Archibald Lyons'
daughter by the treaty.

John Baptist Trudell said lie was present at the treaty;
that all the chiefs told him at the time that Lyons' daugh-
ter had land reserved for her; that Jacob Smith, while he
resided at the Flint, told him that Lyons' daughter had a
section of land there on the opposite side of the river ; that
he (Smith) spoke of this a number of times, and only a
short time before his death. Nearly the same facts were
testified to by Peter Whitmore Knaggs (who was at the
treaty) and by several others.

The chancellor, in reviewing the testimony, said in effect
that he did not consider that adduced by the complainants
to be entitled to much weight, and that the preponderance
of evidence was decidedly in favor of the defense.

The facts testified to for the defense by Rufus W. Ste-
vens, Louis Moran, and J. B. Trudell, concerning Jacob
Smith's frequent admissions that his children claimed no
reservations on the south side of the river, were held by
the chancellor to be most important. In reference to these
he said: "The repeated declarations of Smith after the
treaty that there was a section reserved at the Flint for
Lyons' daughter is almost conclusive of itself He claimed
five sections at that place, under the treaty, for himself or
children, and took possession of them, but he never claimed
section 8. No one, perhaps, was more anxious to secure
personal advantage by the treaty, or knew better for whom
reservations were made, than Smith himself"

The court, therefore, refused to decree the release of the
defendants' claims, and the bill was dismissed. The com-
plainants then appealed the case to the Supreme Court,
where it was tried at the January term in 1845, resulting
in a decision affirming the decree of the Court of Chancery.
Upon this decision, Williams and Fritchette proceeded with
their ejectment suit, and in due time it was brought to trial.
The evidence adduced by them here was the same as in the
previous trials, but it did not prove sufficiently strong and
convincing to establish the claim of Elizabeth Lyons. The
decision was in favor of Messrs. Stockton and Payne, and
this was a final .settlement of the case.

Reservation No. 1 has also been the subject of long and
vexatious controver.sy at law between opposing parties, each
of whom claimed to hold under the true Tawcumegoqua,
for whom the section was reserved by the treaty, and to
whom it was allotted in the survey of 1820.

One of the persons — for whom it was claimed that she
was the true reservee of this section — was a half-breed
daughter of the before-mentioned French trader, Bolieu, by
his full-blood Indian wife. This girl was named in French
Angeliquc, but in Cliippcioa Tawcumegoqua. At the age
of about twelve years she was sent to the white settlements
at or near Detroit, and there partially educated. Ou at-
taining womanhood she married a Frenchman named Cou-
tant, and settled near Connor's Creek, in Uamtramck,
Wayne Co., where she continued to reside (living after the
manner of the French inhabitants of the in-ighborhood)
during the remainder of her life. By her marriage with
Coutant she had two children, — a son and dau";hter.

After his death she married Jean Baptiste St. Aubin, but
by him had no children. At the time when the treaty of
Saginaw was made she was fully forty years of age, and
about eight years later she died, leaving her two children,
Simon and Angeli(|ue Coutant, as her sole heirs-at-law.
Both these children married, the husband of Angelique
being Nicholas Chauvin.

It appears that IMadam Coutant (otherwise St. Aubin)
had claimed to be the owner of the reservation in question,
and that after her death her heirs made the same claim,
though neither had had actual possession or had taken any
legal steps to secure it. But on the 17th of October, 1833,
Simon Coutant and his wife Marie conveyed all their in-
terest in the seclion, by deed, to Joseph Campau, of Detroit,
for the consideration of four hundred and eiglity dollars ;
and on the 18th of the same month, Nicholas Chauvin and
his wife (formerly Angelique Coutant) conveyed all their
interest in the tract, by deed, to the same grantee. Subse-
quently (June 24, 1839) these transactions were confirmed
by a deed from the same parties to Campau, who, about the
same time, took possession by the placing of one or more
tenants upon the tract. On the 2(jlh of February, 1845,
a patent for the section was issued to Mr. Campau, in pur-
suance of the authority conferred by act of Congress,
approved June 15, 1844.

The other claimant to the reservation, under the name
of Tawcumegoqua, was a fuII-blood Chi'ppewa woman, the
daughter of Mixanene, brother of the old chief Neome.
She was about six years of age at the time of the treaty,
and about the year 1830 she was married to Kahzheau-
zungh, a full-blood Indian, by whom she had three children.
On the 13th of August, 1841, she joined with her husband
in a deed conveying the whole of Reservation No. 1 to John
Bartow and Addison Stewart, the last named gentleman
having been for several years in possession of a small por-
tion of the tract, though claiming no title to the land on
account of such occupation.

On the Gth of April, 1855, Lucy Stewart, widow of
Addison Stewart (deceased), and his minor heirs, by their
guardian, conveyed their interest in tiie section to Daniel
D. Dewey, and John Bartow conveyed his interest in it to
William Hamilton, by deed dated July 3d, in the same
year. Thus, whatever title to the tract had originally
vested in the full-blood daughter of Mixanene was now
held by Messrs. Dewey and Hamilton, while all the right
to the tract which had formerly been possessed by the
half-breed daughter of Boliou (Madame Coutant) was held
by Joseph Campau, who claimed to have been in actual
possession since the year 1838.

Under these circumstances, Dewey and Hamilton ecun-
menced a suit in ejectment against Campau in the Circuit
Court of Genesee. The trial resulted adversely to the
plaintiffs, who thereupon carried the cause to the Supreme
Court, where the judgment of the court below was affirmed.
The loss of the case to the plaintiffs was on account of an
informality in the acknowledgment of the deed from the
Indian claimant. Tliis defect was remedied by a new con-
veyance from her husband and children, she having died in
the year 1848. On the 24th of November, 185G, Alvin T.
Crosman (who had acquired title by mean conveyances from

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY", MICHIGAN.

the heirs of Tiiwciiiiiegoquii) quit-claiiiiocl his interest in the
entire section to George M. Dewey ;ind Rufus J. Ham-
ilton ; and on the 20th of July, 1857, Daniel D. Dewey
and William Hamilton quit-claimed to the same grantees,
who, in August of that year, brought action of ejectment
in the Genesee County Court against Joseph Canipau
and Alexander McFarlan (the latter a lessee under Cam-
pau). On the 29th of April, following, the venue was
removed to Saginaw County, where the cause was finally
tried in the Circuit Court, before Judge W. F. Wood-
worth, at the January term in ISGO. At this trial,* "evi-
dence was adduced on the part of the plaintiffs tending to
prove that at the time of the treaty of Saginaw, and for
many years prior and subsequent thereto, a band of Chtp-
j)ewa Indians resided at the village of Pewonigowink, on
the Flint River, and about ten miles below the Grand
Traverse of that river, at the place where the present city
of Flint is located. That during all the time referred to
Neome was the chief of this band ; that Tonedogane was
the principal warrior or second chief of this band, and suc-
ceeded Neome in the chieftainship on his decease. That
one Mixanene was also a member of this band, a brother
of Neome, and that Blixanene had a daughter, named Taw-
cumegoqua, who was about six years of age at the time of the
treaty, and was a member of Neome's fiimily. That Neome
also had three children, — two females, Sagosaqua and Owan-
ona(|uat()qua, the former about ten or twelve years old at
the time of the treaty, the latter a woman grown, and one
boy, Ogibwok [supposed by some to have been the real
" Cliecbalk,'" to whom section 9 should have been allotted],
who was about fifteen years of age, — and a grandson called
Metawaiiene; that all the children named were full-blood
Indian children. . . . That Neome, his children, and said
grandchild, and his band, including Tonedogane, and also
Mixanene and his little daughter Tawcumegoqua, were
present at the treaty. That Jacob Smith was there also.
That on the night prior to the last council, at which the
treaty was read over and agreed to, Jacob Smith came to
Neome's tent and advised him to get special reservations of
land for his children, and promised to assist him in doing
so. That at the grand council, held the next day between
the Indians and Gen. Cass, Neome came forward before
Gen. Cass with his three children and said grandchild, Me-
tawanene, and also bis niece, Tawcumego(jua, Jlixunene
being with him and Jacob Smith standing by his side, and
asked for r&scrvations of land for these children ; that Gen.
Cass assentcd;f and that the names of the children were
written down, and that it was talked of and understood at
the treaty that these children got special reservations of
land." The testimony of the chief Nocchieame, and others
was also introduced by the plaintiffs to show that Mixa-
nene's daughter, Tawcumegoqua, was married about 1830 to
Kuhzheauzungh, and to identify her as the same person
who joined with her husband in the deed to John Barton

*Mich. Reports, vol. v., Cooloy.

t This, however, was shown to be wholly in^orreet by the testimony
of Gen. Ciiss, giien in one of the trials involving the title to olher sec-
tions of the Smith reservation ; in which the general slateil positively
that no such children were produced before him as reservces at tlie
treaty.

and Addison Stewart, April 29. 184G ; that she died in the
fall of IS-tS, and that the persons who joined with her hus-
band in the deeds to John Moore and A. T. Crosman were
her children and heirs.

The defendants introduced evidence showing that their
Tawcumegoqua (alias Madame Coutant) was the daughter
of the trader Bolieu, and an Indian woman (his wife) who
was related by blood to the chiefs Neome and Tonedogane,
and tending to prove that she (the daughter) was the true
reservee. Among this evidence was the deposition of Henry
Connor (then deceased) taken before David E. Harbaugh,
a justice of the peace for Wayne County, Feb. 20, 1839,
as follows: " I, Henry Connor, of Wayne County, State of
Michigan, do solemnly swear that I was an Indian inter-
preter at the treaty held with the Indians at Saginaw, in
the year 1S19, and that Tawcumegoqua, a half-breed Indian
woman, was present at said treaty ; that I acted as inter-
preter for her in the matter of her claim to a section of land
at or near the Grand Traverse on Flint River, in the then
Territory of Michigan. I was well acquainted with said
Tawcumegoqua during a period of more than thirty years,
and I know that she was the identical woman to whom the
Indians then granted and intended to grant a section of land
situated near the Grand Traverse of the Flint River afore-
said. I do also know that she was married to a Frenchman
named Coutant, and was called by the French inhabitants
Angelique Coutant. That she had two children by said
Coutant, called Simon and Angelique Coutant, and that
the.se two children are the only heirs of the said Tawcume-
goqua. " ... It was urged that this testimony was of great
weight and importance, from the fact that Connor (on ac-
count of the position held by hiiu at the treaty) must of
necessity have been fully acquainted with all the circum-
stances, and with the intentions of the Indians, and also
from the fact that his entire truthfulness and honesty were
vouched for by General Ca.ss, and others who had known
him intimately for many years.

George B. Knaggs testified for the defense that he knew
Madame Coutant, that he saw her at the treaty, that .she
was the person to whom the Indians intended to give the
reserved tract, and this was understood by common conver-
sation among them afterwards. This witness, however, did
not sustain himself well under cros.s-examination, and his
statements appear to have been received with distrust by
the court.

Louis Campau, the old trader (who, at the time of this
trial, was living in retireiuent at Grand Rapids), testified for
the defense. He was present at the treaty of 1819, and
here gave a detailed account of the proceedings on that oc-
casion. He said Jlrs. Coutant was present, and was then
called by her Indian name, which the Indians accepted ;
that she was presented by that name to General Cass, and
that after her interview with him in the presence of the
chiefs, he (Campau) asked her if she got the land, and she
replied, " Yes, my son, my relations have pitied me, and
given me a piece of land." He said that he met the chief,
Tonedogane, who spoke of Mrs. Coutant by her Indian
name, and called her his aunt, and that not only this Indian,
but also the chiefs, Neome, Kabamiscobe, and Podagnass,
told him that they had given her lands. This witness also

SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY.

testified that although he had been well acquainted vilth
Neoiue since 1815, and knew all the hunters of his band,
he had never known or heard that the old chief had any
children, as had been stated by the witnesses on the other
side. The trial, which was a long and interesting one,
terminated on the 15th of February by a verdict in favor of
the plaintiffs. Upon this a writ of restitution was is.sucd,
and Messrs. Dewey and Hamilton were placed in possession
of the tract by Sheriff Lewis Buckingham on the 29th of
November, 18G0.

From the Circuit Court of Saginaw County the cause was
carried by the defeated party to the Supreme Court, on a
writ of error and bill of exceptions, and came to trial at the
October term in 18G1 ; resulting in an affirmation of the
judgment of the court below.

The foregoing account of the principal suits, involving
the original title to these reservations, m.iy be thought un-
necciisarily extended ; but it has been made so not only
because of the great interest which was felt in them by the
people of this vicinity, and on account of the singularly
conflicting nature of the evidence adduced, but also for the
reason that (as was remarked to the writer by one of the
most prominent citizens of Flint, and one who is intimately
acquainted with the matter of which he speaks) " the set-
tlement of the titles to the seveu thou.sand acres embraced
in the Smith reservations has caused twenty times more
trouble, anxiety, and litigation than all the other land-titles
in the county of Genesee."

This remark, however, does not properly apply to the
reservations on the south side of the river, excepting num-
ber eight, which has been mentioned above at some length.
The first of these (commencing at the lowest point on the
river) was the one numbered eleven, of which the reservee
was Kitchegeequa, a half-breed, otherwise known as Catha-
rine Mene, who died a few years after the treaty. On the
30th of May, 1830, a patent was issued to Charles Mene
and the other heirs of Catharine, and the title thus con-
firmed, proved good and valid. The reservee of the adjoin-
ing tract (number ten) was Pliillis Beaufait (otherwi.se Peta-
bonequa), a half-breed daughter of Colonel Louis Beaufait.
Holders of titles derived from her found thcm.selves secure;
and this was also the case on reservation nine, which was
granted to the half-breed Checbalk, otherwise Jean Visger,
or John Fisher, a member of the " Fisher tribe" or band,
several of whom are still living in the county. Nowoke-
shik, to whom reservation number seven was allotted, was
Fran9ois Edouard Campau, a half-breed son of Barney Cam-
pau. A patent for this tract was issued to him June 12,
1825, and on the 1st of April, 1830, he conveyed it by
deed to John Todd, the pioneer of the Flint lliver settle-
ment. Within this reservation is now included all of the
second, and the greater part of the third ward of Flint,
embracing the mo.st populous and valuable portion of the
city.

CHAPTER VI.

SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTT.

Low Estiiuato of tho Value of Michigan Laiiils by Travelers and
Surveyors — Slow Progress of Settlement in eonscrjuencc — Correc-
tion of tho Mistaken Opinion — Settlement of the Territory now
Genesee County — Regard of the Early Settlers for Education and
Religious Worship.

Until after the close of the last war between the United
States and Great Britain, so little of actual knowledge had
been gained concerning the Territory of Michigan that —
with the exception of a limited region lying along the
Detroit River, and contiguous to a few of the more im-
portant points on Lakes Huron, Jlichigan, and St. Clair —
the whole of the lower peninsula might properly have been
termed an unexplored and unknown country. In the first
year of that war, an act was passed by Congress requiring
that two millions of acres of land, in each of the (then)
Territories of Michigan, Illinois, and Louisiana, — in all six
million acres, — should be surveyed and set apart as military
tracts, out of which each soldier serving in the armies of
the United States in the war with England should be en-
titled to receive one hundred and sixty acres of land fit for
cultivation. Under the provisions of this act surveys were
made ; but, while engaged in the work, the surveyors seem
to have formed an idea of the country here similar to that
expressed by Ilonton, one of the early French travelers,
who, having had a glimpse of some of the swampy regions
bordering the lakes and rivers, recorded as his opinion of
the peninsula lying between the lakes, that it was in truth
" the fag-end of the world." Much the same was the esti-
mation in which these lands were held by the surveyor-
general, as is secu by the following extract from his report,
dated Nov. 13, 1815, having reference to the Michigan
surveys, viz. : " The country on the Indian boundary line
from the mouth of the Great Auglaize River [that is, the
line established by the treaty of Detroit, in 1807, and
identical, or nearly so, with the principal meridian of the
government surveys], and running thence for about fifty
miles, is, with some few exceptions, low, wet land, with a
very thick growth of underbrush, intermixed with very bad
marshes, but generally very heavily timbered with beech,
cotton-wood, oak, etc. ; thence, continuing north, and ex-
tending from the Indian boundary eastward, the number
and extent of the swamps increases, with the addition of
numbers of lakes from twenty chains to two and three miles
across. Many of these lakes have extensive marshes ad-
joining their margins, sometimes thickly covered with a
species of pine called tamarack, and other places covered
with a coarse, high grass, and uniformly covered from six
inches to three feet (and more at times) with water. The
margins of these lakes are not the only places where swamps
are found, for they arc intersper.sed throughout the whole
country and filled with water, as above stated, and varying
in extent.

" The intermediate space between these swamps and lakes
— which is probably near one-half of the country — is, with
very few exceptions, a poor, barren, .sandy land, on which
scarcely any vegetation grows, except very small, scrubby
oaks. In many places, that part which may be called dry

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

land is composed of little, short sand-hills, forming a kind
of deep basins, the bottoms of many of which are composed
of marsh similar to the above described. The streams are
generally narrow, and very deep compared with their width,
the shores and bottoms of which are, with very few excep-
tions, swampy beyond description ; and it is with the
utmost difficulty that a place can be found over which
horses can be conveyed in safety.

" A circumstance peculiar to that country is exhibited in
many of the marshes, by their being thinly covered with a
sward of grass, by walking on which evinces the existence
of water, or a very thin mud, immediately under their cov-
ering, which sinks from six to eighteen inches under the
pressure of the foot at every step, and at the same time
rises before and behind the person passing over it. The
margins of many of the lakes and streams are in similar
situation, and in many places are literally afloat. On ap-
proaching the eastern part of the military land, towards the
private claims on the straits and lake, the country docs not
contain so many swamps and lakes, but the extreme sterility
and barrenness of the soil continue the same. Taking the
country altogether, so far as it has been explored, and to
all appearances, together with information received concern
ins the balance, it is so bad that there icould not he more
tluin one acre out of a hundred, if there icould be one out
of a thousand, that would in any case admit ofcidtivalinn."

Probably the above was an honest expression of opinion
on the part of the surveyor-general, who, of course, based
his report on the information furnished him by his subordi-
nates who performed the work in the field ; but how thei/
could have been so deceived (if indeed they icere so far de-
ceived as to believe the disparaging statements which they
made) is certainly a mystery. However it may have been
brought about, the result was that Congress passed a law
(April 29, ISIG) repealing so much of the act of 1812 as
authorized the locating of soldiers' lands in Michigan, and,
in lieu thereof, providing for the survey of one million five
hundred thousand acres in Missouri ; so that the brave men
who had periled their lives for their country should not be
wronged and insulted bj' the donation of lands of which,
according to the surveyors' reports, not one acre in a hun-
dred was fit for cultivation.

The natural effect of all this was to bring the Territory
of Michigan into contempt as a country unfit for agriculture ;
and this belief was fostered by the Indian traders, who were
thorougiily acquainted with the interior country and its ca-
pabilities, but were only too willing to assist in perpetua-
ting the delusion, in order to postpone the evil day (as
they regarded it) when their lucrative business should be
ruined by the advance of white immigration and settlement.
And so there grew up a belief, which became well-nigh uni-
versal, that all this region, now so beautiful and productive,
was a land of irreclaimable swamps and barren sand-knolis,
the home of every species of malarial disease, which must
forever remain unfit for culture or white occupation ; and
that its obvious destiny must be to continue in the posses-
sion of wild beasts and the aborigines.

There were those, however, who believed that this judg-
ment was a false, or at least a hasty one ; and chief among
those who were skeptical as to the absolute worthlcssness

of Michigan lands was Governor Lewis Cass, who not only
doubted, but resolved to test its truth, and to disprove or
prove it by the evidence of his own senses ; and to that
end he set out from Detroit, accompanied by Hon. Austin
E. Wing and two or three other friends, on a tour of ob-
servation and discovery. Through the first stage of their
Northwestern journey, after leaving the town, the aspect
was by no means reassuring, and as their horses sunk knee-
deep in the sloughs or wallowed through the marshy places
along that trail whose horrors and miseries afterwards be-
came so well known to the pioneers, it really seemed as if
the dismal tales of the surveyors and Indian traders would
be more than verified. But at last, after having floundered
over a distance which seemed a hundred miles, but which
in reality was not more than one-eighth part of it, they
emerged upon higher ground and into a more open and de-
sii'able country, which is now the southeastern part of the
superb county of Oakland. From that point their journey
continued easy and unobstructed towards the northwest,
over a dry and rolling country, through beautiful open
groves of oak, and along the margins of pure and limpid
waters. One of these latter they named Wing Lake, in
honor of a member of the party ; another (the largest
sheet of water in Oakland) they called Cass Lake ; while a
little farther on (now in Waterford township) they named
a lovely lake for Elizabeth, the governor's wife. During
their journey (^which was of about a week's duration) they
penetrated nearly to the southern boundary of Genesee ;
and when they returned thej' carried back with them the
knowledge and proof that Jlichigan was not the worthless
desert which it had been represented ; but, instead, a beau-
tiful and fertile land, awaiting only the touch of the .set-
tler's axe and plow, and ready to yield an abundant in-
crease to reward his toil.

E.-VRLY SETTLERS IN GENESEE.

The trader Bolieu, who has already been mentioned as
being in all probability the first white man who came into
this Indian country, could hardly have been called a set-
tler under the common acceptation of the term, though it
is believed that he lived for a long time within the present
limits of this county. His case seems to have been that
of a man who, for some cause which does not appear, —
whether for the sake of mere profit, or because of disap-
pointment, disgust with the world, or from pure love of the
wild freedom of Indian life, came among them, married a
woman of the tribe who was a relative of one of their prin-
cipal chiefs, raised a half-breed family, and adopted the
Chippeioa mode of living; making no improvements that
are known of, and probably never expecting or wishing to
see others of the white race make their homes near him.

But it was under other circumstances and in an entirely
different manner that Jacob Smith came to build his cabin
on the Flint River ; and it was to him that the distinction
properly belonged, of being the first white man who made
a settlement within the region which is now embraced in
Genesee County. He came in the fall of 1819 to the
Grand Traverse of the Flint, and upon the right bank of
the river, not far from the Indian crossing, he erected a log
house which was at once his trading-house and his dwelling.

SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY.

Tlicre cull be no question that liis principal object in locat-
iiiLT at this phice was to take possession of the reservations
wliich he liad caused to be granted in tiie treatj' of Sagi-
naw, and to hold them for himself and children. And
(with the exception of occasional absences at Detroit) he
remained in occupancy of his house and lands here for the
remainder of his life. It seems to be quite generally be-
lieved among those who have not examined into the facts
that during this time Mr. Smith was entirely engaged in
Indian trade, and that he made no agricultural improve-
ments here. That this is a mistake, and that a part of his
lands were cleared and cultivated by him or under his direc-
tion, is proved by papers to which access has been had in
the preparation of this history. One of these papers is a
sealed instrument which is self-explanatory, and of which
the following is a copy :

*' Whereas I, David E. W. Corbin, have tliis day canceled and
given up to Jacob Smith a certain lease for a section of land on Flint
River, in the county of Oakland, dated the 21st day of December, in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one
( 1 82 1), as by reference to said lease will more fully appear, and whereas
the said Jacob Smith hath heretofore commenced a certain suit on a
book account against me before John McDonald, Esq., a Justice of
the Peace in and for the county of Wayne. * Now, therefore, in con-
sideration of the said Jacob Smith having discontinued said suit, and
having given me a general release of all debts and demands what-
soever, I do hereby give, grant, sell, and convey unto the said Jacob
Smith all my right, title, interest, and claim whatsoever to all the
wheat, corn, potatoes, barley, pea^, beans, and oats, and all other crops
wbatjioever, now growing on said section of land, or elsewhere in the
county of Oakland, and likewise all other property of every kind and
description which I now own in Ihe county of Oakland. In witness
whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fifth day of August,
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two.

** Witness ; George A. tJ.VGE.

"David E. W. Corbin." [skal]

It is thus clearly shown that a part of the reservation
had been cleared, and that crops were growing upon it, at
least as early as 1822 ; that in that year it was occupied as
a farm by Mr. Corbin, under lease from Jacob Smith ; and
that the former, being for some reason unable to meet his
payments, rciiu((uished the lease to Mr. Smith in the year
named. This Mr. Corbin had been a soldier of the war of
1812. He was for some time employed on the farm of Maj.
Williams, near Pontiac, and afterwards worked for G. D.
and E. S. Williams, at Saginaw. Still later, be was ap-
pointed light-house keeper at Green Bay, Wis., and remained
in that position until his death.

That the farm, after being given up by Corbin, was con-
tinued and carried on by Mr. Smith until the time of his
death, is shown by the tenor of auuther of the papers re-
ferred to ; it being as follows :

" Detroit, April 4, 1825.
'* To all tcfiom if tiiin/ ctnccni ; Mr. George Lyons is hereby author-
ized to tiike possession, in the name of .Metawanenc, or Albert J. Smith,
a minor, of the house and farm, situated on Flint River, lately occu-
pieil by Jacob Smith, deceased, until some further definite arrange-
ment. The horses, cattle, hogs, one wagon, three plows, and four sots
of harness belong to me, and .Mr. Lyons is hereby authorized to receive
them in my name from any person now at the farm.

[Signed] "JoilV (iARLANI).

" p. S. — AH other jiropcrty on the premises belongs to the estate of
Jacob Smith. It is my wish that an inventory be taken of them
by Mr. Lyons and Mr. E. Camjiau, and lilt with .Mr. Campau.

[Signed] "Juiis Garland."

The " Mr. E. Campau" above referred to was the half-
breed otherwise known as Nowokeshik, the owner of reser-
vation No. 7. lie was frequently employed about the
trading-house of Mr. Smith during the years in which the
latter lived at the Grand Traverse, and at the time of the
death of Mr. Smith he (Campau) was living in a cabin on
his own reservation on the south side of the river, but
whether with or without his family is not known. There
is little doubt that he built and occupied the cabin on the
reservation fur the purpose of having the fact of his actual
possession assist him to obtain a patent of the tract from
government ; and he did so obtain it soon after Mr. Smith's
death, viz., June 12, 1825. Not long after having secured
the land by patent, he removed from it. Under these cir-
cumstances, therefore, it does not seem proper to class him
as a settler. The George Lyons to whom reference is made
" was for five j'ears a resident of Flint River, in Michig-an
Territory," as we learn from his testimony, given in connec-
tion with one of the Smith reservation trials. Neither the
exact place of his location on the river, nor the precise time
when he lived here, can be given ; but it appears more than
probable, from the above, that ho w;is living somewhere in
the vicinity of the Grand Traverse at the time when the
house, farm, and effects of Jacob Smith were turned over
to him by JIajor Garland.

It was in the winter or early spring of 1825 that Mr.
Smith died (at the age of forty-five years) at his isolated
farm on the Flint, and his was the first death of a white
person which occurred in the present county. The second
is believed to have been that of Jlrs. Esther Green, who
died in the year 1830 in the same house in which Mr.
Smith had died five years before. She was the daughter
of John Tupper, of Grand Blanc, and the wife of Archi-
bald Green, who (it may be inferred from this circuiustance)
was then in occupation of the Smith house and property on
Flint River. Upon the death of his wife he became dis-
couraged, and removed from the place. Whether any other
tenants had temporarily occupied the Smith premises before
Mr. Green is not known.

The next settlers (after Jacob Smith) within the boun-
daries of the county were Jacob Stevens and his sons, Rufus
and Sherman, who came from Western New York in the
year 1822, and settled in the following year at Grand Blanc,
where they remained without neighbors (other than Indians
and half-breeds) for three years. That they found some-
thing of contentment in their lonely wilderness home may
be inferred from the tone of a letter written by Mr. Stevens
to friends in New York in July, 1825, from which is ex-
tracted the following : " We comforted ourselves in that we
had a healthy country, as high and pleasant as we had ever
anticipated, and the garden of the Territory, and knowing
that the time could not be long ere we should have neigh-
bors we sought contentment with our condition, and found
it. Our Indian neighbors, of whom we have plenty, we
find docile, ho.spitable, and friendly. On this subject I am
at a loss how to write you, believing you will find it hard
to credit facts. They are very far from being the hideous
dionsters youthful fancy had pictured them. No person
could be more timorous about them than Eunice ever was,
but a short acquaintance with their ways and ctistoms abated

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

that fear. I state it in presence of the Amiily, without fear
of contradiction. Notwithstanding we living so near them
are under the necessity of having considerable intercourse
witli tliem, and at some seasons of the year perhaps fifty
of them are camped in sight and likely enough half diunk,
Eunice declares that they are less to be dreaded than the
same number of whites in the same condition. Not a
miuute's sleep, except in some of their frolics when they
were too noisy, has been lost by any of the family on account
of them. It is a fact that within eighteen months from
the time Sherman saw the first Indians he was almost mas-
ter of their language, and they are much attached to him.
They furnish us with all kinds of peltries, sugar, beeswax,
honey, venison, fish, etc., in exchange for flour, meal, and
salt, and we have found the exchange very beneficial to us,
though on a small scale." In another part of the same
letter Mr. Stevens mentions that seven miles northwest of
his place there were living some French people, who were
the last inhabitants in that direction this side of Saginaw,
doubtless having reference to Edouard Campau and perhaps
two or three other French half-breeds temporarily located on
the Flint.

The establishment of the post of Saginaw had had the
effect to encourage immigration towards it from the south-
cast. But when, after fourteen months' occupation, it was
abandoned by the United States on account of the alarming
sickness and mortality among its garrison the eflfeet was
correspondingly depressing, and resulted in a sudden and
entire check of immigration in this direction ; and it was
not until the year 182(5 that IMr. Stevens welcomed his first
neiglibors, Edmond Perry, Sr., and Rowland B. Perry (uncle
and nephew), from Livingston Co., N. Y. After them, in
1827, 1828, and 1829, came Edward Jl^&pencer, from
Vermont, Wm. Roberts, George E. Perry (Connecticut),
Joseph McFarlan, Ezekicl R. Ewing, Jeremiah Riggs and
family, and a number of others (mostly from Western New
York, but a few from New England), so that by the year
IB^^O (luite a settlement had formed in the southeast part
of the county. In that year Asa Farrar had made his
appearance in what is now Atlas, and some of the Tupper

family had come into the county. Benajah Topper,

Preston, and Archibald Green had already j)ushed north as
far as the Flint River, but made only temporary settlement
there, Mr. Green being driven away in discouragement at
the death of his wife, as we have seen. But in the year
named (1830) came John Todd, from the neighborhood of
Pontiac, Oakland Co., and began a settlement, which proved
to be a permanent one, and which has distinguished him as
the pioneer settler in what is now the city of Flint. By
1833 a number of new-comers had clustered around him,
and in that year Benjamin Pearson and Addison Stewart
advanced, and built their cabins near the north line of the
present township of Flint. In that year, too, came Lewis
Buckingham, the first sheriff of the county of Genesee.
He arrived at Flint River on the 1st day of May, and
afterwards, with several associates who came with him from
Western New York, formed a settlement on the line between
the present townships of Mount Morris and Genesee. Tlie^
were all men who were opposed to the use of intoxicating
drinks, and for this reason their neighborhood was (by a

few) derisively termed "the Cold- Water Settlement" and
" Hungry Ilill," though the latter, in particular, appears to
have been a misnomer, for, notwithstanding all which has
been said about the hardships endured by the first settlers
(and it cannot be denied that there u-cre many hardships
inseparable from their condition), there appears little evi-
dence tending to show that hunger was among the priva-
tions of the pioneers upon the fertile soil of Genesee.

REGARD OF THE SETTLERS FOR EDUCATION AND RE-
LIGIOUS WORSHIP.

As nine-tenths of the earliest settlers of this county came
from New York State and New England, they brought with
them (as it was natural they .should) the advanced ideas of
the favored communities from which they came upon the
subjects of education and religious observance. After they
had secured for their families shelter, and the means of pres-
ent subsistence, they allowed very little time to elapse before
they also provided for the education of their children ;
though as the means at their command were limited, so, of
course, the methods were far more rude, and the results
obtained wore more meagre than those of the present day ;
but, though the schools were often taught in the cramped
cabin of the settler, and never in any edifice more preten-
tious than the single-roomed log school-house, reared in a
day by the combined labor of a few earnest heads of fam-
ilies, yet in these rude in.stitutions of learning there have
been laid the foundations of many an honorable and useful
career.

The case was the same, among these pioneers from New
England and New York, with regard to religious observance.
They recognized it as being among the necessities of life,
equally with food, raiment, and shelter ; and so, Ss soon as
they had secured these in the most primitive form (and
fiequently, indeed, before they had secured them at all ),
they made haste to set up the altar of the Most High in
this wilderness, and embraced every opportunity to enjoy
the privilege of divine worship. There is now living in
the city of Flint a lady who recollects that when she first
came to the place with her husband, forty-six years ago,
their first inquiries were concerning religious services ; and
when informed that such were to be held in a barn at the
Grand Blanc settlement on the next succeeding Sabbath (it
was then past the middle of tlte week), they prepared to
attend. The distance to the place of meeting was fully
seven miles over bad roads, and with streams to be forded,
so the journey could not be expected to be cither e;isy, rapid,
or pleasant, and, of course, could not be performed in one
day ; so they, with others, set out in an ox-wagon on Sat-
urday, reached their place of destination the same night,
attended services on Sunday, and arrived back at Flint
River on Monday afternoon, thus consuming three days in
the expedition ; but this loss of time was not in the least
regretted, though not a tree had then been felled, or any
other preliminary steps taken towards the preparation of
their future home.

Among the earliest of the pioneer preachers in Genesee
County were the Rev. W. H. Broekway, a Methodist and
an Indian missionary, Elders Frazee (Methodist), Benedict,
and Gambell (Baptists), the Rev. Isaac W. Ruggles (Con-

CHANGES OF CIVIL JURISDICTIOX.

grcgationalist), of Pontine, Rev. Oscar North (Mctliodist),
and others. The first religious meetings were held at the
Stevens and Perry settlement (Grand Blanc), and from
there they extended northward to Flint lliver and other
points. The llev. Mr. North is mentioned as the first who
lield services in the Flint River settlomeut, and though
tliis priority has heen disputed hy some, there is no reason
to doubt that he was among the first who preaciied there.
The " Cold Water Settlement'" was a point where traveling
preachers almost invariably held 'services when passing
through this region. The people who formed this settle-
ment were all Presbyterians or Congregationalists (these two
being nearly identical at that time), but here, as elsewhere
in the county at that early day, the opportunity of religious
worship was always gladly embraced, regardless of denom-
inational differences ; and whether a preacher was of the
Presbyterian, Jlethodist, Baptist, or other Christian form
of belief, his services were always welcomed by the pioneers,
who fully appreciated the value of the church privileges
they had left behind when they emigrated from their old
homes in the East.

In the above brief mention, it has not been the intention
to give more than a mere glance at a few of the very earliest
settlers, and their first rude but earnest attempts at relig-
ious and educational advancement. These subjects will be
resumed, and a more full account of the settlements and
settlers, schools and churches will be given in the separate
histories of the several townships of the county.

CHAPTER Vir.

CHANGES OP CIVIL JURISDICTION' — ERECTIOKT
AND ORGANIZATION OF GENESEE COUiSTTY
—COURTS AND COUNTY BUILDINGS.

Act Erecting the County — .Subdivision into Townships — Organization
of County — First Election of County Officers — First Board of Su-
pervisors — Early CourU in Genesee — County Site, Court- Houses,
and Jails — County Puor-House and Farm.

The county of Wayne was erected by executive act,
Nov. 1, 1815. This was the first county formed in the
Territory of Michigan, and embraced all tiie lands within
it, — to which the aboriginal title had been extinguished, —
including, of course, the part of the present county of
Genesee lying southeast of the Indian line terminating at
White Rock, as established by the treaty of 1807.

By executive proclamation, dated Jan. 15, 1818, all of
Wayne County lying north of the ba.se line was erected
into the new county of Macomb, embracing all of the pres-
ent counties of Macomb, Oakland, Livingston, St. Clair,
and Lapeer, parts of Sanilac, Tuscola, and Shiawassee, the
east half of Ingham, and that portion of Genesee which
had been included in Wayne; the boundaries of the newly-
' erected county being described in tlie proclamation as " be-
ginning at the southwest corner of township number one,
north of the ba.sc-linc (so calledj and in the first range;
thence along the Indian boundary-line, north, to the angle
formed by the intersection of the lino running to White
Rock, upon Lake Huron ; thence with the last-mentioned
line to the boundary-line between the United States and

the British province of Upper Canada ; thence, with said
line, southwardly, to a point in Lake St. Clair due east
from the place of beginning; thence, due west, to the
eastern extremity of said base-line, arid, with the same, to
the place of beginning."

Oakland was taken from IVIaeomb, and erected a county,
by proclamation of Governor Cass, dated Jan. 12, 18U(.
That county then included, in addition to its present area,
all of Livingston County, the cast half of Ingham, the
southernmost tier of townships in Shiawassee, and the
towns of Argentine and Fenton, in Genesee. It was not
until March 28, 1820, however, that the organization of
Oakland as a county was effected under executive procla-
matiiin.

The other counties which formerly included parts of the
present territory of Genesee arc Lapeer, Saginaw, and Shi-
awassee, which were all " laid out" as counties by Governor
Cass' proclamation of Sept. 10, 1822. Lapeer was de-
scribed as "beginning at the northwest corner of the county
of St. Clair, and running tlience, west, to the line between
the sixth and seventh ranges east of the principal meridian;
thence, south, to the line between the townships numbered
5 and C, north of the base-line ; thence, ea.st, to the line
between the twelfth and thirteenth ranges east of the prin-
cipal meridian ; thence, north, to the place of beginning."
These boundaries covered all the territory now lying in
Genesee County east of its centre, and extended north to
include the southern half of the present townships of Ar-
bcla, 5Iillington, and Watertown, in Tuscola County.

Saginaw County as then laid out included that part of
Genesee which now forms the towushijis of Vienna and
Montrose ; and Shiawassee County, which then formed
the entire southern boundary of Saginaw, embraced not
only all its present territory but also the north half of
Livingston, the northeast quarter of Ingham, and the town-
ships of Fenton, Argentine, Gaines, Mundy, Flint, Clayton,
Flushing, and Mount Morris, in the present county of
Genesee.

In the proclamation erecting these counties it was de-
clared that they '' shall be organized whenever, hereafter,
the competent authority for the time being shall so deter-
mine;" but that until such time they, together with the
newly-formed county of Sanilac, and all the other territory
to which the Indian title was extinguished by the Sagi-
naw treaty of 1811), should be attached to and form a part
of the county of Oakland. In accordance with that pro-
vision, the county of Lapeer was organized by act of the
Legislative Council, approved Jan. 20, 1835 ; Saginaw was
organized January 28th of the same year, and Shiawassee
on the 18th of March, 1837.

ACT EBECTINO TUE COUNTY.

By the terms of " An act to set off the county of Gen-
esee," pa.ssed by the Legislative Council, and approved
March 28, 1835, it was provided " that townships 5, C,
7, and 8 north, ranges 5 and G etist, being the eastern tiers
of townsiiips in the county of Shiawa.ssec ;* al.so townships
• -

* The uounty of Shiawassee had then been reduced in size by the
erection {March 21, 183.3) of the county of Livingston, which took
from Shiawassee two tiers of townships on its southern border.

niSTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

6, 7, 8, and 9 north, vanpe 7 east, being the western tier of
townships in the county of Lapeer ; also townships 9, ranges
5 and (i east, being the soutlieasi; corner of the county of
Saginaw, shall form a new county by the name of Genesee,
which shall remain for the present, for judicial purposes,
attached to the county of Oakland."

SUBDIVISION INTO TOWNSHIPS.

The county of Genesee as thus laid out embraced all
of its present area except the eastern range of townships,
wliich tlien belonged to Lapeer. The oldest of the town-
ships of Genesee is Grand Blanc, which was erected by act
of the Legislative Council of the Territory, approved March
9, 1833, which provided " that all that district of country
comprised in townships 5, G, 7, and 8 north, in range 6
east, and townships 6, 7, and 8 north, in range 7 east, and
townships 6 and 7 north, in range 8 east shall form a town-
ship by the name of Grand Blanc ;"' this including the
present townships of Fenton, Miindy, Flint, Mount Morris,
Genesee, Burton, Atlas, Davison, and Grand Blanc, — the
first four being then in Shiawassee County, and the last five
in Lapeer. The nest township erected was Flint, by act
approved March 2, 1836. This at its erection embraced not
only its present area and that of the city of Flint, but also
the present townships of Burton, Clayton, Flu.shing, Mount
Morris, Genesee, Thetford, A'^icnna, and Montrose. Ar-
gentine was erected by act of July 26, 1836, and then
included besides its present territory that of the township
of Fenton. Mundy (then including also the present town-
ship of Gaines) was erected by act of Legislature, approved
March 11, 1837 ; and by the same act Vienna was erected
from the north part of Flint, to include the territory now
comprised in Montrose, Vienna, and Thetford. So that at
that time the county of Genesee contained the townships of
Grand Blanc, Flint, Argentine, Mundy, and Vienna, which
covered all its territory. The eastern tier of townships —
Atlas, Davison, Richfield, and Forest — were detached' from
Lapeer County and annexed to Genesee by act approved
March 9, 1843, and taking effect on the 31st of the same
mouth. The later subdivisions of the county will be found
mentioned in the histories of the several townships.

ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY.

Genesee was organized as a county under an act of the
Legislature, approved March 8, 1836, which provided
" that the county of Genesee shall be organized, and the
inhabitants thereof entitled to all the rights and privileges
to which, by law, the inhabitants of the other counties of
this State are entitled." A section of the same act de-
clared " that the county of Shiawassee be, and the same is,
hereby attached to the county of Genesee for judicial pur-
poses until otherwi.se directed by the Legislature." And
it remained so attached until the organization of that county
by act approved March 18, 1837.

FIRST ELECTION OF COUNTY OFFICERS.

The first election for county officers was held Aug. 22,
1836. The board of canva.s.sers (composed of Lyman Stow,
Alonzo Ferris, and Clark Dibble) met Thursday, August
25th, at the hall of Stage & Wright, and declared the elec-

tion of the following persons to the county offices : Jere-
miah 11. Smith and Asa Bishop, Associate Judges ; Sam-
uel Rice, Judge of Probate; Lewis Buckingham, Sheriff;
Robert F. Stage, Clerk ; Charles D. W. Gibson, Treasurer ;
Oliver Wesson, Register of Deeds; Chauncey Chapin and
Rufus AV. Stevens, Coroners ; Ogden Clarke, County Sur-
veyor.

FIRST BOARD OP SUPERVISORS.

The first meeting of the Board of Supervisors was held
in the tailor-shop of Daniel H. Seeley, in Flint, on the 4th
of October, 1836. The members of the board present
were Samuel Rice, as supervisor of Grand Blanc ; Lyman
Stow, of Flint ; and Samuel W. Pattison, of Argentine.
Samuel Rice was called to the chair, Robert F. Stage was
appointed clerk, and, the board being then ready for business,
it was ascertained that no books or stationery had been pre-
pared for their use ; whereupon it was " resolved that Sam-
uel Rice be a committee to procure such books, papers, etc.,
as may be necessary," and the board adjourned to the 17th
of the same month.

At the adjourned meeting Supervisor Pattison was not
present, and the board adjourned to the following day,
October 18th, when, all being present, Mr. Pattison was
appointed clerk, and the board proceeded to business. Mr.
Rice, the committee charged with the procuring of articles
necessary for the use of the board, reported his purchase of
one blank-book and other articles ; which was accepted, and
his bill for the same allowed at eleven dollars. It was by
the board " resolved to raise a tax of two thousand dollars,
agreeably to the following assessment* and apportionment,"
viz. ;

Towns. Assessment. Connty. Town. Collector.

Flint $2li:i.97:( $12f)7.43 $2:{1..'>2 John ToiUl.

(Jiun.l Blanc... 117,896 732.57 146.20 Caleb S. Thompson.

The assessment and apportionment of Argentine was
included with that of Grand Blanc. The board " prepared a
report for the Auditor-General, and appointed Mr. Stow to
forward the same." And a number of bills were allowed,
among which was one of one dollar to Daniel H. Seeloy,
for use of room and fuel for the session, and three dollars
to Samuel Rice, for a trunk in which to keep and preserve
the county records.

EARLY COURTS IN GENESEE.

The act of Legislature under which Genesee County was
organized provided, in its second section, "That all suits,
prosecutions, and other matters now pending before any of
the courts of record of Oakland County, or before any
justice of the peace of said county, or that shall be pend-
ing at the time of the taking effect of this act, shall be
prosecuted to final judgment and execution, and all taxes
heretofore levied and now due shall be collected in the
same manner as though the county of Genesee had not
been organized ;" and by the third section of the same it
was provided, " That the Circuit Court of the county of
Genesee shall be held, until public buildings shall be
erected, at such place as the sheriff of said county shall

* The first report of County Treasurer C. D. W. Gibson, dated J:in.
30, 1837, showed that the entire amount of taxes for 1S3G ($2377.72)
had been promptly collected, and paid over by Messrs. Thompson
and Todd.

COURTS AND COUNTY BUILDINGS.

provide, at the seat of justice in said county, on the Tues-
day next after the fourth Monday in June, and the Tuesday
next after tlie fourth Monday in January in each year."

The Prohate Court was tlie first, organized in the county.
The first business done in this court was in the matter of
the will of Schuyler V. Brown, deceased, dated Pontiac,
July 15, 183G. The witnesses were Jacob Thomas, P. G.
Cochrane, and Thomas J. Drake, and the executors, Gould
Davison, of Genesee County, and Daniel Hartwell, of Cat-,
taraugus Co., N. Y. The court convened at Flint, Oct.
21), 1836, received and filed the petition of Gould Davison,
executor, praying that the will be proved and allowed, and
thereupon ordered that a hearing be had in the case on the
2Gth of November following. Agreeably to that adjourn-
ment the court opened, but on account of the absence of
the witnesses adjourned to December 5th. At that time
the witnesses, Drake and Thomas, appeared and testified,
and, " there being no objections, the said will was allowed."
This was the fir.st will proved in Genesee County.

The first term of the Circuit Court of Genesee County
was held at Flint in February, 1837, by the Hon. George
Morell, one of the justices of the Supreme Court, the
cases on the calendar being as follows :

No. 1. — Chaunccy Bogue vs. Timothy J. Walling.
Action for attachment. Thomas J. Drake, attorney for
plaintiff.

No. 2. — Andrew Cox vs. Goshen Olmsted. An appeal
from Justice Lyman Stow's decision in Justice's Court.
Thomas J. Drake, attorney for plaintiff. Bartow and
Thomson, attorneys for defendant.

No. 3. — Jason L. Austin vs. Daniel R. Williams. Ac-
tion, an appeal. Attorney for plaintiff, P. H. McOmber.
Attorney for defendant, Thomas J. Drake.

No. 4. — Charles McLean t:s. Theodore P. Dean. Action,
an appeal. Attorney for plaintiff, T. J. Drake. Attorney
for defendant, George Wisner.

The second case on this calendar — an appeal from the
decision of Lyman Stow, Esq., J. P. — appears, as origi-
nally brought before that justice, to have been the first
case tried and decided in the county of Genesee. The
transcript of Justice Stow's docket, as sent up to the Cir-
cuit Court in this case, was as follows :

"StATROF MiCHlR.W, ■)
Cor.NTV OF (Je.nkskk. /

" Anihikw Co.\, \ Before Ljmun Stow, E.-^q., one of
r*r, > the Jujiticcs of the I'eace for

GOSIIKN Ol.MSTF,D. J 5111(1 Couilty.

"Summons issued in the above suit June 4, 1836, und returnivbic
on the 1 Ith of the same month at one o'clock p.m., and was served by
John Todd, one of the constables of the town of Flint. Court opened
on the return day, parties present, at which time the ])artics joined
issue. The piaintiti' filed his declaration and the defendant his reply,
and the court adjourned by consent of parties to July 2, then ne.\t,
at one o'clock p.m. At which time the court again opened, and on
hearing and examining the testimony, judgment was rendered for
Pl'ff for the sum of five dollars and si.\ty-threo cents, and his costs
taxed at seven dollars and sixty-thrco cents.

Judgment. $5.63

Costs of suit 7.63

Fees for this return 44

$13.70

"Witnesses: Lemuel Johnson, Peter Stile..^, Eli Uishojt, Mr. Jone.-',
Russell McManncrs, Elijah Smith, Keubcn Tui-pcr.

'* The plaintiff gave notice of an appeal, and entered an appeal
bond, which is trnnsmitlcd herewith together with other papers be-
longing to the suit.

"I hereby certify the above to be a true copy of record from the
cause on my docket.

" L. Stow, ./notice of the Pence,**

The proceedings as entered in the Circuit Court calendar,
and relating to this case, were as follows :

"April 20, 1837. — Transcript tiled and case entered.

"April 19, 1838. — Case continued.

".July 9, 1S39. — Case entered, with leave to plead Ue vuvo.

" Feb'y 12, 1810,— Prff -s affidavit filed.

" Feb'y 13, 1840.— Case continued.

" July 15, 1840. — Pl'ff enters a non-suit."

The non-suit entered by the plaintiff was sot aside by the
court, and the case was brought to trial on the 10th of
February, 1841.

" At which day, before the judges aforesaid, at the court-house in
the village of Flint, in said county, came the parties aforesaid, by
their attorneys aforesaid, whereupon the return of the said Justice (d'
the Peace of the records and i)rococdings before him, and of the judg-
ment rendered by him, the said justice, being seen and by the said
Circuit Court before the aforesaid judges thereof now here fully under-
stood, etc. A jury was called, who, being duly sworn to well and
truly determine the said matter between the parties aforesaid, after
hearing the evidence, and upon mature deliberation, come into court
and find a verdict for the defendant of sixteen dollars dauiuges.

** Thereupon it is considered that the judgment of the said .Tustico
of the Peace, the errors aforesaid appearing before the said Circuit
Court be wholly and in all things reversed, vacated, and annulled,
and altogether held for nothing, and that the said Goslicn Olmsted,
defendant as aforesaid, do recover against the said plaintitf, Andrew
Cox, the sum of sixteen dollars damages, and also eighty-eight dollars
and forty-two cents for his costs and charges, which the said defenil-
ant, Goshen Olmsted, has sustained and expended in and about the
defense of this said appeal.

"Recorded March 4, 1841.

" \V. A. MounisoN, Clerh'*

Final judgment, as above, was entered, Feb. 12, 1841,
and so the case was concluded, nearly five years after its
comtuencemcnt.

The two next judges who presided in the Circuit Court
of Genesee County, after Judge Morell, were Hon. Wil-
liam A. Fletcher, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (who
held court in Flint in February, 183!)), and the Hon. Charles
W. Whipple, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court.
Judge Whipple was succeeded by the Hon. Sanford JI.
Green, who was succeeded by Hon. Josiah Turner, the
present judge.

COUNTY SITE, COURT-IIOUSE.S AND JAILS.

The county site of Genesee was located and established
under an act passed by the Legislative Council of the Terri-
tory of Michigan (approved Aug. 25, 1835), which pro-
vided " That the seat of justice for the county of Genesee
shall be located on the west side of the Saginaw turnpike,
on lands recently deeded by John Todd and wife to one
Wait Beach, known as the Todd farm, at Flint Kiver, at a
point commencing at or within twenty rods of the centre of
said described land on said turnpike; Provided, the pro-
prietor or proprietors of said land shall, within six months
of the passage of this act, execute to the supervisors and
their successors iu ofiSce, for the use of said county, a good
and sufhcient deed of two acres of land for a courthouse
and ]iublic sipiare, one acre of ground for a burial-groutid,
two church and two school lots of common size." In com-

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

pliance with the requirements of this act, Wait Beach and
wife, proprietors of the tract selected, conveyed to the
county, by deed (dated Dec. 31, 1835), two acres of land
on the west side of the Saginaw road, at Flint River, for a
county site. The tract so conveyed is the northeast corner
of the court-house square, which has been increased to its
pi'csent dimensions by subsequent conveyances of adjoining
lands to the county, as follows : By H. M. Henderson and
wife, Jim. 10, 1856, lots 1, 2, 3, and 4; and by John H.
Browning and wife, May 3, 1809, lots 5 and 6, all of the
same block; thus extending the grounds, upon the southern
and western sides, of the tract conveyed by Beach.

The places provided by the .sheriif for the holding of the
Circuit Court of Genesee during the years 1837 and 1838
were, first, the upper story of Stage & Wright's store, as
before mentioned, and afterwards the hall over Benjamin
Pearson's store in Flint.* These places were, of course, in-
tended only to serve as temporary accommodations for the
court until the erection of a permanent building, the first
steps towards which were taken in the spring of 1838. At
the township elections in April of that year, a majority of
seven votes was given to authorize the Board of Supervisors
to erect a county jail ; the plan being to include also an
upper story, for use as a court-room. Under this authority
the board voted the sum of four thousand dollars for the
purpose, which sum was borrowed from the State super-
intendent of public instruction. The persons appointed as
a building committee to superintend the construction were
Charles Seymour, Robert F. Stage, and John Pratt.

The building was commenced in the fall of 1838, and
completed in the fall of 1830, at a total cost of about five
thousand dollars. It was a solid rectangular building of
oak logs, hewn twelve inches square, laid one upon another
to the requisite height. The lower and stronger part was
the jail, the upper story being designed and used for a
court-room. "(■ The location of this building was on or near
the site of the present jail and sheriff's residence.

3= The JnDunry term of 1838 was helil in that hall, as is shown by the
record of the Bo.ard of Supervisois, in which, under date of March 6,
1838, is an entry to the effect that "The Board met at the hall of
Benjamin Pearson's store, being the place where the Circuit Court for
said county of Genesee was last held;" and on the 23d of October, in
the same year, the board allowed the bill of Benjamin Pearson
(twenty-fivo dollars) "for the use of his hall as a court-room." At
a meeting of the board in October, 1837, they "allowed Thomas J.
Drake fur room for grand jury purposes, October term, $5."

f In a small pamphlet containing pioneer reminiscences of Genesee
County, Mr. Alvah Brainard, an old and respected citizen of Grand
Blanc, recently deceased, related the following, in reference to the first
case tried in this old court-house: "I was one of the jurors on the
first case tried in it. The difl'erence bitwecn the parties was trifling.
Ona of the parties hiid sbut up one of the other's hogs, and was going
to fat it. There was no place prepared for the jurors to deliberate in.
Mr. Hascall was building a dwelling-house on the opposite side of
the turnpike from the court-house, so the arrangements were made
for the jurors to go over to this place in the cellar part. The house
was set upon blocks about two feet from the ground, and the dirt
being thrown partially out, so that we had a shady, airy, and rustic
place, with ]dcnty of shavings under foot which had fallen down
through the loose floor above, without any seats, but we could change
positions very readily, by lying down, or standing or sitting upon our
feet. It being so ploa.sant and secluded a place, — we could look out
on all sides and sec what was going on upon the outside, and being so
open the wind would blow through and fill our eyes with sawdust, and
it was a very warm day. So, under all circumstances, wc were uot in

FIRE-PROOF OFFICES.
For more than fifteen years after the organization of the
county no suitable building was provided for the use of the
clerk and other county officers. At a meeting of the super-
visors in January, 1847, the board took into consideration
the question of erecting a fire-proof building for that use,
and William Patter.son, of Flint, E. Walkley, of Genesee,
and Jeremiah R. Smith, of Grand Blanc, were appointed a
committee to receive estimates for the construction of such
a building. No results followed this action, but on the
10th of January, 1851, the board appointed Julian Bishop,
of Grand Blanc, 1). N. Montague, of Vicuna, and William
Patterson, of Flint, a building committee " to receive pro-
posals, and cause to be erected a substantial fire-proof county
building," for offices for the county clerk, treasurer, register
of deeds, and judge of probate; to be built on the court-
house square, at an expense not exceeding fifteen hundred
dollars. The building was completed during the same year,
by Enos and Reuben Goodrich, at a cost of about nine
hundred dollars. It was a brick structure, one story in
heiglit, and was occupied b}' the county officers for about
fifteen years.

The old court-house and jail building erected in 1839
was destroyed by fire (the work of an incendiary), which
was first discovered by Sheriff John A. Kline at about three
o'clock in the morning of Feb. 21, 18G6. The progress
already made by the fire when discovered, and the scarcity
of water, rendered it impossible to save the building, but the
sheriff, with the aid of Mr. Howard, the prosecuting attorney,
succeeded in saving all documents and official papers of
value. Six prisoners were confined in the jail at the time,
and these the sheriff placed under guard in the clerk's
office until they could be otherwise secured. An insurance
of two thousand five hundred dollars was on the building
when destroyed.

On the 1st of March, eight days after the fire, the Board
of Supervisors met, and " resolved to submit to the people
of the county at the next annual township-meeting the
proposition to raise on the credit of the county the sum of
twenty thousand dollars to build a new court-house and
jail." S. N. Warren, David Schram, and David Smith,
members of the board, were appointed a committee to visit
Pontiac and the county buildings of Oakland, and " to
perfect plans for the immediate construction of a new
court-house and jail." And they were also authorized
and instructed to contract with the sheriff of Oakland for
the keeping of the prisoners of Genesee County. Josiah
W. Begole and David Case were afterwards added to the
committee. Fenton Hall was hired by the county as a place
for holding the courts, and for the meetings of the super-
visors until new buildings should be completed.

At its meeting, April 13, the Board of Supervisors ac-
cepted the plans for a court-house, jail, and sheriff's residence
presented by Pierce F. Cleveland and David Schram ; and
on the following day a committee was appointed to super-

a very urgent Iiurry, and we could not agree upon a verdict. The
constable would look under often: * Gentlemen, have you agreed?*
Our answer would be, * M >rc w.iter, more water.* So along towards
night we ventured out of the den or pen, and went before the court
without having agreed on a. verdict, for or against.**

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

intend the erection of the buildings, and empowered " to
let the work by contract if in their opinion the interests of
the county be best promoted thereby, or otiierwise, if for
the benefit of the county." The persons composing this
committee were James E. Brown, Chiyton ; Samuel N.
Warren, Flint ; Chandler H. Rockwood, Genesee; David
Schram, Burton ; James B. Mosher, Fenton.

A strong effort was made to locate the new buildings on
the north side of the river, but this did not prevail, and
their site was selected and established on the " court-house
square." The wood-work of the court-house was let by
contract to Pierce F. Cleveland and Reuben Van Tiiflin ;
the wood-work of the jail and sheriff's residence to P. F.
Cleveland ; and the mason-work of all to William Foule,
the amount of all these contracts being $31,039. The iron-
work of the jail was contracted to M. Clement, of Cincin-
nati, Ohio, for $10,107, — making the total of the contracts
841,746. The jail and residence was completed in the
fall of 18GG, at a cost of $20,244.90. The court-house,
including the necessary rooms for the county officers, was
finished in the summer of 18(57, its cost being $29,997.39,
— making the total cost of the buildings §50,244.29, an
excess of $8498.29 over the contracts ; caused by changes
from the original plans.

COUNTY POOR-HOUSE AND FARM.

The earliest official reference to the county poor is found
in the proceedings of the Board of Supervisors at a meeting
of that body held on the 5th of December, 1836, when
the sum of seventy-two dollars and fifty cents was allowed
to Jason L. Austin for care of county paupers, and sixty-
three dollars and fourteen cents to the township of Flint
for care and removal of a family of county paupers. By a
resolution of the board of county commi.'sioners, adopted
Jan. 8, 1839, Benjamin Rockwell, of Flushing, Lyman
Stow, of Flint, and John Pratt, of Genesee, were appointed
superintendents of the poor for the county of Genesee ; and
at a meeting of the same board, held January 9, the subject
of abolishing the distinction between town and county pau-
pers was considered, and it was " resolved, that this dis-
tinction be now abolished, and that hereafter all paupers in
Genesee County be considered a county charge."

In the year 1845 the Board of Supervisors (having re-
sumed the functions which had been exercised by the
county commissioners during the years 1839, 1840, and
1841) met on the 17th of October, and " resolved that a
committee of three be appointed to make inquiries regard-
ing the purchase of a farm on which to keep the county
poor;" and Jeremiah R. Smith, of Grand Blanc, William
Patterson, of Flint, and Reuben McCreery, of Genesee,
were appointed such committee. Under authority after-
wards conferred, they purchased, Oct. 16, 184G, of Andrew
Cox, for the sum of twelve hundred dollars, a farm of one
hundred and three acres, being part of the .southwest quar-
ter of section 29, in the township of FJurton.

In January, 1853, the board voted the sum of four hun-
dred and fifty dollars for the erection of a county poor-
hou.se, to be built under the direction of the superintend-
ents of the poor. This was merely an addition to the old
farm-house in which the poor were quartered. At the

meeting of the board held Jan. 10, 1857, it was " re-
solved to sec about raising three thousand dollars for build-
ing a county poor-house." The project, however, was not
immediately carried into effect, but in 18G0 and 1861 the
necessary sums were raised, and the present brick building
occupied as the poor-house of the county was completed in
1861, at a cost of five thousand dollars. The building
commissioners under whose supervision it was erected
were Josiah W. Begole, Lyman G. Buckingham, and Wil-
liam Patterson.

The following items in reference to the county poor and
poor-house are from the report for 1878 of the superin-
tendents of the poor to the Board of Supervisors of Genesee
County :

"For the year commencing the 14th day of October, 1S77, and end-
ing Oct. 14, 1S7S, the whole number of persons who have received aid
from us are one thousand and five.

"The whole number of |)eisous entirely supported at the county poor-
house has been seventy-eight. Number of death.«, two. Number of
births, two. Discharged at dilTerent intervals, forty-one, and still
now remaining under our care, thirty-five."

CHAPTER VIIL

INTERNAL IMPHOVEMENTS.

Early Roads — Plank-Roads— Projects for the Navigation of Flint
River — Northern Railroad and other Projects — Northern ^V'agon-
Road — Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad — Flint and Perc Mar-
fiuette Railw.ay — The Flint and Holly Link in the Flint and Pere
Marquette Line — Completion and Consolidation of the Roads com-
posingthe Flintand I'ero Marquetto^Port Huron and Lake Michi-
gan Railroad — Chicago and Northeastern Railroad — Chicago and
Lake Huron Line.

It is a rule, which may be regarded as of universal appli-
cation in all newly-settled regions, that the first public work
of improvement is the building of roads ; and to this gen-
eral rule the region which is now Genesee County fur-
nished no exception. The first road which entered its limits
was " opened" before any white man had built his cabiu
here, with the exception of Jacob Smith, Corbin, and per-
haps George Lyons. It was a track cut out from Saginaw
to the Grand Traverse of the Flint, by detachments of the
Third United States Infantry, under command of Lieuts.
Brooks and Bainbridge, in the winter of 1822-23. It was
sometimes called the " Saginaw military road," though it
was little more than a bridle-path, formed by cutting
through the thickets and " windfalls" sufficiently to allow
the pa.ssage of horses to and from Saginaw. Southward
from the Grand Traverse, the old Indian trail, winding
through the openings, was in most places practicable for
pack-horses until they reached the swampy lands between
Royal Oak and Detroit ; and through these a road had
previously been cut and partially corduroyed by soldiers
from the Detroit garrison, under command of Col. Leaven-
worth. So the clearing of the track through the woods
between the Grand Traverse of the Flint and Saginaw
opened a communication (such as it wa.s) between the last-
named point and Detroit.* But the part which was cut

» In the fall of IS22, Mr. E. ^. Williams (now of Flint), Rufus W.
Stevens, and Sdiuyler Hodges, of Ponliae, went through to Saginaw

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

throuj^h by the Saginaw troops was well-nigh impassable
for a good part of the year, and after tlie abandonment of
the military post of Saginaw by the government it became
once more overgrown and nearly obliterated.

In June, 1824, the Legislative Council of the Territory
passed an act authorizing the Governor to appoint three
commissioners to lay out and establish a Territorial road
from Detroit, by way of Pontiao, to Saginaw, on the Sagi-
naw River. This was surveyed and located in 182G by
George W. Dole, but the construction of the road did not
reach as far northward as Genesee County until 1830,
though the settlers who came to the county before that
time passed over it as far as its northern terminus in Oak-
land, and from thence reached their journey's end by " pick-
ing their way" through the oak openings, which interposed
but few impediments to the passage of their teams. In
1832 the road was "worked" in an indifferent manner
nearly to the Flint River settlement, and by the first of
May, 1833, it had reached as far as the present line of
Kearsley Street, in the city of Flint. From that point to
the place where the Saginaw Street bridge now crosses the
river, was a swamp of alder and black ash, so that emigrants
arriving about that time and wishing to pass on beyond the
river (Addison Stewart, Lewis Buckingham, and Benjamin
Pierson were among these) were obliged to pass to the left
of the morass, and cross the .stream a short distance below
the pre.sent bridge (not using the ancient Indian crossing-
place, which was above the bridge, and near the location of
the old dam built by Stage & Wright). The bridge across
the river was built and the southern approach to it com-
pleted (by filling the swamp above mentioned) in 1834,
and in the .same year, or in the spring of 1835, the road
vnxa finished to a point about five miles north of the river,
which was the end of the work ever done by government
upon it. It was afterwards completed to Saginaw, and
became the " Detroit and Saginaw Turnpike," over which
for many years the travel was very great. When first laid
out as a Territorial road its width was ninety-nine feet (six
rods) through its entire length. The specified width of its
graded part was eighty feet, but this requirement was not
rigidly enforced in the construction. But it was, for those
times, a noble and serviceable road, and over it a large pro-
portion of the earlier settlers came to their new homes in
Genesee County.

The first Legislature of Michigan, at its session of 1835-
3G, authorized the laying out and ostabiislunent of a number
of State roads, among which were the following, viz. : "A
State road from the mouth of Black River, in the county
of St. Clair, on the most eligible route to the county site
of Lapeer County, and thence to Grand Blanc, in Genesee
County ;" to be laid out by John Ryan, Joel M. Palmer,
and Ralph Wadhams, commissioners. Also " a State road
from Mount Clemens, iMacomb County, by way of Romeo,

on this route, but before the road was coin|))cto(l. And in tbe winter
of lS2:i-2J, Col. John Hamilton and llancy Williams contracted to
tr.Tnsport government stoves from Detroit to Saginaw, over the mili-
tary road. Their animal.'; being found to be overloaded, thoy secured
the assistance of E. S. M'illiams and Schuyler Hodges, who joined the
train at Maj. Oliver Williams' farm near Pontiac, and accompanied
it from that point thn)Ugli to the ."^nginavv post.

in said county ; thence to Lapeer, the county site of Lapeer
County ; thence by the most eligible route to the county
site of Genesee County, to intersect the United States road
leading from Detroit to Saginaw." The commissioners ap-
pointed to lay out and establish this road wore Silas D.
McKeen, James Andrews, and Alexander Tacles. Both
the above roads were authorized by act approved March
26, 1836.

In 1837 an act of the Legislature (approved March 17th)
authorized the laying out of a State road " from the county
scat of Genesee to the county seat of Washtenaw County ;"
Ira D. Wright, Philip 11. McOmbcr, and Jesse Pinney being
appointed commissioners for the purpose. At the session
of 1839 a State road was authorized to be laid out by
Norman Davison, Charles C: Waldo, and Lemuel M. Part-
ridge, commissioners, " commencing at or near the county
seat of Genesee County, thence on the most direct and
eligible route for a road through the townships of Atlas,
Groveland, Brandon, and Independence, to the village of
Pontiac."

The " Northern Wagon-Road," for the construction of
which an appropriation of thirty thousand dollars was made
by the Legislature in 1841, will be found mentioned in the
succeeding pages, in connection with tbe account of the old
" Northern Railroad."

For several years after 1839 very little appears to have
been done in the laying out of State roads in Genesee
County. In 1844 the Legislature authorized Albert Stevens,
John Keinyan, Isaac Pennoyer, and James H. Murray,
commissioners, to lay out and establish a road from Ann
Arbor, " by the way of the village of Brighton, Livingston
Co., Murray Mills, and the village of Flushing, in Genesee
County, to the Saginaw turnpike, at a point about fourteen
miles north of the village of Flint." In 1845 a State road
was authorized to run from Brighton, Livingston Co., to
Fentonville, in Genesee, with Hervey T. Lee, Alonzo Slay-
ton, and Elisha Holmes as commissioners to lay out and
establish it. In 1848 acts were passed authorizing the es-
tablishment of State roads in this county as follows : From
Flint, by way of Miller settlement, Shiawasseetown, and
Hartwellville, to Michigan village, in Ingham County ;
from Fentonville to Byron, in Shiawassee County ; from
Flint, through the township of Gaines, to Byron ; from
Flint, by way of Coruniia, to the capital of the State ; from
Corunna, on the most eligible route, to the village of Flush-
ing, in the county of Genesee ; and " from the village of
Fentonville, in Genesee County, to Springfield, in Oakland
County."

It should be borne in mind, however, that to " lay out
and establish" a road — particularly in earlier years — was
not equivalent to opening and making it ready for travel ;
but that in many cases, j'ears intervened between the time
when a highway was laid out by the commissioners and
the time when it was made pas.sable for vehicles, and that
in some instances roads authorized and laid out were never
opened.

PLANK-llOADS.

About the year 1847 projects for the construction of
plank-roads began to come itito general favor in Jlichigan ;
and it was in that year that the first of tluse companies,

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

whose proposed route lay across any part of the territory of
Genesee County, was organized. This was the " Pontiac
and Coruuna Plank- Road Company," incorporated by act
approved Marcli 17, 1817, with power to build a planic-
road from Pontiac to Corunna, passing through the vilhigu
of Byron, in Shiawassee County, and crossing the soutli-
wcstern corner of Genesee. The cliarter commissioners
were Horace C. Thurbcr, J. W. Crandall, Jairali Ililhnan,
George C. Holiues, J. B. Bloss, Seth Beach, and William
Axford. The authorized capital was two hundred thousand
dollars. There is but little to be said of this project, beyond
the fact of the incorporation.

The "Genesee County Plank-Road Company" was in-
corporated by act approved April 3, 1848, with power " to
lay out, establish, and construct a plank-road and all neces-
sary buildings from the village of Flint to the south line of
the township of Grand Blanc, on the Saginaw road, in the
county of Genesee, with the privilege of uniting at any
point with the road of any other company." The capital
stock was placed at twenty-five thousand dollars, and the
powers of the company to continue for the term of sixty
yearS from the passage of the act. Jonathan Dayton,
Cliarles D. W. Gibson, Charles C. Hascall, George H.
llazelton, and Henry M. Hender.son were appointed commis-
sioners to receive subscriptions to the stuck. This projected
road was never put in operation under this name, though a
line was afterwards built through Grand Blane, connecting
Flint with the railroad line at Holly, Oakland Co.

The " Flint and Fentonville Plank-Road Company" was
also incorporated on the 3d of April, 18-18. The commis-
sioners were Charles C. Hascall, Benjamin Pearson, George
II. Hazelton, Robert Le Roy, and John Hamilton, who
were empowered to receive subscriptions to the capital
stock, which was authorized to the amount of twenty-five
thousand dollars. Power was conferred on the company
'• to lay out, establish, and construct a plank-road and all
necessary buildings from the village of Flint to the village
of Fentonville, on the line of the State road between the
.said villages; ' the act of incorporation to remain in force
for the term of sixty years from the date of its passage.
There was a considerable delay in the organization of the
company — the subscriptions to the stock not being com-
pleted until the year 1851 — and a still further delay in the
construction of the road ; but it was finally completed, and
jirovcd a great benefit to the public. Its charter was re-
pealed by act of Legislature in 1871, and the taking of toll
w:us discontinued over its entire length in 1872. Since the
decay and removal of the planking the road has been
graveled over a good portion of its extent.

The "Saginaw and Genesee Plank-Road Company" was
incorporated by act api)roved March 8, 1850, granting to
that company " the power to lay out, establish, and con-
struct a plank-road, with all necessary buildings, from any
point in the village of Flint, Genesee Co., on the most
eligible route to the Saginaw River, with a branch to each
i'crry in Saginaw City, in Saginaw County, with the privi-
lege of a branch to Cass River, in Tuscola County," the
charter to continue and be in force for sixty years from the
passage of the act, but under the usual conditions. James
Frazicr and Nunnan Jjitlle, of Saginaw, and Ivlward II.
G

Thomson, of Flint, were appointed commissioners to re-
ceive sub.scriptions to the capital stock, which was author-
ized to the amouut of one hundred thousand dollars.
Work was commenced on both ends of the route in No-
vember, 185t), and the road was completed in 1852. It
proved to be of immense advantage to the public, and a
good investment for the stockholders, during the ten j'cars
which elapsed before it was superseded by the opening of
the Flint and P6rc Marquette Railroad, between Flint and
East Saginaw.

The " Oakland and Genesee Plank-lload Company" be-
came incorporated (under the general plank-road law of
1851) in Januar}', 1852. Its corporators and first board
of directors were Nelson W. Clark, Enos Goodrich, Amos
Orton, Elbridge G. Gale, William L. Norrin, D. C. Davi-
son, and William H. Putnam. Its object was to connect
the village of Flint with Pontiac, by a plank-road to pju^s
through the townships of Grand Blanc and Atlas. A
meeting to promote the objects of the company was held
at Goodricbville, Jan. 31, 1852, and it was reported that
at this meeting the whole amount of stock wa.s subscribed.
This was at the time when the jilank-road fever was at its
height throughout the State, as is shown by the following
extract from the Genesee Whi'ff of February 28th, in that
year : " We cannot take up a Michigan paper these days in
which the plank-roads do not form the subject of the lead-
ing articles. While all are thus alive to the momentous
interests involved in these projects, we must help to keep
the ball moving, or else fall behind the times." But not-
withstanding the general enthusiasm on the subject, and
the prompt action of the people of the two southe;istern
towns, they never realized the accomplishment of their
object.

The connection of Flint with the railway-station at
Holly, by plank-road, was accomplished by a company
organized, under the general law, Feb. 11, 1854, "for the
purpo.se of building a plank-road from Grand Blanc to
Algcrville [now Holly], to connect with the Oakland and
Ottawa Railroad at that place." The road was built, and
resulted in great advantage to the county of Genesee, —
though not to the stockholders. The stage-coaches to and
from Flint, connecting with the Detroit and Milwaukee
Railroad, passed over this line, and a-s early as 1858 trans-
ported more than fifteen thousand passengers in the year,
which was afterwards increa.scd to five times that number
in a single year. The usefulness of this line may be said
to have ended with the opening of the Flint and Holly
Railroad, in 1804.

iniO,JECTS FOR THE NAVIGATION OF FLINT RIVEll.

The question of the practicability of rendering the Flint
River navigable for boats of light draft of water began to
be discu.?.sed at an early day, — before any railroad company
had been chartered in Michigan, and before the construc-
tion of jilank-roads had been commenced or thought of.
At just how early a date this navigation project was first
conceived docs not appear, but that it had assumed definite
form as early as the year 183!) is shown by the fact that
on the 2()th of Ajiril, in that year, the Governor of .Michi-
^an ajpiinivcd " an act to incorjwratc the Genesee and Sagi-

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

naw Navigation Company," with a capital of one hundred
thousand dollars, and with power and authority " to enter
ujion the river Flint, and upon the lands upon either side,
. . . and to form and make, erect and set up, any dams,
locks, or any other device whatsoever, which they may
think most fit and convenient to make a complete slack-
water navigation between the points herein mentioned, to
wit : from the village of Flint, situate on the river Flint,
in Genesee County, down said river to some point on sec-
tion No. 35 or 36, in township No. 11, north of range No.
4 east.* And also to survey, establish, and construct a
canal from said last-mentioned point on the river Flint, on
the most direct and eligible route to the river Cass, with all
the locks, aqueducts, culverts, bridges, and embankments
which they may deem necessary or convenient. The locks
shall be of sufficient width and length to admit a safe and
easy passage for steamboats, barges, and other craft up, as
well as down, said river and canal." The water-power cre-
ated by the construction of the dams and canal was to bo
the property of the company, but the right was reserved to
the State to purchase at any time the canal between the
Flint and Cass Rivers, at a price not exceeding its cost,
with an addition of ten per cent. The work was required
to be commenced within two years, and to be finished within
five years of the passage of the act, under penalty of for-
feiture by the company of the powers and privileges con-
I'erred by the act of incorporation. The charter commis-
sioners named in the act were Gardner D. Williams,
Ephraim S. Williams, Perry G. Gardner, James Frazier,
Norman Little, W. L P. Little, Thomas J. Drake, Benja-
min Pearson, Robert F. Stage, Wait Beach, Charles C.
Hascall, and Thomas L. L. Brent. Subscription books to
be opened at Flint and Saginaw City for the space of three
days, after thirty days' notice.

This work of improvement not having been completed, or
even commenced as required by the law, an act was passed
by the Legislature (approved March G, 1S44) appropriating
five thousand acres of the internal improvement lands of the
State " for the purpose of clearing the flood-wood from, and
otherwise improving the navigation of the Flint lliver from
the village of Flint to the Saginaw River," and authorizing
u canal to be cut around the drift-wood in case the commis-
sioner, upon examination, should consider such a plan to be
most expedient.

What amount of work — if any — was done under this ap-
propriation does not appear, but it is evident that the river
was not made navigable, for, in 184G, an act was passed
(approved May 15) incorporating "The Flint and Sagi-
naw Navigation Company," with an authorized capital of
fifty thousand dollars, and with powers nearly identical with
those conferred on the old Genesee and Saginaw Navigation
Company of 1839. The purposes for which this company
was incorporated were, however, somewhat different, being
— as set forth in the act — " to make a complete slack-water
navigation from the village of Flint, in the county of Gen-
esee, to and down said river, to a point where the Flint
River intersects the Shiawassee River," with locks of suffi-
cient size to afford "easy passage for steamboats, barges,

» This is tho present to«u.shi|i of Piauldng, iu Sagiuaw County.

and other craft up, as well as down, said river." The old
project of the canal to connect the Flint with the Cass
River was not included in the plan of the new company.
One-third part of the work was required to be completed
within three years, and the whole in ten years from the date
of incorporation. The commLssioneis to have charge of sub-
scriptions and organize the company were Chaunccy S.
S. Payne, George M. Dewey, Eugene Vandeventer, James
Fraser, Henry M. Henderson, Porter Hazelton, Ezekiel R.
Ewings, James B. Walker, Joseph K. Rugg, Elijah N. Da-
venport, Nelson Smith, and William McDonald. In 1848
the charter of the company was amended, to authorize the
cutting of a canal across from the Flint to the Cass River,
and also extending the time for the completion of the work
to the year 1859.

The drift of public opinion about that time as to the
feasibility of navigating the Flint River, by steam and
otherwise, is shown by the following extract from the Flint
Rrpuhlicaii newspaper of May 29, 1847 :

" The River. — There seems to be a full determination
on the part of our citizens to improve the navigation of the
Flint River, so as to make it safe and easy for the pas-^age
of boats of a moderate class. Negotiations are pending
likely to result in the construction of a steamboat of light
draught to ply between this place and Sagiuaw. All
classes of our population, and particularly the lumbermen
and farmers, are greatly interested in the success of this
project, and the local price of all marketable articles will
be thereby greatly enhanced."

In 1850 an act was passed by the Legislature (approved
April 2) providing " That the rates of tolls the Flint
and Saginaw Navigation Company are by law entitled to
receive shall be as follows : On flour, salted beef and pork,
butter and cheese, whisky, beer, and cider per one thousand
pounds per mile, eight mills ; on salt per one thousand
pounds per mile, five mills ; on pot and pearl ashes per one
thousand pounds per mile, ten mills ; timber, squared and
round, if carried in boats, per one hundred cubic feet, two
mills per mile ; timber, squared, if carried in rafts, per one
hundred cubic feet, three mills per mile; timber, round, if
carried in rafts, per one thousand cubic feet per mile, five
mills," etc. ; enumerating also the prices to be charged by
the company on sawed lumber, in boats or rafts, staves and
heading, shingles, and other articles, and " on boats used
chiefly for the transportation of persons, per mile, seven
cents ; and on boats used chiefly for the transportation of
property, per mile, three cents."

In a file of the Genesee Whig is found the announce-
ment of the departure of the " First Scow on Flint River,"
from Flint for Flushing, March 26, 1850; and the Wliij
thereupon indulges in a prophecy as to the favorable influ-
ence this opening of navigation is to exert on the future of
Flint River and Flint village. And in its issue of March
27, 1852, the Whig, under the head of " Port of Flint-
Arrivals and Departures," notices the clearance of the
" Scow Kate Hayes, Capt. Charles Mather." The destina-
tion of the " Kate Hayes" is not mentioned, and as her
log-book has not been found, no account of her voyage
down the river can be given. These were the latest, or
among the latest, attempts to navigate the Flint River, and

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

the company which had been incorporated for that purpose
never accoinpHslied any of the objects for which it had been
vested with powers by the several legislative acts above
mentioned. Probably the completion of the planlc-rnad be-
tween Flint and East Sa:;ina\v about that time tauglit the
people that, after all, a smooth and solid road offered ad-
vantages for the transportation, either of pa.sscngcrs or
heavy merchandise, far preferable to boating through drift-
wood along the tortuous course of the Flint during a part
of the year, and subject to dangers from floods, as well as
interruption and protracted delay in the sca.son of low
water. But whatever may have been the cause, it is cer-
tain that the navigation project was abandoned definitely
and forever.

NORTHERN RAILROAD AND OTHER PROJECTS — NORTH-
ERN WAGON-ROAD.

Iramediatel}' after the organization of the State govern-
ment of Michigan, and before her admi.ssioii into the Fed-
eral Union, measures were originated looking to the adop-
tion, bj' the State, of a comprehensive system of internal
improvements; and, in pureuance of this plan, the Legis-
lature, at the session of 1837, pa.ssed an act (approved
March 20th in that year) " to provide for the construction
of certain works of internal improvement, and fur other
purposes," by which tlie board of commissioners of internal
improvements in the State were authorized and directed,
'• as soon as may be, to cause surveys to be made for three
several railroad routes across the peninsula of Michigan ;
the first of said routes to commence at Detroit, in the
county of Wayne, and to terminate at the mouth of the
St. Joseph River, in the county of Berrien, to be denomi-
nated the Central Railroad. The second of said routes to
commence at the navigable waters of the river Raisin, pa-ss^
ing through the village of Monroe, in the county of Mon-
roe, to terminate at New Buffalo, in Berrien County, and
to be denominated the Southern Railroad. The third of
said routes to commence at Palmer, or at or near the mouth
of Black River, in the county of St. Clair, and to terminate
at the navigable waters of tlie Grand River, in the county
of Kent, or on Lake Michigan, in the county of Ottawa,
to be denominated the Northern Railroad ; which roads
shall be located on the most eligible and direct routes
between the termini above mentioned."

The fourth section of the act provided " That the sum
of five hundred and fifty thousand dollars be, and the same
is hereby appropriated, to be taken from any moneys which
shall hereafter come into the treasury of this State to the
credit of the fund for internal ini])rovemeiit, for the survey
and making of the three railroads mentioned in the first
section of this act^ as follows : for the Southern Railroad,
the sura of one hundred thousand dollars ; for the Central
Railroad, the sum of four hundred thousand dollars; and
for the Northern Railroad, the sum of fifty thousand
dollars."

Under the authority conferred by this act the commis-
sioners caused the surveys to be made without unnecessary
delay. The routes thus surveyed for the " Central Rail-
road" and the "Southern Railroad" were (excepting the
western portions) substantially the same as those of the

Michigan Central and Michigan Southern roads of the
present. The " Northern Railroad" route was surveyed
and located to run from the St. Clair River, through the
centre of GeiiRsoe County; thence to Lyons, in Ionia
County, and from there westward to Lake Michigan, at the
mouth of Grand River, a distance of two hundred and one
miles. This was the first survey made for railroad purpo.ses
in the county of Genasee; though a preliminary survey
was made very .soon after for " The Saginaw and Genesee
Railroad Company," which was incorporated by act ap-
proved ^Llrc•h 22, 1837, with authority " to construct a rail-
road with a single or double track from the Saginaw River
at Saginaw City, to intersect the Northern Railroad (from
the St. Clair River to Grand River) at such point as they
may deem practicable in the county of Genesee, with power
to transport, take and carry persons and property upon the
same by the power and force of steam or animals, or of any
mechanical or other power or combination of them." For
the prosecution of this last-named enterpri.se, Gardner D.
Williams, Norman Little, Robert F. Stage, Perry G. Gard-'
ner, and Pjlijah N. Davenport were appointed by the act
commissioners to receive sub.scriptions to the capital stock
of the corporation, which was to be four hundred thou.sand
dollars. The road was, by the terms of the act, required
to be commenced within one year, a section of twenty-five
miles to be completed in two and a half years, and the
whole line to be finished within si.^ years from the passage
of the act, under penalty of forfeiture of the privileges
and franchises granted by the charter. By an act amenda-
tory to the above, the time was extended to five years for
the completion of the twenty-five miles, and to eight years
for the completion of the whole road ; both these periods
to date from the passage of the amendatory act, which was
approved April 20, 1839. • But notwithstanding this and
other extensions of the powers and privileges originally
granted to the Saginaw and Genesee Railroad Company,
they never completed their road, or carried the work beyond
the preliminary surveys.

To return to the State project of the " Northern Rail-
road," the prosecution of the work was placed by the board
in the hands of commis.sioner James B. Hunt, who eau.scd
the survey to be made as we have seen, and under whom
estimates and specifications were made and other prelim-
inary steps were taken, and contracts were let at several
points between the eastern terminus and Lyons, Ionia
Co. ; among these being a contract to the amount of
twenty thousand dollars, made with Gen. Charles C. Ilas-
call, of Flint River, for the construction of the road in
Genesee County, including the bridging of the Thread
River, near its junction with the Flint, and fur .some heavy
embankment work near the same point ; which work, or a
great part of it, was performed by the contractor, and paid
for from the appropriation. This was done in 1838 and
1839.

After the first appropriation, others were made by the
State in aid of the Northern Railroad, amounting in all to
about one hundred and thirty thousjind dollars ; the last of
these being to the amount of forty thousand dollars, made
by act of liCgislaturo approved April 20, 1839. Soon after
this the financial embarrassments of the State caused a

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

feelinc: to spring up among the people and their representa-
tives that the adoption of so extensive a plan of internal
improvements had been premature, to say the least, and the
result of this growing sentiment was the restriction of ap-
propriations to such works as did, or could easily be made
to, return the interest on their cost. Accordingly, further
aid was withheld, except to the central and southern lines
(then in partial operation), and finally, in 1841, all idea of
the construction of the " Northern Railroad" as a State
work was abandoned, and the Legislature passed "an act
relative to the appropriation upon the Northern Railroad"
(approved April 2, 1841"), which recited in its preamble
that " it is thought impolitic under tlie present embarrass-
ments of the State to make, at present, further expenditures
on said road for the purpose of a railroad ;" that " a large
amount has been expended in chopping, grubbing, and
clearing said road, which, if left in its present condition,
can be of no interest to the people of the north ;" and that
" it is the united wish and request of the people in the
vicinity of said road that the same should, for the present,
be converted into a turnpike- or wagon-road, and thus open
an important thoroughfare through the centre of the tier
of counties through which the said road passes, and thereby
render the money heretofore expended on said road availa-
ble to the best interests (under existing circumstances) to
the people in the northern section of the State." It was
therefore enacted that the commissioners of internal im-
provement be directed to expend thirty thousand dollars of
the unexpended balance of the moneys which had been
appropriated for the Northern Railroad "for bridging, clear-
, ing, and grading said road, or so much of it as the said
commissioners shall judge will be most beneficial to the
inhabitants and public in the section of country through
which the same passes, so as to make a good passable
wagon-road."

In 1843 the railroad project was formally " razeed" by
an act of Legislature (approved March 9tli in that year)
" to authorize the construction of a Wagon-Road on the line
of the Northern Railroad," and ordering the application
and appropriation, for that purpose, of all the non-resident
highway taxes for a distance of three miles on cither side
of the line, to be expended under the superintendence of a
special commi.ssioner to be appointed for each of the counties
of St. Clair, Lapeer, Genesee, Shiawas.see, Clinton, and Ionia.
The commissioner appointed to carry into effect the provi-
sions of this act upon that part of the line lying within
Genesee County was Gen. Charles C. Hascall. The act
was repealed in 184(3, but in the following year another act
was passed (approved April 3, 1848) " to provide for the
construction and improvement of the Northern Wagon-
Road from Port Huron, in the county of St. Clair, through
the counties of Lapeer and Genesee to Corunna, in the
county of Shiawassee," and appropriating " twenty thousand
acres of internal improvement lands" for the purpose. To
carry its provisions into effect the Governor of the State
was authorized to appoint a special commissioner, and he
did so appoint to that position the Hon. Alvin N. Hart, of
Lapeer, for that part of the work lying east of Shiawassee
County. Still another act was pa.s.sed in 1849 providing
for a re-location of the road.

The result of all the laws passed and appropriations made
for the construction of the Northern Railroad and Northern
Wagon-Road was (as concerning the county of Genesee)
the cutting out and grubbing of the greater part of the line
between Flint River village and Lapeer County, and the
building of an indifferent road over about one-third part of
this distance, a result which never proved to be of much
practical advantfige to the county.

But in the mean time a company (the " Port Huron and
Lake IMichigan Railroad Company," which will be men-
tioned more at length in its appropriate place in this his-
tory) had been formed and incorporated, having for its
object the construction and completion of a railroad across
the peninsula from the St. Clair River to Lake Michigan,
as originally contemplated and attempted by the State; an
object which was only partially accomplished by the com-
pany after nearly a quarter of a century of disheartening
vicissitude and discouragement.

DETROIT AND MILWAUKEE RAILROAD.

The first railway line which was built and completed to
any point within the boundaries of the county of Genesee
was the Detroit and Milwaukee, — now the Detroit, Grand
Haven and Milwaukee Railroad ; and it was ahso over the
eastern link of this line, which then terminated in Oak-
land, that the people of this county enjoyed their earliest
railway facilities, by moans of the stage-lines running from
Flint, and connecting with it at its several termini, — first at
Royal Oak, and then succe.ssively at Birmingham and Pon-
tiac. For this reason it seems proper that the building and
opening of that part of the line should bo briefly mentioned
here, though it was an Oakland and not a Genesee County
enterprise.

The project of constructing a railroad from Detroit to
Pontiac was agitated in Oakland as early as the spring of
1830, and an act incorporating the " Pontiac and Detroit
Railway Company" was passed by the Legislative Council
of the Territory, and approved by Governor Cass, on the
31st of July in the year named, this being the first railway
company ever chartered in Michigan. The corporators
were John P. Helfenstein, Gideon 0. Whittemore, William
F. Mosely, William Thompson, Hervey Parke, " and such
other persons as shall associate for the purpose of making a
good and sufficient railway from Pontiac to the city of De-
troit," the stock of the company to consist of one thousand
shares, at one hundred dollars each. This company, how-
ever, found the project to be too heavy for the means
which they could command, and their charter became void
by reason of their failure to comply with its conditions.

A second company was formed, and an act granting a
new charter was passed by the Territorial Legislature, and
approved by the Governor, March 7, 1834. Under this
act, William Draper, Daniel Le Roy, David Stanard, John-
son Niles, Seneca Newberry, Elisha Beach, Benj. Phelps,
Joseph Niles, Jr., and Augustus C. Stephens were appointed
commissioners to receive subscriptions to the stock of " The
Detroit and Pontiac Railroad Company," the amount of
which was fixed at fifty thousand dollars. The work was
to be commenced within two years from the passage of the
act, and completed within six years, the charter to be for-

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

feited by failure to comply with these conditions. Tiie
principal stockholders were Alfred Williams and Sherman
Stevens, of Pontiac, who were also managers of the aflFairs
of the company; but these ■gentlemen gave so much of
their attention to banking, and other financial operations,
tliat very slow progress was made in the construction of the
road, and it was not until the fall of 1S38 or spring of
1839 that a track (which even then was composed of wooden
rails for a part of the distance) was completed as far as
Royal Oak, and trains made up of cars of the most inferior
description were run from Detroit to that point by horse-
power. In the fall of 1839 the road was extended so that
the trains ran to Birmingham, and steam was introduced as
a motive-power for their propulsion. At that time (Sep-
tember, 1839) wo find in the Flint River Guzrlte the ad-
vertisement of Henry J. Buckley, agent and conductor,
informing the public that the trains were then running two
trips a day between Detroit and Birmingham, and making
connection at the latter jilace with a daily lino of "post-
coaclW for Pontiac and Flint, and a semi-weekly line for
Orand River. In 1840, the company being heavily in
debt and without means of payment, the road was sold at
sherifT's sale, and passed into the hands of Dean Richmond,
of Buffalo, and other capitalists of the State of New York.
Then followed another period of delay and di.scouragement,
but finally, in the year 1843, the road was completed to
Pontiac, which for more than ten years continued to be the
western terminus, and the point of connection with the stage-
lines running to Flint and Saginaw.

This road, in the early years of its existence, was made
the subject of unmeasured ridicule on account of tlie poverty
of the compan}', the rough and superficial manner in which
the line was constructed, the poor quality of its carriages
and machinery, and the exceedingly slow and irregular time
made by the trains between Pontiac and Detroit. From
an article which appeared in the Detroit I'ost a few years
since, containing some reminiscences of pioneer railway
travel, the following — having reference to the Pontiac line
— is extracted :

" Trains would frequently stop between way stations at a
signal from some farmer who wished to ask a few questions,
or to take passage. An old lady denizen of a farmhouse,
with spectacles of a primitive manufiicture placed high
upon her forehead, came running out to the train, waving
her bandanna. Her signal being heeded, the train was
. brought to a stop, and her inquiry of the conductor was, if
a certain lawyer named Drake was on board. After re-
ceiving a negative answer, a short conversation was kept up
before the train started on its journey. It was no uncom-
m(m occurrence for the engineer, who kept his shot-gun
with him, to bring down game from his engine, shut oiF
steam, and send his fireman after the fruits of his marks-
manship. The road being laid with strap rail, one of the
duties of the conductor was to keep a liamnier for the pur-
pose of spiking down ' snake-heads' whenever they were
seen from the cab of the engineer." There are, doubtless,
many citizens of Genesee County who will recollect their
journeyings from Pontiac to Detroit in tho.se days, and rec-
ognize the above as a truthful dcscrijition.

Some time after the complclion of the line to Pontiac it

was leased to Gurdon Williams for a period of ten years, at
a graduated annual rental, averaging about ten thousand
dollars a year ; but the lease was purchased or relinquished
before its expiration, and the road came into the possession
of a company, of which II. N. Walker, Es(|., was made
the president. Under his administration a sufficient amount
of money was raised on the bonds of the road to relay the
track and place it in a good condition for traffic.

For the purpose of forming a railroad connection between
the western terminus of the Detroit and Pontiac road and
Lake Michigan at or near the mouth of Grand River, and
thence, by steamers with Milwaukee, the Oakland and Ot-
tawa Railroad Company was formed and incorporated by
act of Legislature approved April 3, 1848. The persons
appointed as commissioners to receive subscriptions to the
capital stock (which was fixed at two million five hun-
dred thousand dollars) were Gurdon Williams, Edward A.
Brush, H. C. Thurber, Alfred Williams, Bowman W.
Dennis, John Hamilton, C. P. Bush, W. A. Richmond,
and Charles Shepard. The company was empowered by
the act " to construct a railroad with a double ov single
track from the village of Pontiac, in the county of Oakland,
to Lake Michigan, in the county of Ottawa, passing through
the most desirable and eligible route, by the way of Fen-
tonvillc," and was required to begin its construction within
five years, and to complete it within fifteen years, from the
passage of the act.

Work was commenced on this line in the year 185:3, and
in the following year 11. N. Walker (who was a leading
spirit in this, as well as in the Pontiac road) purchased in
England twenty-six hundred tons of iron, which was esti-
mated to be sufficient to lay the track through to Fenton-
ville. But further delays intervened, and it was not until
four years after the commencement of work upon the line
that the first locomotive rolled over the completed track
into Genesee County.

On the 13th of February, 1855, the Oakland and Ottawa
and the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad interests were consol-
idated, under the name of "the Detroit and Milwaukee
Railway." During the same year the road was completed
from Pontiac to Holly, and the company's agents in Europe
negotiated a loan of one and a quarter millions of dollars,
by the aid of which the work was pu.shcd forward with
vigor, and the road fini.shed to Fentonville in 1851). The
county now, for the first time, enjoyed the advant^ige of a
railroad line within her own borders, but the expected
branch from Fentonville to Flint was never built, and the
people of the city and the northern parts of the county
had still to depend on the stage-lines connecting with the
railway.

In September, 1857, the railroad was completed to Ionia,
and in one year from that time it was opened to Grand
Haven.

In April, 1860, the foreclosure of the mortgage by the
bondholders placed the road in the hands of a receiver,
— the Hon. C. J. Brydges. Since that time its affairs
have gradually become more prosperous, and it now ranks
with the important railway lines of the State. The stations
on this road within the county of Genesee are Feuton
liiiuloii, and Gaines.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

FLINT AND PERE MARQUETTE RAILWAY.
The .second line which was completed and put in opera-
tion in Genesee, and the first to enter the city of Flint, was
the Flint and Pore Mar(|uette Railway. The company pro-
posing the construction of this road was organized at Flint
on the 21st of January, 1857, under the provisions of the
general railroad law of 1855. The capital stock of the
company was fixed at five million five hundred thousand
dollars, to be divided into shares of fifty dollars each, the
corporation to continue for the period of five hundred
years. The formation of the company was declared, in the
articles of association, to be "for the purpose of construct-
ing, operating, and maintaining a railroad within tlie State.
. . . The said railway is to be constructed from the city
of Flint, county of Genesee, passing northerly and westerly
through the counties of Genesee, Saginaw, Midland, Glad-
win, Clare, Osceola, Lake, and Mason, to Pere Marquette
[now Ludington], on Lake Michigan, a distance of one
hundred and seventy miles, as nearly as we can now deter-
mine, which is to bo the length of said railway."

The names of the original subscribers to the stock, and
who were also signers of the articles of association, were
as follows : George M. Dewey, Benjamin Pearson, Alvin
T. Crosman, Daniel D. Dewey, Josiah Pratt, Theodore G.
Mills, C. Roosevelt, Artemas Thayer, H. W. Wood, James
Henderson, R. D. Lamond, Alexander McFarlan, E. N.
Pettee, E. H. McQuigg, Charles B Higgins, R. Bishop,
E. F. Frary, M. Miles, Giles Bishop, A. B. Witherbee,
George W. Fish, H. C. Walker, H. M. Henderson, T. C.
Meigs, Chauncey K. Williams, Charles E. Dewey, William
Patterson, G. R. Cummings.

The first board of directors of the corporation were :
President, George M. Dewey ; Henry M. Henderson, Ben-
jamin Pearson, Artemas Thayer, Robert D. Lamond, Cor-
nelius Roosevelt, William Patterson, Alvin T. Crosman,
Josiah Pratt, all of Flint.

The persons who were appointed commissioners to re-
ceive subscriptions to the capital stock were Benjamin
Pearson, Alvin T. Crosman, and Daniel D. Dewey, and to
these tlie names of Robert D. Lamond and Josiah Pratt
were afterwards added.

In 185G the Congress of the United States had passed
an act (approved June 3d, in that year) providing "that
there be, and hereby is, granted to the State of Micliigan —
to aid in the construction of railroads from Little Bay de
Noquet to Marquette, and thence to Ontonagon, and from
the two last-named places to the Wisconsin State line;
also from Aniboy, by Hillsdale and Lansing, and from
Grand Rapids to some point on or near Traverse Bay ;
also from Grand Haven and Pere Marquette to Flint, and
thence to Port Huron — ^every alternate section of land,
designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width, on
each side of each of said roads." Where such odd-num-
bered sections had already been sold by the United States,
or pre-empted, then the deficiency to be made good by
selections of a like number of alternate sections of land
owned by the government outside of the six tiers of sec-
tions ; but in no case to be farther than fifteen miles from
the lines of the proposed roads.

By an act of the liOgislature of Michigan, approved

Feb. 14, 1857, the State accepted the grant of lands from
the United States, with the terms and conditions imposed ;
and by the same act the title to that portion of the lands
intended by Congress to be given in aid of the construction
of the Flint and P6re Marquette line was vested in that
company, under certain conditions, among which were
these : that the proceeds of the lands were to be exclu-
sively applied in the construction of the road, and to no
other purposes whatsoever; that the road, when completed,
should, " in all respects and all its parts, be a first-class
railroad, and the rail thereof be the ' T' or continuous
rail ;" also that " after the completion of twenty miles of its
railroad, and after the Governor shall have certified to the
Secretary of tlie Interior that such twenty continuous
miles of its road are so completed, then, and not before,
said company may sell sixty sections of land included
within any continuous twenty miles of its line of road ;
and, in like manner, upon the completion of each other
twenty continuous miles, it may sell other sixty sections ;
and so on, ft-om time to time, until the whole of its road
is completed ; and after the full and final completion of the
entire length of its road, and the acceptance of the same
by the board of control* herein provided, then the com-
pany may sell tlie remainder of the lands hereby invested
in accordance with the act of Congress, and not before."

The company was also required by the act to survey
and locate its road on or before the first day of the (then)
next December, and to complete and put in good running
order at least twenty continuous miles of road during each
year from and after that time, and to finish the entire,
length of the road within seven years from the 15th day
of November, 1857.

Tiic lands thus donated to the company amounted to sis
hundred and sixty-two thousand four hundred acres, or one
hundred and twenty sections for each twenty-mile section
of road ; so that under the above condition they were pro-
hibited from selling more than one-half their lands until
the whole line should be completed and accepted by the
board of control. But in February, 1859, the Legislature
passed an act amending the above, by striking out the word
" sixty," and inserting in its place the words " one hundred
and twenty ;" thus autliorizing the company, upon the com-
pletion of each twenty-mile section of road, to sell the
entire amount of lands due upon such completed section.
An amendatory act was also passed extending the time for
the completion of the first twenty miles from Dec. 1, 1858, •
to Dec. 1, 1859.

The land-grant having been duly accepted by the com-
pany on the terms and conditions imposed by the Legisla-
ture, and local subscriptions to the stock having been
secured to the amount required by law, the survey was
commenced under direction of George T. Clark, chief
engineer of the road, at the opening of the spring of 1857,
and was pushed so vigorously that the location of the route
was made and accepted by the board of directors in the
following August. This location of the route dift'ered
materially from tliat originally contemplated, as it passed

* The bjiirJ of control constituted by this act consisted of tlio
Governor of the State (cj- nj^.riu) and six commissioners, to he nomi-
nated hy the Oovcrnor and confirmed by the Senate.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

entirely to the south of the county of Gladwin, but
travoi-sod Isabella and Jlccosta, which were not touched-by
the preliminary survey. Subsefjuently the route was a^ain
changed so as to pass wholly to the north of these two
counties.

On account of the financial depression of 1857 nothing
was done towards the construction of the road during that
j'car, but in the fall of 1858 the contractors, Messrs. Paul
Farwell & Co., commenced work near Bridgeport Centre,
and at the close of the year one-third of the line between
Flint and Saginaw had been cleared, and about three miles
graded ready for ironing.

On the 31st of March, 1859, resolutions were adopted
authorizing the i.s.sue of the bonds of the company to the
aggregate amount of five million five hundred thousand dol-
lars, " for the purpose of raising funds from time to time
for the construction and completion of the railway of this
company from Pere Marquette to Flint;" the said bonds
to be secured by a trust deed to Myron H. Clark and Shep-
herd Knapp, of New York, and James M. Edmunds, of
Detroit, as trustees of the property of the company, includ-
ing their interest, actual and prospective, in five hundred
and fifty thousand acres of the lands granted by Congress.
The deed was executed by the president and secretary on
behalf of the company, at the date above named. Under
this mortgage, successive issues of the company's construc-
tion bonds were made on the several sections as the work
progressed ; the first issue being made in April, ISUO.

In October, 1859, thirteen miles of tlie road-bed was
finished, and the remainder of the line between Flint and
Saginaw was nearly ready for the iron. Eight miles of the
completed grade south from East Saginaw had been laid
with iron from the Wyandotte Rolling-Milis, and on this
portion a construction-train had been put in operation.
From this time until the following July operations were
suspended. The time had expired (December 1st) in which
the firet twenty-mile section was to be completed by the con-
ditions of the act which conferred the lands, and apprehen-
sions were felt that a forfeiture would be declared by the
State. But on a.ssurances from the Governor and other
influential officers and citizens of the State that no advan-
tage would be taken of the company's misfortune, if the
enterprise was continued and prosecuted in good faith, the
contractors were induced to resume operations in July,
IBljO, as above mentioned, though tiic work proceeded but
slowly.

The completed track was extended soutliward into Gene-
see County, and reached Pine Hun during ISlJl. On the
20th of January, 1862, the road was regularly opened for
traffic to Mount Morris, where connection was made with
its trains by the stages of Boss, Burrcll & Co. At this
time the announcement was made that the company had a
sufficient amount of iron on hand to complete the line from
this point to its southern terminus.

The formal opening of the finished line from Saginaw to
Flint was celebrated on Monday, Dec. 8, 1802, and was the
occasion of unmeasured rejoicing in tiie city, terminating
in an entertainment at the Carlton House in honor of the
auspicious event.

The officers of the company at that time (elected Dec. 5,

1862) were: Directors — Eber B. Ward, of Detroit, Presi-
dent; Charles A. Trowbridge, Henry H. Fish, Palmer V.
Kellogg, of Utica, N. Y. ; Henry Hobbs, Charles B. Mott,
East Saginaw ; Benjamin Pierson, Alfred J. Boss, Flint ;
Morgan L. Drake, of Pontiac ; Treasurer, Wm. H. Bron-
son ; Secretar}', Morgan L. Drake.

THE FLINT A.ND HOLLY LI.NK IN TIIE FLINT AND PERE
MARQUETTE LINE.

From the time when the first train ran through to Pon-
tiac, projects had been in contemplation to extend the line
from that village to Flint, and eventually to make connec-
tion with Saginaw, either over the road proposed to be built
by the Saginaw and Gene.sce Railroad Company (before
mentioned as having been incorporated in 1837) or by
other means ; and, in 1846, the Legislature passed " an act
(approved May 15th) to incorporate the Pontiac and Gene-
see Railroad Company," with a capital .stock of five hundred
thou.sand dollars, and the privilege of increasing it to one
million dollars ; the charter commissioners appointed to re-
ceive subscriptions to the stock being Horace C. Thurbcr,
Sherman Stevens, Frederick A. Williams, Grant Decker,
Charles C. Hascall, Elkanah Parker, Robert Le Roy, Boor-
man Dennis, Wm. Axford, Enos Goodrich, Oliver Palmer,
Gould Davison, and Benjamin Pearson. The company was
authorized and empowered " to construct a railroad, with
double or single track, from Pontiac, in the county of Oak-
land, running northwesterly through the village of Fenton-
ville, to the village of Flint, in the county of Genesee, with
a branch of the same running to some suitable point in the
county of Shiawassee; al.so a branch of the same from the
village of Genesee [Flint?] to Saginaw City, in the county
of Saginaw;" the road to be commenced within three years,
and to be completed in ten years, from the passage of the
act, under penalty of forfeiture of charter. This was
amended March 30, 1848, by extending the time for com-
mencement of work to five years, and the time for comple-
tion of road to fifteen years, and by authorizing an increase
of capital to one million five hundred thousand dollars ;
also, by the addition of a clause providing that " in case
an}' annual meeting of the stockholders of .said company
shall not be, or shall not have been holden, the charter of
said company shall not thereby be forfeited."

The Genesee and Oakland Railroad Company was incor-
porated by act approved April 3, 1848. Henry M. Hen-
derson, Addison Stewart, Jas. B. AValker, Enos Goodrich,
Jas. Kipp, Elijah B. Clark, Horace C. Thurber, and John
S. Goodrich were appointed commissioners to receive sub-
scriptions to the stock, which was authorized to the amount
of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The company
was empowered to construct a railroad, with double or single
track, from Pontiac to Flint, " passing through the most
desirable and eligible route, through the counties of Oak-
land and Genesee," and was rc(|uired to commence the con-
struction of its road within five years, and to finish it in
ten years, from the passage of the act of incorporation.

Neither the " Pontiac and Genesee," nor the " Genesee
and Oakland" companies ever made any progress worthy of
notice towards the accomplishment of the object.s for which
they were incorporated. " An act to authorize the Flint

HISTORY OF GEiVESEE COUNTY", MICHIGAN.

and Pere Marquette Ilailway Company to purchase the
rights and franchises of the Genesee and Oakland Ilaih-oad
Company" was passed by the Legislature, and approved
Feb. 15, 1839, and by the terms of the same act the latter
company was also authorized to purchase the rights and
franchises of the former ; and it was further provided that
" when said two companies are consolidated, in accordance
with the provisions of this act, they may assume to them-
selves the name of ' The Michigan and Northwestern Rail-
way Company ;' " this consolidation arrangement to become
valid and operative " when accepted by said companies, by
a vote of their respective boards of directors." To what
extent action was taken by the two companies under the
authority conferred by this act does not clearly appear, but
it is certain that no results were attained beyond a survey
of the route between Flint and Fentonvillc, commenced
Sept. 13, 1860, under the direction and superintendence of
George T. Clark, chief engineer of the Flint and Fere Mar-
quette road.

But the project to construct the lacking railway link,
south from Flint to the Detroit and Milwaukee road, was
never abandoned, and was finally taken up by parties who
were powerful, practical, and wealthy enough to carry it to
completion on their own means, without the issuance of
bonds, or the asking of municipal or other outside aid.
The leader in this project was the Hon. Henry H. Crapo
(afterwards Governor of Michigan), with whom were asso-
ciated a number of heavy capitalists of New Bedford, Mass.,
and several gentlemen of means in Genesee County. Im-
mediately after the completion of the Pere Marquette road
from East Saginaw to Flint, these gentlemen moved ener-
getically in the matter, and about the commencement of the
year 18G3 became incorporated under the general railroad
law as the " Flint and Holly Railroad Company." The
board of directors (which also represented the principal
stockholders) of this company were Henry H. Crapo, of
Flint, president ; Oliver Prescott, John R. Thornton, and
Edward S. Slandell, of New Bedford, Mass. ; Levi Walker
and J. B. Walker, of Flint ; David Smith, of Feutonville.
The commissioners to open the books for subscriptions to
the stock of the company, under the requirement of the
law, were Oliver Prescott, Wm. W. Crapo, New Bedford ;
Henry H. Crapo, H. W. Wood, Flint; David Smith, Feu-
tonville.

At the inception of the enterprise, it was the general
belief of the public (though perhaps not of the projectors)
that the road to be built from Flint would intersect the
Detroit and Milwaukee road at Fentonville. But when a
more easterly survey was made, to intersect that road at
Holly, in Oakland County, a comparison of the two routes
showed that the latter, although a trifle longer, offered
advantages more than sufficient to compensate for the
slightly greater distance to be built, and it would, more-
over, strike the northern terminus of the railway line which,
it was evident, must soon be built from Monroe, on Lake
Erie, to the Detroit and Milwaukee road, at Holly. This
route was, con.sequently, the one adopted.

The contract lor grading the road was let to Messrs.
Walton and Wright, of Detroit, who commenced operations
upon the line in the autumn of 18G3. The work was

pushed with a vigor which has seldom been equaled iu the
history of railroad construction, and which had not been
expected, even from the practical and energetic business
men who stood at the head of the enterprise. So rapid
was the progress made that the road was completed and
opened to Holly — seventeen miles — on the 1st of Novem-
ber, 1864, the first trains being run by the company's new
locomotive, " City of Flint." And now, for the first time,
Flint and the central and northern jiortions of Genesee
County had a railway outlet to the commercial emporium
of the State. Before the opening of this road the travel
between Flint and Holly Station had been accommo-
dated by the stage-lino of Boss, Burroll & Co., which was
well equipped, admirably conducted, and very largely pa-
tronized, carrying, on an average, as many as one hundred
and fifty passengers each way (a total of three hundred
passages) daily between the.se points ; and it is recollected
by old residents of Flint that in a single day twenty-seven
of these coaches delivered their loads of passengers at the
Irving House in that city for dinner. It is also mentioned
as a somewhat singular circumstance that the senior propri-
etor of the line, Hon. Alfred J. Boss, died within two or
three days of the time when his stages made their last trip.
The total cost of the Flint and Holly road, including land,
fencing, grading, bridges, iron, buildings, telegraph, tools,
rolling-stock, and engineering, was four hundred and thirty
thousand four hundred and twenty-three dollars and six cents,
— an exceedingly low figure, especially when taking into
consideration the fact that the line was con.structed and
equipped during a period of inflated prices, caused by the
great war which was then in progress. During the first
month, the freight transported was four hundred and ten
tons, and the amount received from passenger traffic three
thousand four hundred and eighty-five dollars and eighty
cents. The receipts of the road during eleven months
succeeding its opening (that is, up to the end of the fiscal
year) were :

From passengers $51, 070.47

" freight ;;8,.'>fi:!.l),i

" mails 656.U2

" rents 76 03

S90.'JB7..37
Total expense of operating (same time) 51,761.23

Leaving bahmce of $39,203.14

From that time, and through all the period in which the
road continued to be operated by the original company as a
separate line, its business steadily and largely increased.

On the 24th of April, 1868, the Flint and Holly road was
sold, with its equipment, to the Flint and Pere Marquette
Railway Company for about five hundred and fifty thousand
dollars, and the bonds of the latter company (.secured by
lien on the entire length of road from Holly to East Sagi-
naw, and since paid in full) were issued in that amount to
the stockholders of the Flint and Holly road. In this sale
the latter realized an advance of more than twenty-five per
cent, on the cost of their road ; and in addition to this,
during the three and a half years in which it had been
operated by them, they had received regular semi-annual
dividends amounting to ten per cent, yearly, besides dividing
surplus earnings to the amount of about thirty-five per
cent, of the cost oi' the road and equipment. The above

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

is certainly a most remarkable showing of profit in the
construction and operation of a short interior lino of rail-
road.

COMPLETION AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE ROADS COM-
POSING THE FLINT AND PERE MARQUETTE.

Upon that portion of the Flint and Pere Marquette line
lying between East Saginaw and Lake Michigan the work
of construction was commenced in the fall of 1860, and
about eight years later, after many delays and discourage-
ments, the road was completed to its northwestern terminus
at Ludington. In March, 1872, there were consolidated
into the Flint and Pero Marquette line, and under that
general name, the following roads, viz., the Holly, Wayne
and Monroe Railway (opened in 1870), furnishing a south-
cistern connection to Lake Erie; the Bay City and East
Saginaw road, connecting with the navigable waters of
Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron ; and the Flint River Rail-
road (then uncumpletedj, running from the junction, four
miles north of Flint, to Otter Lake, a distance of fifteen
miles. This latter road (now the Flint River division of
the Flint and Pore JIarquette) was opened for travel be-
tween the city of Flint and the village of Otisville, in the
northeastern corner of Genesee County, on the 13th of
August, 1S72, and was soon after finished to Otter Lake
Station, where it forms a connection with the Detroit and
Bay City Railroad.

The Flint River division passes diagonally through the
townships of Genesee and Forest, and for a short distance
thi-ough the northwest corner of Richfield, all in Genesee
County. The main line of the Flint and P6re Marquette
road traverses the county nearly through its centre, from
north to south, passing through the city of Flint and the
townships of Vienna, Mount Morris, Genesee, Burton, and
Grand Blanc. This line is by far more important to the
interests of Genesee than any of the other railroads which
enter the county, and it is for this reason, and because the
enterprise was originated and made successful by citizens of
Flint,* that the above account of the road has been ex-
tended to greater length than it would otherwise have been.
Until recently the Flint and Pore Marquette road has been
regarded as one of the prosperous railways of Michigan,
but of late it has become apparent that the financial condi-
tion of the company has been unsatisfactory for several
years, commencing from the panic of 1873, and now (May,
1870) it is announced that the road is about pa.ssing into the
hands of a receiver. But, notwithstanding the embarrass-
ment of its afiairs, it is, and must continue to be, a line of
great importance to the counties, cities, and villages upon
its route.

* Of the twenty-eight uriginal shareholders who signed the articles
of association of tlie Flint and Pcrc Marquette Railway (Jomjiany,
all but one (Theodore (j. Mills, of Cleveland) wore residents of the
city of Flint, as were also all the nine gentlemen composing the first
board of directors. And when the second division of the lino (then
known as the Flint and Holly road) was built, it was a citizen of this
eity — Henry H. C'rapo — who originated the project, furnished a largo
share of the means, and was in every way more instrumenlal than
any otiier person in accomplishing its early completion and remarkable
success.

PORT HURON AND LAKE MICHIGAN RAILROAD.

The project of the old " Northern Railroad" authorized
by the Legislature in 1837 as part of the State system of
internal improvements, and intended to run from the outlet
of Lake Huron, west, through St. Clair, Lapeer, Genesee,
and other counties, has already been mentioned. After
this project was abandoned by the State it was taken up by
an association of individuals who were, by act of Legisla-
ture approved Jan. 30, 1847,t incorporated as "the Port
Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad Company," with au-
thority " to construct a railroad with a double or single
track from Port Huron, in St. Clair County, running
westerly until it shall intersect Lake Michigan at or near
the mouth of Grand River, with power to take, transport,
and carry property and persons upon the said railroad, or
any part thereof herein authorized to be constructed, by
the power and force of steam or of animals, or of any me-
chanical or other power, or of any combination of them
which the said company may choose to use or apply."
John Wells, Alvin N. Hart, Charles C. Hascall, Alfred L.
Williams, Jesse F. Turner, Ira Porter, Edmund B. Bost-
wick, and Thomas W. White were appointed charter com-
missioners to receive subscriptions to the capital stock,
which was authorized to the amount of two millions of
dollars. The company was required to commence its road
in five years, and to complete it in fifteen years, from the
passage of the act. And the State relinquished to the
company all her rights and privileges in the line of the
Northern road wherever the company might wish to con-
struct its road over that route. In alluding to this relin-
quishment by the State, the directors of the company (in
a statement published for the purpose of influencing sub-
scriptions to the stock) said that " instead of paying the
State for what it has done towards the construction of the
road, the company have a donation of all that one hundred
and ten thousand dollars in cash, and twenty thousand
acres of land, have accomplished."

In 1851, against a most determined opposition, the charter
of the company was amended, by striking out the words
" five" and " fifteen" and inserting in their places " ten"
and " twenty" (years), thus extending, respectively, the
periods in which the work was required to be commenced
and completed. Great eflforts were then made to raise
means for the construction of the road, but these met with
very indifferent success. In 1853 encouragement was re-
ceived from the Hon. Malcolm Cameron, of Quebec, that
negotiations might be made with parties in that city for the
furnishing of means and construction of the road. Upon
this, after mature deliberation by the board of directors, a
committee of the board, consisting of James Turril, the
president of the road, J. R. White, secretary, Alvin N.
Hart, treasurer, and Noah Hart, director, proceeded to
Quebec, where a contract was cflected witli prominent rail-
road parties to build tlie road from Port Huron to Grand

■f The Legislature had passed an act of incorporation of the same
company in ISIrt, but it had been vetoed by Gov. Kelch, on the ground
that it might defeat the sale of the southern and central roads, nego-
tiations for their purchase from the .State being then in progress.
This sale having been effected, and the objection thus removed, tho
incorporating act was approved in 1847, as stated.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Haven by the 1st of January, 1857, but with the condition
precedent tliat tlie company should procure from the Legis-
lature an act increasing the capital stock from two million to
eight million dollars. An interview was then had with Lieu-
tenant-Governor Andrew Parsons (then acting Governor, in
place of Governor Robert McClelland, who had resigned to
accept a position in President Pierce's cabinet) to induce him
to call an extra .session of the Legislature for the purpose of
authorizing the necessary increase of capital. Governor Par-
sons was unwilling to assume the responsibility of convening
the Legislature in extra session unless an expression of the
people's wishes, favorable to the plan, could be had. To
obtain such an expression the promoters of the road called
a mass-meeting at Jackson, at which resolutions were
adopted favoring an extra session and requesting the Gov-
ernor to call it, but, notwithstanding this, he declined to issue
the desired proclamation. This caused a delay until the reg-
ular session of 1855, at which an act was passed (approved
February 13) amending the charter by increasing the cap-
ital stock to eight million dollars, as desired, and empowering
the president and directors to appoint agents in either or
all of the cities of New York, Boston, Montreal, and Lon-
don to receive subscriptions to the increased stock or assess-
ments, instalments, or calls, or to pay dividends upon the
same, and to make dividends payable and receivable in each or
all of the cities named. But after all this had been done the
foreign contractors found themselves unable to float the
scheme, and so all the trouble and money expended in that
direction seemed to have been wasted.

This defeat almost extinguished the hopes of the friends
of the road, but they were soon after revived by a proposi-
tion coming from N. P. Stewart, of Detroit, to purchase
the charter and build the road without delay from Port
Huron to Grand Haven. But, although this proposition
was favorably entertained at first by the promoters of the
Port Huron road, it was not long before they became sus-
picious that Mr. Stewart was working in the interest of the
Detroit and Milwaukee road (in which he was a heavy
stock- and bond-bolder), and that his real design was to ob-
tain possession of the Port Huron charter, not for the pur-
pose of building the road in good faith, but to extinguish
the enterprise. They therefore declined to sell their
charter and franchises, except upon such terms as they
were certain he would decline to entertain.

Not to be defeated in this manner, however, he, in 1856,
organized a new company under the general railroad law,
called the " Port Huron and Milwaukee Railroad Com-
pany," to build a railway line from Port Huron to Grand
Haven, there to connect with steamers for Milwaukee.
The survey of the route was made without delay, the right
of way obtained, and for a time the work of construction
was pushed most vigorously. A dock was built at Port
Huron, some twenty miles of grading was done, and about
a mile of track was laid at the Port Huron end of the
line, so that the people living in the counties traversed by
the route (who cared chiefly for the success of the project,
with but little regard as to which company should build
the road) began to feel sure that at last their hopes were
to be realized. But they were again to be disappointed,
for, about the time that the work had progressed to the

stage above mentioned, Mr. Stewart procured — or at least
assented to — the passage of an act of Legislature, consolida-
ting this with the Detroit and Milwaukee road at Owasso ;
and from that time work on the eastern portion of the road
was suspended, and the means raised for its construction
were used west of Owasso.

At this turn of afi'airs the chagrin and disappointment
of the friends of the road was inexpressible. But the old
Port Huron and Lake Michigan charter was kept good,
and the promoters of the project still hoped for ultimate
success, though the prospect was dismal. Finally, in 1863,
Mr. Jerome, of New York, made a proposition to build the
road, which was favorably entertained, and he became the
purchaser of the charters of both companies ; that is, of
the Port Huron and Lake Michigan, and also of that part
of the Port Huron and Milwaukee lying east of Owasso.
But, after having expended considerable sums in prepara-
tions to push forward the enterprise, Mr. Jerome died, and
disappointment and gloom once more clouded the prospects
of the Port Huron (proposed) railway.

In 1865 the original friends and promoters of the pro-
ject came once more to the front, having arrived at the
conclusion that the only way in which the road could ever
be completed was to secure local subscriptions and munici-
pal aid sufficient to repurchase the charter, secure the right
of way, grade the road ready for the iron between Port
Huron and Flint, and furnish the requisite number of ties;
believing that, when all this was done, the road itself would
give suflacient security to any capitalist who would furnish
the rails and rolling-stock to put it in operation. The first
consideration was to obtain the charters from the Jerome
estate ; and, to accomplish this, they procured the introduc-
tion of bills in the Legislature to repeal both the Port
Huron and Lake Michigan and the Port Huron and Mil-
waukee charters, shrewdly believing that the pendency of
these bills would facilitate negotiations with the Jerome
heirs. The result was as anticipated. The legal represen-
tatives of the estate appeared, and the charters were pur-
chased and paid for by local sukscription.

The charter being secured, and a large amount of sub-
scriptions and municipal aid obtained, the work of grading
was resumed in March, 18GG, and progressed so well* that
it was confidently predicted that the road would be put in
full operation between Port Huron and Flint by the end
of the year 1868. But more disappointment was yet in
store. Three times negotiations were entered into with
parties in New York for the rails and equipment for the
road, and as often those negotiations failed. At last, in
1869, a contract was entered into with Messrs. S. W. Hop-

* By the report of J. Q. Felt, su|)crinteadent of construction of
the Port Huron ro.td, it was sliown that in November, 1866, the road-
bed was completed, ready for the iron, from Port Huron westward to
within one mile of the west line of the township of Emmett, except
two weeks' work at one point; that west of Emmett, to the line of
L.apecr County, all was completed except a break of two miles, which
would be finished during the winter; that more than sutiicient ties
had been contracted for to lay this distance, and that the right of
way had been secured over nearly all the route as far west as Flint.
In Genesee County, the city of Flint and the townships of Burton
and Davison had voted their bonds in aid of the enterprise, and
eleven towns in Lapeer County and several in St. Clair liad taken
similar action.

THE PRESS.

kins & Co., of New York, by which that firm agreed to
furnish iron and rolling-stock, taking in payment the first
mortgage bonds of the road. Tiie firm eventually failed
to complete the contract, which compelled the company to
make, through its president, the Hon. W. L. Bancroft, a
further negotiation in Europe ; but the eastern portion was
completed with material furnished on the Hopkins contract.

The first cargo (two hundred tons) of rails arrived at
Port Huron by the propeller " Fountain City," June 24,
1869, and the laying of the. track was commenced at once;
but further supplies of iron came slowly and irregularly, so
that it was not until the 8th of June, 1870, that the road
was opened to Capac, and on the 28th of the following
month to Imlay City. On the 24th of May, 1871, the
track reached the limits of Lapeer City, and in the following
October entered Genesee County ; the road being opened
for freight and passengers to Davison Station May 25th.

The track was finished to the limits of Flint City on
November 12, 1871, and on Thursday, November 30th, an
" inaugural trip" was made over the entire distance (sixty-
six miles) between Flint and Port Huron, by a party com-
posed of the Hon. Artemas Thayer — a member of the
board of directors, residing in Flint — and about fifteen
ladies and gentlemen. This party was, of course, greeted
with much enthusiasm along the route. The formal open-
ing of the line between Port Huron and Flint was cele-
brated by the passage from the former to the latter city of
an excursion-party, composed of two hundred and ten ladies
and gentlemen, occupying four elegant passenger-coaches,
drawn by the locomotive " Flint City." The party were
complimented by a dinner (at the Thayer House), which
was marked by the hilarity and congratulatory speeches
usual on such occasions.

The regular running of trains between Flint and Port
Huron was commenced December 13, 1871, — more than
thirty-four years from the time when the people of the
" Flint Iliver Settlement" had first rejoiced at the news of
the passage of the " Northern Railroad" bill, and the pros-
pect of an early connection by rail with the outside world.

CHICAGO AND NORTHEASTERN RAILROAD-
LAKE HURON LINE.

-CHICAGO AND

The " Chicago and Northeastern Railroad Company"
was incorporated under the general law, by the filing of
articles of a.ssociation in the ofiBce of the Secretary of State,
Aug. 12, 1874; the object of its formation being the con-
struction of a railroad from Lansing to Flint, to connect at
the former city with the Peninsular Railway, and at Flint
with the Port Huron Railroad, and with these, to form a
through line from Chicago to the city of Port Huron.

The preliminary work on the Chicago and Nortlieastern
road was commenced in November, 1874, and it was
pushed with vigor during 1875 and '76, so that at the close
of the latter year the road was nearly ready for traffic. It
was formally opened about the 1st of February, 1877, and
was operated as a part of the " Chicago and Lake Huron"
ine, which enjoyed a very heavy busines.s (particularly in
freighting) until the early part of the present year, wlien it
was broken up by the Chicago and Northeastern link being
purchased by an Eastern capitalist (understood to be Wil-

liam H. Vanderbilt, or parties in his interest), for the pur-
pose of destroying a formidable competitor to other through
lines under his control. Measures have already been taken,
however, to supply the place of the Chicago and North-
eastern link by a new road from Flint to Lansing by way
of Owasso. Surveys of the route were commenced in April
of this year, and now (July, 1879) Mr. Charles B. Peck,
general manager of the Chicago and Lake Huron, adver-
tises for bids for the immediate construction of the road,
full-tied, with stone and iron bridges and steel rails. It is
understood that the road is to be built by the Grand Trunk
Railway Company, and that it is the intention of the mana-
gers to complete the line at the earliest possible day.

The above-mentioned railway lines include all which have
been built or projected within the territory of Genesee
County.

CHAPTER IX.

THE PRESS— THE PROFESSIONS— GENESEE CIVIL
LIST— THE PIONEER ASSOCIATION.

The Newspapers of Flint — The AVolverine Citizen — The Genosco
Democrat — The Flint Globe — The Flint Jourcil — Journalism at
Fenton — Other Journals in the County — The Medical Profession in
Genesee County — Early Physicians — Genesee County Medical So-
ciety — -Genesee County Medical Association — Flint Academy of
Medicine — Homceopathy in Genesee — Early Lawyers in the County
— The Present Bar of Genesee — Genesee Civil List — Genesee
County Pioneer Association.

THE NEWSPAPERS OF FLINT.

The first newspaper in Genesee County was Tlie Flint
River Gazette (Democratic), published at Flint River vil-
lage, by Joseph K. Averill, its first issue bearing date Jan.
26, 1839. The press, fixtures, and type with which it was
started had been previously in use in the State of New
York, Mr. Averill having purchased them there of James
Connor for the .sum of one thousand and ninety-three dollars
and ninety-one cents, and transported them by canal and
lake to Detroit, and thence to Flint, but without having
paid the purchase-money to Connor. This indebtedness,
together with the various charges, came with the " printing
establishment," as a lien upon it, to Messrs. Hutchinson,
Campbell & Co., the consignees at Detroit. The charges
on the property are shown by the following transcript from
the consignees' books, taken for use in a suit involving the
ownership of the press and equipment :

"Steamboat 'Charles Towxsend,'
"E. Norton &, Co.,

" B. L. No. 294.— Oct. 3, 1838.
Lbs.

"One printing-press and frame 470

Si.x boxes type 970

Two boxes sundries 1280

Three I'ds type-boxes 190

Two boxes sundries 300

One keg ink 35

3243 @ 90 ct3. = $29.19

"Our charges @ 10 ots 3.24

Lake freight @ 20 cts 6.48

Advanced Mr. Averill at 15uH'ul( 20.00

Passage on Erie'Canall 25.00

$83.91
"A copy of bill on Hutchinson, Campbell A Co., lake receiving
book. " P. C. WiLLSO.N."

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Hutcliinson, Campbell & Co. refused to deliver the prop-
erty to Mr. Averill, but he obtained posse.ssion by suit in
replevin, in which Cliauncey S. Payne, of Flint, became
security on the replevin bond. The suit resulted in a judg-
ment in favor of the defendants, for the value of the prop-
erty, $1093.91 ; damages for detention, $191.02 ; and costs,
$61.01 ; total, $1345.9-4. Mr. Payne having become re-
sponsible for the amount, he obtained security for it, to the
extent of the value of the property, by an assignment and
bill of sale from Mr. Averill, of which instrument the fol-
lowing is a copy :

"In consideration of one hundred dollars, to me ])aid by Chauneey
S. Payne, of Grand Traverse, Genesee County, Michigan, I have sold
and assigned, and by these presents do sell, assign, transfer, and set
over, absolutely and forever, to the said Chauneey S. Payne, the several
articles, goods, and chattels enumerated in the annexed schedule, and
which printing materials, ])ress, and type are now known as consti-
tuting the establishment of the Flint River Gazette. To have and to
hold the same to his own use and benefit forever.

" In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this
28th day of January, a.d. 1839.

"JoSEI'H K. AVEKILL [.SE.Il].

" In the presence of AVm. A. Morkison."

The annexed schedule referred to in the instrument
enumerates various articles and material belonging to the
" printing establishment," amounting, as inventoried, to
$1303.35.

James Connor having as.signed his claim against Averill
to James H. Hay, and the publication of the Gazette having
proved an unsuccessful enterprise, Mr. Payne, in 1842,
turned over the articles composing the office establishment
of that paper to Mr. Ray, in part satisfaction of the judg-
ment, as appears from the receipt given by Ray's attorneys,
which was as follows :

" Received of Chauneey S. Payne, the printing-press, type, fixtures,
and materials constituting the printing establishment known as the
Flint River Gazette, which has been inventoried and appraised by
virtue of a stipulation entered into by and between James H. Ray
and Chauneey S. Payne, by A. &, H. H. Emmons, attorneys for said
Ray, and T. B. W. Stockton for said Payne, dated June 3, 1842;
which said establishment has been valued at nine hundred and eighty-
nine dollars and eighty-five cents (.^OSD-SS), which said sum is to apj)ly
on the bond executed by said Payne conjointly with Joseph K. Averill
in a replevin suit, wherein said Averill was plaintiff, and Amos J.
Hutchinson, Henry M. Campbell, and Ezra Williams were defendants.
And said amount is also to go toward the payment of the judgment
rendered in said replevin suit against said Averill.

" Dated Detroit, June 6th, a.d. 1842.

"A. &, H. H. Emmons,
"Atl'yi! for
" James H. Ray."

It is stated in Applegate's " History of the Press of
Michigan" that the Flint River Gazette lived only about
six months, but this is shown to be incorrect, by the fact
that Hon. George M. Dewey, of Flint, has now in his pos-
session a copy of the paper dated March 7, 1840 ; this being
numbered seven of the second volume. The Gazette ceased
to exist in June or July, 1841.

The second newspaper enterprise in the county was that
of the Northern Advocate, published at Flint River, by
William A. Jlorrison. This paper was Whig in politics,
and its first issue was on Saturday, April 18, 1840. It was
printed on a press which had been used at Pontiac in the
publication of the Pontiac Herald, first by W. S. Stevens,
and afterwards by Benjamin Irish, and was sold by the

latter, on the discontinuance of the Herald, in 1839. The
Advocate expired in 1842.

Next came the Genesee Gazette, a weekly Democratic
paper, published at Flint River by S. W. Denton & Co.
It first appeared April 16, 1842, — the press used being
that on which had been printed the Northern Advocate.
No further facts concerning this paper have been gathered,
except that it was short-lived.

The Genesee Herald made its first appearance on Satur-
day, Jan. 7, 1843. It was a Whig paper, published
weekly at Flint River by J. Dowd Coleman, and edited
by Perry Joslyn. It continued to exist here for a year,
but at the end of that time it was discontinued, and in
January, 1844, Mr. Coleman removed his press to Pontiac,
where, on the 7th of February of that year, he issued from
it the first number of the Oakland Gazette.

The Genesee County Democrat was a weekly paper, pub-
lished by William B. Sherwood at Flint River. Mr. Sher-
wood had before published the Shiatcassee Democrat and
Clinton Express, at Corunna, Shiawassee Co., for a short
time, but discontinued it in the spring of 1843, moved his
press and material to Flint, to use in the publication of the
Democrat, as above mentioned, and issued its first num-
ber on the 6th of June, 1843. The period of its duration
cannot be given.

The Genesee Repiihlican, a Democratic paper, made its
first appearance on the 17th of April, 1845. It was printed
at Flint, and was understood to be owned, wholly or prin-
cipally, by Gen. Charles C. Hascall, though no proprietor's
name appeared at the head of its columns. It is proper to
mention here that one or two prominent citizens of Flint,
who have resided liere for more than forty years, and who
are generally regarded as good authority in such matters,
assert positively that no such papers as the Genesee Re-
pnhlican or Genesee County Democrat were ever published
in the county ; but the account which we here give of them
is based on still stronger proof, namely, the fact of having
seen and read copies of both these papers, which copies are
now in possession of the Hon. George M. Dewey, of Flint.
The Flint Repiihlican, of which two or more copies are
also in the possession of Mr. Dewey, was first issued in
December, 1845, by Daniel S. Merritt. The office of pub-
lication was " in the building north of Lyon's hotel, oppo-
site the court-house, up-stairs. Terms, $1.50 cash, or $2
in produce, in advance."

This paper came under the proprietorship of Royal W.
Jenny,* in 1848. One of the copies of this paper which
we examined, as before mentioned, bears date Sept. 20,
1840, and is entitled " Flint Republican, Vol. 4, No. 42,
published by R. W. Jenny, weekly ou Thursday mornings."
Mr. Jenny ceased to publish the Republican on the 30th
of September, 1853, and immediately commenced the pub-
lication of the Genesee Democrat. Whether this was
merely a change of name, or the establishment of a new
journal, we do not know, and therefore express no opinion.
Mr. Jenny continued to publish the Democrat until his
death, which occurred nearly a quarter of a century later.

*Mr. Jenny had started the Lapeer Cunnti/ Whig, at Lapeer, Feb.
23, 1842. This fact we ascertained from examining a copy of that
paper published in that year.

THE PRESS.

T/ie Western Citizen was a paper published at Flint, and
owned by 0. S. Carter. Its date cannot be given, but its
existence was short, and it was succeeded, Feb. 23, 1850,
by the Genesee Whiff, Francis II. Rankin, proprietor,
F. H. Rankin and N. W. Butts, editors.

Tiie newspapers of Flint City at the present time arc the
Genesee Democrat, the Wolverine Citizen, the Flint Globe,
and the Flint Journal, historical sketches of which, fur-
nished by the proprietor of each journal respectively, are
given below, without any attempt on our part to reconcile
conflicting opinions regarding seniority.

THE WOLVERINE CITIZEN.*
The Wolverine Citizen, the oldest living newspaper in
Genesee County, was founded by its present editor and
proprietor, F. H. Rankin, as a Free-Soil Whig paper, in
1S50, the first number appearing on February 23d of that
year, as the Genesee Whiij. Upon the final dissolution
of the Whig party, the name " Whig" ceased to have any
political significance, and without any change in its prin-
ciples or policy, the proprietor deemed it advisable to adopt
another title. The paper was accordingly published as the
Wolverine Citizen and Genesee Whig from January to
December, 185G, when the latter half of its designation
was dropped, and it has appeared from that date to the
present as the Wolverine Citizen.

The history of the paper is intimately connected with
the history of the county during the last thirty years. Under
the agitation caused by the repeal of the Missouri Com-
promise, the Genesee Whig strongly favored the formation
of the Republican party, organized at Jackson, in this State,
in 1854, and from that time to the present has been known
as a distinctively Republican journal of the " stalwart" type.
Its editor was actively instrumental in reorganizing the
anti-slavery elements of the old Whig and Democratic
parties of Genesee County ; having been, while chairman
of the Whig County Committee, also chosen chairman of
an Independent Central County Committee, at a mass con-
vention of electors of Genesee County, held on Sept. 21,
185-1, for the purpose of uniting the anti-slavery strength
against the attempted encroachments of the slave-power
upon the guaranteed free territory of the nation ; the lan-
guage of the call for the meeting, inviting all electors
" opposed to the ' Nebraska swindle' and the extension of
slavery in the national domain."

The Citizen is now in the thirtieth year of its existence,
during which time there has been no change in its owner-
ship or management. In its career, it can boast of having
been the graduating school of a number of young Tuen, who
have been more or less prominent as journalists in this State
and elsewhere. Among them may be named Hon. W. R.
Bates, late of the Lumberman's Gazette ; C. B. Turner,
of the Fontiac Gazette ; R. L. Warren, of the Lawrence
Advertiser ; Morgan Bates, Jr., late of the Marshall States-
man ; E. D. Cowles, of the Saginaw Daily Courier; W.
A. Smith, of the Charlevoix Sentinel ; Harry Hall, of the
Stuart Locomotive ; Charles Fellows, of the Flint Journal;
Orlando White, of the Linden Record ; A. M. Woodin, of
the Lansing Sentinel.

* By Francis U. Rankin.

Tlic Wolverine Daily Citizen was started by Mr. Rankin
in August, 1859, and continued until November, 18C0.
After sinking considerable money in its publication, and
becoming satisfied that a daily paper in Flint could not be
made to pay its expenses, the enterprise was abandoned
after fifteen months' effort.

During the twenty-four years of the corporate existence
of Flint, the Wolverine Citizen has been for seventeen years
of that period chosen annually as the official paper of the
city.

The jobbing department connected with the office is the
most complete and extensive in this part of the State. The
steam-engine of the establishment — boiler and all — was con-
structed in Flint, and is a model of its kind. It was built
for the Citizen by H. W. Wood, of Flint, and the Wicks
Brothers (now of Saginaw), when the Genesee Iron-Works
were owned by those parties.

The paper was originally a twenty-four by thirty-four
folio sheet of twenty-four columns. In 1857 it was en-
larged to twenty-six by forty, and twenty-eight columns.
In 1SG7 its form was changed to quarto, and still further
enlarged to twenty-nine by forty-four, and forty-eight col-
umns, which is its present shape.

The business department of the office is now well man-
aged by the proprietor's sou, Franc, who assists his father
editorially ; as does also his son George, in the local col-
umns and reporter's province.

THE GENESEE DEMOCRAT."}"
At the head of the editorial columns of the Genesee Demo-
crat this sentence is to be found : " Oldest paper in Gen-
esee County. Established in 18-18, by Royal W. Jenny."
For all practical purposes, this line is all that is necessary
to be said concerning the foundation of this paper, but as
another journal published in the city lays claim to what-
ever honor attaches to the " oldest paper," a few words in
explanation may make the disputed point clear. It is not
disputed that Mr. R. W. Jenny, the founder of the Demo-
crat, published a paper in this city before any of the papers
now published were issued. For some years Mr. Jenny
published the Flint Republican, a Democratic paper, and
during those years the Wolverine Citizen was started. In
1853 the Flint Rejniblican was changed to the Genesee
Democrat. The Democrat, after a few issues, was dated
back to correspond with the Republican. It is plain,
therefore, that the Genesee Democrat is not nominally as
aged as is its contemporary, the Citizen, but in everything
but name it is the oldest paper in Genesee County ; yet the
point in question is hardly worth the quantities of printer's
ink that have been, at different times, spent in its discus-
sion.

The vicissitudes of journalistic life in those early days
can only be appreciated by those who experienced them,
and the varying fortunes of our county papers are so iden-
tified with the personal characters of their proprietors that
a history of the one is a biography of the other. The
Democrat was no exception. Even the name Genesee
Democrat is so intimately connected with its founder.
Royal W. Jenny, that few of the residents of Flint can

t By Artliur J. Eddy.

HISTORY OP GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

think of the former without recalling the eminently popu-
lar nature and friendly disposition of the latter. Mr.
Jenny continued editor and proprietor up to the time of his
death, in 1876, though at several times he had associated
with him diflferent gentlemen as partners, the last being
Mr. Fellows, now publisher of the Journal. For some
weeks after her husband's death, Mrs. Jenny conducted
the paper, when it was purchased by H. N. Mather. Mr.
Mather enlarged the paper, improved it in many respects,
and added a Sunday edition to it. After a most success-
ful management of over two years, Mr. Mather sold the
paper, in December, 1878, to Jerome Eddy, then mayor of
the city. Mr. Eddy's son, Arthur J. Eddy, took charge of
the establishment and now publishes and edits the paper.
However it may be about the age of the Genesee Democrat
(weekly), the managers of that paper can justly claim tiie
unprofitable honor of starting the first daily in Flint. For
a few months, in 1859, a daily was issued, but its remem-
brance was all it netted its proprietors. The Democrat is
now issued from the Eddy Block, on Kearsley Street.

THE FLINT GLOBE.*

The Flint Glohe was established at the city of Flint in
August, 1866. The original proprietors were Charles F.
Smith, Henry S. Hilton, and Robert Smith, the firm-name
being Charles F. Smith & Co. The office was located in
the second story of what was known as the " Union Block,"
on Saginaw Street, now occupied by Walter's restaurant
and Charles Crawford's tailoring establishment.

Mr. Hilton was the managing editor, Mr. C. F. Smith
having more immediate charge of the jobbing department
and the general business of the office. W. H. H. Brainard
and Sumner Howard were successively engaged as local
editors on the Glohe.

The concern was purchased by the present proprietor,
Almon L. Aldrich, in August, 1869. In the summer of
1870 the office was moved to the third story of the
Covert Block, corner of Saginaw and First Streets, for the
sake of additional room, and in order to give the editor a
sanctum separate from the composition- and press-room,
one apartment having served that purpose up to that date.
Here the office remained until October, 1873, whea the
demand for new machinery, which could not be gotten up
to the office in the third story, necessitated its removal to
some building in which the first floor could be used for the
presses. No such building offering itself for a reasonable
rent, the proprietor purchased a lot on the corner of Kearsley
and Brush Streets, and in the month of July commenced
the erection of a building to be used as " The Globe Office."
In October a brick structure twenty by fifty-six feet on the
ground, and two stories high, with a deep basement, known
as " The Globe Building," was completed, and the office
was removed thither. The front of the building, first
floor, is used as the editor's room and business-office. The
rear part is used for jobbing purposes and as a press-room.
The entire upper story is used by the compositors. The
brick-work on this building was done by contract by Andrew
J. AVard, and the Carpentering work by John McBurney.

* Bj A. L. Aldrich.

The office is still located in the building, and is likely to
remain there.

The Globe has always been Republican in politics, and
has exercised its due .share of influence in directing public
afliiirs and making public sentiment, having always been
recognized as an organ of the Republican party in its
locality. It has several times been chosen as the official
paper of the city.

The present proprietor was appointed to the office of
resident trustee of the Michigan Institution for Educating
the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind in October, 1873, which
office he still holds.

The former proprietors of the Glohe are now located as
follows : Charles F. Smith resides in Chicago, and is en-
gaged on 'Change. Soon after leaving the Glohe he re-
moved to Kansas, and for two years held the office of treas-
urer of Labette County.

Henry S. Hilton is editor and proprietor of the Clinton
Republican, at St. John's, Clinton Co., Mich. He also
holds the office of register of deeds in that county.

Robert Smith is owner and editor of the Gratiot Journal,
published at Ithaca, Gratiot Co., Mich., one of the most
ably conducted and successful papers in the State.

Among the gentlemen who have been connected with
the Globe as local editors, during the ownership of the
present proprietor, may be mentioned Mr. Louis R. Pome-
roy, now dead ; Mr. M. L. Seeley, now residing in Genesee
township, in this county ; Mr. Will F. Clarke, now deputy
collector of internal revenue in this district ; Henry H.
Gibson, of Grand Rapids; and Harry Snedicor, of Chi-
cago.

The following is a list of the gentlemen wlio have acted
as foremen in the office, either in the news or jobbing de-
partment, or both : James Estes, now publisher of the St.
John's Independent; W. W. Howard, of Flint; N. L.
Moon, now a Methodist clergyman at Caro, in this State;
James Gray, of Bay City ; Erastus Dodge, now a leading
photographer of Flint ; and F. C. Jeudevine and John
Henry, the former in the news department and the latter
in the jobbing-rooms.

THE FLINT JOURNAL.^

This paper, now in its fourth year, is published by
Charles Fellows. Democratic in politics ; is published every
Wednesday. It is an eight-page paper; enjoys a liberal
patronage and an extensive circulation, its column of
" Flint Chips" being a feature that makes the Journal
popular with all classes.

THE DEAF-MUTE MIRROR.
This is a small paper published in Flint on Fridays,
being most creditably edited by inmates of the Institution
for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind.

JOURNALISM AT FENTON.

The Fentonville Observer was started in tliat village in
the fall of 1854, W. W. Booth, proprietor. Perry Joslin,
editor. It was issued weekly for several months and then
discontinued.

t By C. Fellows.

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.

Tlie Fenton Gazette was first issued on the 17th of
October, 1865, by W. H. H. Smith, who had removed
with his press and material from Monroe Co., N. Y., to
Fenton, and who is still its proprietor. It was established as
an independent family newspaper, neither pledged to nor de-
pendent on any political party for support, and it has main-
tained this character through nearly fourteen years of pros-
perous existence. Mr. Smith now has his son associated
with him in the proprietorship, and it is their design in the
conducting ef their paper to keep place with the progressive
spirit of the age, and with the demands of the enlightened
community in which the Gazette has its circulation.

The Christian Index, an Episcopalian journal, was com-
menced in December, 18GS, by the Rev. 0. E. Fuller,
rector of St. Jude's Church in Fenton, and principal of
the Trinity school. It was a valuable paper, but not of
very long continuance.

The Fenton Independent was established in May, 1868,
by H. N. Jennings as editor and publisher, and has now
(June, 1879) entered upon its twelfth volume, under the
same proprietorship and management. It is a seven-column
folio, independent in politics and religion, published weekly
on Tuesdays, and has a good circulation in Fenton and
throughout the county.

OTHER JOURNALS IN THE COUNTY.

The Linden Weekly Record, published at Linden, Fen-
ton township, was started by its present proprietor, Orlando
White, Jan. 16, 1878, as a five-column quarto. It is now
a five-column folio, independent in politics, and has a good
circulation.

The Flushing Patrol was established in the village of
Flushing, Jan. 16, 1878, by its present proprietor, D. C.
Ashmun. It is a seven-column folio, printed on a hand-
press of Mr. Ashmun's own manufacture, and has a good
subscription list. A job-office is connected with the
establishment.

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION IN GENESEE
COUNTY.

EARLY PHVSICIANS.

Before any physician had established in practice in
Genesee County, the settlers here who needed medical
attendance were served by Doctors David L. Porter, J. B.
Kichardson, and Olmstead Chamberlain, of Oakland County,
and possibly by others. Of these the one who was most
frequently employed was Dr. Chamberlain. He was then
a middle-aged man, though an old physician in practice.
He was born in Bichmond, Vt., in 1787, and settled in
Pontiac in 1821. He was probably the first physician
who ever set foot within the territory of Genesee County,
having passed through here in 1823 on his way to Saginaw,
whence he had received an urgent .summons to attend the
soldiers of the garrison, among whom an alarming epidemic
had broken out. The only road was the Indian trail through
the woods, but the doctor at once mounted his horse, and
traveling night and day, at times obliged to dismount and
feel for the trail on his hands and knees, arrived in due
time, and rendered good service to the sufferers. And for
the early settlers in Grand Blanc and at Flint lliver he

was always equally willing and ready to give professional
assistance, although he was not compelled to rely on his
profession for a livelihood, and did not follow it as a regular
business. He was present with Col. Cronk in the fatal
sickne.ss of the latter at Flint River, in 1832, and on this
occasion, as in other critical cases at Grand Blanc and on
the Flint, remained for two or three days, never quitting
his patient until out of danger or past hope of recovery.
He remained in Pontiac until 1864, when he went to live
with a .son in Waupun, Wis., and died there Oct. 10, 1876,
aged eighty-nine years.

The first physician to locate and practice in Genesee
County was Dr. Cyrus Baldwin, who came from Onondaga
Co., N. Y., and settled in Grand Blanc in the spring of
1833. He was a deacon in the Presbyterian Church at
that place. In 1837 he removed to Atlas, being the first
physician in that township, and remained there in practice
for a number of years.

Dr. John W. King came to Genesee County in 1834,
and located at Grand Blanc. After the removal of Dr.
Baldwin from that town, in 1837, Dr. King remained as
the only physician of the settlement until the spring of
1848, when Dr. H. C. Fairbank became his business part-
ner. This connection continued till the winter of 1849-50,
when Dr. King withdrew almost entirely from practice, and
soon afterwards removed to Flint village, where he engaged
in the foundry business, but, after some two years, returned
to Grand Blanc and passed his remaining years in com-
parative retirement upon his farm. In 1873 he expe-
rienced an attack of paralj'sis, from which he never fully
recovered, and died on the 12th of November, 1876.

At the funeral of Dr. King a short address was made, at
the request of members of the profession, by Dr. George
W. Fish, of Flint, who was an a.ssooiate and friend of the
deceased during a period of more than thirty-seven years.
It has been thought appropriate to give in this place the
following extract from that address :

" Dr. John W. King, so well known to the citizens of
this town and county, has contributed his full share towards
redeeming this beautiful country from the savagery of an
uncultivated wilderness, and building up the institutions
and developing the physical resources of a most prosperous
and happy commonwealth. You, my friends, the neigh-
bors of him whom we to-day mourn, will, I am sure, bear
me out in saying that whatever you have in this commu-
nity that is good and true and pure and of good report,
whatever tends to mental, moral, and religious culture,
whatever has been calculated to make vice and immorality
odious, and to cherish and foster education, morality, and
religion, has always found an active friend iu Dr. King.
Of him it may truly be said, he has done what he could
to elevate the race and to make men and women better.
Such men do not live in vain. They are a blessing to the
community where their lot is cast, and the death of such
is a public calamity.

" As a medical man our friend laid no claim to profound
erudition or especial brilliancy. He was laborious, pains-
taking, and absolutely conscientious. He was, moreover,
more than ordinarily well read in what we call the general
principles of the profession ; he was familiar with the old

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

text-bociks, and an admirer and, to some extent, an imi-
tatorof such noble Cliristian lueu as Be La Mater, Muzzey,
and Willoughby. With these as his models, and his abso-
lute honesty and steiling common sense, he soon became a
safe and successful physician.

" Were you to ask me wherein his great strength lay
which gave him access to the people, I should answer, in
his true manline.ss of character. Removed alike from the
simpering of the silly fop and the imperious bluster of the
professional autocrat, he cultivated the golden mean of a
noble manhood. There was in his nature such an inex-
haustible supply of pleasant sunshine that his visits to the
sick were always welcome. He was a Christian gentleman
of the old school, entirely above the petty tricks and jeal-
ousies of the charlatan. In all this he was worthy of
imitation by the members of the profession of the present
day. He was always ready to extend a helping hand and
speak a word of cheer and encouragement to young men
of the profession who might be under a cloud. Neither
provocation nor hope of reward would tempt him to do a
mean or unprofessional act to one of his brethren in the
profession.

" My acquaintance with Dr. King has been somewhat
intimate, and has extended over a period of nearly thirty-
eight years. We were associated in the struggles of pro-
fessional life in this (then) new country. On horseback we
found our way to the log cabins of the early settlers, and
not unfrequently, by day and night, we met by the rude
couch of the sick and suffering. Most of the men and
women of that generation have passed away. A few still
linger among us, and they will remember the fierce contest
that was waged with poverty and sickness in the new settle-
ments. Dr. King and the other physicians of that day were
in perfect sympathy with the people and suflFered with them."

Dr. John A. Hoyes, a graduate of the medical school at
Fairfield, Herkimer Co., N. Y., was the fir.st resident physi-
cian in Flint, where he settled in 1835,* and continued in
an extended and successful practice until about the year
1847, when his failing health caused him to seek relief in
the South. He experienced little benefit, however, from
the Southern climate, and not long after returned to Flint,
where he died, Dec. 20, 1849, aged forty-three years. He
was widely known and a trusted and popular physician.

Dr. Robert D. Lamond, a graduate of the medical school
at Castleton, Vt., and also of the Fairfield Medical College,
in Herkimer County, N. Y., came to Flint, about 1838,
from Fontiac, where he had commenced practice soon after
1830. In 1835 he was a member of the Oakland County
Medical Society, and its secretary. Afterwards, he was
one of the original members of the firet medical society
of Genesee County (as were also Drs. King and Hoyes).
He continued to reside in Flint during the remainder of
his life, and was for many years the most prominent physi-
cian in the county. He represented Genesee County in
the Legislature in 1844, and died in Flint in 1871.

* It has been stated in a public address that Dr. Hoyes settled here
in 1836, but as his name is found signed to a memorial to Congress
in favor of the Smith heirs to the Indian Reservation, — which paper
is dated " Flint River, Sept. 2S, IS3J," — it seems pretty certain that
he uamo as early ns that year.

Dr. George W. Fish'came to this county in 1S36, locating
in the township of Genesee, where he practiced for two or
three years, and then removed to Flint, where he remained
in practice till 1846. At that time he removed to Jack-
.son, Mich., and three or four years after — on account of his
health — to Central America, in the employ of the Panama
Railroad Company. Upon the completion of that work he
went to China, and remained there .seven years in the medi-
cal service of the Board of Missions. While there, he
filled, for a time, a vacancy in the United States consulate
at Hong-Kong. Upon the opening of the war of the Rebel-
lion he returned to the United States, and entered the army
as brigade-surgeon, holding that position till the end of the
war, after which he returned to Flint. He served for a
time on the board of trustees of the Institution for the Deaf
and Dumb and the Blind, and also one term in the State
Senate. He is now United States consul at Tunis, Africa.

Dr. Daniel Clarke is a graduate of Harvard University,
class of 1839, M. M. S. He came to this county in 1840,
and settled in the township of Grand Blanc. He removed
to Flint in 1844, but remained only until 1845, when he
returned to Massachusetts. In 1847 he again located in
Flint, where he has since remained in extensive practice.
He is now the senior physician of the county of Genesee.

Dr. Richardson came to Flint about 1837. He removed
West soon after 1840, and is now (or was recently) prac-
ticing in Greenville, Montcalm Co., Mich.

Dr. H. C. Fairbank — a native of Wayne County, N. Y.,
and a graduate of the Willoughby University and of the
Western Reserve College, at Cleveland, Ohio — commenced
practice in the village of Flint, with Dr. R. D. Lamond, in
the spring of 1847. In the following year he removed to
Grand Blanc, and entered practice there with the veteran
Dr. King. This business connection continued for one and
a half years, when Dr. King retired to his farm. Dr. Fair-
bank remained in Grand Blanc till November, 18G4, when
he removed to Flint. During the sixteen years of his
practice in the former place his ride extended through six
townships, of which Grand Blanc was the centre. He is
still located in Flint, with an equally extensive practice.

Dr. Elijah Drake settled in Flint before 1840, and re-
mained here in practice until his death in 1875. He was
a brother of Hon. Thomas J. Drake, and of Morgan L.
Drake, of Fontiac.

Dr. De Laskie Miller came to Flint from Lapeer (where
he had previously practiced) in 1845. After seven years
of successful practice here, he removed to Chicago. Sub-
sequently he was appointed professor of obstetrics in the
Rush Medical College, which position he still holds.

Dr. John Willet, a graduate of Geneva (N. Y.) Medical
College, came to Flint in 1846, and remained constantly in
practice here until his appointment as surgeon in the Union
army, in August, 1862. Upon his return from the service
he retii-ed from general practice, and engaged in the drug
business. He has been elected representative in the State
Legislature, and is now (1879) serving in his second term
in that oflSce.

Dr. Samuel W. Pattison came to Dibbloville (now Fen-
ton) in June, 1836. After practicing there for a few
yeai-s he removed to Ypsilanti, where he is still living. Dr.

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.

Pattison was the first physician in Fenfon, and the only
regular one in that township for several years.

Dr. John C. Gallup, a graduate of the medical school at
Pittsfield, Mass., came to Fentonville about 1840, and suc-
ceeded to the practice of Dr. Pattison upon the removal
of the latter to Ypsilanti. Dr. Gallup remained in Fen-
tonville until about 1851 , when he moved to Palmyra, N. Y.
From that place he returned to Michigan, and was located
for a short time at Grand Rapids, but soon after went to
Clinton, N. Y., where he became president of the Hough-
ton Female Seminary, — a position which he still holds.

Dr. Thomas Steere was in Fentonville as early as 1838.
He had followed the business of druggist, and was not a
graduate of any medical school, but, impelled by the scar-
city of physicians in this region at that time, he commenced
the practice of medicine, and continued in it with fair suc-
cess and enjoying the respect of the people until his death,
which occurred about 1852.

Dr. Knight was located at Long Lake, in the town of
Fenton, and continued in practice there from about 1849
until 1875 or 1876, when he moved to Petoskey, Mich.

Dr. Isaac Wixom came to Genesee County in 1844, and
settled in the township of Argentine. After a quarter of
a century of successful practice there and in adjoining
counties, he removed to Fenton in 1869, where he is still
practicing at the advanced age of seventy-six years. Dr.
Wixom received his diploma at Penn Yan, Yates Co., N. Y.,
in 1824, practiced his profession for four years in Steuben
Co., N. Y., removed in 1829 to Oakland Co., Mich., where
he remained until his removal to Genesee County. As a
surgeon he has enjoyed a high reputation for many years,
and has been called on diflScult cases in other counties of
this and adjoining States. During the war of the Rebel-
lion he was commissioned surgeon of the 16th Michigan
Infantry, and served with that regiment in the field for two
years. Besides the practice of his profession, Dr. Wixom
has in past years been largely engaged in farming, milling,
and mercantile business, and has served in both houses of
the Michigan Legislature.

Dr. Elbridge G. Gale, a native of Massachusetts, and a
graduate of the medical college at Castleton, Vt., came to
Davisonville in November, 1844. He practiced there with
success until 1851, after which he became engaged in poli-
tics, and was elected to the Legislature for several terms
(serving in both houses) and was a delegate to the consti-
tutional convention of 1850. Soon after this he entirely
withdrew from the practice of medicine, and devoted most
of his time to farming and sheep-raising. He still owns
his farm in Atlas, but resides in Vermont. His successor
in practice, in Atlas, was Dr. Murray.

Dr. Joseph W. Graham came from Owasso to Fenton-
ville in 1846, and remained there in practice till about
1851, when he removed to Flint. About two years later
he left Flint and located in New Albany, Ind., from which
place he afterwards removed to Chicago, and died there.

Dr. William B. Cole came to Fentonville about 1850.
After a few years he retired from practice, and held several
township offices. He finally removed to Pontiac, Oakland
Co., where, in September, 1871, he purchased a half-in-
terest in the Pontiac Jacksoniaii from the widow of its
8

former proprietor, D. H. Soils. He soon after became sole
proprietor of the paper ; but in 5Iay, 1872, sold an interest
to Mr. Sheridan, and in the fall of the same year the firm
moved the office and material to Ludington, Mich., where
it became the Ludington Appeal. Dr. Cole still resides
there, and publishes his paper in the interest of the " Green-
back" party.

Dr. Joseph Eastman commenced the practice of medi-
cine at Goodrich in 1846. Afterwards he moved upon a
form in Davison township, and still later removed to the
city of Flint, where he died in 1878.

Dr. Miller settled as a physician in Flushing about 1842.
After many years' practice there he removed to Springfield,
Oakland Co., from which place he removed to Wenona,
Mich.

In the above mention of the earlier physicians in the
county of Genesee, it has been the intention to include
those who commenced practice here down to the year 1850.
Of most of those who came later the names will be found
in the membership lists of the medical societies of the
county.

GENESEE COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY.*

This society — the first medical association in Genesee
County — was organized in the winter of 1841^2. Dr.
G. W. Fish, in his address at the funeral of Dr. John W.
King, in November, 1876 (from which an extract has been
given above), mentioned the formation of the old society
as follows :

" About thirty-five years ago, four physicians met in an
office in the little village of Flint, and, after much delibera-
tion and consultation, organized the first medical society
ever formed in this part of the State. They were all young
men, but recently from the schools, natives of the State of
New York, and had all a common Alma Mater, — the old
Fairfield Medical College, in Herkimer Co., N. Y. Of
those who that day attached their signatures to the consti-
tution and by-laws of the first Genesee County Medical
Society, one, Dr. John A. Hoyes, has been dead almost a
score of years ; another, Dr. Robert D. Lamond, died some
five years since ; the third. Dr. John W. King, lies in his
coffin, and will soon be borne by us to his last resting-place ;
and the fourth is he who now addres.scs you."

Dr. Fish was mistaken in supposing that this was " the
first medical society ever formed in this part of the State,"
for Dr. Lamond, a member of this, had also been a mem-
ber, and the secretary, of the Oakland County Medical So-
ciety in 1835, and Dr. Samuel W. Pattison, of Fentonville,
was admitted to membership in the Oakland Society, in
1838 ; but in other particulars the statement was, of course,
correct.

In a letter recently written by Dr. Fish, from Tunis,
Africa, where he at present holds the office of United States
consul, he speaks of the organization and existence of this
old society as follows :

* In a historical sketch of the city of Flint, published recently in
some of the newspapers, it is stated that the name of this old organ-
ization was " The Flint Medical Association." That this is incorrect
is proved by an advertisement found in the Genesee JUpublicau of the
year 1845, in which Dr. George W. Fish, as secretary, called the an-
nual meeting of the Genesee County Medical Society, to be held at
the court-house in Flint.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

" We sent to Detroit and to Pontiac for copies of the
constitution and by-laws of their respective medical societies,
and framed one suited to our wishes. My impression is
that Dr. Hoyes was the first president, and Dr. Laniond
secretary. I also thinic that the first annual meeting was
held at Flint, the following June, at which meeting Drs.
Steere and Gallup, of Fentonville, and Dr. Baldwin, of
Atlas, became members, and perhap.s Dr. Miller, of Flush-
ing, may have joined at that time, or soon after. I may
be mistalcen one year in the date of tlie organization, but I
think I am right. The society remained in active operation
for manyyears, until I went South. I believe all the reg-
ular bred physicians who came into the county became
members of the society, besides some from Lapeer, Shia-
wassee, and Saginaw Counties."

THE GENESEE COUNTY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

On Saturday, May 26, 1866, a number of physicians of
Genesee County held a preliminary meeting at tlie Irving
House, in Flint, to take measures for the formation of a
county medical society. R. D. Lamond was chosen chair-
man, and J. B. F. Curtis secretary, of the meeting. A. B.
Chapin, M. F. Baldwin, and C. W. Tyler were chosen
as a committee to draft a constitution and by-laws, and S.
M. Axford, C. V. Tyler, S. Lathrop, L. N. Beagle, A. B.
Chapin, M. F. Baldwin, and J. B. F. Curtis were chosen
delegates to the State Medical Convention, to be held at
Detroit, on the 5th of June next following. The meeting
then adjourned to July 14tli. At the adjourned meeting,
the committee reported a constitution, which was adopted
and signed by the physicians present, viz. : R. D. Lamond,
Flint; H. C. Fairbank, Flint; A. B. Chapin, Flint; S.
M. Axford, Flint; James B. F. Curtis, Flint; S. Lathrop,
Pine Run ; M. F. Baldwin, Genesee ; Lewis S. Pilcher,
Clayton. The name adopted for the organization was " The
Genesee County Medical Association," having for its de-
clared object " the promotion of medical and general sci-
ence, and in every way to advance tlie interests of the
medical profession ;" and the following were chosen its first
ofiicers, namely : President, R. D. Lamond ; Vice-President,
H. C. Fairbank ; Secretary, J. B. F. Curtis ; Treasurer,
A. B. Chapin.

The following physicians were admitted as members of
the association at different times, subsequent to its organi-
zation :

1866.— N. Bates, Linden ; L. N. Beagle, Forest ; C. V.
Tyler, Flushing ; R. Murray, Davison.

1867. — Wm. R. Marsh, Fenton ; Isaac Wixom, Argen-
tine ; Watrous, Grand Blanc ; H. H. Bardwell, Genesee ;

Wm. Gibson, Clio ; Ransom N. Murray, Grand Blanc ; J.
Eastman, Davison ; John W. King, Grand Blanc (hon-
orary) ; J. H. Axtell, Tuscola County.*

1868.— C. V. Beebee, Grand Blanc ; H. P. Seymour,
Clayton ; C. W. Pengra, Goodrich ; Andrew Slaght, Elgin ;
G. W. Rowland, Flint ; George W. Fish, Flint.

1869.— L. W. Hanson, Otisville ; T. S. Reed, Mount
Morris ; John B. Laing, Mount Morris ; T. R. Buckham,

* An article of the constitution permitted regular physicians of any
adjoining county, in which no medical society existed, to become
members of this associatiou.

Flint ; James C. Clark, Atlas ; Bela Cogshall, Gaines ; C.
Mather, Linden ; A. W. Riker, Fenton ; Wm. Forbes,
Flint ; Cyrus G. Davis, Grand Blanc.

1870. — Daniel Clarke, Flint (honorary); John Willett,
Flint (honorary); J. C. Willson, Flint; Harper, Ar-
gentine; Wm. Bullock, Orson Millard, A. S. Austin,
D. A. Campbell, Clio ; L. T. Wells, F. H. Hamilton, Co-
lumbiaville ; A. F. Coupe, Flushing ; White, Davison.

1872. Hollywood, Mount Morris.

Several who were elected to membership, however, did
not sign the constitution and by-laws, and several others,
who had perfected their membership, withdrew afterwards.
Dissatisfaction crept into the association, and it was finally
dissolved about 1873; its last recorded meeting having
been held ISIay 17th, in that year.

THE FLINT ACADEMY OP MEDICINE.

The organization of this society was efiected at a meet-
ing of the physicians and surgeons of the county of Gen-
esee, held at the Scientific Institute rooms, in the city of
Flint, on the 18th of August, 1871. Dr. Daniel Clarke,
of Flint, as chairman, proceeded to explain the object of
the meeting, and appointed a committee, compo.sed of Drs.
A. B. Chapin and Henry P. Seymour, of Flint, and Dr.
Adelbert F. Coupe, of Flushing, to draft a constitution
aod by-laws.

By the first article of the constitution as reported, the
name and style of the association was to be " The Society
of Physicians and Surgeons of Genesee County." On
motion of Dr. J. C. Willson, uf Flint, this article was
amended by the substitution of the present name of the
society. The several articles, and the entire constitution
and by-laws, were then adopted, the article having reference
to eligibility for membership being as follows : " Any phy-
sician in good standing, and who is a graduate of a regular
school of medicine recognized by the American Medical
Association, may become a member of this Academy."

The members of the academy at its organization were
Daniel Clarke, H. C. Fairbank, James C. Willson, George
W. Fish, Thomas R. Buckham, William Bullock, A. B.
Chapin, Orson Millard, Henry P. Seymour, P. G. Wart-
man, Flint; Adelbert F. Coupe, Newcomb S. Smith, Flush-
ing ; Hiram H. Bardwell, Mount Morris ; C. W. Pengra,
Atlas. The following were its first officers : President,
Daniel Clarke ; Vice-President, Adelbert F. Coupe ; Sec-
retary, Orson Millard ; Treasurer, James C. Willson ;
Board of Censors, Newcomb S. Smith, George W. Fish,
James C. Willson.

The subsequent admissions to membership have been as
follows :

1871. — L. W. Hanson, Otisville ; Bela Cogshall, Gaines
(now of Flint) ; M. B. Stevens, Byron (Shiawassee County) ;
Andrew Slaght, Grand Blanc.

1872. — J. B. Laing, Mount Morris ; George W. How-
land, C. P. Donelson, Flint.

1874.— William Forbes, Flint ; A. W. Nicholson, Otis-
ville ; William Collwell, Byron (Shiawassee County) ; E.
H. Hurd.

1876.— G. N. Chamberlain.

1877. — J. Eastman.

THE MEDICAL AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS.

1878.— C. M. Rulison, Flushing ; A. A. Thompson.
1879.— J. N. Buckham.

Date of admission not recorded. — H. Edwards, T. P.
Kenyon.

The present membership of the academy is as follows :

Daniel Clarke, Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1839.

George AV. Fish, Veniiont Acavlemy of Medicine, 1837.

II. C. Fairbanli, Cleveland Medical Crillcge, I,SJ7-48.

Orson Millard, I'niversity of Michigan. 1S70.

Henry P. Seymour, University of Michigan, 1870.

Thomas K. Buckham, Victoria Univer.sity (Canada), 1866.

Adclbert F. Coupe, University of Michigan, 1870.

Newcomb S. .Smith, Iowa University, 1864.

Andrew Slaght, University of ^licliigan, 1868.

M. B. Stevens, University of Michigan, 1869.

J. C. Willson, University of Michigan, 1859.

A. B. Chapin, University of Michigan, 1861.

L. W. Hanson, New Hampshire Medical Institute, 1867.

Bela Cogshall, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., 1866.

John B. Laing, Detroit Medical College, 1870.

George W. Howlanil, University of Jlichigan, 1870.

H. Edwards, Victoria University, 1846.

C. W. Pengra, Detroit Medical College, 1870.

William Forbes, Cleveland Medical College, 1847-48.

A. A. Thompson. University of Michigan, 18.'>6.

T. P. Kenyon, Detroit Medical College, 1876.

G. N. Chamberlain, Detroit Medical College, 1874.

0. M. Rulison, Albany Medical College, 1874.

J. N. IJuekham, University of Michigan, 1878.

Hiram H. Bardwell, Rush Medical College, Chicago.

E. H. Hard, University of Michigan, 1867.

The oflBcers of the academy for 1879 are A. A. Thomp-
son, President ; N. S. Smith, Vice-President ; Bela Cogs-
hall, Secretary ; J. C. Willson, Treasurer.

HOMffiOPATHY IN GENESEE.

The pioneer homeeopathic physician in Genesee County
is Dr. I. N. Eldridge, who is now (1879) in the twenty-
ninth year of his practice in the city of Flint. He is a
graduate of the Homcjuopathic Medical Colleges of New
York and of Cleveland, Ohio, and one of the oldest
homoeopathic practitioners in the State. In 1847 he was
one of the eight physicians ( that number embracing all of
the homieopathic school who were then in practice in the
State) present at the formation of the first Michigan Insti-
tute of Homceopathy, and its first vice-president ; was also
the first president of the " Homoeopathic Medical Society
of the State of Michigan," and held the offices of secretary
and treasurer in that society for eight years until 1877 ;
and ha.s been since June, 1873, a member of the American
Institute of Homoeopathy. He came to Michigan from
Livingston County, N. Y., in 1847, and located at Ann
Arbor. He first practiced in Flint in 1850, and in the
following year settled here penuaiieiitly. " His practice in
Flint" (says " Cleaves' Biographical Cyclopasdia") " became
80 extensive as to demand a coadjutor, and in Dr. E. F.
Olds, whom he had converted from allopathy, he found an
associate for a short period." Dr. Olds after a short stay
in Flint removed to South Lyon, Oakland Co., and was
afterwards located at Howell, Livingston Co., and at
several other places in the State. He is now in Philadel-
phia, Pa., whether in practice or not is not known.

Dr. William S. Cornelius came to Flint not long after
Dr. Eldridge. He removed after a few years' practice, and
is now in Wilmington, Del. About the same time came

Dr. Lewis Taylor, who located in Flushing. Dr. Charles
M. Putnam established in Flint some fifteen years ago.
Dr. C. S. Eldridge practiced in Flint in 1865. Dr. J. G.
Malcolm came to Flint about 1866, remained a number of
years, and removed to Memphis, Tenn. Dr. A. J. Adams
commenced practice in Flint about 1873. The list of
hom(copathic physicians in Genesee County as given in the
"Annual [homoeopathic] Directory" for 1878, is as follows :
I. N. Eldridge, C. M. Putnam, A. J. Adams, C. A. Hughes,
M. E. Hughes, Flint; Lewis Taylor, Flushing; R. E.
Knapp, Fenton ; A. Austin, Argentine ; J. Parks, Gaines.

EARLY LAWYERS IN THE COUNTY.

The first resident attorney in Genesee County was
Philip H. McOmber. He came from Saratoga Co., N. Y.,
settled in Groveland, Oakland Co., about 1832, was ad-
mitted to practice in the Oakland County courts, and
removed to this county in 1834, locating in what is now
the township of Fenton. " Enterprising and talented as a
lawyer" (wrote the Hon. William M. Fenton of him), "he
soon became widely and favorably known. My recollec-
tion of him is as a lawyer, being present at nearly every suit
before justices of the peace in Genesee, Oakland, Livings-
ton, and Shiawassee Counties, adjacent to the village [Fen-
tonville]. His hair was white, his face rubicund and
jolly, and his talents of a superior order." Mr. McOmber
was the first prosecuting attorney of Genesee County. He
not only stood high as a lawyer, but was most highly
esteemed as an honest and public-spirited citizen and a
hospitable gentleman. He died about 1844.

Thomas J. Drake, who had previously been engaged in
the practice of the law for about ten years at Pontiac, came
in 1836 to Flint, where he continued the practice of his
profession for several years, but afterwards returned to
Pontiac, where he died April 20, 1875. Judge Baldwin,
of the sixth circuit, said of Mr. Drake, " He was con-
nected as counsel with most of the leading cases in North-
ern Michigan during a long term of years, and was always
happy and in his element when advocating the interests of
the people." He was elected to the State Senate from
Genesee County, holding that oflSce from 1839 to 1842 ;
and during his long professional career held many other
high offices, among which was- that of chief-justice of the
United States Court in Utah, to which he was appointed
by President Lincoln in 1864. Judge Drake's associate
justice in Utah said of him, " When once the judge made
up his mind that he was right, no power under heaven
could swerve him from the path of duty." And this esti-
mate of his character was fully concurred in by all who
intimately and perfectly knew him.

John Bartow was another early attorney of the county,
having located at Flint in the spring of 1836. lie was
soon after appointed register in the land office, and was
elected to the State Senate in 1837. He enjoyed a high
reputation as a lawyer, and was engaged on nearly every
case of importance before the courts during the years of
his practice here.

Edward H. Thomson was a student in the office of the
Hon. Millard Fillmore, afterwards President of the United
States. Mr. Thomson was admitted to practice in the State

HISTORY OP GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

of New York in 1832, and came to the township of Atlas
in 1837, but removed to Flint in the following year, and
commenced practice there in partnership with John Bartow.
He was prosecuting attorney of Genesee in 1845—16, and
was elected to the State Senate for the years 1848 and
1849. He has also served in the lower House, and filled
many other important offices. He still resides in the city
of Flint, and is now the senior lawyer of Genesee County.

James Birdsall came to practice the profession of the law
in Flint in 1839. He was a native of Chenango Co., N. Y.,
where he was a banker, politician, extensive lumberman
on the Susquehanna River, President of the Norwich Bank,
and had been a member of the lower House of Congress.
He died in Flint, July 20, 1856, aged seventy-three years.

Artemas Thayer was admitted to the bar in 1839, and
in November of that year established himself in practice in
Flint. In later years he has been a very extensive owner
and dealer in real estate. He is still residing in Flint, and
is among the oldest lawyers of the county, though not now
in practice.

John S. Goodrich was admitted to practice in Oakland
County in November, 1840. He afterwards removed to
the township of Atlas, and practiced as a lawyer in Genesee
County until his death, which occurred in 1851. He had
been elected circuit judge in that year, but death prevented
his assuming the duties of the office. Mr. Goodrich is
mentioned as having been " rather ungainly in personal
appearance, painfully awkward in manner, but possessed of
most wonderful powers of memory, and was in fact a library
in himself." It is said that he read " Hume's History of
England" through in forty-eight hours, and from that single
rapid perusal could give every important event there re-
corded, with its date. His residence in Genesee was at
Goodrich, a village to which his family gave its name.

William F. Mosely was an early attorney at Pentonville.
He had been previously a lawyer in Oakland County, hav-
ing been admitted to practice there in 1825, and had filled
the offices of prosecuting attorney and probate judge of
that county. In 1841 he filled the office of prosecuting
attorney of Genesee County. He afterwards removed to
Shiawassee County, where he died in 1860.

William M. Fenton came to Fentonville (then Dibble-
ville) as a merchant in the year 1837. Here he prosecuted
the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842.
In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate. In 1848 he
was elected lieutenant-governor of Michigan, and in 1850
was re-elected to the same office. Having removed to
Flint, he was appointed register of the land office there,
in 1853, by President Pierce, and held that position until
the removal of the office to Saginaw. He was always
largely identified with the pro.sperity and advancement of
the city of Flint, and was prominently instrumental in pro-
curing the location here of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb and the Blind. His distinguished services in the war
of the Rebellion are mentioned elsewhere in this volume.
His death, the result of an accident, occurred at Flint, May
12, 1871.

Levi Walker, a native of Washington Co., N. Y., entered
upon the practice of the law in Genoa, N. Y., in 1835.
He was afterwards associated in business with Hon. George

H. Rathbone, at Auburn, N. Y. He came to Flint in
1847. " As a lawyer, he stood in many respects at the head
of his profession. His opinion upon any law point was con-
sidered by his professional brethren as almost conclusive."
He drew up the first charter of the city of Flint, as well as
the present one, and was the author of the Articles of
Association of the Genesee County Agricultural Society, and
the Glenwood Cemetery Association, and was for twenty
years continuously a member of the school board of Flint.
In the fall of 1872 be was elected Representative in the
State Legislature, where he came to be considered a leader,
and one of the soundest thinkers in the House. His death,
which occurred at Lansing, April 26, 1873, was doubtless
the result of excessive labor which he imposed upon himself
in his earnest interest for the welfare of the State. The
Hon. Charles M. Croswell (now Governor), then Speaker
of the House, said, " It is no exaggeration to say that
in the death of Mr. Walker the House has lost one of its
best and ablest members. . . . Shrinking from no labor,
with watchful attention to every detail, he was never satis-
fied until he had thoroughly mastered his subject. Then,
with clearness of argument and aptness of illustration, he
presented his views, almost invariably to receive the sanc-
tion and approval of his associates."

Alexander P. Davis, a native of Cayuga Co., N. Y.,
emigrated to Michigan, and settled at an early day in
Livingston Co., from whence, in 1842, he removed to
Flint, where he engaged in the profession to which he
was bred, — that of the law, — in which he ranked among
its most prominent members in the county of Genesee.
During his residence of nearly thirty years in the county,
he was elected to the offices of prosecuting attorney. State
senator (two terms), and to other honorable positions, as
may be seen by reference to the Genesee civil list. The
latter part of his life was passed at Fentonville, where he
died, March 4, 1871.

Other prominent lawyers who commenced the practice of
the profession in Genesee County prior to 1850 were Robt.
J. S. Page, who commenced practice in Flint as early as
1838, and afterwards filled the offices of probate judge and
circuit court commissioner ; George R. Cummings, who
was admitted to the bar about 1842, and afterwards filled
the office of county clerk ; Ellsworth S. Walkley, who
settled in the township of Genesee, and was elected to
the office of county judge under the old judicial system ;
Chauncey K. Williams, who was at Fentonville before
1840; and Joseph K. Rugg, who came to Flint in 1843 ;
the last mentioned filling the office of prosecuting attorney
of this county for the years 1847 to 1852 ; he being the
first incumbent of the office after it became elective in
1850.

THE PRESENT BAR OF GENESEE.

The present bar of Genesee County is composed of the
following-named gentlemen, viz. : Oscar Adams, William
O. Axford, Oscar Bradley, Samuel L. Brigham, William
M. Carrier, George H. Durand, George B. Daly, Henry
Fenton, George R. Gold, Sumner Howard, Henry Hoffman,
Charles H. Johnson, Ransom Johnson, Charles D. Long,
Henry R. Lovell, E. S. Lee, Charles E. McAlester, Wil-
liam Newton, Leroy Parker, Henry C. Riggs, John Z.

GENESEE CIVIL LIST.

Kicliards, Marvin L. Secloy, Thaddcus G. Smith, William
Stevenson, Edward H. Thomson, James L. Topping, E.
M. Thayer, Henry C. Van Atta, Alvah W. Wood, George
M. Walker, Charles H. Wisner, Robbins Jones.

GENESEE CIVIL LIST.
In this list the names are given of those who have held
county offices, and also of those resident in Genesee County
who have held important offices in or under the State or
National government.

STATE OFFICERS.

GOVERSOR.

Henry H. Crapo. First inauguration, Jan. 4, 1865 ; second inau-
guration, Jan. 2, 1S67.

LIEUTENAST-GOTERXOR.

William M. Fenton. First term of service, 1848-49 ; second term
of service, 1850-51.

SIEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF THE TERRITORY.

Thomas J. Dralse, Daniel Le Roy.*

DELEGATE TO CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OP 1835.

(Convened at Detroit, May 11, 1835; adjourned June 24, 1835.)
Norman Davison.f

DELEGATE TO FIRST CONVENTION OP ASSENT.

(Convened at Ann Arbor, Sept. 26, 1S3G.)
Thomas J. Drake. J

DELEGATES TO CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIOS OF 1850.

(Convened at Lansing, June 3, 1850.)
John Bartow, Elbridge G. Gale, De Witt C. Leach.

DELEGATES TO CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1867.

(Convened at Lansing, May 15, 1867.)
Sumner Howard, Henry R. Lovell, Thaddeus 6. Smith.

REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.

Josiah W. Begole (XLIII. Congress), elected in 1872.
George H. Durand (XLIV. Congress), elected in 1874.

STATE TREASURER.

■William B. McCreery, Jan. 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1879.

CIRCUIT JUDGES.

John S. Goodrich,^ elected 1851.
Sanford M. Green, 1852 to 1857.

STATE SENATORS.

Charles C. Hascall, Flint River, served 1835-36.
John Bartow, Flint River, 1838.
Thomas J. Drake,] Flint River, 1839-41.
Daniel B. Wakefield, Grand Blanc, 1842-43.
■William M. Fenton, Fentonville, 1845-47.

* These gentlemen were members of the Fourth Legislative Coun-
cil (1830-31), representing Oakland County. Both were afterwards
citizens of Genesee County.

f Judge Davison was also a delegate to the second Convention of
Assent, which convened at Ann Arbor, Dec. 14, 1836. In both these
conventions he represented Lapeer County, as the township in which
he resided (Atlas) had not then been annexed to Genesee.

J In this convention Mr. Drake was the delegate for Saginaw,
Genesee, and Shiawassee Counties. Of the seventy-six votes polled
in Genesee (election Sept. 12, 1836), he received forty-three, and hia
opponent, Daniel B. Wakefield, thirty-three.

J Did not qualify.

II Preaidont />ro tempore April 1, 1810, and Feb. 24, 1841.

Elijah B. Witherbee, Flint, 1S47.1[
Edward H. Thomson, Flint, 1848-49.
Enos Goodrich, Atlas, 1853-54.
Reuben Goodrich, Atlas, 1855-56.
James Seymour, Flushing, 1857-58.
Alexander P. Davis, Flint, 1859-60.
Elbridge G. Gale, Atlas, 1S61-62.
Henry H. Crapo, Flint, 186.3-64.
AlcNander P. Davis, Flint, 1865-66.
Willard B. Arms, Fenton, 1867-68.
Thaddeus G. Smith, Fenton, 1869-70.
Josiah W. Begole, Flint, 1871-72.
James L. Curry, Vienna, 1873-74.
George W. Fish, Flint, 1875-76.
Francis II. Rankin, Flint, 1877-78.
Simeon R. Billings, Richfield, 1879.

REPRESENTATIVES, STATE LEGISLATURE.

Jeremiah R. Smith,** Grand Blanc, served 1837-38, 41-42

John L. Gage, Flint, 1843.

Robert D. Lamond, Flint, 1844.

George H. Hazelton, Flint, 1845-46.

Enos Goodrich, Atlas, 1847.

Alfred Pond, Flushing, 1847.

William Blades, Flint, 1848.

Samuel N. Warren, Fentonville, 1848.

Daniel Dayton, Grand Blanc, 1849.

Joseph II. Kilbourne, Atlas, 1849.

Joshua K. Abbott, Grand Blanc, 1850,

De Witt C. Leach, Mundy, 1850.

Charles N. Beechcr, Genesee, 1851-52.

Joseph S. Fenton, Fenton, 1851-52.

Elbridge G. Gale, Atlas, 185.3-54.

James Seymour, Flushing, 1853-54.

Abraham Middleswarth, Argentine, 1855-56,

Daniel N. Montague, Thetford, 1855-56.

Charles N. Beecher, Flint, 1857-58.

Reuben Goodrich, Atlas, 1857-58.

Benjamin Grace, Fentonville, 1859-60.

Edward H. Thomson, Flint, 1859-60.

Alexander W. Davis, Grand Blanc, 1861-62.

Francis H. Rankin, Flint, 1861-62.

Francis H. Rankin, Flint, 1863-64.

Thaddeus G. Smith, Fenton, 1863-64.

George W. Thayer, Mount Morris, 1863-64.

James ^Van ■\ncet, Gaines, 1865-66.

Robert P. Aitken, Flint, 1865-66.

George W. Thayer, Mount Morris, 1865-66.

James Van Vleet, Gaines, 1867-68.

Robert P. Aitken, Flint, 1867-68.

Chandler H. Rockwood, Genesee, 1867-68.

Dexter Horton, Fenton, 1869-70.

Edward M. Mason, Flint, 1869-70.

James L. Curry, Vienna, 1869-70.

James B. Mosher, Fenton, 1871-72.

Oscar Adams, Flint, 1871-72.

John I. Phillips.tt Vienna, 1871.

George Kipp, Atlas, 1873-74.

Levi Walker.lt Flint, 1873.

Frederick Walker, Mount Morris, 1873-74.

James B. Mosher, Fenton, 1875-76.

Le Roy Parker, Flint, 1875-76.

Simoon R. Billings, Richfield, 1875-76.

John Willctt, Flint, 1877-78.

Simeon R. Billings, Richfield, 1877-78.

John Willett, Flint, 1879.

Jacob Bedtelyon, Atlas, 1879.

1 E. B. Witherbee died Feb. 20, 1847; vacancy thus occasioned
filled by AV'illiani M. Fenton.

*» First elected to this office Feb. 4, 1837. At this election the whole
number of votes cast was 310, of which Jeremiah R. Smith received
234; William F. Mosely, 74; David Mather, 1 ; Norris Thorp, 1.

ft Died during term of office. Vacancy filled by Frederick Walker.

i\ Died during term. Le Roy Parker elected to fill vacancy.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

COUNTY OFFICERS.

JUDGES OF PROBATE.

Samuel Rice, elected 1836.
Ogden Clark, 1844.
Charles D. Little, 1848.
R. J. S. Page, 1850.«
Henry I. Higgins, 1850.

Warner Lake, 1852.
Samuel B. Wicks, 1860.
L. 6. Bickford, 1866.
George R. Gold, 1808.
Thaddeus G. Smith,t ISrfi.

PROSECUTING ATTOR.NEYS.

P. H. McOmber, served 1839-40. [ Sumner Howard, 1858.

W. F. Mosely, 1841. ' Chauncey W. Wisner, 1860.

M. L. Drake, 1842-44. ^ Alexander P. Davis, 1802.

Edward H. Thomson, 1S45-46. | Sumner Howard, 1864, '66, '68.

Joseph K. Rugg, 1847-49. j H. R. Lovell, 1870, 72.

Joseph K. Rugg.J elected 1850. < Charles D. Long, 1874, 76, 78.

Ale.\ander P. Davis, 1852, '54, '56. t

Lewis Buckingham, elected 1836,

'38.
Reuben McCreery, 1840.
William Clifford,? 1842.
Reuben McCreery, 1844, '46.
William Blades, 1848.
George S. Hopkins, 1850, '52.
Lyman G. Buckingham, 1854, '56.

SHERIFFS.

Lewis Buckingham, 1858.

Claudius T. Thompson, 1860, ■02.

John A. Kline, 1864, '66.

Geo. W. Buckingham, 1868, '70.

John A. Kline, 1872.

Eugene Parsell, 1874.

Philo D. Phillips, 1876, '78.

COUNTY CLERKS.

Robert F. Stage, elected 1836. George B. Mcrriman, 1858.

W. A. Morrison, 1839. George R. Gold, 1860, '62.

Thomas R. Cummings, 1842. ; Charles D. Long, 1864, '66, '68,

Charles E. Dewey, 1844. } '70.

George R. Cummings, 1846. Lorenzo D. Cook, 1872, '74.

Anderson Bump, 1848, '50, '52. David P. Halsey, 1876, '78.
Mark D. Seeley, 1854, '56.

REGISTERS OF DEEDS.

Oliver G. Wesson, elected 1836. William H. C. Lyon, 1S5S.
Benjamin Rockwell, 1840, '42. George F. Hood, 1860, '62.

Lewis G. Bickford, 1844, '46, '48. , Benjamin J. Lewis, 1864.
George R. Cummings, 1850. John Algoe, 1866, '68, '70, '72.

Charles Seymour,'l852. George E. Taylor, 1874, '76.

Fitch R. Tracy, 1854, '56. ' Charles C. Beahan, 1878.

COUXTY TREASURERS.

C. D. Vi. Gibson, elected 1836, Josiah W. Begole, 1856, '58, '60,

'38. '62.

Orrin Safford, 1840, '42, 44. j Harlow Whittlesej', 1864, '66.
Augustus St. Amand, 1846, '48, James Van Vleet, 1868, '70.

'50. William W. Barnes, 1872.

John L. Gage,! 1851. ' Charles C. Beahan, 1874.

Reuben McCreery, 1852, '54. I Samuel R. Atherton, 1876, 78.

GENESEE COUNTY PIONEER ASSOCIATION.

On the 31st of December, 1857, — pursuant to a pub-
lished call signed by William M. Fenton, C. C. Hascall,
and about one hundred and eighty other citizens of Gene.see,
— a meeting was held at the hall of the Flint Scientific
Institute for the purpose of forming a " pioneer society,"
to be composed of persons who had become resident in the
county as early as the year 1840. Benjamin Pearson was

* Appointed to fill vacancy, and acted as judge of probate for a few-
months,
t Still in office,— 1879.

1 First prosecuting attorney elected in Genesee County.

2 J. C. Griswold, under-sheriff, performed the duties of the office
during the term of Mr. Clifford.

II Filled vacancy caused by the departure of Mr. St. Amand for
Europe, in October, 1851.

called to the chair, and Dr. Elijah Drake was made secre-
tary of the meeting. A committee was chosen, composed
of Hon. William M. Fenton, Hon. Edward H. Thomson,
and H. M. Henderson, Esq., who were charged with the
duty of preparing a constitution and by-laws for the pro-
posed society, and the meeting then adjourned to the 22d
of February next following. At the meeting held accord-
ing to adjournment the committee reported a constitution
for the " Genesee County Pioneer Association," which was
adopted, and the society was organized under that name by
the election of the following-named gentlemen as its first
ofiBcers : President, Hon. Jeremiah R. Smith. Recording
Secretary, Elijah Drake, M.D. Corresponding Secretary,
Hon. Charles P. Avery. Treasurer, Henry M. Henderson,
Esq. Librarian, Manley Miles, M.D. Vice-Presidents
(one in each township of the county) : Atlas, Enoch Good-
rich ; Argentine, William H. Hicks ; Burton, Perus Ather-
ton ; Clayton, Alfred Pond ; Davison, Goodenough Town-
send ; Fenton, Robert Le Roy ; Flint township, John
Todd ; Flint City, Charles C. Hascall ; Flushing, John
Patton ; Forest, John Crawford ; Gaines, Hartford Cargill ;
Genesee, Sherman Stanley ; Grand Blanc, Silas D. Halsey ;
Montrose, John McKenzie ; Mount Morris, Ezekiel R.
Ewing ; Mundy, Morgan Baldwin ; Richfield, Jeremiah
Stanard ; Thetford, Benoni Clapp ; Vienna, Russell G.
Hurd.

It has been the custom of the members of the association,
from the time of its organization until the present, to hold
annual reunions, at which, after the transaction of the
routine business for the year, addresses and narratives of
pioneer experience are listened to fi'om such of the early
settlers as are disposed to give them. For many years
past these yearly gatherings have been held at Long Lake,
in the town of Fenton (usually in the month of August),
and they are regarded as occasions of great enjoyment and
interest.

The officers of the association for 1879 are as follows :
President, George S. Woodhull ; Vice-President, Dexter
Horton ; Treasurer, Elisha Lamed ; Secretary, W. H. H.
Smith ; Executive Committee, William O'Dell, W. I.
Williams, Mundy ; John Barson, Argentine ; Ezra Wis-
ner, Clio ; S. D. Halsey, Grand Blanc.

CHAPTER X.

MILITARY KECOBD OP GENESEE.

Genesee in the Mexican War — The War of the Rebellion — The Flint
Union Grays — They join the 2d Infantry — Organization and De-
parture of the Regiment — Arrival at Washington — Bull Run Cam-
paign — Peninsula Campaign — Battles of Williamsburg and Fair
Oaks — The Seven Days' Fight — Campaign under Gen. Pope —
Fredericksburg — Campaigns in Kentucky and Mississippi — In East
Tennessee — Veteran Re-enlistment — Campaign of the Wilderness —
In Front of Petersburg — Fall of Petersburg — -Muster Out, and
Return Home.

The first public exigency which required the calling out
of troops after Genesee became a county, was the war with
Mexico, — 1846 to 1S4S. At that time the population of
the county was small, and among its people there could be

SECOND INFANTRY.

found but comparatively few who could be spared from the
cabins and clearings, where they stood on constant duty as
sentinels to guard their families against the assaults of
hunger and want. Nevertheless there were some men of
Genesee, both officers and soldiers, who followed their
country's flag to the fields of far-off Mexico. The 1st
Regiment of Michigan Volunteers was commanded by Col.
T. B. VV. Stockton, of Flint, and among the companies
which composed it was that of Capt. Hanscom, of Pontiac,
which, though made up largely of Oakland County volun-
teers, yet contained a few from Genesee. The 15th United
States Regiment also contained Michigan companies, and
one of these was commanded by Capt. Eugene Van De
Venter, of Genesee. In that company were Alexander W.
Davis, of Grand Blanc, severely wounded at Churubusco ;
William R. Buzzell, who died of disease in the city of
Mexico, Oct. 29, 1847 ; Claudius H. Riggs, of Grand
Blanc, who died at Vera Cruz, July 12, 1847; Robert
Handy, reported as dead in Mexico ; and Henry L. Bran-
nock, who survived his term of service; and perhaps others,
whose names cannot be given. The regiment of which
Capt. Van de Venter's company was a part was in the divi-
sion of Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, of Tennessee. Of Genesee
County soldiers who served in Capt. Hanscom's company
we can give only the names of James W. Croiik and Norton
Cronk, of Clayton, the former of whom died in Mexico.

But the real military history of Genesee commenced in
those spring days of 18G1, when the guns of besieged
Sumter sounded a war-signal which reverberated across the
hills and streams from ocean to lake. And it is a history
of which the people of the county may well be proud.
During the period which intervened between the birth and
the death of the great Rebellion, Genesee gave to the war
more than two thousand men, whose names are recorded on
the rolls of one rifle, one engineer, ten cavalry, and twenty-
three infantry regiments, and nine batteries of Michigan,
besides several infantry, cavalry, and artillery organizations
of other States, and one regiment of United States Volun-
teers. Several of the regiments most noticeable for the
number of Genesee County men serving in them are espe-
cially mentioned below in historical sketches of their or-
ganization and services in the great war for the Union.

SECOND INFANTRY.

When, at the fall of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln
called on the several loyal States for an army of seventy-
five thousand men to sustain the power of the government
against a rebellion which had unexpectedly proved formida-
ble. Governor Blair, of Michigan, responded by issuing his
proclamation calling for twenty companies out of the uni-
formed volunteer force of the State, with field and staff"
officers, to compose two regiments of infantry, to be placed
at the disposal of the President if re({uired. The War
Department had placed the quota of Michigan at one full
regiment, but the Governor very wLsely concluded — and
tlie people of Michigan concurred in the opinion — that a
second regiment should be made ready for service if it
should be needed, as he believed it wuuld be. Three days
after the Governor's call (April lyth) the State's quota was
filled, and her first regiment ready for muster into the ser-

vice of the United States, fully equipped with arms, am-
munition, and clothing, awaiting only the orders of the
War Department; and on the 13th of May it left Detroit
for Washington, being the first regiment to arrive at the
capital from any point west of the Alleghany Mountains.

The Governor's call fur twenty companies had been
promptly and fully responded to, and so, after making up
the 1st Regiment, there still remained ten companies, which,
having failed to secure places in the 1st, were ready and
anxious to be organized as the 2d Regiment of Michigan.
And among these companies was " The Flint Union Grays."
This company had existed in the city of Flint from the
year 1857. We find mention of the first opening of their
armory in Flint, Oct. 2, 1858 (at which time they were
expecting, but had not yet received, their arms from the
State Arsenal), and the election of civil and military offi-
cers of the company, as follows :

President, L. Wesson ; Vice-President, William P. Hum-
phrey ; Secretarj', W. I. Beardsley ; Treasurer, William R.
Morse ; Captain, T. B. W. Stockton ; 1st Lieutenant, Wm.
R. Mor.se ; 2d Lieutenant, William Turver ; 3d Lieutenant,
Levi Failing ; 1st Sergeant, L. Wesson ; 2d Sergeant, C.
Peabody ; 3d Sergeant, R. M. Barker ; 4th Sergeant, James
Farrand ; 1st Corporal, A. J. Boss, Jr.; 2d Corporal, L.
Church ; 3d Corporal, W. Boomer; 4th Corporal, William
Charles ; Armorer, 0. McWilliams.

Probably there were none among this list of officers who
had then ever dreamed of such scenes as some of them after-
wards saw at Williamsburg, Malvern Hill, and the Wilder-
ness, or of the fame which their company was destined to win
on a score of bloody fields. But the people of Flint and
of Genesee County were proud of it then, as they had reason
to be in far greater degree afterwards.*

Immediately after the publication of the Governor's proc-
lamation, and when it was known that the Grays would
volunteer in a body, a large and extremely enthusiastic
public meeting was held (April 18th) at the court-house in
Flint. A circular letter of the War Committee, in Detroit,
was read and acted on, and the meeting adopted a series of
intensely patriotic resolutions, among which was the follow-
ing : " That the young men comprising the military company
of this city, and those who may volunteer to fill up its ranks
in this emergency of our common country, are worthy of all
encouragement and praise for their patriotism, and that we
will contribute all sums necessary to sustain and support the
families of all members of said company who may be mus-
tered into the service of the United States, if they need such
aid ; we will also contribute our full proportion of the
amount required to equip and muster into the service of
the United States the two regiments required from the State
of Michigan." A committee, composed of William M.
Fenton, E. II. McQuigg, and H. M. Henderson, was ap-
pointed to carry out so much of this resolution as applied to
the raising of money as a loan to the State, and J. B.
Walker, E. S. Williams, and A. P. Davis were appointed a
like committee to carry into eff'ect that part which promised
aid and support to the families of volunteers. In the pub-

* This comiiany furnished to various commands in the Union army
during the war of the Rebellion, six field-officers, eleven cn)ilains, and
eighteen lieutenant;', — a very unusual company record.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

lished account of the proceedings of that meeting, it is men-
tioned that "every Union .word uttered was greeted with
thunders of applause."

On the 23d of April the Grays met for the choice of
oflBcers, and the following were elected to the commissioned
grades : Captain, William R. Morse ; 1st Lieutenant, Wil-
liam Turver ; 2d Lieutenant, James Farrand. Four ser-
geants and four corporals were also elected, but as the non-
commissioned list was changed soon afterwards, it is not
given here.

On the eve of their departure to join the 2d Regiment
at its rendezvous the Grays paraded through the principal
streets of Flint, and were addressed, in the presence of a great
concourse of patriotic and admiring spectators, by Col. Fen-
ton, whose remarks on the occasion were reported by the
Citizen in its next issue, as follows: "The Hon. W. M.
Fenton had been with the company for about a year, and
constantly engaged for two weeks past in perfecting the en-
listment, and preparing for its departure. At the request of
Capt. Morse he now addressed the officers and men, alluding
to the new position they were about to occupy, — its great im-
portance ; the entire change now to take place in their habits
of life ; the necessity for prompt obedience to the commands
of their superiors, and of true courage, as contradistinguished
from brutality. He exhorted them to remember that the
eyes of the friends they were to leave behind would be con-
stantly on them, in whatever situation they might be placed ;
their ears open to every report of their action ; their prayers
ascending night and morn for their welfare and success ; and
that the fervent hope would animate them, that those who
now went forth to stand by their country in its hour of trial
would return with laurels honorably won in its service.
After giving them some practical hints as to their mode of
life, the importance of strict cleanliness, and temperance in
both meat and drink, he asked if any one of them would
object to take an oath, substantially as follows:

" ' I do solemnly swear, in the presence of Almighty God,
that I will support the constitution of the United States,
and maintain it and my country's flag, if necessary, with my
life ; that I will obey the commands of my superior officers
while in service, and will defend and protect my comrades
in battle to the best of my physical ability.' None object-
ing, the oath was repeated aloud, with uplifted hand, by all
the officers and members of the company. The scene was
solemn and impressive, and was appropriately closed by a
benediction from the Rev. Mr. Joslin."

Another ceremony, no less interesting, was the presenta-
tion to each member of the company of a copy of the New
Testament. Ninety-five of these had been furnished, and
prepared for the purpose, by the members of the Methodist
Episcopal Sabbath-school, each book having upon its fly-leaf
this inscription :

" Presented
By the Sabbath-School

OF THE

Methodist E. Church, Flint, Michigan,
To _

OF THE

Flint Union Grays,

April 30, 1861.

" ' My men, put your trust in the Lord, — and he sure you keep your

powder dry. Oliver Cromwell.'"

This presentation was made while the Grays stood in line,
with open ranks, at the corner of Saginaw and Kearsley
Streets. A number of ladies of Flint passed along the line,
and pinned upon the breast of each soldier a tricolored
rosette, bearing the words, " The Union and the Constitu-
tion .'" and nearly every one of the spectators wore the red,
white, and blue upon some part of their dress. A presen-
tation of revolvers to the commissioned officers of the com-
pany was made by the Hon. E. H. Thomson ; " and as he
assigned to each pistol its particular mission, and alluded to
their uses, the enthusiasm of the crowd around was enkindled
anew."

The company left Flint on the 30th of May, being trans-
ported to Fentonville in wagons and other vehicles, of which
a greater number than were needed for the purpose were on
hand, furnished by the patriotic citizens. The column was
headed by the Flint Band, and was accompanied by a large
number of relatives and friends of the soldiers ; and the
plank-road company passed them all toll-free. Taking the
cars of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, at Fentonville,
the Grays soon reached Detroit, and were reported at Fort
Wayne, the regimental rendezvous.

The companies volunteering for the 2d Regiment had
done so in the supposition that it would be mustered for a
three-months' term of service, as the first regiment had been.
But a few days later, instructions were received from the
War Department that no more troops be mustered or ac-
cepted for a less term than three years ; and when this was
announced, there were some in all the companies who
naturally enough objected to the longer term, and declined
to be mustered for it. This was the case in the Flint com-
pany, as in others. The vacancies in its ranks from this
cause, however, were not numerous, but it was necessary to
procure recruits to fill them, and for this purpose Capt.
Mor.se returned to Flint on the 18th of May. The alacrity
with which this call was responded to is shown by th^fact
that he arrived in Flint on Saturday, and on the following
Monday he reported with the requisite number of recruits at
Fort Wayne. On the same day — May 20th — the 2d Regi-
ment was announced as full, and on the 25th it was must-
ered into the United States service for three years, by Lieut.-
Col. E. Backus, U. S. A. The field-officers of the regi-
ment were Israel B. Richardson, Colonel ; Henry L.
Chipman, Lieutenant-Colonel ; Adolphus W. Williams,
Major.

In the organization of the regiment, the company from
Flint was designated as " F" company. A list, purporting
to be a correct one, of the members of the company as must-
ered at Fort Wayne is found in newspapers of that time ;
and as it contains names which are not found on the rolls in
the adjutant-general's office, it is given below in full, viz. :

Captain, William R. Morse; 1st Lieutenant, William
Turver; 2d Lieutenant, James Farrand; 1st Sergeant,
George R. Bisbey; 2d Sergeant, William B. McCreery ;
3d Sergeant, Sumner Howard ; 4th Sergeant, Goundry
Hill ; 5th Sergeant, Joseph McConnell ; 1st Corporal, Ed-
win C. Turver ; 2d Corporal, James Bradley ; 3d Corporal,
Damon Stewart ; 4th Corporal, Joseph Van Buskirk ; 5th
Corporal, Wm. L. Bishop ; Gth Corporal, Walter H. Wal-
lace ; 7th Corporal, Nelson Fletcher; 8th Corporal, Walter

SECOND INFANTRY.

E. Burnside ; Wagoner, James S. Smith ; Drummer,
Elisha Kelley.

Privates: Wm. H. Allen, Milton S. Benjamin, George
L. Beamer, Joseph N. Bradley, Robert S. Bostwick, Andrew
A. Baxter, La Fa3-ette Bostwick, Myrick S. Cooley, S.
Bradford Cummings, Charles B. Collins, Thomas Chapin,
Jr., Clark F. Chapman, John Cavanagh, George Carmer,
James Coe, Edward A. Dennison, George Davis, Charles
C. Dewstoe, Pratt Day, Cornelius D. Hart, Daniel J. En-
sign, Orlando II. Ewer, John G. Fox, Squire E. Foster,
Wm. F. Furgerson, Horatio Fish, Charles L. Gardner, Jos. .
H. George, Richard II. Halsted, George Hawkins, Henry
W. Horton, Franc-is Haver, William Houghton, Julius A.
Hine, Charles E. Kingsbury, Philip Kelland, John Kain,
Sheldon B. Kelley, George Lee, Harrison Lewis, Merton E.
Leland, John B. Miller, Charles D. Moon, Delion McConnell,
David McCornell, Chas. W. Mitchell, George L. Patterson,
Samuel L. Ploss, Hamilton Ploss, James F. Partridge, John
A. Palmer, Cornelius E. Rulison, Charles J. Rankin, Edwin
Ruthruff, Andrew J. Rogers, Arba Smith, Jacob C. Sack-
ner, Charles Sickles, James Scarr, George H. Sawyer,
Lyman Stow, Alva L. Sawyer, Hercules Stannard, Andrew
M. Sutton, Frederick B. Smith, Albert Schultz, Hiram
Tinney, Franklin Thompson, Edgar Tibbets, Charles Tuttle,^
Cornelius Van Alstine, Richard S. Vickery, James N. Wil-
lett, John Weller, George Walter, Emory A. Wood, and
William E. Williams.

In the afternoon of Thursday, June 6th, the 2d Regi-
ment, one thousand and twenty strong, embarked on three
steamers (one side-wheel and two propellers), and at eight
o'clock P.M. left Detroit for Cleveland, arriving there the
following morning. From Cleveland it proceeded by rail-
way, via Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Baltimore, to Wash-
ington, reaching the capital on the 10th. The following
account of its arrival, which appeared under the head of
" Special Dispatch to the New York Tiihune" is taken
from that paper and given here in full, as showing the ex-
cited state of public feeling ait that time, as well as the
crude and peculiar ideas of military discipline and move-
ments which then prevailed. The account, dated Wash-
ington, June 10, 18t)l, was as follows:

" The 2d Michigan Regiment, Col. Richardson, arrived
at four o'clock this morning. . . . Word had come from
the United States Marshal that an attack would be made
on them in Baltimore, and the train halted seven miles on
the other side of the Monumental City, where the men
loaded their muskets. The orders were to avoid an en-
counter if possible ; but, if unavoidable, to take no half
measures, but for each company to fight to the death, and
for the pioneers to make clean work with houses from
which they were assailed.

" In a suburb on the other side a brick was thrown at a
private. It did not hit, but the ordeily sergeant of Com-
pany E drew his revolver and fired at the stoncr. He was
seen to fall, but whether killed or not is unknown.

" At the depot a raw private accidentally discharged his
musket, the ball from which whisked through the car,
causing great excitement, but no harm was done.

" Two miles this side of Baltimore a shot from behind a
fence went through a car. The lights were extinguished,
9

and the men ordered to form in line of battle* if the shot
should be followed by more. Sentinels were posted in each
car. Near the Relay House firing was heard from one of
our picket-guards. It was reported that they had been
attacked, and had killed four men. The truth is not
known. The informant adds that the regiment received
a hearty welcome from the women in and beyond Balti-
more, while no man, so far as he saw, greeted them.

" The regiment is a fine-looking body, numbering ten
hundred and twenty. Their uniforms are dark blue, like
the 1st Michigan, and they are armed partially with new
Minie guns and partially with the Harper's Ferry musket
of 1846. They are well supplied with clothing and camp-
equipage. Thirty women, who will serve as nurses and
laundresses, accompany the regiment. This afternoon the
regiment was received by Gen. Scott and the President at
their residences."

The regiment made a stay of several weeks in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, its camp being named " Camp Winfield
Scott." It was brigaded with the 3d Jlichigan, 1st Mas-
sachusetts, and 12th New York, the brigade commander
being Col. Richardson, of the 2d Michigan. When Gen.
McDowell made his forward movement towards Manassas
this brigade moved with the army into Virginia, and was
engaged in the fight at Blackburn's Ford, July 18th, and
in the battle of Bull Run, Sunday, July 21st. In the
panic and disorder which ended that disastrous day the 2d
Regiment behaved with great steadiness, covering the re-
treat of the brigade towards Washington, for which it was
warmly complimented by the heroic Richardson.

After Bull Run the regiment was encamped for some
weeks near Arlington, and later in the season at Fort Lyon,
Va., where it remained during the fiill. About December
20th substantial and comfortable winter-quarters were con-
structed at " Camp Michigan," three miles from Alexan-
dria, on the Acotink Road. While this camp was in
process of construction an officer wrote that " Cabins are
growing up on every side, adorned with doors and windows,
procured by a process called ' cramping,' which is some-
where on the debatable ground between buying and steal-
ing." Here the regiment remained until March, 1862,
when it moved with its brigade and the Army of the Po-
tomac to Fortress Monroe, and thence, up the Peninsula,
to Yorktown and Williamsburg, at which latter place it
took active part in the severe engagement of Monday, May
5th, sustaining a loss of fifty-five killed and wounded,
among the latter being Capt. Morse, of " F" company
(afterwards transferred to the Invalid Corps), and Capt.
Wm. B. McCreery, an original member of " F" company,
but who had been promoted to the command of Company
G. He received three severe wounds, by one of which
his left wrist was permanently disabled. Afterwards, hav-
ing recovered suflficiently to return to the field, he was
commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 21st Michigan In-
fantry, and two months later became its colonel. He led
his regiment gallantly througii the fire and carnage of
Stone River (Dec. 31, 1862, to Jan. 3, 1863), and fought

* These words were not italicisei in the original Account, printed
in the Tribune.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, ftllCHIGAN.

at its head at Chickamauga (Sept. 20, 1863) until he had
received three severe wounds, and was finally taken prisoner
by the enemy, and sent to Libby Prison, Richmond, from
which, however, he succeeded in making his escape, by
tunneling under the walls, Feb. 19, 1864. Six days later
he returned to Flint, where a public reception was extended
to him by leading citizens, and a banquet was given in his
honor at the Carlton House, March 2d. The disability
resulting from his numerous wounds compelled his retire-
ment from the service, and he resigned in September, 1864.
Maj.-G-en. George H. Thomas, in reluctantly accepting his
resignation, took occasion to compliment him highly, in
orders, on his honorable record and the gallantry of his
service in the Army of the Cumberland.

The above facts relating to the military career of Col.
McCreery have been mentioned in this place, and in con-
nection with the battle of Williamsburg, because that fight
virtually severed his connection with the 2d Regiment, in
which he was among the most honored and popular of its
officers.

From Williamsburg the 2d moved, with the army, up
the Peninsula to and across the Chickahominy, and fought
in the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31 and June 1, 1862.
Its loss in that engagement was fifty-seven killed and
wounded, that of Company F being fourteen, or one-
fourth the total killed and wounded of the regiment.
Three companies of the 2d, however, were not engaged
in the fight.

In the retreat (or " change of base," as it has sometimes
been called) from the York River Railroad to James River,
the regiment fought at Glendale (or Charles City Cross-
Roads), June 30th, and at Malvern Hill, July 1st. From the
latter field it retired with the army, and moved to Harrison's
Landing, on the James, where it remained until the general
evacuation of that position, August 15th, when it marched
down the Peninsula, and was moved thence, by way of the
Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River, with other troops, to
the assistance of the imperiled army of Gen. Pope in the
valley of the Rappahannock, during which campaign it took
part in the fights of August 28th, 29th, 30th, and in the
battle of Chantilly, September 1st.

At Fredericksburg the 2d was not actively engaged.
It crossed the Rappahannock on the 12th of December,
but in the great battle of the next day was held in reserve,
and sustained only a loss of one killed and one wounded by
the enemy's shells, but was, with the 8th Michigan, among
the last of the regiments of the army to recross to the
north side of the river on the 16th.

On the 13th of February, 1863, the regiment moved to
Newport News, Va., and on the 19th of March took its
route to Baltimore, and thence, by the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad and steamers on the Ohio River, to Louisville,
Ky., with the 9th Army Corps, of which it was a part.
The corps remained in Kentucky during the months of
April and May, and in June was moved to Mississippi to
reinforce the army of Gen. Grant, near Vicksburg. The
2d went into camp at Milldale, near Vicksburg, on the
17th, and a few days later was stationed at Flower Dale
Church. On the 4th of July, the day of the surrender of
Vicksburg, the regiment left Flower Dale, and moved east

towards the capital of Mississippi, to take part in the opera-
tions against the rebel army of Gen. Johnston. It arrived
in front of Jackson in the evening of the lOtb, and on the
11th advanced in skirmish line on the enemy's rifle-pits,
which were taken and held for a time. Superior numbers,
however, compelled the 2d to retire from the position, with
a loss of eleven killed, forty-five wounded, and five taken
prisoners. On the 13th and 14th of July the regiment was
again slightly engaged. On the 17th and 18th it was en-
gaged in destroying the Memphis and New Orleans Rail-
road, in the vicinity of Jackson and Madison, and then moved
through Jackson (which had been evacuated by the enemy)
back to Milldale, where it remained till August 5th, when it
marched to the river, and thence moved with the 9th Corps,
by way of Cincinnati, to Kentucky, and encamped at Crab
Orchard Springs, in that State, on the 30th of August.
Here it remained twelve days, and September 10th broke
camp and took the road for Cumberland Gap and Knox-
ville, Tenn., reaching the latter place September 26th. It
moved from the vicinity of Knoxville, October 8tli, and
was slightly engaged at Blue Springs on the 10th. On the
20th it was again at Knoxville, but immediately afterwards
moved to Loudon, and thence to Lenoir, Tenn., where, on
the 8th of November, its men commenced building winter-
quarters. The strength of the regiment at that time was
reported at five hundred and three, present and absent.

The anticipation of passing the winter at Lenoir was
soon dispelled by the intelligence that the enemy, under
Gen. Longstreet, was moving up the valley of the Tennes-
see in heavy force, evidently having Knoxville as his ob-
jective point. On the 14th of November, the 2d Regiment,
with its division (the 1st Division of the 9th Corps), was
ordered out to meet and repel Longstreet, who was reported
to be crossing the Tennessee, below Loudon. He was found
in force near Hough's Ferry, on the Holston, and the di-
vision fell back to Lenoir. Here a line of battle was
formed, but, on the enemy coming up, the retreat towards
Knoxville was resumed, the 2d Regiment, with its brigade,
forming the rear guard. On the 16th it again stood in line
at Campbell's Station to resist the advance of Longstreet,
who was pressing up with great vigor. A sharp engage-
ment ensued, in which the 2d lost thirty-one in killed and
wounded. The position was stubbornly held till dark,
when the retreat was resumed, and the regiment reached
Knoxville at five o'clock in the morning of the 17th, after a
march of nearly thirty miles through mud and rain, and a
battle of several hours' duration, all without rest or food.
It took position on a hill below the city, at Fort Saunders,
where rifle-pits were constructed, and where the regiment
remained during the siege which followed. On the 19th
and 20th it was slightly engaged, and on the 24th, under
orders to attack a line of rifle-pits, it advanced under com-
mand of Maj. Byington, moving several hundred yards
across an open plain swept by a front and flank fire of
musketry and canister. The line was carried, but could
not be held ; the attacking force was dislodged and com-
pelled to retire, with a loss to the 2d Regiment of eighty-one
killed and wounded, — very nearly half its whole number
in the fight. Among the killed was Adj. William Noble,
and Maj. Byington was mortally wounded.

SECOND INFANTRY.

In the morning of Sunday, Nov. 29, 1863, a force of
the enemy, consisting of two veteran Georgia brigades of
McLaws' division, made a furious and persistent a.ssault on
Fort Saunders, but were repelled, and finally driven back
in disorder, with a loss of eight hundred in killed, wounded,
and prisoners, and three stands of colors. With the force
inside the fort during this assault were Companies A, F, G,
and H, of the 2d Michigan. Their loss, however, was in-
considerable, being only five killed and wounded. From
that time the regiment saw no fighting at this place other
than slight skirmishes, and on Friday night, December 4tb,
the enemy withdrew from before Knoxville, after a siege of
eighteen days' duration.

The 2d marched from Knoxville, December Sth,aud moved
to Rutledge. On the 16th it moved to Blain's Cross-Roads,
which was its la!5t march in 1863. During the year that
was then about closing, the regiment had moved a distance
of more than two thousand five hundred miles. It remained
at Blain's for about a month, during which time it was " vet-
eranized," the number re-enlisting as veterans being one
hundred and ninety-eight. About the middle of January,
1864, it moved to Strawberry Plains, thence to Knoxville
and to Erie Station, remaining at the latter place until
February 4th, when it moved under orders to proceed to
Detroit, Mich., and reached there twenty days later. Here
the veteran furlough was given to those who had re-enlisted,
and Mount Clemens was made the place of rendezvous.
At this place the regiment received orders, on the 4th of
April, to proceed to Annapolis, Md., to rejoin the 9th
Army Corps, which had, in the mean time, moved from
Tennessee to Virginia to reinforce the Army of the Po-
tomac. The regiment left Annapolis on the 22d, pro-
ceeded to Washington, and thence into Virginia, where,
on the 5th of May, it crossed the Rapidan and joined the
army which was then moving into the Wilderness. For
six weeks following this time the 2d was, with its companion
regiments of the brigade, so constantly employed in march,
skirmish, or battle, that it is hardly practicable to follow the
intricacies of the movements ; but the following statement
of casualties during that time shows where and how it
fought. The statement, which includes only the killed
and wounded (and not the missing), is taken from the
report of the regimental surgeon, Richard S. Vickery, viz. :

In the Wilderness battle, May 6th, killed and

wounded 38

At.Spott^ylvania Court-House, .May 12th, killed and

wounded 11

At Oxford, Xorth Anna, May 24th, killed 1

Skirmi.^'h of Mjiy 27th 1

Pamunkey River, May 31st 2

Skirmish, June 1st 5

Skirmish, June 2<l 2

Battle of liethesda Church, June 2d 38

Cold Harbor and other actions, from June 4th to

June 10th 'J

The regiment crossed to the south side of the James
River on the 15th, reached the enemy's works in front of
Petersburg on the 16th, and took part in the attacks of
the next two days with the following losses in killed and
wounded, viz. :

In battle of June 17th 91

In battle of June ISth 8.3

Recruits to the number of five hundred or more had

joined the regiment since the veteran re-enlistment, — other-
wise such losses would have been impossible.

On the 3flth of July tlie 2d took part in the engage-
ment which followed the explosion of the mine, and sus-
tained a lo.ss of twenty killed and wounded, and thirty-seven
missing. Having moved with the 9th Corps to the Weldon
Railroad, it there took part in repelling the enemy's assault
on our lines, August 19th, losing one killed and two wounded.
On the 30th it crossed the Weldon Ritilroad, and, moving
towards the enemy's right flank, participated in the engage-
ment of that date at Poplar Grove Church, losing seven
wounded and twelve missing. It was then encamped for
about a month at Peebles' Farm, but moved, October 27th,
in the advance on Boydton Plank-Road, losingseven wounded
in that affair. It then remained at Peebles', engaged in
picket duty and fortifying, till November 29th, when it moved
to a point about ten miles farther to the right, on the City
Point and Petersburg Railroad, and there remained in the
trenches during the winter. On the 25th of March it
fought at Fort Steadman, and sustained severe loss. It
again lost slightly at the capture of Petersburg, April 3d.
It then moved to the South Side Railroad, eighteen miles
from Petersburg, and remained nearly two weeks, but in
the mean time the army of Lee had surrendered, and the
fighting days of the regiment were past. It moved to City
Point, and, embarking there on the 18th, was transported
to Alexandria, Va., from whence it moved to a camp at
Tenallytown, Md. On the 27th of May it was detached
for duty in Washington City, and remained there for about
two months. On the 29th of July (having on the previous
day been mustered out of the service) it left by railroad
for Michigan, and on the 1st of August it reached Detroit,
and was soon after paid and disbanded. In a published
account of the regiment's return, it was stated that of all
the original members of Company F, Orlando H. Ewer, of
Flint, was the only one who remained in its ranks to be in-
cluded in the final discharge " after four years and a quarter
of honorable service."

OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE SECOND INFANTKT FBOU GENESEB
COUNTY.

Adj. Richard H. Mahon, Genesee Co.; private Co. K; pro. to coni.-Bergt., Nov.

7, 1861 ; pro. to 2d lieut. Co. K; pro. to Ist lieut. and adj., Marcb 6, 1862 ;

resigned Aug, .'id, 1862.
Quar.-Master Scrgt. James Bradley, Flint; pro. to 2d lieut. Co. I; Ist lieut. and

capt. Co. F.
Quar.-Master Seigt. Goundry Hill, Flint; pro. to 2d lieut. Co. F; pro. to Ist

lieut. and quar.-mastcr, Dec. 3, 1802 ; must, out Sept. 30, 1864.
Sergt.-Maj. Joseph Van Buskirk, Flint ; pro. to_l8t lieut. Co. D.

Comparuf F.

Capt. Win. R. Morse, Fliut; enl. April 25, 1S61 ; wounded at Williamsburg, Va.,
May Ti, 1862 ; res, Aug, 22, 1863, to accept appointment iu Invalid Corps.

Capt. James Bradley, Flint ; enl. Aug, 22, 1803 ; was qr,-mr,.sergt, ; pro. to 2d
lieut, Co. I, Aug. 25, 1862; pro, to 1st lieut, Co, K; died of wounds re-
ceived iu action near Potcreburg, Va., Juno 17, 1864 ; buried at Arlington
National Cemetery, Va.

1st Lieut, Wm, Furvcr, Flint; onl, April 25, 1861 ; res, July 29, 1862.

2d Lieut. James Farrand, Flint; enl. April 25, 1861; pro. to 1st lieut. Co. Q,
March 6, 1862; pro. to capt. Co. C, Aug. I, 1862 ; killed in action near
SlHittaylvauia Court-House, May 12, 1864.

2d Lieut. Gonudry Hill (qr.-mr.-sergt.) ; 2d lieut. Co. F; onl. Aug. 9, 1862; Ist
lieut. and qr,.mr. Dec. 3, 1862 ; must, out Sept, 30, 1804,

2d Lieut. Selsou Flctclier (sergt.), Flint; 2d lieut. Doc, 2, 1862 ; killed in action
near Oxford, North Anna River, Va., May 24, 1864.

Scrgt, George H. Bisbey, diid at Camp Winfleld Scott, Md., July 11, 1801.

Sergt. Wm. B. MrCrcery, Flint ; pro, to capt. (>). G.
I Sergt, Sumner Howard, flint ; pro, to 2d lieut. Regular Army, August, 1861.

Sergt. Ooundry Hill, Fliut ; pro. to qr.-mr.-sergt. March 7, 1862.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Corp. Edwin C. Tunrer, onl. May 25, 1861 ; disch. for disability, Sept. 1861.

Corp. Jamos Brmlley, mil. May 2.'), 1801 ; pro. to qr.-mr.-sergt. Aug. 1, 18l!2.

Corp. Damon Stewart, onl. May 25, 1801 ; disch. to accept commission in 2M
Infantry.

Corp. Josepli Van Busliirk, enl. May 25, 1861 ; pro. to sergt.-niaj. Sept. 16, 1862.

Corp. Wm. li. Bishop, enl. May 25, 1861; liilled in battle at Yorlitown, Va.,
April 10, 1SC2.

Corp. Nelson Fletcher (sorgt.), enl. May 25, 1861 ; pro. to qr.-mr.-sergl. Dec. 1,
1862.

William H. Allen, must, out June 28, 1865.

David .\nderson, Vienna; must, out July 28, 1865.

William J. Allen, Vienna; must, out June 25, 1865.

William L. Bishop, Corp.; died at Yorktown, Va., .\pril 16, 18B2.

George R. Bisbey, scrgt.; died of disease at Camp Winticld Scott, Va., July,lS61.

Joseph N. Bradley, disch. for disability, Dec. 2, 1SC2.

Adiu 0. Billings, sergt., Flint Tp. ; pro. to Ist lient. Co. K.

Andrew A. B;i.\ter, ilisch. for disability, July U, 1S02.

James Benson, Flint Tp. ; killed at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1804.

George Beenier, died in action at Knoxville, Tenu., Nov. 24, 1863.

Milton S. Benjamin, Vienna; disch. for wonuds, Jan. 28, 1865.

George Canner, died in action at Williamsburg, Va., May 5, 1862.

Charles B. Collitis, disch. to enlist in regular service, Dec. 5, 1862.

S. Bradford Cummings, disch. for disability. Fob. 19, 1863.

Thomas Cliapin, Jr., disch. at end of service, June 21, 1864.

Clark F. Cbaiiman, Flint Tp. ; disch. for wounds, Feb. 26, 1865.

James Ooe, must, ont July 28, 1865.

John Deilz, disch. for disability, Jan. 5, 1863.

George Davis, disch. at end of service, May 25, 1864.

Cornelius De Hart, disch. at end of service, Dec. 25, 1864.

Charles E. Deioster, disch. at end of service, Dec. 25, 1864.

Daniel J. Ensign, died June 3, 1862, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va.

Orlando II. Ewer, Flint Tp.; must, out July 28, 18G5.

Cliarles L. Gardner, died of disease at Camp Lyons, Va., Oct. 1861.

Joseph H. George, disch. for disability, Sept. 1861.

John R. Goodrich, disch. for disability, Oct. 23, 1862.

William Houghton^ disch. for disability, Sept. 1861.

Julius Heine, disch. for disability, Jan. 5, 1863.

Frederick Holtz, Clayton ; died at Knoxville, Tenn., Dec. 12, 1803, of wounds.

Fnincis Haven, Flint; died in action near Petersburg, Va., June 17, 1864.

Virgil Hadstalt, missing in action at Knoxville, Tenn., Nov. 21, 1863.

Henry W. Horton, trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, March 15, 1864.

Richard U. Ualstead, disch. at end of service, June 21, 1864.

Charles Hartiier, disch. to re-enlist as veteran, Dec. 31, 1863.

James V. Hornell, absent, sick ; not must, out with company.

Sheldon B. Kelly, died in action at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862.

Jobii Kane, disch. for disability, Sept. 1801.

Philip Kellnnd, disch. for disability, July 19, 1362.

Elisha Kelly, musician; disch to re-enlist as veteran, Dec. 31, 1863.

Charles E. Kingsbury, Forest Tp.; must, out July 28, 1865.

George Lee, Grand Blanc Tp.; must, ont July 28, 1S65.

Cliarles D. iHoore, died June 6, 1862, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va.

Dellion McConnell, died in action at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1802.

John B. Miller, died in action at Chantilly, Va., July 1, 1S62.

David McConnell, disch. to enlist in regular service. Doc. 5, 1862.

Peter McN'ally, Vienna Tp.; must, out May 20, 1865.

Samuel L. Ploss, died of disease at Washington, .\ug. 29, 1861.

Uaniiltoii I'loss, died of disease at Washington, Aug. 29, 1801.

James F. Partridge, musician ; disch. for disability, Dec. 8, 1861.

Wallace L. Parker, Genesee Tp. ; veteran ; must, out July 28, 1805.

Charles Rankin, died of disease at Arlington Heights, Va., Sept. 20, 1861.

Cornelius E. Rulison, disch. at end of service, June 21, 1864.

Nathan M. Richardson, Flint; must, out July 28, 1865.

George Ruddiman, Flint; must, out July 28, 1865.

Jacob C. Sackrier, died June 24, 1862, of wounds.

James S. Smith, disch. fordisability, Sept. 1861.

Arba Smith, disch. for disability, Sept. 1861.

George Sawyer, disch. for disability, Oct. 1861.

James Scarr, disch. at end of service, June 21, 1S64.

Lyman Stow, disch. at end of service, June 21, 1864.

Albeit L. Sawyer, disch. at end of service, June 21, 1864.

Franklin B. Smith, disch. Jan. 27, 1863.

Hercules Stannard, veteran ; must, out July 28, 1805.

George Sheldon, disch. to re-enlist as veteran, Dec. 31, 1863.

Albert Scliultz, disch. to re-enlist as veteran, Dec. 31, 1863.

Charles H. Stone, Flint ; died of disease near ,\lexandria, Va., Oct. 6, 1864.

John G. Sanford, Vienna Tp. ; died of disease near Alexandria, Va. Oct. 20

1804.
Mathias Scliermerhoni, must, out May 20, 1865.
Edwin C. Turver, Corp. ; disch. for disability, Sept. 1861.
John or Joseph W. Tompkins, must, out .\ug. 5, 1865.
Hiram Tenney, disch. at end of service, May 25, 1864.
Edgiir Tibbals, disch. at end of service. May 25, 1S64.
John H. Tibbals, disch. at end of service, Nov. 9, 1864.
John Walter, disch. at end of service, June 21, 1864.
James Willctt, disch. at end of service. May 25, 1364.
Williams K. Williams, disch. for disability, Oct. 1861.
Emory A. Wood, disch. for disability, .\ug. 4, 1862.

John Weller, trans, to Vet. Res. Chirps, Nov. 15, 1864.

Don A. Williams, must, out July 23, 1805.

Robert H. J. Warner, Vienna Tp. ; must, out June 19, 1865.

Company G.

Wm. B. McCreery, Flint ; capt. Sept. 10, 1861 ; wounded at Williamsburg, Va.,
in three places severely. May 5, 1862; pro. to lieut.-colonel 21st Regt.
Mich. Inf., Nov. 20, 1862; colonel, Feb. 3, 1863; taken prisoner at Chicka-
manga, Tenn., Sept. 20, 1863; wounded in three places severely; escaped
from Libby Prison, Feb. 19, 1864; resigned on account of wounds, Sept.
14, 1SU4.

James Farrand, Flint ; 1st lieut. MairVO, 1802; pro. to capt. Co. C, Aug. 1, 1862;
killed in action near Spottsylvania Court-Honse, Va., May 12, 1804.

George Sheldon, Fenton; com.-sergt. ; sergt. Co. K; pro. to 1st lieut. Co. C;
must, out as sergt.

Hercules Stannard, Flint (sergt.) ; pro. to 2d lieut. ; must, out as sergt.

Ward Berry, Argentine, Co. E; died of wounds, June 19,1304, near Petersburg,
Va.

Henry Dorman, Grand Blanc, Co. C; must, out July 28, 1865.

Myron Green, Athis, Co. B ; died June 17, 1864, of wounds.

James M. llill, Atliw, Co. B; missing in action, July 30, 1864.

Lafayette Hill, Atlas, Co. B ; must, out Aug. 2, 1805.

Walter P. Jones, Fenton, Co. B ; must, out July 28, 1865.

Charles E. Lason, Atlas, Co. H; must, out July 2S, 1865.

Read Larde, Argentine, Co. E; must, out Jnly 28, 1865.

Robert F. Meddleworth, Argentine, Co. E ; died near Petei-sburg, Va., June 19,
18G4, of wounds.

Abram D. Perry, Atlas, Co. E ; died at Washington, July 17, 1864, of wounds.

Orrin D. Putnam, Argentine, Co. C; died at Washington, June 2, 1864, of acci-
dental wounds.

Thomas Perry, Fulton, Co. I; must, ont July 28, 1865.

Charles H. Snook, Argentine, Co. E; died July 6, 1864, of wounds.

Asa Shepard, Argentine, Co. G ; must, out July 28, 1865.

George W. Tharrett, Davison, Co. H ; must, out July 28, 1865.

Joseph B. A'arnum, Atlas Tp., Co. H ; must, out Aug. 11, 1865.

Charles Webber, Fenton, Co. B ; must, out Aug. 2, 1865.

CHAPTER XI.

EIGHTH INFANTRY.

The Fenton Light Guard and the Excelsior Guard — They join the
Sth Infantry — Camp .\nderson — Organization and Departure of the
8th— The Port Royal Expedition— Battle of Port Royal Ferry-
Fort Pulaski and M'ilmington Ishmd — Presentation of Colors —
Terrible Battle of James Island — Campaign under Pope — South
Mountain and Antietam — Fredericksburg — The Wandering Regi-
ment of Michigan — Campaigns in Kentucky and Mississippi — East
Tennessee and the Siege of Knoxville — Re-enlistment as Veterans
— Furlough and Return to the Army of the Potomac — Campaign of
the Wilderness — Operations round Petersburg — The Sth leads the
Union Column into the City — Muster Out and Return to Michigan.

This regiment was foiuied in the summer and fall of
18G1, its organizer and commanding officer being Col.
William M. Fenton, of Flint, previously major of the 7th
Infantry, from which he was promoted to this. The
nucleus of the Sth Regiment was a Genesee company
called the " Fenton Light Guard," which had been organ-
ized at the armory in Flint in the evening of May 10th, a
few days after the departure of the Flint Union Grays to
join the 2d Regiment at Detroit. It had been expected
that the Light Guard would take the field as a part of the
7th Regiment, and, in fact, it had been designated as " E"
company in that organization ; but as the 7th was able to
muster its full complement of ten companies without this,
it was transferred to Col. Fenton's command, not only with
the consent, but in accordance with the wishes, of the officers
and men. Another Genesee company which entered the
Sth was named the Excelsior Guard, and representatives
of the county were found in all of the eight other companies
of the regiment. These last-named companies, however,

EIGHTH INFANTRY.

were principally made up of men from the counties of Shia-
wassee, Clinton, Gratiot, Montcalm, Kent, Ingham, Jackson,
and Barry.

On the 12th of August the several companies were
designated, and ordered to rendezvous at Grand Rapids on
the 21st. Under these orders the Fcnton Light Guard,
one hundred and seven strong, under Capt. Russell M.
Barker, and the Excelsior Guard, Capt. Ephraim N. Lyon,
left Flint and moved to Fentonville, and thence by the
Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad to Grand Rapids, where
the regimental camp was pitched in the Fair-grounds, and
named " Camp Anderson." Here the regiment remained
for four weeks, engaged in drill, organization, and the filling
of its ranks to the maximum number. On the 18th of
September it moved to Detroit, and thence to a camp at
Fort Wayne, below the city, where, on the 23d, it was mus-
tered into the United States service for three years by Capt.
H. R. Mizner, U. S. A., its strength when mustered being
nine hundred. Its field-officers, besides Col. Fenton, were
Lieut.-Col. Frank Graves and Maj. Amasa B. Watson.

In the organization of the regiment the Fenton Light
Guard was designated as " A" company, and it was mus-
tered under the following-named commissioned officers, viz. :
Captain, Simon C. Guild (promoted to captaincy in place
of Capt. Barker, who resigned at Camp Anderson on ac-
count of ill-health) ; 1st Lieutenant, George E. Newell ;
2d Lieutenant, George H. Turner.

The Excelsior Guard was designated as " G" company,
and its first commissioned officers were: Captain, E. N.
Lyon; 1st Lieutenant, Horatio Belcher; 2d Lieutenant,
N. Miner Pratt.

Orders for the departure of the regiment were received
on the 26th of September, and on Friday (the 27th) it
embarked on the steamers " Ocean" and " May Queen," and
moved down the river and lake, arriving at Cleveland the
following morning. From there it moved by railroad
through Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Baltimore to Wash-
ington, where it arrived on the 30th, and encamped on
Meridian Hill, its camp being named " Camp Williams."
In due time the men received arms and equipments, and on
the 9th of October the regiment moved to Annapolis, Md.,
and there occupied the grounds of the Naval Academy.

October 19th the regiment was ordered to embark
on board the ocean-steamer " Vanderbilt," then lying at
Annapolis. It was evidently bound on some distant expe-
dition, but its destination and object were unknown, and
were matters of endless surmise and speculation among the
officers and men during the pas.sage down the Chesapeake.
On the " Vanderbilt" with the 8th was the 79th New York
Regiment, called the " Highlanders," and neither regiment
appeared to be very favorably impressed with tlie appear-
ance or presence of the other. One who was present on
board the ship at that time wrote afterwards concerning
this, as follows : "The men of the 8th Michigan and 79th
New York looked distrustfully on each other. The ship
was rather uncomfortably crowded, having eighteen hun-
dred persons on board, and every effort to obtain better
storage by one party was jealously watched by the other.
The 8th regarded the 79th as a set of foreigners and sots,
and the latter regarded our men as a lot of undrilled bush-

whackers, tinged with verdancy." How long this state of
feeling continued does not appear, but it is certain that
there was afterwards developed between the 8th and 79th a
friendship which became absolute affiBction, — so strong and
marked that it was proverbial among the different commands
of the army where the two regiments were known. It was a
chain whose links were forged under the hammers of suf-
fering and danger, and welded in the fire of battle.

When they arrived at Fortress Monroe they found the
roadstead crowded with a fleet made up of war-steamers and
transports filled with troops. This fleet, including the
" Vanderbilt," went to sea in the morning of October 29th,
and the sight was grand and inspiriting. For a time the
winds favored, and the sea was comparatively smooth, but
afterwards a heavy gale came on in which the vessels were
scattered, and three or four of them were lost. During
this time the troops suffered greatly from sea-sickness and
overcrowding on the transports. The fleet had sailed under
sealed orders, and its destination was as yet unknown ex-
cept to the naval and military commanders. At last the
storm abated, the vessels one by one returned within sig-
naling distance of each other, and the low shores of South
Carolina became visible on the starboard hand. Six days
(which seemed as many weeks) from the time of its de-
parture from Fortress Monroe the fleet arrived off Hilton
Head, S. C, Nov. 4, 1861. The object of the expedition
was now apparent, and, with a smoother sea and an enemy
almost in sight, sea-sickness and dejection gave place to
buoyant spirits and eager enthusiasm.

The fleet was composed of fourteen armed vessels, twenty -
two first-class steamers, twelve smaller steamers, and twenty-
six sailing vessels. The commander of the fleet was
Commodore (afterwards Admiral) S. F. Dupont, whose
flag-ship was the splendid steam-frigate " Wabash." The
land forces consisted of thirteen regiments of volunteers, in
three brigades, — in all, about eleven thousand men, — under
command of Gen. W. T. Sherman. The 2d Brigade, com-
posed of the 50th and 100th Pennsylvania, 8th Michigan,
and 79th New York, was under command of Brig.-Gen.
Isaac I. Stevens.

The channel connecting Port Royal harbor with the sea
was guarded on either side by a strong rebel fortification.
These were known as Forts Walker and Beauregard, and
the reduction of these, by the navy, was the first work to
be done. For three days after their arrival the vessels re-
mained iu quiet, below, as the weather was not considered
sufficiently favorable for operations ; but on the 7th the
" Wabash" set her signal for battle, and advanced to the
attack, followed by the other armed ships in their proper
order. They moved in a circular line, up, past one fort,
and down, past the other, delivering their tremendous
broadsides into each as they came abreast of it. With the
fire from the ships, and the responses from the forts, it was
almost a continuous volley of artillery, which shook the
earth, and made the very waters tremble. But at length
the fire of the forts began to slacken, their replies grew
more and more feeble, and finally the Stars and Bars above
their ramparts gave place to the white flag. A little later,
the standard of the Union floated above the captured works
on both sides of the channel.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

On the following day the 8th landed at Hilton Head,
and occupied Fort Walker. On the 17th of December it
moved to Beaufort, a place of surpassing beauty, where
many of the wealthy people of Charleston had, in the old
days of peace, made their summer residences. It was now
found deserted by nearly all its inhabitants except negroes.
The camp here was made in a grove of stately and mag-
nificent live-oaks ; and but for the losses sustained in the
vicinity, the stay of the regiment at this place would have
been among the most pleasing of all its experiences during
its term of service. On the 18th, Companies A and F,
of the 8th, were sent on a reconnoitering expedition to the
mainland, across Coosaw River, and while engaged in this
service David Burns Foote, of Capt. Guild's company, was
killed by the enemy, he being the first man of the regi-
ment who fell in his country's service. The 8th, during
the time it was stationed at Beaufort, was engaged in other
reconnoissances, and in picket-duty ; and detachments occu-
pied Grey's Hill, Ladies' Island, Brickyard Point, and
some of the neighboring plantations.

The first battle in which the regiment was engaged was
that of Coosaw River, or Port Royal Ferry, Jan. 1, 1SG2.
An ofiicial report by Col. Fenton to Gen. Stevens, embrac-
ing an account of that engagement, is here given :

"Headquartehs Sth Michigan Regime.nt, 1
Maislaxd, Port Roval Ferrv, Jan. 1, 1SG2. 1

"Brig.-Ge\. Steve.vs, — Sir, I have the honor to report that in
compliance with your order this regiment was safelj landed at the
Adams House on the mainland, having effected the crossing in flat-
boats from Brickyard Point, Port Royal Island, and took up its line
of march towards the enemy's battery at this place at one o'clock p.m.
On our approach towards the ferry wo were ordered to attack (as
skirmishers) a masked battery which opened fire on us from the
right. I immediately detached the first two and tenth companies, and
directed their march to the left and front on the battery, which was
followed by four additional companies to the right and front. The
fire of the battery with shells continued on our lines until the skir-
mishers reached the right, wlien it was turned on them, and on their
approach right, left, and front to within fifty to one hundred yards of
the enemy's position, a fire of musketry was opened upon them. The
force of the enemy, as well as the battery, was concealed to a consider-
able extent by trees, brush, and underwood, but appeared to consist
of two mounted howitzers, supported by a regiment or more of in-
fantry and some cavalry. The skirmishers were measurably protected
by underbrush and furrows, and continued their fire upon the enemy,
which was returned by volleys of musketry and shells from the
battery. Our fire was well directed, and seemed to be efi'ective.
One mounted officer, who seemed to be very active, was seen to
fall from his horse, at which the troops on the enemy's right were
thrown into confusion. Their position seemed to be changing- to the
rear, and as our skirmishers were called off and the regiment formed
in line the enemy's fire ceased. The regiment w.as then marched to
its position in line of battle in rear of the fort at this point.

" Licut.-Col. Graves led the left and M.ij. Watson the right of the
skirmishers. The major, in leading on the line, received a severe
flesh wound in the leg. I have to report that officers and men behaved
with admirable bravery and coolness. The loss of the enemy from
the well-directed fire of our skirmishers cannot be less than forty.
Our loss is seven wounded, two missing. A list is appended. I have
the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

" W.1I. M. Festos,
" Col, Sth Mk-hii^an lictfiinent."

Among those who fell in the action at Beaufort Ferry
was Corp. John Q. Adams, of Capt. Guild's company,
mortally wounded, and left in the enemy's bands. Some
negroes who came into the Union lines two or three days
afterwards gave Col. Fenton this account of his death.

They said they saw him after the battle in a wagon at the
railroad suiTounded by spectators. He received water to
drink from them, but would give them no information.
They asked him if it was right to come into their country
and drive them off their land. He said it was, and that
there were those behind who would avenge his fall. He
remained true to his flag, and was conscious until midnight,
when he died. Upon these facts being sworn to. Col. Fen-
ton embodied them in an official report, to which was ap-
pended the following order :

"Headqiarters, 8th Miibigas Regiment,)
" Camp near Beaufort, S. C, Jan. 7, 1862. I
" Spt:ct<il Orders, — In consideration of the noble and patriotic ac-
tion and heroic death of John Q. Adams, corporal in Co. A, the above
report will be entered on the regimental records, with this order.
" By order of

"Col. Wm. M. Fenton.
"N. Miner Pratt, Adjtiiant."

During the months of January, February, and JIarch
the regiment was employed in drill and picket duty, but
always ready to respond to marching orders, which were
constantly expected, and were finally received on the 9th
of April, when the Sth left Beaufort and moved to Tybee
Island, Ga., where it was reported to Gen. Q. A. Gillmore,
commanding the operations against Savannah. It was
present (but not engaged) at the bombardment of Fort
Pula.ski, on the 10th and 11th, as also at the surrender of
that formidable work.

On the 16th of April seven companies of the regiment
(A, B, G, D, H, I, and K, each about forty strong) were
detailed, with a detachment of Rhode Island artillery, as
an escort to Lieut. C. H. Wilson, chief of the topographi-
cal engineers, department of the South, to make a recon-
noissance of Wilmington Island, with a view to the erection
of fortifications upon it if found practicable. The force
was embarked on the steamer " Honduras," and moved to
the place designated, where it landed and proceeded to the
execution of the duty assigned. This resulted in an en-
gagement with a force of the enemy, consisting of the 13th
Georgia, " Oglethorpe Light Infantry," and the " Altamaha
Scouts," in all about eight hundred strong. A detailed
account of this movement and battle is given in Col.
Feuton's ofiicial report, of which the following is a copy :

" HEADtil'AHTERS ElGHTH REGIMENT MiCH. VoLS.

" On board steamer ' Honduras,' off Wilmington Island, Ga., April
16, 1862, — eleven p.m.

"LiECT. W. L. M. Burger, Acting Assinlanl Ailjulaiil-General :
**SiR, — I have the honor to report, for the information of the gen-
eral commanding, that in compliance with Special Orders No. 41, I
embarked with seven companies of the Sth Michigan Regiment, as an
escort to Lieut. C. H. Wilson, Topographical Engineer, on a recon-
noissance of Wilmington Island. Two companies were landed at
Scriven's plantation under command of Capt. Pratt, with orders from
Lieut. AVilson to skirt Turner's Creek. The other five companies were
landed at Gibson's plantation. Two of those companies were ordered
to skirt Turner's Creek. A third was to take the road to the right,
towards the ferry at Canan's Bluff, to protect the boat-party up Oat-
land Creek. Owing to the small number of boats, and the distance
from the steamer, ivhich was aground, some delay occurred in the dis-
embarkation. I directed Lieut.-Cul. Graves to follow with the second
company to skirt Turner's Creek; but he by misdirection took the
road to the right, towards Canan's Bluff, and on landing with the re-
maining companies, I received information from him that the enemy
were in force at Flatwood's plantation, and to the left of the road.
This made the reconnoissance with boats unsafe, and I ordered the

EIGHTH INFANTRY.

companies all in and stationed the remaining companies to guard
against an attack at our landing, and sent out strong pickets on both
roads. I believe the advance of the company to the right, instead of
along Turner's Creek, saved my command, as it sooner enabled mo to
post the men to advantage, and take a position from which the en-
emy's approach could be observed. The enemy appeared to bo the
Georgia 13th, about eight hundred strong, armed with Enfield rifles.
As they approached, about four p.m., witli a strong body of skirmishers
in the skirt of woods below the road, the companies to the right and
left of the road, in accordance with my instructions, opened fire. I
immediately sounded the charge for an advance of the companies in
the rear of the first line: but the first line, misunderstanding the sig-
nal, fell back to the next company. A constjmt and cflective fire was
kept up on both sides from the cover of the trees ami bushes. Lieut.
AVilson, who had returned with the boat's party, here proved of great
service to me, and took a jiarty, at my request, to the left. I ordered
a company to the right, to flank the enemy. Both operations were
successful, and in a few moments tlie enemy retreated in confusion,
leaving several dead on the field, and followed by our men with loud
cheers. It being now about sunset, I recalled our troops, and, giving
to Lieut. Wilson the commiind of pickets stationed to guard against
surprise, formed the comjianics into line as originally posted, sent the
dead and wounded in boats to the ship, and gradually and very quietly,
under cover of darkness, withdrawing the men, sent them on board
as fast as our limited transportation would allow. At the last trip of
the boat I embarked, accompanied by Lieut. Wilson, Lieut. -Col.
Graves, and the remainder of the command, at about ten o'clock p.m.,
and immediately brought on board the two companies left at Scriven's
plantation. -After the enemy retreated we were unmolested. It is
due to the officers and men of the command to say that generally they
behaved with cool and intrepid courage. Adj. Pratt fell dead near
my side, gallantly fighting, musket in hand, and cheering on the men.
Our loss, I regret to say, was comparatively large, — ten killed and
thirty-five wounded, out of a command of three hundred men.
Among the wounded was Acting Lieut. Badger, of Co. C, who was
in charge of the advanced picket, and exhibited undaunted courage.
He, with one of his men, was taken prisoner. Both escaped, and were
brought in when the enemy retreated. The captain of the ' Hon-
duras' is deserving of great credit for his kind attention to the
wounded, and he afforded us every facility for the comfort of officers
and men in his power. I respectfully refer you to Lieut. Wilson's re-
|)Ortj which I have seen, which contains some facts not embraced in
this "report; among others, in relation to the men detailed in charge
of the field-piece on board ship, who were vigilant and attentive.
Herewith I transmit a list of casualties.

*' I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

"Wii.Li.\M M. Fe.nto.v, Col, Commaudiiitj."

The part of Lieut. Wilson's report to which Col. Fen-
ton alluded as having reference to the detachment in charge
of the field-piece was as follows : •' Lieut. Caldwell and
sixteen men of the Rhode Island volunteers, with one
light six-pounder, were left in charge of the steamer. The
gun could not be handled on account of the inability of
the boat to lie alongside the landing. . . . After holding
the ground for three hours the entire force was quietly em-
barked without further accident, though it must bo con-
fessed that had the enemy renewed his attack while we
were embarking we should have suffered great loss. Our
five small boats could not move more than fifty men every
thirty minutes, and the steamer lay in such a position that
the six-pounder could not be brought to bear without jeop-
ardizing the lives of our own people."

From Wilmington Island the command returned to
Beaufort, and the first knowledge which Gen. Stevens had
of the battle of the IGth was conveyed by the arrival of
the dead and wounded from that field. The dead were
buried with all military honors, the entire brigade attending
their funeral.

Next came the presentation to the regiment of a beauti-

ful flag, furnished by citizens of Genesee County, and
forwarded by a committee composed of Hon. J. B. Walker,
George T. Clark, and Charles P. Avery. It was of the
richest and heaviest .silk, and fringed, tasseled, and starred
with gold. On its stripes, in golden letters, were the words
" One Country, One Destiny," " Eighth Michigan In-
fantry." On its staff was a silver plate bearing the en-
graved inscription :

" Presented

The Officers -^nd Soldiers

of the

Eighth Keciment, Michigan Inf.inthv,

by their friends and neighbors

of Genesee County."

It was sent by the donors " in token of their high respect
for the 8th Regiment, on account of their gallant conduct
at the battle of Coosaw," and it arrived at Hilton Head on
the very day when the men of the Sth were again distin-
guishing themselves at Wilmington Island.

The ceremony of presentation was imposing. At evening
parade on the 25th of April the regiment was formed on
three sides of a hollow square, of which the fourth side
was formed by Gen. Stevens and his staff. The color was
in the centre. It was formally presented to the regiment
by Gen. Stevens, who, after a few introductory remarks,
and reading aloud the letter of the committee at Flint,
said :

" Soldiers of Michigan : It is gratifying to know by
this letter from your friends that your services are appreciated
by them ; and I, who, on the day alluded to, was your com-
manding general, feel proud in referring to the occasion
which calls forth from your friends at home such an ac-
knowledgment. Your bravery and undaunted courage,
led on by your gallant colonel in face of the enemy at the
battle of Coosaw, deserves, as it has received, the highest
commendation.

" This banner comes at a propitious moment. You have
added to the reputation already acquired another brilliant
achievement. While this flag was consigned as it were to
the tender mercies of the deep, and on the very day of its
safe arrival at Hilton Head, you were testing the strength
of your arms against overwhelming odds of the enemy on
Wilmington Island, adding new lustre to your already bril-
liant career, and giving new evidence of your intrepidity
and bravery. . . .

" Unfurl that flag ! Let it float to the breeze ! There,
fellow-soldiers, is your banner ! Inscribed upon its ample
folds is the motto. One Country, One Destiny ! It is
surmounted by the eagle — emblem of strength — and bear-
ing on its outstretched wings the prestige of victory. Like
the eagle of Napoleon and of ancient Rome, its march is
onward and upward. Upon the folds of that banner is the
work of fair hands, the daughters of Michigan, your loved
ones at home, endeared to you by the tender ties of mother
and daughter, sister and friend. That is the flag the gal-
lant Jackson bore aloft when he said, ' The Union : it must,
it shall be preserved !' It is the flag Washington fought
for and sustained. VVe are following in the footsteps of our
brave and heroic ancestors. Let us, like them, while in the

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

discharge of our duties as soldiers, and rejoicing in suc-
cesses, remember our obligations as Christians. Commit it
to the God of Battles. His arm will be stretched forth to
succor and to save. Here, upon our knees, in the presence
of Almiglity God, let us invoke His blessing. I call upon
you, chaplain. It is fit and proper that it be consecrated
with prayer." The chaplain responded in an earnest and
eloquent prayer. The colors were received in due form,
with drums beating, and arms presented. Then Col. Feuton
spoke, thanking the general, and congratulating the officers
and men of his regiment. In concluding, he turned towards
the flag, as it was held aloft by the tall color-bearer, and
said :

" CoLOR-BEAKER AND COLOR-GUARDS : I know you all,
and know you well. That banner in your hands will be
proudly borne and bravely defended. And should you fall,
you will wrap its folds around you, defending it while life
remains. Soldiers, you may well feel proud that you have
been honored by your general, in the presentation of that
flag. You will stand by it to the last. I feel and know
you will. You have been tried on the soil of both South
Carolina and Georgia, and, one and all, you will maintain
the character you have acquired, and do honor to the State
which has sent you forth." The speech was followed by
three-times-three cheers for the colonel, the color, and its
donors, and the ceremony (which had been witnessed by a
large number of soldiers of other commands and by many
citizens of South Carolina) was over.

During the month of May the 8th was engaged on picket
duty, and other similar service, on Fort Royal Island. On
the 2d of June it moved thence to Stone River, S. C, to
relieve the 28th Massachusetts Regiment, on picket on
James Island, where the 8th arrived on the day following
its departure from Port Royal. Here it was attached to
the 1st Brigade of the 2d Division, under Gen. Stevens j
the brigade being placed under command of Col. Fenton,
and Lieut.-Col. Graves succeeding to the command of the
regiment.

The battle of James Island (or Secessionville, as it is
frequently called) was fought on the 16th of June. In it
the 8th Michigan took a more prominent part, and sufiered
more severely, than any other regiment, and its losses here
were, taking everything into consideration, more terrible
than it sustained on any other field during its long and
honorable career. Secessionville, the scene of the battle,
was described by Dr. J. C. Willson, surgeon of the 8th
Regiment, as " a village composed of a few houses whose
owners have seceded from them, situated on a narrow neck
of land jutting into the stream on the east side of James
Island, skirted by tidal marshes and swamps on either side,
and difiicult of approach, except from the westward, where
is a rebel fort which commands this entrance." The fort
was a formidable earthwork, with a parapet nine feet in
height, surrounded by a broad ditch seven feet deep, and
protected by a broad and almost impenetrable abatis. The
neck of dry land over which (alone) it was approachable
was barely two hundred yards in width, and every inch of
it could be swept at close range by canister from the six
heavy guns of the fort and by musketry from its defenders.
And it was over such ground, and to the assault of such a

work, that the troops of Stevens' division moved forward
at four o'clock in the morning of that bloody and eventful
ICth of June, 1862.

The attacking column was made up of Col. Fenton's
and Col. Leasure's brigades, the former composed of the Sth
Michigan, 7th Connecticut, and 28th Massachusetts Regi-
ments, and the latter of the 46th and 79th New York, and
100th Pennsylvania, with four batteries of artillery, — in all
three thousand three hundred and thirty-seven men. The
following account of the battle was written by the corre-
spondent of the New York Tribune, then at James' Island,
and published in that paper immediately after the fight :

" The advanced regiments were the Sth Michigan, the
79th New York, and the 7th Connecticut. There is some
confusion as to the order in which these regiments came up
to the fort ; it seems, however, from the best information
within reach, that the glorious but unfortunate Sth Michi-
gan was the firet there, led by its gallant Lieut.-Col. Graves.
The immediate assault upon the fort was not successful, and
the cause of its failure, as is usual in such cases, is difficult
to determine. ... It appears, from the statements of some
of the officers and men in these regiments, that about one
half-mile from the fort there was a narrow pass through a
hedge, and the men were compelled to pass through, a very
few abreast, thus delaying their advance. The Sth Michi-
gan got through and pushed on with great vigor up to the
fort, which they assaulted with a shout. They were met
with a murderous fire from the fort in front, and from flank-
ing batteries. A few of these brave men overcame all dan-
gers and difficulties, and, rushing over the dead bodies of
their slaughtered comrades, actually climbed into the fort ;
but it was impossible for them to maintain their ground
there against the fearful odds which opposed them, the men
who should have supported them being delayed in passing
through the hedge.

" The Sth was obliged to fall back as the 79th New York
came up, led by the brave Col. Morrison, who mounted the
walls of the fort and discharged all the barrels of his re-
volver in the very faces of the enemy. Wounded in the
head, and unsupported, he was obliged to retreat. About
as far behind the 79th as that regiment was behind the Sth
Blichigan came the 7th Connecticut, which made a spas-
modic and almost independent efibrt against the fort, but
was obliged to fall back. Thus the brave regiments which
were intended to act in concert as the advance went into the
fight one at a time, one repulsed and falling back as the
other came up, thus creating confusion, and rendering
abortive the charge on the fort at this time.

" A failure like this always disheartens troops. It was
just in front of the fort, and in the first charge, that the
noble and brave Capt. Church [Company D, of the Sth] fell,
pierced through the head with a musket-ball. He was a
fine officer, and beloved by his men. I knew and admired
his commanding person and frank and honest bearing.
Although suffering from disease, he arose from his bed and
led his men to the fatal ditch.

" The Sth Michigan has been most unfortunate. For-
ward in every skirmish and battle, always in the advance,
it has lost a considerable number of its officers, and can
now scarcely number three hundred men. All these regi-

EIGUTII INFANTllY.

merits fought well, and piled their dead around the fort ;
but it was a terrible sacrifice, and a vain one.

" The first, as has been said, to reach the fort were the
Michigan 8th and New York T'Jlh. This was not the
natural order, but the TOth, hearing the cheers of the Sth,
ran past the other regiments and joined the Sth as it
reached the works. Both regiments suflfered terribly from
the fire of the enemy a.s they approached, — the Sth from
grape and canister, the TDth from musketry, as the nature
of their wounds shows. Badly shattered, and wholly ex-
hausted from three-fourths of a mile on the double-(|uick,
many fell powerless on reaching the works ; while a few,
in sufiBciently good condition, mounted the parapet, from
which the enemy had been driven by our sharp and eflective
fire, and called upon the others to follow them.

"At about nine o'clock, which seemed to be the crisis of
the battle, and when the generals seemed to be coTisulting
whether they should again advance upon the fort, or retire,
the gunboats decided the question by opening a heavy can-
nonade in our rear, which, instjad of telling upon the
rebels, threw their shot and shell into our own ranks. This
must have resulted from ignorance on their part as to our
precise position, owing to the rapid changes upon the field,
and in the intervening timber. The shells fell and burst
in the very midst of our men, — several exploding near
the commanding general and his staff. The effect of this
unfortunate mistake was an order for the troops to retire,
which they did in perfect order, taking position on the old
picket-line."

In the Scotlixli American newspaper, of New York, there
appeared, a few days after the battle, a communication from
an officer of the T^th Highlanders, in which the gallantry
of the Sth at Secessionville is thus noticed : " I should
mention that the Sth Michigan, small in number, but every
man a hero, had been repulsed from the fort, with terrible
lass, just as we advanced. The Michigan men could not
have numbered four hundred when they advanced ; when
they retired they had one hundred and ninety killed and
wounded. One company alone lost, I understand, no less
than ninety-eight men. The ordeal through which they
had passed the 79th were now experiencing. Shot down
by unseen enemies, and without having an opportunity of
returning the fire with any effect, the men got discouraged,
but remained stubbornly on the ground until the order was
given to retire, — an order, let me say, which was only ren-
dered necessary by the shameful fact that, notwithstand-
ing the strong force within supporting distance, no support
came. The fort was ours had we received a.ssistance, but it
is a fact that cannot be gainsaid that every man who fell
around its ramparts belonged to the Sth Michigan and the
7'Jth New I'^ork, — the two weakest regiments, in point of
numbers, in the whole force under command of Gen. Ben-
ham."

The Sth regiment went into the fight with a total strength
of five hundred and thirty-four officei-s and men, and its
loss in the as.s;iult was, according to the surgeon's report,
one hundred and forty-seven killed and wounded," and
thirty-seven missing; this being more than one-third of the
number engaged. The first report of its loss made it sonie-
wliat greater than this. Gen. Stevens, in his " General
10

Order No. 2(5," dated James Island, S. C, June 18, 1862,
mentioned the heroism of the Sth Michigan as follows :
. . . Parties from the leading regiments of the two
brigades, the Sth Michigan and the 79th Highlanders,
mounted and were shot down on the parapet, officers and
men. These two regiments especially covered themselves
with glory, and their fearful casualties show the hot work
in which they were engaged. Two-fifths of the Sth Michi-
gan and nearly one-quarter of the 79th Highlandei-s were
down, either killed or wounded, and all the remaining
regiments had a large number of casualties. ... In
congratulating his comrades on their heroic valor and con-
stancy on that terrible field, the commanding general of the
division has not words to express his and your grief at the
sacrifices that have been made. Our best and truest men
now sleep the sleep that knows no waking. Their dead
bodies lie on the enemy's parapet. Church, Pratt, Cottrill,
Guild, Morrow, Horton, Hitchcock, and many other gallant
and noble men we shall see no more."

Among the killed of the Sth Regiment in this action
was Capt. S. C. Guild, of Flint, commanding Company A.
On the 14th of June he had written a letter to friends in
Michigan, in which he said, " I cannot but regret that I
am so long delayed from the prosecution of my studies, but
this war must first be settled, and the majesty of truth and
the constitution vindicated ; and if I do nothing more in
life, it will be sufficient service that I have been a soldier
in this war. Yet it is needless for me to conceal my dis-
like of this kind of life, and that my earnest desire is to
escape from it the first opportunity. It is entirely dissonant
with my feelings, habits, and thoughts, and can never be
less than an unpleasant duty ; and yet, as a duty, it is, in a
sense, a pleasure to perform it. I have learned much, how-
ever, which will serve me in all my futjire life." Two days
later this hero died on the hostile rampart, with his face to
the foe.

Col. Fcnton was relieved from the command of the bri-
gade, at his own request, on the 21st of June. On resum-
ing command of the Sth llegiment, he made a very earnest
and determined effort to have it relieved for a time from
active service, on account of the arduous service it had per-
formed and the fearful losses it had sustained. But his
answer was, " At present all the regiments in the Depart-
ment of the South are needed, and more than needed, in
the positions they now occupy."

Gen. Stevens' command evacuated James Island on the
5th of July, the Sth Regiment being the last to leave, as
it had been the first in the advance. Moving to Hilton
Head, itcmbarked there July 13th, with the79th New York,
2Sth Mas.sachusetts, 7lh Connecticut, and other regiments,
for Fortress Monroe, where they arrived on the Itith, and
landed at Newport News on the following day. They
knew they were destined to reinforce the Army of the Po-
tomac after its disasters in the seven Days' fight, and they
did not like the change, for they jireferred to remain in the
South, where their laurels had been won. The Sth re-
mained three weeks in camp at Newport News, and during
this time Col. Feiiton left for Michigan to obtain recruits,
leaving Lieut. -Col. Graves in charge of the regiment.
The command left this camp, August 4th, and, moving to

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

the Rnppahaiinoek River, took part in the campaign of Gen.
Pope, fighting at second Bull Run, August 29th and 30th,
and Chantilly, Scptenihor 1st, losing considerably in both
engagements. Soon after, it moved with the l)th Army Corps
(to which it had been attached) into Maryland. It fought at
South Mountain, September 14th, losing thirteen, wounded;
and was again engaged in the great battle of Antietam, Sep-
tember ITtli. Early in that day it formed in line, with its
brigade, on tlie right, but about noon, when the battle be-
came general, it was ordered to the left, and took possession
near the historic Stone Bridge. " A more terrific fire than we
here met with," wrote an officer of the regiment, " it has not
been my lot to witness. It equaled, if it did not exceed,
that of James Island. At first our men gained ground and
drove tlie enemy half a mile, but the battery that covered
our advance and answered to llie enemy's in front getting
out of ammunition, together with the arrival of a fresh rebel
brigade from Harper's Ferry, flanking our position and
bringing our men under a crossfire, changed the fortunes
of the day in their i'avor, and when night closed upon the
scene of carnage the enemy reoccupied the ground wrested
from them at such fearful sacrifice in the afternoon." The
Dridge, however, was not letaken by tlie enemy, and, although
the Union forces liad been driven back here on the left,
the advantage remained with them on other ))arts of the
field. The battle was not renewed to any extent on tlio
following day, and the enemy, wliile keeping up the ap-
pearance of a strong line in front, retreated from his posi-
tion to the Potomac, preparatory to crossing back into Vir-
ginia.

The loss of the 8th at Antietam was twenty-seven killed
and wounded, — a loss which appears quite severe when it is
lemembcred that the regiment went into action with con-
siderably less than two hundred men, having been reduced
not only by its terrible losses in previous battles, but also
by discharges ; more than two hundred and fifty men being
di.scliarged from the 8th in the year 18()2, of wiioni just
one hundred enii.sted in the regular army. Tlie places of
these were being filled to some extent by recruits, of whom
a number joined the regiment the day bcl'ore Antietam;
and it was said of them that, although they had never be-
fore heard a hostile gun, they endured the terrible initiation
of that day with almost the steadiness of veterans.

For about a month after the battle the regiment re-
mained in Maryland, a short time iu the vicinity of An-
tietam, and a longer time in Pleasant Valley. During this
time Col. Fenton returned, and Capt. Ralph Ely was pro-
moted to major, vice Watson, resigned. On the 2Gth of
October the 8th marched to Weverton, and thence to Ber-
lin, Md., where it crossed the Potomac on pontoons into
Virginia. It passed tiirough Lovettsville, Waterford,
Slack's Mills, Rcctortown, and Salem, to Waterloo, where,
on the 11th of November, it received the announcement of
Gen. Burnside's piomotion to the command of the army.
On the 15th it was at Sulphur Springs, and moved thence,
l)y way of FayetteviUe and Boalton Station, to a camp
about ten miles east of the latter place, where was read the
order forming the " riglit grand division ' of the army, by
uniting tlie 2d and 9th Corps, under command of Gen. E.
V. Sunmer. On the ISlh the regiment marched, leading

the brigade, and on the 19th reached Falmouth, opposite
Fredericksburg, where the army was rapidly concentrating.
Here it remained (a part of it acting as provost-guard of
the division) until the 12th of December, when it crossed
the Rappahannock to Fredericksburg, but was not engaged
in the great battle of the 13th. It recrossed on the 15th,
and remained at Falmouth until Feb. 13, lSl!3, when it
moved with the 9th Corps (which had been detached from
the Army of Potomac) to Newport News, Va., and there
camped, evidently waiting orders for a further movement,
which the officers and men hoped might take them back to
the De])artment of the Soutli. The regiment remained in
camp at Newport News for more than a month, and during
this time Col. Fenton resigned, on account of his health
having become greatly impaired. Maj. Ely was promoted
to lieutenant-colonel, and was then in command of the regi-
ment, and Capt. E. W. Lyon, of " G" company, was made
major.

On the 20th of Jlarch the 8th Regiment, being again
under marching orders, embarked at Newport News, on the
steamer " Georgia," preparatory to the commencement of the
long series of movements and marches in the Simthwcst
which afterwards gave it tlie name of" the wandering regi-
ment of Michigan." It left Newport News on the 21st,
arrived at Baltimore on the 22d, and proceeded tlienoe by
the Baltimore and Ohio Railioad to Parkersburg, W. Va.,
reaching there on the 24th, and embarking on the steamer
" Majestic" for Louisville, Ky., where it arrived at noon on
Thur.sday the 2Cth. At that time it was brigaded with the
2d, ITtli, and 20th Michigan Regiments, under Brig.-Gen.
Orlando JI. Poe ( formerly colonel of the 2d), as brigade con;-
mander ; this being the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 9th Army
Corps. This corps (then a part of the Army of the Ohio)
had for its immediate mission in Kentucky to observe and
hold in check the forces of the guerrilla chief, John Morgan,
who, at that time, seemed to be omnipresent in all that re-
gion, and whose movements were giving the government no
little trouble and alarm.

The Stli moved by railroad from Lmisville on the 2Sth,
and proceeded to Lebanon, Ky., and remained stationed
there and at Green River Ford, Ky., for .some weeks.
While the command lay at Lebanon there was i.ssued the
fir.st number of a paper entitled The Wo/vtrtiie, which was
announced as ''published by members of the Sth Michigan
Infantry, and will be issued as often as circumstances will
permit." How many numbers of this journal were ever
published is not known.

About the 1st of June the 9th Corps, which had been
scattered in detachments at various points in Kentucky,
was ordered to move to Mississippi to reinforce the army of
Gen. Grant, then operating against Vick.sburg. The Sth
Regiment moved with the corps, going to Cairo, 111., by
rail, and then, embarking on boats on the Mississippi River,
was transported to Haynes BluflF, Miss. From there it
moved to Milldale, Jliss., and remained there and at Flower
Dale Church, near Vicksburg, until the operations against
that .Stronghold ended in its capitulation, July Jth. Then
it moved with the corps towards Jackson, 5Ii.ss., in pursuit
of the army of Johnston, who had been hovering in Gen.
Grant's rear, attempting to raise the siege of Vicksburg.

EIGHTH INFANTRY.

In the several engagomeiits which occurred from the 10th
to the IGth of July the Sth p;irticip;»ted, but sufforoJ little
loss; and after the evacuation of Jackson, on the Itjth, it
returned to its former camp at Milldale, remaining; there till
August Gth, when it a;gain took boat on the Mississippi
auJ moved north with the corps. It reached Memphis in
the nii;lit of the 11th, and passed on to Cairo and thence
to Cincinnati, where it arrived on the IStii, and, crossin;.;
the river, camped at Covington, Ky. From Covington it
moved by way of Nieholasvillc to Crab Orchard, Ky.,
reaching there August 27th, and remaining there in camp
two weeks. On the IDlli of September it was again on
the march, and moved by way of Cumberland Gap to
Kiioxville, Tenn., reaching there on the 2iith.

The Sth was slightly engaged with the enemy at Blue
Springs, October lOtli, and, after considerable marching and
countermarching, went into camp, October 20th, at Lenoir
Station, where it remained until November 14th. It was
then, with its divi.sion, ordered to Hough's Ferry, on the
Holston River, to check the advance of Longstreet, who
was reported moving up from Georgia towards Knoxvillc.
He was found in strong force, and the Union troops retired
before him, and, passing back through Lenoir, continued
the retreat to Knosville. Being hard pressed, however, a
stand was made at Cainpljell's Station on the IGth, and a
battle ensued, lasting from about one r.Jl. until dark, and
resulting in a loss to the Sth of eleven wounded. During
the night the retreat was continued, and the regiment
reached Knoxville in the morning of the 17th, after an
almost continuous march of two days and three nights, in-
cluding a battle of several hours' duration, moving over the
worst of roads through mud and rain, and witli less than
quarter rations.

Then followed the siege of Knoxville by Longstreet,
which continued eighteen days, during all which time the
8tli occupied tiie front line of works, and suffered severely for
lack of food and sufficient clothing. On Sunday, November
29tli, two veteran Georgia brigades belonging to McLaws'
rebel division made a furious assault on Fort Saunders (one
of the works in the lino of fortifications inclosing Knos-
ville), and were repulsed and driven back with a loss of
nearly eight hundred men, the 8tli Michigan being one of
the regiments which received and repelled the as.sault. In
the night of the 4th and 5th of December the enemy with-
drew from before Knoxville. In the pursuit which followed
tiie 8th took part, but with no results, and on the IGth it
encamped at Blain's Cro.ss-Roads. This proved to be the
la.st camp which it occupied for any considerable length of
time in Tennessee. It remained here about three weeks,
during which time three hundred of its members re-enlisted
as veterans. On the 8tli of January, 18G4, the veteranized
command, under orders to report at Detroit, left its camp,
and took the road across the Cumberland Mountains for
the railroad at Nicholasvillo, Ky., nearly two hundred miles
distant. It reached that place in ten days, iiaving nia<le an
average of nearly twenty miles a day over niiseraiile roads
and through the snow and ice of the niountiiin-passes. It
reached Detroit on the 2r)th, and there received the vete-
ran furlough. At the end of the .sjiccified time the men
reassembled at the rendezvous (the city of Flint I, where

Capt. Charles II. JlcCreery was in charge of a recruiting-
station for the '■ veteran Sth." On the Sth of March they
left again for the front, proceeding by way of Cincinnati to
Annapolis, Md , to rejoin the ilth Corps, which had, after
the regiment had left Tennessee, been ordered East to rein-
force llie Army of the Potomac.

The Sth remained at Annapolis until April 2!!d, when
it moved to Washington, and thence across the I'otomac to
Warrenton Junction. On the opening of the campaign of
18G4 it moved with the army on the 4tli of May, cros.sed
tiio Ilapidan at Germania Ford on the 5th, and on the fol-
lowing day was hotly engaged in the Wilderness, losing
ninety-nine in killed, wounded, and mi.ssing. Among these
was Col. Frank Graves, who was made prisoner by tlie
enemy, and (as was reported) shot in cold blood because he
applied the epithet " robber" to one of his captors who was
taking his boots from his feet.

On the Sth of May the Sth marched over the old field
of Chancellorsville, and on towards Spotts3'lvania Court-
Ilouse, where, on the 12th, it took part in the assault on
the enemy's intrenehments, losing forty-nine officers and
men in the bloody work of that day. During the fight the
corps commander. Gen. Burnside, rode up and called out to
the regiment, " Boys, you must support this battery and
hold the hill at all hazards, for it is the key to our safety,"
and a moment later inquired what regiment it was. Col.
}i\y informed liim. " Ah !" returned the general, ''the Sth
Michigan ! 1 know you. You'll hold it!" and rodo away.
The regiment crossed the Pamunkey River May 28th, and
moved towards Bethesda Church, where, in the battle of
June 3d, it gallantly charged and carried the enemy's rifle-
pits, sustaining a loss of fifty-nine, killed, wounded, and mi-^s-
ing. On the 12th it was encamped near Mechanicsville, Va.
The next day it crossed the Chickahominy, and on the 14th
crossed the James River, from which point it moved by a
forced march to the front of Petersburg, arriving there in
the evening of the IGth. On the 17th and 18th it took
part in the attacks on the enemy's works, losing forty-nine
killed and wounded. For six weeks after that time it was
constantly employed on the fortifications, under fire. In
the fight at " the Crater," July 30th, it was engaged, losing
thirteen killed and wounded. Soon after, it moved to the
Weldon Railroad, and fought there in the action of August
19th, lo.sing thirty in killed, wounded, and mis>ing, among
the killed being Maj. Horatio Belcher, of Flint. It was
again engaged, with but slight loss, on the 21st; and on
the 30th it took part in the battle of Poplar Grove Church,
losing eight wounded.

The Sth remained near Peebles' Farm, engaged in forti-
fying and picket duty, till November 29th, when it moved
again to a position before Petersburg. It assisted in repuls-
ing the enemy in his attack on Fort Steadman, March 25,
1SG5, and on the 2d of April was engaged in the attack on
Fort .Mahon, assisting in carrying the work, and being thefirst
regiment to place its colors on the hostile ramparts. The
next day it marched into Petensburg. After this it was em-
ployed in guard duty on the South Side Railroad till the 20th,
wheTi it marched to ('ity P(]int, and on the following day em-
barked on transports and proeecded to Alexandria, \^i., from
whieh place it moved to Tenallytown, Md , on the 2ljlli. It

HISTOKY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

moved into the city of Washington, May 9th, and was there
engaged in guard and patrol duty until July 30, 1865, when
it was mustered out of the service. Its strength when mus-
tered out was six hundred and three officers and men, it hav-
ing been quite largely augmented by recruits during the lat-
ter part of its term of service. The regiment left Washington
on the 1st of August, and on the 3d arrived at Detroit, where
it was paid and disbanded, and the survivors of " the wan-
dering regiment of Michigan" returned to their homes and
the vocations of peaceful life. During its existence the
regiment had moved over seven thousand miles, by land
and sea, more than nineteen hundred men had marched in
its ranks, and it had been engaged in thirty-seven battles
and skirmishes, in seven different States of the Union.

OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE EIGHTH INFANTRY FROM GENESEE
COUNTY.

Col. Win. M. Fenton, Flint ; enl. Aug. 7, 1861 ; res. March 15, 1803.

Miij. Ephraiin W. Lj-oll, Flint; enl. Aug. 10, 1801 ; ros. Miiich HI, 1863.

1st Lieut, iinil Ailj. N. Miner l'r;itt, Flint; enl. Aug. 14, ISCl ; killed in liattio

of Wilmington, Gh., April 16, 18G2.
1st Lieut, and tir.-Mr. Asa Gregory, Flint; enl. Ang. 12, 1801; commissary of

U. S. Vols,, Nov. 20, 1SG2; brov.-maj. U. S. Vols., April 3, 1805 ; must, out

April 20, 18C6.
Surg. Janies C. W'illson, Flint ; enl. Miircll 3, 1862 ; res. for disab., M.ircli 6, 1863.
Asst. Sing. John Willett, Flint; enl. Nov. 22, 1802; surg. Sdlnf, Nov. 28, 1804,

to June 30, 1.S05.
Chaplain Wm. Malion, Flint ; enl. Aug. 26, 1861 ; res. June 24, 1862.
Sergt.-Maj. Edw. R. Chase, Flint; enl. May 1, 1SG3; 2d lieut. July 5, 1804; vet.
Sergt.-Maj. Orrin Bump, Flint; enl. Aug. 1, 1801 : 2d lieut. Co. F, March 27,

1863.
Sergt.-Maj. Oscar Bliss, Fenton ; enl. Aug. 25, 1802; disch. by order, May 31,

1805.
Sergt.-Msj. Wm. H. Ailken, Flint; enl. Dec. 18, 1801 ; must, out .July 30, 1S65;

veteran.
Com.-Sergt. Elias G. Williams, Flint; enl. .Vug. 12, 1861 ; pro. to 2d lieut. ,ind

■ir.-mr., Oct. 20, 1862.
Com.-Selgt. Harvey J. Christian, Flint; enl. Aug. 19, 1861; 1st lieut. Co. G,

Feb. 19, 1865.
Com.-Sergt. Wm. J. Christian, Flint ; enl. .\ug. 12,1861; capt. 30lh Inf. Jan.

8, 1805.
Com.-SBigt. Ch,-is. G. Walkiii.^ Flint ; enl. Sept. 17, 1801 ; pro. 1st lieut. Co. D.
IIosp. Steward Milton 31. F'enner, Fliut; enl. Aug. 12, 1861 ; pro. to 2d lieut.

Co. I, Nov. 22, 1801.
Band, Alva M. Rogers, enl. Aug. 14, 1861 ; must, out July 30, 1865 ; veteran.
Band, Orville MeWilliams, enl. July 1, 1861 ; must, out July 30, 1805.

Company A.

Capt Simon C. Guild, Flint; enl. Sept. 21, 1861 ; killed in battle at James Isl-
and, Va., June 16, 1862.

Capt. Ephraini W. Lyon, Flint; pro. to ni.ij. Feb. 1, 1863; res. March 111, 1803.

Capt. James S. Donobue, Flint ; tnins. from Co. B ; dishonorably dismissed ; re-
stored, and trans, to Co. I a.s capt.

Capt. Johns S. Freeman, Flint ; trans, from Co. D ; wounded at Wilderness, Va.,
May 6, 1804; must, out Oct. 18, 1864.

Capt. Edward R. Chase, Flint; enl. April 2.>, 1865; brev. capt. U. S. Vols., April

2, 1865, for conspicuous gallantry in assault on Fort Malione, Va. ; must.
out July 30, 1865.

1st Lieut. George E. Newell, Fliut; enl. Sept. 12, 1S61 ; pro. to capt. Co. I, Sept.

HI, 1S62.
1st Lieut. John S. Freenwu, Fliut ; enl. J,in. 1, 1803 ; pro. to capt. Co. D, May

3, 1804.

1st Lieut. Thomas Campbell, Goodrich ; enl. March 18, 1803 ; killed in battle

near Petersburg, Va., June 17, 1804.
1st Lieut. Lewis M. Webster, Flint; enl. Nov. 20, 1804; res. May 20, 1805; was

sergt. and 2d lieut.
1st Lieut. Andrew H. Gillis, Flint; must, out July 30, 1805.
2d Lieut. George H. Turner, Flint; enl Sept. 21, 1801; res. Sept. 25, 1862.
2d Lieut. John S. Freeman, Flint; enl. Sept. 1, 1802; pro. to 1st lieut. Co. A,

Jan. 1, 1803.
2d Lieut. Charles Eddy, Flint; enl. Jan. 1, 1803; pro. to 1st lieut. Co. F, April

10, 1803.
2d Lieut. Harrison II. Williams, Grand Blanc ; enl. April 211, 1804; wounded in

battle near Petersburg, Va., June 17, 1804; pro. to 1st lieut. July 5, 1864;

disch. for disability, Nov. 17, 1864.
Sergt. James W. Page, enl. June 19, 1801 ; diseh. for disability, Jan. 10, 1862.
Sergt. James 11. Atchiuson, enl. June 19, 1801 ; died at Hilton Head, S. C, Dec.

2.'). 1801.
Sergt. Henry Clino (veteran), enl. June 19, 1801; died July 12, 1864, of wounds

received at Petersburg, Va.

Sergt. John S. Freeman, enl. June 19,1801 ; pro. to 2d lieut. Co. A, Sept. 1,1862.
Sergt. Daviil B. Foote, enl. June 19, 1861 ; killed on Cot«aw River, S. C, Dec. 18,

1861.
Corp. 9Iilton Harrows (sergt.), enl. June 19, 1861; died at eea on steamboat

" Argo," July 3, 1862, of wounds received in battle.
Corp. John (J. Adams, enl. June 19, 1801 ; killed in battle of Port I!<iyal,S. C,

Jan. 1, 1863.
Corp. Orville MeWilliams, cnl. June 10, 1861 ; app. chief musician, April 21, 1864.
Corp. Charles Crapser, enl. June 19, 1801 ; disch. for disability. March 6, 18(vJ.
Corp. Charles Eildy (sergt.), enl. June 19, 1801 ; pro. to 2d lieut. Jan. I, 1863.
Corp. Henry \V. Caldwell, eiil. June 19, 1861 ; diseh. for ilisability, Doc. 12, 1862.
Corp. Edwaril K. Chase, enl. June 19, 1861 ; pro. to sergt. -niaj.
Corp. Redman I. Babcock, enl. June 19, 1.801; killed in battle of Chantilly,

Va , Sept. 1, 1802.
Musician Elias Parkes, died at Falmouth, Va., Jan. 11, 1863.
Charles Howard Gardner, " the Drummer Boy of the Eighth,"* died at Kno.\-

ville, Tenn., Dec. 2, 1803, of wounds.
Wagoner Noinian Brown, disch. Sept. 22, 1804, end of service.
Edward Brooks, killed in action at Port Royal Ferry, S. C, Jan. 1, 1862.
Charles Biekford, disch. to enlist m regular service, Oct. 25, 1802.
.'\masa Biace, disch. to euli.'^t in regular seivicc, Oct. 25, 1862.
William Babcock, disch. for disability, Feb. 5, 1803.
George H. liennctt, disch. for di.sabilily, Jan. 2, 1863.
James 11. Burt, Atlas, died of wounds in Wilderness, Va., May 9, 1804.
Abel S. Bennett, died in action at James Island, S. C, June 10, 1802.
Alonzo Boucher, must, out July 30, 1865,

Timothy Condon, ilied in action at Wilmington Island, Ga., April 10, 1802.
Oliver Cone, died of disease at Hilton Head, S. C, Dec. 24, 1802.
Monroe Cuddeback, disch. for disability, June 23, 1802.
Barney Cullen, disch. for disability, Oct. 25, 1802.
Henry Cartwright, disch. for disabilily, Nov. 5, 1802.
Gustaviis Chapel, Flint, died of disease at Milldale, Miss., July 8, 1863.
Henry W. Cadwell, disch. for disability, Dec. 12, 1862.
Harlow Clothcr, disch. for disability, May 19, 1863.
Edward H. Chapman, disch. for disability, Nov. 26, 1863.
Henry Casey, disch. at end of service, Sept. 22, 1864.
>Valter Clother, disch. at end of ,'iervice, Sept. 22, 1864.
Mortimer Carter, diseh. for disability, Jan. 15, 1865.
Levi Collins, Grand Blanc, disch. by .order, June 1, 1865.
W'arren Cole, trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Jan. 21, 1805.
Ira Delling, died in action at James Island, S. C, June 16, 1802,
William Delbridge, died of disease at Nicholasville, Ky,, Aug. 24, 1S63.
James Druniond, died of wounds near Petersburg, Va,, June 17, 1S64,
Ch.arles Dye, must, out July 30, 1S65.
Thomas Donahue, must, out July 3U, 1^65.
Oliver Dye, disch. for disability, Nov. 29, 1864.
Emory Denton, disch. for disability, March 20, 1865.
Trumbull C. Elder, disch. for disability, Jan. Ill, 1862.
Chailncey Eggleston, disch. for disability. May 15, 1865.
Peter A. Fritz, died of disease at Washington, D. C, Nov. 23, 1861.
Andri'W Gillis, disch. to re-eul. as vetenn, Fi*b. 17, 1864.
Thomas Heather, died of disease at Beaufort, S. C, Jan. 10, 1862.
Harrison S. Hayne, died of disease at Grand Rapids, Mich,, Sept. 20, 1861.
Bili'dett B, Hopkins, disch, for disabilit.v, April 6, 18112.
William W. Harris, disch. to enl, in regular service, Oct. 25, 1862.
James P. IIotTinaii, disch, to enl. in regular service, Oct, 25, 1862,
Lyman Huestard, disch, at end of service, Sept. 22, 1804.

* The pathetic story of this youth, who was mortally wounded at Knoxville,
was told by hundreds of newsp:i])ers in the North, under the heading of '"The
Driiminer Boy of the Eighth Michigan Ueginient." Its substance was as fol-
lows; At the opening of the war Charles Howard Gardner was a schoolboy,
thirteen and a half yeara of age, in the city of Flint. His father had enlisted
under the first call of the President.

" Soon there came a call for three hundred thon.sand more, when Charley's
teacher, Simon C. Guild, to whom he was much atta' bed, jtdned the army, and
(['apt. Guild, knowing Charley's mu-ical ability, secontied his earnest entreaties
that he might go with him as drummer, to which his mother, who had already
given her busliand, reluctantly consented, and Charley joined the Eighth
Michigan Infantry.

"Tlio regiment was ordered to Port Royal, and on their way Charley met his
father, and, forgetting niilltary rule, he broke from the ranks and ran to his
father's arms. It was their last earthly meeting, as his father died the Novem-
ber following. In a letter to his mother consoling her, he promiseil to send her
all his money, which he did every pay-day. At tlie battle of James Island
Capt. Guild fell. Now was Charley indeed bereaved. Tlirongh all battles, all
marches, and all campaigns he kept with the regiment, oft<-n on short ratiiuis,
without one word of comidaint, only desiring to remain until Ihe end of tlie
war. At the siege of Kiio.wille a chance shot struck Charley in tlie slnmhler
and enterel his lung." Then the narrative proceeds: "That his wound seennd
to be doing well, and the surgeon reported him as fast recovering. His mother
was made happy by this announcement, and waited, hourly expecting Ira re-
turn with his comrades on veteran furlough. But while she thus lovingly and
impatiently awaited his coming, there cam- instead the In-art -breaking dispatch,
' The reginieut has arrived, hut Ch.-irley is dead.' " — The story is taken from
Moore's KeielUon Kecotd.

EIGHTH INFANTRY.

Tlioodure .Tcnninpa. died of ilisensc nt Hilton Hpiid, S. C, Nov. 14, 18G1.

Mott Juhnslon, disch. for disnl.ililv, Oct 2;"), lbG2.

AjlnitM- JenniiigH, ninsl. out July :i(i, 18G5.

Tlioimis M. Kijip, died of disease at Ileinifurt, S. C, Jan. 6, 1862.

Tlionias Kiniiiif), Tavison, must, out July ;iO, 1SG5.

CliJirlfS D. Long, disch. for disalulity, June *2:i, 1802.

Flftilier Lewis, disch. nt end of service, Sept. 2*2, 1864.

Imuic Laine, di»ch. at enci of service, Sept. 2^1, 1804.

Motitie Mnsrt, difd in aciion at Bull Uun, Va., Aug. 29, 1862.

I'liarlos HIcKee, disch. to enl. in n'gulai- service, Oct. 24, 1862.

Adam P. Miller, disch. for di>al.ility, Sept. i:i, ise4.

Ileury W. Mason, discti. Jiiti. 4, 18G.'>, for promotion in TOth 3Iich. Inf.

Abraham B. Mill.-r, disch. to re-enl. us veteran, Dec. 29, 1863.

Addison il. Miitlice, must, out July :tO, 1865.

Frank Xewinan, must (uit July I'.U, ISGo.

Albert S. Newman, died of diseat^e at IMton Head, S. C, Nov. 26, 1862.

Ransom D. OslHjrn, disch. at end of service, Sept. 27, 1864.

Henry Odell.died of disease at Annapolis, Md., ()ct.2, 18C1.

James W. I'age, discli. for disability, Jan. lo, 1862.

Abrnm D. Penny, disch. for disability, Sept. 29, 1862.

Albu Passing, di^cli. to enl. in regular service, Oct. 24, 1862.

James M. Persons, disch. at end of service, Sept. 22. 1804.

John D. Pattie, disch. at end of service, Sept. 22, 1864.

William K. Prntl, nnist. tuit July 30, 1865.

Daniel C. Parker, disch. to re-enl. as veteran.

George W. Rail, disch. to re-t-nl. as vetenin, Dec. 29, 186:t.

Fred. Shillinger, died of wounds received at Wilmington Island, Ga., April 24,

1S62.
Stephen Swart, disch. for disability, March 28, 1862.
Henry M. Stores, disch. at end of service, Sept. 22, 1SG4.
Hiram Snylaml, trans, to Vot. Res. Corps, Jan. 21, 1865.
Pavi.l B. T..ok. died in action nt Coosaw River, S. C., Dec. 18, 1861.
Hanford E. Todtl, must, out July :{U, 1SG5.

Grorge Wallace, died of .lisea^o at Beaufort, S. C, May 24. 1862.
Jtdin A. Warner, disch. to eul. in regular service, Oct. 24, 1862.
Warren Wilc4)x, ilied of wounds at W.i.s|iington, D. C, Oct. 2, 18G4.
liewis M. Webster, disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec. 29, 18G3.
Harrison H. Williams, discli. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec. 29, 1863.
Moses Walker, Atlas, must, out July 3(i, 1865.
Harris Witoden, must, out July 3(), 1865.
William P. Voungs, di^ch. fur disability, Dec. 2, 18G2.

Company F.

lat Lieut. Charles Eddy, Flint (sergt.), 2d lient. Co, A; pro. let lieut. Co. F,

April 16, 186:{ ; must, out Sept. 29, 1804.
2d Lieut. Orrin Bump, Flint; enl. March 27,186:1; pro. 1st lieut. Co. G, April

2(1, 1864.
Jamr's Adams, Flint; disfh. for disability, Dec. 4, 1864.
Stephen L. J. Bingham, Flint ; disch. for disability, Dec. 21, 1864.
Charles Cartwright, Grand Blanc; must, out July 30, 1865.
Wilhml Clemens, Richfield; must, out July 30, 1865.

Sam|«on Doughty, Burton; died in action in Wilderness, Va., May G, 18G4.
Charles A. Fent, Flint; disch. by order, Aug. 12, 1865.
Nathan L. Grundy, Burton ; must, out July 30, 1865.
Willi. ini Horton, Flint ; must, out July ;;o, 1865.
Dand Houghton, Vienna; must, out July 30, 1865.

William F. Met.iilf, Burttm ; died of dis'-ase at Beverly, N. J., October, 1804.
Ji'rome II. McWayne, Atljis; must, out July 3u, 1865.
Harrison E. Payne, Mount Slorria; died of disease at Salisbury, N. C, Dec. 25,

1864.
William B. Pelletl, Flint ; mu«t. out July 30, 1865.
George R. Pratt, Argentine; must, out July 30, 1865.

William H. Sheperd, Forest ; died in action at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864.
Daniel Shank, Argentine; died of wounds in Wii-hington, D. C, Juno 3u, 1864.
Hiram Sturgis, Argentine; died in action near Petersburg, Va , June 18, 1864.
Silati £. Van Schaick, Ktchfield ; died of disease near Petersburg, Va., July lU,

1864.
Stacey B. Warford, Flint ; must, out July 30, 1865.
Charles R. Warren, Flint ; must, out July 30, 1865.

Company G.

Capt. Ephraim W. Lyon, Flint; enl. Aug. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A, Sept. 1, 1862.
Capt. Homtio Belcher, Flint ; enl. Sept. 1, 1862; pro. to major, June .1, 18C4.
Capt. Harvey J. Cltri.^ti.ln, Flint; enl. April 25, 186.t; must, out July 30, 1865.
Ist Lieut. Horatio Belcher, Flint; enl. Aug. 10,1861; pro. to capt. Sept. 1,1862.
l«t Lieut. Orrin Bump, Flint; enl. Apill 20, 1864; pro. to ndj. July 5, 1864.
1st Lieut. Harvey J. Chri'^tian, Flint ; enl. Jan. 8, 1805; pro. U» capt. April 25,

1865.
Sergt.John I. Philips, Flint ; erd. Jan. 1, 1863; pro. to 2d lieut; res. Doc. 15,

186;i.
Sergt. Nathan M. ILaley, Flint ; disch. for disability, Oct. 18, 1862.
Corp. Wm. E Christian, Flint (sergt. >; pio. to com. -sergt. Sept. 24, 1864.
Corp. John E. (iilmou, Flint; diseh. to enlist in regular army, Oct. 2.», 1862.
Oirp. Seymour Hill, Flint ; disch. at Beaufort, S. C, March 4, 1862.
Ojrp. Harvey J. Christian, Flint; pro. to com -sergt. Sept. 24, 1861.
Corp. Fntncts Hopkins, Flint ; trans, to Invalid Cor|w, Nov. 1, 1863.

Corp. Eliel E. Miller, Flint ; disch. at New York, Feb. 14, 1863.

Uusician Jo8<'ph Davis, Flint; died March 26, 18G2.

Muttician Alva M. Rogers, Flmt; app. principal musician, Feb. 10, 18G4.

Cassander Acklcy, died Dec. 3, 1862, at Annapolis, Md., of wounds received in

action.
Jamen E. Armstrong, died Dec. 5, 1864, at Kuoxvillo, Teun., of wounds.
Ilirnm Applebee, veteran ; must, out Jtily 30, 1865.
Phineae Allen, disch. by order, May 31, 1865.
William Austin, must, out July 30, 1865.

Daniid S. Boyer, died in action at James Island, S. C, June 16, 1862.
Albert M. Bratinick, died in action at James Island, S. C, June 16, 1862.
Junius Beebe, disch. for disability, Aug. 18, 1862.
John li.iwles, disch. to enter regular service, Oct. 24, 1862.
Alfred Benton, veteran ; missing in action in Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864.
George Ilcebe, veteran ; must, out July 3o, 18(15.
John R. Benjamin, veteran ; must, out July 30, 1865.
Wilson Baldwin, disch. to re-enl. as vetorau.
William Burger, must, out July 30, 1865.

James Carmen, dred in action at James Island, S. C., June IG, 1862.
Emory R. Curtis, dioil in action at James Island, S. C, June 16, 1862.
M'illiam ('apron, died in action at .James Island, 3. C, Juno 16, 1862.;
John Cuinmiugs, disch. for disability, March 4, 1862.
Luther C. Clevi'laiul, disch. to enlist in p'gular service, Oct. 21, 1862.
Van Wert Ctmlton, Fenton ; disch. to enl. in regular service, Oct. 25, 1862.
Charles Colton, Mount Monis ; died of disease at Falmouth, Va., Jan. 16, 1803.
Sidney B. Castle, died of disease at Washington, D. C, June 27, 1864.
Qlarcus Curtis, died of disease at Andersonville, Ga., Sept. 17, 1864.
Edson Conrad, dieil of disease at Andersonville, Ga., May 12, 1864.
Milvenus Colby, disch, at end of service, Sept. 22, 1864.

George B. Games, Fenton ; died in action near Petersburg, Va., June 8, 1864.
William M. Ch ippel, must, out July 3o, 1865.
William Cannon, nuist. out July 3it, 1865.
William II. Cesler, Gaines; must, out July 30, 1805.
Edward S. Dart, disch. for disibilily, Oct. 18, 1862.
Robert Dixon, missing in action in Wllde^ne^^8, Va., May 6, 1864.
Franklin J. Denill, disch. for dsabilily, April 6, 18G4.
Clark Dibble, disch. by order. May 31, 1865.
Sylvester Ecleston, disch. for liisability, June IJ, 1863.
Homtio M. Flint, must, out July 30, 1865.
George W. Foot, disch. for wounds, May 18, 1865.
Horatio W. Kelt, dipch. at end of service, Sept. 22, 1864.
John Ganson, disch. at end of service. Sept. 22, 1864.
William II. Granger, disch. for disability, Sept. 25, 1861.
George D. Geary, disch. to re-enl. in regular service, Oct. 25, 1862.
Theodore GaTison, disch. by order, Aug 4, 1805.
William M. Gage, disch. to re-enl. as veteran.
Nathan Ganson, disch. by ordi-r, July 10, 1865.
William Hamilton, died June 23, 1862, from wounds received at James Island,

S. C.
Franklin B. Howland, died in action at James Island, S. C, June 16, 1802.
Seymour llill, di-cli. for disability, March 4, 1862.
Halzy M. Ilenstrcet, <lisch. to enl, in regular service, Oct. 24, 1862.
I. R. Hamilton, disch. for disability, Dec. 11, 1862.
Ansel L. Hamilton, died of dis'-ase at Newport News, Feb. 24, 1863.
Framis H.-pkins, trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Nov. 1, 1863.
Charles Hibbard, disch. at end of service, Oct. 10,1804.
Hiram Hibbard, disch. at end of service, Sept. 22, 1864.
Cornelius Hays, disch. at end of service, Sept. 22, 1864.
Walter Il'ilnies, discli. to re enl. us veteran.
Miles P. Hall. <iied of dis.-aae at Detroit. Mi.li., Nov. 17, 18G4.
William E. Iliimilton, disch. by order, May 31, 1865,
Ira Ingalls, disch. for wounds, April 18, 1865.

Alvin Y. Jones, d ed in action at James Island, S. C, June 16, 1862.
Elihu W. Judd, disch. for disability, Apiil 17, 1861.
John Kidsnr.tn, died in action at James Island, S. C, June 16, 1862.
William Kinsman, disch. for disa'dlity, Nov. 20, 1862,
Isaac R. Kidney, ilied of wounds near Pelerhburg, Va., Sept. 30, 1864.
Theodore F. Looker, diseh, to re-eiil. in regular service, Oct. 24, 1862.
Edson Lanyh-y, must, out July 30, 1S65.
Mathews Lafayette, must, out July 3o, 1865.
Oren B. McNitt, disch. for disability, Jan. 7, 1862.
Nelson Meaker, disch. for disability, March 4, 1862.
Joshua Meaker, disch. for disability, March 4, 1862.
John W. Moon.di'ch. for disability, Nov. 19, 1862.
Lyman Marion, disch. to enl. in regular service, Oct, 25, 1862.
George Miu-se, died of diseiwo at LebaiKui, Ky., April 15, 1863.
Benjamin F. Marsh, Fenton; disch. by onler, June 20, 1865.
Henry Nichols, disch. for disability, N.-v. 2, 1S62.

Adelbert V. Ovi-rton. ilied in action at Jauu-.s Island, S. C, June 16, 1802.
Myron Odell, dim h. to enl. in n-giilar service, Oct, 25, 1862.
John Owens, trans, to Vot. Res. Corps, Dec. t, 1863.

George W. Phillipi, died at Washington, I). C, of wounds. June 13, 1864.
Benjamin F. Pease, disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec. 29, 1863.
William Palmer, disch. by order, June V», 1S6.>.
William Park-*, disch, by order, Juno 28, 1865.
Osmer I'atks, Mundy, disch. by order. May 31, 1866.
George W. Perkini*. dlech. for disobility, Jan. 4, 1865.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Samupl Rceil, d'scli. f iv disability, Dec. 31, 1862.

Julin Itiimi., rli,.,l iit Cold Ilarlxir, Va., Juno 13, 18G4.

Ji.hn H. K.W, must, out July 30, 1805.

Walter S. Savage, died at Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1802.

Peter U. Sinionsun, died iu action at James Island, S. C, June IG, 1802.

Alinon Sherwof'd, discli. ftir disability, Sept. G, 18G2.

Amos Stark, ilisch. to enl. in regular service, Oct. 23, 1802.

Kjinsom .^tepliens, diseh. to enl. in regular service, Oct. 2.'), 1S02.

Burton F. Sawyer, Fenton, disch. for disability, Jlay, ISOj.

Dewitt C. Spaiilding, must, out July 30, 1805.

William H. Shaw, discli. by order, June 2", 1801.

KIbert H. Sawyer, Fentttn, disch. for disa^'ility, Feb. 4, 18G5.

William Tracy, disih. for wounds, March, 18C5.

James 51. Wright, died in action at James Island, S. C, June IG, 1802.

Charles A. Wing, disch. for disability, Nov. 20, 18GI.

William Wilson, discli. to enl. in regular service, Oct. 24, 1801.

Japhet T. Willower, disch. to enl. in regular service, Oct. 25, 1802.

Byroii Wright, died at Washington, D. C, of wounds, June 11, 1804.

Caleb B. Wright, died at Washington, P. C, of wounds, July .5, 1804.

William A. Wiight, died of disease at Annapolis, Md., March 4, 1863.

Charles C,. Walkins, disch, to re-eiil. as veteran, Dec. 29, 1803.

Williaiu Wheeler, mu-t. out July 30, 1866.

OTHER COMPANIES.

J.ames S. Donahue, Flint ; 2d Lieut. Co. B, enl. Sept. 24, 1801 ; 1st lieut. Co. B,

May 14, 1802 ; pro. to capt. Co. A ; ilisniissed, then rcston^d ; trans, c.ipt.

Co. I. Jan. 1, 1803; diFcli. for wounds, Sept. 24, 1804.
J. Brush Fenton, Flint; 2d lieut. Co. B, enl. April 21, 1802; pro. to 1st lieut.

Co. C, .Sept. 1, 1802; res. March 15, 18G3.
Edwin M. Hovcy, Fenton ; 2d lieut. Co. B, enl. Sept. 1, 1802; l^t lieut. Co. B,

Jan. 1, 1803; wounded at W.lderness, Va., May 0, 1804; pro. to rapt. Co.

C, June 3, 1804 ; must, out July 30, 1805.

Millon M. Feuner, Flint; 2il lieut. Co. C, enl. Nov. 22, 1801 ; pro. to 1st lient.

Co. K, Oct. 1, 1802; res. Nov. 25, I8C3.
Martin L. Wiley, Flint; 2d lieut. Co. C, enl. Dec. 1, 1SC2; pro. to 1st lieut. Co.

E, March 27, 1803 ; hrev.-i-apt. V. S. Vols. April 2, 1805 ; capt. Co. II, April

25, 1805 ; must, out July 30, 1805.
John S. Freeman, Flint; sergt. Co. A; 2d lieut. and 1st lieut. Co. A; capt. Co.

D, May 3, 1804; wounded at WilderiieS', V,a., May 0, 1804; must, out
Oct. 18, 1804.

Charles II. McCreery, Flint; 2(1 lieut. Co. K, enl. .Sept. 3, 1802; Ist lieut. and

ailj. Sept. 21, 1802; capt. Co. F, March 27, 1803; brev.-nia.ior C. S. Vols.

April 2, 1865; must, out Oct. 7, 1805.
Charles Eddy, Flint (sergt.); 2d lieut. Co. A; ]u-o. to 1st lieut. Co. F, April 10,

1803 ; iiiust. out Sept. 20, 1804.
Orrin Bump, Flint; 2d lieut. Co. F; enl. March 27, 1.803; pro to 1st lieut. Co.

G, April 20, 1804 ; ad.i. July 5, 1804 ; must, out Oct. 18, 1804.
Geo. E. Newell, Flii.t; 1st bent. Co. A ; enl. Sept. 21,1801; pro. to capt. Co. I,

Sei.t. 10, 1802; res. March 10, 1803.
\Vm. Tracy, Flint (sergt ); 2d lieut. C.i. B; trans. 2d lieut. to Co. K, May 3,

1804; pro. to 1st lieut. Co. K, April 25, 1805; must, out July 3(i, 1805.
John M. Bell, Grand Blanc, Co. B; disch. by order, Juno 13, 1805.
George M. Billings, Co. I ; disch. by order, July 28, 1805.
Alva Blood, Argentine, Co. E ; killed in action at Grove Church, A'a., June 3,

1804.
Taliuai M. Barnunl, Co. E; must, out July 30, 1805.
James Chase, Flint, Co. I; disch. for ilisability, Dec. 14, 1802.
Thomas Campbell, Flint, Co. C; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Jan. 15, 1804.
William II. Cole, Fenton, Co. B; disch. by order, June 3, 1805.
Blark 1£. Chamberlain, Fenton, Co. I ; must, out June 1, 1805.
Lewis Close, Miindy, Co. I; disch. at end of service, Aug. 15, 1805.
John 11. Covert, Gaines, Co. I; must. out July 3(1, 1805.
Thomas Clayton, Grand Blanc, Co. K ; disch. by orditr, March 3, 1805.
Erasliis Dickinson, musician, Co. II ; disch at end of service, Sept. 27, 1801.
Franklin Eblridge, Fenton, Co. B; disch. by order, June 1, 1805.
Benjamin B. Eddy, Co. 11 ; d sell, by order, June 1, 1805.
Lambert S. Foster, Corp., Co. I ; disch. for disability, April 24, 18C3.
David M. tlrooins, Fenton, Co B; discli. by order, .(line 1, 15G5.
McDowell Griswold, Co. I; disch. by order, .\ug. 0, 1805.
Gilbert 0. Hinckley, musician, Co. B; dieil of disease, Oct. 22, 1801.
John linger, Co. C; diseh. by order, June 1, 1805.
Truman llinmau, Co. H; di>ch. by order. May 20, 1865.
James lions. dander, Mt. .Morris, Co. E; must, out July 30, 180.').
William S. Jewell, mnsiiiau, Co. II; diseh. April 7, 1«G3.
Lyman F. Knapp, Vienna, Co. K ; died of dise.ise at Annapolis, Md., April ,5,

1804.
William Miller, Co. K ; died of disease at Barbonrsville, Ky., May 1, 1,S04.
Orvillo McWillianis, band; must, out .July 30, 1805.
Asa Parshall, Paishallville, Co. I; diseh. for disability, Dec. 14, 1802.
William L. Perkins, Athis, Co. E; died of disease at Annapolis, Md., April 2,

1804.
James W. Rich, Gaines, Co. I; sergt.; diseh. for disability, .Sept. 12, 1802.
Beblin Rubiuson, Fenton, Co. K ; diseh. for disability, Aug. 13, lao.i.
Alva M. Rogers, band ; must, out July 30, 1865.
Tlaeblens Rogois, Fenton, Co. B; diseh. by order, June 1, 1805.
Daniel Shank, Argentine, Co. II; died July .5, 1804, ol woiin Is received at

Grove Chiucli, \'a.. June 3, ISIU.

John Tallman, Fenton, Co. 11; disch. by order, June 1, 1805,

Austin R. Terry, Grand Blanc, Co. II ; must, out July 3n, 1805.

Frank A. Taylor, Mnudy, I'o. D; must, out July 3il, 1805.

Joseph 1). Thomas, RiclitieM, C<). 11 ; died of disease at City Point, Va., Feb. 0,
1805.

Augustus II. A'iekery, Fenton, Co. B ; disch. by order, June 1, 1805.

Hannibal Vickery, Fenton, Co. II; disch. by order, Aug. 3, 1805.

John C. WolvertoTi, sergt., Co. B; trans, to Signal Corps, Oct. 13, 1803.

Seth B. Watson, Flint, Co. I; died of diseitse at Flint, Mich., Feb. 28, 1804.

William Woodbury, N. C. .S. ; must, out July 31), 1805.

Devillous Wilbcr, Co. II; diseh. by order. May 2a, 1803.

Juntos A. Williams, Feutou, Co. B ; absent, wounded ; not must, out with com-
pany.

CHAPTER XII.

TENTH INFANTRY.

Organization of the 10th at Ciimi) Thomson — Presentation of Colors
anil Departure for the Front — Campaigns ami Marches iu Missis-
sippi, Tennessee, and Ahibaiua — In Garrison at Nashville — Con-
tinuous JIarching through Three States — Pursuit of Longstreet —
M'inter-Quurters in Oeorgia — Fight at Buzzard's Roost — Veteran
Furh:tugli — Rendezvous at Flint and Return to Georgia — Atlant.a
Campaign — Mareli to the Sea — Carolina Campaign — Battles of
Averysboro' and Bcntunville — Tlie Grand Review at Wasliiugtou-s-
Mustcr (!lut and Return to Alicliigan.

This regiment was recruited and organized in the autumn
of 1801 and the following winter, its rendezvous being es-
tablished at the city of Flint, through the efforts of the
Hon. Edward H. Tliomson, then president of the State
Military Board. The rule had been adopted (and, up to
that time, closely adhered to) by Governor Blair to estab-
li.sh no regimental rendezvous in places inaccessible by rail-
road, and, as Flint had then no railway communieatiiin, it
renuired all the influence and energy of the patriotic presi-
dent of the board to procure the order designating his own
city of Flint as the headquarters of the 10th during its
organization. But the order was finally obtained, and the
camp of instruction — of which he was made provisional com-
mandant — was named by the officers " Camp Thomson,"
in his honor.

This camp was situated near the eastern limits of the
city, on the left bank of Flint River, " on a piece of un-
dulating ground, including a small pit!ce of woods, separated
from the drill-grounds by a low marsh, which, in the spring
time, was overflowed by the higii water of the river." Com-
fortable barracks, mass- and cook-rooms were erected, and
here the men of the 10th made winter-quarters and their
home for a period of nearly six months, — a period which,
during its continuance, they thought to be one of consider-
able hardship, but to which, from their later camps and
bivouacs, they often looked back as a season of comfort and
pleasant as.sociations.

The several companies composing the regiment were re-
cruited under the following names:

" Byron Guard," tifterwards designated as " A" company.

" Saginaw Rangers," afterwards designated as " B" com-
p my.

"Orion Union Guard," afterwards designated as " C"
company.

"Sanilac Pioneers," afterwards designated as " D" com-
pany.

" Scarritt Guard," afterwards designated as " E" com-
pany.

TENTH INFANTRY.

" Holt Guard," afterwards designated as " F" conipanj.
" Lum Guiird," afterwards designated as " G" companj'.
" McClellaii Guard," afterwards designated as " 11" com-

pany.

" Genesee Rangers," afterwards designated as " 1" com-

pany.

" Dickerson Guard," afterwards designated as " K' com-
pany.

The 6rst, third, and ninth of the above-named companies
(especially the ninth) were largely made up of men from
Genesee, and the county was represented in nearly all the
other companies.

The " Byron Guard" reported at the rendezvous eighty-
six strong, Nov. 5, ISGl, being the second company in camp
(the first being the " Saginaw Rangers," who arrived No-
vember 1st). The first commissioned officers of the"' Guard"
were Henry 8. Burnett, captain ; Robert F. Gulick, first
lieutenant; Bradford Cook, second lieutenant.

The " Orion Union Guard" reported at Camp Thomson,
November lltli, with the minimum number of men. The
nucleus of this company was formed at Orion, Oakland Co.,
by B. B. Redfield, but it was afterwards moved to Good-
rich, Genesee Co., and con.solidated with a company being
raised at the latter place by Myron Bunnell, the consoli-
dated company retaining the name which had been adopted
by the Orion recruits. The company was mustered under
the following commissioned officers: Myron Bunnell, tap-
tain ; Benjamin B. Redfield, first lieutenant ; Alvah A.
Collins, second lieutenant.

The " Genesee Rangers" joined the regiment at Camp
Thomson, November ;50th, only thirty-one strong, under
Capt. Barker, wlio had previously resigned his captaincy of
a company which had been raised for the 7th Infantry, and
afterwards transferred to the 8th, under Col. Fenlon. A
part of a company which had been raised in Lapeer County
by P. S. Titus, and which had reported at the camp of
the regiment November 20tli, was consolidated with the
" Rangers," and the company received the designating
letter" I," under the following officers : Russell M. Barker,
captain ; Piatt S. Titus, first lieutenant ; John Algoe, second
lieutenant.

On Wednesday, Feb. 5, 18(52, the regiment was re-
viewed by Governor Blair, at Cam]) Thomson, and on that
and the following day it was mustered into the I'nited
States service by Col. Wright, U. S. A. The 10th was now
an organized regiment in the service of tlie government,
under the following field-officers, viz. : ('olonel, Charles M.
Luni ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Christopher J. Dickerson ; Major,
Jamas J. Scarritt.

The ceremony of presentation of a national flag to the
regiment was performed on Friday, the 1 Ith of April. The
event is mentioned in Gen. Robertson's " Flags of Michi-
gan," as follows : " The Hon. E. H. Thomson, in one of
his eminently patriotic speeches, presented, on behalf of the
citizens of Flint, a very elegant flag, made of the best roll
(iilk, on which was inscribed the name of the regiment, and
tlie word ' Tucbor ;' on a silver band on the staff the
words, 'Prftsented to the Tenth RcgimcMit Michigan In-
fantry by the Citizens of Flint.' A response in good spirit
and taste by Col."C. M. Lum, commanding the regiment.

with a prayer by the Rev. J. S. Boyden. Judge Avery,
of Flint, and Professor Siddons followed with brief and
appropriate speeches. After the speeches Col. Lum de-
livered the color into the hands of the color-sergeant, who
was said to be six feet seven inches in stature. On this
occasion the men of the 10th paraded in their new regula-
tion uniforms, and were armed with ' Au.strian rifles, just
received,' which in their inexperience they then believed
to be a reliable and effective weapon.~ While they stood in
hollow square, Mrs. Fenton and other ladies of Flint dis-
tributed to each member of the regiment a copy of the
New Testament."

The regiment, nine hundred and ninety-seven strong,
took its departure from Camp Thomson on Tuesday, the
22d of April, its first destination being known to be St.
Louis, Mo. There was then no railroad from Flint to the
line of the Detroit and Milwaukee road, and therefore the
men were moved to Holly Station on wagons and other
vehicles furnished by patriotic citizens of Genesee and Oak-
land Counties. This first stage of their long journey was
accomplished in a snow-storm, which gave additional sad-
ness to partings, many of which proved to be final. At
Holly, after abundant feasting, the command took the
train for Detroit, and after marching through the city to
tlie Michigan Central depot, escorted by the " Lyon
Guard" and Detroit "Light Guard," embarked on a train
consisting of twenty-three passenger and five freight cais,
drawn by two locomotives, and at a little before midnight
left for the West. Michigan City was reached at two
o'clock P.M. on Wednesday, and at six p.m. on Thursday
the regiment was at East St. Louis. On the following day
it embarked on the steamer " Gladiator," and at four P.M.
on Friday moved down the Mississippi. Cairo was reached,
and during the short stop which was made there the most
Bjnsational rumors were circulated, — that desperate fighting
was then in progress at Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennes-
see (the known destination of the regiment), that the river
at Paducah was filled with dead floating down from the
battle-field above, and many other stories of similar import.
But the '• Gladiator ' moved on up the Ohio on Saturday
afternoon, passed Fort Henry on Sunday, and on Monday
night reached Pittsburg Landing, but was ordered to pro-
ceed four miles farther up the Tennessee, to Hamburg,
which place was reached on Tues<lay, the 27th, just one
week after the departure from Camp Tliomson. Here the
regiment was disembarked on the 28th, and on the 29th
was assigned to duty in Col. James D. Morgan's briga<le,
Payne's divi.sion, left wing Army of Mississippi. On its
first advent among the veterans of Shiluh the regiment
received the usual attentions which old soldiers pay to fresh
troops, such as sneering allusions to the cleanness of uni-
forms and the size of knapsacks, with frequent applications
of the epithets "paper-collar soldiers," "band-box regi-
ment," and many similar compliments; but all this was
given and received in good-humor, for all knew that a few
days of marching would lighten the knapsacks and remedy
the objeclionable brightness of uniforms, and after the first
action all would be old soldiers together.

The first march of the regiment in the enemy's countiy
was made on the 2'Jth, when it moved up about five miles

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

and bivouacked for the nii^ht in the woods. On the 1st of
May it again advanced towards Farmington, Miss., and re-
mained in the vicinity of that village until the enemy's
evacuation of Corinth, Jlay 30th. During this time it was
several times slightly engaged in .skirmishing, but sustained
no loss except on the 26th, when the adjutant, Lieut. Syl-
vester D. Cowles, was instantly killed by the bullet of a
sharpshooter while on picket.

Tlie entire summer of 1862 was pas.sed by the regiment
in marching, camping, picketing, and similar duties in the
north part of the States of Mississippi and Alabama, but
without any notable event (more than occasional skirmish)
occurring in its experience. On the 1st of June it was at
Rienzi, Miss., and from the 2d to the 11th was at Boone-
ville and in its vicinity. About June 15th it encamped at
Big Springs, sis miles from Corinth, and remained there
five weeks. At this place a Fourthof July celebration was
held, and the stay at this camp was regarded by all as among
the most agreeable of all the regiment's sojournings during
the war. On the 27th of July the headquarters of the regi-
ment were at Camp Leighton, Tuscumbia, Ala., but the
several companies were posted at different places for a dis-
tance of twenty miles along the Memphis and Charleston
Railroad, engaged in guarding that line. Lieut.-Col. Dick-
erson, who was at Town Creek, Ala., with a part of the
regiment, evacuated that place in haste in the night of the
31st on account of the (reported) advance of a heavy force
of the enemy. The camp was reoccupied the next day, as
the enemy (if there had been any in the vicinity) had
moved in another direction.

About the last of August it was announced that the
command was to move to Na.shville, Tenn., and on the 1st
of September the several detachments of the regiment con-,
centrated at the military ferry on the Tennessee River and
awaited orders to move. The orders were received on the
following day, and the command moved northward. The
march occupied nine days, during which the regiment
passed through Rogersville, Athens, Elkton, Pulaski, Lynn-
ville, Columbia, Spring Hill, and Franklin, and in the even-
ing of the 11th bivouacked two miles from Nashville.
Here it remained on picket till the 15th, when it moved
through the city and camped in the southern suburbs.

The labor demanded of the regiment during its stay at
Nashville was severe, consisting of work on the extensive
fortifications which had been laid out by Gen. Negley, the
commandant of the post, besides constant picketing and
guarding of forage-parties, which were continually sent out
into the surrounding country, this being the only means of
subsisting the forces in Nashville, as all communication with
the city, by rail or river, was destroyed. This state of af-
fairs continued for about two months, Nashville being held
by the divisions of Negley and Palmer, but out of commu-
nication with the outside world, and surrounded on every
side by troops of the enemy, principally cavalry. The
Army of the Cumberland, however, having defeated the
army of Bragg at Perryvillo, Ky., was marching south-
ward from Bowling Green, under Gen. Rosecrans, to the
relief of the beleaguered force, and on the 6th of November
liis advance guard reached the river at Edgefield, opposite
Nashville. Railroad communication was now open to

Mitchelville, thirty-five miles north of Nashville, and soon
after it was opened to the city. This gave relief in the
matter of rations to the troops who had been so long im-
prisoned there, and liglitened the forage and picket duty,
but the labor on the defensive works of the town was still
continued, and a great amount of work was to be done in
repairing roads and bridges for the advance of the army
southward.

The 10th did not move forward with the Army of the
Cumberland on the 26th of December in the advance on
Murfreesboro', but remained nearly seven months after that
time at Nashville, engaged in provost, grand guard, and
fatigue duty, and in protecting communication between
Nashville and Murfreesboro' and other points. Upon one
occasion (April 10, 1S63) a detail of men from " H" and
" E" companies, forty-four in number, under command of
Lieut. Francis W. Vanderberg, were sent to guard a rail-
way train to and from Murfreesboro', and on their return
were attacked by a body of the enemy's cavalry in ambush
at Antioch Station, three miles north of Lavergne, — the
train having been stopped for some cause when the attack
was made. Lieut. Vanderberg fell mortally wounded at the
first or second fire, and five of his men were killed, ten
wounded, and three taken prisoners, making a total loss
of nineteen, or two-fifths of the force engaged. This
(with the exception of the loss of its adjutant, killed on
picket in Mississippi) was the first loss inflicted on the
regiment in action by the enemy.

The men and officers of the lOth had begun to regard
Nashville as their permanent camping-place, and some of
them had formed such strong attachments there that when,
on the 10th of July, orders were received to move south-
ward, they were welcomed with very little of the enthusiasm
which similar orders would have produced a few months
earlier. But the regiment moved in the morning of the
20th, and reached Murfreesboro' at noon of the 21st. Here
it remained on picket and guard duty till August 19th, when
it again marched southward.

The history of the regiment during the four months
next succeeding its departure from Murfreesboro' is that of
an almost continuous march through the States of Tennes-
see, Alabama, and Georgia. It passed south through Foster-
ville, Shelbyville, Farmington (Tenn.), and Lewisburg to
Columbia ; remained there on provost duty from the 23d
to the 26th of Augu.st ; moved on through Pulaski and
Lynnville to Athens, Ala. ; remained there from August
29th to September 1st; thence passed through Huntsville,
Brownsville, on Flint River, Ala., Larkinville, Scottsboro',
and Bellefonte to Stevenson, Ala., remaining at the last-
named place on provost duty from the 7th to the 21st of
September ; moved to Bridgeport, Ala. ; remained, there till
October 1st ; moved at midnight, through dense darkness and
fathomless mud, on the road to Jasper, Tenn. ; passed that
place, and moved to Anderson's Cross-Roads ; remained
there picketing from the 3d to the 18th of October ;
moved to Dallas, Tenn., thirteen miles above Chattanooga,
on the north side of the Tennessee River ; remained there
three days within hearing of the cannonading between the
hostile armies at Chattanooga ; moved again October 24th,
passed through Washington, Tenn., and arrived on the

TKNTH INFANTRY.

26th at Smith's Ferry over the Tennessee, fifty-five miles
above Chatt.iiiooj;:i. There the rejiiment remained for
nearly four weeks, during wliieli time the men had con-
structed comfortable quarter with fireplaces and other
conveniences, believing that this would be their camping-
place f(n- the winter which was then approaching. But on
the 20lh of November marching orders came, and on
Saturday, tiie 21st, the 10th Micliigan was again on the
march. In the evening of the 22d it was once more
witliin hearing of the cannonade from the batteries on
Lookout Mountain, and on the 2od it reached Camp Cald-
well, on the right bank of the Tennessee, four miles above
Chattanooga.

Cro.ssing to the south side of the river on the 24th,
the lOtli stood in lino during the progress of the great
contiicts at Lookout and Mission Ridge, but was not en-
gaged in either of those battles. Soon after midnight, in
the morning of the 26th, it moved up the Tennessee,
crossed Chickamauga Creek on a pontoon-bridge, and
marched up the right bank of that stream, where a part of
the brigade met a small force of the retreating enemy, and
a skirmish ensued in which one man of the regiment was
slightly wounded by a spent ball. The enemy's evacuated
works at Chickamauga Station were occupied on the same
day, the 10th being the first to enter the works. Qn the
27th the regiment entered Georgia for the first time, p;iss-
ing through Grayville and camping near Ringgold. On
the 28th orders were received to march in pursuit of Long-
street, who was known to be in the vicinity of Knoxville.
Under these orders the regiment marched with its brigade
on the 2thh, and continued to move rapidly up the valley
of the Tennessee until December titli, when it had reached
a point some fifteen miles above Loudon, where the intelli-
gence was received that Longstreet had withdrawn from
Knoxville and retreated into Virginia. Then the column
was ordered to return to Chattanooga. The 10th pas.scd
through Madisonville to Columbus, Tenn. (remaining at
the latter place from the 9th to the l.^th of December,
during which time the bridge across the Hiawassee River
was constructed by Company I), and on the IStli reached
its old camp, four miles above Chattanooga Here it
remained till the 2(5th, when it moved to near Rossville,
Ga., and prepared to go into winter-quarters after a march-
ing campaign of more than four months' duration. The
men had come in from the East Tennessee march worn
out, famished, and tattered, many of them having no shoes,
having been compelled to cut up their ragged blankets into
wrappings for their feet. Certainly no men ever stood more
in need of rest and recuperation.

At the Rossville camp the men built tight and comfort-
able log cabins, each containing a fireplace, and in these
(when not out on picket duty) the two remaining months
of winter were spent in a very agreeable manner. The
Georgia climate WiLS found to be quite different from that
of Michigan, the month of February being (|nite as warm
and plea.sant as the Northern April.

On the 28th and 20th of January the 10th was out on
a rccoiinois.«ancc to Ringgold, and the march proved <piile
oppressive on account of the heat.

Preparations were now made for mustering as veterans,
11

and nearly all the companies had the requisite three-fourths
of tlieir number re-enlisted, when, in the evening of Feb-
ruary lid, the regiment was ordered out on picket to (."hicka-
mauga Station, eight miles away. It retnained out till the
14th, when it was marched back to camp, and the veteran
muster was completed on the Itith, three hundred and
eighty men .signing the veteran enlistment for three years,
dating from February (itli. The number of veterans was
afterwards increased to over four hundred. The re-enlist-
ment an<l muster being perfected, the men were waiting
impatiently for the veteran furlough (which some of them
were destined never to receive), when, in the morning of Feb-
ruary 2.'!d, the regiuiLMit had orders to march immediately,
with three days' rations and si.vty rounds of ammunition.
The men could hardly believe that they were again to
march to the front before making the long-anticipated
visit to their homes, but the}' fell in without much audi-
ble complaint, and marched away on the road which was
to lead them to their first battle-field. The regiment
moved to within a mile of Ringgold, and camped for the
night. In the morning of the 24th it moved to a point
between that town and Tunnel Hill, where the brigade
joined the forces which had moved out from Chattanooga
to make a reconnois.sance in force of the enemy's positions
in the direction of Dalton and Lafayette, Ga. The enemy
were flanked out of their works at Tunnel Hill, and re-
tired towards Dalton. The 10th (with other commands)
followed in pursuit, and at about five o'clock P..M. arrived
at Buzzard's Roost, — a rocky stronghold of the rebels, situ-
ated in a pass of the mountains known as Kenyon's Gap, —
three miles from Dalton. The works were in the rear of
Rocky-Face Ridge, and fully commanded the Gap. Some
skirmishing was done in the afternoon and evening of the
24th, and the regiment took position for the night between
two spurs of Rocky-Face Ridge.

On the 25th the early part of the day was consumed in
skirmishing, but about two o'clock p .y. the 10th, with the
GOth Illinois, were ordered forward in line over the ridges
to attack the enemy and carry his position if possible.
They moved forward gallantly into a very hot artillery
and musketry fire from greatly superior numbers of the
enemy. They remained under this terrible enfilading fire
for about forty minutes, and did what men could do to
carry the position, but were at last forced back by superior
numbers, and at the end of one hour and ten minutes the
regiment reoccupied the position from which it had ad-
vanced to the charge. In this brief time it had lost forty-
nine killed and wounded and seventeen missing, among the
latter being Lieut. -Col. Dickerson, who was wounded and
made prisoner by the enemy.

A characteristic account of the battle given by a rebel
paper (the Atlanta livgisier of Feb. 29, 18G4) was as fol-
lows : " On Thursday, the 25th, the enemy commenced,
about nine A.M., to skirmish with our pickets and sharp-
shooters. At one P.M. the Federal general, Morgan, ad-
vanced on our right centre to force the Gap. They were
gallantly met by Reynolds' brigade, of Stevenson's division,
(jiaylon's brigade, of Walker's division, and Stavall's bri-
gailc, of Stewart's division, when a lively fight took place.
The enemy made three desperate a.ssaults to take the Gap,

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

and were repulsed each time with great slaughter, heing
enfiladed at the same time by our artillery. We captured
some twenty prisoners, among them Lient.-Col. C. J. Dick-
erson, of the lOtli Michigan, which regiment alone lost two
hundred and fifty killed and wounded. That night the
enemy fell back behind their intrenchmenfs, — some three
or four miles from our front line, — and a portion of their
forces moved over to our left, and .succeeded in taking a
gap leading to the Lafayette road, through Sugar Valley,
three miles south of Dalton."

It will be noticed that while this account makes the loss
of the lOlh more than five times what it really was in
killed and wounded, it admits that the two regiments which
formed the Union attacking column encountered a rebel
force of three brigades in a strongly-fortified position. In
fact, neither the 10th nor the GOlh Illinois had all its
strength present in the fight, — only eight companies of
each, making a total of about nine hundred men, being
engaged.

On the 2Gth the regiment with its brigade was relieved,
and marched to Ringgold, from which place it retuincd to
camp at Rossville, on the 27th. About the 5th of March,
the veterans of the 10th left the Rossville camp, and moved
to Chattanooga en roiifc for Michigan, and arrived at De-
troit on the 11th. There they received the veteran fur-
lough, with orders to' reassemble at its expiration at the
rendezvous, — the city of Flint. Upon reassembling they
remained in Flint for .some days, — a visit which was long
remembered by both soldiers and citizens. The veterans
and recruits left Flint on the 20th of April, and moved by
way of Fentonville to Detroit, thence by way of Kalamazoo
and Ltifayettc to Jeffersonville, Ind., Louisville, Ky., and
Nashville, arriving at the latter city April 24th. They left
Nashville on the 27th, and marched to Chattanooga, where
they arrived on the 11th of l^Liy, and on the 12th marched
to their old winter-quarters at Rossville, which were found
undisturbed and in good condition. On the loth they
marched in search of the brigade (which had moved for-
ward with the army May 2d), and overtook it in the morn-
ing of the ItJth, marching nineteen miles farther the same
day, with Gen. Jeff. C. Davis' division, which was moving
towards Rome. On the 17th the regiment took part in the
fight at Oostanaula River, and in the capture of Rome on
the following day, both without loss. Then followed a
series of marches and manojuvres by which the 10th moved
to Dallas, to Ackworth, Ga., and to near Lost Mountain,
and reached the base of Kenesaw Mountain on the lUth of
June. On the 27th, it formed part of the reserve of the
charging column at Kenesaw. Its losses during June were
fourteen killed and wounded.

The enemy having evacuated his works at Kenesaw, the
10th took part in the pursuit, marching on the 3d of July,
and reaching the Chattahoochee River on the 17th. On the
19th it advanced to Durant's Mill, on Peachtree Creek, and
took part in the actions of that and the following day, losing
twenty-three killed and wounded. Through the remainder
of July, and nearly all August, it lay in the lines of invest-
ment before Atlanta. August 30th it moved with a recon-
noitering column to Jonesboro', and took part in the battle
at that place on the 1st of September, charging across an

open field on the enemy's works, and losing thirty killed
and forty-seven wounded, among the former being the com-
manding officer of the regiment, Maj. Burnett. It was
claimed for the 10th that in this action it took more
prisoner than the number of men which it carried into the
fight. For its conduct on this occasion it was compli-
mented by Gens. Thomas, Davis, and Morgan, the corps,
division, and brigade commanders.

On the 28th of September the 10th left Atlanta and
moved by rail to Cliattanooga, Stevenson, Huntsville,
Athens, and Florence, Ala., tearing up the Memphis and
Charleston Railroad. For several days it was in pursuit of
Wheeler's and Forrest's cavalry, but did not overtake them.
On the 13th of October the regiment moved by rail back to
Chattanooga, where it remained five days, and on the ISth
again took the road, moving to Lee and Gordon's Mills,
Ga., to Lafayette, to Sumraerville, up Duck Creek, through
Broomtown Valley, and Alpine, Ga., across the mountains
into Alabama, to Gaylesville (October 22d), and then back
to Rome, Ga., where it was in camp November 1st. On the
9th it was at Etowah, Ga., and on the 13th at Cartersville,
where, at six o'clock A.M. on that day, it " bade good-by
to the cracker line, and to all communications, and plunged
into the Confederacy with four days' rations, marching south
and tearing up the railroad as we moved." On the 13th it
made fifteen miles, on the 14th twenty-five miles, and on
the 15th fifteen miles, burning the bridge over the Chatta-
hoochee, and reaching Atlanta at two o'clock in the after-
noon of that day.

" As we approached Atlanta," wrote an officer of the
10th, "a huge column of black smoke was seen, and soon
we found the railroad depots and buildings, with the foun-
dries and manufactories, a burning mass." When night
closed in the whole heavens were illuminated by the glare
of the conflagration, ^and the innumerable camp-fires of the
Union hosts which lay encircling the conquered city, busy
with their final preparations for the stoned March to the
Sea.

The forces composing the great army which Sherman
had concentrated here for the mysterious expedition, whose
destination was then only a matter of conjecture, were com-
posed of four corps d'armce — the 17th (a consolidation of
the old 16tli and 17th) and the 15th forming his right
wing, and the 14ih and 20th forming the left wing of his
grand army of invasion. In that army the position of the
10th Michigan was with the 1st Brigade, 2d Division of
the 11th Corps. The other regiments of the brigade were
the 14th Michigan, the Itith and tiOlh Illinois, and the
17th New York, all under Col. Robert P. Smith as brigade
commander.

The right wing was the fir.st to move out ; then came the
20th Corps, and lastly the 14th, and with this corps the
10th Regiment marched away at noon on the 16th of No-
vember. A distance of eleven miles was made during the
aflernoon, and at night the brigade bivouacked near the
celebrated Stone Mountain, a round-tcppped knob of .solid
limestone about one mile in diameter at the base, and rising
bare and gray from the level plain to a height of about
thirteen hundred feet. From this halting-place the regi-
ment set out at six o'clock in the morning of the 17th, and,

TENTH liNFAxNTRY.

with fine weather ;iii J a good road, made a march of fifteen
miles, passiiii; through the decaying settleuient.s of Lxssonia
and Conyers' Station. On tlie ISth the Yellow and Alcova
Rivers, tributaries of the Okmulgee, were crossed on pon-
toons, and the tired men of the 10th lighted their bivouac
fires in the vicinity of Covington, the seat of justice of
Newton County. During this day they had marched as
train-guard, and made a distance of ten miles.

In the morning of the 19th they resumed their journey
at six o'clock, in a drizzling rain, and at night found them-
selves twenty miles from Covington, and twice that distance
from each of the towns of Macon and Milledgeyille. The
evening of the 20th saw them encamped three miles from
Katonton and fifteen from Milledgcville. Here the dull
boom of distant artillery was heard ; this being the first
hostile sound which they had heard since their departure
from Atlanta. Their march of the 21st wa.s commenced at
ten A.M. and was continued until three p.m., at wliieh time
twelve miles had been accomplished, and they went into
Ciimp for the night.

No move was made on the 22d. Orders were here read
to the regiment, giving the liberty to forage on the country,
and to ajiproprlate anything necessary for the sustenance of
man or beast. " These orders [said a letter written by a
soldier of the 10th] are generally lived up to, and often ex-
ceeded. The citizens, on hearing of our approach, take
everything of value to the woods and swamps and cover
them with bru.sh, or bury them in the ground. But the
' Yanks' were not long in discovering this, and but little
is presumed to have escaped their notice. Sweet potatoes,
meal, flour, various kinds of licjuor, tobacco, silk, and even
coin, were thus unearthed from their hiding-places, and
many a frolic was had by the blue-coats at the Confederates'
expense.

" It was truly amusing to go ahead of the army proper
and see the foragers" jiroceedings. They weie as good as
skirmishers and advance guards, and often were the only
ones we had. Tliey never failed to rout the rebels when-
ever and wherever found. Citizens could tell our approach
long before the army came along, by the popping of guns,
si|uealing of hogs, and the noises of various farm fowls.
Nothing escaped the foragers' notice, and but little that w;is
serviceable to us eluded their grasp. When they came to
a plantation they generally separated into small squads,
each squad hunting for some special thing. As if taught
by instinct that we meant them harm, all animals and fowls
tried to .secrete themselves or get out of reach of u.s. Hogs,
sheep, and cattle wcmld take to the woods, fowls to tlie
outbuildings, and turkeys to the trees. But it wils all
of no avail. The enterprising and persi.stent Yankees,
prompted by hunger and the thought^) of a savory di.>h,
were sure to liiint them out and bring them to. We iiad
orders not to tire our guns to procure food, but that order
was only ])artially lived up to. Any animal which we could
not corner and catch wc shot, and when the fowls took to
the trees or the tops of buildings the Enfield rifle was sure
to bring them down. Often would the fat turkeys take
shelter in the trees, and cry qiitl, quit! -but there was no
quit. Occasionally the foragers would find a lot of tobacco,
honey, or sorghum molasses. Then there was a rusli and

scramble. To many, a swarm of bees was no more an im-
pediment to the getting of the honey than if they had been
so many blue-flies. A crowd of soldiers might be seen
around a barrel of molasses, the head knocked in, and they
with their cups filling their canteens, coffee pots, little pails,
and every available kind of vessel that would hold the sweet
fluid. At all hours of the day tliey might be seen coming
in and taking their places in the ranks with face, hands,
and clothes besmeared with molasses and honey. To see
them, one might think they would stick to the Union, or
to anything else ; and they would, too. Such was foraging
in Georgia, and even more than can be described with the
pen. Imagination must supply the rest."

In the morning of November 23d, at sis o'clock, the
regiment was again on the road, and marched leisurely to
within two miles of Milledgeville, where it rested for the
night. About noon of the 24th it passed through Slilledge-
ville, and at night the meu built their fires eight luiles be-
yond the town. Here the foragers brought in a ton and a
half of captured flour found secreted in a swamp. On the
25th a distance of eleven miles was made, and in tlie after-
noon of the 2Gth the brigade reached Sandersville, the
county-scat of Washington County. The marches of the
27th and 2Sth brought the regiment to a camjiing-place
one mile south of Louisville, the county-seat of Jefferson,
where it remained for three days picketing and foraging.

In the first five days of December the men of the lOtli
marched sixty-three miles, and camped on the night of the
5th at Briar Creek, sixty miles from Savannah. During
the Gth and 7tli they made thirtj'-six miles, though contin-
ually impeded by timber felled across the road and bridges
destroyed by the enemy. They had now entered the
marshy country lying along the south side of the Suvamiah
lliver. Their march of the Sth was uneventful, but on
the 9th they came upon a hostile battery of three guns, so
posted as to command a road or causeway over which they
were compelled to pass through one of the swamps which
were numerous in that region. The 2d Illinois Battery
was ordered into position, and soon cleared the road, but
with the loss of one of its lieutenants killed. The rebel
battery on its retreat encountered the 20th Army Corps,
and was captured. On the 10th, the regiment with its
brigade moved southward to the crossing of the Savannah
and Charleston Railroad, and went on ])ickct in that vicinity.
In the morning of the following day they marched nine
miles south, and took position in the Union line of invest-
ment fouratid a half miles from Savannah, — one line being
formed to face the city, and another facing towards the
country through which they had just pa.ssed. Tliey had
completed a distance of nine hundred and forty miles,
marched since the 2Sth of September, and now sat down
to the siege of Savannah.

The city was defended by fifteen thousand to twenty
thousand men behind exceedingly strong ftntificalions, and
the artillery fire under which the 10th in common with
other regiments lay was unintermitting day and night. On
the 14tli news was received of the capture and occupation
of Fort iMc.Vllister, south of the city. The first mail re-
ceived by the regiment in a period of six weeks came to it
here on the 17th. Finally, in the night of December 20th-

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

21st, the enemy evacuated the city, .ind on the 21st the 10th
inarched in.

The regiment remained a little more than four weeks in
Savannah, and on the 20th of January, 1865, it nn)ved
with the army up the rij^ht bank of the Savannali River,
bound north. It reached Sister's Ferry, on the Savannah,
January 28th, and remained there until the night of Sunday,
February 5th, when, with the other troops of the command,
it crossed to the north side of the river. " Shouts and
wild hurrahs rent the welkin as the feet of each successive
regiment touched the soil of Carolina," — so wrote an officer
of the 10th who was present at this memorable crossing.
The regiment remained here two days before moving north,
and while here (February 6th) the non-veterans of the 10th
were mustered out of the service, just three years having
expired since the completion of the original muster at
Camp Thomson.

The regiment moved on the 8th, and passed through
South Carolina without the occurrence of any especially
notable event in its own immediate experience. The
march through this State was much the .same as it had
been through Georgia, excepting that here the foragers
found a far less productive field, and the track of the army
was marked by a far more general destruction of property
than in Georgia, nearly all the buildings being burned, and
only the tall, naked chimney-stacks being left standing;
while all along the western and northwestern horizon great
columns of smoke by day, and the red glow of conflagra-
tions by night, told how the cavalry of Kilpatrick were
wreaking their treasured vengeance against the Palmetto
State.

The 10th Regiment reached Fayetteville, N. C, March
11th, and was there slightly engaged in a skirmish with the
enemy. On the 12th it cros.sed the Cape Fear River,
skirmishing at Averysboro', and on the 16th was again en-
gaged at the same place, losing three men killed. Moving
in advance of the corps on the 18th, six companies being
deployed as skirmishers, they struck the cncmv about noon,
and a lively skirmish ensued. The regiment was ordered
to take position at the junction of the Smithfield and
Goldsbnro' roads, and during the night it was attacked, but
repulsed the enemy, and held its position until relieved by
troops of the 20th Corps, on the 19th, when it moved
and formed on the right of the second line of battle at
Bentonville. About four p.m. the enemy moved up in
heavy masses, and charged the first line, but was repulsed.
Then the 10th, with its brigade, moved forward to the first
line, and in a few minutes the enemy Wiis discovered coming
in on tlie left flank. The line was at once changed to the
opposite side of the works, and, al'ter pouring a volley into
the ranks of the rebels, they were charged and driven with
the bayonet, many prisoners and arms being taken. On
the 20th the regiment skirmished during the entire day
and night, and on the 21st moved towards Goldsboro',
reaching there on the 23d. Moving from Gold.sboro',
it reached Smithfield April 10th and Raleigh April 13th.
From Raleigh it moved to Avery's Ferry, forty-five miles
above Fayetteville, and lay there from the 15th to the 21st
of April, when it moved to Holly Springs, on the road to
Raleigh. On the 28th it was at Morseville, N. C, and there

received the announcement that its campaigning was over
and the war ended by the surrender of Johnston. In its
passage through the two Carolinas the regiment had sus-
tained a loss of fifteen, killed, wounded, and missing.

Moving north on the 30th of April, the lOtli arrived at
Richmond, Va., May 7th, and remained there till the lOth,
when it marched on towards Wa.shington, reaching there
about the 16th._ It took part in the grand review of Gen.
Sherman's army at the capitfil on the 24th. It moved on
the 13th of June, and proceeded to Louisville, Ky., where
it was mustered out of the service July lOth, and ordered
to Michigan. It reached Jackson on the 22d, and was paid
off and discharged Aug. 1, 1865.

The length and severity of this regiment's marches
during its terra of service were remarkable. It is shown
that during 1862 and 1863 its fuot-marches aggregated
sixteen hundred miles ; that its marches in 1864 amounted
to thirteen hundred and seventy-five miles, and those in
1865 to six hundred and twenty miles, — a total of three
thousand five hundred and ninety-five miles, this being
exclusive of the distances accomplished by railroad and
steamer. There were few, if any, regiments in the service
who.se marching lecord surpassed this. The brigade to
which the 10th was attached during the period of its re-
markable marchings through Tennessee, Georgia, and Ala-
bama was quite generally known among the men of the
Southwestern army as " Morgan's brigade of Davis' foot-
cavalry," the division being that commanded by Gen. Jeflf.
C. Davis.

MEMBERS OF THE TENTH INF.VNTRY FROM GENESEE COUNTV.
Maj. Iletiry S. liiiriiett, Gomiricli ; pnl. Nov. 16, ISlJiJ ; killed io battlf ut Junes-

l.oiV, lia., Sejit. 1, 1SG4.
.\ilj. Etlwiii F. Iluliiii'S, Fciitoii ; eiil. M.iy S, 1SG5 ; pro. lo capt. June 7, ISGo ;

mil St. out ns adj.
Surg. J.(nics C. WiUiun, Flint ; eiil. Dec. 7, IStJl ; tnins. surg. sth Regl. Mielii-

gau Vol. Inf. Mareli :i, 1SC.2.
Chap. Rev. Jesse S. Bo.vJen, Flint; oiil. April 10, 1802; res. Aug. 31, 1SC2.
Sergt.-Maj Edwin F. IluUneti, Fetiton; pro. to adj.
tinar.-Mas. Sergt. Gle:isun ¥. I'eny, Flint ; pro. to 2d lient. Co. G.

Compauij A.
Capt. Uenry S. Ilnrnetl, Goodricli ; enl. Oct. 4, 18C1 ; pro. lo maj. Nov. IC, lSli.1.
Capt. John Algue, Flint; eiil. Aug. 'iC,, 1864; tliseli. fur wounds, Jlarch 8, 1865.
2d Lieut. MaxweW G. (_'ool.y, Flint (scrgt.); 2d lieul. Co. A, March 31,1803;

res. Dec. 28, 1863.
James Atlierton, Argentine; mubt. out July 19, 18ti5.
Jacob 0. Bentley, Mundy; discli. at end of service, April 4, 18*>5.
Lampson Condon, .Argentine; veteran ; must, out July in, 1865.
Joliu Damon, Flint ; d.sch. for disability, Sept. 20, 18U2.
Charles Darby, disch. to re-eul. nB veteran, Feb. 6, 1864.
Judsou Eiicy, must, out July 19, 1S65.
Albert Ervy, Argentine ; disch. by order. May 20, 1SC5.
Andrew Etleits, disch. at end of service, Feb. 6, 186.^.
Edward F. Fuller, discli. at end of sci vice, Feb. 6, 1805.
Wiliiani Gove, must, out July 19, ISGo.

Elbert Ilawley, .lied of disiiise at Deerfield, Mich., March 20, 1SC3.
Daniel B. Lacey, trans, lo Vet. lies. Corps, April 10, I.S04.
Charles Miggleswortli, died of diseiuse at Cincinnati, 0., July 2, 1862.
Ethan Blai-sh, d.sch. for minority, March 10, 1862.
George Minor, Flint ; disch. for di^abillty, Sept. 24, 1862.
Allen Nor ris, Argentine; died of disi-a-se at Flint, Mich., March 9, 1802.
Alexander U'Konrke, Burton; veteran ; disch. for diKibility, July 22, 186.'>.
Monroe Putnam, Argentine ; veteran; must, out July 19,1865.
Philip Kicliardson, died of disease at Nashville, Tenn., Alarch 13, 18G3.
Miles J, Rood, disch. for disability, March 17, 1863.
Charles It^mbenger, disch. at eud of service, April 22, 1803.
Manly Witteni, discharged.
Marion Witteni, Mundy; disch. for disability, Dec. 23, 1802.

Compmiy C.
Capt. Myron Bunnell, Goodrich; cnl. Sept. 24, 1861; res. Nov. 18, IS62.
2d Lient. George A. Allen, Flint; must, out Feb. 6, I860, at end of service.
2d Lieut. James R. Kipp.Goodrich ; enl. May20, 18C5; must, out July 10,1865.

SIXTEENTH INFANTRY.

Corp. Jas. R. Kipp, veteran, Goodrich (serpt.) ; pro. to 2d lieut.

Corp. Milo Swpnrs, velenin, GuuJricli (s»>rgt.) ; nni3t. uiii Jiil>' 19, 1865.

Corp. JiiiiK's Lacy, Flint ; imisiiiiiti ; iinist. out at end of tervite, Fell. G, 18C5.

Eliliii Aiiiion, Flint; iliscli. tu rc-enl. its vetHtnn, Fell. G, ^»^'A.

Julin IJu>ii, Giiodrii-h; disrli. to rc-i-nl. as vt-tenui, Feb. C, 1S04.

George Bnsb, Goodrieli ; di^rll. to re-enl. as vel«'r:ui, Feb. 6, lSti4.

Blurviit C. Barney, Gootlrich ; discli. to re-enl. as veteran, Feb. fi, I8C4.

Ilt-nry S. Bidwell, lioudricli ; disch. to re-enl. as veteran, F*:b. G, 18C4.

Juhn E. Beech, Goo.lrich ; died of disease, July 2.1, 18G2.

George W. Bidwell, Forest ; diseh. for disaliliry, Sept. 12, 1S62.

AVilliiini Barilett, died of disease at XaslivilU-, Tenn., Jan. 5, 18G3.

£li Ba.\ter, AlliU>; died of disease at Lookout Mountain, Tenn., Sept. 11, 18C4.

Knislus Corwin, Kithfield; died in action near Pultun, Ga., Feb. 25, 18t>4.

Oscar Cumuiings, Goodrich ; died in action at Jonesboro', Ga., Sept. 1, 18G4.

Frank Ci illcnderi, Fore&t ; discli. to re-enl. as veteran, Feb. G, 18G4.

NeNon Confer, Atlas; must, out July 19, I8Co.

Tbonuts Downer, Guodrick ; dit-d of disease at Camp Denniiion, Ohio, Aug. 2,

18G2.
Benjnmiii Frick, Gooilri* h ; disch. at end of service, Feb. G, 18C5.
Mephen Ilustead, Atla.s ; died in action near Dalton, Ga., Feb. 2o, 18G4.
llarker llibbard, Flint ; ilisch. to re-enl. as veteran, Feb. 0, 1804.
Kilniuml K. Iled^lin, Flint; must, out July 19, 18G5.
Secley S. Hedgiin, Flint; nnist.out July 19, 18G.\
Sylvester Ilaynes, Atlas; disch. at end or service, Feb. G, 1SG5.
Prenti&s C. Iliirri^, Flint ; discli. at end of si rviee, Feb. G, 1SG5.
Harrison Ilaynes, Flint; di-scli. at end of service, Feb. G, 1805.
CI arles W. Juhubon, (ioidriih; dii-d of disease at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 24,

1802.
Benjamin Overbol^cr, Ki. bfii Id ; disch. Dec. I.">, 1802.
Onicr I'mtt, Goodrich ; ditd of disease, June 10, 1802.
Henry IV-nnell, (Goodrich ; ilrowned.

Cliai les II. Itiinilen, Flint ; veteran ; must, out July 10, 1805.
Keuben L. Suiith, must, out July 19, 18Go.

George N. Schilhngcr, Gomiricli ; disch. at cud of Service, Feb. 0, 1SC5.
Gciirge Stowe, Flint ; disch. to re enl. as veteran, Feb. 6, 18G4.
John \V. Saundei'R, Goodrich ; died of disease at Atlanta, tia., Oct. 31, 1804.
Nelson Swears, Flint ; tUed of disejisLt at Loiii^viUe, Ky., April 6, 1802.
James Vansickles, Gnuid Blanc; disch. for »lisability, S'pt. 20, 18G2.
Asa Volentine, Goodrich; vctei-an ; must, out July i;i, 1805.
Ini Wood, Flint; died of disease at Keokuk, lowa, Aug. 21, 1802.

Cvmpaiiy I.
Capt. Russell M. Rjirker, Flint ; enl. Oct. 1, ISOl ; resigned Nov. 29, 1802.
1st Lieut. George A. Aplin, Flint ; enl. May 8, 1805; must, out July 19, 18G5.
2d Lieut. Thomas Branch F'lint; enl. March 31, 1SG3; must, out Feb. G, 1865,

at end of service.
Sergt. licnry R. Cbiitendt-n Flint; disch. for disability, Feb. 9, 1SG3.
Sergt. George A. .Xidin, Flint ; ptoniottd to Ul licnt.
Sergt, Ji>s< pli E. Tapper, Flint ; promoted to sergt.-maj.
Seigt. '1)k-ui:is Branch, Klinl ; proniole<J to 2d lieut.

Coip. William II. Pavie, Flint (sergt.); must, out by geuenil oilier, July 3, 18G5.
Citrp. Arba Smith, Flint ; died of disejiso at Nashville, March 4, 1HG3.
Corp. Lyman E. Davie, Flint ; pro. to 1-t lieut. T. S. C. Inf., Nov. 9, 1863.
Corp. Benjamin Bradsliaw, Flint; disch. for disability, Apiil 1(», 1802.
Tbtxidore Armstrong, Flint; dietl of disease at Farmington, Miss., June 3, 1802.
Jason L. Austin, F'lint ; disch. for disability, Oct. 23, 1862.

George Aplin, Flint (fergt.); ve'eran ; tlisch. to re-enl. as veteran, Feb, 0, 1804.
David J. Amlrews, (bed in action at Bcntonville, N. C, March 19, 1805.
Chiules W. Brewer, ilied of disease at Camp Dennison, Ohio, June 2(i, 1802.
Uilluim II. Biwlgley, Flint ; disch. for tlisability, April 9, 1802.
Josiah N. Barklex, Flint; disch. f-r tiisiibility, Apii! 17, 1802.
Benjamin M. Brad-^haw (corp.); disch. for (Lsability, April 10,1802.
John Brown, discli. fur di-abilily.Scpt. 2o, 1802.
Joseph Barton, Flint ; diseh. for ilis:il.ility, July 1ft, 18C2.

Thomas E. Bmbaz»»n, veteran ; died of Mound^ at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 3, 1864.
John Chadbonrn, Goodiicb ; died of disease at Camp Dennison, Ohio, Aug. 1,

18G2.
Abnliam Cb;ise, disch. for di^^abibty, Dec. 10, 1802.
Kduin Crittenden, must, out July 11*, 1805.
Janu-s W. Crittenden, must, out July 19, 1865.
John \V. Cutrin, Gnodrich; must, out July 19, 18C5.
William II. Davie, must, out July 19, 1805.

Lynmn E. Davie, Corp.. pro. to Ist lieut. U. S. C. T., Nov. 0, 1863.
Che^tiT Farrar.ilisch. for disabjily, Oct. 22, 1802.
Mortimer B. Gillman, disch. for disi^bility, Sept. 26, 1862.
lleiiiy II. Griftin, di-.ch. at enrl of service, Feb. 6, 1805.
Franklin H. Hopkins, died of dist-jise at Farmington, Miss., June 29, 1802.
Abram <). Harrison, disch. Blarch 27, 1801.
Newton I>. Hodge, discb. to re-enl. iis veteran, Feb. 6, 1804.
Abnihaiii G. Iluiighlon. musician, veteran, must, out July 19, 18C5.
Himm K. Howell, uiuat. out July I'J, I8G5.
Roswell N. Ilillon, must, out July 19, 1805.
Wm. McCuinb, di«-di. for disibility.Oct. 20, 1802.
Will. O. Moise, must, out .Inly 19. i860.
Isaac Meserranll, must, out July 19, 1865.
Gt'orge .Marshall, must, out July 19, 180.J.
IMiilip Marshall, Tlio:foi>!, must. out. July 19, 18C5.

"Worthey E. Millard, disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Feb. 6, 1864.

Benjamin Alcott, Burton ; must, out July 19, 18G5.

James Alcott, Burton ; must, out July 19, 1805.

Hezekiah I'ierce, must, out July 19, l!SG5,

Mi ron IVtiitt, Tbetl«»rd ; must, out July 19. 1865.

Jfimes S. Tettitt, Thetford ; must, out July 19, 1805.

Lewis Raisin, must, out July 19,1865.

John Shalto, died of disease at St. Louis, Mo., June 14, 1862.

Arba Smith, died <.f disease at Na.-ihville, Tenn., March 4, 1863.

Nathaniel Taylor, trans, to C. S. Engineers, July, 1804.

Henry Vantassel, disch. to re-etil. as vetenin, Feb. 0, 1804.

Augustus Welch, disch. for disability, April 2H, 1802.

Henry C. Webster, died of disease at Henderson, Ky., May 30, 1862.

OTHER COMPANIES.

Ist Lieut. John Aluoe, Flint, Co. G ; enl. March 31. 18fi:i: pro. to capt. Co. A.

2d Lieut. Jos. E. Tnp|.er, Flint, Co. G; pro. to maj. 17th U. S. C. T., Nov. 180:J.

2d Lieut. Gleason F. Terry, Flint, Co. G ; enl. June 7, 1865 ; must, out July 19,
1805.

1st Lieut. Newton D. Hodge, Flint, Co. H (seigt) ; 2d lieut.; enl. May 20,1865;
1st lieut. June 7, 1805 ; must, out July 19, 18G5.

1st Lieut. John R. Thom-son, Flint, Co. K ; enl. Juno 23, 1802 {2d lieut. Feb. 22,
1SG:J).

Miles Allen, Berlin, Co. G.; died of disease at Chattanooga, Tenn., Oct. 17,1804.

AIe.\ander Allen, Co. U; disch. to re-eul. as veteran, Feb. 6, 1804.

Levi Allen, Vienna. Co. H ; must, out July 19. ISOo.

John G. Allport, N. f'. S.; must, out July 19, 1805.

Abner B. Clark, Gnuid Blanc, Co. K ; disch. for di ability.

Fi-ank M. Cunmiings, Co. B; disch. for disability, Feb. 14, 1803.

George A. Fi>hell, Co. K ; disch. to re-eul. as veteran, F'eb. 18, 18G4.

James II. Finn, Co. K ; disch. for disjibility.

Josejdi Huister, Flint, Co. H; disch. for disability.

Hiram Howbmd, Flint, Co. II ; died at Smith's Ferry, Nov. 13, 1803, of acci-
dental wounds.

Edwin F. Holmes, Flint, Co. II ; disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Feb. 10, 1864.

Alvarns F. Ilosner, Flint, Co.G ; absent on furlough; not must, out with CO.

Myron M. Huug^rfonl, Flint, Co. H; must, out July 19,1865.

James Ingb-s, Flint, Co. G; must, out July 19, 1805.

David D. Inglo*, F'lint, Co. H; disch. at end of service, March 18, 1865.

Lewis Kelsey, Co. B; must, out July 19, 1865.

O-cjir D. Lason, Co. K ; disch. at end of seivice, Feb. 0, 1865.

Lewis Meeker, Fenton, Co. H ; must, out July 19, 1805.

Gerry A. Necomb, Co. II; must, out July 19, 1SC5.

Levi Ovid, Co. II ; disch. at end of service, March 28,1805.

Lewis Parri-h, Co. II; disch. lor disability, July 19, 1S02.

Ira E. Payson, Flint, t'o. K ; died in action near Dal ton, Ga.,Feb,25, 1«04.

Roswell Pettingill, Forest, Co. G ; died of disease at Nashville, Teuu., Sept. 9,
1801.

George W. Peasley, Gaines, Co. G; must, out July 19, 18G5.

Chester Roy, Gaines, Co. G ; must, out July 19, 1805.

Nelson Ripb-y, Mimdy, Co. H; must, out July 19, 1865.

0. B. l^»gt•l■8, CIo. B; disch. for disability, April 20, ISG2.

Hirnm Slociim, Co. II; disch. for di.-ability, Oct. 11, 1802.

Richard S ewart. Flint, Co. G; died at Joiiesbt.ro', Ga., Sept. 1, 1804, of wounds.

Henry i^hipnian, Co. G ; died at Nashville, Tenn.. Stjit. 12, 1864, of wounds.

Samuel Van Every, Co. B; disch. for disability, .\ug.25, 1862.

C. B. Wingert. F'enton, Co. K ; disch. for disjibilily.

Allen E. Wisner, Co. B; disch. for disibility, June 17, 1865.

Myron C. Woodard, Corp., Co. H ; disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Feb. 0, 18(>4.

Lewis B. Wells, sergt.. Grand Blanc; veteran; absent, sick ; not must, out with
coiui'any-

CHAPTER XIII.

SIXTEENTH INFANTRY.

"Stockton's InJc|ioiiclent Regiincnl"— Orgiiniziilion .-it Oaiiip Backus
— Wintur-Qciiirturs at H.ill'.s Hill, Va.— I'diiusula Campaign —
Dusignatiim as the Si.\toeutli Inf.mtry — D^ittlcs ol' Hanover Court-
lIiMise anl (Jaincs' Mill— .M.vhcrn Hill — Harrison's I-anding—
Campaign of SwonJ liull Run — Anticlani — FrL-acrickfbiirg —
Chanccllorsville — (Jfttysljurg — Rc-cnli.stniLnt — Campaign of the
WiMcTncss— In Front of Pitursburg— Closing Campaign of ls>l>,i
— .Muster Out an'l Return to iMiehigan.

Tmk Sixtociith UL'.niiDCiit of Jlicliigan Infantry was
(3esi<inatcil, at tlu' lime of its organization, and for more
than eight nionlhs after its muster into the United Stales
service, as " Stoeii ton's Independent Uei:imciit," heeausc
raised under authority given for that purpo.Hc hy the War

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Department to Col. T. B. W. Stockton, of the city of
Flint.

Under the first call for volunteers from Michigan, Col.
Stockton had tendered his services to Governor Blair to
or<;anize and command a regiment, and had received some
encouragement that he should receive the command of the
2d Infantry Regiment, which was then forming.* This,
however, was afterwards given to Col. Richardson ; but on
the organization of the 5th Regiment, it was understood
(though whether promised or not is not knownj that Col.
Stockton was to be its commander ; but this also proved to
be a premature announcement, and the command was given
to Col. Terry. Upon this, Col. Stockton repaired to Wash-
ington, and, in an interview with President Lincoln, made
the request for authority to raise a regiment in Michigan,
and was by the President referred to the Secretary of War,
who thereupon gave the desired permission, upon the con-
dition that Governor Blair's acquiescence should first be
obtained. But the Governor would consent only on con-
dition that security should be given for the necessary ex-
penses of the organiz;ifion and subsistence of the proposed
regiment until it should be mustered into the service of the
United States. Col. Stockton was not prepared to comply
with this condition, and it seemed as if his plan was des-
tined to failure; but just at this time occurred the battle
and defeat of Bull Run, and upon this he again went to
Washington, and obtained a second interview with Secre-
tary Cameron, whom he found fully alive to the necessity
for more troops to avert the peril in which the capital and
the country stood in consequence of the then late disaster.
This consideration overshadowed all others, and induced
the Secretary to grant the colonel's re(|ucst, free from the
condition which he had before imposed. The necessary
order was issued by the department, and Col. Stockton
returned without delay to Detroit.

Immediately upon it becoming known that he had been
authorized to raise a regiment, a number of applications
were made to him by persons desiring authority to recruit
companies for the new organization. Among the fir.st of
these was Capt. Stephen Martin, who, in making his re-
quest, inquired what was to be the name of the regiment.
In answer, the colonel said that he (Martin) should have
the privilege of giving a name to the organization as well
as of raising a company for it. " Then," replied the cap-
tain, " it shall be ' Stockton's Independent Regiment,' "
which designation was at once adopted. Recruiting was
immediately commenced at several points in the State,
and though it proceeded under some discouragements, the
progress made was so rapid that the regiment was ready
for muster in less than five weeks from the issuance of the
War Department order authorizing the organization.

* The Cttizeii, of Flint, in its issue of April 20, 1861, siiid : " Col.
Stockton, in anticipntion of a call from the Oovermir, and that a
regiment would be raised by companies from all parts of the State,
has tendered his services as colonel of said regiment. Wc feel sure
there is no one in the State more capable or competent or who has
seen more service. He is a graduate of West Point, served over ten
;vcars in the regular service, was colonel of the 1st Michigan volun-
teer regiment in the Mexican war, and for the past two years has
been intimately connected with our volunteer company," the Flint
I'nion Grays, who went into .'■erviee with the 2d Int'antrv Regiment.

In nine of the companies of this regiment there were
officers or enlisted men, or both, from Genesee County.
There was one company however, which ( particularly during
the raising and organizing of the regiment) was generally
known as " the Genesee company," because it was very
largely composed of men from this county. This was the
company raised by Cajit. Thomas C. Carr, whose recruiting-
station was at the city of Flint. The recruiting-name of
the company was the " Genesee Light Guard," though its
nucleus was an organization which had been earlier known
as the " Flushing Light Artillery." Capt. Carr's company
filled up rapidly, and on the 7th of August, 1861, it left
Flint under his command, and proceeded to the regimental
rendezvous, which had been established at Dotroit, the camp
being naiued " Camp Backus," in honor of Lieut.-Col. E.
Backus, U. S. A., by whom the regiment was mustered into
the United States service, Sept. 7-13, 1861. The field- and
staff-officers of the regiment were: Colonel, Thomas B. W.
Stockton; Lieutenant-Colonel, John V. Reuhle ; Major,
Norval E. Welch ; Adjutant, T. E. Morris; Surgeon, Lsaac
Wixom ; Assistant Surgeon, William H. Butler; Chaplain,
Rev, W. H. Brockway ; Quartermaster, F. H. Elder.

The officers of the " Genesee Light Guard" (designated
in the organization as " C" company) were : Captain, Thos.
C. Carr ; First Lieutenant, Miner S. Newell ; Second Lieu-
tenant, Randolph W. Ransom.

On Saturday, September 14tli, orders were received from
the War Department directing Col. Stockton to proceed
with his regiment to Washington, D. C. Preparations were
at once commenced, and on the following Monday the com-
mand was ready to take its departure. At four o'clock in
the afternoon of that day the companies marched out upon
the parade-ground at Camp Backus, and formed in a hollow
square, i'or the ceremony of the presentation of a flag, the
srift of the ladies of Detroit — through Mrs. Charles H.
Dunks — to Stockton's Independent Regiiuent. The flag
was of heavy blue silk, six by six and one-half feet in di-
mensions, bearing on one side the arms of the State, with
the words " Stockton's Regiment"' underneath, and on the
reverse the national emblems — the eagle and shield — and
the words " Stand by the Union" upon a scroll. The pre-
sentation address was made by Judge Wilkins, and was re-
sponded to by Col. Stockton, both speeches being applauded
most enthusiastically. The color was received from the
hand of Mrs. Dunks by. Col. Stockton, and by him handed
to Sergt. C. McDowell, of the " Genesee Light Guard,"
which was the color company.

At six o'clock the regiment — numbering seven hundred
and sixty-one enlisted men — inarched to the river, where
Companies A, B, and F embarked on the steamer " City of
Cleveland," and the other companies, with the field and
staff, on the " May Queen," bound for Cleveland. They
arrived at that city in the following morning, and proceeded
thence by rail, (•/(( Pittsburgh, Ilarrisburg, and Baltimore, to
Washington, which city was reached on 'J'hursday, Sep-
tember 19lh. There the regiment remained in camp till the
28th, when it crcssed the Potomac into Virginia, and moved
to Fort Corcoran. After a three days' stay at that place it
was moved to Hall's Hill, Va., where it was assigned to the
3d (Butterfield's) Brigade, in Gen. Fitz-John Porter's di-

SIXTEENTH INFANTRY.

vision. The iiifiintry rosriuionts, besides Col. Stockton's,
conipo.sinL; tlio od Uri-iade were the 8::5d Pennsylvania, Col.
MeLane; the 17th New York, Col. Lansing; and the
I'eoiiic's Ellsworth Regiment f44ih New York), Col. Ste-
phen Stryker.

Here was regularly laid out a uanip, which became the
winter-([uarti'i-s of the regiment and tiio home of" its officers
and men for a period of nearly six months, wliich time was
devoted mainly to the attainment of military discipline,
]>roticiency in drill, and to the transformation of a body of
brave and patriotic citizL'iis into an efficient regiment of sol-
diers. In effecting this the military education and experi-
ence of Col. Stockton was invaluable; his success was com-
plete, and univei'sally acknowledged. Es])eeiallj' were the
benefit.s of his oversight and ex|ierienee di.seernible in the
superior sanitary condition of the regiment during its stay
at Hall's Hill, and in the campaign which fiillowed.

Before the earliest streakings of daylight in the morning
of March 10, 1802, the 3d Brigade struck cauip, and
uiarchcd from its winter-quartei's to Fairfax Court-IIouse,
where the 44tli New York was temporarily detached, and,
in company with Averill's Sth Pennsylvania Cavalry, ad-
vanced on Centreville, the troops fully believing at that time
that a direct movement was to be made on Richmond. But
the enemy's works at Centrevilh; and Manas.sas were found
deserted, the detachment returned, and the entire brigade
marched through drenching rain, over most wretched roads,
and in a state of gluom and disappointment, to Alexandria,
where it embarked on steamers on the 21st of March, and
on the following day proceeded down the Potomac and the
Chesapeake Bay to Fortre-ss IMonroe, ai-riving there on the
24th, and marching thence, on the 25th, to a can)p in the
vicinity of Hampton. This was a Virginian village which
had then recently been destroyed by fire by order of the
Confederate general, JIagruder, — a place which nature had
made beautiful, which its inhabitants had embellished and
embowered with roses and woodbine, but now only a waste
of bare chimneys and blackened walls. The camp of the
regiment was located about two miles from the village, and
was named " Camp Wide Awake." Here the command re-
mained until the 27th, when, with the brigade, it took part
in a recoil noissance in force, moving as far up the Penin-
sula as Big Bethel, but, encountering no serious opposition,
returned to the camp near Hampton.

On the morning of the 4th of April the Army of the
Potomac, more than one hundred thousand strong, moved
up the Peninsula by the difTerent roads, and, in the after-
noon of the Sth, Stockton's regiment, with the 3d Brigade,
stood before the enemy's intrenchments at Yorktown. Here
Gen. ButtcrGeld called the officers of his brigade together,
and gave ordei'S fur eacli regiment to leave ail knapsacks
under charge of oeie man, and to be ready in two minutes
to charge the rebel works. It was rumored, and was prob-
ably true, that the general had asked permission to make
the assault with his brigade. Had he done so, with such
support as might easily have been furnislicd, there is little
doubt that tlie fading daylight of that Saturday aflernoon
Would have seen the Stars and Stripes floating over the lio.s-
tile rainjiarts ; but the desired peiinission was nut given, and
that night the great army lighted its camplires in IVont of

the fortiQed line, and sat down to a four weeks' siege of
Yorktown.

While at this place the regiment was engaged in the
usual routine duty and drill, interspersed with labor upon
the earthworks and parallels which were constructed in
pursuance of the plan of the commanding general to cap-
ture the place by regular apiiroacli. During this time the
strength of the regiment had been augmented to one thou-
sand men by enlistments, and by the addition of two new
companies from Detroit. The health of the command also
remained good, in consequence of the strict sanitary rules
of Col. Stockton, and in marked contrast to that of many
other regiments, notable among which was its companion
in the brigade, the 44th New York, whose men suffered so
severely from sickness that when the advance was made
they were left as a garrison at Yorktown.

Early in the morning of Sunday, May 4th, it became
known that the hostile fortifications were evacuated, and
soon the troops were in motion in pursuit of the retiring
enemy. Col. Stockton s command remaiiu'd within the
captured works until the Sih of May, when it embarked
and proceeded thence up the York River to West Point,
Va., reaching there on the following day. While at this
place the regiment received its designating number, which
the colonel (though on .some accounts unwilling to do so)
was induced to accept in view of possible future advantages
which might accrue to his officers and men. From this
time it was no longer known as " Stockton's Inde])endent
Regiment," but as the IGth Michigan Infantry, in the 3d
Brigade, 1st Division (Morell's) of the 5tli Provisional
Army Corps, which was formed at that time (May 10th) and
j)laced under command of Gen. Fitz-John Porter.

On the 13th of May the ICith marched with its brigade
from West Point to Cumberland, on the Pamunkey River.
Thence it moved by way of White Hou.se and Tunstall's
Station to Gaines' Mills, where it arrived on the 2Glh,
having advanced forty miles from Yorktown in eighteen
days ! Before daybreak on the 27tli of May the division
of Gen. Morell moved from Gaines', and marched rapidly
through rain and mud towards Hanover Court-House for
the purpose of destroying tlie railroad at that point, in
which vicinity there was known to be a considerable force
of the enemy, which proved to be Branch's rebel division,
consisting of seven regiments, with artillery. A part of
Morell s division, — the 2d Maine and the 25th and 44th
New York, — under command of Gen. Martindale, was left
by the way to hold an important position, while the re-
mainder of the division went forward to capture the station
at Hanover, and to destroy the railway track, which service
was successfully accomplished, while Martindale bravely
held his ground against the determined attack of Branch.
If iMartindale could have been forced from his position the
advanced troops of Morell would have been left in a most
perilous situation, but in this attempt the rebels failed, and
after a hot engagement of more than an hour's duration
were compelled to retire with a heavy loss in killed, woundi'il,
and prisoners. On the Union side the lu.ss, in the 41th
New York alone, was twenty-seven killed and tilly-scvcn
woundi^d. ''Gen. Butterfield, hearing firing in llie rear,
moved his command at once to the jioint of attack. Few

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

of the 16th who were present will ever forget that march
in line of battle across wheat-fields, through swamps and
ravines, cheering as they advanced, impetuous to strike
their first great blow for freedom. The enemy, seeing that
to remain was to be captured or killed, flod in dismay,
leaving their dead, wounded, and many prisoners on our
hands. The day's work was a complete triumph, and that
night we bivouacked for the first time on the field we had
won. . . . Here for the fir.st time the regiment had a taste
of living on the enemy. Through some strange freak, the
commanding officers winked at it. Beef, pork, dried fruits,
and preserves — in fact, everything that an epicure could
crave— were procured in abundance, and indulged in with
apparent emotions of pleasure. That day was never for-
gotten by the IGth during its entire service thereafter; its
members ever after repeated the operation whenever the
country afforded the material."* The division having
successfully accomplished its mission, returned to its camp
on the north side of the Chickahominy, near Gaines' IMills,
on the 29th of May. At about one I'.M. on the 31st the
crash of artillery and the incessant roar of musketry were
lieard coming from the woods and thickets on the opposite
side of the river, and the infernal uproar continued during
most of the afternoon. It was the battle of Fair Oaks.
The men of the 16lh stood with their brigade in line ready
to cross the stream to the as.sistancc of their comrades, but
they were not ordered in on this or the following da}', when
the fight was renewed.

With but one change of camp the IGth rem.iined near
Gaines' Jlill until the first day of the Seven Day.s' battles,
— Thursday, June 2Gth, — when it was moved in haste
towards Mechanicsville to support the right of the Union
Hue against the assault of the redoubt;ible Stonewall Jack-
son, but it was not engaged in the fi'jrce battle tliat ensued.
Before daylight on the following morning it retired with
other regiments (though not unmolested by the enemy)
from the position held during the night to Gaines' Mill
where a line of battle was formed with Butterfield's brigade
on the extreme left, Sykes' division of regulars on the
right, and McCall's Pennsylvania Reserve division in the
second line. Approaching them were the rebel commands
of Generals A. P. Hill, Longstreet, D. H. Hill, and the
dreaded Jackson, in all more than fifty thousand men,
against half that number on the Union side. The battle
was opened by a furious attack on Porter's right. Hei'e
the enemy was at first repulsed, but renewed the assault
and turned the Union right, which retreated in disorder
and caused the whole line to give way, which resulted in
Col. Stockton being made prisoner by the enemy. Sick
and unfit for duty, he had insisted on entering the field at
the head of his regiment, though against the expostulations
and earnest protest of his surgeon, and now, dismounted
and weak from illness, he became separated from his com-
mand in the turmoil and disorder of the retreat, and was
afterwards captured and taken to Richmond. The hard-
ships which he was compelled to endure during his subse-
quent captivity wrought injury to his health from which
he has never recovered.

* From a sketch Vrilten by Capt. T. Frank Powers, of the ICth
Ile;riment.

The retreating line was finally rallied, and the 16th, now
under command of Maj. Welch, with other troops charged
on the defiant foe, but only to be decimated and hurled
back in utter rout, leaving their dead and wounded on the
crimson field. This closed the disasters of the day for the
IGlh, and a bloody day it had been for this regiment. Its
losses had been forty-nine killed, one hundred and sixteen
wounded, and fifty-five missing. Of the killed, three were
officers, and among these was Capt. Thomas C. Carr, of the
Genesee company, he being the first member of the regi-
ment who died on the battle-field.

The day of Gaines' Mill had closed in blood and defeat,
and during the succeeding night the Union forces, includ-
ing the remnant of the IGlh Michigan, succeeded in cross-
ing the swollen Chickahominy and destroying the bridges
behind them, though two bridges farther down the stream
(Bottom's and Long Bridges) still remained, and it was
not long after sunrise on Saturday morning when the rebel
force under the indomitable Jackson was massed at the
upper one of these and making preparations to cross to the
south side. Other hostile forces were also advancing from
Richmond direct on McClellan's left wing, and in view of
this rather alarming situation of affairs the general had, as
early as Friday evening, decided on a retreat b)' the whole
army to the James River, where a base of supplies could
be held and communication on the river kept open by the
co-operation of the Union gunboats. The troops were
informed of the proposed change by an apparently trium-
phant announcement (intended merely to encourage the
soldiers and lighten in some degree the gloom of the great
disaster) that a new and mysterious flank movement was
about to be executed which would surely and swiftly result
in the capture of Richmond. No such assurance, however,
could conceal from the intelligent men who formed the
Army of the Potomac that their backs and not their faces
were now turned towards the rebel capital, and that the
much vaunted change of base was made from necessity
rather than choice.

During the four days succeeding the battle of Gaines'
Mill the men of the IGth took part in the daily fight,
skirmish, and march, which brought them on Tuesday,
July 1st, to the heights of Malvern. On that field the
reiiiment lost thirty-nine killed and wounded and three
missing, but it held the position assigned it, repulsing the
repeated attacks of the enemy with unsurpassed bravery,
and strewed the ground thickly with his dead and wounded.
The battle was opened at this point at about four o'clock
P.M.. and from that time until darkness closed, the roar of
musketry was unintermitting. Finally the carnage ceased,
and the men of the North laid themselves down (victors,
they believed) to rest on the blood-soaked field. But at
about one o'clock in the morning of July 2d orders were
given to fill in for a march, and the regiment moved
silently down the hill, and away on the road to Berkeley
(or Harrison's Landing), leaving their dead and wounded
behind.

No one who was not present can ever realize the bitter-
ness of humiliation and despair that pervaded the rank and
file of the army as they turned their backs upon a victori-
ous field, and marched away in the gloom of the night, and

SIXTEENTH INFANTRY.

through the mud and pouring rain of the succeeding morn-
ing, to seek tiie protection of the gunboats in the river
against a beaten foe, who was at the same time retreating
in an opposite direction. I5ut tlic woaiied and dispirited
men struggled on, some in sullen silence, some cursing, and
some actually weeping in the iigony of their shame, until
at hist they rested on the banks of the James under the
friendly guns of the Union fleet.

Four days after the arrival of the army at Harrison's
Landing, the commander of the 5th Corps (Gen. Porter)
issued a general order congratulating the oflicers and men
of his command " on the perils through which they have
so honorably passed, and the successes they have added
by their valor to the glory of our arms,"' and mentioning
especially their gallantry at Vorktuwii, April 5th ; New
Bridge, May 24th ; Ilanuvcr Court-IIousc, May 27th ; Mc-
chanicsville, June 2Ctli ; Gaines' Mill, June 27th; New
Market, June 30th ; and Malvern Hill, July 1st. A com-
plimentary order was issued by the commander of the 3d
Brigade (in which was the IGth Michigan), as follows:

" IlEADQCAUTEnS BlTTEIIFIELD'S BRIGADE, MOBEI.b'S DlVlSIO.V.

" Cii'cuttn\
"Brave Soldiers of the 3n Biiigade:

*' It is with no ordinary itride thnt your general promulgates to you
general orders No. 4, from the heoilquaitor.s of the urniy corps. Your
bravery and galhintry have won my love, and you are as dear to me
as brothers. Let the enpi it and the pride which have always di^tin-
guished you be reneweil and redoubled. Your eliililren's children
will be jH'oud of your noble act^, and your country will love you. Let
every one, oiRcers and men, make renewed exertions, an 1 let the ne.\t
call to arms find the brigade, as it always has been heretofore, unflinch-
ing, unfaltering, devoted to the country and the honor of its flag.
Let the proud recollections of the glorious names your banner will
bear redouble your strength and zeal, so that, as heretofore, you will
e({ual twice your numbers of the enemy.

*' By command of

*• Buig.-Gen. Buttkrfiei.d,
(Signed) " Tuos. J. Hovt, Ahu'c Ailj'l-deii."

During the night of the 31st of July the enemy on the
south side of the river suddenly opened fire from more than
fifty pieces of artillery on the Union army lying on the north
side, the camp of Butterfield's brigade being fairly within
their range. The scene was a grand and exciting one, and
the wildest commotion ensued, the great guns of the fleet in
the river adding their thunders to the roar of the cannonade.
Very little injury was inflicted, however, on either side.
On the following day the 3d Brigade crossed the river,
burned the plantation buildings, near which the hostile bat-
teries had been placed, and then made a reconnois.saiice to-
wards Petersburg, but, finding no enemy, returned to the
liver and bivouacked on the Uuffin plantation, where it re-
mained five days, foraging on the country, and at the end
of tliat time recrosscd the river to its former position. Alter
this, few, if any, noteworthy events occurred in the expe-
rience of the 10th during the remainder of its stay at Har-
rison's Landing.

In the night of the 14th of August the regiment struck
Ciimp, and, with its corps, took the advance in the march
of the army dowu the Peninsula, reaching Hampton after
three days' and one night's march. There was a striking
contrast between the appearance of tiie haggard and tat-
tered remnant of the IGth Michigan, who now returned to
12

their old camping-place, and that of Stockton's Independent
Regiment of well-led and healthy men, as they had marched
away from the same place a little more than four months
before, but their hope and courage were still high, and none
were doubtful of ultimate triumph. On the 19th they took
transports for Acquia Creek, and arrived there the follow-
ing morning, proceeding thence by railroad to Fredericks-
burg. Remaining there until the evening of the 23d, the
line of march was then taken northwestwardly along the
left bank of the Rappahannock, and after an eventless
march, and some countermarching, reached Kelley's Ford
on the 2Gth. During the night orders were received to
burn such regimental and company property as could not be
carried, and to be ready to march at daybreak for the line
of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. On arriving at
Bealton Station, it was reported that the enemy had de-
stroyed a portion of the railroad between that place and
Alexandria, and had captured and burned a large amount
of property. Rations had become very low, and a forced
march was necessary to make a junction with the Army of
Virginia, under Gen. Pope, which was effected by the corps
at Groveton, August 21)th. While at this place tlie troops
were formed in line of battle, but no engagement occurred.
For his failure to engage the enemy. Gen. Porter was
severely censured by Gen. Pope.

The command then moved towards Manassas, and on the
30th a new position was taken near Bull Run. The bri-
gade lay for hours under a heavy artillery fire, until
about the middle of the afternoon, when the regiments
were formed in column by division, and ordered to advance.
The infantry of the enemy lay well protected in a deep
railroad excavation, and a large number of artillery pieces
were posted in the rear of the infantry and on higher
ground. When the 3d Brigade had reached an open field,
the enemy poured into its ranks an infernal fire of artillery
and musketry. The brigtide advanced most gallantly to
within a few yards of the enemy's infantry, and on that
spot the bones of its brave men who fell on that d;iy were
Ibund when the survivors again inarched over the field
months afterwards. While the brigade was engaged at this
point a force of the enemy attacked in flank, and they were
thus forced back in disorder and with severe loss. No
troops ever better deserved victory than did the Union
forces on that day, and that they did not obtain it was no
fault of theirs. It was because " some one had blundered."
The lo.ss of the regiment in this battle was seventy-nine
killed and wounded (among whom were three color-bear-
ers) and seventeen missing. Capt. Randolph W. Ransom,
of Flint, was also among the killed.

After this crowning di.saster the command fell back, by
way of Centreville and Hall's Hill (their winter-camp of
18G1-G2), to Arlington, where a rest of ten days was had,
during which time Col. Stockton returned from his cap-
tivity in Richmond, and the regiment received considerable
accessions to its numbers from hospitals and other sources.
On the 12th of September the brigade, under command
of Col. Stockton, moved, with the 5th Corps, on the Mary-
land campaign, which culminated in the bloody battle of
Anlietam, September 17lli. On that day the 5th Corps
was not engaged, though towards evening the 3d Brigade

HISTORY OF GKNESEK COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

was ordered first to the right and then back to the left, but
sustained no loss.

On tlie 20lh the 5lh Corps — the IGth iMithi^an in ad-
vance — started in pursuit of the retreating columns of Lee,
and engaged his rear guard at Shepherdstown Ford, after
wliiLJi the regiment and brigade returned, and camped near
Siunpsburg, on Antietaui Creek, where tlio 2Ulh Maine
llegiuiont was added to the brigade.

On the oUtii of Oeluber the 5th Corps broke camp, and
marched, bj- way of Harper's Ferry {id which point the
Potomac River was crossed), to Warrenton, Va. This
march occupied ten days, and during its continuance the
men of the IGth, in common with those of other regi-
ments, foraged almost at will in the country through which
they passed, the result of which was that their commis-
sariat was abundantly su]>plicd with rations of the best
quality. "So well," says Capt. Powers, "wa.s the regiment
supplied with poultry, fresh meats, honey, and jireserves
that the commanding officer of the division made a sly
insinuation to Col. Stockton that the IGth must have had
a lax training in its youth to so soon forget that high moral
culture that had made the Ainiy of the Potomac so I'ond
of furnishing food for the jiowder of rebel bushwhackers."

On the arrival of the 3th Corps at Warrenton, the regi-
ment found itself under a new commander of the Army of
the Potomac, — Gen. Rurnside, — who had super-sedtd Gen.
McClellan in that command on the 5th of November, and
at about the same time Gen. Porter was relieved of the
command of his corps. Gen. Burnside, on assuming com-
mand of the army, reorganized it into three grand divisions
of two corps each, the 5tli and 3d Corps, forming the centre
grand division, being placed under command of " Fighting
Joe Hooker."

The army, resuming its march, reached the Acrpiia Creek
Railroad on the 2Gth of November, and the brigade of
which the IGth Micliigan formed a part encamped in the vi-
cinity of what was afterwards known as Stoneman's Switch.

On the 12tli of December the 5th Corps moved to the
Rappahannock River, opposite Frederiek.sburg, where the
commander of the army was preparing for the great battle
which was fought on the following day. During the prog-
ress of that unequal 6ght theod Brigade remained quies-
cent until about four p.m , when it was ordered across the
river. It crossed, and formed line in the outskirts of the
town, tlun advanced under a heavy fire of musketry and
canister, halting near the front, at a point which w,is
slightly protected by the ctniformalion of the field. This
position was held, but with some loss, until darkness closed
the contest for the day. The fight was renewed on the
14th, but the results were far less sanguinary, and both
sides held their ground, though the general result was
most di.-astrous to the Union arms.

At midnight of the 15th the brigade went to the front
and withdrew all the jiickcts on that part of the field, and
shortlv after daylight crossed to the north side of the Rap-
pahannock, as the main body of the army had done during
the night.

The IGth Regiment cannot be said to have participated
prominently in the battle of Fredericksburg, but it per-
formed all that was rei|uired of it, and in doing so sus-

tained a loss of twenty-three killed and wounded. After tlie
battle it went into winter-quarters at Stoneman's Switch.

In the spring, after Gen. Hooker had been placed in
command of the army, and was making preparations for that
forward movement which ended at Chanccllorsville, the IGth
moved, with the other regiments of the command, to the
Rappahannock, and passed up on the left bank of the river
April 2~th. It crossed to the south side of the stream ou
the 28th, and was jire.sent on the field of Chancellorsvillc
during all of the throe bloody days succeeding Bltiy 1st,
taking part in the fight at Hookers headquarters on Sun-
day, but sustaining no heavy attack.', and losing only one
killed and six wounded. At the close of the campaign it
recrosscd the river with the armj', and returned to camp at
Falmouth, where, on the ISlli of May at evening parade.
Col. Stockton took leave of the regiment, having resigned
for the purpose of raising a brigade of Tennessee troops,
under authority conferred by Gov. Andrew Johnson, and
sanctioned by the War Department. This resignation gave
the command of the regiment to Lieut. -Col. Norval E.
Welch, who was afterwards killed in an as.'-ault upon the
enemy's works at Poplar Grove Chinch, in the Petersbui'g
campaign.

Early in June it was learned that the enemy was moving
towards the Shenaiiduali ^'alley. and the Army of the Poto-
mac was put in motion to meet and oi)pose him. On the
2()th, at Aldie, the od Brigade joined Gen. Pleasonton on
an expedition to disperse Stuart's Cavalry, which resulted
in a fight at Middleburg (June 21st), in which the loss of
the IGth was nine wounded, this being one-half the lo.'^s of
the whole brigade. The command then returned to Aldie,
where it remained till the 25th, when it commenced a forced
march to Slaryland and Pennsylvania, and reached Gettys-
burg in the morning of July 2d, when the great conflict
had already commenced. The 3d Biigadc was detached
from the remainder of the division, and about three r.M. was
posted on the Little Round Top, forming the extreme lel't
of the Union line, the order of the brigade line being as
follows: on the lel't the 20th Maine, Col. Chamberlain;
next, the ood PeniL^jylvania, Capt. Woodward ; next the 44th
New York, Col. Rice; and ou the right, the IGth Mich-
igan, Col. Welch ; the brigade being uuder command of
Col. Vincent, who on that day fell mortally wounded. In
this position the brigade was soon attacked by Hood's di-
vision of Longstreet's corps. The enemy came on impetu-
ously, and with great confidence, ou account of superiority
in numbers [being a division against a single brigade), but
his repeated assaults were successfully repelled. His last
attack was made .simultaneousl3' on the front and flank of
the brigade, so that the JIaine regiment was compelled to
change face to repel the flanking column. But the work
was bravely and successfully done, and then, when ammu-
nition was well-nigh exhausted, and no reinforcements near,
Col. Rice (who succeeded to the command of the brigade
when Vincent fell) sent word to each of the regimental
commanders to fix bayonets, and, on a signal from him, to
charge. The enemy received the charge steadily at first,
then wavered, rallied, wavered again, and at last broke in
confusion, with a loss of five hundred prisoners, and over
one thousand stand of arms. The brigade pressed on

SIXTEENTH IxNFANTllY.

tl)rou<;li the valle}', and halted with its left resting; on Bi^
Hound Top, on wliich its line was soon after established.
The fi;;htin,i; at Little Round Top-was nearly all in which
the IGth took active part at (u'ttysburir, and in it the loss
of the regiment was sixty, in killed and wounded. In the
nioniinp; of the 3d the brifjade was relieved, and took posi-
tion in the rear of the main line. On the morninu; of July
5tli it was discovered that the enemy had retreated, and the
l.")th marched with the army in ]iursuit. Slight collisions
were had with Lee's rear guard, at Jones' Cross-Koads, on
the lOtli, and at Wiiliamsport, Md., on the ]2lh of July.
Oil the ITth the regiment cro.ssed the I'litcjuiac at Berlin,
and was almost constantly on the lunreh from that time
until September IGth, when it reached Culpep(U\ There it
remained till October 7th, when it moved to Raccoon Ford,
and crossed the Rapidan. It crij.s.sed the Rappahannock on
the lOtli, recrossed on the 11th, and moved to Brandy Sta-
tion, where tlie enemy was attacked by a portion of the
corps, but the IGth Regiment was not engaged. Another
period then ensued of marching and countermarching (with
a stay of a week in camp on the Orange and Alexandria
Railroad) until the 7lh of November, when the IGth was
slightly engaged, and lost three wounded in the capture of
a rebel work near Rappahannock Station. It moved with
the army, November 2Gth, on the Jline Run campaign,
which ended without results on the 2d of December, when
the regiment went into camp on the north bank of the Rap-
pahannock, near the railway-station.

At this place nearly three luindred members of the regi-
ment re-enlisted as veterans, were mustered as such on the
24th of December, and about a week later left for Michi-
gan on furlough, reaching Detroit on the 9th of January.
At the expiration of their furlougli, February 9th, they re-
assembled at Saginaw City, and on the 17th left that place
to rejoin the army. On their return the regiment made
winter-quarters at Bcalton Station, and remained there till
April 30, 18G4, when they moved to Brandy Station, pre-
paratory to commencing the eaui]iaign of the Wilderness.

In that campaign the movements of the IGth were too
numerous to follow in detail. It moved aeioss the Rapidan
at Germania Ford, May 4lli, and on the Gth and 7th took
jiart in the battles of the Wilderness, sustaining no lo.ss on
the Cth, but losing on the following day thirty-five in killed
and wounded. On the 8th it made a forced march to
Laurel Hill, near Spott-sylvania Court-House, and in the
evening of that day was attacked by the enemy in an almost
impassable swamp, but its loss was inconsiderable, while a
considerable number of the enemy were taken prisoners.
May 22d the IGth moved from Spottsylvaniu towards the
North Anna River, and, being the advance guard of the
corps, it encountered the rear guard of the enemy at Polecat
Creek, and captured a considerable number of prisoners.
The next day it was engaged at North .\nna River, where
it charged successfully, and drove the enemy. It crossed
the I'anuinkey River at Hanover Town, in the morning of
tile 2Sih, and assisted in throwing up works on South Creek.
On the 29th it moved to Tolojwtonioy Creek, and crossed
it just before evening. 3lay 30th, moved forward and
became engaged with the cneniy, losing the major, Robert
T. Elliott, who was killed at the head of the reLriment. On

June 1st the brigade was ordered to advance its line, and in
doing so was brought under a raking cross-fire. The IGth
advanced, and drove the enemy from their rifle-pits, and
held the position thus .secured. The next day the corps
took up a new jiosition, and while the movement was in
progress the enemy attacked in heavy force, but a heavy
storm came up and stop]ied the battle, which, however, was
renewed on the .'jd of June, and again on the 4th. This
three days tight was near Bethesda Church, and in it the
Kith Regiment was engaged during each day. From this
point it moved by way of Cohl Harbor and Disjiatch Sta-
tion to the left hank of the Cliickahominy, and there re-
mained until the 12th, this being its fir.st rest since crossing
the Rapidan on the 4th of Jlay ; the intervening time having
been constantly employed in march, skirmi.sh, or battle.

On the 13th of June the regiment crossed the Cliicka-
hominy by the Long Bridge, and marched to the James
River, which it crossed on the IGlh, and arrived in front of
Petersburg on the 17tli. Then followed a month of severe
labor in the trenches, from which the regiment was relieved
and placed in reserve August 15th. Three days later it
moved to the Wcldon Railroad, and was there engaged in
the construction and occupation ol' defenses until September
30th, when it formed part of the force which stormed and
carried the enemy's fortifications ne.ir Poplar Grove Church,
in whi<-h desperate assault the IGth lost fifty-two killed and
wounded, among the former being the commanding officer
of the regini'.!nt. Col. Weluh, who died on the parapet.

For more than two months after this battle the regiment
lay most of the time in the trenches at Poplar Grove
Church. In December it accompanied the corps on a raid
to Bellefield, Va., on which about sixteen miles of railroad
was destroyed. It was in the trenches before Petersburg
during January, 18G5, and on the Cth and 7th of February
took part in the battle of Dabney's Jlills, losing heavily. It
fought at Hatcher's Run, March 25th ; at White Oak Road,
IMarch 29th ; at Quaker Road, March 31st ; at Five Forks,
April 1st ; at Amelia Court-House, April 5th ; and at High
Bridge, April Gth. After Jjce's surrender it nuirched to Suth-
erland Station, where it remained stationed <luring April, and
early in May it marched to Washington, I). C., arriving there
on the 12lh and taking pait in the grand review of the Army
of the Potomac, May 23d. It was encamped near Washing-
ton until the IGth of Juno, when it moved under orders
for Louisville, Ky., arriving there on the 21st. Thence it
moved across the river to Jeff'ersonville, Ind., and was there
mustered out of service July 8th. The men and officers left
on the 10th for Michigan, and on the 12th arrived at Jack-
son, where, on the 25th of July, 1SG5, they received their
pay and were disbanded.

OrKlelCRS AND ENI.ISTKI) H ICX OV THE SIXTEKNTII INt'AXTKY
FROM CENKSEE COIKTY.
Col. Tlioni:\» B, W. Slocktim, Kliiil ; Aug. '22. ISIil ; res. Miiy 18, 180:!.
Stnm'iMi I-auc Wi.\otii, .ArKeiitirif ; Aug. 19, ISljI.

tli.-Mu«t. Si-rgt. Ileiiry II. Aplili, Klint; piu. tu 2ilIicul.,Jilly 7, ISC'); must, out
as Boi-gt.

Cfrnjiattrj C
Cnpt. Tliiimiui O.Ciirr, Flint ; .luly :i(i, l«r,l ; kill.'.l in liiitllu uf G.iin.'.i' Mill, Vu.,

.Iiini'U", l»c!i.
Capt. living M. Ili-lrlii-r, Flint ; .Inly In, ISO! ; li.inonil.ly iliscli. fur .liiiil.ility,

May 1.5, 1«(m.
1st I.irnt. MiniT S. Newell, I'.int; July 30, l.sci ; app. qi-.-nvisl.; must, ont of
tirviccSepl. 7, 1804.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

l8t Liont. Randolpli W.Riinsoin, Flint; Aug. 9. ISGl; killpcl in batlle at Bull
Kiiti, V;i,, Aug. :iO, 1S(V2, \va8 2a lieiit. from July ;10, 18G1, to Aug. U, 1861.

2<) Litjiit. Zibii B. Graliani. Flint ; Aug. 30, 18G2; Uuu^. t<i Co. G.

2U Lieut. Monzo Swarlz, Fliisliing ; Ainil 27, 1S63; wounded in nctjoii at Tol-
opi>tomoy, Va., June 1, 1864 ; pro. to 1st lieut. Aug. 3, 1864 ; must, out as
2(1 lieur. at end uf service, Sept. 2G, 18G4.

Sergt. Irving M. Belcher, Flint; pro. to coni.sergt. Sept. 22, ISCl.

Sergt. Harrison Wiiy, Flint ; discli. for d:s;»biliiy ; died Dec. 2, 18G1.

Corp. Arzii M. Niles, Flint (st-rgt.); discli. for wounds, Sept. y, 1SG2.

Muaiiinn lUnry Duvia. Flint ; diach. Oct. 25, 1802.

AVagoner Tlinnuis Belili-n, Flint (corp.) ; must, out July 8, 18G5.

51erritt Avery, disch, liy order, Aug. 12, 1861.

J;unes Aiijih-bee, discli. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec. 24, 1863.

Nathaniel N. Andt-i-aon, died March 31, 1SG5.

Edward Bigg.dit-d in riiiliidelpbia, Pa., Nov. 2S,i8G2, of Wounds rcc'd in action.

Fdward Hritton, disch. fur disability, Oct. 1, 1802.

Kdwin Biirlow, discli. for disability, Nov. 13, 1802.

\Villiiim Bagg, dis^ch. Sept. 7, 1804.

Kdwiird V. Brigg, disch.

I'.itii.k Ilr;ulb-y, died of disoa.se at City Point, Va., Sept. 10, 1804.

Keuben Biadish, nui-'t. ont July 8, 1805.

John S. Copp, must, out July 8, 1865.

Boyd Culver, disch. for di-sability. Not. 13, 18C2.

John Conquest, disch. t>T wounds, Nov. 28, 1862.

Augnstns Chapel, disch. May 8, 18G2.

James Cniwforti, died of wonnds at I'liiladolpliia, Pa., June 4, 1864.

lliiain G. Darting, died of wounds at New York Harbor, Sept. 1864.

Eli Devoe, disch. for disability, Nov. l:i, 1802.

Alber t Doan, died »)f disease in hospital.

Edwanl Davis, dir^cii. to re-eul. as veteran, Dec. 24, 1863.

Dennis Fiilby, di>cli. by order of surgeon, Feb. 2, 1862.

Smith Forsyth, disch. for di-ahility, Feb. 25, 1862.

S.inford Guthrie, died of wounds at Wasliiugton, D. C, May 20, 1S64.

Kicliard C. Guyer, disch. by order. May 18, l80o.

James Ilenipstcd, veteran , must, out July 8, lSG.'i.

George \V. Hilton, disch. for disability, April 6, 1804.

George Handy, dieil in action at Spt.>lt-ylvania, Va., May 8, 1864.

lU.s«ell Hilton, di-cb. fur disability, Nov. 13, 1862.

Arthur M. HiMlges, veteran ; altsent on furlough ; not must, out with company.

Orrin Juhnsoii, disch. for disability, May 2ii, 1802.

diaries Knapiw, di>ch. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec. 24, 18C3.

Georgf Mohan, disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec. 24, 1863.

James McKec, discli. to re-enl. as veteian, Dec. 24, 186^1.

Andrew J. McDowell, discli. for disj\bility, June 17, 1SG2.

Albert E. M»Clellan, disch. for disability, April 21, 1802.

Charles Martin, died of wounds at Gettysburg, I'a., July 21, 1863.

Getirge W. Munroe, died of disease in hospital.

Bnssell C. Moon, discharged.

El sba Moses, disch. April 1, 1863.

Charles Marion, disch. Feb. 20, 1803.

Blilion C. Miller, died In action at Siwltsylvania, Va., May 8, 1864.

Patrick Murphy, must, out July 8, 1865.

Ebas Palmer, disch. for disaldtity, Feb. 25, 1862.

Philander Payne, disch. Sept. 7, 1804.

Ger-ihoni Palmer, died of disease at Gaines' Mil!, Va., June 11, 1862.

Abram Parsons, died of disease at Georgetown, J>. C, April 15, 1862.

Ira Patlei^.ii, diiil of disease, Aug. 18G2.

James Uichard-^, died of disease at Annaiwlis, Md., Aug. 31, 1SC2.

James Kipley, disch. for disability, Feb. 24, 186:J.

Charles H. l^lot, disch. for disability.

Jidin Shout, disch. for disability, Feb. 24, 180-3.

t'barles Starks, died of disease, Sept. 1802.

Samuel P. Sinilh, disch. to re-enl. as veieran, Dec. 24, 1863.

Natiian Small, must, tuit July 8, 18G5.

James Sbo\iks, disch. by onler, May 24, 18G5.
George Turner, disch. Dec. 26, 1862.

Garwood Tnpper, must, out July 8, 1865.

George Tower, disch. for disaldlity, Dec. 26, 18C2.

Tliouias Tbonii«on, uuist. out July 8, I860.

William Teachout, must, out July 8, 1865.

Mrtrion Van Itiper, disch. for disability.

Harri^i)n Way, disch. for dis.ibility, Dec. 19, 1862.

David S. Weaver, disch. for disability, April 19, 1S62.

Hurry Wibler, disch. to re-«nl. as veteniu.

Adoniram A. Worth, died of disease at Yorktown, Va., May 1, 1862.

Abnim Way, ilied May 12, 1864, of wounds rec'd in action at Spottsylvauia, Va.

Dcwitl Williams, disch. Sept. 7, 1SG4.

OTHER COMPANIES.
E. Frank Eddy, Flint; 2d lieut., Co. G, Aug. 9,1861; wonnilcd in battle of

Gaines' Mill, Va., June 27, 18G2; prx>. to 1st lieut., Co. G, Nov. 3, 1802;

capt., Co. G.Aug. 11, 1SG3; pro. to Iieut -col., 29ih Mich. Inf., July 29,

1SG4.
T Frank Powers. Fenton; sergt., Co. K; 2d licut., Co. A, Not. 3, 1862; 1st

lieut., Co. B, June 21, 1864: capt., Co. B, Aug. 3, 1SC4 ; must, out July 8,

1865.
Gilbert K. Chandler, Forest; 2d lieut., Co. D, July 21, 1861 ; Ist lieut., Sept.

3862; capt., April, 1863 ; lest his left arm in action at Gaines' Mill, Juno

27, 1802; was afterwards in battles of Cbancelluraville and Gettysburg;

trans, to Vet. Ke.«*. Corps, Aug. 11, 1863; must, out of service, Oct. ID, 18G7.
Irving M. B.-lcher, Flint; sergt., Cu. C; 2d lieut., Co. B, Aug. 3<i, 18G2 ; 1st

lieut., Co. K, April 17,1861; pro. to capt Co. C.
Charles Veeder, Genesee; sergt., Co.G; 1st lieut., Co. E; must, out July 8, 1865.
Ziba B. Gniham, Flint ; sergt., Co. C; 2d lieut., Cos. C and G; Ist lieni., Co. T,

April 23, 1803; wounded at North Anna liiver, Va., May 2:1, 1804 ; must.

out at end of service, Sept. 7, 18G4.
James L. Tupping, Fentun , 2d lieut., Co. I, Sept. 4, 18C2; resigned March 28,

18G3.
liloyd G. Streever, Flint; sergt.; pro. to 2d lieut.; must, ont as sergt.
Patrick Murphy, Flint ; sergt. ; pro. to 2d lieut. ; must, ont a-s sergt.
Samuel .\tIicrton, Argentine, G>. A ; must, out July 8, 1803.
William ,\Ilierton, Argentine, Co. I; disch. from Vet. Ucs. Corps by order, July

m, isG,-!.

Natlianie] Austin, Argentine, Co. K ; disch. by oi-der, May 30,1805.

Corp. Ji'hn .1. Bustwick, Aigentiue, Co. K ; died of disease near Falniouth, Va.,

Nov. 2G, 1802.
Nathan Barton, .\rgentine, Co. I ; died at Laurel Hill, Va., May 1", ISGt.
Geo. S. B.tiley, Fenton, Co. D; died of disease at City Point, Va., July 28,1864.
Sanniel D. Bustwick, Aigentine, Co. K ; died of disea-^e, Dec. 8, 18G2.
James Bnidy, Argentine, Co. A ; must, out July 8, 18G5.
G<-orge W. Chase, Argentine, Co. A; must, out July 8, ISCo.
Jacob A. Clark, Argentine, C^>. A ; disch. for disability. Dec. 16, 1863.
Lewi-. Case, veteran, Argentiii'-, Co. A; must, out July 8,1865.
Jacob W, Craw, ArgeTitine, Co. I; died of disease, Nov. 25, 1864.
John Coles, Argentitie, Co. I ; diacli. by order. May 30, 1865.
Dennis Falbey, Flu-hing, Co. G ; disch. at end of service, Nov. 21, 1863.
Lambert Foster, Gaines, Co. B; must, out July 8, 1865.
George Garner, Fenton, Co. B; must, out July 8, 18G5.
Edgar G. Hicks, Argentine, Co. I.; disch. Jan. 15, 180.3.
Thomas Hopkins, Jr., .\rgentiue, Co. I ; disch. March 5, 1863.
Joseph H. Hough, Flint ; Co. B; disch. by order, July 0, 1865.
David Hnbl.anI, Montro<e. Co. H; disch. by order, June l-t, 1865.
William Ilaidick, Argentine, Co. I ; disch. by onler, May 30, 1805.
William E. Jacobs, Flu-bing, Co. K ; disch. March 2.1, 1863.
John Knight, Flint, Co.G; di^ch. March 17. 180:t.
Stephen M. Kent (corp., sergt.), Co. K ; disth. to re-enlist as veteran, Dec. 23,

186;i.
Albert L. Metz, Argentine, Co. I; di.^ch. by order, May 30, 1805.
James A. McKnight, Argentine, Co. I ; disch. for promotion, Dec. 8, 1863.
George W. Nuyes, Fenton, Co. I); disch. f>r disability.
Elin Stukd, Arirentine, Co. I; dieil of di;ie;ise in Imsp tal, April 18,1863.
Theodore Sternhardt, Flint, Co. G ; trans, to Vet. Ites. Corps, Sept. 30, 1863.
Alfred Staiks, Argentine, Co. I; disch. by order, May 30, 1805.
George Seymour, Argentine, Co. I; disch. by order, May 30, 1865.
William Tillman, Argentine, Co. I ; disch. Feb. 9. 186:J.
Pbilo White, Argentine. Co. K ; disch. by order. May 29, 1865.
Ethan H. Wrght, Mount Morris, Co. K; disch. by order, July 10, 18G5.

CHAPTER XIV,

TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY.

Competition of the 23il Regiment — The Thomson Light Guard and
the Wolverine Guard — The "Fighting Parson" — Rendezvous and
Organization of the Regiment at East Saginaw — Muster In and
Departure — Reception of Companies at Flint — Departure from De-
troit, and Arrival at Jeffcrsonville, Ind. — "Camp Gilbert" and Ihe
*' Brick-Yard Camp" — Meeting Buell's Veterans — Movement to-
wards Shelbjville — Arrival at Frankfort — Pursuit of John Morgan
— Movement through Perryville to New Market — March to Bowling
Green, and Long Stay nt that Place — Death of Lieut. -Col. Pratt —
Pursuit of Guerrillas through Kentucky, up the Ohio River, and into
Ohio — Return to Cincinnati, and Movement to Paris, Ky. — Move-
ment to Lebanon and I^ew Market — March to East Tennessee —
Col. Chapin's Speech — Arrival at Loudon — March to Knoxville —
Back to Loudon — Movement to Lenoir — Fight at Huff's Ferry —
Battle at Campbell's Station — Siege of Kno.wille — Blain's Cross-
Koads and Strawberry Plains — Morristown and Charleston — Down
the Tennessee Valley — The Georgia Campaign — Resaca — Dallas^
Lost Mountain and Kenesaw — Atlanta- — Pursuit of Hood — Battles
of Columbia, Franklin, and Nashville — Transfer to the East — Bat-
tles at Fort Anderson and Town Creek, N. C— March to Kinston
— Movement to Goldsboro' and Raleigh — End of the War — Muster
Out and Return Uome.

Tins regiment, which was raised and organized in the
summer of 1SG2, under the President's call for volunteers

TWENTY-TniRD INFANTRY.

issued July 2d, immediately after the close of the Seven
Days' battles on the A'ir<:inia peninsula, was rendezvoused
at East Saginaw, under D. II. Jerome, Esq., as commandant
of the camp of instruction and orsanization. It was com-
posed of volunteers from the Sixth Conjjrcssional District,
and contained two companies raised in Genesee, as well as
a considenible number of men from the county serving in
several of its other companies.

The Genesee companies, while recruiting, and until tlic
organization of the regiment was completed, were known as
the "Thomson Li^ht Guard" (in honor of Col. E. II.
Thomson) and the " Wolverine Guard." The former was
recruited to more than the maximum strength* by Capt.
Charles E. McAlester and Lieut. Stewart in about three
weeks' time, and the latter, recruited principally by the
Rev. J. S. Smart, filled its ranks in about two weeks from
the beginning of enlistment. The Wolverine Citizen of
Aug. 9, 1802, mentioned that " Col. Tliom.son and the
Rev. J. S. Smart are addr&ssing the people at different
places in the county, to raise the quota of Genesee for the
23d Regiment," and about the same time a Flint cor-
respondent of the Detroit Free Press said, " The Rev. J.
S. Smart, presiding elder of this district, lately felt it his
duty to go to the wars, so he told his family and friends to
' stand clear,' for he was going that way. He immediately
started a recruiting-office, and, the fact soon spreading
through the city and county, in four days after, the elder
had a full company of one hundred men on his rolls. He
then posted oiF to Detroit, got his commission as captain,
and is now here, organizing and straightening out matters
preparatory to leaving for the camp of the 23d at Saginaw.
The new captain is very popular, and could have had another
hundred men if he had been authorized to accept them.
He is now called here the ' Fighting Parson.' " This corre-
spondent was decidedly in error as to the time in which
the company's ranks were filled, and other portions of his
communication were too highly colored ; but it was not an
exaggeration as to the height of the patriotic enthusiasm
which then existed among the people of the county in re-
gard to the furnishing of their full quota, and the promo-
tion of enlistments, particularly in the companies that were
to join the 23d Regiment.

The two Genesee companies left Flint early in August,
and proceeded to the rendezvous at East Saginaw, where,
on the 30th of that month, they were reported respectively
as one hundred and nine and one hundred and twelve strong,
the former number representing the strength of Capt. Mc-
Alester's company. The Rev. Mr. Smart, after seeing his
company filled, retired from it, and accepted the chaplaincy
of the regiment. The command of the company tlion de-
volved on Capt. Damon Stewart, previously first lieutenant
and adjutant of the regiment, and still earlier a non-com-
missioned officer in the 2d Jlicliigan Infantry, serving with
that regiment in the campaign of the Peninsula.

In the organization of the regiment, the " Thomson

• This company was recruitcil, in the time incntiunc.l, to a strength
of one hundred ancl twcniy-six men, and it contiiinel one hundred
an<l 8i.xtcen men wlien it joined the regiment at Eiu-tt Saginaw (ijeing
the strongest of all the companies reporting). A number of these
men were aft?rwards rejected for non-age, physical disabi'ity, etc.

Light Guard" was designated as " C" company, under the
following commissioned officers: Captain, Charles E. JIc-
Alestcr ; 1st Lieutenant, George AV. Buckingham ; 2d Lieu-
tenant, William C. Stewart ; and the " Wolverine Guard"
was designated as " K" company, its commissioned officers
being: Captain, Damon Stewart; 1st Lieutenant, Samuel
C. Randall ; 2d Lieutenant, John Rea.

The field-officers of the 23d at its organization were:
Marshall W. Chapin, colonel; Gilbert E. Pratt, lieutenant-
colonel ; Benjamin F. Fisher, major; dating from Aug.
23, 18G2. The regiment (nine hundred and eighty-three
strong) was mustered into the service of the United Stales,
at the rendezvous, on the 11th and 12th of September, and,
it being \inderstood that the command would be immediately
ordered to the front, preparations for the movement were
at once commenced.

On the ItJth of September orders were is.sucd for Com-
panies C, H, and K to take up their line of march for De-
troit, prepai'.itory to departure for the theatre of war. Pur-
suant to these orders, they broke camp in the morning of
the 17th, and were transported on the cars of the Flint and
Perc JIaniuctte Railway to Mount Morris, which was then
the southern terminus of the road ; and thence were moved
across the country, by way of Flint, to the Detroit and Mil-
waukee Railroad, over which they proceeded by train to
their destination. At Flint, a bountiful repast had been
provided for them, and they were received bj' the citizens
with great enthusiasm, — the more so, no doubt, because this
first detachment included the two Genesee companies ; and
for the same rea.son the adicux which were waved to them
here, and everywhere in their passage through the county,
were the more sad and tearful. The moniory of that occa-
sion is still fresh and vivid in the minds of surviving
soldiers, and of relatives and friends of those who never re-
turned. " The incidents of that first movement," wrote an
officer of the regiment, " were no doubt similar to those of
the remaining companies over the same route, — flat cars,
rain, sunshine, tears, smiles, feasting at Flint, transportation
by variety of vehicles, hilarity, airs, boisterous mirth, and
much good cheer."

On the following day, the remaining companies left the
rendezvous, and moved by the same route to Detroit, whore
they arrived in the evening, and all were hospitably enter-
tained by the patriotic citizens. With but little delay, the
ten companies were embarked on steamers, which landed
them at Cleveland the next morning ; the weather being
rainy and dismal, and the condition of the men anything
but comfortable. From Cleveland, the regiment moved by
rail across the State of Oliio, to Cincinnati, whence, after a
stop of some hours, it again proceeded by railroad, and on
Sunday morning, September 21st, reached Jeffersonville,
Ind., on the north bank of the Ohio River, opposite Louis-
ville, Ky. In the afternoon of the same day the command
moved to " Camp Gilbert," near by, and that night, for the
first time, the tired men of the 23d slept upon the soldier's
bed, — the bosom of mother earth.

At this time the Southern general, Buckncr, was reported
to be approaching Louisville, and, in consequence of the
panic thus caused, many of the people were crossing to the
north side of the river. Large quantities of government

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

stores were also being transferred to the Indiana side, by
order of the general then in command at Louisville. The
23d was placed on duty, guarding the public property and
ferry landings at Jcffer.sonville, and remained so employed
for two days and nights, at the end of which time it crossed
the river and camped in the southwestern suburbs of Louis-
ville. Here the situation of the men was not the most
comfortable, and it was made worse by their almost complete
ignorance iif the methods by which veteran soldiers manage
to force something like comfort out of the most unfivorablc
surroundings. A few hours later they were ordered to
move to another camping-place, and while on their way
thither they pa.ssed a brigade or division of the army of
Gen. Biiell, which had then just entered the city after a
fatiguing forced march from Nashville in pursuit of the
Southern army under Gen. Bragg. As the 23d marched
past the dusty and battle-scarred veterans of Shiloh, and
Farmington, and luka, the latter indulged (as veterans are
apt to do) in many a sneer at the expense of the fresh
troops, few of whom had yet heard the whistle of a hostile
bullet. The officer before quoted* sa3's of this incident,
"The contrast of their dirty, tattered, and torn garments
with our men was a matter of much comment. We were
surprised that they jceringly liiiited at our greenness and
inferiority, which a i'^v; months' experience in marches and
on battle-fields would change. In time we learned that
they had not been mistaken in their estimate of our rela-
tive merits as soldiers."

The camp to which the regiment was moved at this time
will be well recollected by those who occuiiied it, as "the
Brick-yard Camp," a dreary and comfortless place, where
the command remained without tents or other shelter until
the afternoon of the 3d of October, when the 38th Brigade
(Army of the Ohio), composed of the 102d and 111th
Ohio, 129th Illinois, and 23d Michigan, all under command
of Gen. Dumont, marched away from Louisville, on the
road to Shelbyville, Ky. The weather was very hot, the
road dusty, water almost impossible to obtain, and the men,
not having yet learned the meaning of " light marching
order," were overloaded with the cumbrous outfits which
they brought from home; so that when, late at night, they
halted on the bank of a muddy stream known as " Floyd's
Fork," the exhausted and foot,sorc troops were glad enough
to lie down upon the ground, with no shelter but their
blankets, and no thought but that of rest from the fatigues
of this, their first severe march.

Late the next morning they arose stiff and sore in every
joint, and soaked with the rain which was still falling.
Coffee was made from the muddy water of the stream, in
which hundreds of mules were stamping and wallowing.
The rations were neither very good nor plentiful, but these
were on this occasion supplemented by supplies taken from
a mansion which stood near by, and from which the occu-
pants had fled on the approach of the troops. " The sol-
diers, impressed with the idea that all food, raiment, and
other movables found in the enemy's country belonged to
Uncle Sam's elect, proceeded to ransack the premises,

" Ciipt. W. A. I.owis, of the 2:!.l, from whyin all the iiiio:!itioii5 in
this sketch (unless olherwise uolc.l) are nunle.

bringing off meat, meal, vegetables, .sauces, honey, jellies,
preserves, and some pretty good stock for the stable, — a
portion of which we recognized the next spring grazing in
the valley of the Saginaw."

Early in the day the rain ceased, and the command
moved out towards Shelbyville, which was reached the
same evening, and the 23d encamped in the vicinity of the
village. Here the brigade remained until the morning of
October 9th, when it moved through the village and on
towards Frankfort, arriving in the neighborhood of that
town the same night, the advance guard of tlic force having
already entered the city after a skirmish with the cavalry
of the enemy, who had succeeded in destroying the fine
bridge of the Lexington and Frankfort Railroad, and had
attempted the destruction of the turnpike-bridge, but had
been driven away before accomplishing it.

On the march from Louisville to Frankfort, large num-
bers of negroes had fallen in with the column i^.some engag-
ing as servants to the officers, but more accompanying the
force without any definite object), until there were found
among the dusky crowd '' the names or lineal descendants of
every prominent general in the rebel army." A considera-
ble number of Kentucky horses had also " fallen in" on the
line of march, and were being ridden by officers and privates ;
but on arrival at Frankfort there came for these a host of
claimants, and the day was one of reckoning for those in
whose possession they were found. "A court-martial was
instituted, and iield a protracted session at Frankfort. It
must have made sad havoc among the Wolverines but for
the fact that our fighting companion, Capt. Walbridge, who
rode the best captured steed into the town on that eventful
morning (October 10th), was the honored juilge advocate of
the court."

With the exception of an expedition in pursuit of the
guerrilla chief, John Morgan, the 23d remained at Frank-
fort, thirteen days. It was at this time under command of
Maj. B. F. Fisher, the colonel being in command of the
brigade, and Lieut. -Col. Pratt being absent. It was while
the regiment lay at this place that the death occurred of
Lieut. John Earle, of " E" company, on Sunday, Oct. 19,
1862. His remains were sent home to Jlichigan in charge
of Sergt. Lyons, and at about the same time the regiment
received the sad news of the death of Capt. Norville, of
fever, at Saginaw City, October 3d.

At a little past midnight in the morning of the day of
Lieut. Earle's death, the men of the 23d were startled from
their sleep by the thrilling sound of the " long roll," and
at one o'clock a.m. they were marching ra[)idly away in
pursuit of the redoubtable Morgan, who was reported to be
at Lawrenccburg. Two companies of the regiment, how-
ever (" K " and " G "), were left as a guard at Frankfort.
The pursuing column was, almost as a matter of course,
a little too late to overtake the main body of Morgan's
force, but succeeded in capturing a few men and hor.scs be-
longing to his rearguard, and with those trophies the com-
mand returned the .same evening to the camp at Frankl'ort,
having inarched twenty-six miles under tlu' usual disadvan-
tages of choking dust and great scarcity of water.

The regiment took its final departure from Frankfort late
in the afternoon of the 21st of October, and encamped that

TWENTY-THIKD INFANTRY.

iiiglit in an oak p;rove, a few miles down the road towards
Lawrcneeburg. On the following day it passed through
that town, and made its camp for the night at Big Spring,
some miles farther on. The weather had suddenly grown
cold, and many of the men suffered for need of the blankets,
which had been foolishly thrown away as incumbrances in
the heat and dust of previous marches. In the morning
of the 23d the Kentucky hills and vales were white with
hoarfrost. The regiment was eaily in line, and during
this day's march passed through Ilarmd^burg. Here the
men were not permitted to make a free expioraliun of the
town, on account of tlieir rather damaging record as indis-
criminate foragers. About noon of the 24th they passed
through tlie little village of Perryville, in the outskirts of
which the armies of Buell and Bragg had fuught the battle
of Chaplin Hills, sixteen days before, many of the Union
and Confederate wounded from that engagement being still
in the village, and in the farm-house hospitals of the
vicinity. That night the weary men <if the 2.'>d made tlicir
bivouac on the banks of an abundnnt and tolerably clear
stream of water, called the Bulling Fork.

In the march of the following dtiy, this stream was
crossed and recrossed many times in its mranderings, and
late in the day the regiment reached the little hall-burned
village of Bradl'ordsville. The hitter part of the day's
march had been made in a cold, drenching rain, wliicli, as
night fell, turned to snow, and on tlie following morning
(Sunday, October 2Cth) the arctic covering lay six inches
deep over the ground. This was considered a remarkable
event for that latitude, and it brought remembrances of
their Northern homes to the minds of many whose eyes
would never again look upon the whitened expanse of the
Michigan hills and vallej-s. During all that Sabbath day
the tired men enjoyed a season of rest and recreation around
their coml'ortable camp-fires, and while they rested the snow
disappeared, so that their march of the following day was
over bare roads, but free from tormenting dust. In the
evening of the 2Tth the brigade arrived at Newmarket,
Ky., where several commands of the rear guard of Buell's
army were found encamped, and where the 23d and its com-
paniiin regiments also went into camp and remained for
eight days, engaged in recuperation, drill, and the prepara-
tion of muster-rolls, to be used upon a pay-day wIulIi all
hoped might come in the near future.

On the 4th of November the brigade again moved for-
ward, and on the 5th passed through Munfordsville, where
a Union force of ten thousand men la)' encamped. On the
tith it reached Dripping Springs, where it remained one day,
and in the afternoon of the 8th arrived at Bowling Green,
Ky., a town which " had the appearance of having been
visited by pestilence, famine, and the besom of destruction,"
as was remarked by some of the officers of the 2i'd. " A
large rebel force had wintered there, and remained until
driven out by the Union forces under Gen. Mitchell, and
they had made of the whole visible eieatio!i one common
camping-ground." This place was destined to be the home
of the 23d Ilegiment for a period of more than six months.
Its camp ( wliich was afterwards transformed into substan-
tial and comfortable winter-tjuartcrs) was pitched near the
magiiifivent railroad-bridge crossing the Biir BarrcD Biver,

and the guarding of this bridge formed a part of the duty
of the regiment during the winter of 18G2-G3; its other
duties being camp routine, drill, picket, provost, and rail-
way guard, and the convoying of railroad trains of stores
over the road from Bowling Green to Nashville. While
here, the 23d, with it3 brigade, formed part of the lUth Di-
vision of the Army of the Cumberland, and they were suc-
ce.ssivelv under command of Gens. Granger, JIanson, and
Judah, as commandants of the post, during the six months
that they remained here.

The period of the regiment's stay at Bowling Green was
marked by many notable events, .some pleasant, some pain-
ful, and others ludicrous. Near the town was a pleasure-
ground, many acres in extent, with a magnificent spring of
clear cold water in its centre. This seems to have been a
favorite resort for both citizens and soldiers, and we are told
that " here, upon many a happy occasion, the beauty and
the chivalry of Bowling Green, and many inveterate Yan-
kees, assembled to enjoy the scene of unequaled hilarity and
iiiirlh." It was several times the case that snow fell to a
sufficient depth for sleighing, and these opportunities for
pleasure were improved to the utmost. Private entertain-
ments, too, were sometimes given by the citizens, and " there
were, in several instances, strong indications of attachments
between some of the boys in blue and the fair damsels of
Bowling Green. . . . These were oases in the dreary Sa-
hara of the war. " On the morning of the momentous 1st
of January, 18(j3, the artillery on College Hill fired a salute,
which was afterwards changed to target practice; and
during a part of the time of its continuance the camp of
the 23d Jliehigan seems to have been the target, for .several
solid shots were thrown into it, doing some damage to fpiar-
tei-s, and creating no little consternation. This was the first
time the regiment had been actually under fire.

On the Gth of April, 1853, occurred one of the most dis-
tressing events in the experience of the regiment at Bow-
ling Green. This was the sudden death of Lieut. -Col.
Pratt. He had mounted a powerful and restive horse, hut
was scarcely seated in the saddle when the fiery animal
plunged and reared so violently as to fall backwards u])oii
the colonel, crushing and killing him instantly. Ho was a
good and popiilar officer, and was sincerely mourned by the
men and officers of the regiment.

When spring had fairly opened, it began to bo rumored
that the troops occupying Bowling Green would .soon be
moved from there and enter active service. The men of
the 23d Michigan did not regret this probability of a
change, for although their experience had been in some
respects as pleasant as any which soldiers in rime of war
have a right to expect, yet they had been terribly re-
duced in numbers by sickness while there, and it was be-
lieved that this evil would be aggravated by the coming of
warm weather. Besides, they had grown tired of the mo-
notonous duty which they were called on to perform, and
were, as soldiers almost always are, inclined to wish for a
change. About the 20th of May, orders were received to
make all preparations for a movement, and to hold the com-
mands in readiness for the march ; and on the 20th of the
same month the regiment broke camp, and moved with its
brigade on the road to (!!asL'<nv, Ky., which point was

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

reached on the 30th, and here the 23d remained until the
13th of June, when it was ordered in pursuit of a force of
guerrillas, said to be at Randolph, about twelve miles dis-
tant. Almost as a matter of course notliing resulted from
this expedition, and the regiment returned to Glasgow on
the 16th, after a most severe and exhausting march. On
the 22d it again moved, with Hanson's brigade, to Scotts-
ville; thence, on the 26th, to Tompkinsville; and, July 4th,
back to Glasgow. Here, however, it made little stay, but
niarclied out (now in full pursuit of John Morgan) to
Munfordsville, reaching there July 7th, then to Elizabeth-
town and Louisville by rail, reaching the latter city on the
11th. Morgan was now reported across the Ohio River, iu
Indiana. The 23d, as part of the command of Gen. Judah,
crossed to New Albany, Ind., but, making little stop there,
proceeded to Jeffcrsonville, and thence up the river by
steamer to Madison, Ind., arriving there on the 12th, and
passing on to Cincinnati, which was reached in the evening
of the 13th. From that city, the fleet (on which was the
23d, with the other regiments under command of Gen.
Judah) passed up the river to Maysville, Concord, and
Portsmouth, 0., at which latter place they reinained until
July 20tli, when they returned to Cincinnati, and dis-
embarked the troops. From there the 23d was transported
by railroad to Chiliicothe, and thence to Hamden Junction,
where it encamped for a few days. Within the camp-
ground of the regiment at this place there remained a rude
rostrum, from which, on a previous occasion, the notorious
Vallaiidigham had set forth his peculiar views to the popu-
lace of Southern Ohio. But now the same rostrum was
occupied by the chaplain of the 23d, the Rev. J. S. Smart,
who most eloquently " con.secrated it to the cause of free-
dom, wliilc the regiment made the welkin ring with shouts
for liberty and the Union."

Tiiere was no occiisiou to continue longer in the pursuit
of Morgan, for that daring leader and his band had already
been destroyed or captured. The regiment then returned
to Cincinnati, crossed the Ohio to Covington, and moved
thence by rail to Paris, Ky., arriving there on the 2Sth,
just in time to a.ssist the small Union force stationed there
in protecting the town and an important railway-bridge at
that point against an attack made by I'egram's rebel cav-
alry. This affair occurred on the 29th, and in it (the first
actual engagement in which the 23d took part) the conduct
of the regiment was most creditable. It remained here
until the 4th of August, when it moved, by way of Lex-
ington and Louisville, to Lebanon, Ky., and thence to New
IMarket, where it arrived on the 8th of August, and was
incorporated with the 2d Brigade, 2d Division, of the 23d
Army Corps, then organizing at that point.

On the 16th, marching orders were received, and on the
17lh of August, at two o'clock p.m., the regiment, with its
division, moved out and took up the long and wearisome
march for East Tennessee. The camp of that night was
only seven miles out from New Market, on Owl Creek,
where the command rested during all of the following day
and night, but moved forward again at daybreak in the
n)orning of the 19th, and camped that night on Green
River. The march was resumed on the fullowing morning,
and two days later (August 22d) the regiment forded the

Cumberland River and began to ascend the foot-hills of
the Cumberland Mountains. In the evening of the 25th
it made its camp at Jamestown, the county-seat of Fentress
County, Tenn.

On the 30th the command reached Montgomery, Tenn.,
where were Gens. Burn.side and Ilartsuff, with the main
body of the army, commanded by the former officer. In
passing through this little settlement " an enthusiastic old
lady harangued the corps upon the glory of its mission,
alternately weeping and shouting, invoking the blessings
of Heaven upon the troops, and pouring out volleys of
anathemas upon the enemies of the country."

On the 1st of September the men of the 23d had passed
the gorges of the mountains, descended their southeastern
slope to the valley of the Tennessee, and camped late at
night on the right bank of the Clinch River, a tributary
of the larger stream. Fording the Clinch in the forenoon
of the 2d of September, the corps marched forward and
passed through Kingston, a considerable town of East Ten-
nessee, near which the waters of the Clinch join those of
the Holston and form the Tennessee River. The camp of
the 23d was pitched for the night about two miles beyond
Kingston.

At five o'clock in the morning of the 3d the troops were
in line ready for the march, and then, for eight long weary
hours, the 23d Michigan and its companion regiments of the
brigade waited for the order to move. At nine o'clock in
the forenoon the biigade was formed in square four lines
deep, and while standing in that formation was addressed
by its commander, Gen. White, who read a dispatch just
received from Gen. Burnside, announcing the capture of
Knoxville by the Union forces. Gen. White then con-
gratulated his command, and called on Col. Cliapin of the
23d for a speech. The colonel responded in an address,
which, being brief and comprehensive, is given here entire.
He said, " Boys, the general calls on me to make a speech.
You know that I am not much of a speaker, and all I

have to say is, that you've done d d well ! Keep on

doing so ! "

Long and loud acclamations greeted this vigorous ha-
rangue ; then the brigade resumed its previous formation,
and, after another tedious delay, moved out on the road to
Loudon, which was reached early in the afternoon of Friday,
September 4th. The enemy had hastily evacuated all tbe
strong works which they had built at this place, but had
succeeded in destroying the great and important railroad-
bridge across the river. Here the brigade remained ibr
about ten days.

During the latter part of the march across the moun-
tains, supplies had become so much reduced that rations of
corn in the ear were issued to some of the troops, and
after their arrival at Loudon this situation of aflairs was
but little improved until Tuesday, the 8th of September,
when the first railroad-train reached the town from Knox-
ville, and was hailed with wild delight by the weary and
hungry soldiers. Before this, however, their necessities had
been partially relieved by repairing and putting in running
order a grist-mill which the enemy had dismantled before his
evacuation. Tlie advance of the wagon-trains also came up
at about the same time that the railroad was opened for use.

TWENTY-TUIRD INFANTRY.

At two o'clock Iq the morning of September 15th the
men of tlie 23d were roused from their slumbers to pre-
pare for a march, and one hour later they were moving on
the road to Knoxville, twenty-eight miles distant. This
march was performed with all possible speed, and late in
the afternoon the regiment bivouacked within a short dis-
tance of the capital of East Tennessee. The next morn-
ing it entered the city, but soon after proceeded b}' rail to
Morristown, a distance of about forty miles. Only a short
stay was made here, and on the 19th it returned to Knox-
ville, and went into camp at the railroad depot. The next
day was the Sabbath, and here, for the first time in months,
the ears of the men were greeted by the sound of church
bells, and they passed the day in rest and fjuiet, little
dreaming of the furious battle that was tlien raging, away
to the southward, upon the field of Chickaniauga, or of the
rout and disaster to the Union arms which that day's sun-
set was to witness.

At four o'clock Monday morning the brigade took the
road towards Loudon, and arrived there the same night.
Here the 2.3d occupied a pleasant and elevated camp in a
chestnut grove, and remained stationed at Loudon for about
five weeks, engaged in picket duty and scouting, and dur-
ing the latter part of the time frequently ordered into line
of battle, and continually harassed by reports of the near
approach of the enemy under Longstreet, who had been
detached from the army of Bragg in Georgia, and was
pressing nortl.ward with a heavy force towards Knoxville.

This advance of Long.street decided Gen. Burnside to
retire his forces from Loudon, and on the 28th of October
the place was evacuated ; the 23d Michigan being the last
regiment to cross the pontoon-bridge, which was then im-
mediately swung to the shore, and the boats loaded upon
ears and sent to Knoxville. All this being accomplished,
the army moved to Lenoir, Tenn., and camped beyond the
town, the line of encampments extending many miles. The
same night the camp-fires of the enemy blazed upon the
hills of Loudon, which the Union forces had just evacu-
ated.

At the new camp on the Lenoir road the 23d Regiment
remained until the 14th of November, when it moved with
the army back in the direction of Hough's Ferry, where a
sharp engagement ensued, and the enemy was driven sev-
eral miles southward. The army returned to Lenoir on the
15th, and on the following day commenced its retreat to
Knoxville, having destroyed its transportation and camp
eiiuipagc, and turued all the teams over to the several bat-
teries. At Campbell's Station the enemy came up and at-
tacked repeatedly and with great energy; these attacks
were successfully repelled, but the retreat was continued
with all practicable speed to Knoxville, where the 23d
arrived at four ,\.M. \m the 17th, after a march of twenty-
eight miles without rest or food, and having fimglit for five
hours, losing thirty-one killed and wounded, and eight
missing.

Then followed the memorable siege of Knoxville, which
continued until the 5th of December, when the enemy re-
treated. Li the operations of this siege the regiment took
active and creditable part, and on the withdrawal of the
forces <if Longstreet it joined in the pursuit, though no
13

important results were secured. The encni}' having passed
beyond reach, the regiment camped at Blain's Cross-
Roads, December 13th, and remained until the 25th, when
it was moved to Strawberry Plains. From the commence-
ment of the retreat to Knoxville, until its arrival at the
Plains, the situation and condition of the regiment had been
deplorable, for many of its men had been without blankets,
shoes, or overcoats, and in this condition (being almost
entirely without tents) they had been compelled to sleep in
unsheltered bivouac in the storms and cold of the inclement
season, and, at the same time, to subsist on ijuarter-rations
of meal, eked out by such meagre supplies as could be for-
aged from the country. The command remained at Straw-
berry I'lains about four weeks, engaged upon the construc-
tion of fortifications, and on the 21st of January, 18G4,
marched to the vicinity of Knoxville, where it was employed
in picket and outpost duty until the middle of February, hav-
ing during that time had three quite sharp affairs with the
enemy's cavalry (January 14th, 22d, and 27tlij, in the last
of which seven men were taken prisoners, and one mortally
wounded. From this time until the opening of the spring
campaign it was chiefly engaged in scouting, picket, and
outpost duly, ill which it was moved to several diiferent
points, among which wore Strawberry Plains, New Market,
Mossy Creek, Morristown, and Charleston, Tenn., at which
last-named place it was stationed on the 1st of May, 1864.

The Atlanta campaign of Gen. Sherman being now about
to open, and the 23d Michigan being destined to take part
in it, the regiment left Charleston on the 2d of May, and
took the road to Georgia. Passing down the valley of the
Tennessee, and thence up Cliickamauga Creek, it reached
the vicinity of Tunnel Hill on the 7th, and confronted the
enemy at Rocky-Face Ridge, Ga., on the 8th of May,
opening the fight on that day by advancing in skirmish line,
and taking possession of a commanding crest in front of the
hostile works. In the advance from Hocky-Face, the regi-
ment, with its brigade, passed through Snake Creek Gap,
arrived in front of Resaca on the 13th, and on the following
day took part in the assault on the enemy's strong works
at that place. The result of this attack was a repulse of
the attacking column, and a loss to the 23d of sixt^'-two
in killed and wounded ; all of which was incurred in a few
minutes of desperate fighting. The enemy, though suc-
cessful in repelling the assault, evacuated his position at
Resaca, and moved to the Etowah River, where his rear
guard was overtaken and slightly engaged by the Union
pursuing force, of which the 23d Michigan formed a pait.
From this point the regiment moved on to Dallas and took
a position in front of the rebel works at that jilace, where it
remained from the 27lh of May until the 1st of June, and
during this time was almost constantly engaged day and
night in skirmishing with the advanced lines of the enemy.
Again the rebel i'orces evacuated their strong position and
moved south towards Atlanta, the Union troops pressing on
in close and constant pursuit, in which service the 23d
Regiment participated and took part in the engagements at
Lost Mountain, Ga., Kenesaw Mountain, and Chattahoochee
River, and, later, fought in front of Atlanta until the capitu-
lation of that stronghold. On the 1st of October it was at
Decatur, Ga., and on the 3d of that month moved from

HISTORY OF GP:NESEE county, MICHIGAN.

tliere, northward, in pursuit of the rebel general. Hood,
who was then uiarehiii^ towards Nashville.

Wiiilo cngajred in this service the 23d niaiched with its
division (it was then in the 2d Brigade, 2d Division of the
2:Jd Army Corpi) to Mirietta, New Hops Cliuriih, Bii;
Slianty, All.itoona, Cartorsvillo, Kin^^^ston, and Rome, Ua.,
and from the last-named plaee, thruuj;h Snake Creek Gap,
to Vilhinon, Summorsville, Tenn., and Cedar Bkiff, Ala ,
and thence back to Rome, where it remained a short time,
and early in November again moved through Alabama into
Tennessee, and was stationed at Johnsonville, employed in
garrison duty and the construction of defensive works until
the 2-ltli. It was then moved by rail to Columbia, Tenn ,
where it arrived on the 25th, while a heavy skirmish,
amounting to almost a general engagement, was in progress
near that place between the armies of Thomas and Hood.
A part of the regiment was immediately advanced upon
the skirmish line, wliile the remainder of the command
went into position. At midnight it was withdrawn and
ordered to the line of Duck River, where it lay on the
south side of the stream, throwing up defenses and fre-
quently skirmishing with the enemy; being constantly on
duty day and night until near daylight in the morning of
the 28th, when it retired across the river to the north
bank, where it held position, and keeping up an almost con-
tinual skirmish with Hood's advance till noon of the 2!)lh,
when it fell back with the army to the vicinity of Spring
Hill, Tenn., about ten miles north of Duck River. Here,
at about dark on the same day, the enemy was found in
force occupying the road. An attack was made, and after
a short fight the Confederates were driven from their posi-
tion. The Union forces then resumed the march to
Franklin, Tenn., and, arriving there in the morning of the
3Uth, iiumediately took position and commenced throwing
up temporary defenses. At four o'clock p.m. the enemy
attacked in four strong lines and with great desperation,
but was repulsed with heavy lo.ss. The attack was several
times renewed, but unsuccessfully until about ten P.M.,
when a still more furious assault was made by the enemy,
who succeeded in planting his colors on the works in front
of the 23d Regiment, but was again forced back after a
hand-to-hand fight. At eleven p.m. the regiment with the
other Union troops withdrew, and, crossing the river,
moved on the road to Nashville, arriving there at two P.M.
on December 1st, having marched fifty miles in forty-eight
hours, sis hours of which lime had been passed under fire
iti the desperate battle of Franklin. During the week
which had elapsed since the arrival of the 23d at Colum-
bia the men had suffered severely Irom scarcity of provisions,
and in the last two days of the movement had subsisted on
less than quarter-rations.

The regiment lay within the works at Nashville for two
weeks, and then iu the morning of the 15th of December
it moved out with its division and the other commands
under Gen. Thomas to attack the Confederate army, which
liad iu the mean time concentrated in their front just south
of Nashville. In the great battles of the 15th and IGth
of December, which resulted in the defeat and complete
rout of Hood's army, the 23d took an active part. " On
the 15th, while the regiment was making a charge on a

position occupied by a portion of the enemy behind a stone
wall, its flag-staff was shot in two and the color-sergeant
severely wounded, but before the colors fell to the ground
thej' were grasped by the corporal of the color-guard and
gallantly carried to the front. On the 17th the pursuit of
the enemy commenced, and during the first three days of
the march the r.iin fell in torrents, the mud being i'uUy
six inches deep, which, with the swollen streams, rendered
progress extremely diflieult and tedious. The pursuit was
continued until Columbia was reached, where a halt was
made and the movement ended."

Soon after this utter rout of Hood's army and its expul-
sion from Tennessee, the 23d Army Corps received orders
to move east to the city of Washington, and on the 1st of
January, 1805, the 23d Michigan, as part of this corps,
left Columbia and took up its line of march for Clifton,
one hundred and fifty miles distant, on the Tennessee
River, at which point it arrived on the Sth of the month.
On the lOth it embarked at that jlacc and proceeded
thence by steamer, on the Tennessee and Ohio Rivers, to
Cincinnati, whore it arrived on the 22d, and immediately
left there by railroad fur Washington. Reaching that city
on the 2i)lh, it Avcnt into camp at "Camp Stoneman,"
D. C, and remained until the 9th of February. At that
time the regiment moved to Alexandria, Ya., where, on the
11th, it embarked with its corps on transports bound for
Smithville, N. C, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River,
and reached that point of destination after a pa.ssage of four
days. On the ITth it moved with the otlier forces in the
movement against Fort Anderson, taking position before it
on the 18ih, under a furious fire of artillery and musketry.
Upon the capitulation of the fort and its occupation by the
Union forces on the morning of the U)lh of February, the
23d iMichigan Infantry was the first regiment to enter the
captured work. The regiment was again engaged at Town
Creek, N. C, on the 2Uih, taking three hundred and fifty
prisoners and two pieces of artillery. In the morning of the
23d the Union force crossed the Cape Fear River to its
north bank, and fuuod that the city of Wilmington had been
evacuated by the enemy during the previous iiight. The
corps moved up the coast on the Gth of 3Iarch,and reached
Kinston, N. C, just at the close of the severe engagement
at that place. In this movement the 23d marched one
hundred and twenty-five miles in six days, and during the
last twenty-four hours moved constantly without halting,
except long enough to draw rations and to issue thirty
additional rounds of ammunition to the men.

The corps left Kinston March 20th, and on the 22d
reached and occupied Guld.sboro', where, on the following day,
tlie advance of Gen. ShenlJan's army made its appearance,
coming in from the south. The 23d Regiment was then
ordered back ten miles to Mosely Hall, to guard the rail-
road at that point while the army was receiving its supplies.
On the 0th of .-Vpril the regiment moved with the army on
the road to Raleigh, which was reached and occupied by
the advance on the 13th, the 23d Michigan entering the
city on the following day and receiving the welcome news
of IjCc's surrender at Appomattox. The regiment re-
mained at Raleigh until after the war had been closed by
the surrender of the Confederate armv under Johnston.

TWENXr-TUIRD INFANTRY.

Its figlitiiig days were over, but its men Iiad yet to experi-
ence a little more of the fatigues of niarcliins. On tlic 3J
of May it moved on the road, by way of Cliapol Hill, to
Greensboro', ninety miles distant, and reaehed that town
on the 7tli. Two days later it left by rail for Salisbury,
N. C., and remained there until the 2Stli of June, when it
w:is mustered out of service. All that now remained of
military life to the men of the 2od was the homeward
journcj' to Michigan and tlii'ir final payment ami diseharirc.
They were transported by railroad through Danville and
Petersburg to City Point, Va., and thence by steamer to
Baltimore, Md., where they again took railway transporta-
tion for the West, and arrived at Detroit July 7, 18(i5. On
the 2(lth of the same month they were paid and disbanded,
and each went his wa^-, to know no more of march and
bivouac and battle, except as cherished memories of the
eventful past.

OFFHEltS AND MEN OF THE TWENTT-TIIIRD IXFANTIIV FltOM
CEXESEE COUNTY.
Field and Stiff.
CMIicrl Bopirt, Jr.. Flint, assl. sing.; Sipl. IC, IS62; re<. Apiil 20,180*.
J. S. Siiiiirt, Film, clja(>l;iiii ; 16'. July :)1, IKO I.

Clmilc" A. Miiiiin, Flint, .-iTgt.-mnjor; pro. to 2il liout. To. I, Miirili R, 1801.
llcv. BLlijaniili M. Fay, Flint, cliapliiin ; Nov. 11, 1801 ; ns. Maicli 4, 1805.

Company C.

Capt. Cliarlcl E. McAlort.T, Flint; Aug. 1, 1802; trans, to Ist U. S. Vet. Vol.

Engineers, .\iig. 13, 1801.
l9t Lieut. George W liuckinghini, F'liiit; .\ng. 1, 1802; pro. to rapt. Co. A.
2il Lieut. Wul. C. Stewart. F.int; pro. to 1st lieut. Co. E, Dec. 17, 1802; k Med

in b.ittle at Ue.iaci, G.i., May 14, 1804.
2J Lieut. Jarvis E. Alliro, Mount M..rris; pro. to Isl lieut. Oet. C, ISC4; to capt.

Co. K, Slarcli 4, ISfi-'i; must, out June 28,180-1.
2'l Lieut. Castle L. Newell, i;la)'ton ; must, out June 28, 1805.
Scrgt. Alliert A. Elmore, Itichlield; pro. to 2il lieut. (Jo. K, Dec. l:i, 1802; 1st

lieut. Co. D, Jan. 3, 1804; capt. O-t. 0, 1804; must, out June 28, 180.5.
Sergt. Jolui I>. Ligljt, Grand lllanc; must, out at Salisbury, N. C, June 28,

180.5.
Scrgt. Kgl-ert It. Knowlton, FIii>^liing; discli. for disaldlity, June 10, 1801.
Sergt. Levi Well-, Jr.. Montmse; died at Uowling Green, Ky., Dec. 3, 1802.
Sergt. Slerrilt W. Elmore, Flint; pro. to sergl.-inajor; 2d lieut. Co. I, Oct. 0,

1804; 1st lieut. Co. E, Nov. 3IJ, 1804 ; must, out June 28, 180.5.
Corp. Ciwtle L. Newell, CIa.^ ton ; pni. to sergt. -major, Nov. 20,1804; 21 lieut.

Nov. 3U. 1804.
Corp. James M. Wdl.ins, Kii liticM ; must, out by order, July 11, 1805.
Corp. Wm. S. Caldwell, Genesee; died at Bowling Green, Ky., Fidi, 22, 1803.
Corji. diaries F. Itainlow, Flint; must, out June 28. 18(m.
Corp. John E. Turner, Flusliing; died at Howling Green, Ky., Feb. 28, 18G.I.
Corp. Harmon Van Hitskirk, Vienna; absent on furlough, not must, out with

com|iany,
Corp. Andrew J. Ho ie, Flrishing; killed in battle at Iti'Saca,Oa., May 14, 1804.
Blu.-'ician Sainuel It. Wycoff, (Jiand Blanc; trans, to Invalid Corps; must, out

July 14, 1S05.
Musx-i.in Forbes D. Ewer, Flint ; discli. for disability, March 14, lSG.'i.
Wagoner Reuben toige, Mundy; must, out June 28, 1805.
Jaines Beiijaniin, Davison; discli. for disability, J. in. 311, 1803.
S.tndford 31. Badgley, Mniidy ; died at Burnt Hickory, Ga., of wounds, May 2'.),

1805.
William M. Beshcror, Forest; must, out .luuo 28, 1805.
Henry II. Beebe, Forest; discli. for wounds, Nov. 3, 1804.
George W. Brov^n, Vienna; must, out June 15, 1805.
James Baldwin, Clayton; must, out June 28, 1805.
Ewin ('. Bingham, Vienna ; must, out Juno 28, ISh!).
Wdliam Barber, Genesoe; must, out June 12, 1805.

Martin V. Ca-tle, Vicuna ; died of disease at Na-hville, Tcnn., July 1, 1SG4.
John Coniiell, tians. to28tli Michigan Infantry.
Levi Craig, Fliisliing; must, out M.iy 2!), 1805.
Andrew S. (.'lark, Fl nt; must, out June 28, 1805.

George W. Cooley, Flint; must, out J 28, 180.5.

Nallian J. Conni'l, Vienna; must, out June 28, ISG>.
Patrick Clancy, .M.iUnt Morris; must, out June 28, 1805.
Warren I. Davis, died of discjiso lit Louisville, Ky., Nov. 2'J, 1802.
John N. Dnniond, Flint ; died in action at Uesaca, Ga,, ULiy 14, l.S(;4.

Alon/'i D.ckins Flint; must, out June 28, 1805.

Melvin W*. Drake, Linden; must, out June 28, 1805.
James D.ivis, Flint ; must, vnit June 2S, 1805.
.\si .M. Divis, Uiihriel.l; must, out June 28, 1805.
Edniinl FIckles, Flint; must, out June 28, 1805.

Wiiram II. Eagle, Flint; must, out June 28, 1805.

George II. Eciles, Flint; must, out May 13,1805.

D.ivid Foot, Vienna; did of disease at B.iuling Green, Ky , Jan. 0, 1803.

P'-rry Flemings, Flint ; tliscli. f.ir di-ability, Oct. 3, 1802.

Cliri.ter Feltoii, .Ir., Flint ; must, out June 28, 1805,

William L. F.irrand, Vienna; must, out July. 5, 180.5.

Cliarles S. Freeman, Flint ; St. out June 28, 1805.

Salem C. Glea-on, F"lii-hiiig; discli. for disabilily, Dec. I!), 1802.

Clia' les K. Green, (Mayton ; disch. for ilisability, Jan. Id, ISO I.

Ilivid W Gilbert, Flint; discli. for disability, Dec. 211, 180.5.

James II. Gilbert, Thelford ; discli. at Detroit, Mich.

George Hawlcy, Fore,-t; dieil of di-ease at Bowling Green, Ky., Nov. 24, 1802.

Barney Harper, Flint; iliseh. for disability, Dec. 17, 1802.

Marshall 1!. Howe, Flnsliing ; died of d'scase at Lotiisville, Ky., Dec. 1.5. 1802.

Isaac M. Howell, Flint; died at Chattanooga, Tetin,, of wounds received May

II, 1804.
John Ilosie, Flnsliing; died of disease at Chattanooga, Tenn.
TlioiiiiLs Hough, Flushing; died of disease at Chattanoiiga, Tenn., Sept. 11, '04.
It diert S. Ilamill, Forest; must, out June 28, 1805.
John Hughes, Flint; must, out June 28, 1805.
Wdliam llawley, Forest; must, out June 21, 1805.
Albert Iliiwley, Forest; must, out June 15, 1805.
Jes-e W. Hicks, Tlo-tfoid; innst.out June 1.5, lJ-0.5.
Strphcn Hovey, Vii-nna; miisl. cut May 24, 1805.
Itielcird .51, Jolin-on, Flint; ninst. out May 30,1805.

Ui'uben N. Lucas, Flint; died of disease at B twiing Green, Ky., March 5, '03.
Legraiid Lanpliere, Flint ; disch. for disability, Feb. 20, 1803.
George F. Lewis, Miiiidy ; iliscli. for disability, Slay II , 1803.
John D. Light, ninsl. out June 28, 1805.

John MiDiinabl. Vii una ; died of disease at Bowling Green, Ky., Nov. 24,1.802.
Charles It, Jlaconib, died of disease at Bowling Green, Ky., Dec. 7, 1802. "
James A. Mdls, Kiehli.-bl ; trans, to Vet. Ues. Corps, May 1, 1804.
Walter .Maxwell, Genesee ; disch. by order, Oct. 24, 1801.

Morris A. .Miller, Richfield ; died of dise ise at -V.usliville, Toall., Dec. 3, 1801.
Westel Mildge, Fore-t; disch. for disab.lily, .luiio 4, 1805.
Samuel Nelson, Burton; must, out Juno 2(1, 1805.

George W, Ottway, Clayton; died ol" disease at Saginavr, Jtich., Oct. 3, 1802.
Edgar A. Pilton, Riclifield ; died of disease at Bowling Green, Ky., March 1,'0.'J.
AVilliain Puliiain, Muicly; must, out June 28, 1805.
(icorge I'ailthorp, Vienna; must, out June 28, 1805.
Irving Rogers, Flint ; died in action at Rcsaca, Ga., May 14, 1804.
Cliarles Rice, Fliiil ; died of disease at Hiehinond, Va., April 4, 1804.
James Robert-s, liiebheld: must, out May 2!l, 180.5.
Wdliam K. Itanney, F'orcst ; liiilst. out .Inne 28, ISGo.
Kufus Raniiey, Forest; must, out June 28, 1805.
Will, ml Rauiiey, Ftirest ; must, out June 28, 1805.
.lames A. Rosi-, Genesee; must, out Juno 28, 1805.
George A. Robinson, Fliishiiig; must, out June 5, 1805.
riiauncey Rhyno, Gaines; must, out Juno ii, 1805.
Itenben W, Sage, niu-t. out June 28, 1805.
Theodore W. Sellick, Flint ; must, out June '28, 1805.
Henry D. Sleeper, Flint ; must, out June 28, 1805.
Andrew S. Smith, Flushing; must, out June 28, 1865.
Willi. ini W. Stevens, died of di.seiLSu at Bowling Green, Ky., Dec. 20, 1802.
George Shippy. died of disease at Lebanon, Ky., Dec. 4, 1802.
Eb.n F. Thompson, Kichfield ; died of di.sease at Klioxv.lle, Tenn., F'ch. .5, '04.
William Trninbnll, Flint; must, out June '28, 1805.
Charles F, Tibbies, Flushing; must, out June 28, 180.5.
Theodore M. Tupper, Flint ; must, out Juno '28, 1805.
Saninel I*. Tiibbs, Rirhtield ; mn^t. out June 28, 1805.
William II, Under hill, Vienna; must, out June '28, I8C5.
Enoch Vernon, Flushing; trans, to Vet. Ues. Corps, Dec. 1.5, 1803.
Will, am Warren, Forest; disch. for di-ability, Nov. 12, 1802.
Frodeliek N. Walker, Mount Morr.s; died of diseasir at Howling Green, Ky,,

JIarch 4, 1801.
Ephraiin Wright, Flint; disch, ford sahil ty.
Joshu.i Wilherall, Vienna; must out June 28, 1805.
Willaid 8, Willi, ims Flushing ; must, out Juno '28, 1805.
James 51. Williams, Flushing; must, out July 24, 1805.

('intipatiy A*.

Capt, Damon Stewart, Flint; Aug, 1, 1802; must, out March 4, 180.5.
Capt. Jai VIS K. .\lbro. Mount Morris, March 4, 1805; milst.ont June '28. 1805.
1st Lieut. Saiul. C. ftandall, l-'liut; Aug. 1, 1802; pro. to capt,; must, out as 1st

lieut. June 28, 1805.
2d Lieut. John K a, Flint ; Aug. 1, 18C2; res. Dec. 1.3, 1802.
2d Lieut. Albert A. Elinore, Ri.liHeld, pr.i. to capt. C.>, D; mn^t, nut Juno 28,

1805; was sergt. Co. C; then 2d lieut, C^i. Iv ; then Ist lieut. Co. I), Jan.

3,1804; woiindedat Res.ica, Ga , May 14, 1804 ; pro. to capt, Oct. 0, 1,804.
2d Lieut, John V. .\tcliiiiSoii, Hititoii; Oct. 0, 1804; liinst. out June 28, 1805.
Sergt. Wm. M. Beagle, Flint; pro. to 2.1 lieut. Co. A, FVb. 0, 18U:i; 1st lienf.

June 20, 1804 ; died of wounds received at Lost iMoniitaiti,4;a , June 10,

1804.
Sci'gt. Jonathan .\. Owen, F'iat; died of disease at Wilmington, N. C, April 1,

1805.
Sergt. Ch irles A. Minna, Flint ; sorgt.-mnj. ; pro. to 2d lieut. Co. I, Mar. h 8,

1801 ; 1st lieut. C^^ II ; must, out Jiiuc i'*, 1805.

100

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Sergt. Robert L. Wurien, Flint ; diBcli. F.'li. 2, 1863.

Sergt. Jas. (i. VinUor, Flint ; trans, to 2Stli Inf. June 2S. ISGo.

Corp. M'm, J. McAlTster, Bnrlon ; jibsent, sick : not must, out witli coiiix>i»ny.

Corp. Nelson A.Clm^p, Atlaa; died in Florence pri.-^on-pen, Oct. 21, 18G4.

Corp. George Brossean, Fhislijng; trani. to Inv. Corps; must, out June 30,1805.

Corp. Tlienin E. Huskins. Flui^liing; ninst. out June 28, 18U-5.

Corp. John Gregory, Vienna, must, out l>y order, May 30, 18G5.

Corp. Pwiglit Biil.cork. Burton ; disch. Nov. 21, 1802.

Corp. Trnnmn S. Alexiinder, Buitnn ; dietl at New Alliany, Dec. 20, 1802.

MnsiL-ian Br-nj. Long, Thetford ; must, nut June 28, ISGo,

Musician Geo. Freeman, Flint ; must, out June 28, ISGo.

M'ngoner Almon Kggleslon, Flint ; ilisdi. for disability, Ott. G, 1801.

Delno AtctiiiiB, Flint; died in action at Jtesitca, Ga., May 14, 180i.

Siimuel W, Alk-n, Miindy ; must, out June 28, 1805.

Brackett J. Allen, Mundy ; must, out June 28, 1865.

AVm. B. Allen, Mundy ; must, out June 28, lSG.'i.

Henry C. Boyer, Flint : died of disease at Bowling Green, Ky., Pec. 20, 18G2.

Kdmond L. Beach, Genesee ; died of disease at Louisville, Ky., Ni>v. 9, 1802.

Mortimer C. Uodine, Vienna; died of disease at Lebiuiun, Ky., Nov. 12, 1802.

Charles Best. Atlas; discli. lor disability, Feb. 5, 186X

Hiram Barber, Burton ; disch. for disability, March 20, 1863.

Geo. W. Bunce, Atlas; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Feb. 15, 1804.

llimni II. Baidwfll, Burton ; trans, to Vet. Res, Corps, May 1, 1864.

Marion Bniinard, Gi'and Blanc; must, out June 28, 1SG5.

Clarence Barrows, Genesee ; must, out June 28, 1805.

James Crane, Fentnti ; disrh. fur disability, Jan. 23, 18G3.

\Villaid Cinthers, Atlas; must, out Dec. 2, 1805.

Noah CrittL-ndrn, Genesee ; died of disease at Louisville, Ky., Dec. 3, 1804.

John W. Clevebmd, Flint ; must, out BLiy 12, 1805.

Silas Collins, Gnind Blanc ; must, out June 28, 1805.

Wm. L. Demer, Uicbfield; trans, to 28th Midi. Inf.

Elijah Beeter, Fenton ; must, out June D, 18)>5.

Eli:is Doty, Fenton ; mu>t. out June 20, 1805.

James Dunn, Argentine ; must, out June 20, 1865,

Nelson J. Dunn, Genesee; must, out June 28, 1805.

John C. Flint, Davison ; disch. f..r di-ability, I'Vb. 23, 1S63.

Orick J. Fales, Vienna; die 1 of disease at JetTei-sonville, Iiid., Oct. 15, 1864.

Kdwaitl Fales, Flint ; must, out June 28, 1805.

William J. Fales, Mundy ; uiust. out June 28, 1865.

James Vi. Fisb, Flint ; must, out June 28, 1805.

George M. Gt)rden(tugh, Davison ; died of disease at Columbus, Ga., April 14,

1864, while prisoner of war,
"Warren Gustin, Daviaon ; must, out Juno 17, 18C5.
Enos Golden, Grand Blanc; mu'^t. out June 9, 1805,
Jerry Hoffman, Grand Blaiic; died of disease at Mumfordsville, Ky., Dec. 15,

1802.
Albert llerrick, Genesee; died of disease at Chattanooga, Tonn., Sept, 9, 1864.
Justin Hewitt, Davison; missing in action near Knuxville, Tenn., Jan. 27, 1864.
James E. Howe, Davison ; must, out June 28, 1865.
Israel Hdl, Davisun ; must, out June 7, 1865.
Hiram D. Herric-k, Vienna ; must, out Jiine 28, 1865.
Sylvester C. Hicks, Vienna; ninst. out June 28, 1865.
Laftyette Hathaway, Davi--on ; must, out June 28, 1865.
Ricliai'd H. Hughes, Mount Moiris; must, out May 29, 1865,
Conrad HutVman, Flint; must, out June 28,1865.
Henry Ingalls, Flint; must, out June 28, 180.5.
Horace Jewell, dieil of dise.ise at Glasgow, Ky., June 16, 18G:J.
AValier I*. Jones Fenton ; dscli, for disability, Feb. 2, 1863.
Nathan H. Johnson, Mount Morris; died in action at Campbell's Station, Tenn.,

Nov. 16, 186;t.
Joseph H. King, Hazb-ton; must, out June 28, 1S(>5.
H. D. Liudsley, must, out June 28, 18IV>.
Itobert McCunisey, Tlietford; died of disease at Bowling Green, Ky., March 17,

1863.
Jnbii M. Mynds, disch. for disability, Jan. 2. 1863.
John McCumsey, Thotford ; disi-li. for disaidlity, Jan. 12, 1863.
Arllnir Morehouse. Genesee; die 1 in aciioii at Kesaca, Ga,, May 14, 1SG4.
Angus MclMiei>on, Kichfiehl ; died of diaease, June 5, 1861.
Lester S. McAllister. Davisun ; must, out June 28, 1865,
"Wm, J. Mi>ntg"mery, Burton ; must, out June 7, 1805,
Thomiis McCumsey, Thetford; must, out June 28, 1865.
A. W. Mathews, Uichtield ; must, out Aug. 12, 1805.
Daniel S. Potter, Flint ; detl of disease at Louisville, Ky., Nov. 22, 1862.
James Porter, aiundy ; died of disease at Bowling Green, Ky., April 23, 1S63.
Henry C. Phelps, Atlas ; must, out June 28, 1865.
Andrew V. Bouse, Mundy ; must, out May 15, 1865.
Caleb A, Kicliardson, Genesee; disch. by order, April 2, 1865,
Andrew J. Sumner, Vienna ; disch, for disability, Dec, 27, 1862.
Mathew Smith, Flint; must, out June US, 1865.
John Sinnott, iienesee ; must, out Juno 2S, 186.5.
Calvin Staftord, Thetford ; must, out June 28, 1865.
Samuel Siters, Thetf.nd; must, out Juno 28, 1865.
Shannon \V. Scott, Thetford; must, out June 28, 1805.
Harvey Stephens, Genesee ; must, out June 28, 1865.
Irwin StiitTord, Tlietf..rd; must, out June 28, 1865.
Parker Scott, Tlietford ; must, out July 3, 1865.
William B. Tliuraton, died of disease at Bowling Green, Ky., .Tan, 19,1803.

James N. Tower, Richfield; tran*. to 28th Michigan Infantry.

Ambrose Thonia?, Flint; must, out June 2S, 1S05,

William H. Thorp, Fenton ; must, out June 2s, 1805.

Wm. A, Van Tuyl, Genesee; di.-d of disease at Cincinnati, Oliio, Oct, 18, 1862.

Alfretl B. Vorce, died near Knoxville, Tenn., Jan. 28, l8f)4, of wounds,

George Van Valkenburgh, Davison; died in a'^tion at Rcsaca, Ga., May 14,

1 S(A.
Albert Van Vleit, G.iines; must, out June 2'*, 180.5.

Wm, H. Wheeler, Flint; died nf d sense at Ghu^gow, Ky., July 11, 1863.
Charle* S, Warner, Vienna; disch. fur disability, .\pril 27, 1863.
Hamilton S. Wdder, Davison ; died of disease at Andersonvilte, Ga., Sept. 1,1864.
Henry Winkloy, Flint; must, out June 28, 1865.
Li'Ster N. Withers, Atlas; must, out June 28, 1865.
Deloss Worden, Mundy ; must, out June 28, 1865.

OTHER COMPANIES.

Capt. Geo. W. Buckingham, Flint, Co. A ; pro. from 1st linut. Co. C, Feb. 13,

1863; woniulcd in battle at Campbell's Station, Tenn., Nov. 16, 1863; res.

Sept. 29, 1864.
Wm. M. Begole, Flint, 2d lieut Co. A ; enl. (sorgt, Co. K) ; Feb. 6, 1863 ; pro. to

ciipt. June 20, 1864; dieil Oct. 15, 1864, of wounds received in action at

Lost Mountain, Ga., Juno 16, 1864,
Albert A. Ehnure, Richfield, capt, Co. D; pro, from 1st lieut. Co. D, Oct. C, 1864;

wounded at Resaca, Ga,. May 14,1804; must, out June 28,1865.
Wm. C, Stewart, Flint, l^t lieut. Co. E; Oct. 3, 186:1; killed at Resaca, Ga.,

May 14,1804.
Merr:tt W. Elmore, Flint, 1st lieut. Co. E, Nov. 30, 1804; must, out June 28,

1805
Charles A. Muma, FUnt, 1st lieut. Co. H ; must, out June 28, 1865,
James Austin, Vienna, Co. D; must, out June 2S, 1SG5.
Juseph Billings, Thetford, Co, H ; trans, to 28tli Michigan Infantry.
John Burlison, Gaines, Co. E, one year; must, out June 0, 1865.
John T Barnum, Alias, Co. I; must, out June 28, 1865.
John M. Childs. Gaines, Co. E, one year; must, out Juno 28, 18G5,
George Crow, Genesee, Co. I ; must, out Juno 2**, 1865.
William Dneltgen, Burton, Co. G, musician; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Nov.

15,1803.
Madison Fisher, Mundy, Co. D ; must, cuit Aug. 12, 18G5.
Heiny Giddiiigs, Gaines, (.'o. H ; mast, out June 5, 1865.
Charles M. Huyck, Vienna, Co, B; died of disease at Andersonville, Ga., March

23,1801.
Theodore llelmer, Thetford, Co. B ; must, out June 28, 18G5.
Benjamin U. Hewitt, Genesee, Co. E, one year; nnist. out June 28, 1865,
Carlos E. Hall, Gaine.<s, Co. G ; must, out June 28, 18G5.
Sumner W, Howard, Flint, Co. I; must, out May 19, IS65.
Charles A. NefT, Vienna, Co. B; must, out Feb. 2.5, 1805.
James Parmelee, Vienna, Co. B (corp ) ; died of disease at Andersonville, Ga.,

Sept. 8, 1804.
Homer D. Penoyer, Flushing, Co. E (wagoner) ; must, out June 2S, 1865.
Otis H. Reed, Fenton, Co. G ; must, out June 28, 1865.
Ervin D. Savage, Clayton, Vo. I ; died of disease at Jeffcrsonville, Ind., Jan. 1,

1865.
John C. C. Stephens, Genesee, Co. H; must, out June 10, 18G5.
Hiram Towsley, Fenton, Co. G; died of ilisease at Louisville, Ky.
Charles Walner, Flint, Co. G ; trans, to 2sth Michigan Infintry.
Philo Wheaton, Forest, Co. G ; must, out June 14, 1865,
James Young, Vienna, Co. It ; must, out May 30, 1865.
Charles H. Penoyer, Mount Mori is, Co. E (corp,) ; absent on detached service.

C II APT Ell XV.

TWENTY-NINTa AND TaiRTIETH INFANT RVT,
AND FIRST ENGINEERS AND MECHANICS.

Organization of tlie 29tli ill S:iginaw — Campaign in Tennessee — Fight
at Decatur, Muifreesb.iru', an J WinstcJ Chureh— Railroad Duty —
Muster Out — The Sdth Infantry — Service in Michigan— Engineers
and Mechanics — Rendezvous at Marshall — Its varied Services in
Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama — -Fight at Lavcrgne
— Services in Georgia— March to the Sea and through the Carolin;i8
— (iarrisjn Duty at Nashville in ISOo— Muster Out and Disband-
ment.

TWENTV-NlNTn INFANTRY.

Akout one liundred and fifty men of Genesee County —
oflfK-ors and private soIdiLM-s — served in the war of the Rebel-
lion witli the 29th Jlichi^an Infantry. This regiment was
organized at Saginaw in the autumn of 1864, its muster
into the United States service being completsd on the 3d of

TWENTY-NINTH INFANTRY.

101

October in that year. Three days hiter it left the rendez-
vous for Nashville, Tenn., where it arrived October 12th, and
soon after moved to Decatur, Ala., reaching there on the
2Glh. On the day of its arrival at Decatur that place was
attacked by the army of the Confederate Gen. Hood, and
the 29th took part in the defense of the position until the
30th, when the enemy retired. From that time the regi-
ment garrisoned Decatur until the 24th of November, when
it marched to Murfreesboro', and, reaching there on the
26th, composed a part of the defending force at that jioint
during the siege of Nashville and Murfreesboro' by Hood,
being engaged with a part of the enemy's forces at Overall
Creek, December 7th. Having been sent out to escort a rail-
way-train on the 13th, it was attacked at Winsted Church
by a superior force of the enemy, — infantry and artillery,
— and in the severe action which ensued it sustained a loss
of seventeen, in killed, wounded, and missing. The track
was relaid under a brisk fire, and the regiment brought the
train safely back to Murfreesboro' by hand, the locomotive
having been disabled by a shell. On the 15th and IGth it
was attacked by two brigades of the enemy's cavalry on the
Shelbyviile turnpike, south of Murfreesboro', while guard-
ing a forage-train, and was again slightly engaged at Nolans-
ville on the 17th. On the 27th it moved by rail to Ander-
son, and was assigned to the duty of guarding the Nashville
and Chattanooga Railroad. It remained on this duty till
July,18G3, when it moved to Decherd, Tenn., and thence
to Murfreesboro', arriving there on the 19th. It was em-
ployed there on garrison duty till September 6tli, when it
was mustered out of the service, and on the 8th left Ten-
nessee for Michigan, and was disbanded at Detroit about
the 13th of September.

OFFICERS AND MKN' OF THE TWESTT-SIXTIX TSF.4NTKY
FROM GENESEE COUNTY.

Fiilil and Staff.
Lieul.-fol. E. Frank EiM.v, Flint ; cnl. Sept. 5, 18C4 ; must, nut Sipt. 6, l.«65.
let Sergt. nnd Adj. lU-iiry P. Seymour, Liudeu ; enl. July 2!), 1864 ; pro. to rtiiit.

Co. F.
Adj. Cli.l<. S. Cunimings, Flusliing; ciil. Sept. 2:i, 1804 ; must, out Sept. 6, ISCo.
Surg, Titus Human, Uiclifield ; enl. Sept. 29, 1604 ; res. Jiin. 8, 1805.

1st Lieut. Trnioaii W. Ilawloy, Kclifleld ; enl. Sept. 10, 1S04 ; must, out Sept.

25, ISO.).
2d Lieut. Charles S. Cummings, Flushing; enl. Aug. 21, 1804: pro. to 1st lieut.

Co. K.
Scrgt. Cortliindt R. Dcmaree, Flint; must, out Sept. G, 1803.
Sergt. G. E, Towiiseud, Flint ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Sei'gt, F, II. Towsley, Vienna ; must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
Sergt. Jo-'iali Uock, FInnliing ; must, out Sept. 0, 1SG5.
Corp. IMiilip My<'rs, Uni ton (eergt.) ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Corp. I>:ivid S. iinloii, Flint ; absent ; siek ; not mustered out with eomp:uiy.
Corp. J. dm (Jay, Argentine; must, out .^ept. 0, 1805.
(>)rp. Mieha'd Uoi>ney, Mount .Mori'is ; must, out Sept. 0, ISOo.
C-'H' Silonie Plew, Mount Morris; must, out Sept. C, 1805.
Channc4-y Itacon, wagoner, Flint ; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.
Itieliaid Copland, private ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
James Coiley, Iticlilleld , must, out Sept. 0. 1805.
C. C. Fennur, UieliBeld ; must, out Sept. fi, 1S65.
Wm. Coddard, Flu.'iliing; died of disease, Jan. 12, 1805.

Henry N. f^ty, KInsliing; st, out Sept, 0, 1805.

Eli/.ur Hunt, Flushing, niMst. out Sept. 0, 1805.

A, J. Knickerboekei', Mount Morris; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.

Kirh ml M. Kelrh, Davi ; must, out Sept. 0, 186.5.

rii'tip M.w;rs, must, out Sept. 0, 180.',.

Charles II. Mitts, Vienna; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.

San I H. Milts, Flnshtng; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.

John 31uiTay, Unrtoii ; must, out Sept, 0, 1805.

John MeCulloch, must, out Sept. 6, 1865.

Wni, II, .Moore, Mount M.irri^ died ..f di-cise, Apiil 10, 1805,

James Mahoney, must, out May \f*, 181>5.

George Nahors, Corp., Grand Diane ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.

Hugh NI,\on, must, out July IS, 1805.

Homer Parsell, Corp., ,\rgentine; must, oat Sept. 6, 1805.

Georg.' Patrick, liniton; nuiat. out Sept. 6, 1805.

William liiley, Flint ; must, out Sept, 0, 180.5.

Allen M. Town, linrton ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.

Francis M. Town, Flushing; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.

Compaiiti 11.
Capt. La Hue Schram, linrton; enl. Sept,!", 1804; hon, disch, March 22, 1805.
1st Lieut, Geo, J. Hill, Richlield ; enl. Sept, 17, 1804 ; must, out Sept, 0, 1865.
2d Lieut, G.o, Keed, Forest ; enl Se|it. 17, 1S04 ; must, out SepI, 0, 1805.
Sergt. Peter McKinney. Flint ; diseh. for disability. Jan. 14, 1805.
Sergt. George Smith, Burton ; must, out Sept, 0, 1805,
Sergt. James 1*. Glover, Grand Blanc; must, out Sept, 6, 1805.
Sergt. Mortimer Bf. Olds, Itichlield : must, out by order, June 2, 1805.
Corp. Chal-les Smith, Forest ; died of disease at Blurfreesboro', Tenn., Jan. 19,

l.'iOS.
Corp. John Reigle, Grand Rhine; must, out hy ord<-r. May 17, 1805.
Corp. John Kickler, Grand Blanc ; died of disease at Muifreesboro', Tenn, Jan.

P.), 1805.
Corp. Jason P. Odridge, GrancI Blanc (sergt.); must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
Corp. Daviil Dickinson, Riclitield; must, out by order, May 17, 1805.
Corp. Edward Carley, Davison ; must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
MusiciaTi Edgar .\nnibal, .\Ila3; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Coip, Samuel S. Clemons, Richfield ; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.
William Beagle, Vienna; must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
Peter Baker, Forest ; must, out. Sept, 0, 1805.
Walter Briggs, Graml Blanc ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Charles Best, Mumiy; must, out May 10, 1805.
Edward .\. Baruard, Grand Blanc; died of disease at Aliders'JU, Tenn., Jan. 14,

1S05.
Thomas Cane, Richfield, must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
Albert Cane, Clayton ; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.
William Davis, Burton ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Charles P. Day, Clayton ; must, out Sejit. 6, 1869.
.lames Fowniug, Grand Blanc ; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.
Phiiieas II. Flint, Claytcm ; must, out Se]i|. 0, 180.5.
Christopher Glover, Grand Blanc; must, out .^ept. 0, 1805.
James D. Glynn, Vienna ; must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
Daniel llimebach, Burton ; must, out Sept. 0, 1S05.
Andoniram J. Hart. Biirton ; must, out May 18, 18C5.
Elliott J. Horlon, Richfield ; must, out May 10, 1805.
Noll A. Lent, Flusliing; must, out Sept. 0, 180,i.
Isaac Philips, Grand Blanc ; must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
Zebulon Parker, Richfield; min^l. out Sept. 0, 1805.
Wari'cn Preston, Genesee ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Mart Robinson, Burton, must, out Sept, 0, 1805.
Jiathcw Hoot, Itichfleld; must. out Sept. 0, 1805.
Henry H. Shotto, Grand Blanc; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Thomas Sheltz, di.sch. for di.-ability, April 2i, 1805.
Justice Stevens, must, out Sept. 0, lf^05.
Cliri-topher Shaw, Mundy; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Christopher Wagoner, Fenton ; must, out Sept. 6, 1803.
Theroli Woodruff, Forest; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
William D. Wallace, Flint; must, out Sept. 6, 1805.

OTHER COMPANIES.

JefTei-son J. Wilder, Vienna; 1st lient. Co. A; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.

Henry P. Seymour, Linden; capt. Co. F, March 27,1865; must, out Sept. 6,

1805.
John Branch, Forest: 2d lieut. Co. F, July 2,<, 1804; res. Jan. 24, 1805.
Emerson Aids, Co. K ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Elliott It. Burnett, Atlas, Co. A ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Edward L. Baker, Genesee, Co. F; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Edward II. Carson, Mount Morris, Co. E; died of disease at Murfreesboro',

Tcun., Dec. 24, 1861.
Samuel H. t.'rawl, Foresr, Co, ,\ ; must. out. Sept. 6, 1S05.
George Clark, Co. K ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
George Dunn, Vienna, Co. C; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Andrew Daly, Flushing, Co. E; must, out Sept. 6, 1865.
Chai les Dibble, Co. K ; must, out SepI. 6, 1805.
Samuel A. Dickson, Co. K ; must, out Sept. 0. 1805.
Aaron Finehout, Gmnd Blanc, Co. A ; must, out Si'pt, 6, 1805.
Dolman Finehout, Grand Blanc, Co. A ; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.
Elmore Ferris, Davison, Co. F; must, out .Sept. 0, 1805.

William lioddard, Co. F; died of disea<e at JelTersonvHle, InJ., Jan. 12, 1864.
John L. Griinuei, Burton, Co. F; must, out .Sept. 0, 1805.
Jllines (iilnian, Mount Morris, Co. C; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Thomas L. Hunt, Birch Run, Co. F; must, out Sept. 6, 1865.
Henry W. Ilowland. Atlas, Co. A ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
Nathan A. Jenks, Clayton, Co. C; must, out Sept. 0, 1865.
Henry Kineade, Atlas, Co. A ; must, out Sept 0, 1805.
Henry II. King, Genesee, Co. F; sergt.; must, out May 2:!, 1805.
William B. Kent, Co. K ; must, out Sept. 0, 18r,5.
Joseph Lynch, Burton, Co. C; must, out Sept. 6, 1805.
David Lowe, Flushing, Cu. C ; nnisl. out Sept. 0, 1865.

102

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUiNTY, MICHIGAN.

Dettloff lioclip. Clayton, Co. D ; must out Sopt. G, 1805.

C'liiiiU-s W. I-aniont, Co. K ; must, out Sept. 0, 1S05.

WilliHin II. Moon, Co, F; ilicil of diaiaso iit S.islivillc, Tunn., Apiil IC, ISCo.

.\iiclif\v J, Jliutin, Iturton, Co. F ; must, out Miij 18, ISCj.

I-!i;io Miiiliii, Burton, Co. F; uuist. out .lunc I'.l, \SCu'>.

J..hn Mnlluiy, liuit.m, Co. F; must, out May i4, 1805.

Vt-rry E. Xewniari, Davison, 0>. K; must, out Sept. G, l&Oo.

Frank F. Osburn, Vienna, Co. E ; must, ont Marcll 0, ISGJ.

Jacolj Pliillips, Co. K ; must, out Sept. G, IStio.

'I'lieoilore Poqviette, Co. K ; must, out Sept. fi, 18Gr».

Daniel K. Rol.crts, Forest, Co. A : must, out Sept. Ifi, 180,-..

George Sliarpsteiu, Co. K ; diet! of disease at Hilton lleail, N. C, May 10, 1805.

George W. Snnnner, Vienna, Co. C; muBt. out Sept. 0, ISG.').

.lames Sineaton, Flusliing, Co. C; must, out Sept. 0, 180.5.

Charles S. Smith, Mount Morris, Co. E; must, coit June 2:{, 1805.

Andrew Sheperd, 3Ionnt Slorris, Co. F; must, out June 2-'., 1805.

Joshua Wetherbee, Vienna, Co. E; died of disease .-it Faiilield, Mich., Sept. 29,

1804.
William C. Wither, Athvs, Co. A ; must, out Sept. 0, 1805.
William W. Whipple, Grand Blanc, Co. A ; must, out Sept. G, 1805.
Wdliam Wooden, Burton, Co. F ; must, out Sept. C, ISG5.
Alhei t Johnson, Genesee, Co. F ; Corp. ; ahsent,sick ; not must, out with company.

THIRTIETH INFANTllY.

On account of the numerous attempts made by the enemy
to organize in Canada plundering raids against our northern
border, autluirity was given by the War Department to the
Governor of JMiehigan, in the autumn of ]8t)4, to raise a
regiment of infantry for one year's service, and especially
dosi^'ned to guard the Michigan frontier. Its formation,
under the name of the 30th Michigan Infantry, was begun
at Jackson in November, 18(54, and completed at Detroit
on the 9ih of January, 18G5. To this regiment Genesee
County furnished between sixty atid seventy men, most of
whom served in Company I.

When the organization was completed the regiment was
stationed in companies at various points, one company being
placed at Fort Gratiot, one at St. Clair, one at Wyandotte,
one at Jack.son, one at Fentnn, throe in Detroit barracks,
and one on duty in the city. But the speedy collap.se of
thellebellion put an end to Canadian raids, and the regiment,
although the men were willing for service, had no active
duty to perform. It remained on duty until the 30th of
Juno, 1SG5, and was then mu.stcred out.

OFFICERS AND MEX OF THE THIRTIETH REGIMENT MICHIGAN
VOLUXTICER INFANTUY Fit >.M GEXKSEE COi:NTV.
One tjear,
John Wilhtl, Flint; surgcm ; enl. Jan. it, 1805; must, out June 3n, IS05.
Capt. Wm. E. Christian, Flint ; enl. June il, 1805 ; most, out June 30, 1805.
2d Lieut. Henry M. Mason, Flint ; enl. June 9, 18G5 ; must, out June 30,180.5.
Sorgt. Henry C. Fuller. Flint ; must, out Jnne 30, 1805.
Sergt. Wm. L. Sjyer, Flint ; must, out June 3(t, 1805.
Sei-gt. John B. Taylor, Flint ; must, out June 30, 18G5.
Sergt. Atnlirosp Merrllt, Gnind Blane ; must, out June 30, 186.5.
Coi-p. Jos ah P. Hackett, Flint ; must, out Jnne .30, 1805.
Corp. Sidney J. Reynolds, Flint ; must, out Jnne 30. 1805.
Col p. Gilbert Chambeilain, Flint; must, out June 30, 18G5.
Corp. M. V. B Clark, Flint ; must, out June 30, 18G5.

Coinptiiiij I,

Leonard J. Adams, Davison ; must, out June 30, 1805.
Oliver Ba^sett, Flint; must, out June 30, 1805.
Amerce J. Richelder, Flint; mn<t. out .\ug. 18, 1805.
Amos Butler, Flint ; must, out June 30, 1805.
Thomas II. Beamisli, Flint ; mu-t. out June 30, 18r>5.
Daniel 11. Camptiell, Flint ; must, out Jnne 30, 18G5.
William F. Clapsaddle, Davison ; must, out Jnne .30, 180.5.
Hiram II. Clapsaddle, D.ivjson ; must, out June 30, lsi;5.
Adoniram J. Conger, Davison ; must, out June 30, 1805.
Melvin E. Cran.lall, Alias; must, out June .30, 1805.
Edward Cummings, Atlas; must, out June .3t), I8G.5.
It.bert M. Dalley, Atlas; must, out June 30, 1805.
Mark El well, Gr.iiid Blanc; must, out June 30, 1805.
IDnry H. Grisw.dd, Flint; must, out June 30, 1805.
Charles Gunn, Flint ; mn-^t. out Jnne 30, 1SG5.
Frank II. Hniigerford, Flint ; urist. out June 30, 1805.

William V. Hilton, Flint; must, out Jnne 30, If 05.

Il'iijanon Ililker, Flint ; must, out June 30, 1805.

William Ilurd, Gnuid Blanc; must, out June 30, 1805.

Henry O. llaidy, Flint ; must. «jnt June 30, 1SG5.-

Williani H. .lones, Genesee ; must, out .Iiino 30, 18G5.

Loren/.o Johnsnn, Atlas; must, out Juno 3U. 1805.

Francis Keeiio, Flint ; must, out Jnne 30, 180-5.

Juhn P. Kore, Atlas ; must, out Juno 30, ISG5.

Robeit Knowles, Davison; must, out Jniio 30, 18G5.

Harrison T. Kipp, Athis ; must, out Juno 30, 1805.

llyman Lee, .\tlas; must, out June 30, 1805.

Web-ter W. M ckle, Flint; must. out Jnne 30, ISG5.

Alfred McMichael, Flint; must, out Jnne 30, 65.

Sanford McTaggei't, Davison ; mirst. out June 30, 1805.

(Iscir B. Moss, Flint; must, out Jnne .30, 1865.

Luther Miller, .\Ilas; must, out Juno 30, 1805.

Fr.ink Myers, .\Ilas; must, out June 30, 1805.

William Odell, Genesee ; must, out June 30, 1805,

Spencer W. Pierce, Flint : must, out Jnne 30, 1.S05.

Eugene Phelps, Grand Blanc; must, out June .30, 180.5.

3Iartiu M. Porter, Flint; died of disease at Detnu't, Midi., JIarch 7, 1805.

James W. Ripley, Flint ; must, out Juno 30, 1805.

Knos D, Stilson, Flint ; must, out June 30, 1805.

William Snyder, Clayton ; mu-t. out June 30, 1805.

William H, Seymour, Burton ; must, out June 30, 1805.

S iiiinel Spicer, .\tlas ; must. (Ult June 30, 18G5.

Thomas Saddington, Flint ; must, out June 30, 18G5.

Andrew Seeley, Davison ; must, out June 30, 1865.

Cyrus T.ttsworth, Atlas; must, out Jnne 30. 1865.

Clark Tiltsworlh, Atlas ; mast, out Juno 30, 180.5.

Walter E. Vandnse'i, .\tla< ; must, out June 30, 1805.

Gardner White, Flint; must, out June 30, 1SG5.

William D. Gilbert, Flint ;

Compinti K.
ist. out July 3", 1865.

FIRST ENGI.VEEIIS AND MECHANICS.

The regiment bearing this name was raised in the summer
and autumn of ISGl, under Col. William P. Iiines as com-
manding officer, and having its rendezvous at Marshall, Cal-
houn Co. " It was intended, as its name implies, to be prin-
cipally employed in the numerous kinds of mechanical and
engineering work incident to the operations of an army,
and, unlike many other special organizations, it was largely
used for the pur|iose originally designed. It was also armed
with infantry weapons, and, whenever called on, its mem-
bers showed themselves as prempt in battle as they were
skillful in labor. The regiment contained a considerable
number of men from Genesee County. At a meeting held
in Flint, Sept. 17, 1861, and compo.sed largely of eligible
men, it was resolved to form a company to join the Engi-
neers and Mechanics, and George T. Clark was elected
captain of the propt)sed organization. But for some cause
the project failed, and no company distinctively of Genesee
County material was formed, though the county contrib-
uted about one-third to the formation of Company B, nearly
one-fuurth its members to Company F, and slightly to sis
other companies of the regiment.

The Engineers and Jlechanics were mustered into the
service of the United States, at the rendezvous, by Capt.
H. E. Mizner, U. S. A., Oct. 28 to Dec. C, 18G1, and on
the 21st of the latter month, left Marshall, about one thou-
sand and thirty strong, tor Louisville. Ky. On account of
the peculiar nature of the service required of them, they
were employed in detachments, and thus it would be imprac-
ticable to trace them thnmgh all, or half, their numerous
marchings and labors. One of the detachments was under
Gen. O. 51. Mitchell in his advance on Bowling Green,
and among the first Union troops to enter that town after
its evacuation by the enemy. After the capture of Fort
Donelson opened Teniiessco to the Union forces, the Engi-

FIllST ENGINEERS AND MECHANICS.

103

neers and Mechanics were speedily at work in that State
repairin;^ bridijes and railroads and opcnin;^ lines of com-
munication. For eiiilit weeks immediately followini;
the battle of Sliiioh tlioy were engaged in constructing
steamboat-landings. In June, lS(i2, they built seven
bridges on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, ranging
from eighty to three hundred and fifty feet in length, and
were also engaged throughout the season in opening and re-
pairing railroads in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Northern
Alabama and Misi^i.ssippi.

While at Lavergne, Teiin., on the 1st of January, 1SG3,
a part of the regiment was attacked by two brigades of the
enemy's cavalry, under Gens. Wheeler and Wharton, with
two pieces of artillery; but succeeded in defeating them
witli serious loss. During the year the regiment, divided
into detachments, was almost constantly engaged in building
bridges, making pontoon-boats, and other similar work in
Tennessee and North Alabama. One of these bridges
(over the Elk River, Tenn.) was four hundred and sixty
feet long. The same work was continued through the
greater part of 18G4; mostly in the vicinity of Chatta-
nooga, Tenn., Decatur, Bridgeport, and Stevenson, Ala.
The men whose terras had expired were mustered out in
October, 18G4, but there wore enough re-cnlistcd men and
recruits to keep the command up to its original strength.

About the 1st of November the regiment, except two
companies, was transferred to Atlanta, Ga., where it de-
stroyed an immense number of rebel foundries, roliing-
luills, and other similar works, and then marched wiih
Sherman's army to Savannah ; being obliged to keep up
with the columns, and to perform an immense amount of
labor in destroying railroads and bridges at the same time.
After sevend weeks' labor in fortifying Savannah, the Engi-
neers proceeded with Sherman through the CaroHnas, and
thence to Washington. In June, l&Oo, the regiment was
sent to Nashville, where it was employed on the defenses
until the latter part of September, when it was mustered
out of the service and ordered to Michigan. It was dis-
banded at Jacksonville on the 1st of October, 1SG5.

HEUBERS OF THE FIRST ENGINEERS AND MKCII.VNIUS FROM

GENESEE COUNTV.

Oniijiany B.

Clinrlcs II. Cilclnoy, Flint; scrgt.; pro. to Isl. liput. Co. E, Nov. 3, 1SC4; must.

out Si"l>t. '.ii, 1865.
OTicar F. AUi-ii, Itiii-toii ; dlsch. at end of sovvici-, Oi-t. 1.1, 1804.
John Arnot, (}rHn<l Itluitr; ilincli. \>y orili'r, Jnno C, 18G5.
Gi-orgo R. ItoyiT, Riclifi -1,1 ; di«,li. fur dlsiliilily, Due. 9, 18C2.
Wunen llni.kli-y, Flint; dincli. for disidiility, Feb.", ISOt.
KiUvin lUilij, FIusiiiiiK; di:.cli. for ilisiiliilitv, April 25, 18C3.
Sliiliii'd Hrowii, Flint; died of ilinciise. Miinli '.'(I, ISC-.i.
Miiynard Curtur, Flint ; di<-d of d.«tMSr', April ;{, IKlJi.
llinim F. Cltiipni.in, Flint ; dist-Ii. for diHiil.ilily, Jnly -^t, 1SG2.
Joniilliitii Cudlicy, Flint; dist-li. for il s.ildtity, Miiy 17, l.sO'i.
J.icol> I>. C.irpeiiter, DHvinun; iniiat. out Ht X.islivillf, Toriii., Si'pt. 22, 18G.'».
Edward FnnclK-on, Flint ; diseli. at cud of servii-i-. Oct, ;il, lStJ4.
Ami II. Firld, Flint ; distil. 10 4*0-01)1. as votonin, Jan. 1, ISO!.
Henry E. Gidloy, D.ivit^on ; disch. l>y ordoi', Oct. 4, ISr^j.
Jalno^ Groonalch, Flint ; tlistli. Iiy order, Juno C, ISfij.
Julius Gordon, >luii<ly ; ilisrli l.y order, Ort. 4, 18G5.
I'hilo Gill.ort, Flint ; dincli. at end of mrviie, Oct. :)l, 1804.
Guy K. Gilheit, Flint ; d mh. at end of service, Oct. :il, 1801.
Uonjiimiu F. Gilbert, Flint ; died of dirtease at Nashville, Tenn , Oct. 1, 1802.
Albert S. ILirt, Geui-see; died of disease, Mareli '^n, 1K02.
l.i;u»c llouell, Flint ; disch, for di-aldlity, April 10, 180J.

.lamo* Hill, Vienna; diacli. for di-aliility, Fob. 7, 1801.

Frederii-k N. Hopkins, Flushing; disch. for dsability, June lit. 180't.

Ilii-am Howe, Davison ; must, out at Nasltvillo, Tonn., Sept. 22, 18G5.

.loliri Link, Jr., Flint ; disch. by order, June 0, 1SG5.

Jtdin MeKerclier, Flint; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 1804.

David F. Nelson, Slutuly; veteran; luust. out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 22,

ISO."..
Fayette B. Nelson. Mundy ; must, out at Na.«hville, Tenn., Sept. 22, 1865.
Fernando C. Petty, FlusliinK; must, out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 22, 1805.
Willurd Petty, Flushing; disch. by order, June 0, ISC'i.
Poll C. Petty, Flushing; disch. for disability. May G, 1802.
Daniel J. Randall. Flint ; Corp. ; disch. for disability, March 0, 18G2.
Judson A. Stone, Clayton ; disch. by order, June 0, ISGo.
Theodore Siannard, Flint ; disch. by order, Juno 0, 1805.
Fredorick A. Sniitli, Flushing; must, out at Nashv.lle, Tenn,, Sept. 22, 1805.
Cliailes K. Welch, Davison ; vcter.m ; must, out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 22,

1805.
Henry R. Wallace, Flint ; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 1804.

Cinnjiainj F.

Alton Campbell, Davison ; qr.-mr. scrgt. Co. F; pro. to 2d lieut. Co. D, Nov. 23,

1864 ; must t Sept. 22, 18G.">.

George W. White, Fenton ; sergt.; |iro. to 2d lieut. Aug. 18, 1802 ; to 1st lieut.

Jan. 1, 1804 ; must. <)Ut Oct. 20, 1801, end of service.
S'dney .Vrrowsniith, Genesee ; disch. for dis:ibility, June 28, 1802.
William M. IJarney, Fenlon; disch. for disability. May 5, IS02.
Erastns Cill. Flint; disch. by order, Juno 0, 18i;.->.
Eraslus Call, Jr., Fenton ; diseh. l.y order, June C, 1805.
Alfred Call, Genesee; iliscli. by order, June 0, ISG,).
James Cartvvriglit, Vienna ; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 1804.
Ale.x. Canipbell, Davis^ni ; veteran ; disch. to rc-enl. as veteran, Jan. 1, 1864.
Delavon Heath, Vienna; disch. at e[id of service, Oct. 31, 1804.
Philip Housinger, Vienna; Corp. ; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 1804.
Norwin C. Johnstin, di^cli. for disability, July .5, 1802.
&ilomon S. Miles, Richfield ; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 18M.
llugli M.Donald, must, ont at Niishvilb-, Tenn , S.pt. 22, 1805.
(i.'orge Phelps, Grand lil.inc; disch. l.y or.ler, June G, IStVi.
Benjamin Paine, Vienna; di.sch. f.n- disability. May 14, 1802.
Henry S. IVtlingill, Vienna; disch. for d sabil ty, Sept. 1, 1802.
William Shorl, Uurton ; diseh. by order, July 17, 180").
Lewis A. Scott, Kenton ; di>cli. for il s;d.ilily, July 15, 1802.
Cirns J. Sillsby, Vienna.

John Scriven, Fent..n ; must, out at Naslivill.-, Tenn., Sept. 22, 1805.
Daniel W. Turner, diseh. by order, June 0, 1805.
Martin C. Tapper, Gran.l Itlanc ; ilisch. l.y order, July I", 1S&5.

IN OTHER COMPANIES.

Thaihlcus S. lleeis, Co. 1 ; died of disease at Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 24, 1802.

Joseph llellinger, Th.tf.jrd, Co. G ; disch. for disability, March 2. 1802.

John Untlei-, Forest, Co. G ; disch. al end of service, (.tct. 31, 1804.

Theo.lt(ro E Reei-s, (Vj. 1 ; .iisch. at end of seivice, Oct. ill, ISOl.

Lorenzo Colby, For.-st, Co. G; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 1801.

Jonatlcin Cooiner, Co. G ; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 18G4.

Martin L. Cuddeback, Flint, Co. D ; must, out at Nashville, Sept. 22, 18C."i.

Abraham F. Conant, Flint, Co. H; dio.lof disease at Nashville, Fob. 12, 1803.

John S. Docker, Forest, Co. G ; disch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 1804.

Joel li. Fairchibl, Flint, Co. H ; diseh. by order, Juno 0, 1865.

George D. Gerry. Riolitiel.l, Co. G ; ilisch. at end of service, Oct. 31, 1804.

Peter Gord.in, Flint, Co. H ; disch. for pr.iniotion, Feb. 13, 1804.

Henry C. Hackett, Co. I ; disch. by or.ler, June 0, 1805.

George L. Ju.l.-vine. Flint ; coi-p., Co. K ; veteran ; traus. to 5th Biittery, Mich.

Light Artillery, Dec. 2, 1802.
Harris Marsh, I)avison, Co. G; died of di8e;tse at Louisville, Ky., Blarcli 15,

1802.
Kellbon S. McCormick, Forest, Co. G ; ilicd of ilisease at Bardstown, Ky., April

10, 1862.
Wju. Miller, Davison, Co. L ; died of dis.-a.se at N.ashville, Tenn., S.'pt. 25, ISO:!.
Oren McCimb, Forest, Cu. G; diM-h. f .r disibdity, Jnly 17, ISO.).
AilelI.ert Pursell, Flint, Co. H ; disch. by ord.r, June 0, l80.j.
Wm. IS. Parker, Flint, CI; trans, t.i Vet. R..8. Corps, May 1, 18W.
G.rorge W. Sweet, Burton, Co. I ; disch. by or.ler, June 0, 180;'>.
Charles Saunders, Forest, Co. G ; disch. for iiromoti .n, Aug. 17, 1803.
Abel C. Smith, Forest, Co. G ; cnl. Nov. 21, 1801 ; discli. at end of service, Oct.

31, 1804.
Dennison W. Spencer, (.'o. L; must, .nit at N islivillo, Tenn , Sept. 22. 18fs').
Wellington Teaehout, Itichtield, Co. f. ; ilisch. al end of servic.-, Oct. 31, ISOl.
Enoch II. Woodman. Forest, Co. G ; diich. for il sabil ty, April 21, 181)2.

Sal r Wood, Co. I ; died of disease at Nashville, Tenn , Oct 2'J, 1802.

Jacob W. M'liile,Thelford, Co. G ; .Iisch. to re-eiil. as vetoian. Jan. 1, 1801.
Calvin Wakelield, Davison, Co. L; must, ont at Nashville, Tenn., S pt. 22, 180.1.
Charles h. Packard, Flint, Co. F; eiil. one year; ilisch. by G. O., June C, lsft5.
Duvid M. Tninir, Flint, Co. F; enl. one year; disch. by G. O., June 0, 1805.

104

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

CHAPTER XVI.

FIRST, THIRD, FOURTH, FIFTH, AND SIXTH
CAVALRY, AND THIRTEENTH BATTERY.

Character of Cavalry Service — First Cavalry — Service in Virginia in
]8ti2 — Campaigning in 1863 — Raids and other Movements in 186i
and 1865 — Muster Out — Third Cavalry — Rendezvous at Grand
Kapids — Winter-Quarters in Missouri — Campaigns of 1862 — Win-
ter-Quarters in Mississippi — Marching and Fighting in Missis-
sippi and Tennessee in 1863 — Winter-Quarters at La Grange,
Tenn. — Veteran Furlough — At St. Louis in Spring of 1804 — Cam-
paign in Arkansas — At Mobile — Services in Texas — Muster Out
and Return Home — Fourth Cavalry — Pursuit of John Morgan in
Kentucky — Fight at Franklin, Tenn. — Advance with Army of the
Cumberland iu 1863— The Atlanta Campaign of 1S64— Fight at
Lattimorc's Mill — Pursuit of Gen. Hood — Raid through Alabama in
Spring of 1865 — Capture of Jefi'erson Davis — Fifth Cavalry — Ren-
dezvous at Detroit — Winter-Quarters near Washington — Engage-
ments in 1863 — Winter-Quarters at Stovensburg — Campaigns and
Battles in 186f — Winter-Quarters at Camp Russell — Spring Cam-
paign of 1865 — In North Carolina — Movement to Fort Leavenworth,
Kan. — Muster Out — Sixth Cavalry — Winter-Quarters at Washing-
ton — Services and Fights in 1863 — Winter-Quarters at Stevensburg
— Its Numerous Fights and Skirmishes in 1864 and 1865 — Service
in North Carolina — Fort Leavenworth and the Plains — Muster Out
and Return — The Tliirtcenth Battery — Its Services at AVashingtjn
and in Maryland.

Although the cavaliy branch of the army was not
broutrht into a.s many general engagements as the infantry,
and consequently sufl'ered less in killed and wounded, yet its
service was of an extremely arduous nature, compelling men
to be almost constantly in the saddle, riding day and night
for hundreds, and sometimes fur a thousand, miles in a single
expedition. But the character of this service, being that of
almost constant marching and change of station and duty,
renders it impracticable to follow and trace the movements
of cavalry with as much of precision and detail as can be
done in the case of infantry regiments.

FIRST CAVALRY.

This regiment, which contained a considerable number of
men from Genesee County, was organized in the summer of
1861, under Col. T. F. Brodhead. It left its rendezvous
at Detroit, about eleven hundred strong, September 29tli
in that year, and proceeded to Washington, and thence to
Frederick, Md., where it passed most of tiie winter. In the
spring of 1862 it entered Virginia, and during the year was
engaged in service on the Upper Potomac, in the Shenandoah
Valley, and along the east slope of the Blue Ridge, being
engaged at Winchester, Middletown, Strasburg, Harrison-
burg, Orange Court-House, Cedar Mountain, and second
Bull Run, losing in these actions thirty killed or died of
wounds, and fifty-eight wounded. It passed most of the
winter at Frederick, Md.

In the early part of 18G3, it was engaged in grand guard
duty along the front line of the Washington defen.ses in
Virginia. On the 27tli of June it moved towards Gettys-
burg, and on the 3d of J uly , at tliat place, it met and charged
Hampton's legion of three regiments Virginia cavalry,
and beat it in six minutes, losing eighty men and eleven
officers out of three hundred who went into action. It was
again engaged at Fairfield Gap on the 4tli, and lost consid-
erably. Again, at Falling Waters, Va., it was severely
engaged, and captured five hundred of the enemy, with the

standards of the 40th and 47th Virginia Infantry. It was
in Kilpatrick's division, and took part in all the movements
and actions of that general during the summer and fall
of 1863. In December nearly four hundred of the men
re-enlisted as veterans, and received the veteran furlough.
On their return, the regiment rendezvoused at Camp Stone-
man, near AVashington, and was there newly equipped, and
was joined by a new battalion which had been mustered at
Mount Clemens in December, 1863. It took part in the
movements of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac,
from the crossing of the Rapidan in May, 1864, to the
early part of August, when it was moved to the Shenandoah
Valley, and joined to the army of Sheridan, taking part in
the .subsequent movements of that army, except the battle
of Fisher's Hill, losing during the year, up to the 1st of
November, eighty-two killed in battle or died of wounds,
and one hundred and two wounded in action. It remained
near Winchester, Va., till the 27th of February, 1863,
when it fell in with the other cavalry of Sheridan to move
on the great raid to the James River. It reached White
House on JIarch 19th, and soon after joined the Army of
the Potomac before Petersburg, and remained with that
army till the surrender of Lee, taking part in many engage-
ments, among which were those at Five Forks and Appo-
mattox. After the surrender it moved to Petersburg, and
a little later to North Carolina with the other forces. From
there it returned to Washington, took part in the great
review of the army, Jlay 23d, and soon after was moved,
via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Ohio, Mississippi,
and Missouri Rivers, to Fort Leavenworth. Then followed
seven months of duty on the Plains as far west as the base
of the Rocky Mountains, during which the regiment was
engaged in some skirmishing with Indians, and lost .slightly
in killed and wounded. It was con.solidated at Fort Bridger
with the 6th and 7th Michigan Cavalry, forming an organ-
ization known as the 1st Michigan Veteran Cavalry. It
was paid off and disbanded March 10, 1866.

MEJIBERS OF THE FIliST C.WALRV FllOM GENESEE COUNTY.

Wainei- II. rierson, Flint; sirgt. in Co. G; 2.1 licut. Co. B, May 18, 18C:i ; 1st
lieul. Co. H, June 14, lfeG4; cajit. Co. U, Oct. '.iS, 18M; must, out Nov.
7, 1S6\

Cliauncy T. Aail.le, Genesee, Co. D ; discli. at end of serviti', Feb. 17, 1860.

Augustus A. Allen, Genesee, Co. D; must, out fllarch 10, 18(;G.

.lames C. Bingham, Genesee, Co. D ; mnat. out June 30, 18GG.

K.il.prt Bultou, Co. C; (liach. for diialolity, Manli 11, 180:1.

Williaiu Boiitiher, Genesee, Co. II; disch. at end of tervice, Aug. 22, 18C4.

diaries Beeuiiin, Cu. C; discli. to re-eril. as veteran, Dec. 21, 18&1.

Charles t'roli', Co. H - discli. fur disability.

Wilson P. Dunaldson, Featon, Co. G ; must, out March ID, 1.SC6.

William F. Eaton, Feuton, Co. U ; d.ed of disease at Alexandria, Va., Oct. 28,
1SC2.

William P. Eddy, Fenton, Co. G ; dis( h. by or.ler, June 7, 1SC5.

Janu'S Furlong, Co. II ; disch. at end of service, Aug. 22, 1804.

Frc.derick Faro, Cu. C; diseh. to re-eid. iig vetei-in, Dec. 21, l»0:i.

G.le« E. Fellows, Genesee, Co. I); mast, out Maicli 10, ISOO.

Isaac Gilbert, Tlielford, Co. A ; must, out March 10, 18UG.

James B. Gallup, Flushing, Co. C; must, out Ma(;eh C, 18GG.

Riiln'rl Gai'hei', Fenton, Co. F; niu.t. out March 25, 1806.

Aliiioa Gage, Co. M; must, out Aug. 25, 18th'>.

Thoin.as I'. Hill, Co. F; nuist. out July 1, 1805.

Anihew A. Hobday, Co. C; discli. for wounds, May 23, 1864.

Beujaiiiiii V. Ilicks, Co C ; discli. to re-eul. as veteran, Dec. 21, 1863.

U..l.ert Jackson, Co. C; disch. lor dirabllily, Sept. 27, 1802.

Jeieiiiiah L. Kn:ip|>, Fenton, Co. D; disch. t>y order. May 3, 1805.

Fr.nik Keferly, Co. H; died in action at Ball Kan, Va., Aug. 311, 1SG2.

Henry J. Lartied, ('o. C; tiuna. to Co. II.

Joseph BIcComI', Forest, Co. A ; must, out March 10, 18GC.

Ib.i vey M. MeCasliny, Co. F; must, out Slareh 25, 1800.

John O'Hani, Mount Morris, Co. D ; must, out March 111, ISCO.

THIRD CAVALRY.

105

William Perkins, Co. H; (iisch. for ilisaliility.

George Pri<ltjiore, Flusliing, Co. C; died of disease ftt Fort Collins, C

2>, 1865.
Felix F. Bandall, Co. H ; discli. for disabii:iy.
AniiLsa Rogers, Co. C; discli. to re-i-iil. iis veteran. Per. 21. 186."i.
Austin .Slow, C<). C; missing in action at Fairfielil (lap, Jnly 4, 1803.
Itobert Sackner, Fenton, Co. G ; ninst. out fllanli 111, 18GG.
Seynionr P. TIioni|t8on, Co. C; disch. for disability.
Orange Tlionias, Co. H ; disch. to re-cnl. as veteran, Dec. 21, 1863,
W. C. Tlumias, Co. C; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Feb. l.'>, 1804.
William II. Teeplea, Co. (;; died of wounds at Brontsville, Va., Jan. 9,
Sainnel H. Tlioma", Co. C ; died of wounds iit Gettysburg, Pa., Aug. .5,
Charles Waldo, Co. H; must, out March H), 18110.
John Waldo, Co. B; must, onl JIarcli 10, 1800.
William K. Walcott, Genesee, Co. 11; must, out March .11, 186G.
Louis S. We.^Sitn, Fenton, Co. K ; must, out June ;10, 1800.
Henry Yates, »nton, Co. A ; ninst. out Maicli 10, 1800.
Tracy G. Merrill, Riclifield, Co. A ; trans, from Co. II, 7th Cav.; mus

Salt Lake, JIarch In, 1800.
Alcxion Th.ayer, Flushing, Co. A ; trans, from Co. II ; must, out Juno
Ilortea Blrdsiill, Co. C, coi'li. ; must, out May 2, 1802.
binieon P. McFarlan<I, Gaines, Co. K ; tr^ns. from Co. G ; must, out 1

July 12, 180,1.
Tliaddciis W. I.ockwood, Cu. C; trans, to Mulligan's Brigade.

T., Dec.

1SC3.
18C:i.

t. out lit
20, 180.'>.
ly order.

THIRD C.VVALUY.

This regiment w;is raised in the summer and fall of
18G1, liaving its rendezvou.s at Grand Kapids. The Gene-
sec County men serving in its ranks were sufficient iti aggre-
gate number to make up the majority of a full company,
but tlicy were distributed among several companies of the
regiment, tiiough most numerous in Company I.

The 3d Cavalry left Grand Rapids more than a thousand
strong, Nov. 18, 18(31, and proceeded to St. Louis, Mo.,
where it remained in winterf(uarters at the Benton Bar-
racks. In 1862 it moved south, and participated in the
operations at New Madrid and Island No. 10, also in the
siege of Corinth, and the subsequent campaign in Northern
Mississippi, where it remained during tlic entire season,
capturing in tliat scries of operations twelve hundred and
eighty-six prisoners of the eiieuiy, among whom were five
field- and thirty-two line-officers. It pa.ssed the winter in
Northern Mississippi, and in 1SG3 was again employed in
that State and Western Tennessee, in almost continuous
luarcliing, fighting, and raiding, and by the 1st of Novem-
ber in that year liad taken an additional number of prison-
ers, sufficient to make the whole iiuinber captured by it since
its commencement of service two thousand one hundred, of
wiiom about fifty were officers. " During the year [from
Jan. 1 to Nov. 1, 1863] the regiment marclied a distance
of ten thousand eight hundred miles, exclusive of marches
by separate companies and detachments." Accompanying
the 3d in its movements was a light battery of 12pound
liowilzers. On the 1st of January, 1864, the regiment
arrived at La Grange, Tenn., where it prepared winter-
(|uartcrs, and where, during January, nearly six hundred of
its members rc-eiili»tcd as veterans, and received tlio usual
furlough — to rendezvous at Kalamazoo. From tliat place
the)' moved, with tjieir numbers largely augmented by re-
cruits, to St. Ijouis, where they remained about two months
on provost duty in the city, while awaiting the arrival of
new hoi-scs and e(|uipmcnts. Still dismounted, the regi-
ment moved May ISth, and proceeded to Arkansas, there
joining the army of Gen. Steele. It was mounted and
armed with the Spencer repeating-caibine on the 1st of
August, and from that lime until winter was engaged in
sconii:!g and outpost duly in that State. Its wintertiuar-

ters were at Brownsville Station, on the Mempliis and Little
Hock Railroad. On the 14th of March it was transferred
from Arkansas to the military division of West Mississippi,
under Gen. Canby, to move with the forces designed to
operate against Mobile. After the fall of that city the regi-
ment was employed on outpost duty till after the surrender
of Lee and Johnston, and was then detailed as the escort of
Gen. Canby, on the occasion of his receiving the surrender
of the Confederate Gen. Taylor and his army. It moved
across the country from Mobile to Baton Rouge, La.,
arriving there May 22, 18G5. On Sheridan's as.suming
command of the Division of the Southwest, the 3d was
ordered to join troops destined for Texas, and left Baton
Rouge June 10th, moving by way of Shrcveport, and across
Texas to San Antonio, where it remained, employed in gar-
rison duty, scouting expeditions for the protection of the
frontier, and other similar duty till Feb. 15, 1866, when it
was dismounted and mustered out of service. The men
returned via Victoria, Indianola, New Orleans, and Cairo,
111., to Jackson, Mich., and there received their final pay-
ment, March 15, 1866.

MEMBF-RS OF TlIK THIRD CAVALIiV FROM GENESEE COUNTY.

Officera.

Wni. Dunham, Fenton ; cipl. Co. I ; cnl. Sept. 7, 18G1 ; res. May 11, 1802.

Orrin W. Rowland, Fenton; sorgt. Co. C; 2d lieut. Co. E, April 29, 18G:i; 1st

lieut. Co. I, Oct. 24, 1864 ; capt. Co. C, Nov. 17, 1804 ; hon. disch. June 0, 1805.

Jacob W. Miller, Fenton ; sergt. Co. I ; 2d lieut. Co. K, Sept. 18, 1804 ; hon. disch.

June 6, 1805.
Andrew llickey, 2d lieut. ; pro. to 1st lieut. Co. I; died of disease, Feb. 10, '03.
Clarence I-. Miles, Fenton, qr.-mr. Berj;t. ; pro. to Ist lieut. Co. — , 9tli Cav.

Conipamj I. — Eiitisted Men.
David S. Anderson, disch. for disability, Oct. 10, 1802.
Charles 0. Adams, sergt., Fenton ; discli. for disability, Feb. 12, 1802.
George Borden, disch. for disability, Feb. 14, 1802 ; must, out Sept. 14, 1805.
William Battay, died of disease at New Madrid, Mo., March 14, 1802.
George Borden, must, out Sept. 14, ISO-'i.
MerrdI Cherry, Fenton ; veteran ; must, out Feb. 12, 1800.
William Chestnut, Fenton ; must, out Jan. 2:!, 1860.
Slcplien II. Calkins, veteran ; disch. for ilisability, Sept. 25, ISM.
Ilar ry B. ('amp. Hint; d ed of tliseaseat Brownsville, Ark., Sept. 3, ISOl.
liarnaril Duff, died of disease at Dnvall's BlulT, Ark., Oct. U, 1804.
Carlton F.i»ket, .Ib'd of iliseasc at JacksoTi, Sept. 22, 1862.
Rensselaer C. Fuller, must, out Feb. 12, 1806.
John Huntley, died of disease at St. Louis, Mo., April 28, 18G2.
George U. Ilorton, mubician, Fenton ; disch. to re-enl. us vet. Jan. 19, 18G4.
Jidin W Kipp, Fenton ; <lied of disease at Corinth, Miss.
Edward L. M.itl, .liscli. July 21, 1802.

Cornelius Quick, died of d sease at Benton Ban-.icks, Dec. 25, 1801.
.I.din W. Snell, must, out Feb. 12, 1800.
Guy Shaw, must, out Feb. 12, 18U0.
Ilariiscui Tiaphagan, Fenton, Corp.; died of disease at New BLidrid, Mo , .\pril

0, 1802.
Levi W. Thatcher, disch. for disability, March 25, 1S&4.
George Tanner, disch. .lune 21. 1H02.

Legiand P. Williams, disch. at end of service, Oct. 24, 1804.
Edward Welh.ver, died of disease at Memphis, Tenn, Jnly 20, 1804.
Jonathan M. Willovcr, died of disease at Holly, Mich., Dec. 10, 1801.

OUter Companies.
George Baine, Co. D; died of disc.ise at Kalamazoo, Mich., April 17, 1804.
James Bnell, Co. M ; disch. to re-enl. as vet. Jan. 19, l.SCI ; must, out Feb. 12,

I8(;0.
William II. Burnt, Co. B; must, out June 21, ISRI.
Charles M. Br.>wn, Co. B; mn-t. out Feb. 12, 1806.
George Buell, Co. M ; must, out Feb. 12, 1860.
David Buell, Co. M; must, out Aug. 180.5.
Jesse Cooper, t^i. I) ; must, out Feb. 12, 18G6.

Andrew J. tiliappell, Co. M : dieil of ilisea-se at St. Louis, Mo , Jan. 5, 1802.
Kilward C. Fiero, Co. E ; died of disease at Brownsville, Ark,, Sept. fi, 180*.
William W. Flowers, Co. F, Genesee; died ofdisea.se at Jelferson Barracks, Mo.,

Nov. 18, 1804.
.John W. Fouls, Co. C; di-ch, Dec. 7, 1804.

Wallace Gilbert, Co. F, Thetford ; disch. for disability, Nov. 0, 18M.
Nelson B. Hicks, Co. M ; diiil of disease at Jackson, Oct. 19, 1802.
Robert llacket, Co. L, Flint; Diust. out Fob. 12, I860.

100

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Jnnica L. I,cc, Co. H ; discli. Aug. 20, 1S05.

Jlenry Marvin, Co. 51 ; (ii-cli. to re-eiil. us vpt. Jan. 10, 18C-I.

Cliurlfs SLi^i'ninn, Co. A ; mnst. out .\iig. 2:1. ISO.").

GooiKi' W. Sniilh, Co. M ; ili^ch. for ilisuliility, .Ian. 3, ISO:!.

Linus B. Sinilh, vvasoncr, Co. .M ; ilidch. for ili.*jilii!ily, April 10, 18C4.

Willinni Sljli'ii, Co. K; ilii-il of ilisrasc iit Cliinigo, 111., An;;. 12. 18C4.

C.'cngi' W. Swain, Co. M ; ili.scli. to rc-enl. iw vi't. Jun. 10, 1804.

Calvin II. Swain, Co. A ; innst. out Fub. 12, 1800.

Mallnnv Wh te, Co. M ; llieil of disease at New Sladriil, Mo., March 8, 1802.

Francis Wait, Co. M ; diacli. at end of service, Oct. 24, 1804.

FOURTH CAVALllV.

Tlio raising of this regiment was authorized in the early
part of July, 1862, as a part of Michigan's quota of eleven
thousand six hundred and eighty-six men to be furnished
under the I'resident's call for troops to retrieve the disasters
of the Seven Days' battles before Riclmiond. The rendez-
vous of the 4th was cstabliah'jd at Diitroit, and the regi-
ment, having its ranks filled to the maximum, was there
mustered for three years' service, on the 21Uh of August.
Its colonel was Robert G. 5Iinty, promoted from the lieu-
.tenantcolonelcy of the 3d Cavalry. The surgeon of the
regiment was Dr. George W. Fish, of Flint, and about
eighty other residents of Genesee County were found in its
ranks, distributed among nearly all its companies.

The 4th left Detroit, Sept. 2G, 1862, and moved to the
seat of war in Kentucky, by way of Louisville. Being
fully armed, mounted, and equipped, it was placed in active
.service without much delay. It was in the advance in the
attack on the guenillas of John Morgan, at Slanloid, Ky.,
and joined in the pursuit of those raiders to Crab Orchard.
In the attack on Lebanon, Ky., November 9tli, it also led
the advance, charging into the town two miles ahead of
the infantrv, driving out IMorgan with an equal or superior
force, and capturing a large quantity of stores. On the 18th
of December, by a forced march, the regiment surprised
and captured the enemy's pickets at Franklin, Tenn.,
driving out a large rebel force with heavy lass. It led the
advance on iMurfreesboro', and, after the capture of that
place, was engaged in nuin^>rous expeditions, driving back
the enemy's cavalry which infested the country, and cap-
turing several hundred prisoners.

In May, 1863, followed by detachments of other regi-
ments, tiie 4th led a gallant charge into the camps of three
Confederate regiments of cavalry, routed them, and took
iil'ty-five prisoners and the colors of the 1st Alabam.i.
When the Army of the Cumberland advanced south from
Murfreesboro' in June, 1863, the 4th Cavalry was again in
the lead, and repeatedly engaged with the enemy. In these
fights and skirmishes it was always successful until it reached
the vicinity of Chattanooga, where it was .several times rc-
jiulscd. The .season's .service was so severe that on the 1st
of November only about three hundred of the men re-
mained mounted.

After constant service through the winter — mounted and
dismounted — among the niouutains of Southciustcrn Tennes-
see, the regiment returned about the last of March, 1864, to
Na.shvillc, where it received fresh hor.ses, and was newly
equipped. It then returned to Sherman's army, which it
accompanied in the Georgia campaign, constantly engaged
in the same kind of arduous service before described. Its
hardest CMifiict w.is on the 23th of June, at Latttinore's
Mills, when, with the 7th Pennsylvania Cavalrj', it engaged

three cavalry brigades of the enemy, twice charging with
the sabre, and repelling several determined assaults on its
own line. Having finally fallen back on its supports, it
aided in repelling an attack by Gen. Wheeler's whole force,
which was driven back with heavy loss. In this fight the
regiment, which had about three hundred men present, lost
thirty-seven in killed and wounded.

Aftqr the capture of Atlanta the mounted men of the
regiment followed Hood's army northward nearly to the
Tennessee River, harassing his rear and taking many pris-
oners. By this time only about one hundred of their
horses remained fit for service. They were turned over to
another command, and the 4th, dismounted, concentrated at
Nashville in Oetober. It was remounted at Louisville, Ky.
and by the last of January, 1865, was back on duty at
Gravelly Spring, Ala.

Leaving there March 12tli, it joined with other regi-
ments in a long raid through Alabama, swimming rivers,
building corduroy-roads, fighting the rebel cavalry general
Forrest, and finally capturing the city of Selma, Ala., which
was defended by at least seven thousand of Forrest's men,
behind very strong fortifications. At one point fifteen
hundred dismounted cavalry, of which the 4th formed a
part, charged the intrcnchments and captured them in
twenty minutes, having had three hundred and twenty-four
men killed and wounded. This was on the 2d of April.
On the 2Utli, after numerous adventures, the command
reached Macon, Ga , where the news of the surrender of
Lee was the signal to cease fighting.

The 4th, however, gained still another title to renown,
by the capture of Jefferson D.ivis, near Abbeville, G.i.,
April It), 1865. The regiment soon after miu'clied to
N.isliville, wliei'c it was mustered out on the 1st of July,
and nine d.iys later was disbanded at Detroit. The list
of the battles and skirmishes of the 4lh llegiment num-
bered ninety-lour. Few of tluni, it is true, were very
severe, but their number sli.)\vs that the ivgimeut was full
of energy and valor.

OFFICKltS AND MKN OF THE FOURTH CAVALUY FROM (U'-NESEE
COUNTY.

Ceo. W. Fish, Flint, sin;;. ; enl. July 20, 1802 ; mist, ont Ang. V>, 1805.

Jacob Budtelyon, All.l'. sergt. ; 2d lieut. Co. K, Feb. IS, 1801; 1st lieilt. Si-pt.

11, I.SOI; w.mndeil in action at ClevelanJ.Toun., Doc. 9, ISO! ; unit. Aug.

14, 1804 ; res. J.m. S, 1805.
Goo. F. Fish, Flint, st-riCt. C). F; 2d lieut. Oo. L, Jnly 21, ISGl ; 1st lieut. Co. F,

Dec. 10, 1S04 ; must, ont Aug. 1.5, ISO.i.
An>el Adani^, Atlas, cun.-sergt.; nnnt. tult July 1, 1805.
Ira F. Austin, Co I.; dieil of disease at Sew .Vlbany, lad., Nov. 17, 1SC2.
Alliert .\ lani', F,.re<t, Co. 1); must, out .\ug. 1.5, l.so-i.
J. dm C. Itr.iwu, Flint, C >. K ; must, ont Ang. 15, I8G5.
Henry M. Urown, Forest, Co. H; must, out Aug. 15, 1805.
Abel 11. Berry, Klnsliing. Cu. U ; must, ont Ang, 15, 180,5.
Ilenj iniin F. linni|i, Claybm. Co. II ; inu«l. out Ang. 1.5, 1.S05.
Henry K. II irnliart, Flushing, Co. M ; must, out Ang. 15, 1805.
G. Ur,.wn, Flint, C.i. B; discli. lor dis ibility, Nov. II, 1801.
Almol Birrow, Atl.is, Co K; ilis di. lor dis ibility, Sjpt. II, 1801.
John W. Cilkins, Fl.ishing, Co. 11; died of disease at Cartersville, Ga, July

31, 1804.
Fr.inklin .\. C'aritn, Flint, Co. B; must, out .\ng. 15, 1805.
.Mori/.) Curtis, Fenton, Co. C ; disch. by or.ler, .\ug. 20, ISOo.
Win. H. Conuver, Forest, Co. H; disch. by order, .Vug. 20, 1805.
John I> ingbiss, Co. B; disch. by ord -r, June 27, 180.5.
Orrin l>iinniiig. Atlas, Co. II ; inu.t. i>ul Aug. 15. 1865.
Unfiis N. O.ivison, G.iines, Co. L; must, ont Aug. 15, 1SG5.
Francis M. Kddy, Flint, Co. L ; iiiiist. out Aug. 15, 1805.
Herbert O. F.irnirn, Flint, Co. \ ; must, out .\ug. 15, 18G5.
Dennis Fally, Flushing, C,i. K ; must, out Ang. 15, 1805.
Nathaniel Gallagher, Fenton, Co. B; nuist. ont .\iig. 15, 1£C5.
J. Hues A. Giles, Fenton, Co. B; must, out Oct. 7, 1*05.

FIFTH CAVALRV.

107

Gnranl A. Gfntl.in, Flint, Co. I ; must. out. Aug. la, 1865.

Juhn I., (in'm, Klnslihlir, C.i. D; ilisch. Ip.v ord.r, .Icily 10, 18C.5.

Triitiiiiu IIcii<l.T«i.ii. All:i», Co. K ; ilisch. l.y or.l.-r, July '27, IXCI.

John .\. ll.|'kins. Kliiil, Oo. 1!; .li«tli. for .li^iil.il ly, Jiinu l.">, ISO*.

,lo9'|>li lli-r^hvy, Flint, Co. li ; .lisrh. fir .li.*ih lily, Dec. 10, ISOt.

Ilonivi'd. Ilazli'toii, riiiit, Co. F; ninsl.uni An^. I.^, IXU'i.

Iamim 1!. Ilopkin:^, Flint, Oo. II ; nuMt. out An^. I.i, I80o.

AVilliiini S. Ilerriclc, All*-*, Co. 11 ; lilnsl. out An^. 1*», 18G5.

Silns J. Ilni-IKT, Flint, Co. M ; ninsl. ont Aug. l.», ISGi.

l»i-i-:itiir Jiico.v, Atlim, Co. K ; must, ont .\iitf. I.'i, 180.1.

Kli Jinnin^, Alius, Ci. K; iliscli. fonlisiiliility, .Vpt. 18, 1801.

Sli-.-iMi.* LiiK', Atl.is, Co. K ; ili'ch. I.y .inU'V M.iy 'JT, Isii.'i.

K I'viii l.nrv'-y, Fi-nton, Co. \ ; ilii-J of ilisiMSi' iit Niislivilli., 'rcnii.

Niuholiis Muus in, Fon-ut, l.'o. L; ilii'il of disease nl Colninbia, Teiiti., July 21,

ISM.
Dnnjnniin .Mclllroy, Flusliins, Co. C; must, ont \-Vi. 15, 1805.
Ilriiry .slurry, <:iiuu'.^, Oj.C; must, out Atti;. l.'i, 18li'i.
Williiiin II. 11. Martin, Flusliing, Co, 1> ; ntiiiit. unt Ang. I.'i, 1803.
Jji -.ill K. .Mifiu, Flushing, Cii. II ; must, out .-Vug. lo, 18()-j.
Juhn Sl.-Illi-oy, Fliisliing, Co. K ; must, out An;.;, l.'i, 1805.
John Bloni-li, Clnylon, Co. K ; innst. ont .\ug. 1.% 1805.
Oi-orK" M. Milvs, Flint, Co. F; mn-t. ont Slay 2.'i, ISO,"),
llurlan I'. Nik's, Unshni;;, i'o. K ; iliscli. hy onliT, Juno 2.^, 1805.
Willon (thlfifl'l, Atlas, Co. K ; ilim-h. by onlcr, JuuhO, 1805.
Charles W. Petleugill, Flushing, Vo. K ; ilieil ofilisease at Cliatlanoogn, Tcnn.,

Aug. 1,1804.
Barrett I'iei-s-.ii, (leue-fee, Co. F ; must, ont .\uj;. 15, 18C5.
George Kitili, Flint, Co. F; mu>t. ont Aug. l.'i, l.%.'i.
llansler llausom, Flnshiiig, Co. K ; must, ont Aug. 1.5, 1805.
Charles Slark, Fentoii, Co. B ; liinsI. ont Aug. 15, 1805.
Fr.iucis St. .lohn, Flusliing, Co. K j jnnst. ont .\ng. 15, 18G5.
Gngeuc 51. Seeley, Foi-esf, t^i. M ; must, out .\ug. 15, 1805.
llarlun Si ke-s, Co. A ; tliscli. by or.lur, Aug. -21, 1805.
R..'ubou C. Stern, Vienna, Co. K ; dieJ at U ime, G.i., after bo'ng captured. May

1.5, 1804.
Henry Trickey, Flint, Co. F; ninst. out Aug. 1.5. 1805.
George K. Vantine, Atlas, Co. K ; must, ont July 1, 1805.
John B. Van Hinsteu, Clayton, Co. 51; (lied otdiseaseat Na-hville, Tenn., April

2il, 1804.
R^iliert Van Titlln, K-.irton, Co. M ; disch.irged by oriler, Aug. 25, 1805.
Levi S. Warren, Flint, Co. F; disoli.for promotion, Dec. II), 1804.
Kdivaril A. Wliitinnn, Flint, Co. F; must, ont Aug. 15, 1805.
Andrew J. W'apl. Flint, Co. F; must, ont Aug. 1.5, 1805.
M'illiam C. Whitman, Flint, Co. F ; must, ont Aug. 1.5, 1805.
Samuel Whitman. Grand Ul.iUC, Co. F ; must, ont .\ug. 15, 18G5.
W.lliam Woo I, D.ivisoTl, Co. K ; mtl-it. out July 1, 1805.
Juniej I). Ilaight, Flint, ('o. 11; must, out oii di^tHchod service.
Cliai. I>. Summers, Flint, C i. F ; killed in bartle at Xoonday Creek, Ga., Juno

20, 1804.
Bufiis A. Stacy, Flint, Co. F ; must, ont Aug. 1.5, 180.5.
Charles A. Ward, Flint, Co. F; mu-t. out Aug. 15, 1805.
Geo. B. Walker, Flint. Co. I; on detached sci-vice with S. C. Troops.
David K. Cranston, Co. I; on detached service.

Alvin Fox, Atlas, Co. K ; died of ibse ise at Mnrfreeslinro', Tcnn.. May 10, 1803.
John Iticliard-i, -\tlas,Oo. K; Iran.-, to Invalid Corps, Sept. 1, 180:t.
(Miarles .\. I'elty, Flushing, Co. K ; absent, sirk; nut must, ont with company.
Seymour Lewis, Co. K ; must, ont Aug. 15, 1805.
Mailin Wilcox, Co. M ; absent, sick ; not must, ont with company.
Martin L. Harper, Flint, Co. M ; must, out Aug. 15, 1805,

FIFTH CAVALRV.

Tliis regiment of cavalry wa.s raised in the sumnior of
18G2, untlcr authority fniiii the War Department and the
Governor of the State to Jo.seph T. CopehinJ, then lic'u-
tenant-colonei of the Isl Cavahy. Tiiu rendezvous of the
5th was at Detroit, where it was mustered into tlie service
of the United States, under Col. Copeland, on the 30th of
August in tlie year nainud. About seventy men of Genesee
County served in the ranks of its several companies, more
of these being in " K" company than in any of the others.

For about three months after mu.ster the yth remained
at the hcadijuarters wailing for arms, and at the time of
its departure — December 4lli — the men had been but par-
tially armed, though fully e(|uippiHl. From Detroit the
command moved to Washington, D. C., and remained there
through the winter. In the spring of ISljii, after being
fully armed, it was attached to tlic 2d Brigade of the 3d
Division of the Cavalry Corps, Army of the I'otomac.

As it is impracticable to furni.sh a detailed account of
its almost iiiiiuiiieiMble inarches and cniistaiilly changing
movcini^nls and eouiiter-niovemeiits duiiiig the campaign
of 1S(!;>. we give in brief a list of the engagements with
tlie enemy in which the regiment took ]iart during that
eventful year, nani-jly, — Hanover, Va., June ;iOlh ; IIuii-
terstown, Pa., July 2d; Gettysburg, July 3d ; Monterey,
Mil., July -1th; Cavetowii, Md., July Sth ; Smithtown,
Md., July (Ilh; iioon.-iboro', Md., July (itli ; Ilagoistown,
51d., July Ttli ; Williamsport, Md., July Till ; Buon.sboro'
(2d), JulySth; Ilager.stown (2d), July lOtli ; Wiiliam.sport,
July 10th ; Falling Waters, Va.. July Htli ; Snirker's Gap,
Va., July I'Jtli; Kelly's Ford, Va., S.-ptcmber 13lh; Cul-
peper Court-IIou.se, Va., September 14tli ; Raccoon Ford,
Va., September lOlh ; White's Ford, Va., September 21st;
Jack's Shop, Va., September 2t;th ; James City, Va., Oc-
tober 12th; Brandy Station, Va., October IStli ; Buck-
land's Mills, Va., October 19th ; Stevensbuig, Va., No-
vember 19th; Slorton's Ford, Va., November 2Gtli.

At the close of the active operations of 18G3 the 5th
went into camp at Steveiisburg, Va., passing the winter
there and along the line of the llaiiidan. About the 1st
of March it took part in the raid of Gen. Kilpatrick to
the defenses of Richmond, where it was attacked, March
2d, by the enemy in large force, and obliged to retire to
New Kent Court-House, where it joined Gen. Butler.

A detachment of the regiment had accompanied Cul.
Dahlgren in the famous raid in wliich he lost his life. It
advanced to within five miles of Richmond, and drove the
enemy from his fir.st and second lines of defense, but was
filially compelled to retretit behind the Chickatiiiniiny. At
Old Church the body containing the detachment of the
5th was attacked, and compelled to cut its way to While
House Landing, which was reached on the following day.
On the 11th it embarked at Yorktown, moved by the York
and Potomac Rivers to Alexandria, and thence to the
camp at Steveiisburg. It was then transferred from the
3d to the 1st Cavalry Division at Culpcper Cuurt-llouse.

The 5tli took active part in the memorable campaign of
Gen. Grant in 1SU4. It crossed the Rapidaii May 5lh,
and on the Gth and 7tli was hotly engaged with the enemy
in the Wilderness. It was in Sheridan's great cavalry ex-
pedition against the rebel coiiimuiiicatiiiiis, fighting at Bea-
ver D.im Staliiin, JMay 9tli, at Yellow Tavern, May llUh
and 11th, and at i^Ieadow Bridge on the 12lh. On the
14th it crossed the Chickahominy at Bultoni's Bridge,
marched thence to Malvern Hill, and I'miu tlicic to Hano-
ver Court-House, destroying laiiroad track and bridges.
It crossed the Pamunkey River at White Hou-^c on the
22d, and, marching by waj' of Aylett's and Concord
Church, rejoined the Army of the Potomac near Chester-
field on the 25th.

It was in the action at Hawes' Shop, Mtiy 2Sth, at
Baltimore Cross-Roads on the 29th, and at Cold Harlmr
and Old Church Tavern on the 3l)th. Again, on the raid
along the line of the Virginia Central Railroad, it fought
at Trcvillian Station, June 11th, where the enemy were
driven several miles, leaving in the hands of the Union
troops about six hundred prisonere, fifteen hundred horses,
one stand of colors, six caissons, forty ambulances, and fifty

108

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

■wagons. On the 12th it was engaged a few miles nearer
Louisa Court-House, on tlie Gortlonsville Ruad, and, pass-
ing thence towards the James River, crossed tliat stream
and marched to Jerusalem Plank-Road, south of Peters-
burg. On the 4th of August it embarked for Washing-
ton, and moved thence, through Maryland and across the
Potomac, to Halltown and Berryville, Va. It fought at
Winchester on the 11th and at Front Royal on the 16th
of August. On the 1 9th a sfjuadron of the regiment was
attacked by Mo.sby's guerrillas, and was driven to the
7nain body, with a loss of sixteen killed and mortally
wounded.

Among the subsequent engagements of the regiment
during the Valley campaign of 18G1: wore Leetown and
Shepardstown, August 25th ; Opequan Creek, August
28th; Smithfield, August 29th; Berry villc, September 3d;
Summit, September 4th ; Opequan, September 19th (where
it routed the enemy's cavalry, broke his infantry lines, and
captured two battle-flags and four hundred prisoners) ;
Mount Crawford, Va., October 2d ; Woodstock, October
9lh; Cedar Creek, October 19th (capturing a great num-
ber of prisoners and driving the enemy in great confusion) ;
and Newtown, November 12th, where it fought an entire
brigade of the enemy.

After the last named action the regiment returned to
Camp Russell, near Winchester, where it remained until
Feb. 27, 1865, when it moved southeast, as part of Sheri-
dan's force, on the famous raid of that general to the James
River. It was engaged in action at Louisa Court-House,
March 18, 1865, and joining the Army of the Potomac
before Petersburg, fought under Sheridan at Five Forks,
Va., March 30th and 31st and April 1st. On the 2d of
April it was engaged with the enemy on the Southside
Railroad; on the 4th, at Duck Pond Mills; on the 6th, at
Sailor's Creek ; and then took part in the closing events at
Appomattox Court-House, from the 6th to the 9th of
April, 1865.

After the surrender of Lee the 5th moved with the
Cavalry Corps to Petersburg, and was ordered thence shortly
afterwards to North Carolina. It returned to Washington,
D. C, in time to participate in the grand review of the
veteran armies of Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan, in the
latter part of May. Immediately after this it was moved
West with the Michigan Cavalry Brigade, by the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad and the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, to
St. Louis; thence by steamer on the Missouri River to
Fort Leavenworth, Kan. There the men having two years
or more to serve were transferred to the 1st and 7th Michi-
gan Cavalry ; and then, on the 22d of June, the 5th was
mustered out of service. The regiment reached Detroit
on the 1st of July, where the men received their pay and
dispersed.

OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE FIFTH CAVALKY FaOJI GENESEE
COUNTY.

llcnry n. PcttGo, Flint, 1st lieut. Co. — ; onl. Aug. 14, 1802; (Hl-cI at Detroit,

Mich., fri'in injurips received \>y fail from a tiorso.
John B. B.>nleii, Linden, sei-gt. Co. G ; 'M lieut. April 14, ISGo; mu.st. out as

sergt.

Compnntj K.
,Tohn Biiell, died in action at Gettysburg, P.i., .July 3, 186 J.
Stewart Curie, clisch. for disability, Nov. G, ISO:!.
Nathan Davis, d sch. for disaliility, Nov. 2, ISO:!.

George S. Decker (sergt.), gained from missing in action.

Henry D. Howes (corp), disch. by orler, Sept. Ti, 180 1.

Curtis H. Higley, missing in action at Bucklan I's M ils, Oct. 19, 1804.

Noah W. Halcoinb, must, out June 23, 180.">.

John B. Looker, must, out June 2:1, ISG.").

Abram Lewis, disch. f.ir di-nbility, Sept. 28, 1804.

Warren A. Marshall (corp.>. iliseh. for disability, Sept. 10, 1862.

.T.iuig; Newberry, died of disease at Ande:s uivillc, G i., .Sept. l:i, 1804.

Luther Rabble, must, out June 21, 180,1.

Daniel I. Randall, disch. by order, .May 17, laG.>.

Trum in D. SpauMing, disch. for disab:lity, Sept. 1, 1802.

Oliver Stewart, disch. for ilisability, Oct. 20, 1S02.

Oscar Shittuck, died in action at Boonsboro', Md., July 8, 1SG3.

Leo Thayer, must, out June 23, 1805.

George W. Thorp, must, out June 2:i, ISCi.

William Wheeler (corp ), sergt. ; must, out Juno 23, 180.>.

J.unes I!. W.irnor, il-cd of diso.ise at Anders mville, Ga, Oct. 18, 18G4,

Alva Br.ice, tr.ins. to luv.ilid Corps, March 10, 1804.

Adam D.dl, mis-iin,^ in action at Newc.istlo Feixy, Va., June 4, 1804.

William S. P.iiltltor{>, sick in hospitil ; not must, out with company.

John F. Patten, sick in hospital ; not must, out with company.

William Wa'tier, trans, to Invalid Corps, May 5,1804,

OTIIEK COMPANIES.
Henry S. Beebe, Fenton, Co. G : diel of dis^.ase at Ricltmond, Va., Dec. 1863.
D.ivid F. Biird, Fenton, Co. G; disch. for dis ability. June 2!, 1864.
Aaron J. Crossnian, Flint, Co. A ; must, out .liine 22, I8G.3.
As<i L. Grossman, Flint, Co. A ; disch. fir disability, April 12, 1804. ,

Andrew Cole, Flint, Co. C; d sell, for wounds, Feb. 9, ISr.i.
Orlando Croff, Flint, Co. I (wag.uler); must, out June 2.3, 1805.
J.diu Day, Co. G; gained from missing in action.
Henry R.itou, Flint, Co. .\ ; mist, out June 11, 1805.
Henry Forsyth, Grand Blanc, Co. F (musician); died of disease at Anlcrson-

ville, Ga., Aug. 2.«, 1804.
Joel K. Fairbanks, Fenton, C ». C; died of disease at Andor3)nviIle, Ga., May

20, 1804.
Ward A. Fielil, Fenton, Co.O; diedof dise.ise at Riclimond, Va., Marvh 15, 1804.
John B. Iletcheler, Fento t, Co. G; died of dise:i8e at Stevensburg, Va., Jan.

24, 1S04.
Francis P. Kent, Fenton, Co. G ; died in action at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1803.
Simon Kinney, Uiclifield. Co. E ; must, out June 21, 1805.
Cyrenuts Lucjts, Flint, Co. A; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Jan. 15, 1804.
Milo A. Lucas, Flint, Co. A; disch. for disability, Oct. 23, 1802.
Salmon G. Lacey, Co. C; died of disease at W.i-shington, D C, Dec. 2.'), 1802.
Simon P. McFarland, G lines, Co. G; trans, to 1st Michigan Cavtilry.
James Miller, Grand Blanc, C<>. A; disch. by order. May 3, 1805.
GricH ]\Iatliewson, Flint, Co. C; must, out June 22, 1805,

Pula.ski Pierce, Fenlon, Co. G; died of iliseaae at Richmond, Va,, Dec. 2.5, 1803.
Harry N. Sh mnon, Linden, Co. M ; died of diso:ise at Wiushington, D. C, Fob.

2i, ISO!.
Wm. E. Smith, Co. F; died of disease at Washington, D. C, Aug. 21, 1863.
Charles H. Shepard, Fenton, Co. G; diseli. for disability, Nov. 21, 180!.
WnvT D Sweet, Fenton, Co. G; disch. for disibility, Nov. 12, ISGL
Win. P. Suo%v, Co. C; disch. for wounds. May 2i, 180.5.
Pliineas I. Tucker, Co. A ; disch. by order, .Inne 0, 18G5.
Ethan A.' Wrisht, Mount Morris. Co. G; disch. for disability, Oct. 5, 1863.
James H. Webster, Flint, Co. C; must, out June 22, 1805.
Myr.m F. Harris, Fenton, Co. G (corp.) ; must, out June 22, 1805.
Amos B. Lobdell. Fenton, Co. G (bLicksniitli) ; must, out June 22, 1805.
Wm E. Ale.vander, Genesee, Co. C (corp.) ; must, out June 29, ISGo.
Lyvester D. Broford, Gaines.
Richard Heriington, Forest.
NewcU Miller, Grand Blanc.

SIXTH CAVALRY.

The Sixth Michig:in Cavalry, which was organized at
Grand Rjpids in the autumn of 1862, carried on its rolls
the names of between forty and fifty men from Genesee
County. It was mustered into the United States service
with twelve hundred men, under Col. George Gray, on the
13th of October in that year, and on the 10th of Decem-
ber, following, left the rendezvous for Washington, D. C.,
mounted and equipped, but not armed. It remained in the
vicinity of Washington through the winter, and on the
opening of the campaign of 1863 joined the Cavaliy Corps
of the Army of the Potomac, being assigned to the 2d Bri-
gade of the 3d Division. During the campaign of that
year it experienced much of active service in Virginia,
Maryland, and Pennsylvania, taking part in engagements
and skirmishes as follows : Hanover, Va., June 30th ; Hun-

THIRTEENTH MICHIGAN BATTERY.

109

tcrstown, Pa., July 2d ; Gettysburg, July 3d ; Monterey,
Md., July 4th; Cavetown, JId., July 5tli ; Suiitlitowii,
Booiisboro', Ilagerstown, and Willianisport, Md., July Gth ;
Hagerstown and Willianisport, July 10th; Falling Waters,
A''a. (where, according to official reports, it was highly dis-
tinguished for gallant behavior), July 14th; Snicker's Gap,
July 10th ; Kelly's Ford, September Kith ; Culpcper Court-
Ilouse, Septeiubcr 14th ; Ilaccoon Ford, September 10th;
White's Ford, September 21st; Jack's Shop, September
2Cth ; James City, October 12th; Brandy Station, Octo-
ber i;Uh ; Buekland's Mills, October 10th; Stevcnsburg,
November 10th; and Morton's Ford, November 2(jlh.
From the latter date it remained in winter-quarters at Ste-
vcnsburg until the 28th of February, 1804, when it joined
the cavalry column of Kilpatriek, on his great raid to the
vicinity of llichmond. lleturning from that expedition to
camp at Stevensburg, it was transferred to the 1st Cavalry
Division, and soon after moved camp to Culpopcr. It was
engaged, and fought bravely, nearChancellorsville, Slay Gth,
and skirmished on the 7th and 8th. On the morning of
the 0th it moved with Gen. Sheridan's command on the
raid to the rear of the Confederate army, holding the ad-
vance. From this time until the close of the year its his-
tory is one of almost continuous movement, which may be
pummcd up by the enumeration of the Oghts and skirm-
ishes in which it took part, as follows: Beaver Dam, Va.,
May 0th; Yellow Tavern, iM ay Ulth and 11th; Meadow
Bridge, May 12th ; Hanover Court- House, Va., Slay 27th ;
Hawes' Shop, May 28th ; Baltimore Cross Roads, May 20th;
Cold Harbor, May 30th and June 1st; Trevillian Station,
June 11th and 12th ; Cold Harbor, July 21st; Winches-
ter, August 11th; Front Royal, Auirust IGth; Leetown,
August 25th; Shopherdstown, Va., August 2Glh ; Smith-
field, August 29th ; Berryville, September 3d ; Summit, Sep-
tember 4th ; Ope(|uan, September 10th ; Luray, September
24th ; Port Republic, September 2Gth, 27th, and 28th ;
Mount Crawford, Va., October 2d ; Woodstock, October
9th; Cedar Creek, October lOlh; JIadison Court-IIouse,
December 24th.

On the opening of the spring campaign it moved with the
other cavalry forces of Sheridan, Feb. 27, 1S(>5, towards
Gordonsvillc, and fought at Louisa Court-House, March
8th. Then the command moved by way of White House
Landing to and across the James River, and joined the
Army of the Potomac in time to take part in the final bat-
tles of the war, being engaged at Five Forks, Va., March
30th, 31st, and April 1st; at Southside Railroad, April
2d ; Duck Pond Mills, April 4th ; Sailor's Creek, April
6th ; and Appomattox, April 0th. In one of these engage-
lucnts the rebel general Pickett was captured, and he after-
wards spoke of the charge of the Gth on that occasion as
" the bravest charge he ever had seen."

After Lee's surrender the regiment moved to Petersburg,
thence to North Carolina, and then north to Washington,
D. C., where it marched in the great review of May 23d.
Imnu'diatcly after it was ordered West, and moved with
the Jliehigan Cavalry Brigade, vlit Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad, and the Ohio, Mississijipi, and Jli.s.souri Rivers,
to Fort Leavenworth. There it received orders to move
over the Plains, westward, on duty in the Indian country.

The officers and men were greatly di.sgusted at this, but
they would not soil their noble record by disobedience, and
so they moved unhesitatingly to the performance of the dis-
agreeable duty, on which they remained till the ]7lh of Sep-
tember, 18G5, when the men of the regiment whose term
did not expire before Feb. 1, 1866, were consolidated with
the 1st IMichigan Cavalry, and the remainder of the com-
mand was ordered back to Fort Leavenworth, where it was
mustered out of service, Nov. 24, 1805. Returning to
Michigan, it arrived at Jackson, November 30th, and was
there disbanded.

MEMnERS OF THE SIXTH C.\V.\l,nY FltOM GENESEE COUNTY.

George W. Bnrbour, Fenton, sergt. ; 2il lieiit. Cu. D; enl. Jiiiio 18, 181J4 ; must.

out at end of nervice, Jutie '20, 1865.
Jolin ToiTc')-, Flint, Ciipt. ; clil. Aug. 15, 1S02 ; resigned Feb. 18, 18C3,
Tlionias It. ,\rnistrong, Co. G; dieil of disease at City Point, Va,, .Inly 11, 1804.
George W. lliirbour, Fenton, Co. I), qr.ni.-aergt.; discli. by order, July 1, 1804.
Etiwin Becltwilh, Co, I ; died of disease at Anderson \iiie, Ga,, May 31, 181U.
E. E. Covert, Iliirton, Co, I'; died of disease at Andorsonvilie, Ga,, .Ian. 17, 1805.
D.ivid Case, Tlietford, Co, I, farrier; disrli. May, 18C:i,
Albert Casli, Flint, Co, L, coni,.sergt, ; must, ont Nov. 24, 18G5.
Jonas P. Clarii, Linden, Co, I; must, out June 30, 18G5.
D. Cli.ose, Co. I; .lisili. for disability. Maivli 1, 18C:i.
Augustus Derby, Flint, Co, L; must, out Nov, 24, 18G.">.
Garrett Pewstoe, Rnrton, Co. C; trans, to Signal Corps, April, 1804.
lilankin \\. Davis, Co. C; trans, to 1st Midi. Cav., Nov. 17, 1804.
Marion Eldridge, Flint, Co. C; died of wounds at Trevillian, Va,, June 11, 1804.
Martin Foote, Co. C; died of wounds at Trevillian, Va., June 11, 1S04.
Reuben P. Forbes, Fenton, Co. I ; trans, to Vet, Res, Corps, July 1, 1803.
Augustus 11. Holmes, Fenton, Co. I; discli. by order, ,\ng. 17, 1805,
Theodore Kress, Burton, Co, C; must, out July 27, 1805.
James A, MeClint.iek. Mount Morris, Co. C ; must, out July 27, 1805.
Win. Martin, Flint, Co. L; died of disease at Wa.sliington, D, C, Jan, 10,1803.
Herman W. Merrill. Linden, Co. T; discli. for promotion, Feb, 24, 1804,
Albert Moultlirop, Tlietftji-d, Co, I ; inisging in action at Woodstock, Va,, Oct.

9, 1804.
llylen K. Ilorton, Co, I ; ninst, ont June 30, 1805.
Edwin Niehols, Argentine, Co. D; died of disease at Kicbniond, Va,, Dec, 14,

1803, while prisoner.
Levi Onier, Grand Blanc, Co. I; died of disease at Richmond, Va, Feb. 23,1804.
Samuel J. Peek, Fenton, Co, C; died of disease at City Point, Va,, Aug, 1, 1804.
James C. Parsons, Grand Blanc, Co. I ; must, out Nov, 24, 1805.
Morlimer Jlapplege, Flint, Co. C, qr.m.-sergt. ; died at Hanover, Ya., May 28,

1804.
H. II. Slippnrd, Linden, Co. I; discharged.
John Snook, Argentine, Co. D ; must, ont Nov. 24, 1805.
Willis Skinner, Argentine, Co. D ; must, ont July 10, 1805.
John H. Sheldon, Miindy, Co. L; must, ont July 1, 1801),
John Speean, Gaines, Co, L ; must, ont July 111, 1805.
Cliznr H, Thatcher, Fenton, Co, I; died of disease at Andersonville, Ga,, July

18, 1804, while prisoner.
William M. Voorhies, Co. I ; must, ont Aug, 8, 1805,
Hiram .\. Wlialen, Fenton, Co. I, com.-sergl, ; died of disease at Andersonville,

Ga., Aug. 20, 1804, while prisoner.
John I>. Williams, Grand Blanc, Co. 1 ; missing in action at Trevillian Station,

Va., Juno 11. 1804,
CliarloJ 0, Stowc, Co. C; disch. for disability, Oct, 9, 1803,

James C, Bingham, Genesee, Co. C; trans, to Co. D, Ist Mich, (^av,, Nov, 17, 1805.
Geerge Beckwith, Burton, Co. C; died of wounds, July 10, 1804; prisoner wlien

he died.
Giles E. Fellows, Gene«oe, Co. C ; trans, to Co. D, Ist Mich. Cav., Nov. 17, 1805.
Augustus A. Allen, Genesee, Co. C; trans, to Co. D, Ist Mich. Cav., Nov. 17, 1805.
Thomas W'. Hill, Genesee, Co. C; must, ont July 1, 1805,
George Telling, Argentine, Co, D; killed in batlle at Hoon^boro', Md , July 8,

180:|.

THIRTEENTH MICHIGAN BATTERY.
This battery was organized at Grand Rapids, and was
mustered into the United States service one hundred and
sixty strong, Jan. 20, 1804. Its rolls show tlmt about
thirty men froin Genesee County served in its ranks. It
left (iiiinil Rapids February 3d, and reached Washiiigltm
on the 7th. It was engaged in drill in that city till May
14th, when it was ordered to Fort Slemincr, D. C, and ro-
niained there and in other of the Washington defciists
through the year, assisting in the defense of Fort Stevens

110

HISTORY OF GEXESEE COUx\TY, MICHIGAN.

against tlio attack of the rebel general Early on the 11th
and 12th of July, 18G4. It remained at Fort lleno (being
attached to Harden's Division, 22d Army Corps) until Feb.
27, 1S()5, when it was mounted as cavalry and detailed for
duty in Maryland, assisting tlie lotli New York Cavalry in
sujipressiiig guerrillas, and otlier similar duty. Immedi-
ately after the assassination of President Lincoln it was on
duty with the 13th New York Cavalry in Maryland, pur-
suing tlie fugitive conspirators, and assisting in capturing
two of their number, — Arnold and Mudd. The battery
was dismounted June IGth, and again ordered to garrison
duty in Fort Keno, whore it remained till the I'Jlli, when it
left for Jliehigan, and was mustered out of service and dis-
banded at Jackso-j, July 1, 1865.

MEMBERS OK THE TUIRTEENTII BATTERT FROM GENESEE COCNTr.
Rahard C. WclheraW, Flint, 2d licut., oiil. Dec. 12, 1SG3; must, out Feb. M,

ISCl.
William Ceazar, Flint; died of disease at Washington, Marcli 17, 18G4.
William ir. CInise, Flushing; must, out July 1, 1803.
E/ra S. Clevflarul, fienesce ; must, out Jnly 1, 1SG5.
Knilianifl Call, Flushing; must, out July 1, 1805.
(Je<M-ge Cunningham, Burton; must, out July 1,1805.
Jlyrou II. Gr Bin, Flint; mu«t. out July 1, 1S0.3.
Charles II. Guyc-r, Flint ; disdi. by older, May 0, 180o.
Thnnms llainault, Flint; must, out July 1, 180-i.
Joyle Herri iigton. Forest ; must, out July 1, 1805.
John Hunter, Flint; must, nut July 1, 1805.
Alplionzo Jack, Flint; nmst. out July 1, 1805.
Reuben Johnson, Vienna; must, out July 1, 1805.
Alnnzo Lanifried, Genesee ; mu'Jt. out July 1, 1805.
James II. Trail. Flint; must, out July I, 180.5.
Elias Palmer, Flushing; must, out July 1, 1805.
Slephen Russell, Flint ; must, out July 1, 1805.
John Sinclair, Flint; nnist. out July 1, 1805.
Mieliael Shea, Montrose ; must, out July 1. 1805.
David rtley, Flint ; must, out July 1, 1S05.
Joseph U ley, Flint; must, out July 1, 1805.
Henry Van Biiien, Flint ; must, out July 1, 1805.
Blillon Van Buren, Flint; must, out July 1,1805.
Melvin Van Buren, Flint ; must, out July 1, 1805.
David T, Weaver, Montrose; discli. for disability, Aug. 2, 1864.

Jer iah M. White, Alias; must, nut July 1, 1805.

.lolin Zeiter, Vienna; must, out July 1, l!<05.
George Wood, Flint ; must, out Jnly 1, 1805.
Wm. F. Thompson, Flushing; must, out July 1, 1805.

CHAPTER XVII.

OTHER GENESEE COUNTY SOLDIEES.

Sidilicrs of the First Infantry — Fifth Infiintry — Seventh Infanli-y

Ninlh and Eleventh Infantry — Twelfth, Thirtccnih, Fourteenth
and Fifteenth Infantry — Twentieth, Twenty-iirst, Twenty-second

T>venly-fouith, Twinty-seventh, and Twenty-eighth Infantry

First Light Artillery — Second, .Seventh, Eiglilh, Ninth, nnJ Tenth
Cavalry — First Shnr|ishooters — Soldiers iu Regiments of Other
States — Brigade liands — .\[>|>oiiitments from Genesee County.

Besides the regiments which have been mentioned above
there were several otiiers wliich contained soldiers from
Genesee County. Of the men serving in those regiments
a list is given in this chapter.

FIRST INFANTRY.
S. N. Androns, eiil. at Cold W.iter, Mich., April 18,1801, Co. C; served with

ri'gt. at Bull Run, July 21, 1801 ; relinned and must, out at end of llireo

m.iiith.s' term of service; afterwards served as Istlieiil. in 44tli Illinuis

Inf. and in 5lh U. S Inf.
Darius C. Bnidish, Flint, Co. E; 2d l:eut. Aug. 22, 1801 ; 1st lieut. Co. D, July

U, ISG2; Capt. Co. F, Aug. 30, 1802; killed in aclion at Wilderness, Va.,

May 5, 1804.
ThomasMarr, Flint, sergt. Co. B; 2d lieut. May 30, 180.5; must, out »s sergt.
William O. Rongbton, Flint, Co. B; must, out Jnly 9, 1805.

Sylvester D. Brayford, Flint. Co. D; disch. for disability, April IS, 1802.
Alon/.o Bulbr, Flint, Co. B; died of disease at Old I'oint Comfort, Vil., Apiil

2i, 1S02.
David Brown, t'o. B; must, out July 9, 1805.

George W. Coinford, Flint, corp. Co. B, veter.in; must, out July 0, 1805.
Henry C. Egglosloii, Flint, Co. B; died in action at Wilderness, Way 5, I8GI,
Ilimm D. Jennings, Flint, Co. B; ilisch. f..r wounds, .\ug. 8, 1802.
Thomas Lane, Flint, Co. B; died in action at Gaines' Mill, Va., June 27, 1802.
Thomas Moran, Linden, Co. F; died in aclion at Bull Run, Va., Aug. 3U, 1802.
Thomius Blarr, Flint, coip. Co. B, vetemn ; mint, out July '.1, 1SG5,
I'atrick O'Brien, Co, A; trans, to U. S. .\rt. December, IS02,
Porter Snow, Flint, Co, B; diseli. for disability. May S, 1802,
William Stiinnard, niu.<iciiin, Co, B, veteran; must, out July 9, 18G5,
Alonzo Smith, Flint, Co, B, veteran ; must, out July 5, 1805,
Gilliert Snzor, Mount Morris, Co. C; di>cli, for wounds. May 1, 1805,
Henry Van Viitkenbnrg, Flint, Co, F; discli, for wounds at Fort Corcoran, A'a,,

Jan, 311, 1803,
George Van Wert, Flint, Co. B, veteran ; liiiist, out July 0, 1805,
Zacli, Wisner, Fenton, Co, K ; trans, to Vet, Res. Corps, March 15, 1SG4.

FIFTH INFANTRY,
Phineas D. Belden, Co. D ; died in action at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1802,
Michael Bolger, Co. C; ilisoh, to rc-enl, as veteran, Dec, 15, 18GJ.
William Edwards, (3o. F; disch, for disab , Jan, 17, 186:1.
Milo Foster, Flint, Co, C; must, out July 2", 1805,
Charles D, Harper, Fenton, Co, F; died May 17, 1802, of wounds received at

W'illiainst.urg, \a.
Irwin Humphrey, Co O ; disch. for disah,, Dec, G, 1802,
Minor L, Haminoinl, Co, G ; ilisch, to ro-enl, as veteran, Dec, 15, 1S03,
■Warren F. Harris, Fenton, Co, D ; died at Fredericksburg, Va., May, 1804, of

woiimls,
Gilinan F, Holmes, Co. F ; discli. for disab., Oct. 3, 1801,
Ransom Ha/leton, Fenton, Co, F; discli, for disah , Feb. 11, 1803.
Isaac Leech, Co. G ; died in action at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1802,
Cbrisloi her G, Mitchell, Fenton, Co, F ; died of disease at Yorktown, Va., May

12, 18G2,
Albert Middleworlli, Co, II; disch, at Detroit, Mich., Jnly 31, 1S02,

SEVENTH INKANTRY.
Joshua P, Sutton, Flint, capt, Co. H ; onl, June 10, 1801 ; res, Jan, 17, 1802,
Alinon S. Matlicws, Flint, Ist lieut, Co, H; enl, June 21, 1861 ; res, Dec, 11, '01,
Chas. \V. Hariis, Flint, 'id lieut. Co. H ; enl. June 24, 1861 ; pro. 1st lieilt., Jan,

1, 1802; wounded in action at Spottsylvania C.-II,, May 11, 1804; must,

out Not, 4, 1804.
John G. McMillen, Fenton, sergt. ; pro, to 1st sergt., Aug. 18, 18G4; must, out

as sergt,
Orin Beldin, Co. II; died of disease at Camp Benton, Md,, June 7, 18G1,
Morris Birdsall, Co. F; discli, for d s ib., Dec, 12, 1802,
Francis Brown, Co, F ; disch. at end of service, Aug, 22, 1804.
Edwin Bradley, Co. II ; disch. for disab,, Dec, 7, 1803,
James Brooks, Co. II ; discli. to re-eiil. as veteran. Doc, 18, 1803,
Henry A, Borden, Co. A, veteran; must, out July 5, ISG5.
Ransom Brown, Co, F; died of disease at Harrison's Landing, Aug. 0, 1802.
Jonathan Chrysler, Co. E; died at Fairfax Seminary ho-pitti, Va., Oct, 7, 1802.
James J, Carmer, Co, E; d^seli, to re-eiil, as veteran, Dec. 18, 1SG3.
Albert H. Dickinson, Co. F; died of disease at Cimp Benton, Md., Nov. 20, '61.
Francis Dubois, Co. .\ ; disch. to re-eiil. as veteran, Dec, 18, 1803,
Mathew Daley, Co, A ; disch. for disab,, Aug. 22, 1802,

Newell N. Farnham, Co. II ; died in action at .^ntictam, Md., Sept, 17, 1662.
Ilimm W, Flint, Co, F, vetertin ; must, out July 5, 1805,
Fi ank Flint, Co. II ; must, out July 5, 1805,

Samuel W, Ilarback, sergt,, Co, F; disch. for disab., March 4, 180-3.
Joseph Ilariiing, Co. F; died of wounds. Sept, 22, 1S62,
Eliziir B, Holmes, Co, F; disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec, 18, 18G3.
Isaac B. Ilaniia, Co, F; disch, for disab., Jan. 1, 1803.
Allan McLain, Co. F ; disch. at cud of service, Aug. 22, ISO I.
Thoma-s M. Roliinson, musician, Co. F ; disch. to re-eiil. as veteran, Dec. IS, '63,
Christian Sliler, Co, F; disch. at end of service, Aug, '28, 1804,
Whitman D, Soiithwoitli, Co, F; disch, for disiili,, Sept. 28, 18G'2.
John J. Thorp, Co. F; disch. to re-enl. in Gth U. S, Cav,, Oct, 1, 1802,
Liinnin P, Vanwert, sergt., Co, F; died of disease at Camp Benton, Md., Nov.

20, 1801.
William Vaness, Fenton, Co. F, veteran ; must, out July 5, 18G5.
Frank Wheeler, Co. F ; disch, for disab., July 6, 1802,

NINTH INFANTRY,
Cyprian H, Millard, Liinlen, capt. Co, E ; res, Dec, 10, 1801,
John D, Williams, .\rgentine, 2d lieut, Co, II; eul, Nov, 5, 1862; must, out

Sept, 15, 1805,
Stephen X. Mother, Richfield, sorgt. Co. I ; pro. to 1st lieut. May 10, 1S05;

must, out as sergt.
Albert Adams, Co. I, di<ch. for dis iliility, Dec, 13, 1802,
James Allen, Co. F, disch. to re-enl. as veteran, Dec. 7, 18Gi.
Darvin A. Buchanan, Linden, C... E ; disch, for disability, Dec. 1, 1,'^62,
Lafayette D.ivis, Co. F, must, out Sept. 15, ISG'i,
Lncien L, Davis, Co, F; must, out Sept. 15, 1805,
Wiushington Davis, Vienna, Co, F; must, out Sejit, 15, 1SC5.

GENESEE COUNTY SOLDIERS.

Ill

Orhinclo B. Duris, Viniinn, Co. F; miHt. out Si>i)l. IS, 1805.

Ainlrrw J. .Joliiison, Co. F; disclj. to re-eiil. sia vi'tt^nin, Dec. 7, 18C:J.

Bliirliii >I iliar, Co. G; must, out Si'pf. 1.5, ISGo.

Piiliiski I'icrw, I.iiuloti, d. E; iliiili. for disa' ililj-, Feb. 27, 1802.

Cliiitlcs rt-ttf!*, Co. H; liisclijirgfii.

George V. Fi-ntoti, t-orli. Co. E ; inu>t. out Sept. 15, 1S(>'»,

Jothaiu Wbite, Liuilcu, Co. E; discli. to ru-i-til. as vetuniu, Dec. 10, ISGJ.

ELEVENTH IXF.VNTUY.

nirani S. Gi-iswoM, Flint, asit. surg. ; eul. 5I;iy 7, I SO I; must, out at end of ser-
vice. Sept. :ill, 18C4.

Wui. II. Nelson, Fonton, hosp. surg. U.S. A.; enl. asst. aiirg Aug. 1, 1805; nillst.
out Sept. IG, 1805.

ELEVKXTII I.NFAXTKY (N'KW).

AVilliam Alexander, Genesee, Co. F; mn.it. out .\ii^. 1, I8<w.

Gt'orge W. .Vloxiuider, Gcuosee, Co. F; muit. out .\ug. 4, 18G.>.

Edward N. Albn, Fenton, Corp. Co. II ; must, out Sept. 10, 180.5.

Henry O. Clark, Fenton, Co. II ; must, out Sept. 10, l.SOo.

Lawrence Crouan, Fenton, Co. K ; must, out Sept. 10, 180.5.

Joel Dilible, Fenton, Ciu-p. Co. II ; must, out Sept. 10, 1805.

John \V. Deilrick, Fenton, Corp. Co. II ; must, out Sept. 10, 1805.

Leroy Ellis. Burton, Co. B ; must, out Sept. 10, 180.5.

Albert E. Fund)-, .5Iuiuly, Co. II ; must, out Sept. 10, 1805.

Orner E. Hall, Genesee, Co. II ; died of disease at Cbattanooga, Tenn., Juno i,

1805.
diaries II. JelTfrs. Fenton, C >. II ; must, out Sept. 10, 1805.
Slflviu K, Keilli, Genesee, Co. B; must- out Sept. 10. 1805.
Uilliam Moody, Fenton, Corp. Co. II (sergl.) ; must, out Sept. 10, 1805.
James McGinnigal, Fenton, Co. H; must, out Sept. 10, 1805.
diaries E. Stevens, Genesee, Oo. H ; must, out Sept. 10, 1S05.
Keuben S. Ferry, Fenton, sergt. Co. II ; died of disease iit Jackson, Midi., March

0, 1805.
Henry T. Stevens, Flint, Corp. Co. II ; d.ed of disease, March 17, 1805.

TWELFTU INFANTIiY.

Eldriilgo Austin, Co. G; disch. for ilinbility, Sept. 15, 1802.

H. J Andrews, Genesee, Co. K ; diseli, at end of service. Nuv. 20, 1803.

Orvill llennett, Tlielford, Co. G ; discb. at end <if service, Nov. 211, 180:).

William F. Clopscudder, Davison, Co. G ; disrb. at end of service, Nov. 20, 1803.

Geor^^e Crow, Genesee, Co. Iv ; tliscli. at end of service, Nov. 20, 1863.

Is.aac It. Hunt, Co. F ; diaeli. at eiid of service, Sept. D, 1SC5.

Kubert Know les, Davison, Co. li ; di>cli. at end of service, Nov. 20, 1803.

TIIIKTEENTII INFANTRY.

Kev. Henry H. Norlhrup, Flint, cliiiplain; cnl. March 21, 1S02; must, out Oct.

20, 1802.
Silas Ausliii, Flint, velenvn (ser«l.); 2d lieni. Co. D, April 25,1805; 1st jieut.

July 5, l.-^Oo : must, out as 2d lii'Ut., .Inly 25, 180.5.
James D. llai;;lit. FiinI, Co. D ; discli. fur disibility, Aug. 0. 180-1.
Delien Hill, Richfield, Co. V; missing in haltlo of Chiekamauga, Tenn., Sept.

IV), 186:!.
Augustus Tibals, Flint, Co. D; di^ch. for ilisability, July 18, 1803.
George D. Toin-y, Flint, Co. A; died of disease on Ihe field of Shiluli, April

27, 1802.

FOUItTEEXTII INFANTUY.

Ist L^uut. and Adjt. George Vi'. C. Smith, Montrose ; enl. Slarcli 14, 1805 ; pro.
to capt. July 7, 18(i5 ; must, out as adjt. ; was sergt. Co. A, 2d lieiit. Co.
A ; pro. to 1st lieut. and adjt.

Cfimjxnttf A .

1st Lieut. Aliram C. Speer, disch. for wounds, Oct. 25, 18C1 ; was sergt. of Co.

A,-2d lieut. C). A.
Eilwaril .\kin, Montrose, Co. A, veteran ; must, out July 18, 1805.
Warren Ihill, Montrose, Co. A ; disch. to re-elil. as v.-tenin, Jan. 4. 1804.
GiMirge F. flliner, Corp. Co. A ; died of disease at Keokuk, Iowa, Nov. 27, 1802.
Orlando Itusebiook, Co. K ; must, out July 18, 1805.

FIFTKEXTII INFANTRY.
Waller Crow n, Co. I) ; diinl iif d.sease at rilubnrg I.anding, Tenn., Juno 4,

1802.
Abiier Cooper, Linden, Co. D ; disch. at enil of service, Dec. 24, 180-1.
Wm. H. (Jorey, Gaine-, Co. F; must, out .\ug. 13, 180.5.
John |lel,iiii,<:aiil'-8, C„. I) ; niust. out Aug. 13, 1S0.5.
Edward Kd^oii, tiaiues, (Jn. D ; dis b. by order, Jiiiiir 22, 1805.
Jiimes K. Fairbanks, Linden, Co. D, s<^rgt. ; disch. for disability, Aug. 11, 1803.
Wi-lliiigton G. Haider, Gaines, Co. E; disch. by order. May 3ii, 1805.
Newton A. l.oid, Tbetfoid, Co. II; disch. by onler. May :)n, 180.5.
Charles Mablev, Linden, Co. D; disch. fur disability, June 20, 1803.
J..sep!i It. mington, Gaines, Co. F; must, out Aug. 13, 180^5.
Orren Sage, Liinlen, (,'o. D ; died of disease. Juno 20, 1802.
Jae.ib Shuler, C... I> ; nin«t. out Aug. 13, 1805.
A-a White, Tlielford, Co. F; disch. by order, July 21, 1805.
Jidin Siiii|isoii, Fenton, Co. F, veteniii ; must, out by order, Aug. 1:'., 1805.
Ilicbard Carl, Linden, Co. D ; killed at Shiloli, Teno., April 0, 1802.

SEVENTEENTH INFANTUY.

Tliomns Mathews, Flint, 1st lieut. Co. F, Jniio 17,1802; cipt. Co. A, May 13,

1803; maj. Oct. 14, ISO! ; must, out June 3, 1805.
Win. II. Urierly, Flint, Co. E ; must, out June 3, 1805.
Austin Herrick, (Jenesee, Co. E; mu>t. out June 3, 1805.
George I). Herrick, (ienesee, Co. E ; must, out June 3, 1805.
Squire Mathews, Flint, Co. E; died of disease at Covington, Ky., April 17,1804.
Jacob Sutton, Gaines, Co, B ; died of disease at Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 30, 1803.

TWENTIETH INFANTRY.
Andrew- Granger, Atlas, Co. D ; trans, to 2d Jlich. Inf.

TWENTY FIRST INFANTRY.

Clias. D. Brown, Flint, 1st lieut. and adjt. ; enl. Sept. 1, 1804; must, out June

8,1805.
Joseph H. CanfiebJ, Argentine, Co. D; must, cut June 8, 1805.
Win. H. Nelson, Fenton, Co. .\ ; iliscb. for proundiun, April 211, 1805.
Hurton S. Speriy, Gi-and Blanc, Co. D ; must, out June 8, 1805.

TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY.
Gilbert E. Watei-s, Fenton, asst.-surg., enl. June 18, 1803; not mu^tc-red.
John Baxter, Fenton, Co. G ; trans, to 20tli Mich. Infantry.
Richard Towell, Fenton, Co. B ; died of disease at Chattanooga, Tenn., July 20,

ISM.
William Wood, Muiidy, Co. IX ; must, out Juno 20, 1805.

TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY.

MoiitviUe Benjamin, Clayton, Co. H, one year : must, out June 3(1, 1805.
Clarence I). Case, Tlielford, Co. E, "lie year; must, out June 3(1, 1SC,5.
Henry H. Connor, Feu ton, Co. H, one year; must, out June 30, 18(>5.
Edward Calkins, Clayton, Co. II, one year ; must, out June 3(1, 1805,
Day C'liddelpjick, Flint, Co. I, one year; must, out June 30, 1805.

John 51. Cliaj in, Flint, Co. I, one year ; must, out June iin, lFa5.

William Deal, Fenton, Co. E, one year; must, out June 30, 1K05.

John M. Davis, Fenton, Co. E, one year; must, out Juno 30, 1805.

James Fancher, Flint, Co. I, one year; must, out June 3(1, 180;5.

William II. Giles, Fenton, Co. E,one year; must, out Juno 30, 1805.

William Gr.ihani, Flint, Co. I; must, out June 30, 1805.

James A. (Juiibl, must, out June 28, 1805.

Jubn Ilolingwoith, Flint, Co.I; must, out June 30, 1SC5.

George S. Juhiison, must, out June 30. 1805.

John .Iniies, must, out June .30, 1805.

Lestci- 51cK night, Fenton, Co. A, one year; must, out June 30,1865.

John MeGieinby, Flint, Co. I, one year; must, out June 30, 18(55,

Amos II. Palmer, Flint, Co. I, one year; must, out June 30, 1805.

Richard Rone, Vienna, ('u. I, one year; must, out June 30, 18155.

J.imes Thomas, iliii-t. out June 3(1, 18(i.5.

William Uttl.-y, Flint, Co. 1 ; must, out Juno 30, 1805.

Henry Vanelta, Fenton, Co. ,\,one year; must, out Juno 30,1805,

Willi. ini H. Wr ghI,Co. K ; died of disease at Camp Butler, 111., May 1, 1805.

JaiiMS W. Whi! taker, must, ont June 30, 1805.

William W, WoodfonI, must, out Juno 30,1805.

Charles H. Kipp, Fenton, Co. A, one year; must, out June 30, 1805.

Eiiiuiet D. Ileriiian, Flint, Co. A, one year; must. out June 30, 1805.

TWENTY-.SEVENTII INFANTRY.
Tsrarl r. Whilmer, Atlas, Capt. Co. K, Nov. 20, 1801; must, out July 20,1805.
Levi .S. Warren, Flint, private 4th Mich. Cuv. ; pro. to 2d lieut. Co. A, April 21,

1804 ; discli. Fell. 28, I8C5.
Charles Albro, Flint, Co. (1 ; died at Washington, D.C., Aug. 14, 1804, of wounds.
D.ivid Bal'Cock, Grand Illanc, Co. E; died of disease at Camp Nelson, Ky., Feb.

7. lsi;4.
Horace ISeckwitli, Mount Morii.s, Co. G ; must, out July 21,1805.
Dwight IJaticock, Burton, Co. G; must, ont July 20, 1805.
Liitber J. Briggs. (ir.ind Blanc, Co. K ; most, out July 20, 1805.
James Cisco, Co. G; niilst. ont July 21, 1805.

Peter Carpenter, Co. F ; discharged at end of service, Oct. 18, 180.5.
Henry Dormaii, Grand Blauc,Co.F; must, out July 20, 1805.
Epbraim Ensign, Montrose, Ci. G ; died of diseiuso at S-ilisbury, N. C, May 22,

18(U.
.bdin Luf/., Flint, Co. II ; must, out July 20,180.5.
J.dm Oakley, Flint, (V. G ; must, out July 20, I81W.
Frank Smith, Atlas, Co. C; d sch. f..r di-aldlity, Feb. 1805.
Ilariiion .-iclinider. Grand Blanc, Co. I ; must, out July 7, 1805.
Jonallian Wistbrook, Vienna. Co. C; ilied June 28, 1804, from woniids received

in battle June 20, 1801, 1'lteisliuig, Va.
Albert E. McClellnn, Muuily,Co A; absent, sick; not must, out with company.

TWENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY.
Joshua Hillings, Jr., Tlielford, Co. D; disch at eiel of service, Oct. 14,1805.
William L. Deneen, Itirhliebl, Co. F ; must, out June ;5, 1^05.
Rieliaid Dewey, Bircli Run, Co. I ; must, ont June 5, 1806.
Miiili-on Fislier, Muiidy, Co. F; must, ont Aug. ;i, IS0.5.
Joseph Fox, Birch Run, Co. I ; disch. at end of service, Marcli I, 1805.
Siiniie R Haines, Genesee, Co. F ; must, out May 15, 1800.
John E. Jewell, Thctford, Co. I); disch. at end of service, Oct. C, 1805.

112

HISTORY OF UENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Orlando Levalley, Tlietford, Co. F; disch. at end of service, Oct. IS, 18C5.
An-licrst M. Matliews, RiilifielJ, Co. D; must, out Aug. 9. 180.5.
Jolin O'Uinirn, IticliliilJ, C.i. D; Jiach. at end of service, Oct. 17, 1805.
Itut'us .1. Peimoyer, Co. II; discli. for disaMIity, June .">, ISGG.
Kdwanl M. Sirinot, Geriuaec, Co. E; must, out June o, ISGO.
Horace Stephens, G^inesee, Co. K ; must, out June 5, 1800.
Uriah N. .short, ThetfonI, Co. I; njust. out Oct. 180.J.

Alirani Van IJusIvirk, Uichfieltl, Co. D; discli. at end of service, Oct. 17, 1805.
Caleb White, ^■ore^t, Co. D; must, out June 5, 1800.
Cliarles Walnler, Flint, Co. II; trans, from 2:id Inf.

Itufus J. Brown, Clayton, Co. H, sovgt. ; trans, from 23d Inf.; must, out June 5,
1800.

FIRST MICHIGAN LIGHT ARTILLEBY.

Edwin Allen, liat. H ; discli. for di«il.ility, July 21, 1802.

Edward W. li.irlrer, Flint, Bat. B ; died of disease at Cairo, III., March 25, 1802.

Moses Brooks, But. F; disch. for disal-ility, Nov. 18, 1862.

Silh Bowilisli, Atlas, liat. I ; disih. f.]r dis;iWlity, Feh. 4, 180,').

Kdinund IJi-cbe, Genesee, Bat. E ; veteran ; disch. at end of service, Jan. 21, '05.

Anson A. Bigelow, Genesee, Bat. E; vetiM'an ; must, out Aug. 30, 1805.

Soliieski Beamer, Bat. B; must, out Juno 14, 1805.

Zala Beehe, Mundy, Bat. E; must, out Aug. 30, 18G5.

Franklin A. Barber, Fenlon, Bat, I.; must, out Aug. 22, 1805.

Van Kensselaer Birdsal], Davison, Bat. L; must, out Aug. 22, 1.S65.

Azariah Comptoii, Flint, Baf. B; veteran ; must, out June 14, 1805.

Alviu F. Crosby, Davison, Bat. I ; discli. by order. May 26, 1865.

Nelson F. Demarest, But. F; vetenin ; must, out July 1, 1805.

William Darling, Fenton, Biit. II ; discli. to re-enl. as vet. Jan. I, 1864.

Levi Faii'cliild, Grand Blanc, Bat. I ; died of disease at Rome, Ga., July 14, '04.

Barnabas C. Greenfi.hl, Mundy, Bat. I>; trans, to Vet. Res. Corp.^, Oct. IS, '64.

Walter I'. Hyde, Atlas, Bat. I ; disch. for disability, April 2, 1803.

Aitliur Ilenipslead, Genesee, Bat. E; must, out .\ug. 30, 1805.

Albert Hathaway, I'at. E; must, out Aug. 311, 1865.

Norman Ilerick, Mundy, Bat. M ; d sch. by order, Miiy 9, 1805.

Joel h. Jones, Fenton, Bat. L; disch. for disability, May 12, 1805.

Charles Jewett, Bat. E; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Oct. 18, 1864.

William II. Judd. Bat. H ; must, out July 22, 180,'i.

Klijih II. Limli, Grand Blanc, lUt. K; disch. by ord.r, Aug. 0, 1S65.

Henry W. Jlar.-h, Bat. A ; must, out July 28, 1805.

David I'arker, Bat. A ; disch. at end of service, M.ay 31, 1804.

Coorgo W. PicMotr, Fenton, B.it. 1. ; must, out Aug. 22, 1805.

Charles II. Root, Mundy, Bat. E; must, out July 28, IS05.

Abraham Rouse, Munily, U.it. K; must, out May 20, 1805.

Harvey E. Rock.ifdlow, Atlas, Bat. I ; must, out July 14, 1805.

John Sinnnis, Atla-^, Bat. .\ ; dieil of dis-ase at Chattanooga, Tenn., Juno 17,

1804.
John A. Spencer, Atlas, Bat. A ; died of disease at Grayville, La., Ajnil 14, '64.
Vocius D. Starr, Bat. A ; disch. at end of service. May 31, 1801.
Simeon Simons, Atlas, Bat. A ; must, out July 28, 1805.
Fnincis W. .st<irnies. Bat. E; must, out Aug. 30, 1815.
Drnii N. Slaght, B.it. E ; must, out Aug. 30, 186.5.

William W. Skinner, Fenton, Bat. I ; disch. for disability. May 17, 186.1.
Washniglon Teacliout, Richfield, Bat. A ; must, out July '28, 1805.
Myron C. Wilkei-son, Genesee, B.it. E; must, out Aug, 30, 1865.
James Allen, Fenton, Bat. II ; disch. for disab lily, June 3, 1802.
Kliwin Allen, Fenton, Bat. H; d sell, for disability, July 21, 1862.
John Simons, Alias, Bat, A ; died of disease at Chattanooga, Tenn., June 17,

1804,

SECOND CAVALRY.
John C. Uodley, Flint, capt. Co, A ; eul. Sept, 2, 1861 ; m.^j.. Sept, 25, 18(;2 ; res.

Sept, 12, 1863,
John G. Crawford, Fenton, 8orgt,-maj., 2d lieut.Co. — ; enl. Sept, 9, 1802; res,

March 31, 1863.
William W. Booth, Fenton, q,-m, sergt. ; trans, to Iiosp, steward, Nov., 1, 1802.
William S. Brown. Co, A ; disch, to enlist in regular service, March 13, 186.1,
John Ballentine, Co, A ; di.scli,at end of service, Oct, 22, 1864,
Lyman Bristol, Co, B; must, out Aug, 31, 18G5.
Albert F, Dodge, Fenton, Co, II ; died of disease at Hamburg, Tenn,, May 14,

18G2.
Albert I, Demarest, Co, A : discli, for disability, June 14, 1.802,
J. din S, Ilovey, Co. H; disih. for disaliility, July 1, 1802,
Wm. S. Liudsley, Co. E; supposed killed by explosion of steamer "Sultana,"

April '27, 1805,
Jesse Morehouse, Flint, Co. A (corp.); disch, for disability, Mjiy 5, 1863,
David Manly, Co, A; discli. at end of service, July 10, 1805.
Willi;ini liice, Co. A ; disch. for disability, Feb, 1, 1802,
Selh Williams, Co. A ; disch, lor disability, Oct, 2'2, 1864.

SEVENTH CAVALRY,
Butler S, Tubbs, Fenton, sergt,, 2il liellt, Co, G ; enl, Blarcli 24, 1865 ; trans, to

1st Cavalry, Nov. 7, 1S05 ; Ist lieut.. May 20, 1365; must, out as 2d lieut,

Co, A, .March 10, 1SG6,
Manrico M, Bliss, Co, C; trans, to Vet. Res, Corps, March 15, 1864.
George Carrier, Co, K ; trans, to 1st Michigan Cavalry, Nov, 17, 1865.
John Conk, Jr,, Co. I ; must, out Dec, 15, 1865,
Sjlvester Kccleston, Vii-nna, Co, L; must, out Dec. 8, 18G5.
Jacob Gassmaii, Grand Blanc, Co, E ; tniiis, to 1st Mich. Cavalry, Nov, 17, 1865,

Jerome Qass, Flushing, Co, C; must, out Dec. 15, 1865.

Mnnsim II, Hovey, Vienna, Co, L; must, out Dec. 8, 1805,

James McFarlane, Montrose, Co, C; must, out Dec, 15, 1865.

Gilbert B. Monroe, Tlietford, Co, C; must, out Dec, 15, 1865.

Frank Merrow, Co, O ; must, out July 17, 1805,

Charles M. McLain, Vienna, Co. L ; must, out Dec, 8, 1865,

Russell McManuus, Montrose, Co. G ; trans, to Vet. Res, Corps, May 1, 1864.

Tracy J, Merrill, Richfield, Co, H ; trans to 1st Michigan Cavalry, Nov, 17, 1865.

J. L, Miller, Co, C; died at Salem Church, Vn., May '27, 1864,

Win, McConib, Tlietford, Co, C ; died at Cold Harbor, Va,, June 4, 18G4.

Rnger Paine, Vienna, Co. B; must, out Dec, 15, 1865.

James Smith, Flushing, Co, C; must, out Dec, 15, 1805.

Austin Slicaly, Co. I; must, out Doc, 15, 18G5.

Jcdin II, Sloan, Co, L; must, out Dec. 8, 1865.

Pwight Stewart, Co. L; must, out Dec. 8, 18G.5.

Lcavitt Tiiolcs, Vienna, Co. C; must, out May ID, 1865.

Election Thayer, Flushing, Co. II ; trjins. to 1st Micliigan Cavalry,

Amos W, Webster, Vienna, Co. L ; must, out Dec. 8, 18C5,

Mason Ide, Montrose, Co, C; sick in hospital; not must, out with company,

John \V, Wilson, Tlietford, Co. C ; disch. for disability. Sept 30, 1803.

EIGHTH CAVALRY.

Aslicl Bcdon, Co, II ; died of disease at Lexington, Ky., April 10, 1864,

Thomas Bendle, Flint, wagoner, Co. I; trans, to Vet, Res, Corps, Jan, 15,1864.

Roger W, Bunting, Co. II ; must, out .Sept. 22, 1805,

George I), Currier, Co. II ; must, out Sept, 22, 1805,

Nathaniel Coulter, Co. I; must, out Se|it, 22, 1805,

Cliauucy Denny, Flint, sergt, Co, I; must, out Oct, 4, 1865.

Jos.'ph Fisher, Flint, Co, I ; trans, to Vet, Kes, Corps, Jan, 15, 1804.

Albert Hurst, Fenton, Ci. I; disch, for minority. May 7, 1863.

Barney Harper, Flint, Co, I; dach. for disability, June 6, 1805.

Orlando J. Hiitcliinson, Co. I; gained from missing in action,

Reuben llidorm, Flint, C. t ; died of disease at Lexington, Ky., March 5,1S64.

Clements King, Co, I: must, out Sept, 22, 1805.

Oren B. McXett, Flint, sergt. Co, I ; must, out Sept. 22, 1865,

George B, McComb, Flint, Co, I ; trans, to Vet, Res, Corps, Nov. 23, 1864.

Charles W, Moslier, Richneld, corp. Co, L; trans, to Vet, Res, Corps, May 1,

1S04,
Horace It. Madison, Fenton, Co. I; died of disease at Annapolis, Md., Dec, 24,

1 01,
Chnrles D, Phillips, Co, I ; died of disease at Camp Nelsan, Ky., June 21, 1804.
Franklin E. Potter, Fenton, Co, I ; gained from missing in action.
KImir Pieston, Fenton, Co. 1 ; ilisch, Feb. 8, 1803,
Andrew Potter, Fenton, Co, I; disch. for disability, Sept. 5, 1804.
Isaac Potter, Co, 1; disch. for disability, Dec, 30, 1803,
Patrick Reynolds, Flint, Co, 1; disch, for disability, April 29, 1S65.
Kbiii Remington, Fenton, Co. F; must, out Sept, 22, 1805.
F^lias (', Seeley, Flint, Co, L ; must, out Juno 23, 1805,
Timothy O. Sullivan, Co, C; must, out Sept. '22, 1805.

Klij lb W, Smith, Flint, (\i. I ; missing in action at Turner's Ferry, July 9,1804.
Jolliam O, Stevens, Gaines, Co, II; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Jan, 15, 1804,
Olio II. Van Sickles, Fl.nt, Co. I ; ga tied from missing in action,
James Van Sickles, Flint, Co, M ; must, out Se[it. 22, 1805,
Joseph II, Wharton, Flint, wagoner, Co, I; d sell, for disability, April 30, 1805.
Uenjainin II, Green, Flint, Co, I; died in hospital at Kingston, Ga., July 2U,

1804.

NINTH CAVALRY.
Solomon P, Brockway, Flint; maj. Nov, 3, 1802; licnt,-col, JiMic27, 1SC5; must.

out July 24, 1865, as m.ajor,
Jacob Fisher, Co, K ; disch, for disability, July 8, 1805.

TENTH CAVALRY.
Samuel W, llalliack, Fenlon, sergt, Co. L; 2d lieut, Co, I, April 1, 1801; 1st

lieut. Oct. 19, 1865 ; must, out Nov. II, 1865.
Jessup Morehouse, Flint, sergt. Co, D; 2d lieut, Co. H, Aprd 3, 1864 ; 1st lieut.

Feb. 18, 1805; must, out Nov. II, 1.S6.5.
Edwin A, Botsfoid, Fenion, 2d lieut, Co, L; enl. Aug, 21, 1S63; res, Feb. U,

1SG5,
Joshua J, Armstrong, Fenton, Co, L; disch. for disability, July 27, 1864,
Lyman G. Bigelow, Co, D; discli. f o- inoniotion, July 28, 1861,
Adelberl Cliadwick, F'enton, Co, L; must, out Nov. 11, 1865,
William 11, Dunning, Co. E; must. out Nov, II, 1865,
ChestiT S. Dyniond, Fenton, corp, Co, L; must, out Nov. 11, 1865,
Lewis B, F. D.ckenson, Fenton, Co, L; must- out Nov. II, 1805.
Chester Farrer, Fenlon, ('o, L; must, lait Nov, II, 1865.
Ellas S, Hale, Flint, Co, L ; must, out May 24, 1865.
Albert J. ILrst, Fenton, corp, Co, L; must, out July 10, 1865,
Merle D, Ingram, Fenton, Co, L; must, out Nov, II, 1865,
Francis Jcuderine, Fenlon, Co. L; must, out March 2l),l8t'>5,
FraiiUliii McCallani, Fenton, Co, L; niiisl, out Nov, II, 1805.
Guoige Marian. Fenlon, Co, L; must, out Nov. 22, 1805.
Burt. .11 Perry, Fenton, Co. L: must, out Nov, 27, I8li."»,
Allen A, P..rter, Fenton, Co, L; ninst. out Nov, 11, 18G5.
Joseph II. Kowc, Fenton, Co, L; must, out Nov. 11, 1805.
James Sitenee, Argentine, Co, M ; disch, by order, Aug. 3. 1865,
Washington Todd, Genesee, Co, D ; disch, lor disability, June G, 1804,
James \. Ta.>lor, Fenton, unal-.-uias, sergt, Co. L; must, out Nov, II, 1805,

AGRICULTUIIE.

113

Benjamin B. Wclcli» Frnlon, Co. L ; died of disease nt Grand Kaptd:3, Mich.,

Xuv. G, isg;j.
John II. Groom, Kenton, Co. L; disch. for disaljlity, Oct. 17, 1SG4.
Murn« L. Grootn, 1-Vntoti, Co. L ; must, out Nov. 11, IIJCo.
Cliaa. W. Thori), Fenron, Co. L; must, out Nov. 11, 1S05.

rnuYOST GUARD.
Gvorge Ostoihonl, Burton ; must, out Slny 0, 1865.

riUST REGIJIKNT UNITKD SiWTES SIIAKPSIIOOTKRS.

Vompiiny K.
AVillinni .\tht'rlon, iin record.

C<n»pitH>i C.
M;ircns A. Watson, tnuisf. to Invalid Coriw, Jan. 1-5, 1804.
James U. lhll>r|.l-e, disch. for ditjahility, FeU 0, 180 t,

ONK IIINOKKIJ AND SECOND UNITED STATES COLORED TROOPS.
Lewis Beih-r, Atlas (*«■ K ; di-<ch. for disal.ility, Sept. 14, ISOl.
Janie^ 11. Green, Flint, Co. B; niu:*!. t>nt Sept. :J0, 1805.
Jusei>lins Johnson, F^nton, Co. G ; must, out Sept. 30, ISGd.
Richard Williiinis, Flint, Co. I ; must, out Si-pt. Ji), 1805.

FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT ILLINOIS INFANTRY.

t'lmtpanif G,

David \Y. Beemor, Fenton ; enl. Aug. 22, 1801 ; died of wound:-, Jan. 24, 180 J.

FdRTY-FOl'KTIl ILLINOIS INFANTRY.
S. N. .\ndmus now of Flint, 2d lieut. Co. B ; enl. Aug. 12, 18G1 {Liout. Androus
tiad been priticipally insirutnent^il in nising the company) ; jiro. to Int
iient. for galliini and nu-ritorious conduct at luitlle of Pea Ridge, Mo. ;
l-attalion adjutant at P;iik Harnicks, Louisville, Ky., for ahont one year;
tnins. to 5tli I*. S. Inf., and served ais mustering othcer for Rhude Inland
and Connecticut ; must, out of service Slay 1, 1800.

EIGHTH REGIMENT NEW YORK CAVALRY.
Frank E. Willett, Flint; cnl.Si-jiI. 21, 1801 ; wounded in action and taken pris-
oner, near Weldmi Bridge, Va ,on Wilson's raid around Richmond, June
2S», 1804 ; confined ten months in Andcrennvilleand other prisons ; paroled
April i-i, 1805; must, out June 10, 1805.

SEVENTEENTH NEW YORK LIGHT ARTILLERY.
Andrew Fi-rris, Forest ; enl. September, 1S0:{; served through openit tons against
I'etershurg, at Burksvilie, Va., and at AppomatlfiX; discli. June, 1805.

FIRST MAINE CAVALRY.
Clarence D. Clni'T, now of Flint, formerly of Rockland, Me.; 1st lient., and
ordered on duty as a*»t. iir.-mast. ad Brig. 2d Div. C.iv. Corps; served
during the waion staff of Gen. Chirles II. Smith, now col. lOth U. S. Inf.

BRIGADE BAND, SECOND BRIGADE, FOURTH DIVISION, TWENTY-
THIRD ARMY CORPS.
Enlisted Sept. 3, 1804,/or one year; mitst red out June 15, 1SG5.
Conrad A. Ilofifmau, leader, Fenton;* Cyrus Alsdorf, Jeffeison Powell, James
t^hiiltleworlh, Rollin A. Jenny, Willi. im (iaie, Wilhani Graliam, Edwin
G. Niles, Mertun S. Stewart, David C. Brigg-*, Stephen V. Gales, James A.
llnng(^>ifurd, Charles L.Sh'ddon, Fiancis M. Wliceler, Morlimer M. Stan-
ford, Alva U. Wood, Adiiey V. Forbi-s.

BRIGADE BAND, SECOND BRIGADP; THIRD DIVISION, CAVALRY
CORl'S.
John J. Vandcrhuigh, Fenton ; enl. Apiil 13, 1804; must, out Aug. 2, 1805.
Klliurt N. Chandh-r, Fenton; ml. April 13, 1804; mnnt. gut April 2'J, 1805.
Cliarlea C. Colratb, Fenton ; enl. Apr.l 13, l804 ; must, out July 28, 1805,

APPOINTMENTS FROM GENESEE COUNTY.
Oscar Adams, Flint, majoraud paymaster U.S. Vols. ; enl. Jlarch 18,1804; must.

out Nov. 15, 1805.
Andrew B. Cliapin, Flint, asf-t. surg. of U.S. Vols.; enl. Sept. 12, 1802; res.

Aug. 20,1804.
Oilman T. llolmcsj, (Jaincs, 1st lieut., 1st Miih. Col'd Inf., Hr2d U. S. C. T.; enl.

Nuv. 7, 18ti.3 ; I egt. ii.-m., May 0, 1805; res. June 30, 1805.
Almon C. Barnard, Genesee Co., 1st lieut., 12il. U. S. Col'd ILa^-y .Artillery ;

unl. July 15, 1804.

CHAPTER XVIII.

AGRICULTURE— MANUFACTURES-POPULATION.

Kiirly Agriculture in Genesee — Sliecp-Iireedin^ — (jcnet<ce County
Sbccp-Urcedcrs' and Woul-Orowcrs' Associutiun — Cnttlc lirccJing
— Tile Hay Product — Genesee County Agricultural Society — The
Crapo Farm — .Munufacturing fntere^Us — Lumbering — Other Manu*
facturing Induytries — Populiition of the County at different Periods.

The earliest agriculture of Gciic.«cc was in no respect dif-
ferent from that of other counties of tlie State, where, as in

* All the members of Ihe ban 1 here name 1 were from Fenton,

this, the pioneer inimigrants were largely' from the " Gen-
e.see Country'' of Western New York, — that fertile region
which had been reputed to surpass all other.s in richness of
soil and adaptability to the purposes of agriculture, particu-
larly to the production of wheat. Emigrants from that sec-
tion invariably gauged the new countries to which they went,
by coinpari.soii with that which tliey had left ; and to thcin,
the one principal proof of the excellence of a soil was its
capability to jiroduce wheat, — as niucii wheat in (piantily,
and as good wheat in quality, as could be raised on the same
area of land in that garden-spot of the world, the Genesee
Valley of New York. And in their application of this test
to the county of Genesee, Mich., the result was so .satisfactory
that some of them avowed the belief that the new country
was not only equal but superior to the old, in this most es-
sential particular.

The first care of the farmers who came to till the virgin
soil was, of course, to provide subsistence for their families ;
and so the first crops which they planted or sowed in the
openings, or in the .small clearings in the timber, were ex-
clusively such as were required for tliis purpose ; and chief
among these was wheat. Potatoes and other esculents were
provided for in a small way, but the article of ]iriuic neces-
sity was wheat, and to it a great proportion of the tilled
area was devoted. The abundant crops which they ob-
tained at once relieved their necessities, and placed them
beyond the reach of possible want, and then, from the sur-
plus of the first and succeeding crops, they began to realiz3
a revenue in money, though the very redundancy of the
yield of wheat in this and adjoining sections of the country
brought the price so low at times that the remuneration for
the labor of raising, harvesting, hand-threshing, and trans-
porting the grain to a distant markctj" .seemed discour-
agingly small. The experience of later years, however, has
shown that the immigrant farmers of- tlic early days were
not far from right in their estimate of the importance of
wheat culture upon such a soil as that of Genesee County,
where its constantly increasing, and almost uniformly suc-
cessful cultivation, has been the foundation of so large a
proportion of the agricultural wealth and prosperity.

Below are given statistics of the wheat production of
Genesee County at several periods from 1840 to 1873, as
shown by the corresponding census reports, viz. :

Bushel-*.

Wheat harvested in 1840 :ii:.M'J

ls.)(i l:il,021

" " 1854 lli'.l,027

" " IsCiU lfiri.:i(iS

" " lS7:i 478,710

And the wheat crop of the county for the present year

(1879) is estimated to fall very little .short of one million

bushels. The increase of production of other grains in the

county has not been le.ss remarkable than in that of wheat,

as will appear from the following figures :

Bilsliol?.

All grains (other than wheat) raised in Gen-
esee County in 1S40 45,fi41

All grains (other than wheat) raised in Gen-
esee County in ls.)4 2(17,793

All grains (otlier than wheat) raised in Gen-
esee County in lS7:i 1,OJO,OOU'

t It was not infrequently the case that farmers of Goncsco County,
after hauling their wheat to I'ontiae, Oakland Co., were eoui|ielled to
sell it there at fifry cents per bushel, and sunictiuies fur even a less
price.

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

SnEEP-BREEDlNG.

Sheep-raising and wool-giowing were among the earliest
of the agricultural industries in Genesee, being entered
into to some extent by the fanners of the county soon
after settlement, and generally as soon as their circum-
stances had been improved and the comfort of their families
assured by the production of a few crops of wheat, hay,
and other necessaries. In 1840 there were one thousand
and seven sheep in the county, as shown by the census
report of that year, but these were nearly all in tlie south-
eastern towns. In 1850 the wool produced in the county
was, as reported, seventy-three thousand eight hundred and
four pounds, and the whole number of sheep had increased
to twenty-five thousand eight hundred and ninety-five, in-
cluding a comparatively large number of the fine-wooled
breeds which had been introduced in the mean time, first
in Grand Blanc, and a little later in the adjoining towns.
In 1852 the executive committee of the county agricul-
tural society (then only two years old) said of the display
of animals at their annual fair : " If Gene.see County
deserves special credit for her productions in any one
department of stock over others, it was observable in the
sheep-pens. It is but very few years since the fine-wooled
varieties were first introduced among us, yet we now find
them represented here in a display which would be credit-
able to much older counties." In that year the amount
of wool sold in the Flint market was reported at thirty-
three thousand pounds, bringing an average of twenty-nine
cents per pound, and it was remarked by an agricultural
journal, in commenting on these facts, that " wool is com-
mencing to be an article of considerable revenue to the
farmers of Genesee County." In the following year (1853)
the estimated quantity sold in Flint was something more
than fifty thousand pounds, at prices ranging from thirty-five
to fifty-six cents per"pound. In 1854 the number of sheep
reported was thirty-three thousand two hundred and thirtj'-
six, and the wool-clip in the county had increased to ninety-
one thousand nine hundred and thirty pounds. In 1860
the number of sheep reported was forty-nine thousand
eight hundred and twenty, and the pounds of wool shorn,
one hundred and forty-three thousand six hundred and
forty-three.

The extraordinary demand created by the war of the
Rebellion caused a steady and rapid advance in the price of
wool, until finally it reached and exceeded one dollar per
pound. This was the most profitable period ever known
by wool-growing farmers from the first settlement of Michi-
gan down to the present time.

THE GENESEE COUNTY SHEEP-BREEDERS' AND WOOL-
CiROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

This association, originated during the fever of war
prices, was formed at a meeting composed of a large
number of the leading farmers of the county held at the
farm of Jonathan D.iyton, Esq , in Grand Blanc, May 25,
1865, for the double purpose of forming such an organiza-
tion, and " to inaugurate in Genesee County a practice
found to be successful, pleasant, and very beneficial in other
counties of the State," — namely, the holding of annual
" sheep-shearing festivals," a practice which has been con-

tinued in Genesee till the present time, and has proved as
pleasant and beneficial as its promoters anticipated.

The proceedings of the day commenced at about ten a.m.
by the choice of Henry W. Wood as president of the day,
and F. H. Rankin, secretary. D. H. Stone, E. G. Gale,
and D. H. Seeley, being appointed a committee to report u
plan and constitution of such an association as was in con-
templation, submitted their report, which was adopted, and
an organization under the above name was effected by the
choice of officers as follows: President, H. W. Wood,
Flint City. Vice-Presidents, Emmaus Owen, Grand Blanc ;
R. A. Carman, Flint; A. P. Gale, Atlas. Secretary,
Francis H. Rankin, Flint. Treasurer. D. H. Stone, Grand
Blanc. Auditors, Charles Pettis, Davison ; Henry Schram,
Burton. Executive Committee, C. II. Ilockwood, Genesee;
Jonathan Dayton, Grand Blanc; J. K. Picrson, Atlas;
II. C. Van Tiffin, Flint; E. G. Gale, Atlas; E. J. Pier.son,
Grand Blanc ; Edmond Perry, Davi-son.

The sheep-shearing exercises of the day were witnessed
by a large concourse of spectators, among whom were many
from other counties, and some from the State of New York,
tliuugh little publicity had been given, and no programme
announced. The shearers entered were Josephus Morgan,
Jo.seph Barton, Benjamin Newman, and S. Miner, of Grand
Blanc; M. F. Dunn and Orson Bingham, of Genesee;
William Hawkins, Alfred Ewer, and Edward Ewer, of
Flint City; J. C. Ilockafellow, of Davison ; W. H. Borden
and Eben Higgins, of Mundy ; Levi Beecher and Charles
Beecher, of Atlas ; William Dullam and Frank Cou.sins, of
Flint township. About one hundred and fifty sheep were
in the yards, but they were not all shorn. The committees
were composed as follows : On bucks, J. W. Begole, R. A.
Carman ; on ewes, David Schram, C. C. Picrson, Stephen
Jordan ; on weighing, Oren Stone ; on shearing, J. W.
King, C. H. Rockwood, A. S. Donelson. No premiums
had been announced or authorized, but the committees
especially commended the animals and fleeces of E. J.
Picrson, D. H. Stone, Charles Bates, Gurdon Walrous,
and J. C. Dayton, of Grand Blanc ]. II. W. Wood, of Flint
City; A. P. Gale, of Atlas; P. A. Montgomery, of Bur-
ton ; Charles Pettis, of Davison ; and C. II. Rockwood,
of Genesee; though expressing the opinion that a number
of others were scarcely inferior to those named.

The meeting of the following year — recorded as " the
First Annual Festival of the Genesee County Sheep-Breeders'
and Wool-Growers' Association" — was held at the agricul-
tural fair-grounds in Flint, Jlay 9 and 10, 1866. At this
exhibition (which was confined to Merinos, one hundred
and seven sheep were entered for competition, but the
number of shearers was insufficient to complete the shear-
ing of all in the time allotted. Mr. Rankin, the secretary
of the association, in commenting on this display of animals
in the next succeeding issue of his paper, said :

'■ There was not an inferior sheep upon the grounds, and
although in older counties larger exhibitions may have been
had, we question if anywhere in this State an cijual number
of better animals have ever been collected together. . . .
The wool of the fleeces was all of fine texture, good length
of staple, pliant, and soft, such as any locality might feel
proud of producing, and such as would do credit to a display

AGRICULTURE.

115

of such animals (Muiinos) even in those parts of Vermont
and New York wlicro tiicir euro and cultivation is made a
specialty. The flocks of Messrs. Gale, of Atlas, Dewey,
of Mount Jlunis, Ki-sing & Mun;j;er, of Richfield, Stone,
of Grand Blanc, Rockwoud and Beahan, of Genesee, Pet-
tis, of Davison, Crapser, of Burton, and others, are destined
vet to have a fame in the annals of sheep-husbandry."

Premiums were awarded as follows :

On bucks, three years old and over, first premium to E.
B. Dewey, of Mount Morris; second premium to E. G.
Gale, of Atlas.

On bucks, two years old, first premium to P. A. Jlont-
gomery, of Burton ; second premium to William Lobban,
of Davison.

On bucks, one year old, first prcniiura to D. II. Stone,
of Grand Blaac ; second premium to Stone & Dayton, of
Grand Blanc.

Judges on above classes, James Faucctt, of Bath, Steu-
ben Co., N. Y., Stephen Hillman,of Pontiac, Oakland Co ,
and M. M. Ilillman, of Tyrone, Livingston Co., Mich.

On ewes (pens of three), three yeare old and over, first
premium to I). II. Stone, of Grand Blanc ; second premium
to Rising & Munger, of Richfield.

On ewes Qiens of three), two yeai-s old, first premium to
Rising & Munger; second premium to E. G. Gale, of Atlas.

Judges on two last-mentioned classes, Henry Sehrani, of
Burton, Stephen Jordan, of Atlas, and Charles Bates, of
Grand Blanc.

On ewes (pens of three), one year old, first premium to
D. II. Stone; second premium to P. A. Montgomery, of
Burton.

Judges on this cla.ss, S. Andrews, of Howell, Phincas
Thompson, of Grand Blanc, and M. M. Ilillman, of Tyrone,
Livingston Co.

From that time until the present the annual sheep-shear-
ing festivals have been observed with regularity, that of
1870 having been held in Grand Blanc on the 1st day of
May. It seems .ipparent, however, from the late lists of
entries, that the interest in them is more confined to the
southeastern part of the county than formerly.

Sheep-breeding and wool-growing at the present time,
though not prosecuted with as much of enthusiasm as during
the period of unnaturally inflated prices, is still a leading
agricultural industry in Genesee. The flocks of the county
are being constantly improved by importations from Ver-
mont, 3Ionroe Co., N. Y., and other places, and they now
contain a very large proportion of the mo.st ap|iroved breeds.
That the wool product here is steadily and (juitc rapidly in-
creasing is .■'bown by a comparison of the figures for 1873
with those for 1871) ; the fjuantity sheared in Genesee
County in the former year being 300,0'JL! pounds, as re-
ported in the State census of 187-1 (though the actual
amount \v;ls probably somewhat greater), and the clip of
the present year (187'J) being C'J1,000 pound.s, amounting
to §224,575.

cattle-breedi.no.

Several years elaji.sed after sheep-raising had been coni-
luenccd by the farmers of the county before they began to
raise cattle for outside markets. The first drove which lel't
the coun'y of Genesee, destined lor an Eastern market, was

driven by Porter Hazelton, of Flint, and James Schram
(now of California) to Bulfalo, N. Y., and there disposed
of A trader from Ohio came into the county soon after,
and, with the assistance of Mr. Gibson, of Whigville, pur-
chased quite a large lot of cattle, which he also drove to
Buffalo for a market. This was the beginning of a trade
which has grown to be a large and important one to the
agricultural interests of the county.

Durhams and Devons were the first blooded animals
brought into the county, and no mention of any others is
found in the agricultural reports of the county for a num-
ber of years after 1850. The next to make their appear-
ance after these were the Ayrshires. The first full-blood
short-horns wore brought into the county by David Ilalsey,
of Grand Blanc, though high grades had been kept there
considerably earlier. Jonathan Dayton and Rowland B.
Perry were among the earliest owners of Durhams in Grand
Blane, or in the county. Full-blood short-horns were
brought into Fentou township at an early day by Elislia
Larned, and also into Burton by Perus Atherton and Adon-
ijah Atherton, from the Birney herd at Bay City. Gov-
ernor Crapo brought iu the first and finest Ilerefords, from
Stone's herd at Guelph, Ontario. He also brought in Dur-
hams and Devons, but gave preference, and his principal at-
tention during the remainder of his life, to the Ilerefords.
There is also a considerable number of this breed found
in other herds in the county, as well as .some Ayrshires and
Aldcrneys.

THE UAV I'llODUCT.

The production of hay is another impoutant agricultural
industry in Genesee. It began, at an earl}' day, to be pro-
duced in excess over stock requirements, and to bring a con-
siderable amount of revenue by sales to lumbermen. It is
only in recent years, however, that the pressing of hay into
bales has been practiced in this county. This process was
commenced a few years ago by the use of hand-presses,
but these have been superseded, and power-presses are now
in general use. The quantity of hay annually baled here
for shipment is large, and the production of the article is
to many farmers an important source of profit. The hay
product of the county has increased from 1041 tons in
1840 to 10,88o tons in 1854, and 34,0G2 tons in 1873.

TlIE GE.VESEE COU-NXr AOaiCULTURAL SOCIETV.

The first meeting preliminary to the formation of this
society was held at Flint, on the 12th of January, 1850,
and, after the appointment of a committee to dral't a con-
stitution and by-laws, was adjourned to the 15th of Feb-
ruary next following. At the adjourned meeting, of which
Rowland 15. Perry was appointed President pro lent., and
John L. Gage, Secretary, T. B. W. Stockton, of the com-
mittee, reported a constitution, which was adopted, and the
organiz.ition of the society under the above name and style
was perfected by the election of the following, its first offi-
cers, namely :

President, Hon. Jeremiah 11. Smith, of Grand Blanc.
Vice- President.*, Elbridge G. Gale, of Atlas; Lsiae Mid-
dlesworth, of Argentine ; Alfred Pond, of Clayton ; Daniel
D.iyton, of Davison ; George \V. Piper, of Forest; James
Ilosie, of Flushing; Benjamin Peai-son, of Flint ; William

116

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Tanner, of Fenton ; E. Fletcher, of Gaines ; Daniel II.
Seely, of Genesao ; Rowland B. Perry, of Grand Blanc ;
John Far((uharson, of Montrose; John Ridiard-s, of
Mundy ; Garret Zufelt, of Richfield ; Richard Buel, of
Thelford ; Daniel Montague, of Vienna. Recording Sec-
retary, James B. Walker, of Flint. Corresponding Secre-
tary, George M. Dewey, of Flint. Treasurer, Augustus
St. Aniand, of Flint. Executive Committee, Jonathan
Dayton, of Grand Blanc; C. D. W. Gibson, of Grand
Blanc; John L. Gage, of Flint; C. N. Beccher, of Gene-
see; Peabody Pratt, of Flint.

The object of the society, as set forth in the first article
of the constitution, was '' to promote Agriculture, Horti-
culture. Household and Mechanical Arts in Genesee County,
Michigan."

The first fair of the society was held on the 2d and od
days of October, 1850, in a grove near the present Metho-
dist church in Flint. The annual fairs continued to be
held on ground leased by the society until lSr)4, when
a tract of about four acres was purchased for four hundred
dollars of Messrs. Fenton and Bishop, being part of the
"Stockton tract" then recently purchased by them and laid
out as an addition to the village plat of Flint. The tract
was conveyed by deed to Grant Decker and Levi Walker
ill trust for the society, and the annual fair was held upon
it in October of that year. The proceeds of the fair of
1855 enabled the society to pay in full for the grounds.
At that time the president of the society was Benjamin
Pearson, who had succeeded Mr. Smith, and who held the
office till 1850, when he was succeeded by Grant Decker,
who, in turn, was succeeded in 1857 by Jonathan Dayton,
and he, in 1858, by Henry Schram. In 1857, the fair
ground having been found inconveniently small for the
needs of the society, its area was nearly doubled by the
purchase of an adjoining tract of between three and four
acres from Hon. Artemas Thayer, at two hundred and
twenty dollars per acre. These two purchases, together
with a small tract afterwards bought of Col. Fenton, con-
stituted what was known as the " Old Fair-Grounds," on
which the annual fairs were held for thirteen years. These
grounds were in the south part of the city, near the Thread
River.

The present fair-grounds of the society were selected
and purcha.scd (except the small addition hereafter men-
tioned) in 1870. On the 14th of April in that year,
AVilliani Hamilton, executor of John Hamilton, deceased.
Sold to Grant Decker and Levi Walker, tiustees of the
Gone.see County Agricultural Society, lots seven and eight
of " McNeil's out-lots," and lots eleven, ten, nine, eight,
and parts of lots six and seven of " John Hamilton's out-
lots," for the consideration of ten thousand dollars. The
buildings from the old grounds were removed to the new,
the former being sold and platted by the purchasers as city
lots. Additional buildings were erected on the new grounds,
and the annual fairs of the society have been held upon
them until the present time. They were enlarged by the
jiurchase from William Hamilton (Nov. 8, 1877) of a part
of lots six and seven of " John Hamilton's out-lots," for
the sum of five hundred dollars.

The fair-ground — whicli contains an excellent half mile

trotting-eourse — is situated in the Second Ward of the city
of Flint, between Seventh and Ninth Streets, with its main
front on the street known as the Northern W"agon-Road.
Its area is about twenty-three acres.

The legal incorporation of the Genesee County Agricul-
tural Society was effected on the 8th of February, 1871,
under the provisions of Chapter 54 of the compiled laws
of Michigan ; the corporators and trustees being Elijah
W. Rising, Francis H. Rankin, Orcn Stone, Charles C.
Beahan, Charles Pettis, Henry Schram, William J. Phillips,
Frederick II. Kellicutt, Jesse M. Davis, Grant Decker,
Levi Walker, and John L. Gage.

The officers of the .society for the year 1879 are: Pres-
ident, Sumner Howard, of Flint; Secretary, II. C. Van-
dnsen, of Flint ; Treasurer, George Hubbard, of Flint. The
Hon. Francis H. Rankin held the office of secretary of the
society for twenty-six years con.sccutively.

THE C'RAI'O F.\K'M.

In 1852, two farms in Genesee County were entered to
compete for the premium offered for the best, by the Agri-
cultural Society in that year. These were the farms of
Rowland B. Perry, of Grand Blanc, and Daniel Curtis, of
Genesee ; and the premium was awarded to the former,
though the latter was mentioned as being scarcely inferior.

From that time the agricultural improvement has been
great and constant, and to-day there are in the county
scores of farms worthy of premiums for their excellence,
and all deserving of separate and especial description. As
it is impracticable, however, to notice all such in detail, we
shall make particular mention of only one, — a large and in
every way a very remarkable farm, a great part of which
was, only a few years since, a worthless and malarious
swamp, from which condition it was reclaimed and brought
to a state of the highest cultivation and productiveness by
the late Governor Henry II. Crapo.

The " Crapo Farm," as it is called, is situated in the
town of Gaines, township C north, range 5 east, upon por-
tions of sections 3, 4, 9, and 10, and contains about eleven
hundred acres. About one-half of this farm consists of
upland, with a rich and strong soil, capable, as are most of
the farms in this locality, of producing continuous crops of
the finest wheat. The remainder, about six hundred acres,
consists of reclaimed marsh, which has been thoroughly
drained, and which is now in a condition of the highest
cultivation.

This farm, originally pnjected by Governor Henry II.
Crapo, is a monument of his far-seeing sagacity, his practical
agricultural wisdom, and his vigorous business ability. lu
his drives through the country he had frcr|ueiitly cros.sed on
the rough corduroy-road passing through the Gaines Swamp.
The rank growth of wild grasses indicated a luxuriant soil,
and he believed that by drainage this " Dead Man's Swamp,"
as it was locally called, on account of its miasma, might be
converted into profitable fields. This was prior to any gen-
eral draining of swamp-lands in Michigan, and prior to the
enactment of the drainage laws now in force. Governor
Crapo, in order to satisfy himself of the feasibility of drainage,
caused levels to be taken from Swartz Creek to the upper
end of the marsh, and ascertained thereby that a sufficient

MANUFACTUKES.

lit

descent for the water existed if an outlet was opened for it.
His plan for drainage was practicable. It involved a large
outlay, but an extensive acreage, absolutely worthless, was
reclaimed by it, and other lands, more or loss damaged by
the dead water of the marsh, were rendered capable of
niucli higher cultivation.

As there were no general drainage laws nor drain eom-
nii.ssioners at that time, the first requisite was the passage
of an act which should authorize the construction of the
desired ditch. This was procured by Governor Crapo. An
act of the Legislature was passed March 15, 18(11 , giving the
necessary autliorily, and ajipropriating two thousand acres
of the swamplands of the State to the county of Genesee,
" for the purpo.se of cutting a ditch or drain through a cer-
tain swamp in the north part of the township of Gaines,
the same to be not less than four feet in depth, and eight
feet in width at the top, and three and a half feet at the
bottom ;" the work to be done under the direction of the
supervisors of the county. On the 1.5th day of Juno, ISUl,
the board entered into a contract with Governor ('ra]io for
the ditching of the swamp according to the provisions of
the act, for which work he should be entitled to receive the
two thousand acres of swamp-land donated to the county.
The report of the committee appointed by the supervisors
from their board, prior to the making of the contract, said :
" Your committee are satisfied that the making of said
drain would lay the foundation for not only entirely reclaim-
ing and making dry this portion of the Gaines Swamp re-
ferred to, but would be the main artery for successfully
draining a large amount of contiguous lowlands, and would
be the means of finally adding largely to the value of real
estate in that region ; also greatly improving the sanitary
condition of that locality."

The ditch was constructed in accordance with the act, ex-
cept that it wa.s made ten feet in width at the top instead of
eight feet, and four feet at the bottom instead of three and
a half feet. The main ditch is between three and four
miles in length.

A portion of the Crapo farm is a part of the Gaines
Swauip, and was purchased of the State of Michigan as
swamp-land. In addition. Governor Crapo made purchases
of several adjacent farms, in order to obtain the desired acre-
age of upland to use in connection with the marsh-land.

The construction of the ditch was a complete success in
the removal of the surplus water, a descent of twelve feet
from its source to its outlet furnishing a reliable and rapid
current. The nniin ditch runs through the centre of the
farm, an<l numerous lateral ditches have been made, in-
suring such perfect drainage that tlie land can be worked
as easily and readily as the upland.

Upon the Crapo farm is a large and commodious dwell-
ing-house, together with .several smaller houses for the
laborers. Although it has three barns, two of which are
one hundred feet by forty-six feet each, and one of one
hundred and fifty feet by thirty-six feet, with an L sixty
foot in length, it is necessary to stack .several hundred tons
of hay yearly in the fields. The farm is under a high state
of cultivation ; its crops of wheat, oats, corn, and roots at-
testing the richness of the soil and its admirable management.

The farm is now owned by William W. Crapo, the only

son of ex-Governor Crapo, who has carried out the intentions
of his father in making this one of the best stock farms in
the State. During the last winter there were kept upon
the farm two hundred and eighty-one head of horned cattle,
twenty horses and colts, and one hundred sheep. 5Ir.
Crapo has for many years made a specialty of pure-blood
Herefords, and he has one of tlic largest and best herds of
this superior breed of cattle in the country.

M.VNUFACTUUIXG INTERESTS.
LUSIBERINO.

Among the manufacturing interests of Genesee County,
the chief place is properly assigned to the business of cut-
ting pine logs into nlcrchautablc lumber. In past years this
business has been of more importance, and productive of a
"reatcr revenue, than all the other manufacturing indus-
tries of the county combined ; and although it is now
"reatly shrunk from its former va.st proportions it still
holds its relative rank at the head of the manufactures of
Genesee. A volume might be filled with an account of the
crowth and fluctuations of this trade, and its influence and
effect on the general development of the county, but it is
hoped that the following brief notice of some of the more
susgestivc facts in its history may not be thought valueless
or uninteresting :

The saw-mill which antedated all others ever built on
any of the tributaries of the Flint, or upon the river itself,
was a small establishment erected about 1828 by Rowland
B. Perry and E. II. Spencer on the Thread River, in Grand
Blanc. This, however, cut very little, if any, pine lumber,
being intended only to .saw the hard-wood logs of the vi-
cinity for the small local demand. It was but a poor aflfair
at best, and was discontinued after a very few years. Next
came the comparatively efficient mill built by Rufus W.
Stevens in 18l!0 on the Thread, a .short distance above the
present " Thread Mills" of Flint. This mill cut a consid-
erable amount (for those days) of pine taken from the
splendid pinery which is in part, or wholly, within the present
limits of the Fourth Ward of Flint City, and it was from
the Stevens' mill that the lumber was taken to form the
first raft, which ever descended the Flint River.* About
ISiJG an attempt was made by Alden Tapper to build a mill
on the river below Flushing, but this project never pro-
gressed farther than the erection of the frame, and no ma-
chinery was ever put in. Then came the erection of the
first really efficient mill of this .section, — that built by Stage
& Wright in 1830 at Flint River. An account of this, as
well as of the other and fur more extensive luniber-mills
which have succeeded it at that place until the present
time, will bo found in the hi.story of the city of Tlint, in
this work.

From the lime of the establishment of the first saw-mill
at Flint that point became practically the centre of lum-

» The raft hero iiientionc 1 (wlikli was not only Iho first upon llio
Flint, but also the lirBl lufiibcr raft run on .hm/oI" Ihp tributaries of tho
Saginaw) was cotnpoSL-J of ten thnu-iand fei t of pine hinibcr,— prin-
cipilly one-ineh boar.ls, — pureha-ej at Stevens' mill, on the Thread,
in 18:12, by Elea7.er Jowett, who ran the riil't ihiwn the river wilhnut
any iisaislance. With the lumber he built his ihvelling-house at tireen
I'oint,— the fir.'t fnunc builJiiij; ereeted in that region.

118

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

bering operations for the Flint lliver and its tributaries.
In 18133-40 tlio price of lumber was quoted tlicrc at ten
to fiftooii dollars per thousand feet, which was regarded as
an exuaurdinary price. It soon after, however, fell from
four to eight dollars per thousand, and was very difiSeult
of sale at those jirices. In 1850 there were at Flint
two saw-mills, and tlieir product for 184!) was placed by
the United States census of 1850 at three and a half mil-
lions of feet. In 1850 the lumber sawed at this point
aggregated five million two hundred thousand feet. In
1854 the business had increased so that there were seven
mills (four steam and three water), with an aggregate an-
nual capacity of sixteen million eight hundred thou.sand
feet (an increase of nearly four lumdred per cent, in four
years), and yet the price had advanced from the former low
figures to from seven to fifteen dollars per thousand, — a fact
in great measure due to the improved facilities of trans-
portation afforded by the opening of plank-roads.

The completion of the railroad in 1802, and the subse-
quent opening of other lines, gave a great impulse to the
business here by affording practicable communication with
outside markets ; and this, with the increased demand cre-
ated by the great civil war, inaugurated for the lumbering
interests of the Flint Ilivcr Valley an era of prosperity
(extending from about ISGti to the great revulsion of 1873)
sueh as they had never known before, and in all probability
will never experience again. The zenith of thi.s pro.sperity
was reached in the period from about 1SU9 to the beginning
of 1871, when there commenced a gradual decline, which was
greatly accelerated by the events of 1873; so that of the
nine mills reported as being in operation in Flint in 1870,
having an annual capacity of ninety millions of feet, giving
employment to over five hundred men, and valued at half a
milliiin dollars, there now remain but three in operation,
employing a few more than two hundred men and having
an aggregate annual capacity of about thirty-eight millions
of feet. This is still a very large business (except as com-
pared with that of former years), and might indeed be re-
garded as very satisfactory but for the fact that the supply
of logs is rapidly diminishing, though by no means ex-
hausted, on the upper waters of the Flint. The quantity
of logs put into the Flint Hiver and its tributaries for mills
in Genesee County, during the past winter (1878-79), is
stated by the SaffiiMwiiat newspaper as follows :

FLINT niVKIl.

Foot.

Begole, Fox &, Co fi.OIIU.OOO

A. McFmlin ;i.00n,O(lrt

AV. \V. Cra|io 12,11011,1100

Wm. Titers S, 000, 1100

liuscnbaik & Co S,000,000

Total 37,000,000

Of the foregoing all go to Flint mills, with the excep-
tion of those put in for Peters, which will be cut at Colum-
biaville.

OTTEH LAKK.

Feet.

C. B. Benson.... 2,.')00,000

W. C. Cumiuings 2.000,000

To^al .1,500,000

OTISVII.I.K.

A. K. Iluutjii 2,000,OJO

The same authority proceeds to mention a number of
other mills on the upper river, for which nearly fifty-five
million feet have been put in, and then closes its mention
of the lumbering operations of this year on the Flint by
saying, " The foregoing gives a grand total for Flint lliver
and contiguous territory of ninety-one million three hun-
dred and fifty thou.sand feet. This year marks the crisis of
forest production in all its branches in this section. Never
again will any two years put so much material on the mar-
ket. Ijumber production is almost at an end for export,
but shingles are being extensively made from old logging
fields." The prediction contained in the above is undoubt-
edly correct, that no succeeding season will ever equal the
one just past in the magnitude of its logging operations on
the Flint. The pine in Genesee County is already so far
exhausted that of all the vast quantity which was growing
here forty years ago there remain now only two small
tracts, — one standing on section 15, in the town.ship of
Forest, and the other, less than fiftiien acres in extent, in
the town of Iiichfield. This is stated on the authority of
the Hon. Josiah W. Begole, himself one of the principal
lumber manufacturers of the county and thoroughly ac-
quainted with the facts.

But the entire exhaustion of the pine timber of the Flint
Kiver Valley (which is clearly inevitable in the near future)
will not necessarily cause an abandonment of the business
of lumber manufacturing at Flint, for the heavy operators
in that city have long foreseen that contingency, and pre-
pared for it by the purchase of large tracts of pine in the
new counties northwest of Saginaw on the line of the Flint
and Pcre Marquette Railway. From these tracts logs can
be brought to Flint in large quantities, by rail, at a rate of
freight sufficiently low (one dollar per thousand) to enable
the mills to continue in profitable employment; but it does
not appear probable that they will by this process ever
again realize the same degree of prosperity which they en-
joyed in former years.

OTllEll HANUb'ACTUIUNG INDUSTRIES.

Besides the lumboring industry, Genesee County contains
a considerable number of other manufactories of various
kinds, which will be found mentioned, in detail, in the his-
tories of the townships or city in which they are located.
In this place we merely give a brief summary of the several
manufacturing establishments existing in the county in
1873, as reported in the State census of 1874, viz. :

AVoolcn- anil cotton-factories (steam) :^

Capital invcstoJ $110,000

Value ol'iiroiluct IJlo:i,0O0

Number ot" hanils employed S5

Paper-mill (j^tcam and water) I

Capital invested SI, 500

Value of product S^T.OIIO

llanils employed I-l

Flouring mills (steam 6, water 9) 15

Capital invested ?1 75,500

Value of product (72,200 barrels) $500,010

Hull of stones -ll

l*erson.s employed 5il

Planini^-mills (steam U, water I) 10

Capital inve.-ted $:ir.f),400

Value of product $251,1100

llan Is employed 125

(The above injluies sash-, door-, anl blind-
factories.)

Foundries an I niajhine-sliops (steam 6, water 1 )... 7

Capital investel $S0,:D0

FLINT HIGH SCHOOL.

FLINT CITY.

119

Value of |irmluet $177,200

lliimls fiii|il..vc.l 00

Agricultural iuiplcnicnt works '2

Caiiitiil invcHcil $S,:m)

Viilue of product $11,1100

Hi) nils cinploveil ,'>

Wagon-, carriage-, an J slcigh-factorics ."i

Capital imcstcil $:i0,:)0U

^■aluc of product .*0'.l,.^00

Hands cm piny od ;i4

Furniture- and cliair-factorict, 2

Capital invested $7,500

Value of product $7,000

lland.s employed

Stave-, lieailing-, and lioop-factorics C

Caj.ital invested $10,0(1(1

Value of ]iroduct $71', 100

Hands employed 77

Barrel-, keg, |iail-, and tub-factories l

Capital invested $10,1(10

A'alue of jiroduct $2J,:UI0

Hands employed 10

Tanneries 1

Cajdlal invested $5,000

Value ofi.roduct $5,1100

Hands emi)loyed , 2

Boot- and shoc-faeturies 2

Capital invested $1,100

Value of product $4,:«I0

Pot- and pcarl-aslicries 1

Capital invested $1,000

Value of product $1,500

Hands employed 2

Puuip-faetory 1

Capital invested $S,('.()()

Value of product $5,250

Hands employed 5

Breweries G

Capital invested $n2,000

\'alue of product $20,050

Hantls employed 10

The building of suiall vessels has been carried on to some
extent in recent years on the Flint River in the township of
IMontrose ; a schooner of ninety tons bcinq launched there
in March, 1875, and a steam-tug and some other craft
having been built there previously. An account of them
will be found in the history of that township.

POPULATION OF THE COUNTY AT DIFFERKNT PEIUODS.

It is stated, on what is believed to be the best authority,
that on the first of January, 1830, the entire population of
what was afterwards formed into Genesee County was not
more than eighty persons of all ages. At the comniencc-
inent of 1831 it had increased to about one hundred and
fifty, and a year later reached about three hundred. After
that time the increase became more ra]iid, and the popula-
tion of the county at different periods, from 1837 to 1S74,
is shown by the several censuses to have been as follows :

1S:',7 2,754

1S40 4,208

1S45 9,2G6

I.SoO 12,0.11

1S54 15,629

isno 22,498

1804 22,047

KS70 .•i:f,8»5

1874 34,568

-ife'*«^»*-e-

FLINT CITY.

The city of Flint, the .seat of justice of Genesee
County, may, from it.s tliriving industries, substantial busi-
ne.s.s structures, its many elegant private residences, and e.'J-
ccllent local government, be regarded as one of the most
important and growing municii)alities in the State of Jlich-
igan.

It occupies a central position in a county attractive and
rich in agricultural resources. Its corporate limits extend
into the Congressional townships of Flint and Burton, em-
bracing a large portion of the territory known as Smith's
Reservation, granted in the treaty of Saginaw, Sept. 24,
1819, all the ground covered by Francis Campau's patent,
dated June 12, 182.5, and the lands purchased from the
general government by llufus W. Stevens, March 10, 1829,
Levi Gilkey, May 11, 1831, Dr. Olmsted Chamberlain and
AVhitmore, Sept. 10, 1832, and James W. Cronk, Sept. 2,
1835.

Portions of its site — although tlie surface is diversified,
affording beai.t:ful locations for private residences and
abundant opportunities for lawn and landscape gardening —
rest in natural basins, wherein the surplus flow of the
Tiiread River, Swartz and Gilkey Creeks find their way to
the Flint and noi.sily commingle their waters with tho.se of
the latter stream.

The Flint, which meanders in a very picturesque man-
ner through the city, in a general course from northeast to
soutliwcst, forms natural ward bciuiidarics, .supplies excel-

lent motive-power for propelling the machinery of numer-
ous mills, furnishes part of the city water-suppl}', and is
also the dividing-line between those portions once known
as the villages of Flint River and Grand Traverse.

OKIGIN OF ITS N.\ME AND LOCATION.

Flint, like many other towns and cities throughout our
country, seems to owe its location to an accident, and ils
name to an unaccountable caprice. The Chippewas, who
have sent so many Jliehigan towns soaring into endless
notoriety, called the region now occupied by the city Mu.s-
cu-ta-wa-ningh, or "open plain, burned over," and the
stream which flows through it I'e-won-nuk-ening, or "the
river of the flint," though just why they should have
done so is unexplainable. The surface hereabouts was cov-
ered with heavy forests, and the river, though having a
rocky bed, has nothing suggestive of flint about it.

The broad Indian trail from Detroit to Saginaw, along
which for many years the northern tribes came down in
large numbers to barter their furs for supplies and to re-
ceive their annuities from the English and United States
governments, crossed the river at this point, and to this
circunistanee, as will be shown, does the city owe its site.
The French traders called llie crossing the Grand Traverse,
and it was a favorite resting-place and camjiing-ground for
them and neighboring Indian tribes, as game and fish were
abundant.

120

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICFIIGAN.

During the years from 182G to 1835 the government
was engaged in constructing a road from Detroit, through
Pontiac, to Saginaw, and the same was completed to the
Grand Traverse in 1834. This road was surveyed 100
feet wide, the timber cleared away, the ground turnpiived,
streams bridged, and a very passable wagon-road made,
which is still the principal highway in the country through
which it was laid. It followed very nearly the Indian trail.
A bridge was constructed across the Flint at the Grand
Traverse, and this event gave the locality an added import-
ance which, otherwise, it would never have obtained. Had
this bridge been located either up or down the stream, it
undoubtedly would have carried the whole settlement and
the future city with it. The early settlers then ended the
struggle, dropped the terms of Grand Traverse and Todd's
Ferry, and adopted that of the " Flint River Settlement"'
or village of Flint. After the admission of the Territory
as a State all further work on the Saginaw road was sus-
pended by the government, which had then surveyed it
twelve miles and turnpikcd it five miles north of the city.
Saginaw Street, which is the principal avenue of the city
of the present day, is simply this old turnpike graded down
and disguised in a dress of modern Nicholson pavement.

THE PIONEERS AND FIRST SETTLEMENTS.

The earliest white inhabitant of an unsettled country
must, by the nature of his surroundings, be the subject of
mucli historical interest. This interest was greatly inten-
sified in the present instance from the strongly-marked
character of the individual not only, but from the un-
bouniled influence he wielded over the Indian tribes that
surrounded him and the subsequent litigations which his
relations with them involved.

Jacob Smith, a resident of Detroit, had been a trader
with the Indians since the war of 1812, spending many
months of the year among those with whom he had busi-
ness dealings, to a great extent adopting their dress, habits,
and language, yet still retaining his residence at the capital.

After the treaty of 1819 * he made the Grand Traverse
of the Flint his permanent trading-post. By assimilating
him.self to his aboriginal friends, and by his habits of fair
dealing, he had inspired their confidence, while his sound
judgment and sagacity were their unfailing resource in time
of need. This bond of union between the chiefs of the
neighboring tribes and Mr. Smith was more strongly ce-
mented by time, until his relations to them were those of a
brother, and to a very late day remnants of these once-
powerful tribes were accustomed to cherish bis memory
with the most sincere affection.

The Indian-trail leading from Detroit to Saginaw then
crossed the Flint River just above the present Saginaw
Street Bridge, and the fording-place had long been known
to the early French traders as the "Grand Traverse," or
great crossing.

The conditions were most favorable for his purpose, and
hero, on the site of the First Baptist church edifice, Jacob
Smith erected a log trading-post in 1810, and made it his
permanent residence until the date of his death, which

■*■ See general h'lFtory.

occurred in the spring of 1825. This, without a doubt,
was the pioneer structure, — the first building erected for a
white man's occupancy in the county of Genesee.

Jacob Smith was a descendant of a German family, and
was born in the city of Quebec. From early boyhood he
had mingled with and been intimately associated with those
of the English, French, and Indian races, and very natu-
rally he grew up able to speak either language fluently,
lie inclined more to the French and Indian, however, and
in later years, while pursuing his vocation as an Indian
trader in the wilderness, was accompanied usually by a few
French and Indian half-breeds, who acted in the capacity
of servants or followers. After taking possession of the
reservation granted him by the treaty of Saginaw, and
building the trading-post just mentioned, his half-breed
friends, Frangois Pjdouard Campau, or Nowokeshik, George
Lyons, and perhaps others, remained with him, and erected
fur themselves habitations on either side of the Grand
Travcrscj" A large tract of land was cleared by their
united exertions, and prior to the death of Jacob Smith
quite an extensive plantation was already under cultivation.

Campau's olyect in .settling here was twofold, — first to
be near his friend Smith ; and .secondly, to have his actual
possession of the reservation a.?sist him in getting a patent
of it from the government. His plans were perfected June
12, 1825, when the general government issued to Francis
Campau J a patent for a section of land situated on the south
side of the river.

During the spring of 1830, Benajah Tupper, his brother-
in-law, Archibald Green, and a cousin of Tuppcr's, named
Preston, came on from Rush, Monroe Co., N. Y., and occu-
pied the deserted cabin built by Jacob Smith. It was Mr.
Green's purpose to purchase land and become a permanent
resident of the Territory. But soon after his arrival his
wife, who accompanied biiu, was taken violently ill ; a phy-
sician, Dr. Olmsted Chamberlain, was summoned from Pon-
tiac, but before he reached her bedside, Mrs. Esther Green
had departed this life, within the same rude walls which
witnessed the demise of Jacob Smith, five years previously.

Mr. Winehell, of Grand Blane, prepared the coffin which
enclosed the remains ol' Mrs. Green, and it is described as
having been made of green boards, which, for the lack of
tniits or screws, were dove-tailed together. After this sad
occurrence Jlr. Green returned to New York. Tupper and
Preston remained a year or two later, engaged in hunting
and the sale of whisky, tobacco, etc., to the Indians.
Finally a violent f|uarrel took place between Preston and
the Indians, which resulted in the sudden departure of
both Preston and Tupper for the East, their dusky foes
having made existence altogether too uncomfortable for
them at the crossing.

Early in 1830, John Todd, from Pontiac, Oakland Co.,
during a prospecting tour visited the Grand Traver.se
of the Flint, which, until that time, had been termed by
the early settlers of Grand Blanc the French settlement.
Being very favorably impressed with the locality, he jmr-

t See Jaoob Stevens' letter, dated at Granblaw, July, lS2d, where
he speaks uf some Frcn.:h families living seven miles to the north-
west of him.

J Meaning Fran^rjis Etlo-aard Campau.

FLINT CITY.

121

chased from Caiiipau the entire section* for $800. He
immediately returned to Pontiac, and a few days later, ac-
companied by his wife Polly, and children Edward and

JOHN TODD.

Mary, began a journey which required three days to accom-
plish. Ill the emigrant train wore one ox and two horse
teams, cows, young cattle, hogs, chickens, various household
goods, and farming implements. Thus did Mr. and Mrs.
Todd, with their family, become the first permanent resi-
dents on the site of the present city of Flint. Mr. Todd
had purchased from Campau what was presumed to be a
comfortable habitation, but certain neighbors had disman-
tled the cabin of its few comforts, and he with much diffi-
culty made the shanty habitable for the night. The original
saw-mill on the Thread River was then in course of con-
struction by Rufus W. Stevens, and the missing planks
and other appointments of the Campau cabin had been
carried thither to assist in raising and staying the frame-
work of the mill structure.

The planks were soon restored to their original place, and
with the labor of the men and the skill and taste of the house-
wife, known then and for years after as " Aunt Polly Todd,"

* Mr. Todd's deed was dated April 1, 1830, and he removed to
Flint Kivtr from Pontiac on the I'Jth of the same month. The land
purchased of Campau waa survuyed in advance, and 7So acres were
found. He says that Bcnnjali Tupper ami another man were on the
north side of the river, trading with the Indian:', when he came.
Nathaniel Ladd was his first neighbor on the south side; K^ekiel R.
Kwing squalled on the north side in 1831, and in 1832, James
McCormick (the elder) bouglil out Ewing. Mr. Todd settled in
Pontiae in 1819. His reminiscences of hardships and ])rivations at
that early period are vivid, when for days, and sometimes for weeks,
llicir diet consisted principally of heans and wild game. A few
urlicles were occasionally procured at Detroit, — when n little money,
or furs, were in hand to e.\changc for the same,— at the price of a
long and laborious journey on foot.

order was brought out of chaos, and the apartment, six-
teen by eighteen feet in dimensions, afforded a comfortable
abiding-place for its inmates. At the saw-mill on the
Thread, Mr. Todd had the lumber prepared, which afforded
him the opportunity for enlarging his limited quarters, and
opening in the following year the famous holstelry known
as " Todd's Tavern," the hospitality and abundance of
which established for its host and hostess a wide reputa-
tion. It was located on the site of the present Wolverine
Citizen office, and until within a few years formed a wing
of that building. It was later removed, and ultimately de-
stroyed by fire. The landlord was able to gratify the taste
of the most fastidious epicure in the variety of his menu,
game of all kinds being abundant. The vegetables for the
table were easily cultivated, while venison, wild turkeys, and
fish, as well as maple-sugar, were supplied by the Indians,
" fire-water" being regarded as a legal tender in payment
for all their wares. A pint of whisky (and this, as a mat-
ter of precaution, diluted) would purchase a saddle of veni-
son, and a turkey weighing twenty-five pounds could be had
for double the quantity.

Upon the establishment of the land-office at the Grand
Traverse, " Todd's Tavern" became so popular a rendez-
vous that its capacity was unequal to the demands upon it.
Crowds of land-seekers pressed their claims for food and
shelter, and many were content to wait for hours their turn
at the often-replenished table.

All the land purchased was paid for in coin, and the
buyers were liberally provided with specie, which was gen-
erally carried in boxes or bags. At night these packages
were piled up against the wall, while their owners, total
strangers to each other, slept promiscuously upon the floor,
yet no theft of coin was ever chronicled. The govermuent
afterwards employed a four-horse wagon to carry away the
accumulation of silver. This period of the settlement of
the country may not only be regarded as the most ex-
citing and interesting in its history, but the era from which
dates its rapid growth and prosperity. Mr. A. F. Ilayden,
having an ambition to become a landlord, rented the tavern,
but in 1835 Mr. Todd resumed its management. This pio-
neer host, upon whose head the accumulated frosts of
eighty-five winters have gathered, relates many interesting
reminiscences of that early day. His skill in dealing
with the Indians, especially when frequent draughts of
whisky had made them intractable, was proverbial, and
Mrs. Todd was no less happy in this regard.

On one occasion Touedogane, one of the chiefs, while
under the influence of liquor, presented himself and de-
manded whisky. Mrs. Todd refused it, when the chief
drew a knife upon her. She determined to have a hand in
the fray, and, seizing a stool, was about belaboring him when
her husband entered and took the knife from the Indian.
Later he offered to return it, but the chief appeared em-
barrassed at a recollection of the incident, and refused to
accept it.

On another occasion an Indian came to trade, and having
completed his bargain indicated a desire to tarry and drink
the whisky he had purchased. The host fearing trouble if
he remained ordered him out, when he replied that " he
would go when he got ready." Mr. Todd turned upon

122

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

him and with a blow knocked him over, askin"; in his own
tongue, " menewa" ("do you want any more?"). The
Indian replied " haw" ("yes"). The process was repeated
with the same result. He struck him the third time, and
again exclaimed " menewa," with the reply " haw," when
he aimed a blow that sent him reeling to the floor. To the
question as to whether he " wanted any more," the reply
came "ka" ("no"). In the second year of Mr. Todd's
residence at the river, the Indians wliile holding a " pow-
wow" became very much excited, and in a spasm of jealous
rage one called " Mabin" shot his wife. After the band
had become somewhat sobered, a council was held to deter-
mine how justice should be meted out to the murderer.
Having expressed contrition for the deed, his punishment
consisted in his being obliged to pay the expenses of the
funeral, and purchase moccasins, leggings, beads, etc., in
which to encase the body for burial, and furnish five gal-
lons of whisky for the funeral obsequies. The ceremonies
on this occasion are described as solemn and impressive.
In the box or coBin in which the dead was placed was a
hole, through which food was passed to nourish the de-
parted on her journey to the spirit-land. A circle was
formed around the body, and each member present took a
ladle full of succotash, then passed it on until it reached
the deceased member of the band, when the same quantity
was placed in the coffin. These rites continued until the
five gallons of whisky had rendered the mourners insensible
to grief.

After Mr. Todd's arrival the Grand Traverse was known
as Todd's Ferry, — because he kept a canoe at the crossing
for the accommodation of travelers. Mr. Todd usually did
duty as ferryman, but in his absence, or that of the men
of the house, the women lent a helping hand, and were
never loath to respond to the call of passengers.

The ferry was located almost directly behind the present
Wolverine Cilizeii office, the river being much wider at
that time. The ferry canoe was hollowed from a tree about
six feet wide, and of sufficient dimensions to carry over
wagons and sleighs. There was no charge for crossing.
The land purchased by Mr. Todd embraced the whole of
section 7, and was supposed to include 640 acres, but by
actual measurement it overran, and a more correct survey
gave him really 785 acres.

In 1836, Mr. and Mrs. Todd, having determined to re-
tire from the arduous duties that their position of host and
hostess entailed, disposed of the tavern to Mr. Wait Beach,
who came from Mount Morris, Livingston Co., N. Y., and
by his energy and activity added much to the growth of
the settlement. He became also the owner of the tract of
land which was the excess of section 7, owned by Mr. Todd,
and was commonly known as the Gore. This property ad-
vanced so rapidly in value after the location of the county-
seat as to have induced certain parties to ofler $50,000 for
an undivided half.

After ]Mr. Todd's retirement from the tavern he erected
a comfortable house on the spot now occupied by the First
National Bank, on Saginaw Street, and later effected an
exchange of property, which occasioned his removal to the
opposite side of the river. He afterwards purchased a farm
on the Flushing road, and for many years resided upon it.

He with his wife retired to Oivasso after advancing years
had rendered them less active, and Mrs. Todd died at the
home of her eldest son, in that city. Mr. Todd still lives
to relate with zest his pioneer vicissitudes.

In the summer of 1831, Nathaniel Ladd and wife arrived
from Utica, N. Y., and Mr. Lidd in his recollections states
that the only white residents at that time were Mr. and Mrs.
John Todd and their children, and two traders, — Benajah
Tupper and his cousin Preston. Mr. Lidd and his family
lived with these young men, who were at the time occupy-
ing the log house erected by Jacob Smith. The nearest
post-office at this time was Grand Blanc, where Rufus W.
Stevens was the postmaster.

Col. James W. Cronk and family also came in 1831, and
settled near what was styled Cronk's brick-yard, the colo-
nel's ostensible business having been that of a guide for
" land-lookers." He was also a hunter of repute, and none
cared to dispute the claims of this Nimrod of the forest.
The spoils of the chase, together with a hearty welcome,
were always to be found at his home. James Cronk, his
father, died in 1832 at John Todd's tavern, Nathaniel
Ladd having nursed him during his last illness, and Dr.
Chamberlain, of Pontiac, attended him. His son, James
W. Cronk, died while serving in the Mexican war in 1847.

In 1831, on the north bank of the river behind the
present Baptist church, the patriotic impulses of the early
residents first found expression, the day being the Fourth of
July, and the occasion a memorable one.

Tables were spread under the shade of the trees, and
many neighbors from Pontiac and Grand Blanc added
their presence and enthusiasm to the occasion. One of the
Pontiac delegation brought with him the Stars and Stripes,
this same flag having been rendered memorable as the
banner of the first steamer on Lake Erie.

It was mounted on a tamarack-pole and thrown to the
breeze. Its brilliant colors and the happy voices of the
merry band soon attracted the notice of some Indians at
an adjacent encampment, and the warriors with their squaws
drew near to witness the merry-making of the little band of
patriots. Among them were two chiefs, who were invited
to participate. One was named orator of the day, and de-
livered an oration in the Indian dialect which was intelli-
gible to most of those present, while the other chief evinced
his patriotic fervor in strains of Indian melody.

Mr. Ladd and his family remained until 1832, when,
having sold to Judge Stow, they removed to a farm in
Grand Blanc, and the Smith house, which they vacated, af-
forded still later — in 1832 — a comfortable abiding-place for
Lyman Stow. The latter was the firet representative of
the blacksmith's craft, for whom John Todd erected a
small shop, situated just across the street from the Citizen
office. Afterwards, in response to the increasing demand
upon his skill, Mr. Stow erected a commodious shop* of his
own.

During the same year, 1832, George Oliver, an English-
man, joined the little settlement. He was at difi'erent

* Mr. Adam C. Kline, now a resident of Grand Blano township,
claims to liave built the first regularly appointed blacksmith-shop, in
the winter of ISHj and "i6, and in it the first township clcctiou for
Flint was held, in the spring of 18^6.

RESIDENCE or J.W.B

FLINT CITY.

123

periods employed by John Todd, and at llie Thread mill.
Elijah N. Davenport came about the same time. He occu-
pied a small log house which stood near the present site of
IJamilton's mill, and was an early tavern-keeper. After
remaining here but a few years he removed to Bay Cily,
where he died. He was one of the first highway commis-
sioners in the old town of Grand Blanc in 1833, and in
many other capacities filled a con.'-picuous place in the
early history of the Flint River settlement. The following
is a literal copy of the bond entered into by himself and
his sureties fur the faithful observance of law and good
order in the keeping of a tavern in 1834:

'• You, Elijah N. Davenport, do acknowlcilge to owe unto the people
of the United States of America the sum of fifty dollars; and you,
Benjamin Pearson and Clark Dibble, do aeknowledge to owe unto
the people of the United States of America the sum of twenty-five
dollars each, to be levied on your several goods and chattels, binds
and tenements, upon condition, that \vhcreasthe above-bounden Elijah
N. Davenport is admitted and allowed to keep a tavern for the space
of one year next ensuing, and no longer, in the house where he now
resides at Flint River, and no other. Now, therefore, if the said
Elijah N. Davenport during the time aforesaid shall keep and main-
tain good order and rule, and shall suffer no disorder, or unlawful
games to be used in bis house, or any of the dependencies thcreejf,
and shall not break any of the laws for the regulations of taverns,
then this recognizance shall be void, otherwise to remain in full force
and virtue.

" This you do severally aeknowledge, at Grand Blanc.

"Tekuitohy of Michigan, January Gth, 1834.

(Signed) " E. N. Daventoiit,

"Benjamin Peaiison, Jr.,
" Claisk Dibble."

James McCormick was another settler of 1832. He
purchased a s(|uatter's claim from Ezekiel K. Ewing, who
bad no title to the land upon which he had erected a
small cabin on the north side of the river. During Mr.
BlcCormick's residence he worked upon the first bridge
thrown across the Flint, at the Saginaw Street crcssing, in
183-t, and removed from the place the following year.

The social waters of the settlement were stirred during
the winter of 1831-32 by the rumor of a wedding, which
was soon afler confirmed by the marriage of Mr. George
Oliver to Miss Keziah Toby. The services of 'Squire David
Stanard, of Saginaw, were called into requisition, and Mr.
and Mrs. John Todd gave them a wedding reception, as
both parties had been in their employ. The happy pair for
years afterwards resided in Saginaw.

Soon after the event last mentioned, Mr. and Mrs. Todd
determined to give a house-warming, in consequence of the
completion of an important addition to the River House,
or Flint River Tavern. An adequate idea of this grand
occasion can best be given the reader by embodying a de-
scription as related by " Aunt Polly" to one of the residents
of Flint, many years after :

" In February, Mr. Todd had the frame addition to his
house all finished, and as Sam Russell — the only violinist
in the county — was procurable, Mr. and Mrs. Todd deter-
mined to give a house-warming. For this purpose, all the
settlers in Flint and Grand Blanc — about thirty in number
— were invited to the ' Flint Tavern,' to pass the following
evening. Meantime all the ladies put thiir best garments
in readiness, and Mrs. Tudd — who had better facilities for
importing new articles into the settlement than many of the

others — had a full new suit, and a splendid new dress cap,
ready for that special occasion, all purchased some weeks
previously by Mr. Todd, in Detroit. As the evening ad-
vanced the guests commenced arriving, and ' Aunt Polly'
concluded to dress up. As she appeared among the ladies,
they all expatiated on her becoming dress, and ' perfect
love of a cap.' Mrs. Todd, having a light in her hand at
the time, stood opposite a looking-glass, and, casting an ad-
miring glance at herself therein, mentally agreed that slie
rf(V7 look well, and that it u;as 'a love of a cap.' While
elevating the light to get a more correct view of the beau-
tiful piece of finery, it caught in some of the delicate bor-
ders or ribbons, and a fire ensued which reduced the gay
head-dress to a few burned rags in less than three minutes.
However, the tuning of the fiddle previous to the dance, .set
the gentlemen to looking up their partners, and Mrs. Todd,
who loved dancing, was on the floor one of the first, look-
ingjust as well and as happy in another cap of less preten-
tions than her lost beauty. In those times a dance was the
only amusement looked for at any gathering, and when an
invitation was given, it was sure to be accepted."

In 1833 the first township election for ofiicers of the
new town of Grand Blanc took place. Its territory in-
cluded the settlement at Flint River, and the following
citizens received oflBcial honors, to wit : Lyman Stow, Jus-
tice of the Peace, and Assessor; John Todd, Highway Com-
missioner; Elijah N. Davenport, Constable; James W.
Cronk, Trustee of School Lands ; and George Oliver, Over-
seer of Highways.

From ofiicial records we find that in 1834 Elijah N.
Davenjiort, A. F. Hayden, and James McCormick were duly
licensed by the town board of Grand Blanc to keep taverns
in the houses in which they then resided at Flint River.

At this time (1834) government contractors were en-
gaged upon the road extending from Detroit to Saginaw,
the survey and general direction of it having been awarded
to a man named Marshall.*

It was also decided to dispense with Todd's ferry, and
erect a substantial bridge over the Flint River at the foot
of Saginaw Street. The contract to build the bridge was
let to a Mr. Hamlin, of Oakland County. He sublet the
job to a Mr. Davis, who removed to the hamlet with his
family, and occupied a house owned by John Todd, situated
upon the present site of the Presbyterian church. After
the completion of the bridgef the family removed, but
during their residence here a son was born to Mr. and Mrs.
Davis, who enjoyed the proud distinction of being the first
white child born in this vicinity.

The first female child was born the same year (1834).
Ilcr name was Julia Isadore Todd, daughter of John Todd.
She afterwards became Mrs. Gilbert Lyon, of Owa,sso, and
is since deceased.

* Some years later Marshall was frozen to death while en rvntf to
his home in the Indian settlement of Pewonigowink.

fin 1848, Messrs. Ilazelton A Annis, contractors, rebuilt this
bridge, the funds for the same having been obtained by the sale of
5000 acres of land, which were gnmted the county by the State for
this purpose. These lands were situated in the present township of
lla/.elt<in, Shiawa-Hsce Co. lion. E. II. Thomson, of Flint, then a
prominent inctnber of the State Senate, was largely iiistrumeiiful in
procuring the grant.

124

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

It was diiring the time immediately succeeding the com-
pletion of the bridge, and the erection of the Thread grist-
mill by the Messrs. Stevens, that the settlement began to
wear tlie aspect of a village. Augustus C. Stevens, brother
of llufus W., a gentleman possessed of considerable means,
came on from the city of Buffalo, N. Y., and joined his
fortunes with those who had preceded him here. He pur-
chased 200 acres, situated upon the east side of the Sagi-
naw road, from James W. Cronk, and his capital also as-
sisted in the construction of the grist-mill,* while at the
same time Rufus W. Stevens established a small store, or
trading-post, similar in its appointments, stock, and cus-
tomers to the one he had formerly presided over in Grand
Blanc. At this time, too, came Mr. D. O'Sullivan, the
first school-teacher, whose history will be more fully described
under the head of Schools.

EAULY LAND CONVEYANCES.

To render a more intelligible account of important
matters connected with the early history of Flint River
village, it is deemed necessary to digress from the chrono-
logical order in which events have thus far been narrated,
and to speak here more particularly of the early land con-
veyances and first village plats.

In 1833, James W. Cronk became the owner by pur-
chase of the Todd domain, for which he paid $751,— Todd
reserving his house and one and one-half acres of land. In
August, 1834, Augustus C. Stevens purchased of Cronk
and wife for $800 all of the section lying on the east
side of Saginaw Street. Jan. 31, 1835, James W. Cronk
and wife sold the remainder, or that portion lying on the
west side of the same street, to William Morrison and J.
C. Dubois for $1000. Si.\ months later, however, the
Messrs. Morrison and Dubois reconveyed to Cronk for the
same amount. Col. Cronk and wife then sold to John Todd
the Morrison and Dubois purchase, or the lands west of Sag-
inaw Street, for $2250, and June 9, 1835, John Todd and
wife conveyed the same to Wait Beach.

FIRST VILLAGE PLATS.

On the 9th of October, 1835, John Clifford caused to
be entered npon the records in the office of the register of
deeds of Oakland County a map and description of a vil-
lage plat, as surveyed by C. C. Parke, surveyor. This plat
Wiis bounded as follows : commencing at the bridge, thence
along Saginaw Street to Fourth, Fourth to Harrison, Har-
rison to Kearsley, Kearsley to CliflFord, and along Clifford
to the river.

Wait Beach platted the west side of Saginaw Street,
July 13, 183G, and his plat covered the lands bounded^
by the Flint River, Saginaw, Klevcnth, and Church Streets.

John Clifford and others platted that portion of the city
bounded by the Flint River, thence along East Street to
Court, Court to Saginaw, Saginaw to Fourth, Fourth to
Harrison, Harrison to Kearsley, Kearsley to CliS'ord, and
Clifford to the river, Sept. 6, 1836.

Elisha Beach platted the tract bounded by Eleventh,
Pine, Fifteenth, and West Streets, Sept. 22, 183G.

* This mill was built under the supervision of, and placed in work-
ing order by, a millwright named Gillclt.
t Not exact, only a general description.

Chauncey S. Payne platted and offered for sale lots in
the village of Grand Traverse, Jan. 12, 1837. This plat
lay upon the east side of Saginaw Street, and was bounded
by the river, Saginaw and North Streets. Four days later
he made an addition on the west side of Saginaw Street,
which was bounded by the latter street. North and West
Streets, and the Flint River.

Except the first, these plats were all surveyed by Capt.
Ilervey Parke, of Pontiac.

EARLY SETTLEMENTS, KESUMED.

Oliver A. Wesson became a settler in 1835, and was first
employed as a clerk. In 1837 he married Sarah, a daugh-
ter of Harlow Beach, and afterwards was known as an
active citizen and one of the early merchants. John M.
Cumings also came the same year, and later was engaged
in land operations and mercantile pursuits.

Until the year 1836 all the public lands, from Detroit to
the mouth of the Saginaw River, were offered for sale at
the United States land-office in Detroit. John Biddle, a
brother of the famous Nicholas Biddle, of United States
Bank memory, was the register, and Maj. Jonathan Kears-
ley, a veteran of the war of 1812, the receiver. One of
the principal streets of the city was named after him, as
was also Kearsley Creek.

The great stream of emigration, extending north of Pon-
tiac, and reaching the valley of the Saginaw, induced the
general government, upon petition, to open a land-office at
Flint. Gen. Charles C. Hascall was appointed receiver,
and Michael Hoffman, Esq., a prominent citizen of the
State of New York, accepted the office of register. With
the opening of the land-office came the necessity for a post-
office, and the appointment of Lyman Stow, Esq., as the
first postmaster, soon followed.

The establishment of these offices and William Clifford's
line of stages to Pontiac gave a new impetus to the vil-
lages, and their population and business rapidly increased.

Among those who settled here during the years 1836,
1837, and 1838 were Robert D. Lamond, Ira D. Wright,
Dr. John A. Hoyes (the first resident physician), Robert
F. Stage, Robert J. S. Page, Thomas R. Cumings, Wil-
lard Eddy, William Eddy, Orrin Salford, James McAlcs-
ter, Waldo Howard, D. S. Seeley, Wait Beach, William
Pattcr.son, Dr. George W. Fish, Daniel S. Freeman, Asa
Andrews, Col. Thomas B. W. Stockton, Benjamin Pearson,
John Bartow, Edward II. Thomson, Lewis Buckingham,
Lewis G. Bickford, George H. Hazelton, Miles Gazlay,
Ward Gazlay, Artemas Thayer, Edmond Miles, James
Henderson, Henry M. Henderson, Grant Decker, Rev.
Daniel E. Brown, Eugene Vandeventer, John Townsend,
James B. Walker, Henry C. Walker, Elijah B. Witherbee,
Dr. Elijah Drake, W. Lake, Charles Heale, Chauncey Bar-
ber, Rev. John Beach, Giles Bishop, Sr., Giles Bishop,
Russell Bishop, J. C. Griswold, David Foote, George J.
W. Hill, Nicholas Russell, Samuel Alport, William Moon,
George M. Dewey, Chauncey S. Payne, Charles Seymour,
William A. Morrison, William Clifford, R. McCreery,
James Birdsall, Thomas J. Drake, Addison Stewart, Dan-
iel B. Lyon, and Ephraim S. Williams.

The first mercantile enterprise of any importance withiu

FLINT CITY.

125

the youna; and growing village was inaugurated by Messrs.
Robert F. Stage and Ira D. Wright, who came to th ; State
ill 1835, and first located in Grand Bhinc, where tiiey re-
mained until a suitable store could be erected for them at
Flint River. After the completion of this store in 183(5,
and which was located on Mill and Saginaw Stroet.s, not
far from the bridge, they removed their stock, and trans-
acted a large trade both with the settlers and the Indians.
Mr. Wright,* who is still living and a resident of the city,
states that their stock was valued at §20,000. The store
was a substantial frame building, the upper story of which
was used as a public hall. In it were convened all the
religious meetings of the day, and the first court was held
within its walls. Rufus W. Stevens and Wait Beach were
both early merchants, but it seems clear that no business of
consequence was transacted until the arrival of Messrs.
Stage and Wright. Robert F. Stage died in Flint in 1847.
His widow, who is now Mrs. Champlin, still resides in the
city. When these gentlemen came some doubts were
expressed as to their maintaining their status with the
Indians, and an intimation was given them that their
ascendency over them, once lost, could never be regained.
Their sub-sequent career proved them to be as intre])id and
firm as Uncle John Todd and Aunt Polly. Mr. Wright,
whose Indian name was Muckataquettc (Black Storm), was
not only a merchant, but a practical tanner, and built the
first tannery in 1842. He never followed the trade in Flint,
but soon after its completion sold the tannery to Barker &
Pattei-son. The earliest carpenter- work was done by a man
named Kittridge, from Vermont, who built the house for-
merly occupied by Davis, on the site of the present Pres-
byterian church. Mr. Todd gave him the ground (one
acre^ on which it stood. Kittridge, having become dis-
contented, returned to Pontiac, and Mr. Todd purchased the
property of him.

The year 1836 seems to have been one of considerable
historical interest, many arrivals having occurred at that
period, and the business of the place having received a new
impulse from the presence of new settlers. During that
year came Renjamin Cotharin, at present one of the leading
merchants of the city, and a director of the First National
Bank. He reached the settlement one bright morning on
a diminutive pony, his stock in trade consisting of a .side
of leather fastened behind him, and his intention being to
follow his craft of boot and shoe making. Meeting Ira D.
Wright, he inquired whether it was possible to secure pas-
ture for his pony, and, receiving an affirmative reply, he
made a bargain at eighteen pence a week. Upon iisking
where the pasture was to be found, the reply was, " Any-

* In 1848 tho general government found that miiny depredations
wore being committed upon its timber Innds situated throughout tho
State of Michigan, nnd Ira D. Wright was appointed to tho oOiee of
United States timber agent. He held tho position for three years,
and relates many interesting experiences which occurred during his
official term, lie was empowered to seize all timber cut by poachers,
and compel the culprits to a settlement at two-thirds its value. The
parties wore then obliged to enter the land upon which they had com-
mitted thefts. The proeei^s of recovering often proved exceedingly
dangerous, tho officials frequently meeting with a resistance similar to
that olTcred by the " .Moonshiners" of the present. On one occasion
Mr. Wright found a gang of po.achors running sixteen saws, and the
timl>er seized he appraised at $10,0011.

where on the commons." Mr. Wright, having received
the first week's pay in advance, generously appropriated it
to treating the bystanders, and the commons afterwards
was known an " Ira Wright's Pasture." Mr. Cotharin
boarded with Mr. Todd, and located his shop just north of
the city-hall. He was the pioneer shoemaker, and Mrs.
Todd was tho happy owner of the first pair of shoes made
by him. Mr. Wright, however, may be regarded as having
led the fashion of the day, and given encouragement to the
earliest tailoring enterprise.

Messrs. Seeley and Howard came in 1836, and opened a
shop over Stage & Wright's store, and Mr. Wright's person
was adorned with the first garment made by these gentle-
men. In their shop the first meeting of the board of
supervisors was held. At this early date bricks were not
abundant, the few that were manufactured having been
used almost exclusively for building chimneys. Later,
kilns were con.structed across the river from John Todd's,
and bricks made for that gentleman by Samuel Russell and
Alden Tuppor. Beyond the Thread River was a brick-
yard owned by Reuben Tupper and Silas Pierce. A man
named Moulton was the earliest bricklayer, and his services
were much in demand in building chimneys for the frame
houses then being erected. A brick store, erected for
George H. Hazelton, was an object of admiration, and gave
an air of commercial importance to Saginaw Street. This
store — the first built of brick— still stands, and is at present
occupied by James Sullivan.

Lewis Buckingham and his family came from Livingston
Co., N. Y., in 1833, and located four miles north of Flint
River, on the present boundary-line between Genesee and
Mount Morris townships. Having been elected the first
sheriff of the county in 1836, he removed to Flint, and
now resides in the city.

William A. Morrison came the same year and engaged
in lumbering. He was soon after elected to the position
of county clerk.

Addison Stewart was another pioneer trader, who brought
from the East a stock of goods, and opened a tratfic with
the settlers and Indians, in 1833, at his farm, two miles
north of the village, on the Saginaw road, where he died
in 1848.

In the year 1836, Russell Bishop embarked in com-
mercial pursuits, and he was, four years later, followed by
his brother Giles. They have since that time resided in
the city, and contributed materially to its prosperity. The
Siime year came Daniel B. Lyon, one of the oldest living
residents of the city. He has during his life been actively
engaged in business pursuits. The year 1836 witnessed
the advent of a small colony from Bat;ivia and the adjacent
parts of Genesee Co., N. Y. Some of these gentlemen
were influenced to come to the West by the excitement
which followed the anti- Masonic troubles.

Among them was Willard Eddy, who came in 1835 and
remained a brief lime. The following year he became a
permanent resident, and aided materially in the growth of
the city, having been, with other gentlemen, instrumental in
establishing the first bank in Flint. He was the father of
Hon. Jerome Eddy, late mayor, and one of the representa-
tive business men of the city. William ]']ddy came some

126

HISTOllY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

years later. Thomas 11. Cuminjrs became a permanent
resideut in 1836, as did also C. C. Ilascall, Robert J. S.
Page, and Lewis G. Bickford, the latter gentleman for a
period of twenty years having served as justice of the
peace. Robert Patrick located in 1835, and assisted in
the construction of the first grist-mill.

John Bartow succeeded Michael Hoffman as register of
the land-office, he being the second incumbent.

Orrin Safford, who .still survives, and resides in the city,
came in 1836. lie was one of the first justices of the
peace in Flint township, and has during his residence been
honored with many oflaces in the gift of the people. Col.
E. II. Thomson arrived in the State in 1837, and located
in Atlas, then Lapeer County. Foreseeing the future
grow th of the little village, he removed to Flint in October
of the same year, and has since resided in the city, one of
the prominent representatives of the legal profession, and a
gentleman of scholarly attainments.

Ephraim S. Williams became a citizen of Flint in 1837,
and was one of the early merchants, as was also George M.
Dewey, who came the same year, and has since been largely
engaged in land operations.

Chaunccy S. Payne, whose name appears conspicuou.sly
as one of the parties in the litigation involving the Smith
reservations, came in 1837, from Detroit. Being a large
land-owner, he did much by liberal gifts to encourage the
growth of the city. Henry M. Henderson was among the
earliest residents who by their activity and business tact
made themselves felt in the growth of the city. lie first
came to the State in 1836, and the following year settled
in Flint. He built a block of stores as early as 1842, and
conducted a large mercantile business. Mr. Henderson
died in 1870.

Rev. James McAlester was a former resident of Living-
ston Co., N. Y., and became a citizen of Flint in 1836.
He was engaged for many years in ministerial labor, and
aided in the organization of several Methodist churches in
the county. Mr. McAlester followed the occupation of a
wagon-maker, and devoted his Sabbaths to clerical labor.
Daniel S. Freeman, who was also, and is still, a local
preacher, made a purchase of land, in 1835, and removed
here the following year from Sussex Co., N. J. In early
years he followed blacksmithing here.

Artemas Thayer may with propriety be numbered among
the most active of the early settlers in promoting the ad-
vancement of the city. He reached the State in 1837, and
two years after removed to Flint to pursue liis profession
as a lawyer. He has been much engaged in real estate
operations, and has done much to improve the city.

Hon. James B. Walker arrived in the village of Flint
River as eaVly as 1836. He was for many years engaged
in commercial pursuits, but afterwards identified himself
with the State charitable institutions, and was also active
in promoting enterprises for the welfare of the city. He
died here in 1877.

Dr. George W. Fish began his practice here in 1839,
and ha.s been since Actively engaged in the duties of his
profession, and in the various public positions to which he
has been called. At the present time he is United States
coii.-^ti! at Tunis, in .\fiica.

Rev. Daniel E. Brown, who founded here the first Prot-
estant Epi.scopal church in this part of the State, came also
in 1839, and died here Aug. 6, 1873, aged seventy-nine years.
An obituary notice said of him, " The bell of St. Paul's
tolled for its old master, and the old church was draped in
mourning for its founder." It was he who hewed with his
own hands (there being no one else to do it) the stone in
which the deposits were made, and he also assisted in lay-
ing the foundations of the church edifice, which through
his untiring efforts was completed and consecrated July 30,
1843. The services at his funeral were the last held in
the old church. He was not denominationally exclusive,
and his kindness and generosity to the poor of all classes
were proverbial. He served in the army during the war of
1812, also in 1861-65, and for many years was a member
of the State board of education.

During the year 1840 occurred the Harrison campaign,
and a " Log-Cabin, Hard-Cider Mass Meeting" was held in
Flint River village.* The demonstration was an important
and to those present a never-to-be-forgotten one, as it called
forth a large majority of the inhabitants of Genesee
County, who, with banners flying and drums beating, as-
sembled in such numbers as to occasion profound surprise
at the greatly increased population of the new county.

Col. Thomas B. W. Stockton, who served with dis-
tinction in the Mexican war as colonel of the First Michi-
gan Volunteers, and also in command of a Michigan regi-
ment during the war of the Rebellion, early made Flint his
home. He is a liberal and public-spirited citizen, and still
resides here.

Austin B. Witherbee came with his parents to Flint
in 1841. He grew up from boyhood in this city, and,
after a brief career of great usefulness, died in 1871, sin-
cerely mourned by the entire community.

The resident tax-p.ayers in the villages of Flint River
and Grand Traverse, in the year 1845, were as follows :

Ayhvanl, AVilHam.
Alport, Samuel.
Allen, Henry.
Armstrong. James W.
Andrews, Asa.
Allen, James P.
Beach, John.
Beach, Seth C, * Co.
Bickforil. Lewis G.
Bishop, Russell.
Bartow, John.
Butler, .Tolin.
Baldwin, Cyrus H.
Brown, Chauncey.
Booth, Joel A.
Blades, William.
Beardsley, Am/.i.
Bishop, Giles.
Buckingham, Lewis.
Brown, Daniel E.
Booth, Wm. W.
Beach, Asahel H.
Clawson, Henry N.
Crandall. William P.
Cliffor.l, William B.
Carrier, Erastus K.
Cadwell, Edward.

Clitford, John.
Conklin, Gilbert.
Culver, Alfred.
Coleman, John D., printing-
office.
Carron & Cummings.
Church, Emery.
Carn.s, Josei)h.
Colbraith, William.
Childs, Charles.
Case, Milton.

Clark, Dr., and J. K. Rugg.
Cumings, Thomas R.
Cumings, John M.
Clark, Henry.
Culver & Smith.
Crosraan, .\lvin T.
Dewey, George M.
Dclong, Thomas N.
Dilt^, Samuel.
Daniels, Ira.
Decker & Pingrey.
Decker, Grant.
Drake, Elijah.
Davis, Alexander P.
Darling, .Tames.
Dc GralT, Peter.

* The old Smith cabin then served as henilquarters for tho Flint

and (Jrand Traverse Tippecanoe clubs.

uM^-^s^m wi

FLINT CITY.

127

Edily, Willard.
Edily, Williiim.
Eu!<tuian, Bradbury.
Footc, David.
Ferris, Alonzo.
Field, Bctliucl.
Fish, George W.
Freeman, Daniel S.
Freeman, .Iu.«e]>li.
Fay, Cliarlea.
Ferguson, .Tames.
Goodrieb, Jolin,
(lailay. Ward.
Gazlay, Miles.
Gazlay, W. A M.
Gavtlay, Williaui, Jr.
Gould, Charles H.
Gillct, Amos.
Oluvcr, lienj. S.
Graham, AK-xandor.
Griswold, John C.
Hcmpsted, Alonzo.
lloyes, .Joiin A.
Ilazclton, George II.
IlazeltoD 4 Patterson.
}{eale, Charles.
Henderson. Henry M.
Henderson, James.
Henderson, H. M. & James.
Higgins, Ht-nry I.
Higgins & Pratt.
Hayvvard, Rufus.
Hopkins, George S.
Hamilton, John.
Hill, George J. W.
Holmes, Frederiek.
Huff, Thomas.
Haggerty, Bernard.
Hilton, William.
Hiekox, F. A.
Hudson, John,
Hascall, Charles C.
Hcale, (ieorge.
Hill, Leonard H.
Hart, Nathaniel.
Hydraulic Association.
Ingcrsoll, Morgan.
Jacockes, Rev. Mr.
Kline, John A.
Kimball, Anson.
Kress, Azariab.
Low, Spencer F.
Le Roy, Henry W.
Law, Anson.
Lamond, Robert D.
Lyon, William H. C.
Law, Orrin.
Lc Roy, Robert.
Murray, John.
Manning, James M.
Moon, William.
Mcrriman, Isaiah.
McAlestcr, James.
Mackin, John.
Miles, Kduiond.
Morris, B. B.
Mathews, Jesse A.
Miles &■ Case.
Morrow, Henry.
Ottowuy, .John.

Page, Robert J. S.
Patterson, William.
Pratt, John.
Parkhurst, Nathan.
Parshall, D. S.
Pearson <t Hamilton.
Pearson, Benjamin.
Payne, Cbauncey S.
Patrick, Robert.
Rail, Jacob W.
Rockwell. Benjamin.
Kussell, Nicholas.
Roosevelt, Cornelius.
Rice, William.
Ryno, .Stiles.
Randall, Samuel.
Rose, Martin.
Skinner, i*ratt R.
Sprague, George R.
Sutton, John.
Safford, Orrin.
Stow, Merrick.
Stevens, Rufus W.
Stevens, Augustus C.
Scovillc, William R.
Sherwood, William B.
Smith, Mix.
Stage, Robert F.
Smith, Andrew G.
Sperry, George.
Stow, Lyman.
Stewart, Addisnn.
Seymour, Charles.
Stockton, Thomas B. W.
Smith, Simon.
Stevens &. Vaudevcnter.
Scott, Salmon.
Skinner, John.
Trumbull, Andrew J,
Topper. Harrison.
Trustees M. E. Church.
Townsend, .r<diu.
Thomson. Edward II.
Thayer, Artemas.
Thayer, William.
Todd, John.
Tcnney, Edwin A.
Tenney, Rufus.
Traverse, .John.
Todd, Jonathan.
Trickey, Luther.
Vandeventer, Eugene.
Vainleventer i Stevens.
Van Haun, Addison.
Witherbee, E. B.
Withcrbcc, E. B., & Co.
Walker, James B.
Wicks A Smith.
Williams, Elias.
Williams, Elias, i Co.
Walker, Henry C.
Wright, (ieorgo W., i. Co.
Wright, Ira D.
Watson, David.
Wicks, .Samuel B.
Worden, Isaac A.
Wheeler, Isaiah.
Weston, Harvey C.
Whitwam, Samuel.

Hon. Levi Walker, a gentleman who for years was
clasely iduntiiieJ with the social, commercial, and educa-
tional interests of tiie city, became a resident in 1847.

He was ever regarded as among its foremost representative
citizens, and died in L-.insing while a member of the State
Legislature.

Few among the early residents who have passed away
have left more tender memories behind than Hon. William
M. Fenton. Coming to the county in 1837, he engaged in
mercantile and real estate operations at Fentonville. In
the year 1850 he came to this city, where he resided till
his death, which occurred Nov. 12, 1871. In the various
high civil positions to which he was called, as well as during
his service in the army, his record was such as to win for
him the cordial admiration and regard of all who knew
him. He purchased the property of E. H. Thomson, on
the corner of Beach and Second Streets, occupying it for
many years. Later, his son-in-law, Col. William B. Mc-
Creery, late State treasurer, remodeled the Beach House to
its present elegant proportions. Col. McCreory, although
but a lad when his father settled in Genesee County, has
for years been closely connected with the official and
material interests of his city and State.

In the year 1848, Royal W. Jenny became a resident of
Flint and succeeded to the publication of the Flint lie-
piiUicau, which he later changed to the Genesee Democrat.
Mr. Jenny, who died in 1870, was held in high esteem by
all who knew him. His family still reside in the city.

Francis H. Rankin established the Wolverine Citizen,
known first as the Whiy, in 1S50, the year of his settle-
ment in Flint. He has published it continuously since
that time, and has been the recipient of many official hon-
ors during his residence in the city. In the year 1856,
Henry H. Crapo made Flint his home, and engaged very
extensively in lumbering operations, having purchased large
tracts of timber-land in other counties. He later became
the Governor of the Slate, and was regarded as one of the
mo.st able and judicious officers who ever filled the execu-
tive chair of Michigan.

Oreu Stone has been a resident of Flint since 1857, and
is one of its foremost citizens in enterprise and public
spirit. He is largely engaged in the manufacture of
woolen goods.

INCORPORATION AS A CITY.

The villages of Grand Traverse and Flint River con-
tinued on with a steady and uneventful growth until the
year 1855. Streets were regularly laid out and built upon,
but no municipal organization existed, and the villages were
still under the jurisdiction of Flint township.

In the early part of January, 1855, the subject of a
separate organization was agitated. All agreed as to its
feasibility, but there was much difference of opinion ;is to
the advantage of a city over a village charter. The fol-
lowing article from a leading local paper of that date
embodies the sentiments of those who were in favor of a
city charter :

" A word now upon the propriety of having our incor-
poration a city. It is conceded on all hands that we should
be incorporated. It is also true that a village charter might
meet our present requirements, but within the limits of the
proposed corporation wo have already as many iiihabitanta
as the city of Grand Rapids had when incorporated, and

128

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

considerably more than the city of Adrian when she got her
charter. And at the rate at which we have been growing for
two or three years past, if we should now be incorporated
as a village, it is almost a matter of course that we should
find it necessary to have our village charter changed for a
city one by the time the next Legislature meets, two years
hence. By obtaining a city charter now we obviate the
necessity of appearing again before the Legislature within
a short interval."

Jan. 18, 1855, a citizens* meeting was held in the court-
house to consider the subject of a city charter, and after
several hours of spirited debate Gen. C. C. Ilascall, Levi
Walker, Charles N. Beecher, F. H. Rankin, James Bird-
sail, George M. Dewey, and C. S. Payne were chosen a
committee to draft the provisions of the proposed charter.
Of that committee Messrs. Dewey and Rankin alone sur-
vive. The draft was presented to an adjourned citizens'
meeting, and after further discussion adopted. The busi-
ness of working over a settlement into a city was gone
through with by the Legislature with its customary dispatch,
and the act of incorporation became a law by the approval
of Governor Bingham, Feb. 13, 1855.

The act of incorporation described the city boundaries as
follows :

"Section 1. The People of the JS'Uite of Michigan enact: That so
much of the township of Flint, in the County of Genesee, as is in-
cluded in the following limits, to wit: Beginning on the left bunk of
Flint River, at the junction of the Thread River, running thence up
said Thread River to the Saginaw road, so called; thence cast on the
south line of section eighteen, town seven north, of range seven east
to the southeast corner of said section eighteen; thence north to the
north line »tf the Northern wagon-road, so called ; thence northwest-
erly along said north line to the southeasteily line of the McNeal west
subdivision; thence so as to include the whole of said west subdi-
visii>n ; thence from the southeasterly comer of land known as the
Stevens purchase and now belonging to Benjamin Bearson, north-
westerly to the southerly line of the Richfield road, so called, passing
the Imrying-ground in Flint; thence northeasterly on said line to a
point ojiposite the easterly corner of said burying-ground ; thence
northwci-terly to the northerly corner of said burying-grouud ; thence
southwesterly to the westerly corner of said hurying-ground ; thence
northwesterly to the Flint River; thence down the centre of said
river, to the place of beginning ; also, so much of the said township
of Flint as is included in the following limits, to wit : Beginning on
the right b:»nk of Flint River, opposite the island at the junction of
Flint and Thread Rivers, at the spring where Cbauncey 8. Payne has
a hydraulic ram; thenee north to the line between subdivision lots
thirteen nnd fourteen of great lots, or sections three and four, of
Smith's Reservation : thence along said line to the line between great
lots, or sections two and three, of Smith's Reservation ; thence due
north to Detroit Street extended ; thence along said street to the north
line of subdivision lot five of a part of great lot two, according to the
recorded plat ; thence east along said line to the Saginaw plank-road ;
thence south along the line of said plank-road to Alexander McFar-
land's north line; thence east along said line to the Flint River;
thence down the centre of said river to the place of beginning; be,
and the same is hereby set off from said township, and declared to be
a city, by the name of the ' City of Flint,'

" Section 2. The freemen of said city, from time to time being
inhabitants thereof, shall be and continue to be a body corporate and
politic, by the name of the * mayor, recorder, and aldermen of the
city of Flint.' . . .

'•Section 5. The said city shall be divided into three wards, as fol-
lows : The first ward shall embrace all that portion of the city lying
north of Flint River; the second ward shall embrace all that portion
of the city lying south of Flint River and cast of the centre of Sagi-
naw Street; and the third ward shall embrace all that portion of
the city lying south of Flint River and west of the centre of Saginaw
Street. . . .

"Section 6. Designated the following polling]daces for the first
charter election : ' That of the first ward at the Scotch Block ; that of
the second ward at Lyon's Hotel; that of the third ward at the office
of the county clerk : Piuvided^ (hat the electors of either of said wanls
when assembled, by a vote of the majority of those present, may ad-
journ the election to any other place in such ward.* "

The first charter election was held April 2, 1865, and
the officers then declared elected were as follows: Grant
Decker, Mayor ; Levi Walker, Recorder ; Charles N.
Beecher, Supervisor; Elihu F. Frary, Treasurer ; Corndius
lloosvelt, Marshal ; Benjamin Pearson, Henry I. Hijrgins,
Directors of the Poor ; Daniel Clark, School Inspector ;
Charles Seymour, Levi Walker, Lewis G. Bickford, and
Willard Eddy, Justices of the Peace.

Ward Officers. — First Ward : George M. Dewey, James
W. Armstrong, Aldermen ; Asahel Fuller, Assessor ; Wil-
liam Moon, Street Commissioner ; Cyrus A. Goff, Constable.
Second Ward : Benjamin Pearson, David Mather, Alder-
men ; William Hamilton, Assessor; William Eddy, Street
Commissioner; Erastus K. Carrier, Constable. Third
Ward: William M. Fenton, A. T. Crosman, Aldermen;
David Foot, Assessor ; John C. Griswold, Street Commis-
sioner ; Daniel L. Nash, Constable.

The new city then contained a population of about 2000*
inhabitants. Its first assessment roll returned an aggregate
valuation of S450,G01. The amount of taxes levied and
collected on this roll was $3320.92, which was applied for
the following purposes:

State and county $1136.50

School District No. I

" No.2

Military lax

Highway taxe.-* returned ,

For city purposes, including collector's fees.,.,

2S7.1fi

2 1 5.1)6

22.21
1162.:^0

$3320.92

Those residents assessed for taxation in 1855 were:

.Allen, John C.
Aplin, Samuel.
Andrews, Asa.
Adams, Eber.
Aylward, William.
Alport, Samuel.
Anderson, Reuben.
Atchinson, Abbey.
Andrews, George.
Alexander, B. F.
Ackenuan, William.
Atherton, Ama.
Atherton, Mrs. A.
Arnold, Lewis.
Aplin, Thomas.
Allen, Sarah.
Armstrong & Co.
Armstrong, J. W.
Allen & Randall.
Barney, W. M.
Baker, William.
Buzzel, John.
Booth, Joel A.
Baltay, William.
Bickford, Lewis G,
Blades, J. H. C.
Behee, George.
Bearsley, Stephen,

Barrow?, J. C.
Bump, David.
Beardslee, A.
Behan, John.
Bishop, Giles.
Bishop, Russell.
Bishop, R. & I.
Blades, William.
Beecher, Charles N,
Beecher it Uiggins.
Bailey. Jarvis.
Birdsall, James.
Birdsall, Jesse.
Barker A Patterson.
Baker, Mrs.
Branch, Thomas,
Belcher & French.
Bevins. Nancy.
Bump, Anderson.
Cumings & Carton.
Campbell, Ten Eyck.
Collins, Orson.
Chambers, William D.
Curtis, Daniel.
Clark, William.
Clark, W. & J. B.
Curtis vt Son.
Cuming."*, Thomas R.

'^' The United States census returns, at various periods, have re-
ported the population as follows: 1850, 1670; 1860, 2950; 1S70,
5386, State census of 1874, 8197. The United States census for ISSO
will probably show a population exceeding 11,000 inhabitants.

FLINT CITY.

129

Crandall, William P.

Fenton & Bishop.

Lake, Warner.

Robinson, Isaac N.

Crosman, A. T.

Foss, John.

Lake, Nicholas.

Rice, Charles.

Cary, Alonzo.

Griffith, Orrin.

Lake, John.

Rising, II. C.

Costillo, Andrew.

Garlaml, John.

Lee, Edward.

Ripley A Armstrong.

Croff, Abncr.

Goff, Cyrus II.

Lee, Thomas.

Russell. N.

Cudncy, I'liarlcs H.

Gilktt, Amos.

Lamond, Robert D.

Rice, William.

Carney, Janjes.

Goslin, James If.

Lewis, Royal D.

Stevenson, William.

Charles, William.

Griswold, Martha.

Ladd, Nathaniel.

Smith, A. G.

Conkling A Kellogg.

(lolden. Robert.

Lowe, A. V.

Stillson, Harris.

Carman & Lovejoy.

Gazlay, William.

Laey, Albert D.

Seymour, Charles.

Carman, Joseph.

(ioodrich, 0. C.

Leister, Thomas.

Sutton, John.

Collins, William.

Green, S. M.

Lanckton, Caleb.

Scovillo, William R.

Cooper, Hiram.

Guild, Mrs.

Mc.^lester, James.

Stewart, E. M.

Cornell, D. 15.

Gazlay, Miles.

Morrison A Eddy.

Seaton, William.

Curtis, Samuel.

Gazlay, AVard.

Moore, James.

Stevens, A. C. (estate of).

Culver, George.

Gahan, AN'illiani.

Miles, Manley.

Saunders, Mrs.

Clark, Daniel.

Gilliuan, D.

Mowry, Henry.

Stage, Mrs.

Clark, Widow.

Gahan & Decker.

Moore, Stephen.

Smith, Rev. George.

Carrier, Krastus K.

Golden, William.

Moon, William.

Skinner A Martin.

Craft, Josiah.

Hamilton, John B.

Mason, Jared.

Sliter, II. M.

Case, Mrs.

Hu-hes, Michael.

Marshall, ^Villiam.

Stow, Mrs.

Cadwell, Edward.

Ilolbrook, James.

Merch, Silas P.

Swan, Rev. John.

Clark, 11. 0.

Ilogan, Thomas.

jNIeFarlan, Alexander.

Safford, Orrin.

Culver, Edward.

Hubbard, Malinda.

Morse, Lorenzo D.

Simmons, T.

Cuniings, Elizabeth.

Hubbard, William R.

Merriman, Isaiah.

Spcrry, George.

Culver, Alfred.

Ileale, Charles.

McMinaman, Pat.

Seeley, Mark D.

Caufman, .

Henderson, James.

McColIum, James.

Stafford, Etlniond.

Clark, .

Holmes, Frederick.

Molhersill, William.

Summers, Charles II.

Dcceuninck, Charles L.

Henderson, Henry JI.

Miles, Mrs. E.

, Surryhne, William.

Dodge, Nathaniel.

Higgins, Henry I.

McNamee, B.

Stewart, P. II.

Danes, Frederick B.

Higgins, C. R.

Miles, Mrs. Isaac.

Skidmore, John.

Dewey, George JI.

Hopkins. G. S.

Jlillcr, William.

Stewart, Mrs.

Dewey, D. D.

Hood, George F.

Mather, David.

Stow, George.

Dewey A Crosman.

Hawkins, AVilliam.

McCall, Philip.

Thomson. E. H.

Dewey A Pearson.

Hill, George J. W.

Mattison, Seth A.

Trainer, Patrick.

Darling, Asa.

Higgins & IJrothci'.

Morse, David.

Trickey, Luther.

Decker, James C.

Ilazelton, George U.

Neweomb, Henry.

Thurbcr, William M.

Davis. A. P.

Hagert}', Mrs.

Nash, Daniel L.

Thaj'cr, William.

I>elbri<lge, .John.

Haseall, Charles C.

. Neweomb, Thomas.

Tolles, Henry.

Dawson, Richard.

Hamilton, Wm. & 0.

Newell, Thomas.

Thayer, Artemas.

Drake. Elijah.

Hamilton, William.

O'SulIivan, Daniel.

Tollaver, William.

Decker, Grant.

llaniilton, 0.

O'Dunoughue, Washington.

Todd, John.

Darling. James.

Harrison, Andrew.

Olmsted, Gosen.

True, William W.

Doran, John.

Howell, Isaac.

Ottoivay, Steidien II.

Terrill, David.

Dana, Chauneey.

Hamilton, John.

Petlee A Brother.

Utley, Elisha.

Dewi*toe, C. J.

Hill, Cary.

Parrish, Jasper.

Van Ness, Peter.

De Graff, Peter.

Howard, Mrs.

P.-itrick, William.

Van Syckle, G. A.

Eldridge, I. N.

Higgins, M.E.

Pearsons, William.

Van Titllin, Schuyler.

E<Idy, Jerome.

Harper, Lemuel L.

People's Bank.

Van Tilllin, Reuben.

Edily, Willard.

Haver, William.

Payne, Chauneey S.

\*an Vechten, M. B.

Eddy. William.

Ilawley, John.

I'carsoll, Harry.

AV heeler, Shepanl.

Eglc, George.

Henry, Eunice.

Phelps, II. C.

A\ood, H. W.

Elmore, M. S.

Howe, Mrs. \\'m.

Patrick, Charles.

Warren, Thomas.

Elstow, Samuel.

Hunt, Perry.

Pearson, Benjamin.

Wolverton, Stephen.

Fogarty, John.

Iron, W. W.

Parks, Thomas.

Whiting, John W.

Fairchil.l, Philo.

Jones, Hansom.

Pet tee, W. N.

Wiseman, Lymivu.

Failing, Levi.

Johnson, Edwin.

Perry, II. W.

Watson, David.

Fenton, William M.

Jenny, Royal W,

Patter.son, William.

AVait, (leorge.

Fleming, Mrs.

.Jackson, It. H.

Pralt, Mrs. Rcxana.

M'alker, Levi.

Fish, Mrs. Octavia.

.Joy, John.

Parker, Rev. Orson.

Walkley A Pifford.

Frary, Frank E.

Johnson & IJIanchard.

Pratt, II. R.

Warren, Samuel N.

Foot, David.

.Judd, Richard.

Pettce, E. N.

Williams, Ephraim S.

Firman, Josiah.

Kirby, George, A Co.

Page, Robert J. S.

Wesson, Leonard.

French, Susan.

Keyes, Douglass.

Palmer, J. W.

Wing, Mrs.

Frizy-ell, Samuel.

Kline, Joseph.

Quick, David.

Wicks, Samuel B.

Freeman, Daniel S.

Kejit, • .

Quiglcy A Holgate.

Willett, John.

Fuller, Charles L.

Kline, Mrs. James.

Qnig'ey, .John.

Wilherbee, Mrs.

Fuller, Asahel.

Ivellogg, Marion.

Randall, Abner.

Ward, Ale.\ander.

Farrell, Richard.

Kline, Jidin A.

Rankin, Francis II.

Wood, T. F.

Forsyth, 0. F.

Knickerbocker, I'enncr.

Ryan, Daniel.

Watkins, Nathan.

Frecland, Cornelius.

Dink, .lohn.

Richards, Richard.
Runyon, Content.

Al'.»*. .1 Ik ..aann

Ferguson, James.

Leach, Dewitt C.

Webber, John.

Forrest, William.

Leiberman, E.

Reynolds, Almon.

Walker, James B.

Farley, Josiah.

Lewis, E. J.

Roosevelt, Cornelius.

Walker, J. B., A Co.

Frnry, I). S.

Lyon, William II. C.

Uodgers, T. V.

Walker, II. C.

130

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUJS'TY, MICHIGAN.

Witberbcc, Austin B,
IVooil, Smith it \Vifks.
Yawkoy, J. II.

Yawkcy, J. II., & Son.
Yorks, James.

BOUXDAEIES, AVATEK-COUESES, AND STREETS.

In laying the fouiiJation of the city the points of the
compass were ignored. Tlie line marking the city limits
fhan^cs its direction t\vent3--thrcc times in making its grand
circuit, and only once, and then for a very short distance,
docs it approach eitlier the east, west, north, or south.
Through this irregular inclosure, and dividing it into two
not very unecjual parts, the Flint Kiver pursues its wind-
ing way from the northeast towards the southwest. In the
upper part of its course it divides in natural channels, form-
ing Crapo's Island; farther down and opposite the central
part of the city it pours over a dam, and through artificial
channels on each side for the benefit of Crapo's and W.
Hamilton's mills; below the Saginaw Street bridge it bends
southward, turns abruptly to the north, and sweeps round
to the south, nearly surrounding J. B. Atwood's Island
mill and yards ; then running the gauntlet of Begole &
Fox's mills, it escapes from the city limits in another grand
sweep northward by Glenwood Cemetery.

The southern part of the city is again divided by the
Thread lliver, a .slender, tortuous creek, which meanders
up from the southeast, and empties into the Flint, near the
Island mill. The old government road, now Saginaw Street,
crosses the southern city limits in a northerly direction,
turns several points towards the west, crosses the Thread
lliver a mile and a quarter from the centre of the city, pur-
sues the even tenor of its way for half a mile, turns west
of north, makes a bee-line for the Flint, then turns due
north, and so passes out of the city, about a mile from the
bridge. An extension of Saginaw Street in the line in
which it pas.ses through the centre of the city has been
opened through the part north of the river, and is called
Detroit Street. Saginaw Street and the rivers form the
boundaries of the wards. All north of the Flint Kiver
constitutes the First Ward; all south of the river and east
of Saginaw Street, the Second Ward ; between Saginaw
Street and Thread lliver, the Third Ward ; and all west of
the Thread, the Fourth. The last is by fir the smallest in
population, as it is the youngest of the wards.

The main thoroughfare through the centre of the city
at right angles with Saginaw Street is Kearslcy Street,
which comes up through the sparsely-settled Fourth Ward,
beyond the Thread, touches the Flint a quarter of a mile
below the bridge, crosses Saginaw Street a few blocks south
of it, and passes on, steadily diverging from the river in a
direction north of east. To these two streets the other
streets of the city adjust themselves with tolerable success.
The principal streets running parallel with Saginaw are,
named in order to the west, Beach, Church, Grand Tra-
verse, Oak, Stockton, and Ann Arbor; and, to the east,
Harrison, Clifford, Stevens, and Liberty. The streets run-
ning parallel with Kcarsley and south of it are numbered,
except Court Street, which falls between Fourth and Fifth.
Between Kearsley and the river are two fragmentary streets
called Union and Mill. On the north side the streets which
try to run parallel with the river are numbered, but are
somewhat demoralized bv the divergent courses of Detroit

and Saginaw Streets, and their upper ends circle over to-
wards the river like the threads of a spider-web. The
principal streets west of Detroit Street and parallel with it
are Garland, Mason, Smith, and Stone, all of which main-
tain a fair degree of rectitude.

On the (jth of April, 1853, the Common Council ap-
pointed a committee to have a survey made of Saginaw Street,
with a view to establishing a uniform grade. The com-
mittee reported and the council adopted a grade as follows :
" Commencing at the north side of Mill Street at the level
of the plank of the bridge; thence on a true grade to the
surface in the centre of Saginaw Street at the south side of
Kearsley Street ; thence on a true grade on a point on the
south side of Court Street, two feet below the surface of the
ground in the centre of Saginaw Street ; thence on the
same grade south until it comes to the surface, — the grade
to be the whole breadth of the street."

On the adoption of this grade by the Common Council,
improvements were immediately begun. Buildings that
were low were raised. Uniform sidewalks were laid, and,
at its completion, the main business street of Flint com-
pared favorably with that of any city of the State for
breadth and regularity. This street, as also other principal
business streets, is paved with wood and kept in a cleanly
condition, while either side is lined with fine biick blocks
and imposing structures. The residence streets are adorned
with private dwellings of much taste and elegance, many
of them being surrounded with extensive and well-kept
grounds.

The city has a present population of about 10,000, and
its assessed* valuation for real and personal estate, and the
amount of taxes levied for all purpo.scs, for the year 1S7S,
was as follows :

First Ward. — Aggregate valuation, 8315,228; tax
levied, $l;],(i50.-18.

Second Wiird. — Aggregate valuation, 8113,572; tax
levied, $18,133.85.

Third Ward. — Aggregate valuation, §101,190; tax
levied, §19,080. GS.

Fourth )r(/;-(/.— Aggregate valuation, §82,000 ; tax
levied, §3711.09.

FLINT IN 1870.

For many years Flint has been noted as an active, enter-
prising commercial and manufacturing centre. Several
mills are entensively engaged in the manufacture of pine
and hard-wood lumber, and a large and increasing business
is done by six mills in the line of sash, doors, and blinds.
There are in active operation three foundries and machine-
shops, two gi'ain-elevators, four flouringmills with an ag-
gregate capacity of (50,000 barrels of flour annually, a paper-
mill, two stave- and heading-mills, a large furniture-manu-
factory, extensive cluircoal and chemical works, two brew-
eries, a tannery, several carriage-manufactories, woolen-
mills, brick-yards, and numerous other industries of less
importance, whose aggregate of manufactures amount to
many thousands of dollars per year.

■■- This valuation is based upon a one-third cash value. The pres-
ent year — 187'J — property is being assessed at more nearly its true
value, and the rtturns will trtjble the aggregates of valuation hero
given.

HON. EDWAKD H. THOMSON.

Among the nnnies which are in'*eparably connected with the nnnals of
Genesee County is that of E<hvard II. Tliomson, who, during a rewidence of
more than forty years in the village and city of Flint, has been promiiit-ntly
identified with its progress and prosperity, and has well and faithfully served
hia fellow-citizens in the places of honor and trust to which they hjive re-
peatedly called him.

He was born Jnne lo, I8I0, at Kendal, in the countj- of Westmoreland, Eng-
land, and at the age of three years came to the United States with bis parents,
who made their home in Boston, Mass. At the proper age he entered the
White I'lains Academy, in Westchester Co., N. Y., atid there laid the founda-
tion of his education during a fuur years' course of study. After leaving the
academy he spent two yeais of his youth on tlie ocean, as a sailor before the
mast.

Having resolved to enter the legal profession, he removed to BufTalo. N. Y.,
where, in 18'1'>, he commenced the study of the law in the office of the Hon.
Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) and the Hon. Thomas T. Sherwood.
From this connection there grew up between Mr. Fillmore and himself a
friendly intimacy which continued uninterrupted until the death of the ex-
President.

At the age of twenty-two years — having then been adtnitted to practice —
Mr. Thomson established himself in bi^j profession, fir^t in the city of Buffalo,
and afterwards at Cleveland, Ohio. While practicing his profession in Buffalo,
he started, in connection with Gen. Roberts, a daily newspaper called the
Buffalo Transcript.

At the time when the emigration from New York to Michigan was at its
height he came to this State; located in the township of Atlas in 1837, and
received from Gov. S. T. Mason the appointment of prosecuting attorney for
Lapeer County, of which the town of Atlas then formed a part. In 1838 he
removed to Flint, wliere he associitted himself in business with John Bartow
(then Register in the U. S. Land OflRce at Flint), under the name and style of
Bartow & Thomson. In 1845 ho received the appointment of prosecuting
attorney for Genesee County, and held the office during that and the following
year. In IB-il he was elected to the State Senate for the district embracing
Genesee, Oakland, Lapeer, Shiawassee. Siiginaw, Tuscola, and all of the
counties to the Straits of Mackinac, and the whole of the Upper Peninsula,
and served in that body for the years 184Sand lS-19 as chairman of the judiciary
committee, chairman of the committee on mines and minerals, and as a mem-
ber of the committee on State affairs. During this term in the Senate he
introduced the billn which resulted in the establishment of the Institution
for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, at Flint, of the
Aoylnm for the Insane, at Kalamazoo, and alsu for the incoi-poration nf the
first copper and ir*»n mining companies in the T'pper Peninsula. (Ho had
accompanied Dr. Douglass Ilought^m in his explorations of the Lake Superior
region in 1844 and 1845, and had in this way become fully aware of its rich
mineral resources.) Another bill introduced by him was one for the promo-
tion of foreign emigration direct to Michigan. IDs services in procuring the
Adoption of this meiisure were recogni/.e<l by Gov. Ransom, who gave him the
app<iintment of commissioner of emigration under the law, a position which
he filled for Ihre*' years, first liaving his office at New York, hut afterwanla
establishing it at Stuttgart, in the Kingdom of Wnrtemburg. Germany. Here,
in a pereonal interview with the king, he laid before him the details of his
emigration plan, and afterwards gave a full explanation of the vast resources
of Michigan by the publication and distribution of a pamphlet of some sixty
page*", giving m detiil the resources of the State. This same information was
also given to the piihlir thmugh the medium i>f the German pn'ss, and with
such success that, during the first year, two thousand eight hundred persons
emigrated from that country to Michigan. Tin' total result of his energetic
efforts wa« an accession of nearly twenty-five thousand to the population of
the State; and these were principally of a hardy and enterprising c!iis>i of
mechanics and farmers, many of them possessing considenkhic pecuniary
means.

While in London, in 1851, he received the Appointment of United States
deputy commissioner to the great Industrial Exhibition in that city, generally
known as the World's Fair. In this position his assiduous attentions to

American visitors, and his efficient aid and timely advice to exhibitors, gained
for htm high encomiums, while his social qualities made him a welcome and
honored visitor in the houses of the nobility and gentry of the world's me-
tropolis. On his return to the United States he remained for a time in Wash-
ington City, but soon after resumed his profession in Flint. In 1858 he was
elected Representative in the Sbite Legislature, and in the session of 1859
served on the judiciary committee, and on the committee on State affairs.

When the fires of treason burst forth into the great war of the Rebellion,
the loyal State of Michigan gave to the cause of the Union no more earnest
and ardent a supporter than Col. Edward Thomson. Although his political
opinions had ever been opposed to those of Gov. Blair, he received at his hands
an appointment as a member of the State military board, and, u[ton the resig-
nation of Geii. A. S. Williani'i, of Detroit, in 1862, became its president. Tliis
position gave him the military title by which he has since been generally
known. Throughout the war he was intensely patriotic, and as untiring as
he was successful in his efforts to promote enlistments. So high did he stand
in the estimation of the Governor and of Adj.-Gen. Robertson that, in the
face of the settled policy of the Governor not to establish regimental camps
of organization aivay from railway communication, he procured the oider
naming Flint (which then had no railroad) as a rendezvous of the Tenth
Infantry, whose camp was thereupon established there, and named in his
honor Camp Thomson. An officer of that regiment afterwards said of the
circumstance:

*' Col. Thomson directed the formation of the camp, and so fully and com-
pletely cared for the wants of" the soldiers that he found a place in their
hearts as the soldier's friend, and will not soon be forgotten. We learned to
look upon him as a kind of father and always called him 'colonel,' and to this
day he bears that title whenever his name is spoken among us.''

When his influence and energy were no longer needed in the raising of
troops, Col. Thomson returned again to his profession and to the quiet enjoy-
ment of social life in the city of Flint. Shortly afterwards he was elected a
member of the school board of education, and in 1878 was elected mayor of
the city of Flint.

For many years Col. Thomson has been an aident and enthusiastic student of
Englisli literature, and in particular of the works of the immortal Bard of
Avon. His Shakspearean readings and lectures, which are frequently and
freely given in aid of charitable and other benevolent objects, are always re-
ceived with high favor and appreciation, as is evidenced by the invariably
favorable notices of them given in the newspapers. In 1869, upon the occa-
sion of his consenting to deliver a IiTture in Lansing upon the "Genius of
Shakspeare," for the benefit of the Reform School Band, the Lansing State Re*
publican said :

"The offer is generous; the obj<'ct of it one that not only the citizens of
Lansing, hut the members of the Legislature can fully appreciate, and the
subject one which will be treated by him in a masterly manner. His ability
as a critic of the immortal dmmatist and poet has long been recognized. He
is a gentleman, a fine speaker, and will do full justice to the passages he
may repeat for the entertainment of his hearers. And we may also add that
the city of Lansing has always had a warm and earnest friend in Col.
Thomson."

Ami a lecture of his, delivered at Howell upon the same subject, was thus
mentioned by the LivinpsUm Kepuhlican : "Mr. Thomson is a Shakspearean
eiilhusiast, and seems to possess the maximu7n of enthusiasm which will he
satisfied with nothing slioi t of knowing to the uttermost everything connected

with its subject In literary gossip ho is set down as one of the

lions among Shakspearean liUerafcurs, and is said to possess one of the finest
Shakspearean libnirieH in the United States. He is a fine elocutionist, a
pleiisant speaker, and we should like to listen again for an evening to such
])iissages of his favorite author as he might select to read." Similar complimen-
tjtry opinions find frequent utterance through the press, and are always sus*
taiiied by the puldic who cotnpose his audiences.

Col. Thomson is a member of the Masonic fraternity, ha« just passed the
chair of yrand master in the I. O. 0. F.,and is now the grand representative to
the grand lodge of the order at the city of Baltimore.

FLINT CITY.

131

The mercantile interests have advanced from the Indian
store and trading-post of Kufus W. Stevens, in 1834, until
to-day there are over 100 mercantile houses of various
kinds, whose a;;,^regate sales will amount to more than
$2,00(1,00(1 yearly.

The railroads centering here do an immense business in
freights. During the year 1877 the sliipnient.s from this
city by these avenues of commerce amounted to 45,118,500
feet of lumber, ],3()i),(l00 pounds of live-stock, 8105 bar-
rels of flour, and 13,o71',900 pounds of grain.

Here are located the grounds of the Gemisce County
Agricultural Society, also the Flint Hiding-Park A.ssocia-
tion, which together have developed the raising of very
fine stock in and near the city.

The State Institution forthe Kducationof the Deaf, Dumb,
and the Blind is located on a commanding height in the
southwestern part of the city. It is surrounded with grounds
many acres in extent, tastefully laid out, and covered with
fine groves of native forest trees.

Among other public edifices are seven commodious school-
buildings, the county court-house, jail, and a city Imilding
fgr the accommodation of the Conxnon Council and fire
department. These are all large, well-arranged, and costly
buildings. The court-house and high-school are each sur-
rounded by spacious gnmnds.

The city is amply supplied with ten church edifices, viz. :
three ?Iethodi.st Episcopal (one coloredj, and one each of
the Protestant Episcopal, Adventists, Catholic, Baptist,
Congregationalist, German Evangelical, and Presbyterian.

An efficient fire department, consisting of two steamers,
trucks, and hose companies, guard and protect the interests
of her citizens against the ravages of the fiery element.

Two militia companies — the Flint Union Blues and
Cadets — have their headquarters and drill-room in Armory
Hall, which is provided for their use by the State.

The banks consist of the First National and Citizens'
National, banks of issue, and the G-enesee County Savings-
Bank.

The press is ably represented by the Woh-crinc Citizen,
Flint Globe, Genesee Uvmocral, and Flint Jotinial.

The public halls are Fenton Ilall, Reform Hall, and
Armory JIall, the former being the most pretentious.

RAILIIOAUS.

An ancient embankment of covered and rotting timbers
is pointed out in the city as the foundation of a railroad
laid, with considerable enthusiasm, away back in the year
1837. This was part of a projected railroad to connect
Port Huron with Grand Haven, and which Gen. Charles
C. Ilascall contracted to build from the western limits of
Genesee County to the county-seat of Lapeer County.
AVork was pushed vigorously for a time, but, through some
difficulty in getting expected State aid and from other causes,
work upon it was suspended, ami all projects looking to-
wards a road in this direction were given a rest until 1871,
when a road extending from I'ort Huron to Flint was com-
pleted, as the Port Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad.
In 1877 the Chicago and Northeastern Railroad, extend-
ing from Flint to Lansing, was ]ilaecd in running order.
These two roads were then consolidated as part of the Iin(!

of the Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad, and continued
as such until the purchase of the Chicago and Northeast-
ern by Vanderbilt.

The first liK'omdtive reaeheil the city over the line of the
Flint and Pere Man(UL'tte Railway, from the north, Dec.
8, 186'i. This event was celebrated aniid.-t general re-
joicing, and a grand bancjuct held at the Carlton House.

The work ujion the Flint and Holly Railroad was com-
menced in thesummer of 1863, and by the untiring energy of
Governor Crapo, ])resident of the company, seconded by the
leading business nuMi of Flint, it was graded, tied, ironed,
and ready for the rolling-stock in about eighteen mouths,
and, it is said, at a cost much less than any equal length of
road in the State was ever constructed, wages and cost of
material considered. The money for the work was largely
advanced by Governor Crapo and his friends in the East, and
the company was further fortunate iu having secured the
iron at ante-war prices. The trip of the first locomotive,
the " City of Flint," Nov. 1, 1864, was the occasion of
great rejoicing, as it was the first outlet to the South. A
few years later the road was sold to the Flint and Pere Mar-
quette Company at a handsome advance upon its original
cost, and has since been operated by that company as part
of its through line. It has since built the Flint River Di-
vision, a branch mad extending from Flint to Otter Lake,
for the benefit of the extensive lumber interests of that
region.

The opening of these several roads gave Flint good
railroad outlets east, west, north, and south, and stimulated,
directly, or indirectly, all its material interests. They
bring it within twenty miles by rail of Lapeer, sixty-six of
Port Hui'on, seventeen of Holly, fifty-seven of Wayne, one
hundred and eight of Toledo, fifty-one of Lansing, thirty-
four of East Saginaw, forty-seven of Bay City, one hundred
and seventy-two of Ludington, sixty-four of Detroit by way
of the Milwaukee road, or seventy-five by the Michigan
Central, and nineteen miles of Otter Lake, on the Detroit
and Bay City road. Previous to the opening of the rail-
roads these points had to be reached by foot or stage-coach,
under delays almost incredible by their contra.st with the
jircscnt ficilitios Ibr travel. Under the direction of Wil-
liam Clill'ord a line of stage-coaches was established through
Flint over llie old military road, which was considered a
model of dispatch in its day. Under favorable circum-
stances a man could take the stage at Flint, go to Detroit
and return in three days, but the ordinary time was four
days. By the .same conveyance Pontiac could be reached
in from eight to twelve hours. After the Milwaukee road
had been extended west of Pontiac the stage-route was
changed to Fenton, but a trip to Detroit was still a very
laborious undertaking, while the hauling of produce and
lumber, except to purchasers within the county, was very
limited.

The Flint and Pere Marquette Railway enters the cor-
poration on the south, one and a quarter miles south of the
centre of the city, cro.sses the Thread, and follows the gen-
eral course of the Flint on the southeast bank till it passes
Saginaw Street; then, cro.ssing over, it leaves the corpora-
ti(jn limits north of the river, and at some distance from it.
The Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad enters the corpora-

132

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

tion limits in the cast, runs northwesterly to the Flint, then
southwesterly, and, after crossing and rccrossing the river,
passes out of the city limits to the left of Glenwood.

Tlie depot of the Flint and Pore 5Iar(|uctte Railway is
situated at the foot of Ijeacli Street ; that of the Fort
Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad at the loot of Harri-
son street.

EARLY STAGK AND MAIL ROUTES.

As early as 1833, Joshua Terry had a contract for carry-
ing the mails over the route hetween Pontiac and Saginaw.
His trips were made weekly, and he had limited accommo-
dations for pa.ssenger.s. Upon llie cbtablishment of the land-
and post-offices at Flint River village, William Clifford ran
a line of stages to Pontiac. This line was continued under
various managements until the completion of a through
route by railway. In an early number of the Whic/ we find
the following advertisement of jMessrs. Pettee & Boss, stage
proprietors :

'■criKAP AXn UAl'II) niDINd.

" The stage for rontijic leaves Flint each inorning (Sundays ex-
cejiled), stopiiiug at Grand Bhmc, Stony llun, Grovcland, Springfield,
Clarkston, Austin, and Waterford, and arrives at Pontiac in time to
enable passengers tu take tlie cars the same day fur Detroit.

" E. N. Pettee,
"A. J. Boss,

*' ProjirltUtrB,
"Flint, March 23, ISJO."

POSTMASTERS.

With the opening of the United States land-office in
Flint came the necessity for the establishment of a post-
office, and Lyman Stow received the appointment of post-
master. It is stated that Judge Stow made an excellent
public servant, and for the first six months not only carried
letters in his hat* and tiie way-bills in his breeches pocket,
but was kind enough on many occasions to turn himself into
a delivery clerk.

John Todd was tlie proud individual to whom the first
letter was addressed, and later became the second incum-
bent of the office. The third was William P. Crandall ; the
fourth, William Moon ; the fifth, Col. A. T. Crosman.
Ephraim S. Williams, who had served as the first postmas-
ter at Saginaw, and continued eight years, next followed
Col. Crosman, and officiated a like period of time in Flint.
He was succeeded by Washington O'Dououghue, who also
served eight years. . William Tracy followed next, and held
the office one presidential term and a fraction over, John
Algoe filling the office until the reappointment of Sir.
O'Donoughuc. The latter gentleman continued in office
until April, 1879, when he was succeeded by Francis II.
Rankin, tlie present postmaster of the city.

FIRST NEWSPAPER.

The first newspaper. The Flint River Gazette, was
started by Joseph K. Averill, in 1839. For further par-
ticulars concerning this and all other Genesee County
papers since cstablislied, the reader is referred to the chap-
ter on the " Press" in the general history.

* Mr. Leonard IVesson claims to bo in possession of this identical
hat at the present time.

TELEGRAPU.
Telegraphic communication was first opened in Decem-
ber, 1858, by a line from Flint to Fentonville, connecting
with the Detroit and iMilwaukce Railroad. The work was
done by William W. True, and the first operator at Flint
was Miles D. McAlester, a graduate of West Point, who
afterwards gained distinction as major of United States En-
gineers and brevet brigadier-general United States Army.

EARLY TAVERNS AND PRESENT HOTELS.

The earliest tavern or hotel in Flint was the " River
House," built and first kept by John Todd, as already no-
ticed. It was presided over at different periods by A. F.

Hayden, Lewis Buckingham, Wait Beach, Mason, and

in 1838 by William Clilfonl, who established a lineof stage.s
running from Flint to I'ontiac. Finding the capacity of
the River House too limited for his increasing patronage, he
purchased the " Northern Hotel," which liad been built and
kept for a short time by Captain Crane. The latter house
then became the headqunrters for the stage-line.

The " Genesee House" was built by Thomas J. Drake in
18r>7, and stood at the apex formed by Detroit and Sagi-
naw Streets. The ground was afterwards purchased by the
city. After Drake, Cornelius Roosevelt was landlord, and
was succeeded by S. W. Gibson, and he, in 1813, by W.
R. Scoville. Mr. Allen next became proprietor, to bo suc-
ceeded by Mr. Pettee, after wliich Jarcd Mason became
"mine host." Mr. JLisori subsequently built the "Carl-
ton House," which stood upon the site of the present Bry-
ant House, and was first opened Jan. 1, 185G. This hotel
was afterwards' changed to the " Irving House," and was
destroyed by fire.

The present hotels are the Bryant, a spacious and well-
appointed house, eligibly situated upon Saginaw Street ;
the Thayer Hou.se, near the Flint and Pere jNIarquette
Railway depot, which has a well-established and enviable
reputation ; and the Sherman, "I' the Central, the City Hotel,
and the Brotherton.

MILLS AND MANUFACTURING.

The first mill of any description erected within the city
limits of to-day was the saw-mill commenced and finished
by Rufus W. Stevens in 1830. It was situated upon the
Thread River above the present " Thread Mills." In 1831,
Rufus W. and Augustus C. Stevens established the " Thread
Grist-SIill." For many subsequent years this mill supplied
a wide belt of countiy, extending from beyond the south-
ern boundary of Genesee County to Saginaw. Thread Mills
was then the groat objective point, and to it all early resi-
dents in this region wended their way when in quest of
flour. Many middle-aged men reside in this and adjoining
counties to-day who remember the fact that their first mem-
orable trip outside and beyond the view ofiered from their
own " clearing" was when they first accompanied their father,
with his .slowly-toiling ox-team, to the " Thread," which
meant the mill.

The pine and lumbering interests, which in years past
have contributed greatly to the prosperity of Flint, first at-
tracted the attention of business men and the thought of

t Burned June 10, 1879.

FLINT CITY.

133

erecting- luill.s iip(in the Flint Uivor in 1S35, when Rufus
W. Stevens, James McCoriuick, inul their heirs were au-
tliorized by an aet of the Logislative Council of the Terri-
tory of Michigan, approved JIarch 30, 1835, to con-
struct a dam across the Flint Kiver at the crossing of the
Saginaw turnpike.

However, nothing seems to liave been done by Messrs.
Stevens & McC'oriuiek after obtaining their franchise,
and mill matters on the Flint were in abeyance until
18I!G, when Messrs. Stage it Wright erected their first
dam and saw-mill. Tlic Hydraulic Association, Chauncey
S. Payne, senior partner, soon followed with another mill.

Compared with the mammDtli mills which have followed
it, and given the city its leading industry, this pioneer mill
of Messrs. Stage & Wright was a small concern driven
by water and having but a small capacity. It was sold
about 1810 to Stevens & Pearson, who ran it a few j'ears,
when Mr. Stevens was succeeded in the firm by John
Hamilton, and later still Mr. Hamilton bought out the
interest of his partner, I\Ir. Pearson, and became sole pro-
prietor. About 1814 lie added a grist-mill, and three
years later sold both to his sons, William and Oliver
Hamilton, and his son in-law, Cornelius Roosvelt. The
latter soon after sold out to the two brothers, and, Oliver
dying in 1852, William became sole proprietor, and has since
remained so. The mill has, of course, been greatly changed
since first it polluted tlic clear waters of the Flint with its
fish-killing sawdust, but is still courteously regarded as the
same old mill. The United States census of 1850 credits
Flint witii only two saw-mills. Stage & Wright's, and
another, built by the " Grand Traverse Hydraulic Associa-
tion," afterwards known as Crapo's old or lower mill.

The capacity of the Stage & Wright, and the lower, or
Crapo Mills, in 1819, was 3,500,000 feet of lumber. In
1850 these mills sawed 5,200,000 feet. At the same
period there was but one steam-engine in Flint, and that a
small one in Elias Williams' pail-factory.

Seven mills in 1854, viz., four steam- and three water-
mills, had a capacity for manufacturing 10,800,000 feet.
It was at this time that the reputation of Flint as a lumber
market became established. The plank-roads and tlie rivers-
furnished an outlet, but comparatively no great market was
looked for beyond one of home consumption, until the late
Governor Crapo commenced his wonderful operations in
1856. He, with that forethought which characterized all
his business movements, conceived the idea of not only
coming into competition with the principal lumbering
marts of the Eastern and Jliddle States, but of carrying
it ocean-wise. The impetus thus begun was soon followed
by Alexander SIcFarlan, William Hamilton, and others.

At a later day the Messrs. Pegole, Atwood, Fo.K, Car-
penter, Smith, Eddy, and many others equally enterpris-
ing, have by untiring industry and a strict attention to the
details of business, added much to the stability and wealth
of the city.

« Flint as a Port.— A local paper of March 27, 1842, furnishes the
following item :

" I'liil <}/ Fliiil — Airicntt null Dcjjailiirca. — Departed, scow ' Kate
Hayes,' Captain Charles Mather."

Benjamin S. Gluvcrwas tlic builder of this scow.

Brief historical sketches of the present leading manufac-
tories are herewith appended.

crapo's mills.

Henry II. Crapo, the founder of the present large lum-
bering interest in Flint, came to this State late in the year
1855. His first venture here was the purchase of a largo
tract of pine land in Lapeer County, and what was known
as the " Driggs Tract" of 12,000 acres, paying therefor
§150,000 cash. It was his intention at the time to lumber
this tract and float the logs to Saginaw, but shortly after,
or early in ISoG, he visited Flint, and became satisfied that
it was the point at which to manufacture this timber into
lumber.

In October, 1856, he purchased the saw-mill known as
the " Walkloy" mill, situated on the site where the " big"
mill now stands. During the summer of 1857 he ran this
mill, manufacturing about 2,000,000 feet of lumber, which
was considered in those days an exteiisive business. This
mill being shut in by the property of McQuigg, Turner &
Co., owners of the mill near the dam, he conceived the
plan of purchasing that also, and in the fall of 1857 effected
its purchase, and ran both mills during the season of 1858,
manufacturing about 7,000,000 feet of lumber.

In March, 1858, having his business thoroughly estab-
lished, he returned to New Bedford, Mass., where his
family wore residing, and moved West with them. After
this time the "old mills" were improved by the addition of
new niachinei-y, and were soon run to a capacity of
12,000,000 feet per annum, and this before any t-ailroad
was projected to Flint.

Before the construction of the Flint and Holly Ilailroad
(which was built by his energy and the help of his Eastern
friends, and the only railroad in IMichigan ever built with
cash, having no debt when completed) the good lumber
sawed at these mills was hauled with teams to Holly and
Fentonville, to the Detroit and Milwaukee Ilailroad, and
from these points shipped East and South.

In 1800 he purchased on the opposite side of the Flint
River the mill known as the " Busenbaik" mill, which he
ran two years and afterwards sold.

In 1804 the large planing-mill, sash-, door-, and blind-
factory was built and added to his business, and has since
been run, turning out annually many million feet of dressed
lumber, as well as large ijuantities of sash, doors, blinds,
mouldings, boxes, etc.

The old " Walkley" mill was destroyed by fire in the
season of 1805, but fortunately but little lumber was
burned with it, owing to the rule always adhered to of
keeping the space about the mills clean. Hardly had the
ruins of this mill become cold, when the debris was cleared
away and the foundation of the present " big" mill was
laid, and was running in 18GG.

This mill, with the old mill at the dam, luid a capacity
for sawing over 20,000,000 feet ])cr annum, and they were
run to nearly that limit until the old mill was burned iu
1877, which has not been rebuilt.

This immense amount of lumber sawed has found a
market jirineipally at the East and South, and .some ol' it
has even been shipped to San Francisco via Cape llorM.

134

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

The sawmill and planing-mill are now both supplied
with all the modern improvements for the manufacture of
lumber and sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, packing-boxes, etc.

Henry H. Crapo, the founder of this large business and
Governor of I\Iichigan for two terms, — 18G-1-6S, — died at
Flint in July, 18G9, but the business has bgen conducted
since without any material change under the able manage-
ment of his only son, Hon. William W. Crapo, who resides
at New Bedford, Mass.

Mr. Crapo visits Flint quite often, to look after the busi-
ness personally. Governor Crapo was fortunate in his choice
of subordinates to assist liim in his enterprise, and alwa3's
observed the rule to keep men that were faithful to his in-
terests. Zach Chase, the present chief clerk, has been un-
interruptedly in the service of the establishment since JIarch,
1858. n. P. Cristy, the present popular superintendent
of the mills, has served about eighteen years ; James Page,
bookkeeper, ten years ; and there are many more in subor-
dinate capacities who have been in its employment since
the business was established.

The estate has yet pine lands on the Flint Hiver, with
timber enough to run the mills for several years to come.

In connection with the yards and mills at Flint, there
has boon kept at Detroit a retail yard, and at present there
are two in that city under the able management of H. H.
II. C. Smith, who has served the estate since 1858. There
was also formerly a retail yard at Fenton, and one at Holly,
but both have within a few years been discontinued.

The Eastern market is under the management of Charles
A. White, with an office at No. 51 Kilby Street, Boston,
Mass.

LU.MBER-JIII.I.S OF BE(iOLE, FOX & CO.

This business was established in September, 1865, the
partners being Josiah W. Begole, David S. Fox, and George
L. Walker. They rank among the heaviest lumber dealers
in the city, and are large manufacturers of lath and shin-
gles.

Their capital embraces about $25,000 in mill property
and $50,000 in stock, and their annual business reaches an
aggregate of §100,000 per annum.

ALEX.-iNDER JIcFARLAX's JllLLS.

The business of Mr. MeFarlan was established in Octo-
ber, 1850, the firm at that time having been Hazleton &
MeFarlan. In May of the following year the mills were
destroyed by fire, and Mr. MeFarlan purchased the interest
of his partner and rebuilt. In April of 18t)3 they were
again burned, and immediately rebuilt. Again, in 1871,
they were pursued by fire and destroyed, and the present
mills erected.

The material worked is altogether pine, the logs being
cut from timber-lands owned by the proprietor in Genesee
and Lapeer Counties and floated down the Flint River.
The power employed is steam, two circular saws of large
dimensions being run, as also apparatus for cutting lath and
shingles. The capacity of the mills is 11,000,000 feet per
annum.

These mills arc distinguished as being the oldest on the
Flint River. The business is managed by Jlr. 11. J. \Vhaley.

JEROME EDDY S MILL.

This mill was built in the year 18G8, and is located in
the third ward, on the corner of Kearsley and Island
Streets. It has a capacity for dressing 10,000,000 feet of
lumber, manufacturing about 10,000 doors, and a corre-
sponding number of sash and blinds per annum.

A destructive fire consumed the first mill erected, but
Mr. Eddy immediately took the necessary measures to re-
construct it, and in three months from the time it was
burned one of the most perfect and complete mills in the
State, with capacity for doing an extensive business, took its
place, and has been running since.

BEARDSLEE, GILLIES & CO.'s PLANING-MILL.

This firm established their business in 18G7, in the build-
ing now known as the '• Germania Barn," but the growing
demands of the enterprise soon rendered their location
undesirable, and in 1870 they removed to their present
situation.

In the various departments of the business they employ
three planing- and matching-machines, one large moulder,
one fifty-inch re.sawing-machine, one twenty-four-inch clap-
board resawing- and jointing-machine, and two edging-saws
on the first floor. The second floor is devoted to a full set
of sash, door, and blind machinery, consisting of two rip-
and two cut-off' saws, one sash-sticker, one tenoning-machine,
one combined relisher and wedge-cutter, one panel-raising
machine, one mortiser, one iron door-clamp, one scouring-
machinc, one sash-mortiser, one boring- and franking-ma-
chine, one scroll-saw, one sliaper, and two slat-tenoning
machines. The firm employ in these various departments
about twenty men, and the products of the mill find a
market in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, New York,
and Southern Michigan. The sash and doors find ready
sale at home, and a considerable demand for them has been
created in the neighboring counties.

In the winter of 1868 the manufacture of boxes was
added to the business, in which department six men are
employed, who produce about three car-loads of box-shooks
a week.

The amount of sales by this firm average about 830,000
per annum.

NEWALL & CO.'s PLANING-MILL.

The firm of Newall & Co. embraces the following part-
ners, — Thomas Newall, George E. Newall, S. C.Randall, —
and is one of the olde.st establishments engaged in the
manufacture of sash, doors, and blinds, having been estab-
lished in 1855. They employ steam-power, and have two
planers, two four-sided moulding-machines, one Daniels'
improved planing-machine, one single moulder, one shapcr,
one Fay's scroll-saw, one Colburn's blind stile boring-ma-
chine, one mortiser, one resawing-machine for sawing clap-
boards, one tenoning-machine, saws of various sizes and
kinds, and two turning-lathes. The material is chiefly pur-
chased in the city, and when manufactured finds a ready
market at home and in adjacent parts of the State.

UIRAi\I smith's MILLS.

This business was established in 1877 by the present
proprietor, who makes a specialty of handling hard-wood.

FLINT CITY.

135

in wliich respect the mill differs from most other saw-
anJ lumber-mills in the city. The sawing is done exclu-
sively iu a mill devoted to tliat object, while the staves and
headings are made in a mill adjoining. The capacity of the
saw-mill is 12,000 to 15,000 feet per day, while in the
other are cut 20,000 headings and as many staves, wliich
liave been chiefly used for oil barrels.

lie employs a steam-engine, the capacity of whicli is
sixty-horse power, and twenty men are engaged in the labor
of the establishment.

Mr. Smith is also an extensive dealer in charcoal, having
three sets of kilns, which combined have a capacity for
burning three car-loads a day. The works at Flint have
twelve kilus, while those at Clio have also twelve, and those
located at Gaines, all being in Genesee County, six kilns,
making an aggregate of about seventy-five ear-loads a
month. He may bo regarded xi the largest dealer in char-
coal in the county.

DECKER & IIA.SKELL's ST.\ VE-jni.L9.

This establishment, which had its origin in 1870, is de-
voted entirely to tiie manufacture of staves and headings.
The products of the mill were at first confined to material
lor oil barrels, but since that time the firm have turned their
attention to other kinds of stock, and now produce headings,
half-barrel and birrel staves, white-oak staves anil head-
ings from 14 to 84 inches in size, and headings for tubs.
The staves are sawed from white-oak split-bolts, seasoned
and close-jointed, witli bilge and bevel ready to set up. The
machinery used for beveling — which, though simple in con-
struction and in its operation, works with great ])erfection
— is Crossley's iron wheel stave-jointer.

The capacity of the mill when running with full force is
from 18,000 to 20,000 staves a day, using about 40 cords
of bolts per day.

A branch track connects the mill with the Flint and
Pere JIartjuette Kailway, affording great advantages in tjie
.shipping of its wares, which find tiicir principal sale iu New
York and Brooklyn.

On the 0th of Jlay, 1874, an estcn.sive conflagration oc-
curred, which not only destroyed the mill, but consumed
much valuable stock.

The yard was filled with staves and headings, which were
entirely demolished, together with several adjacent struc-
tures.

New buildings and machinery, however, soon took the
place of the old.

W. B. I'ELLETT's F.\fTORY.

Tlie factory of W. B. Pellett is located on the north side
of the city, and was established in 1874. Sash, doors, and
blinds are principally manufactured, though Mr. Pcllett lias
made a specialty of extension-tables.

Tlie factory furnishes employment for fifteen men, and is
operated by steam-power.

THREAD FLOURING- AND SAW-MILLS.*

TIlis mill-site was establislied as early as 1830, by Rufus
W. Stevens, when a saw-mill was erected. In 1834 the

• This time-honorca institution was destroyed Ijy fiic in tlic afte
nujn ut* June C, IS7'J.

brothers Rufus W. and Augustus C. Stevens established
here the famous " Thread Grist-Mill," the first of its class in
the county. A succession of owners managed them for a
number of years, when they were purchased by Alexander
P. Davis, who continued his proprietorship for a period of
twenty years, and tlien disposed of his interest to Witherbee
& Patrick. Mr. Witherbee having died, his interest was
purchased by Wait Buckingham, and in 1872 the property
was bought by the present owners, Messrs. Burroughs &
Picrson. The mills were by them thoroughly repaired and
two run of stone added to the flouring-mill, which em-
ploys both steam- and water-power, and has now four run of
stone and a capacity of 100 barrels a day. The market for
the flour produced is found in the northern part of Michi-
gan, and in Pennsylvania and New York. The saw-mill
is principally ein]iloycd in cutting hard-wood, and has a
capacity of 2,000,000 feet a year. It is run entirely by
water-power.

PATTERSON & C.\R>IAn's FLOURINfJ-MILL.

This mill was established by Patterson & Ilolmau in
December of 1877, but after a lapse of six months 5Ir.
Carman purchased the interest of Mr. Holman, and the firm
became Patterson & Carman, the retiring partner having en-
gaged in the construction of an elevator adjoining the mill.

They obtain their power from a forty-hor.sc-power engine,
which is inclosed in a separate building, with an under-
ground shaft connecting it with the mill.

Three run of stone are employed, and all the modern
improvements for the manufacture of flour have been intro-
duced. The capacity of the mill is 60 barrels a day. It
is located at the foot of Grand Traverse Street, and a branch
track connecting with the Flint and Pere Marquette Rail-
way affords excellent advantages for shipping. A portion
of the flour finds a market in the East, but the demand is
principally for home consumption.

Stockton's mill.
This mill, whicli is located on the corner of Ann Arbor
and Second Streets, was built in 1877 by Col. T. B. W.
Stockton, the original purpose having been to make it an
elevator. Later a portion of it was converted into a flouring-
mill. The building is very substantially erected, and has
all the modern advantages for elevating by steam-power.
It has two run of stone, and a capacity for grinding about
oOO bushels per day, and storing 1500 bushels of grain. A
portion of the mill is three stories high.

THE FLINT CHEMICAL WORKS.
These works are a branch of the Bangor Chemical Works,
located in Van Buren County, in this State, and represent
a cash capital of $50,000. The principal wares manufactured
are wood alcohol- and acetate of lime. These are produced
by a process which condenses the gases that arise from the
kilns, of which there are 12. The works have a capacity
for producing 50 gallons of alcohol and 2J tons of acetate
of lime per day. The railroad adjacent to the buildings
affords excellent facilities for shipping the stock.

GENESEE IRON-WORKS.

These iron-works were built in the year 1847 by Wil-
liam Gough, and are now owned by George C. Kimball,

136

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

who resides in Grand Rapids, and intrusts their manage-
ment to an agent, who resides iu Flint. They make a
specialty of manufacturin;^ malleable iron, this department
of the works having been started in 1874, and being the
only one in Michigan. They also work extensively in gray
iron, and make carriage, wagon, and plow castings, steam-
engines, and mill machinery. Twenty-five men are em-
ployed in the various departments, and the products are
sold in this State and Indiana.

THE FLINT P.\PER-MII,LS.

The Flint paper-mills arc located in the Third Ward,
and were built originally as saw-mills by Samuel Carpenter.
In 1S77 they were remodeled by William L. Gibson, and
machinery placed in them for the purpose of manufacturing
wrapping-paper. The machine, a C2-inch cylinder, run by
steam, is capable of producing two tons of paper per day.
Fifteen hands arc employed, and a market for the product
is found principally in Detroit.

CASTREE & ODELL AQRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT SHOP.

This enterprise was established in 1873 by S. V. Hokes,
who, before that time, was extensively engaged in manu-
facturing similar wares on the north side of the river.
Among the articles manufactured are plows, drags, culti-
vators, scrapers, etc. They also make a specialty of bob-
sleighs. The market for these implements is found princi-
pally in Genesee County, though Oakland and Lapeer
Counties make demands upon their stock. A store located
on First Street is established in connection with the
foundry.

r.VTTEllSON's CARttlAOE-MANUFACTORY.

William A. Patterson came to Flint in 18G9, and began
an industry which has reached its present large propor-
tions in a small rented shop, where one man was emplo3'ed
besides himself He is now the owner of an extensive fac-
tory on Saginaw Street, which gives constant employment to
30 men ; and he has in course of construction a large brick
block fronting on Third Street, made necessary by the in-
creasing demand fur his work, which consists of Brewster's
side-bars, ladies' phaetons, yacht-buggies, coal-boxes, Con-
cord or side-spring wagons, piano-boxes, etc. The home
demand for these carriages is large, and numbers are shipped
to distant parts of this and other States.

EARLY CARDING-MILLS.

In October, 1835, J. F. Alexander established a wool-
carding mill on the Thread, and in 1845, John C. Griswold
was engaged in the same business at the Thread 3Iills.
Mr. Alexander advertised his carding-niills in verse, as
follows :

" Wool-earding done at the Alexander earding-macbine;
All being new, notbing said about it being washed clean.
The women's instructions are, ' Tell Mr. Alexander, iileaso,
Make me as good rolls as you can ; it will my mind ease.'

" I will, if you grease the wool so an 1 so, and bo sure
Then your rolls shall be nice, can't be beat, nothing truer;
And your mind will be at rest when you see that they .are
Made at the Carding-Mills, No. I, of J. F. Alexander."

STONE S -WOOLEN-MILLS.

In 1867, Blr. Oren Stone, senior member of the firm of
Stone, Atwood & Co., was induced — from the general com-
plaints among Genesee County wool-producers that they
did not receive adequate prices for their products — to sub-
mit a statement to the business men of Flint advocating
the feasibility and .success of a woolen-manufactory, if estab-
lished in this city, and the advantages to be derived by
keeping at home and dividing here the profits between pro-
ducers and manufacturers.

Acting upon these suggestions, a company was formed,
a mill was erected and placed in active operation. But a
short time had elapsed, however, before a majority of the
original members — not continuing strong in the faith —
dropped out one by one, leaving Messrs. Stone & Willard
alone to face results. This they did without flinching.
Together they gradually increased the demand and supply
until 1870, when Mr. Stone assumed the entire manage-
ment. By dealing exclusively with large wholesale and job-
bing-houses — among them those of A. T. Stewart & Co., of
Chicago, Farwell & Co., of Chicago, and C. Curtin, of San
Franci.sco, Cal. — he managed, by a close attention to all the
minor details of his business, to give employment to a large
number of the workingmen and women of Flint, and to
pull safely through those long years so fraught with disas-
trous results to manufacturers throughout all sections of the
country.

31111 No. 1 was erected iu 1SG7, and for the year ending
June !, 18G8, the manufactured goods aggregated 15,000
yards of cassimeres. The products for the year 1S72 reached
11)0,1)00 yards. Under the present management of Stone,
Atwood & Co., which began in 1877, the manufactures
amount to 180,000 yards of cassimeres yearly.

During the spring of 1879, Mill No. 2 was started, and
the manufacture of stocking-yarn added, of which 4000
pounds are made per month.

Much more could be said concerning the success of
Stone's Woolen-Mills, but nothing that will appeal more
strongly to business men than the fact that energy and pu.sh
characterize the management. Well-paid experts attend to
each department, whose strongest guarantee for a faithful
performance of skilled labor and constant employment is
their sobriety.

CITY OF FLINT GAS-LIGHT COMP.\Nr.

The City of Flint Gas-Light Company was organized
March 26, 1870, by James B. Walker, Josiah W. Begole,
William M. Fenton, and Jesse B. Atwood, with a capital
of .§50,000.

The ibllowing were the first oflicers : James B. Walker,
President; F. W. Judd, Treasurer; Levi Walker, Secre-
tary ; William j\L Fenton, Josiah W. Begole, Jesse B.
Atwood, and William Hamilton, Directors.

They at once commenced the erection of the works, and
laid four and one-quarter miles of main pipe. They com-
menced supplying gas Jan. 1, 1871. During the first year
there were 90 consumers, using about 2,900,000 cubic feet
in the year.

The company have since that time extended their street
mains until they have now about seven miles of main pipe.

•s^-

STONE'S WOOLEN MIL

FLINT, MICHIGAN.

FLINT CITY'.

137

and supply gas to about 2G0 consumers. Dui-ing tlic past
year tlicy sold 4,317,000 culjic feet of gas.

At the comujeiiceiiieiit the eouipaiiy sold gas at tlic rate
of $4.15 per thousand feet, which included governniont
tax. They arc now making a gas of eightecn-candlc puWer,
and selling it at $3.50 per thou.sand feet, less a discount of
twenty per cent, for cash, leaving the net rate $2.80 per
thousand feet, which is lower than that of any other city
in the State excepting Detroit.

The present officers are F. W. Judd, President; J. B.
Atwood, Jerome Eddy, J. W. Begolo, G. L. Denhani, Di-
rectors ; Ira 11. Wilder, Treasurer ; Miles Byrne, Secretary
and Superintendent.

Among other business associations which years ago ceased
to exist were the following :

THE FLI.NT SALT-MANUFACTURING COMPAN'V.

This company was regularly organized as a chartered a.sso-
ciation, July 30, 18(50. Its capital stock was to be $50,000,
or 20U0 shares at $25 each. The stockholders were Messrs.
William M. Fenton,Edniond II. iMcQuigg,Artemas Thayer,
Levi Walker, Henry H. Crapo, \Villiam Hamilton, Alonzo
W. Broekway, James B. W.ilkcr, Josiah W. Begole, and
Jlenry M. Henderson. The office was located in Flint,
and the business of boring for and manufacturing salt was
to be carried on in this and adjoining counties, the asso-
ciation to exist thirty years. The amount of capital stock
actually paid in at the time of incorporation was $500.
This company went forward and bored the " Crapo well,"
spoken of under the head of " Water Sujiply."

TUB WOLVEIilNE AND I'lT HOLE PETKOLEU.M CO.Ml'ANY.

This company was formed Sept. 18, 1805, and incorpo-
rated five days later. They proposed " to engag(> in and
carry on the business of mining, exploring, and boring for
and extracting from the earth and manufacturing and sell-
ing jietrolenm and other oils, mines, and minerals on lands
to be leased or purchased within the county of Venango,
in the State of Pennsylvania." The amount of capital
stock was to be $50,000, and the number of shares of
such capital stock were 1000, of the value of $50 each.
Tiio amount actually paid in at the date of incorporation
was $10,000. The stockholders of this company e;;ch own-
ing 100 shares were George W. Fish, Artemas Thayer,
Grant Decker, Levi Walker, William B. JMeCreery, Paul
11. Stewart, Josiah Pratt, Robert J. S. Page, John B.
Hamilton, and Jerome Eddy. The affairs of the company
were managed by a board of seven directors. A ]iresident
and treasurer were chosen from among the directors, and a
secretary appointed. The comjiany was to exist thirty
years.

THE FLINT l>ETKOI,Ei:M CO.MI'ANV

was formeil and incorporated according to the laws of the
State of Michigan, Dee. It, 1805. It prciposed " to lease
or purchase land in the Enniskillen Oil Kegion. Canada
West, and bore and drill for oil thereon."

T...- amount of capital stock wits to bo $10,000, or 250
.shares at $10 each, and the amount paid in at date of incor-
poration was $5000.

The first officers of this company were S. 15. Wicks,
18

President; A. T. Crosman, Secretary; John A. Kline,
Treasurer; D.miel S. Freeman, George K. Newall, Peris F.
Cleveland, S. B. Wicks, John A. Kline, Joseph Wood-
house, Abner Randall, Francis Baker, and A. T. C!rosinan,
Directors.

Sixty-two stockholders signed the articles of incurpora-
tion, and this company also was to continuj its existence
for a period of thirty years.

"AVILD-CAT" UANKINt;.

In January, 1837, Michigan was admitted into the
Union as a State. This was an era of the wildest specula-
tion. The pioneers of that time yet living relate vividly
the oft-repeated story of excessive prices of wild or uncul-
tivated lands, and of lots in prospective villages and cities,
which now have nothing but the recorded plat in the offic •
of the registrar of deeds to indicate their location. This
speculation, no doubt, was largely owing to the great amount
of paper-money afloat in the State at that period.

A general banking law was enacted in JIarch, 1837,
making the business free to all. Under this law was the
early banking in Genesee County inaugurate<l, of which
this paper briefly speaks. The general provisitjns of this
law were fairly drawn, except that in the two most impor-
tant features that concern the public — security to the bill-
holders, and a bona fide capital to secure the depositors —
they were inadequate. The capital must not be less than
$50,000 or more than $1(10,000. The issue could be two
and one-half times the capital paid in. The issue should
not exceed seven per cent, on discounts, and the banks
were rerpiircd to make semi-annual dividends, thus assuring
the banks' ability always to do this. The security for the
payment of the banks' obligations were to be bonds ami
mortgages on real estate to be held by the bank commis-
sioner, and the specie in the vaults of the corporation.
Few banks, if any, had this specie, though the law required
thirty per cent, of the capital to be paid in '• legal money of
the United States.'' These specie deposits furni.shcd little
reliable security. The fact was, the bank commissioner,
whose duty it was to examine these banks once in three
months, was often deceived, as one bank would inform an-
other when the commis.sioner was coming, and the banks
would borrow money to exhibit to the commissioner, and
return it when he went away. In this manner the .same
specie would often serve for the use of several banks.

Surely, the financial pioneers of Michigan were not want-
ing in skill to bank without nioney. A good slury has been
told of an cx-governor of the State, to the effect that when
lie was State bank commissioner, going from one bank to
another on his round trip, he noticed a familiar look in the
boxes containing the .-ilver. After reaching the end of his
route, though finding all the banks supplied with specie, he
suddenly turned back, and, reexamining the banks, found
them all witlnnit coin. This was the .system of banking in-
augurated in the early days of Michigan, the overthrow of
which so shocked this State, financially, that nniiiy years
elapsed before a recovery from its effects was manifest.

It was under this law lliat Genesee County began its les-
sons in fiminciering. The county then had a population of
lc.--s than three thousand, and the villages of Flint and Grand

138

IIISTOKY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Traverse had about the same number in hundreds. There
wore men liere full of energy and aetivity, and in the desire
to become rich were unsciupulou.s in the means employed
to aecomiilish the same. The history of wild-cat banking in
other portions of the State amply illustrates those estab-
lished in Flint.

From the fact that records and data are unobtainable,
particulars cannot be entered into concerning the history,
officers, and stockholders of the " Farmers' Bank of Gen-
e.seo County," " Tiio Genesee County Bank," and " The
Flint Bapids Bank." Yet we do know that all of them had
an active existence as banks of issue, and that Delos Davi.'*,
John Bartow, Cliarles C. Ilascali, llobert F. Stage, Bubert

J. S. Page, and Jerome, respectively, were officially

connected with them. The circulatory power of their notes
proved to be of but short duration, however, and they all
suspended payment in I808, on the decision of the Supreme
Court relieving the stockholders from any liabiliiy toucli-
ing the redemption of the bills of the banks.

LEGITI.M.ATE I5AXKING.
"the fiust national b.vnk ok flint
organized and opened business as such in October, ISGo.
It succeeded in business the ' Exchange Bank,' which
was originally opened by ' Jleigs, Stone & Witherbee,' in
1858, T. C. Meigs soon selling out his interest to Jlessrs.
Stone and Witherbee (Charles Stone, of Sandy Hill, N, Y.,
and A. B. Witherbee, of this city) The Exchange Bank
under the management of Mr. A. B. AVitherbee was a great
financial success. In the spring of 18G4, Mr. Witherbee
bouglit his partner's interest, and was sole owner of the bank
until the organization of the present bank, of wliicli he took
the cashiership, with H. M. Henderson as president, and O.
F. Forsyth vice-president. The bank was then organized
with a capital paid in of $100,000, and witli the following-
named gentlemen as directors : II. JI. Ilender.son, 0. F. For-
syth, A. B. Witherbee, George Crocker, William M. Fenton,
AVilliam B. SlcCreery, Benjamin Pierson, E. II. McQuigg,
and E. C. Turner. Messrs. Fenton and McCreery withdraw-
ing from the bank before the organization was fully com-
pleted, and having been succeeded by William L. Smith and
Leonard Wesson, William Gibson was made teller, and acted
as such for many years. At the organization of the Citi-
zens' Bank be was clioscn its cashier.

"In 1870, Mr. II. M. Henderson (having engaged in
banking with his son-in-law, Giles L. Deuham) withdrew
from the presidency of the bank, and was succeeded by E.
H. McQuigg as president, and George Crocker as vicc-
jiresident. In February, 1871, the cashier, A. B. Wither-
bee, died, and was succeeded by Charles S. Brown, who had
been, connected with the old Exchange Bank in 1SG5, and
the present bank in all the various positions from messen-
ger to his present position, and who at this date (1870)
tills the offices of director and cashier.

" JMr. A. B. Witherbec's death was severely felt by all
classes of the citizens of Flint, and e.specially by those en-
irasxcd in manufacturing and mercantile pursuits. He bad
grown up from boyhood in the city, and maintained a repu-
tation for integrity and honor second to no bank official in
the State. The bank was mainly organized through his

own efforts, and such was the confidence he inspired in the
directors that the institution was almost entirely intrusted
to his management.

"The baidv, finding its capital not sufficient for the grow-
ing wants of the city and county, in June, 1872, increased
it to $200,000. In 1875, finding their (puirters rather in-
convenient, and being of the opinion that they should own
their banking-house, they purchased the building of the
AValker Bros., on the northwest corner of Kearslcy and
Saginaw Streets, and proceeded to fit up their present ele-
gant quarters. Tiieir president, Ferris F. Hyatt (who suc-
ceeded Mr. McQuigg in 1875), and the cashier, Mr. Biown,
were careful that the vault should be made in the best jios-
siblc manner, and after an investigation of the subject, and
an examination of the .several plans submitted, adopted that
of Jlr. E. W. Fowler, the Chicago agent for Terwilliger &
Co.'s Safe-Works of New York City. The vault is a curi-
osity, and seems to be absolutely inipnignable. It is five
by seven feet in dimensions, its sides, top, bottom, back, and
front being composed of steel railroad bars of double thick-
ness, with the bases, out and in, laid crosswise in the form
of lattice-work, but close together, the flat bottoms of the
rails making a smooth surface inside as well as out. The
top, sides, and bottom are eight inches thick, also of rails.
The back is twelve inches thick (three layers), all bolted
together with five one-inch bolts through each rail at the
door, the rails being screwed from the inside to the i'rame.
The outside course of rails in the IVont about the doorway,
over the top and two sides, and around the back, are of
rails bent in the form of the letter U, and, being entire, com-
pletely encircle the vault. After building the iron-work,
there was laid up an eight-inch wall of brick, one inch from
the iron, and the space between this biick wall and the iron,
and the spaces between the rails, were filled up solid with
the best cement that could be made, which long before this
has become harder than any sand.'-tone. The vault took
nearly a year to become thoroughly dry. The door is of
Terwilliger & Co's. best make, is nearly four inches thick,
and, together with the frame in which it hangs, weighs G200
pounds, there being m the vault some 27 tons of steel rails.
All this is protected by a thirty-two-inch covering of brick as
a fire protection The counter spoken of is an artistic affair,
the counter proper being composed entirely of marble, of
which there are five different varieties, the top, or shelf,
being of Tennessee marble, the base of Cumberland, the
panels of Italian, and they again paneled with two varieties
of colored marble. The wood-work on this is of mahogany,
trimmed with rosewood, and filled with plate glass. The
whole was built for a Chicago bank, at a cost of something
over SUOOO, but was bought by this bank at a bankrupt sale
for much less than the original figures."

The bank under the various managements has been uni-
forndy successful, and, as the cashier avows, has never yet
disa]ipointed its stockholders on the semi-animal dividend-
day. During the panic ol 1873, for two or three days there
was a slight run on the bank as on others, but nothing of
consequence occurred, and in a week it was forgotten. As an
instance of the alarm a panic occasions some people, the
following incident is related. During the second day of
tha luu a good farmer's wife rushed to the teller's desk, and

FLINT CITY.

139

cmUl'J out til liiiii, " I want my uioiicj'." He asked, "What
inoiif}' do you want?' "My iiioiioy in here," slic an-
swered. " Where is your certiGeate of deposit ?" he astied.
.Slie searehed in vain, and finally pisped that "she must
luive left it at home." The teller a.ssured her she need not
be alarmed, but wight send it down or bring it when she
was next in town, and tliat the money was safe until she
should come again. She remarked tliat she " hoped it
was," and left the office. A few minutes before closing tliat
day she came again with the certificate, and as the teller
paid it he asked her where she found it. She answered
she " had been home after it." He then asked her where

.■-he lived, and she an.swered, " Ju.st beyond the

Selioolhouse," naming a school-house twelve miles from
Flint. The certificate was for S2.j. On another occasion
an individual called to pay a note held by the bank which
was not for some time duo. The cashier expres.sed his in-
debtedness for the favor, when the iiran responded, " I don't
propose to have this bank hiist and hold my note."

THE CITIZK.NS' N.VTIONAL HANK OF FLI.NT

was organized Jan. 10, 1871, by the election of the follow-
ing gentlemen as directors: Hon. Wni. M. Fenton, Alex-
ander JIcFarlan, J. B. Atwood, Henry Stanley, Col. Wui.
13. McCrcery, Wm. Hamilton, and J. W. Begole, with a
capital of 850,000, and commenced business March 1, 1871.

Wm. M. Fenton was elected president, Wni. Hamilton
vice-president, and W. L. Gibson was made cashier.

This banking institution commanded the confidence and
esteem of the public from the very first day of its existence.
The gentlemen having its management were widely known
as among the fir.st in the county of Genesee for probity and
integrity, and within a period of three months from the
time its doors were thrown open to the public the capital
was increased to SlO0,O00, and still fiirtlu'r augmented the
following year to §125,000.

The sudden death of Col. Fenton in IMay, 1871, resulted
in a change of .some of its officers. Wm. Hamilton was
made president, and Alex. McFarlan was made vice-presi-
dent, and Mr. J. A''an Vlect was added to the board of
directors.

In January, 187G, at the annual meeting, a still further
change in the management was made by the election of
Alexander McFarlan as president, and Col. Wm. B. Jlc-
Crcery (who at the time held the honorable position of State
treasurer) was made vice-president, and still later (1879)
cashier in the place of Jlr. Gibson.

THE C;E.\f:SEE COU.NXY .SAVI.NGS-BANK

was organized in 1S72, and opened its office for business
on the first day of May in that year, with a capital stock
of 850,000, sixty per cent, of whicli was paid in on that
day, and the balance on the 1st of May, 1873, in accord-
ance with the statutes of the State of Jlichigan bearing
upon the subject. Its first officers were Hon. J. B. Walker,
President; G. L. Denham, Vice-President; Ira H. Wilder,
Ca.shier. The officers remained the same until November,
1877, when a vacancy was occasioned by the death of Mr.
Walker, after which P.ussell Bishop was elected president.
In July of 1377 the capital stock was increased to 8100,000.

In connection with the savings department, a general bank-
ing business is conducted. The present officers are Ku.ssell
Bishop, President; William A. Atwood, Vies- President ;
Ira H. Wilder, Cashier.

SCHOOLS.

Mr. D.iniel O'Sullivan, " the Irish schoolmaster," arrived
in the Flint River settlement in July, 18IJ4. He at firet
took up his residence near the Thread mills, and labored
upon the Saginaw road. Having been prostrated by a
.severe attack of bilious fever, he .soon after removed with
his family to the house vacated by Jllijah N. Davenport,
and there, during the fall of 18li4, taught the first school,
at the rate of ten cents per week for each pujiil. The
house, a small rude log cabin, stood upon the site of William
Hamilton's mill. The scholars, some twelve in number,
were the .sons and daughters of John Todd, James Mc-
Cormick, Rufus W. Stevens, James W. Cronk, Lyman
Stow, and his own.

In 1835, Aaron Hoyes taught a school in the .«ame
cabin. Among his pupils was William R. McCormick,
now of Bay City, who recalls the fact that during the ill-
ness of the master, Mr. Hoyes, his place was temporarily
taken by a young lady,* who, among her personal adorn-
ments, wore an exceedingly high comb. The pupils of that
early day were not altogether amenable to discipline, c.epe-
cially when enforced by one of the weaker sex, and forth-
with rebelled against the authority of the schoolmistress.
A scene ensued, in which the lady received rough handling
at the hands of young McCormick and one of his friends,
and the crowning glory of her head, the towering comb,
was shattered. This terminated any further efibrts on the
part of the lady as instructress. The scholars of that date
were as follows: Leander, Albert, and Zobedia Stevens;
Corydon, Walter, and Abigail Cronk; Edward Todd;
Adalinc and I'Imeline Stow; William R,, Ann Elizabeth,
and Sarah McCormick.

During the year 183G, Messrs. Stage & Wright erected
a small shanty for school purposes, which was situated on
the corner now occupied by the Fenton Block. The first
school in this building was presided over by a Mi.ss Over-
ton (now Jlrs. William Chambers, of Bay City), who was
employed by the above-mentioned firm, and for whom her
friends claim the distinction of having taught the earliest
.school in the village. She taught two rpiarters, and received
as compen.sation 81 per week, and made her home while
here with Sir. and Mrs, Todd, who welcomed her as one
of the family. From the well-authenlieated facts already
set forth, there seems no reason to doubt that schools existed
in the village two years prior to the time Miss Overton be-
gan teaching, although .she may have taught the first dis-
trict school.

THE PUBLIC .SCHOOLS OF FLI.NT.

"The early accessible records of the educational interests
of Flint are very meagre. The first authentic record that
wc find relative to public scliools is that of the organiza-
tion of School District No. 1, at a meeting of the school

* Mr. Jitmrs O'.SiilIivnn, son of Diiiiicl O'Sullivan, gives the namo
of this lady-tca-'hur as Miss Lucy Uig^a,

140

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, 3IICI11GAN.

inspectors lield Apiil 11, 1837; Ephraim S. Walker being
chairman and Oiriri SafTord clerk.

" The first official report of the school inspectors was
made Oct. 20, 1838 ; from which report we learn that the
whole number of scholars attcndins; was GO ; of whom 39
were between the a>;e8 of five and seventeen years ; the
number under five and over seventeen being 21. Dura-
tion of school, six months. Amount raised by tax was
$586, of wiiicli $499 was for building a school-housj, and
$87 for the support of schools. This house must have
been the frame building Avliich formerly stood at the corner
of Clifford and First Streets, on the site now occupied by
Jlr. Browning's house. Although the public school was
thus legally organized, there were many and formidable ob-
stacles to its success. Hard times soon came on, and money
was scarce, and the teachers often doubly earned, by delays
and duns, the pittance which they received. But the
greatest obstacle was want of faith in the free-school sys-
tem, and hence the attempt to run the mongrel system,
hampered with rate-bills, which so long vexed the souls of
educationists. The rate-bills were often very onerous, es-
pecially on the primary department, offering a temptation
to parents with large families of small children to tolerate,
if not encourage, absence from school ; and, as each absence
increased the burden on those remaining, the evil grew in
a constantly increasing ratio, until, sometimes, the school
was brought to a premature close. After strugglitig thus
for several years without recognizing the real impediment
in the way, the friends of education made a rally on the
union-school system, as a sovereign remedy for all scholastic
ills. That portion of the district lying ncirth of Flint River
having been set off as a separate district, those remaining
purchased an entire block and proceeded to erect the house
at present used in the Second Ward. But here, at the out-
set, a most egregious and irreparable blunder was perpe-
trated. The lot at that time was covered with a fine growth
of young oaks, which were most carefully exterminated ;
whereas, had they been left to grow, they would by this
time have formed one of the finest groves in the county.
This hou.se, which is a two-story wooden building sur-
mounted by a cupola, which is not remarkable for its grace
or artistic effect, contains four commodious rooms. It has
done good service for thirty years, and having a solid frame,
with contemplated renovations, will be serviceable for many
years to come.

"On the completion of the house a union school was
inaugurated in the fall of 1S4G, under charge of Mr. N.
W. But's, with an ample corps of teachers. Years passed
on, and many a faithful teacher did valiant service, though
often with a depressing consciousness of Egyptian task-
work in attempting to make scholars of pupils who attended
at random. As an illustration of the extent of this evil
of irregular attendance, we cite a report for the term end-
ing August, 1853, as follows: whole number enrolled, 04;
average attendance, 18 ; average absences, 40. The total
result, under this incubus of the rate-bill, was not very sat-
isfactory ; the panacea had failed, and u new remedy must
be tried.

" Accordingly, we find that at the annual scliool-mceting
held in 1>^55 the following resolutions were adopted, pre-

faced with a preamble, setting forth that the experience
of ten years had demonstrated the failure of the union-
school system to give any adequate return for the expense
incurred, while it completely excluded four-fifths of the
children of the district from any participation in its ques-
tionable benefits ; and believing that the great interests of
education would be advanced, the burden of taxation dimin-
ished, and the harmony of the Second and Third Wards
improved by a frank and open abandonment of the present
system, and the division of the district ; Therefore,

*" /iVs«//f(?(/, Tbiit the union .system as adopted, ?o far ns it goes to
c.-t.il)li^h the .icii'lcmic department in paid sehool, lie and the same is
hereby aliandoncd.

'* ' lit'Htilveil, That we have ten month.s ofsehool the coming year in
this house. Tliat we have one male and two female teaeher.'i ([ualified
to teaeh the primary and English branches of education.

" ' lit^ttnfveil, That, in the opinion of this meeting, the great interest
of education in our city would be advanced by a division of I'nion
School Di--trict No. 1, so that Saginaw Street should be the dividing
line.'

" In accordance with this expression of public sentiment,
upon petition of the parties interested, the division was
made by the school iuspectors, and District No. 3, embrac-
ing the Third Ward, was formed. But, the disintegration
having commenced, another division was called for and
made, forming District No. 4, of that portion of the Third
Ward lying north of Court Street.

"The old district. No. 1, was now left in an anomalous
position, fo.r, as might have been expected, with the adop-
tion of the foregoing resolutions, no provision was made for
sustaining a public school, the customary assessment of one
dollar per scholar being ignored, with the following curious
result : From the report of 1855-50 it appears that the
whole amount of teachers' wages was §1235, of which the
amount assessed on rate-bills (S640.47) was more than one-
half, while the moiety of less than one-fifth (^$214.82) was
derived from the priiuary-school fund and mill-tax, and
8343.52, more than one fourth, was reueived from non-res-
idents, a proportion unparalleled in the history of our
schools, and an evidence of the popularity of the teacher
then in chaige. Prof iM. B. Beals.

" This was certainly bringing the free public school to
its lowest terras, and a continuance of the same policy must
soon have led to the total abandonment of the whole system.
But the people were not ready for such a catastrophe, and
ever after, at the annual meetings, voted as liberally as the
law allowed for the support of schools, and would gladly
have anticipated, b}' a decade, that release from the thral-
dom of rate-bills which the Legislature ultimately gave.
So far from abandoning the academic course, it was made
still more prominent. Prof William Travis, an accom-
jilished teacher, was placed in charge for three years (from
1850 to 1859), and by his ability, culture, energy, and
enthusiasm gave a new impetus to the cause of education
which left a lasting iiupression. At the annual meeting in
1859, it was voted unanimously to organize a graded school
under the act of the Legislature approved Feb. 16, 1859,
and the following board of trustees were elected, viz. : Levi
Walker and Daniel Clarke for three years, S. N. Warren
and Grant Decker lor two years, John Delbridge and C. N.
Bcechcr for one vear.

^^Mllllllfl

CHAUNCEY S. PAYNE.

The name which stands at the head of this brief biographical
notice is lliat of one who was among the earlier settlers in
Genesee County, and who was an enterprising, public-spirited,
and honored citizen of Flint for a period of forty years.

Chauncey Smith Payne was born at Schodack, Rensselaer
Co., N. Y., on the lljth of November, 1795. Having lost his
parents by death while yet a child, he was reared and edu-
cated by his grandparents until he was about seventeen years of
age, when his active ti-mperament and spirit of enterprise led
him to leave the seclusion of his early home, to seek his fortune
in the neighboring city nf Albany. There he entered into a
partnership with his cousin, Hiram Payne (also a young
man), in the watch and jewelry business. At the end of three
years this partnership was dissolved, and he entered into
other business connectinns, continuing to the close of the war
of 1812-15, at which time, believing a Western venture would
prove profitable, he purchased the entire stock of his former
partner, and, with a part of it, proceeded to Detroit in 1816,
journeying through Canada with a team. As it was just
after the close of the war, the national feeling and prejudice
still ran high, and it was only by his coolness and determi-
nation that he was able to pass through the Canadian terri-
tory without molestation, and to reach Detroit in safety.

Having disposed of his goods very advantageously, and
being encouraged by his success, he returned, by Lake Erie
and Butlalo, to Albany, in the spring of 1817, and in the
following July reappeared in Michigan with a large stock of
merchandise, which he took to Mackinac.

His second venture proving as successful as the first, he
again proceeded to Albany, and in 1818 brought out his third
stock of goods, and located in Detroit in permanent business
as a merchant, having also a branch at Mackinac. His part-
ner in Detroit was the late Levi Brown, with whom he
remained in very successful business connection for more
than twenty years.

In 1824 he married Miss Louisa L. Smith, of Detroit,
daughter of Jacob Smith, the well-known trader, who had
made the first improvements upon the site of the present city
of Flint, in 1819. Immediately after the death of Mr. Smith,
in 1825, Mr. Payne made his first visit to Flint River, to look
after the affairs of the deceased, and to take formal possession
of the landed property riwned here by his w^ife and the other
children of Mr. Smith. Thi-^ visit, however, was but tem-
porary, and he soon returned to Ohio, where just previous to
his marriage he had eslahlished a lucrative business.

His location in that State was first at Cleveland, but he soon
after removed to Willoughby, Ohio, where, in addition to his
merchandising, he wa« engaged in milling and various other
enterprises. He had also a branch of bis business in Akron,
Ohio, where he built the first of the large stone business
blocks which adorn that city. Upon the formation of the
Portage Canal and Manufacturing Company at Akron, he

became an active member and a large stockholder, and was
at different times the treasurer of the company, and its fiscal
agent in New York City, with almost absolute discretionary
power in its financial concerns.

In 18-35 he closed his affairs in Ohio and returned to his
business in Detroit, but remained there only two years, and
in 1837, at the solicitation of a number of the prominent
people of Flint, he removed to that city, to spend (as it proved)
the remainder of his long life. Having always been pros-
perous in his business affairs, he had, at the time i>f his settle-
ment here, in addition to the landed estate of his wife, a large
amount of ready money, and with this he engaged in trade
and in banking at Flint. He also built extensively, and
contributed to the progress of the city in various ways, one
instance of which was his furnishing of the money to start
the publication of Flint's first newspaper, the Flint River
Gazette.

Although Mr. Payne had already been engaged in active
business in other places for a full (|uarter of a century before
be came to make his home in Flint, he yet passed half his
whole life (lacking only a few months) here, and became a
citizen of such prominence as to make his name inseparable
from the annals of the city.

He died at his residence in Flint, Jan. 31, 1877, aged
eighty-two years.

The ('!ti:e7i, of Flint, in its next issue after the death of
Mr. Payne, said of him : " His dust and his memory are all
that remain of one who for nearly half a century filled one
of the foremost places in the history of this county and city.
. . . He was uncommonly generous of the goods with
which fortune had endowed him. As instances of this spirit
may be mentioned that he donated to the Catholics an acre of
land, as the site of their present church ; also a tract of land
on Detroit Street, for a burial-ground ; likewise to the Baptist
church and the Garland Street Methodist Episcopal church
the lots now occupied by those societies respectively ; and not
long since a lot, valued at five hundred dollars, for the benefit
of the new Episcopal church. He was a man of remarkable
kindness of heart, amounting to almost womanly tenderness
on witnessing distress; of the highest integrity of character,
and of broad literary culture, with a great love for books.
He was a religious man, though not a professor of religion in
any denomination."

Mr. Payne was, at the time of his death, one of the oldest
members "of the Masonic Fraternity in the State, having
become a Mason in Detroit, in 1818, in what was then known
as Zion Lodge, No. 02, of the Territory of Michigan. When
Washington Chapter, No. 15, was instituted at Flint, he was
one of its charter members, and its first King. Subsequently
he received the orders of the Red Cross, Knights Templar,
and Knigbtsof Malta. He wasalsooneof theoriginal.and the
last surviving member of the Mechanics' Institute of Detroit.

FLINT CITY.

141

" It would be impossible in the limits of this sketch to
note all the teachers whose faithful labors have douc so
uuich to lay the foundation upon which the reputation of
our schools is bein^ built; but wc cannot forj^ct the patriot
scholar, Capt. Simeon C. Guild, who, at the call of his
country in the hour of her peril, left the charge of his
school for the tented Held, where he gave his last and
noblest lesson, that of chivalnjus devotion to his country,
when he laid his young life, so full of the promise of fu-
ture usefulness and renown, upon her altar, falling a victim
in the afi'air at Fort Wagner, where ' soniebndy blundered.'

" From the length of the period that he labured here,
nine years (from 1805 to 1874), as well as by his ability
and peculiar adaptation to the work before him, — that of
organization and drill, — no one has done more for our
schools than Prof. Z. Truesdel.

" April 3, 1809, is a most important date in the educa-
tional history of IMichigan, and worthy a centennial re-
membrance, as being the day when No. 116 of the acts of
the Legislature for that year, by virtue of which rate-bills
were finally abolished and the free public school really es-
tablished, was approved by the Governor and became the
law of the State.

'' This event gave new vitality to the cause of education,
which, together with the constant growth in population and
weiillh, soon placed this school on a much higher plane
than it occupied before the division, and the overcrowded
school-house ag.dn brought up the ever-recurring question
as to how the want could be best supplied.

" Before noting the solution of that problem, we will
call attention to the colonists who went out in 1855.

" District No. 3, which contained the most territory and
largest number of scholars, with the least taxable property,
proceeded to erect a brick house on Oak Street, in the
Third Ward. This house, which is a two-story building,
neither commodious nor elegant, originally contained two
school rooms and a small recitation-room, and has since
been enlarged by a two-story addition with a school-room
on each floor. The location is a beautiful one, in a grove
of primitive oaks, at one of the most prominent points in
the city ; but it is to be regretted that more land was not
obtained at a time when it could have been done at a
moderate expense.

" In the absence of any records, we can only say that able
and faithful teachers labored here, and did their jiart in
advancing the great work of education.

" District No. 4, which contained the least territory, with
the smallest number of scholars, and a larger proportion of
taxable property, instead of building, purchased an unfin-
ished dwelling-house on Grand Traverse Street, known as
the IJIades Hou-sc, and, fitting it up as an apology for a
school-house, kept up a school here for several years. It
was not a very successful educational enterprise, and an
effort was made in 18G1, by petition to the board of school
inspectors, to have it united with No. 3, but, being oppo.sed
by a remonstrance, the inspectois declined to act, referring
the subject to the voters of the Third and Fourth Districts
at their annual meeting; and in ISli!!, there being a de-
cided expression of public sentiment in favor of the meas-
ure, and the formal con.'^eiit of the district officers in writing'

having been obtained, the measure was effected. The dem-
ocratic principle of free public schools seems to have been
but dimly recognized in this enterprise, for we find that in
a remonstrance against abandoning the ' Blades House'
and substituting the city-hall building, a measure de-
manded for the accommodation of more pupils, it wa.s
claimed that, as they had escaped the burden of a school-
tax in a great measure in the jiast, imnuinity should be
continued as a vested right in the i'ulure.

" Notwithstanding the decided expression in favor of dis-
union in 1855, it was soon found by experience that the
panacea had not yet been found. The evils of i.solated and
divided action soon became apparent ; and while other
cities and villages were sustaining their prosperous union
graded schools, which were giving them credit and re-
nown, it became evident that Flint was falling into the
background. A general sentiment had grown up that
something more must be done for education, and in 1807
Districts Nos. 1 and 3 were reunited, under the title of
' Union School District of the City of Flint,' by the act of
the Legislature, approved March [), 1807.

"The school was reorganized under this act, with the fol-
lowing board of tru.stees, after the annual meeting, viz.:
Levi Walker, President; William L. Smith, Secretary;
George R. Gold, Treasurer; I'aul II. Stewart, Sumner
Howard, and Daniel Clarke. The reunion made the neces-
sity for further accommodations more urgent; and, as the
best temporary relief which could be obtained, the unfinished
building on the corner of Saginaw and Third Streets, known
as the city-hall building, was leased of the city for a
noniiiKil sum, and fitted up at an expense of about SJOOtl,
for the accommodation of the high-school. This house
continued to be used for this purpose until the completion
of the new high-school building. After this time a male
principal was employed in addition to the superintendent, —
Mr. S. II. Winchcl being the first to occupy that position.

" The trustees' report at the annual meeting, 1870, shows
the employing of two male and thirteen female teachers.
Whole number enrolled in the district between the ages of
five and twenty, 1269; whole number attending school,
1157, of whom 150 were non-residents.

" By an act of the Legislature, apjiroved March 18, 1871,
amending the charter of the city ol' Flint, the School Dis-
trict No. 1, of the town of Flint, was annexed to the city
as the Fourth Ward ; and, by the consent of both parties,
became merged in Union School District, its property being
transferred and its liabilities assumed.

" A brief sketch of this school will illustrate the rise
and progress of schools in a new country, and verifies the
old adage that ' where there is a will, there is a way.' The
territory now comprising the Fourth Ward, for some years
after the settlement of Flint, was mostly occupied by a
dense growth of pine, forming a most striking feature in
the land.seape, and giving the new-comer the impression
that he had at last reached the border of that vast j)ine
forest of Northern Michigan, of which he had heard so
much. After the establishment of the State Institution
for the Ivlucation of the Djaf and Dumb and the Blind
in this vicinity, this pinery was exterminated and a village
]ilalteil, and, being connected with the business portion of

li-2

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUxNTY, MICHIGAN.

the 'city by a new bridijo, a settlement commenced. As
tlie nearest district scluiol-liouse was at an inconvenient
distance, tlie need of another was soon felt, and April I),
1859, this fcnitofy was set off as District No. 1 of the
town of Flint, and soon after organized by a meeting at
the house of G. F. Hood, Esq., at whicli time it was
reported that all the ((ualified voters in the district, to the
number of twenty-one, including one female, had been
notified. The following officers were elected, viz. : D.
^IcKerchcr, Moderator; II. G. Beach, Director, and II.
W. Whitney, Assessor. At a special meeting, held Ajiril
2Sth, on motion of G. F. Hood, it was voted that the
board iiavc power to purchase materials and put up a suit-
able shanty for a school to be kept in ; said shanty to be
18 by 28 feet. This shanty was built upon the site occu-
pied by the present house, at a cost, including furniture, of
about $140. It did good service, being used eleven years,
and then, after the completion of the new house, was sold
at auction for §33. At the annual meeting in 18G7, the
number of scholars having incrca.scd to 100, the shanty
had become too small, and the necessity for a new house
being felt, it was resolved to raise $1000 by tax and §3000
by loan for that purpose. A plan submitted by P. Cleve-
land, Esq., of Flint, was adopted, and the present house
was built. This is a two-story brick building, surmounted
with a belfry, and furnishing a spacious school-room on
each story. The burden of building did not prevent the
liberal support of the school, for we find that at the ne.tt
annual meeting, in 18G8, on motion of G. L. Walker, Esq.,
it was resolved, by a vote of 28 to 8, that $2 per scholar
be raised by tax for the support of the school, amounting
to $2G2.

" In 1869 a graded school was established and a board of
six trustees was elected, viz. : L. P. Andrews, G. L. Walker,
G. Stanard, J. Williams, 0. Maltby, and J. Haver.

" The reported state of the finances at this time was ' an
empty treasury, rate-bills abolished by law, and teachers un-
paid.' However, these difficulties were overcome, a male
teacher, Mr. C. Donel.son, was employed, and, in the absence
of further records, we can only say that this school continued
to flourish until absorbed into the ' union school of the city,'
in 1871, and will now compare favorably with any other
school of its grade in the city.

•' We learn from the records of the board of school in-
spectors of the town of Flint that School District No. 2,
embracing the present First Ward of the city, was formed
March 8, IS^.). In the following year a brick .school-
house was built on Detroit Street, at present occupied by
Jlr. A. Ilurd as a dwclling-honse. This is noted not only
as being the oldest school-house extant, but as being the
first brick building erected in our city. The early records
of this district are lost, or inaccessible. It seems not to
have been very prosperous, or to have soon fallen into decay,
judging from the remarks of the director, II. W^. Wood,
Esq., at the dedication of the new house, Dec. G, 185S.
These remarks we quote, not only as giving a most graphic
]iicture of the slough into whicli educational interests had
fallen, but also, and more especially, as showing what can
be accomplished by indomitable energy, under the most
adverse circumstancs.

" Mr. Wood says : ' Having always been deeply impressed
with the great importance of good schools, and the proper
training and education of tlie rising generation, it was with
deep feelings of mortification that the undersigned, in com-
mon with many others in the Fir.st Ward, beheld the low
and ineflicient state and condition of the public education
in this ward during several years past. It was a source of
great annoyance to hear our ward and district spoken dis-
paragingly of by the inliabilantsof other and more favored
localities. On every side of us schools were in flourishing
and prosperous condition, and growing rapidly into impor-
tance ill the estimation of the people; and for some time it
was a question asked by some in this district, with great
solicitude, whether something could not be done to elevate
the character of our school. But there were many obstacles
in the way. There was no suitable building; the old brick
school-house on Detroit Street was in a dilapidated and ru-
inous cDtidilion. It was, in short, a stigma on the public
spirit of the ward, — a by-word and a reproach. It was lo-
cated on a plat of ground inaccessible and inconvenient ;
and it was found that before anything effectual could be
done to advance the cause of education among us, a large
sum of money must be expended in purchasing grounds and
erecting suitable buildings. This necessity has been appre-
ciated for several years by almost every one of intelligence
in the di.striet. But to this step there was manifestly at
first a spirit of opposition, based, as many thought, on teiniljle
grounds, but, as others thought, without any just foundation.
The financial crisis of 18.^7 was just coming upon us. Prop-
erty was depreciated, and general terror and alarm pervaded
every mind ; and under such a state of things it was almost
preposterous to hope that anything could be done. Yet it
was determined to make an effort and succeed, or else dis-
pense with the miserable apology for a school which at that
time pretended to exist. Accordingly, at the annual meet-
ing in 1857, the project was started, generally discussed, and
those in its fiivor were highly gratified that more were with
them than they expected. After the discussion, various
plans were submitted, ranging from a few dollars of repairs
upon the old house to the building of one larger, more elegant
and commodious, convenient and expensive. A committee of
three intelligent gentlemen was appointed to investigate and
report .at a subsequent meeting a plan of operations. After
thorough investigation, the committee reported in favor of
a new school-house, recommended the purchase of the pres-
ent site, and the building of the present elegant and conve-
nient house which you see before you. To the gratification
of every one, the report of that committee was adopted, ami
§1000 were raised to aid the enterprise. The board were
authorized to purchase the site and let the job for building.
The job was let to good workmen and responsible parties,
and, as the result, you see before j'ou this noble structure,
which is alike an enduring monument to the generous and
high-minded public spirit of the patrons of .schools in this
part of the city. True, it has been an expensive enterprise
and the times have been hard. It has borne heavily upon
many of us. Yet we are proud of it ; we are glad the en-
terprise was gone into, and suceessfullj'. It is admitted by
all that we have the best house that has been built, for the
! amount of money, in this vicinity. And, as we have the

FLINT CITV.

143

best house in this county, your diroctoi', in takinp; leave of
tliis part of the subject, would earnestly recounuond to every
one to be united, cheerful, and zealous in niaintaiuing a
school worthy of your house, of yourselves, and to which
the rising generation, in after-years, may look with pride,
gratitude, and affection.'

" It is highly gratifying to find that this zeal in a good
cause did not spend itself in building the house, but went on
to establish and sustain a first-class school, including, not
only the ' higher English branches, but the classics and
sonic of the modern languages ;' su])plying also the ap-
pliances necessary for success, including maps, books of
referenee, and a library of miscellaneous books; and doing
this with alacrity, while heavily taxed for the expense in-
curred in building..

"At the annual meeting in 1859 a graded school was
organized under the act of the Legislature then recently
passed, and the following gentlemen were elected a board of
trustees, viz. : D. S. Freeman and D. S. Fox, fur one year ;
A. McFailan and 0. Adams, for two year.s; and F. II.
Kankin and II. W. Wood, for three years.

" In lStI5 valuable philosojiliical apjiaratus was bought,
and S2000 raised by tax to enlarge the new school-hou.se,
which had become inadefpiate to acccmimodate the increasing
ma.ss of jnipils.

" In 18U7 the enlarged house again became crowded,
and another, known as the ' IJraneh House,' was built on
Second Street, at^tlie corner of Lyon Street. This, which
is a one-story wooden structure, surmounted by a belfry,
contains two commodious rooms, used for the primary de-
partment.

" The following-named gentlemen have had charge of the
schools in this district for periods of greater or less length
since the renovation, viz. : Messrs. II. G. Jones, E. M.
Jlason, W. Tennant, S. B. Kingsbury, T. M. Wells, and
F. JI. Hamilton. The list of female teachers who have
done faithful work in this field, the full value of which can
never be apjjreciated, is too long for rehearsal here.

"The movement which had been inaugurated in the
'llnioD School District,' on the .south side of the river, for
building a ni'W house attracted the attention of education-
ists ill this ward ; and, at a .special meeting of the qualified
voters, held Nov. 10, 1871, a ]preanil)le and rescjlutiuns were
adopted in favor of union, on certain conditions. These
conditions being a.s.sented to, after further conference, the
consolidation of the four ward.s of the city in one selioul
district wits effected by an act of the Legislature, ajiproved
Jlarch 28, 1872.

" Thus this prosperous school, in the full tide of its success,
became merged in that grand enterprise which has brought
all our schools into one organization, in which relation we
trust the good record of the past will be amply sustained.

'• Each increment of the ' Union School District' rendered
the call for a new house more urgent, the temporary re-
lief obtained by oecupyiiig the ' cily-liall building' having
been outgrown by tlie rapid increase of our growing city.
And, accordingly, we find that at the annual meeting, lield
Sept. 2, 1871, the board of tnisleis in their rejiort, after
noting the highly prosperous c<in(lition of the school, and
its favorable standing among the other schools of like irradc

in the State, most strongly urged the ab.solute necessity for
enlarged accommodations; and, at the same meeting, reso-
lutions were adopted that a site be procured, and plans and
estimates obtained for a new building. A tax of S.jllOO
was voted for purchasing a site, and the issuing of bonds to
the amount of $20,000 (all the law allowed) authorized.
A series of adjourned meetings were held, at which the
proposition of District No. 2 for union was favorably re-
ceived, $55,000 were added to tlie amount of bonds author-
ized, jiermission having been obtained by legislative action ;
and, several attempts having been made to fix upon a site
by vote of the tax-payers, that subject was referred to the
board of trustees, who, having no better success, left the de-
cision of the question to a committee consisting of Presi-
dent Angcll, of the State University ; Prof. Estabrook, of
the State Normal School ; and Hon. M. E. Crofoot, of
Pontiac. This committee, after viewing the premises, ex-
pressed their jireference for the ' Pierson Block,' in the
Second Ward, as the most eligible ; but, ' in view of better
reconciling all parties,' recommended the adoption of the
' Lamond Block,' in the Third Ward, — the site now occupied
by the high-school building. Their award was acceded
to by the board, and subsequently ado]ited by the tax-pay-
ers, who, in view of the fact that the owners of the property
declined to sell on what was deemed rea.sonable terms, di-
rected that legal measures should be taken to obtain it.

" The south four lots of that portion of the block now
occupied were thus obtained, by an award of a jury, at a
cost of S3500 ; and the north four lots were subsequently
obtained by negotiation at a cost of $10,000; making the
expense of the eight lots, including the expenses of litiga-
tion and back taxes, $10,000.

" While negotiations were going on to secure a site,
efforts were also being made to procure plans and estimates.
Committees were appointed to visit and in.-peet other school-
houses, and to investigate materials and methods of heat-
ing and ventilation.

" The final result was that, after djeitling upon the size,
ground-]ilaii, and general arrangement of the building, the
subject was referred to Purtor & Watkins, architects, who
subsccpieiitly submitted a draft, with jilans and s])ecitica-
tions of the building, which has since been erected ; and
which, we trust, will long stand as a graceful monunieMt uf
the skill and taste of the architects, and of the faithful
labors of the contractor and all engaged in its construc-
tion.

" Proposals having been advertised and received, the
contract was awarded to Reuben Van Tifflin, Esq., June
It;, 187:i, at SG8,000, to be completed July 1, 1875 ; which
contract was faithfully fulfilled, to the entire satisfaction of
the board of trustees, as expressed in a well-deserved reso-
lution of commendation unanimously adopted. The whole
amount paid the contractor, as appears from the ])rinted
schedule of the secretary for 1875, was $77,:?77.G2. This
excess includes the expense of various changes and addi-
tions, ordered or approved by the tax-payers: as the build-
ing of a boiler-house, it being designed in the original jilan
to J)lace the boilers in the basement; the substitution of
artificial stone for window-caps, in place of galvanized iron ;
the tuek-piiiiiting of the whole building ; besides the con-

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

struction of out-houscs, two large cisterns, with the neces-
sary conduits, and otlier matters of less note.

" The heating apparatus, which combines the direct with
the indirect radiation, by the use of steam, was furnished
and put in by Crane Bros., of Chicago, on contract, at
St>G74. The test tiuis far has been highly satisfactory,
bolli as to the plan and the workmanship.

" Tiis desks and seats for the pupils, which are substan-
tial, elegant, and convenient, were furnished by the School
Furniture Company, Sterling, III., at a cost of §1678.50.
The teachers' desks were furnished by W. B. Colson, of
Flint, and are a practical demonstration of the skill of our
mechanics.

" The bell, which weighs 2000 pounds, was furnished
by Meneeley & Kimberley, for $304.20 ; and the clock,
which is a beautiful piece of mechanism, and tcstities its
own accuracy, by the ' Howard Clock Company,' of Bos-
ton, for $650.

" The public are indebted for the judicious selection of
these valuable and indispensable adjuncts to the skill and
good taste of Wm. Stevenson, Esq., to whom that duty
was assigned by the board.

"Valuable philosophical apparatus has been provided,
but the cheuiical needs large additions. The same may be
said of the library, which contains many valuable books,
but is very far from being such as the wants of the school
demand. A cabinet of natural history, illustrating all
departments, received in trust from the ' Flint Scientific
Institute,' is invaluable for purposes of instruction, and
ibrnis the nucleus of a collect ion which, we trust, the
alumni of Flint High-School will be proud to foster and
enlarge.

" No serious accident occurred to any of the workmen
engaged in the construction of the building, but the build-
ing itself had a narrow escape from destruction by fire
which originated from the culpable carcltssncss of the men
employed to put in the heating apparatus, and, but for
timely discovery by some young men returning from a late
party, and their sagacious management, the whole structure
would soon have been a mass of ruins.

" But the saddest event, and one which gave a grievous
shock to hi,s colleagues and threw a gloom over the whole
community, was the death of Hon. Levi Walker, which
took place April 25, 1874, at Lansing, where he was en-
gaged, with his accustomed energy and fidelity, in discharg-
ing the duties of a representative in the State Legislature.
3Ir. Walker had been connected with our schools, in thtir
various phases of organization, for twenty years, and by
his generous culture, his unfaltering interest, sound judg-
ment, legal experience, and conservative independence, ren-
dered invaluable service at many a critical juncture, and
in his death left a worthy record and an irreparable loss
behind.

" The Flint High-School building stands on the west side
of Beach Street, about seventy rods south of the ' Thayer
House.' It is a substantial structure of brick, stone, and
iron, and is much admired for its artistic design and adapta-
tion to the purposes of its construction. It is three stories
high above the basement, the gable-point of the front being
eighty feet above the basement floor. The rear of the

main building corresponds with the front, but the ends are
finished with man.sard roof, surmounted with crest-railings,
and the whole building is covered with corrugated iron.
The walls above the basement are of white brick, tuck-
pointed with dark slate, the window-sills and trimmings
being of Berea sandstone, while the water-tables, steps, etc.,
are of Ohio blue freestone, and the window-caps of llan.som
artificial stone. The building is 102 feet in length from
north to south, by 92 in width. The tower at the north-
east corner is 26 by 26 feet at the base, and 128 feet in
height to the globe which caps the cupola. This tower
contains a broad stairway leading to the second and third
stories, while above, an elegant and veracious clock notes
with exemplary accuracy the passing hours, and a fine-toned
bell, in sonorous pculs, announces their departure. There
is a dwarf tower on the southe;ist corner, on the first floor
of which is the superintendent's office, on the second the
library, and on the third the zoological cabinet. Two ven-
tilating shafts, which stand at the juncture of the cross
walls with the rear wall, rise conspicuously above the build-
ing, and are capped with galvanized iron. The smoke-
pipes passing through them impart heat to the air in these
shafts, and, thus creating an upward current, secure ventila-
tion. A hall extends the whole length of the building,
with entrances at the ends for the pupils, — that on the south
being used by the girls, and that on the north by the boys.
On the west side of this hall a stairway, ascending from the
north, gives access for the boys to the second story ; while
the girls reach the same floor by another stairway in a trans-
verse hall, which extends from the south part of the long
hall to the vestibule of a front door, near the dwarf tower.
Through this vestibule access is had to the superintendent's
office. T'lis stairway extends to the third story. Another
transverse hall, from the north part of the long hall, con-
nects with the vestibule of the main tower. In the base-
ment there are two rooms on the front, used for the primary
department, so constructed with folding- and sliding-doors
that they can be thrown into one ; there are two other com-
modious rooms at the rear corners, which can be used for
school-rooms, while the centre is used as a coil-room, in
heating and ventilating. On the first floor there are five
school-rooms,— three on the west side of this long hall, of
which the centre one is 34 by 40 feet, while the others on
each side are 32 by 40. Each of these rooms has two
doors opening into the long hall. On the opposite side
there are two rooms adjoining, each 22 by 33 feet, now
u.sed as recitation-rooms. At each end of the long hall on
this side there is a wardrobe 14 by 15 feet, nicely arranged
for the purposes designed. On the second floor the number
and arrangement of the rooms is the same. In the third
story, the whole rear of the building is occupied by a large
hall, 56 by 09 feet, 18 feet in height, with four fluted iron
columns, which rest on the cross walls and support the
structure above. A convenient stage on the east side is
connected with lobbies in the rear. This hall, which is fur-
nished with tasty and substantial movable seats, from the
Northville Furniture Company, will seat 1000. On the
front, on this floor, there is a room 20 by 28 feet, used as a
laboratory and lecture-room, having an ample platform in
the rear, with a convenient room on either side for philo-

GRANT DECKER.

As a pioneer of the city of Flint, Mr. Decker is
entitled to special mention ; as a business man, he
was among the early merchants and lumbermen ; in
the church he was one of the founders of St. Paul's
Episcopal church ; upon the organization of the city
of Flint, he was chosen its first mayor.

Mr. Decker was formerly from New Jersey, his
ancestors locating in the village of Deckertown be-
fore the Revolution. There he was born, February
4, 1814.

In 1824 his father moved to Western New York,
where Mr. Decker was reared to manhood. In 1838
he was married to Miss Elizabeth Stevens.

In 1839 he came to Flint, and enguged in the
mercantile and lumbering business with two of his
brothers-in-law, A. C. and Sherman Stevens. This
firm bontinued a few years when it was dissolved,
and Mr. Decker continued in business alone or with
other partners. Since that time he, with Artemas
Thayer, built a large flouring-mill, which was sub-
sequently destroyed by fire. Mr. Decker has been

particularly unfortunate from fires ; eight times has
he suffered serious loss by this element, and although
the aggregate of his loss has been many thousand
dollars, he has always paid one hundred cents on
the dollar, and at this time is carrying on an exten-
sive manufacturing business with his son-in-law, H.
C. Hascall.

Mr. Decker's first wife died in 1844. He
was again married, to Mrs. Julia I. Clark, formerly
Miss Julia I. Fenton. He has reared a family
of six children, — five daughters and one son. The
son enlisted in the 5th Michigan Cavalry and
served in the war of the Rel)ellion ; was taken
prisoner at Gettysburg, and died in Andersonville
prison.

On all questions of morality or Christianity, Mr.
Decker has ever thrown his influence upon the side
of right and justice. He was vestryman of St.
Paul's church, of Flint, more than thirty years, and
has served for many years and to the present time
as senior warden of that organization.

FLINT CITV,

145

sopliical and chemical apparatus. Adjoining tliis, on the
south, is another room 10 by 20 feet, which, tof;cther with
the upper room of tiie dwarf tower, and a small room ad-
joining, are used for the cabinet of natural history. Tiie
building is lighted with gas, and warmed by steam, with
direct and indirect radiation. The steam from tlie boiler-
room being conducted through the coils in the coil-rooms,
heats a current of fresh air which, passing through the flues
in the walls, is admitted by registers into the several rooms
where needed, while the vitiated air passes into the venti-
lating shafts. To secure mure heat when needed, steam
coils are placed in the several apartments where roijuired,
thus giving direct radiation.

" The building having been completed, was dedicated July
13, 1875, on which occasion a highly interesting and in-
structive address was delivered by Hon. Duune Doty, of
Detroit.

" Aug. 30, 1875, the school wa.s opened in its several de-
partments, under charge of Prof. Crissoy, assisted by an
able corps of teachers, and is now in full tide of successful
operation ; and we trust that the good work so auspiciously
begun will go on until the Flint schools shall become
potent in aiding to build that foundation of education and
morality which alone will form a stable basis fur free insti-
tutions."

The foregoing sketch, in quotation, was written by Daniel
Clarke, M.D., early in 1876. Since then the act of or-
ganization of the school district has been twice amended.
The limits of the district now are the same as those of the
city, and trustees are elected by ballot at the .same time as
the mayor and other city officers, — the first Monday in
April. The district is divided into three sub-districts, and
one trustee is elected in each for a term of three years.

The schools have been, and still are, progressing success-
fully. A cla.ss of eight graduated from the high school at
the close of the school year 1873-70. In 1877 the grad-
uates numbered fourteen ; in 1878 ihere were twent^'-one.

The high-school is organized with four courses of study,
as follows :

Classical course. — First year: first half, Latin, Algebra,
Physiology, Heading, Spelling, Penmanship ; second half,
Latin, Algebra, Pliy>ical Geography, Reading, Spelling,
Penmanship. Second year : first half, Latin, Rhetoric,
United States History, and Arithmetic; .second half, Latin,
General History, Arithmetic. Third year : first half, Jjatin,
Greek, Algebra; second half, Latin, Greek, Geometry.
I''ourt!i year: first half, Latin, Greek, Algebra; second
half, liatin, Greek, Geometry.

Latin course. — This course differs from the classical
only in having French or German in the place of (Jreck.
French is rccjuired in this cour.se and in the scientific fur
admi.-ision to the University.

Eiijlisk course. — First year: first lialf, English Gram-
mar, Algebra, Physiology, Reading, Spelling, Penmanship ;
second half. Analysis and Composition, Algebra, Physical
Geograiihy, Reading, Spelling, Penmanship. Second year:
first h.4ll'. Zoology, United States lli.story, and Science of
Govcrn.iient, Uookkceping, and Arithmetic; .second half.
Botany. General History, Arithmetic. Third year: first
half, General History, Chemistry, Algebra; second half,
19

Natural Philosophy, Geology, Geometry. Fourth year :
first half. Rhetoric, Political F^conomy, Algebra; second
half, English Literature, Astronomy, Geometry.

Scienlijic course. — First and second years, same as Eng-
lish course. Third year : first half. General History, French
or German, Algebra ; second half. Natural Philosophy,
French or German, Geometry. Fourth year: first half,
Rhetoric, French or German, Algebra ; second half, English
Literature, French or German, Geometry.

Composition and elocutionary exercises throughout the
several courses.

The first of these prepares students for the classical
course in the University of Michigan, the .second for the
Latin and scientific, the third for the scientific and engi-
neering course (requiring, however, the addition of one
year's work in Latin), and the fourth fur the uowly-arrangcd
iMiglish literary course.

This is one of the high-schools of the State from which
students have been for several years admitted to the Uni-
versity (^Freshman class) upon their diplomas, if recom-
mended.

It should not, however, be supposed that the main aim
of the school is to prepare students for the University.
The number sent to that institution is necessarily small in
comparison with the entire number graduated, and it is the
purpose so to direct the work of the school that its benefits
shall be of practical value to those whose student-life ter-
minates hero, as well as to those who go to higher insti-
tutions of learning.

For the former cla.ss, the scientific and English courses
are believed to be especially suitable.

The lower departments of the schools are in a flourishing
condition, being under the instruction of able and success-
ful teachers, and being equally with the high school objects
of especial care.

The primary department in the several buildings in-
cludes the first four grades or years of school-work, the
grammar department the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth
years or grades, bringing pupils to the high school.

The high-school, the eighth and seventh grades, and
jiart of the sixth grade are accommodated in the central
building, as are also 125 pupils of primary grades. Five
other buildings, located in different parts of the city, furnish
accommodations fur the other grades.

In the grammar department, arithmetic, account-keeping,
English grammar, and composition, geography, United
States history, reading, spelling, penmanship, and elemen-
tary drawing are carefully taught.

The following items show the census and the enrollment
and attendance in all the schools of the city fur the year
ending June 21, 1878:

Number in district l>etwccn 5 iiinl 20 years did 2441

Nuinljer enrdlk'd in the seliools 18;i7

Averiij^e liulliliur liclotif^ing 12SH.8

Averii^e daily iilteiulanee. IIS2.1

IV-rei'iit. ul' iittkMidanju on iiveriij^o luilul^er belonging. yi.7

Perfict attendance is encouraged by the publication
quarterly (at end of every ten school-weeks) of a roll of
honor, showing the names of pupils perfect in attendance.
Two pupils succeeded in keeping a perfectly clean record,
being neither absent nor late, fur three years ending June 21,

14C

HISTORY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

1878. Five others were similarly perfect for two years end-
ing at the same. time, ami twenty-seven others for one year.

A growing library of about l-tllO well-selected volumes,
and a valuable museum, constitutes part of the material of
the high- and grammar-schools.

The schools have quite a large non-resident attendance,
drawn principally from the populous and wealthy county in
which Flint is situated, though some pupils come from
other counties and even from other States. As many as
lOG non-residents have already (April, 1879) entered the
schools during the present school-year. The receipts for
tuition of non-residents bid fair to be larger than in any
preceding year.

The teachers are as follows : Superintendent, T. W.
Cris.soy, teacher of Political Economy, English Literature,
and Elocution, and instructor of teachers' cla.ss.

Hi'gh-School. — Mr. Louis K. Webb, Principal, Higher
Mathematics, Chemistry, Zoology, etc. ; IMiss Angle C.
Chapin, Latin and Greek ; Miss Lizzie H. Tindell, Modein
Languages, Rhetoric, History, Botany, etc.; Miss Rosa M.
Muir, general work of first year.

Grmnmar Drpurtinnitt, Cuati-al Biiihliiig. — Room C,
Miss Kate E. MeNamara ; Roim D, Miss J]mily E. West ;
Room E, Mi.ss Alta L. Brotherton ; Room F, Miss Sarah
M. Newton ; Room 4 (recitation), Miss Eva Curtis ; Room 5
(recitation), Miss Maggie O'Donoughue.

Primary Rooms, Cailrul Biulding. — Room G, Mrs. C.
G. Chaffee ; Room H, Miss Ilattie A. Douglas.

First Ward {Main') Bid/diiiq. — Room A, JMiss Addie
J. De Lano ; Room B, Miss Ilattie C. Carey ; Room C,
Miss Emma Curtis; Room D, Miss Ida M. Zimmerman;
Koom E, Mi.ss De Ette M. Kline.

First Ward (Branch) Building. — -Room A, Miss Frank
H. Foster ; Room B, Miss Carrie J. Baker.

Second Ward Building. — Room A, JMiss Lydia I.
Davis; Room B, Miss Sara A. Canfield ; Room C, Mi.ss
Eliza A. Judd ; Room D, Miss Gertrude F. Bchee ; Room
E, Miss Emma L. Earle.

Third Ward Bnildiiig. — Room A, Miss Mary E. Dun-
bar; Room B, Miss Clara E. Hall; Room C, Mi.ss Laura
A. Buck; Room D, Mi.ss Nellie J. Rogers.

Fourth Ward Building. — Room A, Miss Eliza Rey-
nolds; Room B, Miss 3Iary I. Andrews; Room C, Miss
Lurana Beecher; Room D, Miss Jennie M. Phelps.

Mrs. A. F. Burrows, teacher of Penmanship, Drawing,
and Account-Keeping; also Librarian. Mr. Henry W.
Fairbank, teacher of Vocal Music.

The following gentlemen constitute the present board of
school trustees: S. C. Randall, President; H. R. Lovell,
Secretary ; Charles S. Brown, Treasurer. Trustees of First
Ward: C. A. Mason, Robert W. Dullam, William Steven-
son. Trustees of Second Ward : Daniel Clark, M.D.,
Charles S. Brown, Henry R. Lovell. Trustees of Third
and Fourth Wards : Oscar Adams, George L. Walker,
Henry C. Walker.

ST.VTE INSTITUTION FOR EDUCATING THE DE.VF, DUJIB,
AND THE BLIXD.

The citizens of Flint feel a laudable pride in the fact
that one of the chief State iustitutions is located here, and

has for its object the education of the deaf, the dumb, and
the blind. To Hon. E. II. Thomscm belongs the honor
of introducing, in 1848, the act which resulted in the es-
tablishment of this public charity, — the Legislature having
Voted favorably upon it, and subsequently taken such
measures as resulted in the accomplishment of its objects.

The first board of trustees eompri.sed the following gen-
tlemen : Hon. Elon Farnsworth, o.\-Chancellorof the State,
of Wayne ; Gen. Charles C. Hascall, of Gene.see ; Hon.
Charles H. Taylor, of Kent; Hon. Charles E. Stewart, of
Kalamazoo; and Hon. John P. Cook, of Hillsdale.

The board, after having received and examined proposals
from various quarters for the location of the buildings,
finally decided upon Flint as the most eligible.

A warranty-deed of 20 acres of ground having been
donated to the trustees for a site for the erection of build-
ings by Col. T. B. W. Stockton, Dec. 10, 1849, and $3000
subscribed by the citizens, Charles II. Palmer was, in De-
cember, IS.^0, instituted as principal, but his services were
to be gratuitous until the institution went into active oper-
ation. Meanwhile Mr. Hascall, of the board of trustees,
was engaged in inqirovemcnts upon the grounds selected,
and Mr. Farnsworth was deputized to visit other institu-
tions of a similar character for plans and arrangement of
buildings.

In 1857 the Legislature amended the act of 1848 so
that the institution .should be entirely independent of the
Kalamazoo Insane A.sylum, — the two having been up to
that time in charge of the same board. Under the amended
act each was to be governed by a board of three trustees
appointed by the Governor. The first board for the Flint
institution consisted of James B. Walker, of Flint, Benja-
min Pierson, and John Le Roy. A vacant building was
rented for the purpose in Flint, and the education of the
deaf, dumb, and the blind begun.

B. M. Fay was chosen principal, and organized the school
work proper in 1857. Jlr. W'alk'U- was chosen building
commissioner, and authorized to visit New York and study
the plans upon which the deaf-mute institution of that
State was constructed. He was accompanied by Mr. Fay,
and the pre.sent cluster of five buildings are substantially
the same as the plans adopted by the board.

The portion of the building originally constructed has
.since been diverted from its first use, other structures
having been erected which were found better adapted to
the wants of the institution. The first story is used for
the library, office of steward, music- and recitation-rooms.
The second story has sis recitation-rooms for the deaf-
mutes and two for the blind. The third floor, recently
used for shoe-shops, etc., has been converted into dormito-
ries. Its basement is now used as a store-room for provis-
ions, a basket-shop for the blind, and sleeping-rooms for
domestics.

North of the school wing is the chapel building, the two
being connected by a covered archway. The basement of
this building is used as a kitchen, bakery, and store-rooms,
and the first floor as a dining-room for the pupils. On the
second floor is the chapel, in which the pupils meet for
religious and other exercises, and which is appropriately
planned and furnished for that purpose.

FLINT CITY.

147

Separated from the chapel buildinj; by open courts and
ciiiiaectc'd with it by covered passaj:e-Wii3-s arc two build-
ing's, tailed respectively the boys' and -lirls' winj;. Ivunniiit;
across the rear of eaeii wing is a hall ten feet wide in each
story, and opening from the hall of each lower story is a
large outside door. The basements of the wings arc used
ibr wardrobes, wash-rooms and batli-roonis. Each pu])il
has a wardrobe of his own, or a wooden ease in which to
keep liis clothing, and the metallic bath-tubs, with which
the bath-rooms are ]ileiitifully furnished, are each supplied
with warm and cold water. The soccjnd floors ol' the wings
are used for the sitting-rooms of the boys and girls respect-
ively, where they prepare for their recitations, or spend
tiieir spare time in reading or amusements. The part of
the floor .set off for the blind is also used for their recitation-
rooms. The second stor^' of the girls' wing is u.sed for the
girls' sleeping-apartments, hosjiital, and .sewing-room. The
second story of the boys' wing is similarly divided for the
boys, and has also a dormitory for the blind. The third
story of each wing is used for dormitories and for sleeping-
rooms of the attendants who have charge of the ]iupils
when not in school.

An upright building five stories high, with two wings,
each four stories high, including basement, comprise what
is known as the main or front building. Connecting this
with the boys' and girls' wings of the edifice and with the
chapel is a large hall leading from the nrairi corridors. The
basement is devoted to the teachers' dining-rooms, bath-
rooms, etc.

On the first floor are the principal's oflSec, parlor, recep-
tion- and sitting-rooms; the second flijor being devoted to
ihe matron and her assistants, a spacious sewing-room, and
several guest chambers. The third and fourth stories are
mainly taken up with rooms for the teachers. There are
water-closets and sinks on each floor of each building at the
ends of the halls. Tiie water for their use and for the use
in the bath-rooms is supplied from iron tanks under the
roof, one for hot and the other for cold water.

In the rear of the buildings described, and at a short
distance from them, is a long, low building, used partly as
a boiler-house and partly for a w.ish-room, in which the
washing for tl:o institution is carried on by steam. An-
other part of the building contains the boilers, engines,
pumjis, hcating-a]ipuratus, etc. Originally, the buildings
were heated b}' driving a strong current of air through an
immense coil of steam-pipe, and through an underground
jiassage, by means of a powerful fan, but the method was
not a success, and they are now Jieatcd by direct radiation.
Instead of the fan and largo underground passage, steam is
now conveyed in iron pipes directly from the boilers to the
room to be heated, and by this means excellent ventilation
is also .secured. The subject of .sewerage has also received
much attention, and the method adopted is as nearly perfect
as any yet devised, and for this purpose the locatiou of the
buildings is very favorable.

The dimensions of the ground floor of the front and
school-buildings are the same, both being GO feet wide by
10(1 feet in length. The central building is .")0 feet wide by
1)0 feet lung, and the wings oil by SO feet each. This serii^s
of buildings have been occupied several yens, ih ingh not

yet completed. An elaborate portico, the foundation of which
is alrea<ly laid, will embelli.sh the front building, in accordance
with the original design, when it shall be found convenient
to expend more funds upun what might bo regarded as a
mere adornment.

In addition to tho.se already menlioned is a building
used as a cabinet-shop and liir other purposes, and also a
barn.

The approximate cost of the whole structure was about
§400,000.

I'nif IJ. iM. Fay was the first princijial, who, after a very
thorough organization of the school, resigned, in 1864, and
was succeeded by Egbert L. Bangs, who brought with him
new methods of teaching. Prof G. L. Brockett's .system
of instruction, by which deaf-mutes are taught to articulate,
was adopted with considerable success.

The system known as " Bell's Visible Speech"' was intro-
duced into the school in the fall of 187G by Miss Hattie
IMcGann, who is still teaching it with encouraging results.
Prof Bangs was succeeded in the principalship by Prof. J.
W. Parker, Sept. 1, 1S7G.

Tiie whole number now in attendance is 250, which is
22 more than ever were in actual attendance at any one
time in previ<ms years. The whole number enrolled during
the past year was 25G, and the highest attendance at any
one time 250. There have been already over GO applica-
tions for admission during the coming year, but as the
capacity of the institution is only 250, and only 12 of those
now in it will leave at the end of this year, it is evident
that many who are entitled to all the benefits it affords will
have to be turned away. Thus it happens that before the
group of new buildings which were to furnish accommoda-
tions to this class of the States wards for a generation at
least are actually completed they are filled to overflowing,
and at the present rate of increase it cannot be many years
before another group will be neecs.sary. The removal of
the blind to a separate institution of their own cannot be
much longer delayed, and yet that will afford only tempo-
rary relief to the deaf-mutes, who are already numerous
enough and ready to take their places.

An effort was made, through an act of Legislature, to
make instruction in printing, the manufacture of boots and
shoes, cabinet-making, and other trades obligatory. This
was finally successful in 1872, and the act was put into
practical operation in the institution soon after.

The 250 pupils now in attendance comprise 19 blind
girls, 21 blind boys, 92 deaf mute girls, and 110 deaf-mute
boys. Including the 40 girls who are given employment
in the sewing department, about two-fifths of the whole
number of pupils in the institution are employed at some
kind of manual labor or in learning some kind of trade, by
which it is hoped they can earn a livelihood after gradua-
tion. All the blind bo^-s except four work in the basket-
shop, the remaining four being in training for broom-makers.
,M1 the blind girls were taught needlework, and all the blind
females who show any ca]iacily for it are taught music, as
affording them possible employment as teachers in future.
It is, nKU'covcr, a stud3' for which their finely-cultivated
sense of hearing peculiarly fits them, — an advantage of
which they arc not wholly unconscious when brought iu

148

HISTORY OP GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

competition with pupils who can see. Of the deaf-niutes
18 arc employed in the shoe-shop, 15 in the cabinet-shop,
and 15 in the printing-oflBce, 5 of whom are girls. Some
of the pupils .sliow a remarkable aptitude for their respective
trades, and turn out manufactured articles which are really
models of skilled workmanship. Especially worthy of men-
tion are a handsomely-ornamented bos of different woods,
made by Charles Traver, and a library-table in the Prin-
cipal's office, made by James Hull.

As a general rule the pupils spend three hours a day in
the shops during the last four years of their course, spend-
ing three hours daily in the school-rooms during the same
years. In the first four years of the course they spend the
whole six in the school-rooms, so that though only about
two-fifths of the pupils arc learning trades at any one time,
j'ct about Ibur-fiftlis of the whole number receive that ad-
vantage before their term of eight years is completed. In
addition a few pupils work in the garden and aid on the
farm on Saturday forenoons.

The following list comprises the officers and teachers who
are at present filling positions in connection with the insti-
tution : Thos. Maclntire, Superintendent; Dan. H. Church,
Steward; Miss Emma A. Hall, Matron; Mi.ss L. Valeria
Abbott, First Assistant Matron ; Jlrs. M. E. Clarkson,
Second Assistant Matron ; Daniel Clarke, A.M., M.D.,
Attending Physician ; Chas. S. McBride, Boy.s' Super-
visor; Mrs. Sarah Jones, Girls' Attendant; Thos. L.
Brown, John J. Buchanan, Miss Carrie K. Standart, Miss
Phebe Wright, Willis Hubbard, Fred. A. Piatt, B.A.,
Miss Addie A. Hendershot, Miss Maggie T. Bennet, Miss
Kate E. Barry, Teachers of the Deaf and Dumb; Miss
Hattie E. JIcGann, Teacher of Visible Speech ; Mrs.
Sarah H. Brown, ISIiss Emma F. Knight, Sliss Jennie
Van Wormer (Instructor in Piano, Organ, and Vocal
Jlusic), Teachers of the Blind.

The following are the employees of the Industrial De-
partment : Edwin Barton, Foreman of the Cabinet-Shop;
Thomas Pago, Foreman of the Shoe-Shop ; Herman C.
Koeppner, Foreman of the Basket-Shop; Geo. H. Pond,
Foreman of the Printing-Office ; Thomas Stilson, Chief
Engineer and MachinLst ; Charles Selleck, Farmer.

The board of trustees are as follows: Hon. Chas. G.
Johnson, President; Hon. Almon L. Aldrich, Treasurer;
Hon. Jas. M. Neasmith, Secretary.

The total yearly expenditures of the institution, ending
with the 30th of September, 1878, were §43,579.85.

THE FLINT SCIENTIFIC I.VSTITUTE.

The following document formed the nucleus of " The
Flint Scientific Institute :"

*' We, the undersigned, desirous of improvement in scientific linowl-
cdge, and feeling the want of books which we cannot at present com-
mand, hereby agree to associate for the purpose of forming a library
upon the following basis, viz. : each subscriber shall be entitled to one
share for every five dollars which he shall pay into the funds of the
association, and each share shall entitle the holder to one votej pro-
vided, that no individual shall be entitled to more than five votes.
All the funds of the association shall be appropriated to procuring
scientific works."'

This agreement was signed by the following persons, each
agreeing to take one share of the joint stock : D. Clarke,

M. Miles, R. S. Ilutton, C. L. Avery, Wm. Stevenson, S.
E. Wilcox, F. H. Rankin, and A. B. Pratt.

At a meeting called at the office of F. H. Rankin, Feb.
8, 1853, under a warrant )s.sued by R. W. Jenny, J. P., a
society was organized, in accordance with chapter 53 of the
revised statutes of Michigan, by the adoption of a con.stitu-
tlon and code of by-laws, and the following officers were
elected: President, D. Clarke ; Secretary, F. II. Rankin ; Li-
brarian, M. Miles ; Treasurer, Wm. Stevenson. The object
of the society was more fully sot forth in the first article of
the constitution, which is as follows : " This society shall
be known as ' The Flint Scientific Institute.' Its objects
shall be to promote the study and investigation of the sev-
eral branches of .scientific knowledge, the establishment of
a library of scientific works, and a museum of natural his-
tory ; and its funds shall be devoted to the procuring of
such books, charts, and other matter as shall promote those
objects.' The objects were further elucidated in a paper
" On the importance of acquiring and extending scientific
knowledge," road by the president at the first quarterly
meeting, held April 6, 1853, which paper was by request
published in the (rcncsec Wlilg. At the same meeting a
vote of thanks was tendered to three senators and represen-
tatives in Congress fiom this State who presented the in-
stitute with books and other documents. At subsequent
meetings, acknowledgments were made to Hon. R. Mc-
Clelland, Hon. J. S. Conger, Hon. Z. Chandler, and others
from whom favors had been received, and especially to
Hon. D. C Loach, who laid the institute under deep obli-
gations by presenting the valuable reports of the Pacific
Railroad and the Mexican Boundary Surveys, the reports
and publications of the Smithsonian Institute, and other
public documents. In consideration of these especial obli-
gations, he was made an honoraiy member. In May, 1853,
a circular was issued calling jiublic attention to the objects
and needs of the institute, and soliciting aid in membership,
and donations of books, and also specimens of natural his-
tory to form a cabinet.

In response to this appeal, the following names were
added to the list of members : T. Newall, E. Dodge, II. R.
Pratt, J. N. Lake, M. Pratt, S. B. Cummings, G. Andrews,
D. Glendall, J. Guild, M. B. Beals, C. E. McAlcster, J.
Kelland, Wm. B. McCreery, Ch. Rankin, M. D. Seeley, J.
N. Burdick, H. ^Vilson, R. P. Aitkin, and Wm. Travis.

Many specimens were brought in by farmers and others,
and the members generally went to work with a will.

Some, who were occupied during business hours, brought
in valuable contributions as the result of their morning and
evening excursions with the gun or fishing-rod, and ob-
tained for their reward, in addition to the consciousness ot
aiding a worthy cause, improved health and renewed vigor.
The taxidermy was mostly done by Dr. M. Miles and J.
B. Clarke, and the numerous specimens of ornithology pre-
pared by them form a conspicuous portion of the cabinet
at the present time.

At a regular meeting, held April 12, 1854, a vote of
thanks was tendered the Hon. E. II. Thomson for valuable
donations, which obligations were subsequently frequently
renewed ; and also to Rev. Chas. Fox, Professor of Agricul-
ture in the State University, for the donation of a rain-gauge

FLINT CITY.

149

and other favors. At the nicctiii;; of July 2t;ili following,
Ills lauionted death was noticed in appreciative resolutions,
which were published in the " Farmer's Companion" and
the " Annals of Science."

At the .same meeting it was resolved to hold informal
meetings on Wednesday of each week, which the public
were invited to attend. Dr. Miles read an essay on "The
Distribution of Animals."

This was the inaugural of a series of public exercises con-
sisting of lectures, essays, and diseu.ssions, which were vig-
orously continued for many months. The fallowing quota-
tions from the record show the financial condition of the
institute in those days. Aug. 2, 1854, an assessment of
SI per share was voted to pay indebtedness; and at the
second annual meeting, held Jan. 8, 1855, the treasurer
reported a balance due him of §1.31.

In March, 1854, a course of twelve lectures having been
completed, a series of weekly informal meetings for the dis-
cussion of stated subjects was comnicnccd. The subject
of geography in all its relations was taken up ; the topic
being announced two weeks in advance, was di.scu.ssed after
the report of standing committees. The following report
of a committee appointed to classify the matter brought
under discu.ssion will best give evidence of the method pur-
sued :

1st. A committee on topography to report the location —
i.e., the latitude and longitude — of the country or district
under discus.sion ; its relations to other countries ; its general
contour and boundaries; its mountain chains, their direc-
tion, their absolute and relative heights ; its table-lands,
plains, and swamps ; its rivers, their sources, general direc-
tion, and outlet; its lakes and deserts; its principal political
divisions and important cities.

2d. Committee on Geology, to report on its geological
characteristics.

3d. A Committee on Mineralogy, to report what minerals
are found and where, with a particular exposition of .such
as may be peculiar to the country under consideration.

4tli. A Committee on Meteorology and Hydrography, to
report upon climate, its peculiarities and their causes ; the
distribution of heat, moisture, and evaporation ; aerial cur-
rents ; storms, rain, snow, etc., with their relations, causes,
and influence.

5th. A Committee on the Flora, to report upon the indi-
genous plants, particularly the types, genera, and species
peculiar to the region.

Gth. Committee on the Fauna, to report upon the indi-
genous animals and their peculiarity of type, genera, and
species.

7th. Committee on Agriculture and Commerce, to report
upon the cultivation, products, exports, and commercial
relations of the country.

8th. Committee on Ethnology, to report upon the races
of men, their peculiarities and aflinilies.

The first subject taken u[> was " Australia and Malaisia,"
followed with '■ South Africa," " South America," " Cen-
tral America," and " the West India Islands," " North
America," "Great Britain and Ireland," and "Northern
Europe," all of which were thoroughly discus.scd, generally
with a full rejiort from each committee; taking South

America for example, we find a report was made on topog-
raphy by Mr. Stewart; on geology, by Mr. McAlester; on
mineralogy, by Mr. Avery ; on meteorology, by Mr. Beals ;
on the flora, by Dr. Clarke; on the fauna, by Dr. Jliles;
on commerce and agriculture, by Mr. llankin ; and on
ethnology, by Dr. Clarke.

Thus it will be seen a wide range was taken and a large
portion of the earth's surface was passed in review. Many
facts of interest were noted and much thought elicited, and,
without doubt, all engaged in the work profited by it.

The subject was subseriuently continued with a change,
the prograuimo giving more prominence to physical geog-
raphy in its general aspects. The following schedule of
exercises for the ensuing winter, reported by Dr. Miles, was
adopted Nov. '21, 1S5G:

No. 1. On Reliefs of Continents, — in three divisions,
Eastern, Western, and Australia, — by Prof Travis.

No. 2. On Islands, by C. E. :McAIcster.

No 3. On Volcanoes and E:irthi|uakes, by II. Seymour.

No. 4. On Ocean Currents, by Dr. Mdes.

No. 5. On Winds, by Dr. Stewart.

No. G. On Isotherms and Climates, by C. L. Avery.

No. 7. On the Influence of the Physical Features of the
Earth on Commerce, by F. II. Eankin.

No. 8. On the Geographical Distribution of Plants, by
Dr. Burdiek.

No. 9. On the Geographical Distribution of Animals, by
J. B. Clarke.

No. 10. On Ethnology, by Dr. Clarke.

No. 11. On Glaciers and the Phenomena of Drift, by
William B. McCreery.

No. 12. On the Distribution of Bains, by II. Wilson.

While these studies were being pursued, the field of dis-
cussion was still further enlarged, May 15, 1855, by the
adoption of a resolution offered by ^Ir. Rankin, by which
Section B was established to meet weekly on another even-
ing, distinct from that devoted to scientific discu.ssion, for
the purpose of considering subjects of a wider range,
including history, literature, and art. These meetings
■were carried on simultaneously with the others, with n)ucli
interest in the animated discussion of a variety of subjects.
At the .same time the work of collecting materials for the
museum was pushed forward until the accumulation became
embarrassing, and called out the following resolution, which
was adopted June 22, 1855 :

'■ Jicsohed, That the Institute meet in a committee of the
whole, on Saturday evening next, at six o'clock, and each
consecutive evening, except Sundays, at the same hour, for
the purpose of arranging and cataloguing the museum."

Oct. 24, 1855, the executive committee, in a report
setting forth the importance of some better arrangement
for the increa.se and preservation of the museum, recom-
mended the a]ipointment of curators to take charge of the
arrangement of the specinieiis in their respective branches,
as follows: Botany and Entomology, Dr. Clarke; Jlineral-
ogy, M. B. Beals; Osteology and Comparative Anatomy,
Dr. Stewart ; Reptiles and Conchology, Dr. Miles ; Ornith-
ology, C. L. Avery ; Paleontology, C. E. McAlester ; Ich-
thyology, E. Dodge; Archeology, J. B. Clark ; Miscella-
neous, G. Andrews.

150

HISTOllY OF GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

Tliese several curators reported from time to time the
cotulitioii ami needs of tlieir respective departments.

July 4, 1855, an entertainment was given by the ladies
for the pecuniary benefit of the institute, the net proceeds
of which were $113.0:5; for which a vote of thanlis was
j;iven, and also to G. M. Dewey, Esr|., for the very timely
donation of §25. This was the first of many entertain-
ments subsequently given by the ladies of Flint and Gen-
esee County, to whom much credit is due for material and
in sustaining the enterprise. With the funds tlius obtained
at this time valuable additions were made to the library,
including a subscription to Prof Agassiz' great work,
" Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States," — a monument to the unceasing labors of the great
naturalist.

Jan. 2, 185G, a committee was appointed to ini|uire into
the feasibility of publishing a history of Genesee County.
The plan was to combine with an account of the settlement
a full description of the physical geography and natural
history in all its departments. Many of the materials were
at hand, and probably the project might have been attempted
but that a thorough geological survey of the State, including
this county, seemed to be a desirable preliminary. Accord-
ingly a committee was appointed, consisting of Dr. Miles,
Mr. Rankin, and Mr. Bcals, to which the president was
added, who proceeded to bring the subject to the attention
(if the Legislature by means of petitions which were circu-
lated in all parts of the State, receiving numerous signa-
tures; and also Ijy correspondence and personal interviews
with many persons of influence, including the senator and
representatives of this county. The project involved great
labor, as well as considerable expense for printing, station-
ery, and postage, and undoubtedly had an important influ-
ence in securing by legislative action the geological survey
of 1859-60 by Prof Winchell. Dr. Miles was appointed
liis assistant, having charge of the zoological department.
His preliminary report, containing a very full list of the
animals, birds, reptiles, and shells found in the State, was
published in the first volume of Prof Winchell's report.
This appointment was a deserved and gratifying compliment
to the doctor, and, through his subsequent appointment to
a professorship in the State Agricultural College, opened an
avenue to his life's work in a congenial field, which he has
most successfully cultivated. But what was his gaiu was
an irreparable loss to the institute.

The foregoing sketch will suBice to give an idea of the
plan of work laid out and its results ; it is needless to extend
the details further. The institute had made another move
to a more commodious room, in the building then recently
erected by Dewey & Crosman, oppo.-^ite the Bryant House.
The civil war, which naturally absorbed every other inter-
est, told heavily upon the prosperity of the institute. Its
members in common with others caught the patriotic in-
spiration of the times, and a goodly number responding to
their country's call went forth to battle in her behalf I'or
humanity and free institutions, — some of them, alas ! never
to return. Nunez Pratt, a sterling young man, a brother
of Iliin. Herbert Pratt, of Lansing, also a member of the
institute, was killed in the first campaign in South Carolina.
Capt. Simeon Guild, a graduate of Jlichigan Uuiver.^ity,

with promise of a useful life conscientiously devoted to the
best interests oj humanity, was released from his position
as principal of the Second Ward Union School to take a
captain's commission in the 8lh Begimcnt. Falling in the
attack upon Fort AVagner, he was deemed worthy by his
chivalrous foe to share the destiny of the gallant Col. Shaw,
of Ma.^sachusetts, and thus his friends were denied the
melancholy satisfaction of giving his remains a Christian
burial. Like others, he carried bis interest in the institute
with him, and a consignment of specimens from Port
Royal, received after the news of his death bad reached
here, is an earnest of what he might have done had his life
been .spared. Charlie Rankin, son of the efiicient secretary
of the institute, a promising young man, and true as steel
in every position which he was called to occupy, and
Charlie Jloon. an only son, the pet and hope of his fimily,
a genial companion and active member of the institute,
both went forth in the flush and buoyancy of youth, soon
to be returned upon a soldier's bier, the former the victim
of disease, and the latter falling on the field of battle.

Capt. Damon Stewart, another early and earnest member
of the institute, lost his two brothers, killed in battle; as
noble, gallant boys as any of the martyr band who fell in
the deadly combat. Col. William B. McCrecr}-, the late
trustworthy State treasurer, whose romantic escape from
Libby prison is so well known, had many marvelous es-
capes, and came home well riddled with the enemy's bullets.
Capt. C. E. McAlester, still another of the institute's early
and active members, was more fortunate, returning after a
long and honorable .service unscathed by the missiles of
war.

With such inroads upon its limited membership it may
well be conceived that the most that could be hoped for
was to keep the organization alive and preserve its material
for future use. This was done, but the incubus of the war
was upon every civil enterprise, and it was hard for a time
to do anything more. However, an effort was made, and,
after much canvassing, encouragement was received by as-
surance of support to attempt a new start, and for this pur-
pose the spacious hall now occupied by the Red Ribbon
Club was taken in an unfinished condition on a lease for a
term of years. Considerable expense was incurred in fin-
ishing and furnishing the room, the collection was moved
with much labor, and the new hall was dedicated to science,
with an address from President Angell, of the University.
But disappointment was again encountered, for while many
were prompt and ready to meet their engagements, others
neglected and declined to redeem their pledges, and deem-
ing it unfair and useless to tax the generous friends of the
institute further it was decided to cancel the indebtedness
by a transfer iu trust to the Union School District of the
city of Flint. This was accordingly done, and in the docu-
ment of conveyance it is set forth that it is received " upon
trust to preserve and maintain the library and cabinet of
specimens of said scientific institute in a suitable room or
rooms in the high-school building or some other suitable
building, and to cause the same to be and remain forever
free to the inhabitants of said city of Flint i'or examination
and in.spection at all proper times."

Thus the valuable cabinet illustrating the natural history

FLINT CITY.

151

of the county and State, the result of years of labor and
care in its collection and preservation, has been lodged in a
safe place, where it can be made directly available in illus-
trating the teachings of science, not only to the pupils of
the high-school, but to all who ni.ay wish to avail themselves
of its advantages under proper restrictions. Since it is as
much at the service of the public as ever, it is to be hoped
that the old interest may be revived, and that each citizen
will, as he has opportunity, contribute to its value by bring-
ing in such specimens as may come in his way, for should
they be duplicates of what is already possessed they may
be u.seful for exchanges, and thus indirectly add much to
the value of the collection.

Although the Flint Scientific Institute lia.s suspended
operations it has not disorganized, but still remains a cor-
porate body, awaiting the coming time when it shall re-
vive its work, and, profiting by past experience, enter upon
a new and more successful career in friendly competition
with the numerous similar institutions which are being fos-
tered in all the enterprising cities of the West.*

TUE LADIES- LlBltAltY AS.SOCI ATIOX OF FLINT.

This institution — the first of its kind in the State, and
perhaps in the known world — was seemingly the offspring
of nece.ssity in the early daj's of this rustic village. It was
organized early in the spring of 1851. By special invita-
tion of Mrs. T. B; W. Stockton, a small band of ladies met
at her residence to consider the practicability of forming
some society to meet the wants of the community, with
their limited means, to supply the lack of culture for them-
selves and their families.

This work the ladies of Flint felt to be theirs ; and while
the fathers, brothers, and hu.sbands were felling the forests,
erecting mills, tilling the soil, and building for their fami-
lies new homes, the mothers, wives, and daughters did what
was in their power to furnish wholesome food for the in-
tellect.

The result of the first meeting was the forming of an
association for mutual improvement, and the decision to
meet once a week to discuss literary subjects, to read and
compare ideas on what was read, and a resolution to do what
ihcy could to establish and sustain a permanent library.

A constitution was written and presented by Mrs. R. W.
Jenny, which was adopted.

The following officers were chosen for the fir